https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=SlvrKy Wikipedia - User contributions [en] 2024-10-24T08:21:22Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0-wmf.27 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&diff=1170484876 Social network analysis 2023-08-15T09:24:43Z <p>SlvrKy: </p> <hr /> <div></div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&diff=1170484645 Social network analysis 2023-08-15T09:22:27Z <p>SlvrKy: </p> <hr /> <div></div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&diff=1170484389 Social network analysis 2023-08-15T09:20:09Z <p>SlvrKy: more relevant ref by the same author</p> <hr /> <div></div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davos_University_Conferences&diff=1146079033 Davos University Conferences 2023-03-22T17:15:15Z <p>SlvrKy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox organization<br /> | name = Davos University Conferences<br /> | native_name = Cours universitaires de Davos&lt;br&gt;Davoser Hochschulkurse<br /> | named_after = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | map = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map2 = <br /> | map2_size = <br /> | map2_alt = <br /> | map2_caption = <br /> | abbreviation = <br /> | motto = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | merged = <br /> | successor = <br /> | formation = August 1927<br /> | founder = <br /> | founding_location = <br /> | dissolved = January 1933<br /> | merger = <br /> | type = [[Academic conference]]s<br /> | status = <br /> | purpose = <br /> | headquarters = <br /> | location = [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]]<br /> | region = <br /> | services = <br /> | methods = <br /> | fields = <br /> | membership = <br /> | language = [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | sec_gen = <br /> | leader_title = <br /> | leader_name = [[Gottfried Salomon]]<br /> | leader_title2 = <br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title3 = <br /> | leader_name3 = <br /> | leader_title4 = <br /> | leader_name4 = <br /> | board_of_directors = <br /> | key_people = [[Albert Einstein]], [[Martin Heidegger]], [[Léon Brunschvicg]], [[Ernst Cassirer]]<br /> | main_organ = <br /> | parent_organization = <br /> | subsidiaries = <br /> | secessions = <br /> | affiliations = <br /> | budget = <br /> | revenue = <br /> | disbursements = <br /> | expenses = <br /> | endowment = <br /> | staff = <br /> | volunteers = <br /> | slogan = <br /> | mission = <br /> | remarks = <br /> | formerly = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Davos University Conferences''' ({{lang-fr|Cours universitaires de Davos}}; {{lang-de|Davoser Hochschulkurse}}) were a project between 1928 and 1931 to create an international university at [[Davos]] in [[Switzerland]].&lt;ref&gt;Grandjean, Martin, ''[https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_S_000000015950.P002/REF Les cours universitaires de Davos 1928-1931. Au centre de l'Europe intellectuelle]'', [[University of Lausanne]], 2011. [https://serval.unil.ch/en/notice/serval:BIB_S_000000015950 BIB_S_000000015950]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Origins ==<br /> The Davos University Conferences owed their creation to two complementary initiatives, one local and one international.<br /> <br /> === Local initiative ===<br /> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-12892, Davos, Große Eislaufbahn.jpg|thumb|Davos in 1932. Together with the university courses, sporting competitions demonstrated the locals' desire to diversify from purely medical courses]] Noting the large number of [[tuberculosis|tubercular]] students who came to Davos,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kollarits|first=Dr.|title=Letter|work=Davoser Revue|date=15 April 1926|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; as a mountain town known for its cosmopolitan atmosphere and as a luxurious place to convalesce,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Jost|first=Christian|language=de|title=Der Einfluss des Fremdenverkehrs auf Wirtschaft und Bevölkerung in der Landschaft Davos|place=Davos|publisher=Buchdrückerei Davos|date=1951}}&lt;/ref&gt; between 1926 and 1927 a committee was formed by the local doctors to formulate a diversification project for Davos University.<br /> <br /> === International initiative ===<br /> The Davos project coincided with warming international relations,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bock|first=Hans Manfred|language=fr|title=Entre Locarno et Vichy: les relations culturelles franco-allemandes dans les années 1930|place=Paris|publisher=CNRS éditions|date=1993}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly between France and the [[Weimar Republic]] (Germany) after the [[Locarno Pact]] of 1925.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Baechler|first=Christian|title=Gustave Stresemann (1878-1929) De l’impérialisme à la sécurité collective|language=fr|place=Strasbourg|publisher=Presses Universitaires de Strasbourg|date=1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; The French intelligentsia wholeheartedly participated in projects of the [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]], but the Germans, who were excluded from it by the [[Treaty of Versailles]], instead founded the {{lang|de|Deutsch-französische Gesellschaft}} (DFG, &quot;German-French Society&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bock|first=Hans Manfred|title=Die Deutsch-Französische Gesellschaft 1926 bis 1934, Ein Beitrag zur Sozialgeschichte der deutsch-französischen Beziehungen der Zwischenkriegszeit|language=de|chapter=Francia|date=1990|pages=57–102}}&lt;/ref&gt; German intellectuals who wanted to participate in international [[academic conference]]s approached the Davos initiators and redefined their university project to become an annual conference.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pegasusdata.com/2012/05/28/analyse-de-reseau-et-methode-quantitative-en-histoire/|title=Analyse de réseau|access-date=6 September 2012|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Organisation ==<br /> A committee made up of local and visiting academics was assembled under the chairmanship of Dr Paul Müller (instigator of the [[Spengler coup]] in 1923), the [[sociologist]] [[Gottfried Salomon]] (1892 &amp;ndash; 1964), president of the Frankfurt DFG, and [[Erhard Branger]] (1881 &amp;ndash; 1958), mayor of [[Davos]], who made it their mission to invite élite European intellectuals to Davos for weeks of work and exchange of ideas. The committee was augmented in 1929 by three national committees (German, French and Swiss).<br /> <br /> == Establishment ==<br /> For four consecutive years, between 1928 and 1931, the committee convened a large number of important intellectuals,&lt;ref name=&quot;diary&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Davoser Blätter|trans-title=Davos Diary. 1928 &amp;ndash; 1931|publisher=[[Swiss National Library]]|place=[[Bern]]}} (available only at the National Library, Ref 7q107).&lt;/ref&gt; mainly German and French, for conferences (in both languages) lasting three weeks at the end of winter. These academics were accompanied by promising students in a programme of {{lang|fr|communautés de travail}} (&quot;Work communities&quot;) and as well as the conferences themselves there were opportunities to get to know academics from other countries who were working in the same field.<br /> <br /> == Conferences ==<br /> === 1928 ===<br /> [[File:Albert Einstein, by Doris Ulmann.jpg|upright=0.75|thumb|[[Albert Einstein]] (1931 photo), whose attendance brought fame to the first conference]]<br /> The first Conference was opened by [[Erhard Branger]] (mayor of Davos), [[Lucien Lévy-Bruhl]] (French [[philosopher]] and [[sociologist]]), [[Hans Driesch]] (German philosopher) and [[Albert Einstein]].&lt;ref name=&quot;diary&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Presenters ====<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fernand Baldensperger]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Charles Blondel]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Célestin Bouglé]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Yves de La Brière]]<br /> * {{flagicon|NED}} [[Christian Cornélissen]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Georges Davy]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paul Desjardins]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Hans Driesch]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}}/{{flagicon|CHE}} [[Albert Einstein]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Adhemar Gelb]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Edmond Goblot]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Friedrich von Gottl-Ottlilienfeld]]<br /> |<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Eberhard Grisebach]]<br /> * {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Paul Häberlin]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Henri Hauser]]<br /> * {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Friedrich Hertz]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Paul Kluckhohn]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lucien Lévy-Bruhl]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Hans Lewald]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Arthur Liebert]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Theodor Litt]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marcel Mauss]]<br /> * {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Fritz Medicus]]<br /> | <br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Albrecht Mendelssohn-Bartholdy]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Hans Naumann]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Franz Oppenheimer]]<br /> * {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Jean Piaget]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} Roger Picard<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Henri Piéron]]<br /> * {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Karl Přibram]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Erich Przywara]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Gustav Radbruch]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}}/{{flagicon|CHE}} [[Albert Thibaudet]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Paul Tillich]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}}/{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Robert Michels]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === 1929 ===<br /> {{main|Second Davos Hochschulkurs}}<br /> [[File:ErnstCassirer.jpg|upright=0.78|thumb|The second conference (1928) is mainly documented in philosophical letters, because of the presence of [[Ernst Cassirer]] (below) and [[Martin Heidegger]]&lt;ref&gt;See for example {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Peter Eli|title=Continental divide : Heidegger, Cassirer, Davos|place=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|date=2010|page=426}} and {{cite book|last=Friedmann|first=Michael|title=A Parting of the Ways. Carnap, Cassirer, and Heidegger|place=Chicago|publisher=Open Court|date=2000|page=175}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> The [[Second Davos Hochschulkurs|second conference]] was opened by [[Giuseppe Motta]] ([[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Federal Council]]). It was noted for the &quot;[[Cassirer–Heidegger debate]]&quot; between [[Martin Heidegger]] and [[Ernst Cassirer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;diary&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Presenters ====<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Willy Andreas]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léon Brunschvicg]]<br /> * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Armando Carlini]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-Marie Carré]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Ernst Cassirer]]<br /> |<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Martin Heidegger]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Karl Joël]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Albert Pauphilet]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Wilhelm Pinder]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Erich Przywara]]<br /> |<br /> * {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Gonzague de Reynold]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Kurt Riezler]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Ferdinand Sauerbruch]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Henri Tronchon]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Eduard Wechssler]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Students ====<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |<br /> * [[Rudolf Carnap]]<br /> * [[Jean Cavaillès]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Norbert Elias]]<br /> * [[Emmanuel Lévinas]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Karl Mannheim]]<br /> * [[Léo Strauss]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === 1930 ===<br /> The third conference was opened by [[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Federal Councillor]] [[Heinrich Häberlin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;diary&quot;/&gt; It was the first conference to be conducted partly in English.<br /> <br /> ==== Presenters ====<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jacques Ancel]]<br /> * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Maurice Ansiaux]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Arthur Baumgarten]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Maurice Baumont]]<br /> * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Guido Bortolotto]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Laurent Dechesne]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lucien Febvre]]<br /> |<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Maurice Halbwachs]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Hermann Kantorowicz]]<br /> * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Henri de Man|Hendrik de Man]]<br /> * {{flagicon|CHE}} [[William Martin (journalist)|William Martin]]<br /> * {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Edgard Milhaud]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Leo Polak]]<br /> |<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Karl Rothenbücher]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Georges Scelle]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Werner Sombart]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Alfred Weber]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Leopold von Wiese]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alfred Zimmern]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === 1931 ===<br /> ==== Presenters ====<br /> [[File:André Honnorat.jpg|upright=0.75|thumb|[[André Honnorat]], whose 1931 conference at the [[Cité internationale universitaire de Paris]] was of great interest because of its similarities]] The fourth conference was opened by [[Carl Heinrich Becker]] (lately the Prussian Minister of Culture).&lt;ref name=&quot;diary&quot;/&gt;<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Gertrud Bäumer]]<br /> * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Guido Bortolotto]]<br /> * {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Pierre Bovet]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marcel Déat]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Wilhelm Flitner]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Hans Freyer]]<br /> |<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Georges Gastinel]]<br /> * {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Siegfried Giedion]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean Guéhenno]]<br /> * {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Paul Häberlin]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Otto Hoetzsch]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[André Honnorat]]<br /> |<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Maurice Lacroix (Hellenist)|Maurice Lacroix]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paul Langevin]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Adolf Löwe]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hippolyte Luc]]<br /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Ignace Meyerson]]<br /> * {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Ernst Michel]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Disestablishment ==<br /> The 1932 conference could not be held because of the [[Great Depression]]. [[Adolf Hitler]]'s ascension and granting of absolute power on 30 January 1933, led to the exile of many German intellectuals and put an end to Franco-German co-operation in science, which made it impossible to continue the conferences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Richard|first=Lionel|chapter=Aspects des relations intellectuelles et universitaires entre la France et l'Allemagne dans les années vingt|editor-last=Bariety |display-editors=etal |editor-first=J.|title=La France et l’Allemagne entre deux guerres mondiales|language=fr|place=Nancy|publisher=Presses Universitaires de Nancy|date=1987|pages=112&amp;ndash;124}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also ==<br /> * [[Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> * {{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2011 |title=Les cours universitaires de Davos 1928-1931. Au centre de l'Europe intellectuelle |trans-title=The Davos University Conferences 1928-1931. In the Center of Intellectual Europe |url=https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_S_000000015950 |language=fr |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne }} 139 p. ([https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_S_000000015950.P002/REF PDF])<br /> * {{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903 |language=fr |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne}} pp.&amp;nbsp;246–253 ([https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_8576D4084057.P001/REF PDF])<br /> <br /> [[Category:Higher education in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:1927 establishments in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Davos]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1927]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1931]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gephi&diff=1141889460 Gephi 2023-02-27T11:04:47Z <p>SlvrKy: /* History */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Network analysis and visualization software package}}<br /> {{Infobox software<br /> | name = Gephi<br /> | title = Gephi<br /> | logo = Gephi-logo.png<br /> | logo size = 200px<br /> | screenshot = Gephi 0.9.1 Network Analysis and Visualization Software.png<br /> | screenshot size = 300px<br /> | caption = <br /> | collapsible = <br /> | author = <br /> | developer = Mathieu Bastian, Eduardo Ramos Ibañez, Mathieu Jacomy, Cezary Bartosiak, Sébastien Heymann, Julian Bilcke, Patrick McSweeney, André Panisson, Jérémy Subtil, Helder Suzuki, Martin Skurla, Antonio Patriarca<br /> | released = {{Start date and age|2008|07|31|df=yes}}&lt;ref&gt;https://launchpad.net/gephi/0.6/0.6alpha1 Gephi version 0.6a1 release date&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | discontinued = <br /> | latest release version = {{wikidata|property|reference|P348}}<br /> | latest release date = {{start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|P348|P577}}}}<br /> | latest preview version = <br /> | latest preview date = &lt;!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes/no}} --&gt;<br /> | programming language = [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[OpenGL]]<br /> | operating system = [[Linux]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[macOS]]<br /> | platform = [[NetBeans]]<br /> | size = 121.1 MB<br /> | language = English, Chinese, Czech, French, German, Japanese, Portuguese (Brazil), Russian, Spanish, <br /> | genre = Visualization<br /> | license = [[GNU General Public License]], [[Common Development and Distribution License]]<br /> | website = {{URL|gephi.org}}<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png|thumb|300px|right|Example of Gephi network visualization.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | volume = 10| issue = 3| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = La connaissance est un réseau| journal =Les Cahiers du Numérique| access-date = 2014-10-15| date = 2014| pages = 37–54| url = http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=LCN_103_0037| doi=10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]'''Gephi''' ({{IPAc-en|'|ɡ|ɛ|f|i}} {{respell|GE|fee}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|number=319834120891031552|user=Gephi|title=@jeanburgess @timhighfield @snurb_dot_info #Gephi should be pronounced /ɡɛfi/ (how to read this: http://ow.ly/jKfqz ) #TipOfTheDay|author=Gephi|date=2013-04-04|access-date=2022-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tW43uG3I9Hc |title=Intro to the Gephi Week 2022 in Paris - 1/19 |date=2022-10-08 |last=Gephi |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is an open-source [[network theory|network analysis]] and [[network visualization|visualization]] software package written in Java on the [[NetBeans]] platform.&lt;ref name=&quot;ICWSM2009-Gephi&quot;&gt;{{Citation|url=http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/09/paper/view/154|title=Gephi : An Open Source Software for Exploring and Manipulating Networks|last1=Bastian|first1=Mathieu|last2=Heymann|first2=Sebastien|last3=Jacomy|first3=Mathieu|year=2009|work=AAAI Publications, Third International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media|access-date=2011-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Initially developed by students of the [[University of Technology of Compiègne]] (UTC)&lt;ref name=&quot;UsineNouvelle-Gephi&quot;&gt;{{Citation|url=http://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/prix-science-sebastien-heymann-le-cartographe-des-donnees.N164939|title=Sébastien Heymann - Le cartographe des données|last=Desmedt|first=Patrice|year=2011|work=L'Usine Nouvelle|access-date=2011-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; in France, Gephi has been selected for the [[Google Summer of Code]] in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013.<br /> <br /> Its last version, 0.10.1 has been launched in 2023. Previous versions are 0.6.0 (2008), 0.7.0 (2010), 0.8.0 (2011), 0.8.1 (2012), 0.8.2 (2013),&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/gephi/gephi/releases Liste des versions, sur GitHub]&lt;/ref&gt; 0.9.0 (2015),&lt;ref&gt;[https://gephi.wordpress.com/2015/12/21/gephi-0-9-released-play-with-network-data-again/ Gephi 0.9 released]&lt;/ref&gt; 0.9.1 (2016)&lt;ref&gt;[https://gephi.wordpress.com/2016/02/15/gephi-updates-with-0-9-1-version/ Gephi updates with 0.9.1 version]&lt;/ref&gt; and 0.9.2 (2017).&lt;ref&gt;[https://gephi.wordpress.com/2017/09/26/gephi-0-9-2-a-new-csv-importer/ Gephi 0.9.2 : a new CSV importer]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Gephi Consortium, created in 2010, is a French non-profit corporation which supports development of future releases of Gephi. Members include [[SciencesPo]], [[Linkfluence]], WebAtlas, and [[Quid (encyclopedia)|Quid]].&lt;ref name=GephiCon&gt;{{cite web|url=https://consortium.gephi.org/members.html|title=The Gephi Consortium - Members|publisher=The Gephi Consortium|access-date=2011-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107142013/http://consortium.gephi.org/members.html|archive-date=2011-11-07|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gephi is also supported by a large community of users, structured on a discussion group&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/groups/gephi/ Gephi Facebook group]&lt;/ref&gt; and a forum&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://gephi.forumatic.com/ |title=Gephi forums |access-date=2016-08-15 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125091406/http://gephi.forumatic.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and producing numerous blogposts, papers and tutorials.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|url=http://www.martingrandjean.ch/gephi-introduction/|title=GEPHI - Introduction to Network Analysis and Visualisation|last=Grandjean|first=Martin|year=2015|access-date=2016-08-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Applications==<br /> Gephi has been used in a number of research projects in academia, journalism and elsewhere, for instance in visualizing the global connectivity of ''New York Times'' content&lt;ref name=&quot;Culturomics-First Monday&quot;&gt;{{Citation|url=http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3663/3040|title=Culturomics 2.0:Forecasting Large-scale human behavior using global news media tone in time and space|last=Leetaru|first=Kalev H.|year=2011|journal=First Monday|doi=10.5210/fm.v16i9.3663 |access-date=2011-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; and examining Twitter network traffic during social unrest&lt;ref name=&quot;Jadaliyya-#Oslo&quot;&gt;{{Citation|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/2343/collateral-damage_#oslo-attacks-and-proliferating-|title=Collateral Damage: #Oslo Attacks and Proliferating Islamophobia|last=Aouragh|first=Miriyam|year=2011|work=[[Jadaliyya]]|access-date=2011-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Egypt-Revolution Twitter&quot;&gt;{{Citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2guKJfvq4uI|title=The Egyptian Revolution on Twitter - Featured on the PBS NewsHour|last=Panisson|year=2011|work=YouTube|access-date=2011-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; along with more traditional network analysis topics.&lt;ref name=&quot;Digraphs-Complex Networks&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Using Digraphs and a Second-Order Markovian Model for Rhythm Classification |last=Correa|first=Debora C.|year=2011|work=Complex Networks|series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=116 |pages=85–95 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-25501-4_9 |isbn=978-3-642-25500-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gephi is widely used within the [[digital humanities]] (in history,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | issue = 2| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni | journal = Memoria e Ricerca | date = 2017| pages = 371–393| doi = 10.14647/87204}} See also: [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01610098v2 French version] (PDF) and [http://www.martingrandjean.ch/complex-structures-and-international-organizations/ English summary].&lt;/ref&gt; literature, political sciences, etc.), a community where many of its developers are involved.<br /> <br /> Gephi inspired the [[LinkedIn]] InMaps&lt;ref&gt;[https://blog.linkedin.com/2011/01/24/linkedin-inmaps Launched in 2011] and stopped in 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; and was used for the network visualizations for Truthy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Truthy-inMaps&quot;&gt;{{Citation|url=https://gephi.org/2011/happy-new-year/ |title=2010 Usage of Gephi |last=Heymann |first=Sebastien |year=2011 |access-date=2011-11-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121213306/https://gephi.org/2011/happy-new-year/ |archive-date=2011-11-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Free and open-source software}}<br /> * [[Graph (discrete mathematics)]]<br /> * [[Graph drawing]]<br /> * [[Graph theory]]<br /> * [[Graph (data structure)]]<br /> * [[Social network analysis software]]<br /> ; File formats:<br /> * [[Dot language]]<br /> * [[GraphML]]<br /> * [[Graph Modelling Language]]<br /> <br /> ; Related software<br /> <br /> * [[Cytoscape]]<br /> * [[Graph-tool]]<br /> * [[Graphviz]]<br /> * [[Tulip (software)]]<br /> * [[yEd]]<br /> *[[AllegroGraph]]<br /> *[[NetworkX]]<br /> *[[NodeXL]]<br /> *Pajek&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mrvar.fdv.uni-lj.si/pajek/|title=Pajek / PajekXXL / Pajek3XL|website=mrvar.fdv.uni-lj.si|access-date=2019-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[NetMiner]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website}}<br /> *[https://github.com/gephi/gephi/releases Gephi releases]<br /> *[https://github.com/gephi/gephi/wiki Gephi wiki]<br /> <br /> {{Graph Analysis Software}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2000 software]]<br /> [[Category:Network theory]]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--- Categories ---&gt;<br /> [[Category:Free application software]]<br /> [[Category:Graph drawing software]]<br /> [[Category:Free data visualization software]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_Humanities_conference&diff=1139713694 Digital Humanities conference 2023-02-16T14:41:54Z <p>SlvrKy: /* Conferences */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox Academic Conference<br /> | logo =<br /> | history = 1989-<br /> | discipline = [[digital humanities]]<br /> | abbreviation =<br /> | publisher = [[Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations|ADHO]]<br /> | country = International<br /> | frequency = annual<br /> }}<br /> The '''Digital Humanities conference''' is an [[academic conference]] for the field of [[digital humanities]]. It is hosted by [[Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations]] and has been held annually since 1989.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The first joint conference was held in 1989, at the [[University of Toronto]]—but that was the 16th annual meeting of [[ALLC]], and the ninth annual meeting of the [[Association for Computers and the Humanities|ACH]]-sponsored International Conference on Computers and the Humanities (ICCH).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = Conference<br /> | work = ADHO<br /> | accessdate = 2012-02-12<br /> | url = http://digitalhumanities.org/conference<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Chronicle of Higher Education has called the conference &quot;highly competitive&quot; but &quot;worth the price of admission,&quot; praising its participants' focus on best practices, the intellectual community it has fostered, and the tendency of its organizers to sponsor attendance of early-career scholars (important given the relative expense of attending it, as compared to other academic conferences).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | last1 = Pannapacker<br /> | first1 = William<br /> | title = 'Big Tent Digital Humanities,' a View From the Edge, Part 1<br /> | url = http://chronicle.com/article/Big-Tent-Digital-Humanities/128434<br /> | website = Chronicle of Higher Education<br /> | publisher = Chronicle of Higher Education<br /> | accessdate = 23 October 2015}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> An analysis of the Digital Humanities conference abstracts between 2004 and 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Eichmann|first1=Nickoal|last2=Weingart|first2=Scott|title=What's Under the Big Tent? A Study of ADHO Conference Abstracts, 2004-2014|url=http://figshare.com/articles/What_s_under_the_Big_Tent_A_study_of_ADHO_Conference_Abstracts_2004_2014/1461760|website=figshare|year=2015 |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.1461760.v4 |accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; highlights some trends evident in the evolution of the conference (such as the increasing rate of new authors entering the field, and the continuing disproportional predominance of authors from North America represented in the abstracts). An extended study (2000-2015) offer a feminist and critical engagement of Digital Humanities conferences with solutions for a more inclusive culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Eichmann-Kalwara|first1=Nickoal|last2=Jorgensen|first2=Jeana|last3=Weingart|first3=Scott|date=2016-03-21|title=Representation at Digital Humanities Conferences (2000-2015) [pre-print]|url=https://figshare.com/articles/Representation_at_Digital_Humanities_Conferences_2000_2015_/3120610/1|doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.3120610.v1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scott Weingart has also published detailed analyses of submissions to Digital Humanities 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 on his blog.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Weingart|first1=Scott|title=dhconf - the scottbot irregular|url=http://www.scottbot.net/HIAL/?tag=dhconf|website=the scottbot irregular|publisher=Scott Weingart|accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Conferences ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Location<br /> !Links<br /> !Observations<br /> |-<br /> |1990<br /> |[[University of Siegen]], Germany<br /> |[http://dhhumanist.org/Archives/Virginia/v03/1120.html program]<br /> | June 4–9<br /> |-<br /> |1991<br /> |[[Arizona State University]], Tempe, Arizona, USA<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20081002022145/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9101&amp;L=linguist&amp;P=1990 program]<br /> |March 17–21<br /> |-<br /> |1992<br /> |[[Oxford University]], Oxford, England<br /> |[http://dhhumanist.org/Archives/Virginia/v05/0644.html program]<br /> |5–9 April<br /> |-<br /> |1993<br /> |[[Georgetown University]], Washington, DC, USA<br /> |[http://dhhumanist.org/Archives/Virginia/v06/0655.html program]<br /> |June 16–19<br /> |-<br /> |1994<br /> |[[University of Paris (post-1970)|Sorbonne]], Paris, France<br /> |[http://dhhumanist.org/Archives/Virginia/v07/0572.html program]<br /> |April 19–23<br /> |-<br /> |1995<br /> |[[University of California]], Santa Barbara, California, USA<br /> |[http://xml.coverpages.org/ach95pro.html program]<br /> |July 11–15<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> |[[University of Bergen]], Norway<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20041117092357/http://helmer.aksis.uib.no/allc-ach96.html website]<br /> |June 25–29<br /> |-<br /> |1997<br /> |[[Queen's University, Kingston]], Ontario, Canada<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20010105065100/http://www.cs.queensu.ca/achallc97/ website]<br /> |June 3–7<br /> |-<br /> |1998<br /> |[[Lajos Kossuth University]], Debrecen, Hungary<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/19981201175843/http://lingua.arts.klte.hu/allcach98/ website]<br /> |July 5–10<br /> |-<br /> |1999<br /> |[[University of Virginia]], Charlottesville, Virginia, USA<br /> |[http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/ach-allc.99/ website]<br /> |June 9–13<br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> |[[University of Glasgow]], Scotland, UK<br /> |[http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/allcach2k/ website]<br /> | July 21–25<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |[[New York University]], USA<br /> |[http://www.nyu.edu/its/humanities/ach_allc2001/ website],<br /> |June 13–16<br /> |-<br /> |2002<br /> |[[University of Tübingen]], Germany<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080514193405/http://lists.village.virginia.edu/lists_archive/Humanist/v15/0266.html website]<br /> |July 23–28<br /> |-<br /> |2003<br /> |[[University of Georgia]], Athens, Georgia, USA<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20040215091323/http://www.english.uga.edu/webx/ website]<br /> | May 29 - June 2<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> |[[University of Gothenburg]], Sweden<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050204194120/http://www.hum.gu.se/allcach2004/ website]<br /> |June 11–16<br /> |-<br /> |2005<br /> |[[University of Victoria]], British Columbia, Canada<br /> |[http://tomcat-stable.hcmc.uvic.ca:8080/ach/site/index.htm website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626105658/http://tomcat-stable.hcmc.uvic.ca:8080/ach/site/index.htm |date=2016-06-26 }}<br /> | June 15 - June 18<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |[[University of Paris (post-1970)|Sorbonne]], Paris, France<br /> |[http://www.allc-ach2006.colloques.paris-sorbonne.fr/ website]<br /> |July 5–9<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> |[[University of Illinois]], Urbana, Illinois, USA<br /> |[http://digitalhumanities.org/dh2007/ website]<br /> |June 2–8<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |[[University of Oulu]], Finland<br /> |[http://www.ekl.oulu.fi/dh2008/ website]<br /> |June 25–29<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> |[[University of Maryland, College Park]], Maryland, USA<br /> |[http://mith.umd.edu/dh09/ website]<br /> |June 20–25<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> |[[King's College London]], UK<br /> |[http://dh2010.cch.kcl.ac.uk/ website]<br /> |July 7–10<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> |[[Stanford University]], California, USA<br /> |[https://dh2011.stanford.edu/ website]<br /> |June 19–22<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |[[University of Hamburg]], Germany<br /> |[http://www.dh2012.uni-hamburg.de/ website]<br /> |July 16–22<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |[[University of Nebraska-Lincoln]], USA<br /> |[http://dh2013.unl.edu/ website]<br /> |July 16–19<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |[[University of Lausanne]] and [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne|EPFL]], Switzerland<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20131103090835/http://dh2014.org/ website]<br /> |July 8–12<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |[[University of Western Sydney]], Australia<br /> |[http://dh2015.org/ website]<br /> |June 29-July 3<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |[[Jagiellonian University]] and [[Pedagogical University of Kraków]], Poland<br /> |[http://dh2016.adho.org/ website]<br /> |July 10–16<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |[[McGill University]] and l'[[Université de Montréal]], Canada<br /> |[https://dh2017.adho.org website]<br /> |August 1–4<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |[[El Colegio de México]], [[National Autonomous University of Mexico|UNAM]], and Red de Humanidades Digitales (RedHD), Mexico <br /> |[https://dh2018.adho.org/en/ website]<br /> |June 24-July 1<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |[[Utrecht University]], Netherlands<br /> |[https://staticweb.hum.uu.nl/dh2019/dh2019.adho.org/index.html website]<br /> |July 9–12<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |[[Carleton University]] and [[University of Ottawa]], Canada<br /> |[https://dh2020.adho.org/ website]<br /> |July 22–24<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |Local virtual conferences<br /> |[https://dh2021.adho.org/ website]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |[[The University of Tokyo]], Japan<br /> |[https://dh2022.adho.org/ website]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |[[University of Graz]], Austria<br /> |[https://dh2023.adho.org/ website]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |[[George Mason University]], Washington DC, USA<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://digitalhumanities.org Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations official website]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Humanities conferences]]<br /> [[Category:Digital humanities]]<br /> [[Category:Computer science conferences]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_Humanities_conference&diff=1139713406 Digital Humanities conference 2023-02-16T14:39:52Z <p>SlvrKy: /* Conferences */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox Academic Conference<br /> | logo =<br /> | history = 1989-<br /> | discipline = [[digital humanities]]<br /> | abbreviation =<br /> | publisher = [[Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations|ADHO]]<br /> | country = International<br /> | frequency = annual<br /> }}<br /> The '''Digital Humanities conference''' is an [[academic conference]] for the field of [[digital humanities]]. It is hosted by [[Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations]] and has been held annually since 1989.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The first joint conference was held in 1989, at the [[University of Toronto]]—but that was the 16th annual meeting of [[ALLC]], and the ninth annual meeting of the [[Association for Computers and the Humanities|ACH]]-sponsored International Conference on Computers and the Humanities (ICCH).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = Conference<br /> | work = ADHO<br /> | accessdate = 2012-02-12<br /> | url = http://digitalhumanities.org/conference<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Chronicle of Higher Education has called the conference &quot;highly competitive&quot; but &quot;worth the price of admission,&quot; praising its participants' focus on best practices, the intellectual community it has fostered, and the tendency of its organizers to sponsor attendance of early-career scholars (important given the relative expense of attending it, as compared to other academic conferences).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | last1 = Pannapacker<br /> | first1 = William<br /> | title = 'Big Tent Digital Humanities,' a View From the Edge, Part 1<br /> | url = http://chronicle.com/article/Big-Tent-Digital-Humanities/128434<br /> | website = Chronicle of Higher Education<br /> | publisher = Chronicle of Higher Education<br /> | accessdate = 23 October 2015}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> An analysis of the Digital Humanities conference abstracts between 2004 and 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Eichmann|first1=Nickoal|last2=Weingart|first2=Scott|title=What's Under the Big Tent? A Study of ADHO Conference Abstracts, 2004-2014|url=http://figshare.com/articles/What_s_under_the_Big_Tent_A_study_of_ADHO_Conference_Abstracts_2004_2014/1461760|website=figshare|year=2015 |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.1461760.v4 |accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; highlights some trends evident in the evolution of the conference (such as the increasing rate of new authors entering the field, and the continuing disproportional predominance of authors from North America represented in the abstracts). An extended study (2000-2015) offer a feminist and critical engagement of Digital Humanities conferences with solutions for a more inclusive culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Eichmann-Kalwara|first1=Nickoal|last2=Jorgensen|first2=Jeana|last3=Weingart|first3=Scott|date=2016-03-21|title=Representation at Digital Humanities Conferences (2000-2015) [pre-print]|url=https://figshare.com/articles/Representation_at_Digital_Humanities_Conferences_2000_2015_/3120610/1|doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.3120610.v1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scott Weingart has also published detailed analyses of submissions to Digital Humanities 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 on his blog.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Weingart|first1=Scott|title=dhconf - the scottbot irregular|url=http://www.scottbot.net/HIAL/?tag=dhconf|website=the scottbot irregular|publisher=Scott Weingart|accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Conferences ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Location<br /> !Links<br /> !Observations<br /> |-<br /> |1990<br /> |[[University of Siegen]], Germany<br /> |[http://dhhumanist.org/Archives/Virginia/v03/1120.html program]<br /> | June 4–9<br /> |-<br /> |1991<br /> |[[Arizona State University]], Tempe, Arizona, USA<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20081002022145/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9101&amp;L=linguist&amp;P=1990 program]<br /> |March 17–21<br /> |-<br /> |1992<br /> |[[Oxford University]], Oxford, England<br /> |[http://dhhumanist.org/Archives/Virginia/v05/0644.html program]<br /> |5–9 April<br /> |-<br /> |1993<br /> |[[Georgetown University]], Washington, DC, USA<br /> |[http://dhhumanist.org/Archives/Virginia/v06/0655.html program]<br /> |June 16–19<br /> |-<br /> |1994<br /> |[[University of Paris (post-1970)|Sorbonne]], Paris, France<br /> |[http://dhhumanist.org/Archives/Virginia/v07/0572.html program]<br /> |April 19–23<br /> |-<br /> |1995<br /> |[[University of California]], Santa Barbara, California, USA<br /> |[http://xml.coverpages.org/ach95pro.html program]<br /> |July 11–15<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> |[[University of Bergen]], Norway<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20041117092357/http://helmer.aksis.uib.no/allc-ach96.html website]<br /> |June 25–29<br /> |-<br /> |1997<br /> |[[Queen's University, Kingston]], Ontario, Canada<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20010105065100/http://www.cs.queensu.ca/achallc97/ website]<br /> |June 3–7<br /> |-<br /> |1998<br /> |[[Lajos Kossuth University]], Debrecen, Hungary<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/19981201175843/http://lingua.arts.klte.hu/allcach98/ website]<br /> |July 5–10<br /> |-<br /> |1999<br /> |[[University of Virginia]], Charlottesville, Virginia, USA<br /> |[http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/ach-allc.99/ website]<br /> |June 9–13<br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> |[[University of Glasgow]], Scotland, UK<br /> |[http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/allcach2k/ website]<br /> | July 21–25<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |[[New York University]], USA<br /> |[http://www.nyu.edu/its/humanities/ach_allc2001/ website],<br /> |June 13–16<br /> |-<br /> |2002<br /> |[[University of Tübingen]], Germany<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080514193405/http://lists.village.virginia.edu/lists_archive/Humanist/v15/0266.html website]<br /> |July 23–28<br /> |-<br /> |2003<br /> |[[University of Georgia]], Athens, Georgia, USA<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20040215091323/http://www.english.uga.edu/webx/ website]<br /> | May 29 - June 2<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> |[[University of Gothenburg]], Sweden<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050204194120/http://www.hum.gu.se/allcach2004/ website]<br /> |June 11–16<br /> |-<br /> |2005<br /> |[[University of Victoria]], British Columbia, Canada<br /> |[http://tomcat-stable.hcmc.uvic.ca:8080/ach/site/index.htm website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626105658/http://tomcat-stable.hcmc.uvic.ca:8080/ach/site/index.htm |date=2016-06-26 }}<br /> | June 15 - June 18<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |[[University of Paris (post-1970)|Sorbonne]], Paris, France<br /> |[http://www.allc-ach2006.colloques.paris-sorbonne.fr/ website]<br /> |July 5–9<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> |[[University of Illinois]], Urbana, Illinois, USA<br /> |[http://digitalhumanities.org/dh2007/ website]<br /> |June 2–8<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |[[University of Oulu]], Finland<br /> |[http://www.ekl.oulu.fi/dh2008/ website]<br /> |June 25–29<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> |[[University of Maryland, College Park]], Maryland, USA<br /> |[http://mith.umd.edu/dh09/ website]<br /> |June 20–25<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> |[[King's College London]], UK<br /> |[http://dh2010.cch.kcl.ac.uk/ website]<br /> |July 7–10<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> |[[Stanford University]], California, USA<br /> |[https://dh2011.stanford.edu/ website]<br /> |June 19–22<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |[[University of Hamburg]], Germany<br /> |[http://www.dh2012.uni-hamburg.de/ website]<br /> |July 16–22<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |[[University of Nebraska-Lincoln]], USA<br /> |[http://dh2013.unl.edu/ website]<br /> |July 16–19<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |[[University of Lausanne]] and [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne|EPFL]], Switzerland<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20131103090835/http://dh2014.org/ website]<br /> |July 8–12<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |[[University of Western Sydney]], Australia<br /> |[http://dh2015.org/ website]<br /> |June 29-July 3<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |[[Jagiellonian University]] and [[Pedagogical University of Kraków]], Poland<br /> |[http://dh2016.adho.org/ website]<br /> |July 10–16<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |[[McGill University]] and l'[[Université de Montréal]], Canada<br /> |[https://dh2017.adho.org website]<br /> |August 1–4<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |[[El Colegio de México]], [[National Autonomous University of Mexico|UNAM]], and Red de Humanidades Digitales (RedHD), Mexico <br /> |[https://dh2018.adho.org/en/ website]<br /> |June 24-July 1<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |[[Utrecht University]], Netherlands<br /> |[https://staticweb.hum.uu.nl/dh2019/dh2019.adho.org/index.html website]<br /> |July 9–12<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |[[Carleton University]] and [[University of Ottawa]], Canada<br /> |<br /> |July 22–24<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |Local virtual conferences<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |[[The University of Tokyo]], Japan<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |[[University of Graz]], Austria<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |[[George Mason University]], Washington DC, USA<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://digitalhumanities.org Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations official website]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Humanities conferences]]<br /> [[Category:Digital humanities]]<br /> [[Category:Computer science conferences]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_Humanities_conference&diff=1139713349 Digital Humanities conference 2023-02-16T14:39:21Z <p>SlvrKy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox Academic Conference<br /> | logo =<br /> | history = 1989-<br /> | discipline = [[digital humanities]]<br /> | abbreviation =<br /> | publisher = [[Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations|ADHO]]<br /> | country = International<br /> | frequency = annual<br /> }}<br /> The '''Digital Humanities conference''' is an [[academic conference]] for the field of [[digital humanities]]. It is hosted by [[Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations]] and has been held annually since 1989.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The first joint conference was held in 1989, at the [[University of Toronto]]—but that was the 16th annual meeting of [[ALLC]], and the ninth annual meeting of the [[Association for Computers and the Humanities|ACH]]-sponsored International Conference on Computers and the Humanities (ICCH).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = Conference<br /> | work = ADHO<br /> | accessdate = 2012-02-12<br /> | url = http://digitalhumanities.org/conference<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Chronicle of Higher Education has called the conference &quot;highly competitive&quot; but &quot;worth the price of admission,&quot; praising its participants' focus on best practices, the intellectual community it has fostered, and the tendency of its organizers to sponsor attendance of early-career scholars (important given the relative expense of attending it, as compared to other academic conferences).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | last1 = Pannapacker<br /> | first1 = William<br /> | title = 'Big Tent Digital Humanities,' a View From the Edge, Part 1<br /> | url = http://chronicle.com/article/Big-Tent-Digital-Humanities/128434<br /> | website = Chronicle of Higher Education<br /> | publisher = Chronicle of Higher Education<br /> | accessdate = 23 October 2015}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> An analysis of the Digital Humanities conference abstracts between 2004 and 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Eichmann|first1=Nickoal|last2=Weingart|first2=Scott|title=What's Under the Big Tent? A Study of ADHO Conference Abstracts, 2004-2014|url=http://figshare.com/articles/What_s_under_the_Big_Tent_A_study_of_ADHO_Conference_Abstracts_2004_2014/1461760|website=figshare|year=2015 |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.1461760.v4 |accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; highlights some trends evident in the evolution of the conference (such as the increasing rate of new authors entering the field, and the continuing disproportional predominance of authors from North America represented in the abstracts). An extended study (2000-2015) offer a feminist and critical engagement of Digital Humanities conferences with solutions for a more inclusive culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Eichmann-Kalwara|first1=Nickoal|last2=Jorgensen|first2=Jeana|last3=Weingart|first3=Scott|date=2016-03-21|title=Representation at Digital Humanities Conferences (2000-2015) [pre-print]|url=https://figshare.com/articles/Representation_at_Digital_Humanities_Conferences_2000_2015_/3120610/1|doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.3120610.v1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scott Weingart has also published detailed analyses of submissions to Digital Humanities 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 on his blog.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Weingart|first1=Scott|title=dhconf - the scottbot irregular|url=http://www.scottbot.net/HIAL/?tag=dhconf|website=the scottbot irregular|publisher=Scott Weingart|accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Conferences ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Location<br /> !Links<br /> !Observations<br /> |-<br /> |1990<br /> |[[University of Siegen]], Germany<br /> |[http://dhhumanist.org/Archives/Virginia/v03/1120.html program]<br /> | June 4–9<br /> |-<br /> |1991<br /> |[[Arizona State University]], Tempe, Arizona, USA<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20081002022145/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9101&amp;L=linguist&amp;P=1990 program]<br /> |March 17–21<br /> |-<br /> |1992<br /> |[[Oxford University]], Oxford, England<br /> |[http://dhhumanist.org/Archives/Virginia/v05/0644.html program]<br /> |5–9 April<br /> |-<br /> |1993<br /> |[[Georgetown University]], Washington, DC, USA<br /> |[http://dhhumanist.org/Archives/Virginia/v06/0655.html program]<br /> |June 16–19<br /> |-<br /> |1994<br /> |[[University of Paris (post-1970)|Sorbonne]], Paris, France<br /> |[http://dhhumanist.org/Archives/Virginia/v07/0572.html program]<br /> |April 19–23<br /> |-<br /> |1995<br /> |[[University of California]], Santa Barbara, California, USA<br /> |[http://xml.coverpages.org/ach95pro.html program]<br /> |July 11–15<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> |[[University of Bergen]], Norway<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20041117092357/http://helmer.aksis.uib.no/allc-ach96.html website]<br /> |June 25–29<br /> |-<br /> |1997<br /> |[[Queen's University, Kingston]], Ontario, Canada<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20010105065100/http://www.cs.queensu.ca/achallc97/ website]<br /> |June 3–7<br /> |-<br /> |1998<br /> |[[Lajos Kossuth University]], Debrecen, Hungary<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/19981201175843/http://lingua.arts.klte.hu/allcach98/ website]<br /> |July 5–10<br /> |-<br /> |1999<br /> |[[University of Virginia]], Charlottesville, Virginia, USA<br /> |[http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/ach-allc.99/ website]<br /> |June 9–13<br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> |[[University of Glasgow]], Scotland, UK<br /> |[http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/allcach2k/ website]<br /> | July 21–25<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |[[New York University]], USA<br /> |[http://www.nyu.edu/its/humanities/ach_allc2001/ website],<br /> |June 13–16<br /> |-<br /> |2002<br /> |[[University of Tübingen]], Germany<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080514193405/http://lists.village.virginia.edu/lists_archive/Humanist/v15/0266.html website]<br /> |July 23–28<br /> |-<br /> |2003<br /> |[[University of Georgia]], Athens, Georgia, USA<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20040215091323/http://www.english.uga.edu/webx/ website]<br /> | May 29 - June 2<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> |[[University of Gothenburg]], Sweden<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050204194120/http://www.hum.gu.se/allcach2004/ website]<br /> |June 11–16<br /> |-<br /> |2005<br /> |[[University of Victoria]], British Columbia, Canada<br /> |[http://tomcat-stable.hcmc.uvic.ca:8080/ach/site/index.htm website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626105658/http://tomcat-stable.hcmc.uvic.ca:8080/ach/site/index.htm |date=2016-06-26 }}<br /> | June 15 - June 18<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |[[University of Paris (post-1970)|Sorbonne]], Paris, France<br /> |[http://www.allc-ach2006.colloques.paris-sorbonne.fr/ website]<br /> |July 5–9<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> |[[University of Illinois]], Urbana, Illinois, USA<br /> |[http://digitalhumanities.org/dh2007/ website]<br /> |June 2–8<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |[[University of Oulu]], Finland<br /> |[http://www.ekl.oulu.fi/dh2008/ website]<br /> |June 25–29<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> |[[University of Maryland, College Park]], Maryland, USA<br /> |[http://mith.umd.edu/dh09/ website]<br /> |June 20–25<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> |[[King's College London]], UK<br /> |[http://dh2010.cch.kcl.ac.uk/ website]<br /> |July 7–10<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> |[[Stanford University]], California, USA<br /> |[https://dh2011.stanford.edu/ website]<br /> |June 19–22<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |[[University of Hamburg]], Germany<br /> |[http://www.dh2012.uni-hamburg.de/ website]<br /> |July 16–22<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |[[University of Nebraska-Lincoln]], USA<br /> |[http://dh2013.unl.edu/ website]<br /> |July 16–19<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |[[University of Lausanne]] and [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne|EPFL]], Switzerland<br /> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20131103090835/http://dh2014.org/ website]<br /> |July 8–12<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |[[University of Western Sydney]], Australia<br /> |[http://dh2015.org/ website]<br /> |June 29-July 3<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |[[Jagiellonian University]] and [[Pedagogical University of Kraków]], Poland<br /> |[http://dh2016.adho.org/ website]<br /> |July 10–16<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |[[McGill University]] and l'[[Université de Montréal]], Canada<br /> |[https://dh2017.adho.org website]<br /> |August 1–4<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |[[El Colegio de México]], [[National Autonomous University of Mexico|UNAM]], and Red de Humanidades Digitales (RedHD), Mexico <br /> |[https://dh2018.adho.org/en/ website]<br /> |June 24-July 1<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |[[Utrecht University]], Netherlands<br /> |[https://staticweb.hum.uu.nl/dh2019/dh2019.adho.org/index.html website]<br /> |July 9–12<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |[[Carleton University]] and [[University of Ottawa]], Canada<br /> |<br /> |July 22–24<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |Local virtual conferences<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |[[The University of Tokyo]], Japan<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |[[The University of Graz]], Austria<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |[[George Mason University]], Washington DC, USA<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://digitalhumanities.org Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations official website]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Humanities conferences]]<br /> [[Category:Digital humanities]]<br /> [[Category:Computer science conferences]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation&diff=1134416725 International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation 2023-01-18T15:51:55Z <p>SlvrKy: /* The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (Geneva) */ First occurrence is ICIC</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox Former International Organization<br /> |native_name = International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation<br /> |common_name = International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation<br /> |status = International organization<br /> |era = [[Interwar period]]<br /> |event_start = Creation<br /> |year_start = 1922<br /> |event_end = Dissolution<br /> |year_end = 1946<br /> |s1 = UNESCO<br /> |flag_s1 = Flag of UNESCO.svg<br /> |capital = Geneva<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Humanités Numériques.JPG|thumb|right|ICIC Archives in Geneva&lt;ref&gt;League of Nations archives, United Nations Office in Geneva. With a network Visualization of the ICIC archives, showing thousands of documents exchanged between the plenary committee, its secretary, national commissions and experts. {{Cite journal | volume = 10| issue = 3| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = La connaissance est un réseau| journal =Les Cahiers du Numérique| date = 2014| pages = 37–54| url = http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=LCN_103_0037| doi=10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54}} ([https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01525545 PDF]), {{Cite journal | volume = 18/19| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Introduction à la visualisation de données : l'analyse de réseau en histoire| journal =Geschichte und Informatik| date = 2015| pages = 109–128| url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01525543}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]The '''International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation''', sometimes '''League of Nations Committee on Intellectual Cooperation''', was an advisory organization for the [[League of Nations]] which aimed to promote international exchange between scientists, researchers, teachers, artists and intellectuals.{{Sfn |Laqua|2011}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2022}}{{Sfn |Shine|2018}} Established in 1922, it counted such figures as [[Henri Bergson]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], [[Nitobe Inazo]], [[Marie Curie]], [[Gonzague de Reynold]] and [[Robert Andrews Millikan|Robert A. Millikan]] among its members.{{Sfn |Pernet|2014}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2018}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2020}} The committee was the predecessor to [[UNESCO]], and all of its properties were transferred to that organisation in 1946.<br /> <br /> ==The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (Geneva)==<br /> The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC) was formally established in August 1922.{{Sfn |Grandjean|2017}} Having started out with 12 members, its membership later grew to 19 individuals, mostly from Western Europe.{{Sfn |Grandjean|2020}} The first session was held on August 1, 1922, under the chairmanship of [[Henri Bergson]]. During its lifetime, the committee attracted a variety of prominent members, for instance [[Albert Einstein]], [[Marie Curie]], [[Kristine Bonnevie]], [[Jules Destrée]], [[Robert Andrews Millikan]], [[Alfredo Rocco]], [[Paul Painlevé]], [[Gonzague de Reynold]], [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]. Einstein resigned in 1923, protesting publicly the committee's inefficacy; he rejoined in 1924 to mitigate the use German chauvinists made of his resignation.&lt;ref&gt;Albert Einstein, ''Ideas and Opinions'' (New York: Bonanza/Crown, 1954), p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; The body was successively chaired by:<br /> * [[Henri Bergson]] (1922–1925)<br /> * [[Hendrik Lorentz]] (1925–1928)<br /> * [[Gilbert Murray]] (1928–1939).<br /> The ICIC maintained a number of sub-committees (e.g. Museums, Arts and Letters, Intellectual Rights or Bibliography) which also worked with figures such as [[Béla Bartók]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Salvador de Madariaga]] and [[Paul Valéry]].<br /> <br /> The ICIC worked closely with the International Educational Cinematographic Institute created in Rome in 1928 by the [[Italian government]] under [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1929-12-17|title=International Educational Cinematographic Institute|url=https://biblio-archive.unog.ch/Dateien/CouncilMSD/C-3-M-1-1930-XII_EN.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-23|website=biblio}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The last session took place in 1939, but the ICIC was only formally dissolved in 1946, like the League of Nations.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;180px&quot; heights=&quot;140px&quot;&gt;<br /> File:League of Nations Commission 067.tif|ICIC Plenary session (date unknown, between 1924 and 1927).<br /> File:BergsonNitobeIntellectualCooperation.jpg|Henri Bergson (ICIC president) to [[Inazo Nitobe]] (International Bureaux Section director), 1924.&lt;ref&gt;LoN archives 1924, United Nations Offices in Geneva. Picture from [http://www.martingrandjean.ch/archives-images-apercus-commission-cooperation-intellectuelle/ this collection].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> File:League of Nations Commission 075.tif|ICIC Plenary session 1939.<br /> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-11045, Genf, Haus des Völkerbundrates.jpg|The [[Palais Wilson]] ([[Geneva]]), seat of the [[League of Nations|LoN]] and the ICIC between 1922 and 1937.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (Paris)==<br /> [[File:Sap01 mh0092807 p - IMG 20140526 1501390000.tif|thumb|A side of the [[Palais-Royal]] ([[Paris]]), where the IIIC was installed in 1926.]]To support the work of the commission in [[Geneva]], the organization was offered assistance from France to establish an executive branch, the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC), in Paris in 1926. However, the IIIC had an autonomous status and was almost only financed by the French government giving it a certain independence that created tensions with the League of Nations.{{Sfn |Grandjean|2022}} It maintained relations with the league's member states, which established national commissions for intellectual cooperation and appointed delegates to represent their interests at the institute in Paris. While being an [[international organisation]], each of the IIIC's three successive directors was French:<br /> * [[Julien Luchaire]] (1926–1930)<br /> * [[Henri Bonnet]] (1931–1940)<br /> * [[Jean-Jacques Mayoux]] (1945–1946)<br /> From 1926 to 1930, [[Alfred Zimmern]] – the well-known British classicist and a pioneering figure in the discipline of international relations – served as the IIIC's deputy director.<br /> <br /> As a result of the Second World War, the institute was closed from 1940 to 1944. It re-opened briefly from 1945 to 1946. When it closed for good in 1946, [[UNESCO]] inherited its archives and some parts of its mission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://atom.archives.unesco.org/ag-1-international-institute-of-intellectual-co-operation-iiic;isad?sf_culture=en|title=UNESCO Archives|access-date=20 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn |Renoliet|1999}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===General===<br /> {{refbegin|60em}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Northedge |first=Frederick |date=1953 |title=International Intellectual Co-operation Within the League of Nations: Its Conceptual Basis and Lessons for the Present |location=London |publisher=University of London }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Renoliet |first=Jean-Jacques |date=1999 |title=L'UNESCO oubliée, la Société des Nations et la coopération intellectuelle (1919-1946) |trans-title=The Forgotten UNESCO, the League of Nations and Intellectual Cooperation (1919-1946) |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Publications de la Sorbonne |isbn=978-2-85944-384-9 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne }} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary])<br /> * {{cite book |last= |first= |date=2022 |title=Centenary of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations |url=http://intellectualcooperation.org/book-of-abstracts-2022 |location=Geneva |publisher=United Nations Library and Archives }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Specific===<br /> {{refbegin|60em}}<br /> * {{Cite journal | volume = 6| issue = 2| last = Laqua| first = Daniel| title = Transnational Intellectual Cooperation, the League of Nations, and the Problem of Order| journal =Journal of Global History| date = 2011| pages = 223–247| url = http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/5055/1/laqua_transnationalcooperation.pdf| doi=10.1017/s1740022811000246 }}<br /> * {{Cite journal | volume = 12| issue = 3| last = Pernet| first = Corinne| title = Twists, Turns, and Dead Alleys: The League of Nations and Intellectual Cooperation in Times of War| journal =Journal of Modern European History| date = 2014| pages = 342–358| url = https://www.academia.edu/8426989| doi=10.17104/1611-8944_2014_3_342 }}<br /> * {{Cite journal | issue = 2| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Complex structures and international organizations| trans-title = Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni| journal = Memoria e Ricerca | date = 2017| pages = 371–393| url = https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.14647/87204 | doi = 10.14647/87204 }} See also: [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01610098v2 French version] (PDF) and [http://www.martingrandjean.ch/complex-structures-and-international-organizations/ English summary].<br /> * {{Cite journal | last = Shine| first = Cormac| title = Papal Diplomacy by Proxy? Catholic Internationalism at the League of Nations | journal = The Journal of Ecclesiastical History | volume = 69| issue = 4| pages = 785–805| date = 2018 | doi = 10.1017/S0022046917002731}}<br /> * {{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939) | journal = Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America | pages = 65–89| date = 2020 | url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03207291/document }}<br /> * {{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = The Paris/Geneva Divide. A Network Analysis of the Archives of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations | journal = Culture as Soft Power: Bridging Cultural Relations, Intellectual Cooperation, and Cultural Diplomacy | pages = 65–98| date = 2022 | url = https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03760539/document }}<br /> <br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{commons}}<br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> * [http://libraryresources.unog.ch/lonintellectualcooperation Research Guide on Intellectual Cooperation] by UN Archives Geneva.<br /> * [https://archives.ungeneva.org/intellectual-cooperation-and-international-bureaux-section Intellectual Cooperation and International Bureaux Section] at UN Archives Geneva.<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:International Committee On Intellectual Cooperation}}<br /> [[Category:International scientific organizations]]<br /> [[Category:League of Nations]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1922]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations disestablished in 1946]]<br /> [[Category:Former international organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations based in Geneva]]<br /> [[Category:UNESCO]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation&diff=1133986089 International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation 2023-01-16T12:55:53Z <p>SlvrKy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox Former International Organization<br /> |native_name = International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation<br /> |common_name = International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation<br /> |status = International organization<br /> |era = [[Interwar period]]<br /> |event_start = Creation<br /> |year_start = 1922<br /> |event_end = Dissolution<br /> |year_end = 1946<br /> |s1 = UNESCO<br /> |flag_s1 = Flag of UNESCO.svg<br /> |capital = Geneva<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Humanités Numériques.JPG|thumb|right|ICIC Archives in Geneva&lt;ref&gt;League of Nations archives, United Nations Office in Geneva. With a network Visualization of the ICIC archives, showing thousands of documents exchanged between the plenary committee, its secretary, national commissions and experts. {{Cite journal | volume = 10| issue = 3| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = La connaissance est un réseau| journal =Les Cahiers du Numérique| date = 2014| pages = 37–54| url = http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=LCN_103_0037| doi=10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54}} ([https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01525545 PDF]), {{Cite journal | volume = 18/19| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Introduction à la visualisation de données : l'analyse de réseau en histoire| journal =Geschichte und Informatik| date = 2015| pages = 109–128| url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01525543}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]The '''International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation''', sometimes '''League of Nations Committee on Intellectual Cooperation''', was an advisory organization for the [[League of Nations]] which aimed to promote international exchange between scientists, researchers, teachers, artists and intellectuals.{{Sfn |Shine|2018}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2016b}}{{Sfn |Iriye|2002}}{{Sfn |Laqua|2011}} Established in 1922, it counted such figures as [[Henri Bergson]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], [[Nitobe Inazo]], [[Marie Curie]], [[Gonzague de Reynold]] and [[Robert Andrews Millikan|Robert A. Millikan]] among its members.{{Sfn |Pernet|2014}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2016a}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2022}} The committee was the predecessor to [[UNESCO]], and all of its properties were transferred to that organisation in 1946.<br /> <br /> ==The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (Geneva)==<br /> The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC) was formally established in August 1922.{{Sfn |Grandjean|2017}} Having started out with 12 members, its membership later grew to 19 individuals, mostly from Western Europe.{{Sfn |Grandjean|2020}} The first session was held on August 1, 1922, under the chairmanship of [[Henri Bergson]]. During its lifetime, the committee attracted a variety of prominent members, for instance [[Albert Einstein]], [[Marie Curie]], [[Kristine Bonnevie]], [[Jules Destrée]], [[Robert Andrews Millikan]], [[Alfredo Rocco]], [[Paul Painlevé]], [[Gonzague de Reynold]], [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]. Einstein resigned in 1923, protesting publicly the committee's inefficacy; he rejoined in 1924 to mitigate the use German chauvinists made of his resignation.&lt;ref&gt;Albert Einstein, ''Ideas and Opinions'' (New York: Bonanza/Crown, 1954), p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; The body was successively chaired by:<br /> * [[Henri Bergson]] (1922–1925)<br /> * [[Hendrik Lorentz]] (1925–1928)<br /> * [[Gilbert Murray]] (1928–1939).<br /> The CICI maintained a number of sub-committees (e.g. Museums, Arts and Letters, Intellectual Rights or Bibliography) which also worked with figures such as [[Béla Bartók]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Salvador de Madariaga]] and [[Paul Valéry]].<br /> <br /> The CICI worked closely with the International Educational Cinematographic Institute created in Rome in 1928 by the [[Italian government]] under [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1929-12-17|title=International Educational Cinematographic Institute|url=https://biblio-archive.unog.ch/Dateien/CouncilMSD/C-3-M-1-1930-XII_EN.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-23|website=biblio}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The last session took place in 1939, but the CICI was only formally dissolved in 1946, like the League of Nations.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;180px&quot; heights=&quot;140px&quot;&gt;<br /> File:League of Nations Commission 067.tif|CICI Plenary session (date unknown, between 1924 and 1927).<br /> File:BergsonNitobeIntellectualCooperation.jpg|Henri Bergson (CICI president) to [[Inazo Nitobe]] (International Bureaux Section director), 1924.&lt;ref&gt;LoN archives 1924, United Nations Offices in Geneva. Picture from [http://www.martingrandjean.ch/archives-images-apercus-commission-cooperation-intellectuelle/ this collection].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> File:League of Nations Commission 075.tif|CICI Plenary session 1939.<br /> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-11045, Genf, Haus des Völkerbundrates.jpg|The [[Palais Wilson]] ([[Geneva]]), seat of the [[League of Nations|LoN]] and the CICI between 1922 and 1937.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (Paris)==<br /> [[File:Sap01 mh0092807 p - IMG 20140526 1501390000.tif|thumb|A side of the [[Palais-Royal]] ([[Paris]]), where the IIIC was installed in 1926.]]To support the work of the commission in [[Geneva]], the organization was offered assistance from France to establish an executive branch, the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC), in Paris in 1926. However, the IIIC had an autonomous status and was almost only financed by the French government giving it a certain independence that created tensions with the League of Nations.{{Sfn |Grandjean|2022}} It maintained relations with the league's member states, which established national commissions for intellectual cooperation and appointed delegates to represent their interests at the institute in Paris. While being an [[international organisation]], each of the IIIC's three successive directors was French:<br /> * [[Julien Luchaire]] (1926–1930)<br /> * [[Henri Bonnet]] (1931–1940)<br /> * [[Jean-Jacques Mayoux]] (1945–1946)<br /> From 1926 to 1930, [[Alfred Zimmern]] – the well-known British classicist and a pioneering figure in the discipline of international relations – served as the IIIC's deputy director.<br /> <br /> As a result of the Second World War, the institute was closed from 1940 to 1944. It re-opened briefly from 1945 to 1946. When it closed for good in 1946, [[UNESCO]] inherited its archives and some parts of its mission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://atom.archives.unesco.org/ag-1-international-institute-of-intellectual-co-operation-iiic;isad?sf_culture=en|title=UNESCO Archives|access-date=20 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn |Renoliet|1999}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===General===<br /> {{refbegin|60em}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Northedge |first=Frederick |date=1953 |title=International Intellectual Co-operation Within the League of Nations: Its Conceptual Basis and Lessons for the Present |location=London |publisher=University of London }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Renoliet |first=Jean-Jacques |date=1999 |title=L'UNESCO oubliée, la Société des Nations et la coopération intellectuelle (1919-1946) |trans-title=The Forgotten UNESCO, the League of Nations and Intellectual Cooperation (1919-1946) |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Publications de la Sorbonne |isbn=978-2-85944-384-9 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne }} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary])<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Specific===<br /> {{refbegin|60em}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Iriye|first=Akira|title=Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|date=2002|isbn=0520231279 }}<br /> * {{Cite journal | volume = 6| issue = 2| last = Laqua| first = Daniel| title = Transnational Intellectual Cooperation, the League of Nations, and the Problem of Order| journal =Journal of Global History| date = 2011| pages = 223–247| url = http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/5055/1/laqua_transnationalcooperation.pdf| doi=10.1017/s1740022811000246 }}<br /> * {{Cite journal | volume = 12| issue = 3| last = Pernet| first = Corinne| title = Twists, Turns, and Dead Alleys: The League of Nations and Intellectual Cooperation in Times of War| journal =Journal of Modern European History| date = 2014| pages = 342–358| url = https://www.academia.edu/8426989| doi=10.17104/1611-8944_2014_3_342 }}<br /> * {{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Intellectual Cooperation: multi-level network analysis of an international organization| journal =Historical Network Research Conference| date = 2014b| url = http://www.martingrandjean.ch/intellectual-cooperation-multi-level-network-analysis/| doi=10.13140/2.1.2069.6329 }}<br /> * {{Cite journal | issue = 2| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Complex structures and international organizations| trans-title = Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni| journal = Memoria e Ricerca | date = 2017| pages = 371–393| url = https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.14647/87204 | doi = 10.14647/87204 }} See also: [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01610098v2 French version] (PDF) and [http://www.martingrandjean.ch/complex-structures-and-international-organizations/ English summary].<br /> * {{Cite journal | last = Shine| first = Cormac| title = Papal Diplomacy by Proxy? Catholic Internationalism at the League of Nations | journal = The Journal of Ecclesiastical History | volume = 69| issue = 4| pages = 785–805| date = 2018 | doi = 10.1017/S0022046917002731}}<br /> * {{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939) | journal = Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America | pages = 65–89| date = 2020 | url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03207291/document }}<br /> * {{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = The Paris/Geneva Divide. A Network Analysis of the Archives of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations | journal = Culture as Soft Power: Bridging Cultural Relations, Intellectual Cooperation, and Cultural Diplomacy | pages = 65–98| date = 2022 | url = https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03760539/document }}<br /> <br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{commons}}<br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> * [http://libraryresources.unog.ch/lonintellectualcooperation Research Guide on Intellectual Cooperation] by UN Archives Geneva.<br /> * [https://archives.ungeneva.org/intellectual-cooperation-and-international-bureaux-section Intellectual Cooperation and International Bureaux Section] at UN Archives Geneva.<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:International Committee On Intellectual Cooperation}}<br /> [[Category:International scientific organizations]]<br /> [[Category:League of Nations]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1922]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations disestablished in 1946]]<br /> [[Category:Former international organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations based in Geneva]]<br /> [[Category:UNESCO]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation&diff=1084919184 International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation 2022-04-27T09:59:01Z <p>SlvrKy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox Former International Organization<br /> |native_name = International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation<br /> |common_name = International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation<br /> |status = International organization<br /> |era = [[Interwar period]]<br /> |event_start = Creation<br /> |year_start = 1922<br /> |event_end = Dissolution<br /> |year_end = 1946<br /> |s1 = UNESCO<br /> |flag_s1 = Flag of UNESCO.svg<br /> |capital = Geneva<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Humanités Numériques.JPG|thumb|right|ICIC Archives in Geneva&lt;ref&gt;League of Nations archives, United Nations Office in Geneva. With a network Visualization of the ICIC archives, showing thousands of documents exchanged between the plenary committee, its secretary, national commissions and experts. {{Cite journal | volume = 10| issue = 3| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = La connaissance est un réseau| journal =Les Cahiers du Numérique| date = 2014| pages = 37–54| url = http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=LCN_103_0037| doi=10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54}} ([https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01525545 PDF]), {{Cite journal | volume = 18/19| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Introduction à la visualisation de données : l'analyse de réseau en histoire| journal =Geschichte und Informatik| date = 2015| pages = 109–128| url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01525543}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]The '''International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation''' (sometimes '''League of Nations Committee on Intellectual Cooperation''') was an advisory organization for the [[League of Nations]] which aimed to promote international exchange between scientists, researchers, teachers, artists and intellectuals.{{Sfn |Shine|2018}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2016b}}{{Sfn |Iriye|2002}}{{Sfn |Laqua|2011}} Established in 1922, it counted such figures as [[Henri Bergson]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], [[Nitobe Inazo]], [[Marie Curie]], [[Gonzague de Reynold]] and [[Robert Andrews Millikan|Robert A. Millikan]] among its members.{{Sfn |Pernet|2014}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2016a}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2014b}} The Committee was the predecessor to [[UNESCO]], and all of its properties were transferred to that organisation in 1946.<br /> <br /> ==The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (Geneva)==<br /> The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC) was formally established in August 1922.{{Sfn |Grandjean|2017}} Having started out with 12 members, its membership later grew to 19 individuals, mostly from Western Europe.{{Sfn |Grandjean|2020}} The first session was held on August 1, 1922, under the chairmanship of [[Henri Bergson]]. During its lifetime, the committee attracted a variety of prominent members, for instance [[Albert Einstein]], [[Marie Curie]], [[Kristine Bonnevie]], [[Jules Destrée]], [[Robert Andrews Millikan]], [[Alfredo Rocco]], [[Paul Painlevé]], [[Gonzague de Reynold]], [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]. Einstein resigned in 1923, protesting publicly the committee's inefficacy; he rejoined in 1924 to mitigate the use German chauvinists made of his resignation.&lt;ref&gt;Albert Einstein, ''Ideas and Opinions'' (New York: Bonanza/Crown, 1954), p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; The body was successively chaired by:<br /> * [[Henri Bergson]] (1922–1925)<br /> * [[Hendrik Lorentz]] (1925–1928)<br /> * [[Gilbert Murray]] (1928–1939).<br /> The CICI maintained a number of sub-committees (e.g. Museums, Arts and Letters, Intellectual Rights or Bibliography) which also worked with figures such as [[Béla Bartók]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Salvador de Madariaga]] and [[Paul Valéry]].<br /> <br /> The CICI worked closely with the International Educational Cinematographic Institute created in Rome in 1928 by the [[Italian government]] under [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1929-12-17|title=International Educational Cinematographic Institute|url=https://biblio-archive.unog.ch/Dateien/CouncilMSD/C-3-M-1-1930-XII_EN.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-23|website=biblio}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The last session took place in 1939, but the CICI was only formally dissolved in 1946, like the League of Nations.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;180px&quot; heights=&quot;140px&quot; &gt;<br /> File:League of Nations Commission 067.tif|CICI Plenary session (date unknown, between 1924 and 1927).<br /> File:BergsonNitobeIntellectualCooperation.jpg|Henri Bergson (CICI president) to [[Inazo Nitobe]] (International Bureaux Section director), 1924.&lt;ref&gt;LoN archives 1924, United Nations Offices in Geneva. Picture from [http://www.martingrandjean.ch/archives-images-apercus-commission-cooperation-intellectuelle/ this collection].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> File:League of Nations Commission 075.tif|CICI Plenary session 1939.<br /> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-11045, Genf, Haus des Völkerbundrates.jpg|The [[Palais Wilson]] ([[Geneva]]), seat of the [[League of Nations|LoN]] and the CICI between 1922 and 1937.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (Paris)==<br /> [[File:Sap01 mh0092807 p - IMG 20140526 1501390000.tif|thumb|A side of the [[Palais-Royal]] ([[Paris]]), where the IIIC was installed in 1926.]]In order to support the work of the commission in [[Geneva]], the organization was offered assistance from France to establish an executive branch, the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC), in Paris in 1926. However, the IIIC had an autonomous status and was almost only financed by the French Government. It maintained relations with the League's member states, which established national commissions for intellectual cooperation and appointed delegates to represent their interests at the Institute in Paris. While being an [[international organisation]], each of the IIIC's three successive directors was French:<br /> * [[Julien Luchaire]] (1926–1930)<br /> * [[Henri Bonnet]] (1931–1940)<br /> * [[Jean-Jacques Mayoux]] (1945–1946)<br /> From 1926 to 1930, [[Alfred Zimmern]] – the well-known British classicist and a pioneering figure in the discipline of international relations – served as the IIIC's Deputy Director.<br /> <br /> As a result of the Second World War, the Institute was closed from 1940 to 1944. It re-opened briefly from 1945 to 1946. When it closed for good in 1946, [[UNESCO]] inherited its archives and some parts of its mission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://atom.archives.unesco.org/ag-1-international-institute-of-intellectual-co-operation-iiic;isad?sf_culture=en|title=UNESCO Archives|access-date=20 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn |Renoliet|1999}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===General===<br /> {{refbegin|60em}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Northedge |first=Frederick |date=1953 |title=International Intellectual Co-operation Within the League of Nations: Its Conceptual Basis and Lessons for the Present |location=London |publisher=University of London }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Renoliet |first=Jean-Jacques |date=1999 |title=L'UNESCO oubliée, la Société des Nations et la coopération intellectuelle (1919-1946) |trans-title=The Forgotten UNESCO, the League of Nations and Intellectual Cooperation (1919-1946) |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Publications de la Sorbonne |isbn=978-2-85944-384-9 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne }} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary])<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Specific===<br /> {{refbegin|60em}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Iriye|first=Akira|title=Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|date=2002|isbn=0520231279 }}<br /> * {{Cite journal | volume = 6| issue = 2| last = Laqua| first = Daniel| title = Transnational Intellectual Cooperation, the League of Nations, and the Problem of Order| journal =Journal of Global History| date = 2011| pages = 223–247| url = http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/5055/1/laqua_transnationalcooperation.pdf| doi=10.1017/s1740022811000246 }}<br /> * {{Cite journal | volume = 12| issue = 3| last = Pernet| first = Corinne| title = Twists, Turns, and Dead Alleys: The League of Nations and Intellectual Cooperation in Times of War| journal =Journal of Modern European History| date = 2014| pages = 342–358| url = https://www.academia.edu/8426989| doi=10.17104/1611-8944_2014_3_342 }}<br /> * {{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Intellectual Cooperation: multi-level network analysis of an international organization| journal =Historical Network Research Conference| date = 2014b| url = http://www.martingrandjean.ch/intellectual-cooperation-multi-level-network-analysis/| doi=10.13140/2.1.2069.6329 }}<br /> * {{Cite journal | issue = 2| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Complex structures and international organizations| trans-title = Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni| journal = Memoria e Ricerca | date = 2017| pages = 371–393| url = https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.14647/87204 | doi = 10.14647/87204 }} See also: [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01610098v2 French version] (PDF) and [http://www.martingrandjean.ch/complex-structures-and-international-organizations/ English summary].<br /> * {{Cite journal | last = Shine| first = Cormac| title = Papal Diplomacy by Proxy? Catholic Internationalism at the League of Nations | journal = The Journal of Ecclesiastical History | volume = 69| issue = 4| pages = 785–805| date = 2018 | doi = 10.1017/S0022046917002731}}<br /> * {{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939) | journal = Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America | pages = 65-89| date = 2020 | url = https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F8F05A6DBC3C.P001/REF }}<br /> <br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{commons}}<br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> * [http://libraryresources.unog.ch/lonintellectualcooperation Research Guide on Intellectual Cooperation] by UN Archives Geneva.<br /> * [http://biblio-archive.unog.ch/Detail.aspx?ID=408 Intellectual Cooperation and International Bureaux Section] at UN Archives Geneva.<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:International Committee On Intellectual Cooperation}}<br /> [[Category:International scientific organizations]]<br /> [[Category:League of Nations]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1922]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations disestablished in 1946]]<br /> [[Category:Former international organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations based in Geneva]]<br /> [[Category:UNESCO]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computational_history&diff=1027533877 Computational history 2021-06-08T13:36:39Z <p>SlvrKy: /* See also */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Computational History''' (not to be confused with [[computation history]]) is a multidisciplinary field that studies [[history]] through [[machine learning]] and other data-driven, computational approaches.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601763/how-the-new-science-of-computational-history-is-changing-the-study-of-the-past/ How the New Science of Computational History Is Changing the Study of the Past | MIT Technology Review]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.dri.ie/1st-international-workshop-computational-history | title=1st International Workshop on Computational History &amp;#124; Digital Repository Ireland}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://kdeg.scss.tcd.ie/2nd-international-workshop-computational-history-and-data-driven-humanities | title=2nd International Workshop on Computational History and Data-Driven Humanities &amp;#124; Knowledge and Data Engineering Group Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{columns-list|colwidth=30em|<br /> * [[International Society for Computational Biology]]<br /> * [[List of bioinformatics institutions]]<br /> * [[List of biological databases]]<br /> * [[Bioinformatics]]<br /> * [[Biostatistics]]<br /> * [[Computational chemistry]]<br /> * [[Computational science]]<br /> * [[Computer simulation]]<br /> * [[Digital Humanities]]<br /> * [[Mathematical biology]]<br /> * [[Molecular modeling]]<br /> * [[Network biology]]<br /> * [[Structural genomics]]<br /> * [[Synthetic biology]]<br /> * [[Systems biology]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{comp-sci-stub}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Historiography]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Survivorship_bias&diff=1013403187 Survivorship bias 2021-03-21T13:05:22Z <p>SlvrKy: /* In the military */</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Logical error, form of selection bias}}<br /> '''Survivorship bias''' or '''survival bias''' is the [[logical error]] of concentrating on the people or things that made it past some selection process and overlooking those that did not, typically because of their lack of visibility. This can lead to some false conclusions in several different ways. It is a form of [[selection bias]].<br /> <br /> Survivorship bias can lead to overly optimistic beliefs because failures are ignored, such as when companies that no longer exist are excluded from analyses of financial performance. It can also lead to the false belief that the successes in a group have some special property, rather than just coincidence ([[Post hoc ergo propter hoc|correlation &quot;proves&quot; causality]]). For example, if three of the five students with the best college grades went to the same high school, that can lead one to believe that the high school must offer an excellent education when, in fact, it may be just a much larger school instead. This can be better understood by looking at the grades of all the other students from that high school, not just the ones who made the top-five selection process.<br /> <br /> Another example of a distinct mode of survivorship bias would be thinking that an incident was not as dangerous as it was because everyone communicated with afterwards survived. Even if one knew that some people are dead, they would not have their voice to add to the conversation, leading to bias in the conversation.<br /> <br /> ==Examples==<br /> <br /> === In business, finance, and economics ===<br /> In finance, survivorship bias is the tendency for failed companies to be excluded from performance studies because they no longer exist. It often causes the results of studies to skew higher because only companies that were successful enough to survive until the end of the period are included. For example, a [[mutual fund]] company's selection of funds today will include only those that are successful now. Many losing funds are closed and merged into other funds to hide poor performance. In theory, 70% of extant funds could truthfully claim to have performance in the first quartile of their peers, if the peer group includes funds that have closed. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How to think about diversification - Page 3 - Bogleheads.org|url=https://www.bogleheads.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=94879&amp;start=100|access-date=2020-10-26|website=www.bogleheads.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1996, Elton, Gruber, and Blake showed that survivorship bias is larger in the small-fund sector than in large mutual funds (presumably because small funds have a high probability of folding).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Elton |last2=Gruber |last3=Blake |year=1996 |title=Survivorship Bias and Mutual Fund Performance |journal=[[Review of Financial Studies]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=1097–1120 |doi=10.1093/rfs/9.4.1097 |s2cid=154097782 }} In this paper the researchers eliminate survivorship bias by following the returns on all funds extant at the end of 1976. They show that other researchers have drawn spurious conclusions by failing to include the bias in regressions on fund performance.&lt;/ref&gt; They estimate the size of the bias across the U.S. mutual fund industry as 0.9% per annum, where the bias is defined and measured as:<br /> <br /> {{quote|&quot;Bias is defined as average α for surviving funds minus average α for all funds&quot;<br /> <br /> (Where [[Alpha (investment)|α]] is the risk-adjusted return over the [[S&amp;P 500]]. This is the standard measure of mutual fund out-performance).}}<br /> <br /> Additionally, in quantitative [[backtesting]] of market performance or other characteristics, survivorship bias is the use of a current index membership set rather than using the actual constituent changes over time. Consider a backtest to 1990 to find the average performance (total return) of S&amp;P 500 members who have paid dividends within the previous year. To use the current 500 members only and create a historical equity line of the total return of the companies that met the criteria would be adding survivorship bias to the results. S&amp;P maintains an index of healthy companies, removing companies that no longer meet their criteria as a representative of the large-cap U.S. stock market. Companies that had healthy growth on their way to inclusion in the S&amp;P 500 would be counted as if they were in the index during that growth period, which they were not. Instead there may have been another company in the index that was losing market capitalization and was destined for the S&amp;P 600 Small-cap Index that was later removed and would not be counted in the results. Using the actual membership of the index and applying entry and exit dates to gain the appropriate return during inclusion in the index would allow for a bias-free output.<br /> <br /> [[File:Vizag Public Library-AB 10.jpg|thumb|Framed quotes of successful CEOs in a public library]]<br /> Michael Shermer in ''[[Scientific American]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-the-survivor-bias-distorts-reality/|title=How the Survivor Bias Distorts Reality|author=Michael Shermer|publisher=Scientific American|date=2014-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Larry Smith of the [[University of Waterloo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2012/12/06/high-tech-dropouts-misinterpret-steve-jobs-advice/|title=High-Tech Dropouts Misinterpret Steve Jobs' Advice|work=Forbes|author=Carmine Gallo|date=2012-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; have described how advice about commercial success distorts perceptions of it by ignoring all of the businesses and college dropouts that failed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/03/the-myth-of-the-successful-college-dropout-why-it-could-make-millions-of-young-americans-poorer/273628/|title=The Myth of the Successful College Dropout: Why It Could Make Millions of Young Americans Poorer|author=Robert J Zimmer|publisher=The Atlantic|date=2013-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Journalist and author David McRaney observes that the &quot;advice business is a monopoly run by survivors. When something becomes a non-survivor, it is either completely eliminated, or whatever voice it has is muted to zero&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-08-11/success-stories-how-survivorship-bias-tricks-entrepreneurs|title=How Survivorship Bias Tricks Entrepreneurs|author=Karen E. Klein|publisher=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In his book [[The Black Swan (Taleb book)|''The Black Swan'']], financial writer [[Nassim Taleb]] called the data obscured by survivorship bias &quot;silent evidence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Taleb |first= Nassim Nicholas |date= 2010 |title= The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable | edition= 2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/blackswanimpacth00tale_767|url-access= limited |location= New York |publisher= Random House |page= [https://archive.org/details/blackswanimpacth00tale_767/page/n132 101] |isbn= 9780679604181}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === In history ===<br /> [[Diagoras of Melos]] was asked concerning paintings of those who had escaped shipwreck: &quot;Look, you who think the gods have no care of human things, what do you say to so many persons preserved from death by their especial favour?&quot;, to which Diagoras replied: &quot;Why, I say that their pictures are not here who were cast away, who are by much the greater number.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Cicero, De Natura Deor., iii. 37.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Susan Mumm has described how survival bias leads historians to study organisations that are still in existence more than those that have closed. This means large, successful organisations such as the [[Women's Institute]], which were well organised and still have accessible archives for historians to work from, are studied more than smaller charitable organisations, even though these may have done a great deal of work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Women and Philanthropic Cultures, in Women, Gender and Religious Cultures in Britain, 1800-1940, Eds Sue Morgan and Jacqueline deVries .|last=Mumm|first=Susan|publisher=London: Routledge|year=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === In manufacturing and goods production ===<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=April 2017}}<br /> A commonly held opinion in many populations is that machinery, equipment, and goods manufactured in previous generations often is better built and lasts longer than similar contemporary items. (This perception is reflected in the common expression &quot;They don't make 'em [them] like they used to&quot;). Again, because of the selective pressures of time and use, it is inevitable that only those items that were built to last will have survived into the present day. Therefore, most of the old machinery still seen functioning well in the present day must have been built to a standard of quality necessary to survive. All of the machinery, equipment, and goods that have failed over the intervening years are no longer visible to the general population as they have been junked, scrapped, recycled, or otherwise disposed of.<br /> <br /> === In architecture and construction ===<br /> <br /> Just as new buildings are being built every day and older structures are constantly torn down, the story of most civil and urban architecture involves a process of constant renewal, renovation, and revolution. Only the most (subjectively, but popularly determined) beautiful, most useful, and most structurally sound buildings survive from one generation to the next. This creates another selection effect where the ugliest and weakest buildings of history have long been eradicated from existence and thus the public view, and so it leaves the visible impression, seemingly correct but factually flawed, that all buildings in the past were both more beautiful and better built.<br /> <br /> === In highly competitive careers ===<br /> Whether it be movie stars, or athletes, or musicians, or CEOs of multibillion-dollar corporations who dropped out of school, popular media often tells the story of the determined individual who pursues their dreams and beats the odds. There is much less focus on the many people that may be similarly skilled and determined but fail to ever find success because of factors beyond their control or other (seemingly) random events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-08-11/success-stories-how-survivorship-bias-tricks-entrepreneurs|title=How Survivorship Bias Tricks Entrepreneurs|author=Karen E. Klein|publisher=Bloomberg Business|date=2014-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; This creates a false public perception that anyone can achieve great things if they have the ability and make the effort. The overwhelming majority of failures are not visible to the public eye, and only those who survive the selective pressures of their competitive environment are seen regularly.<br /> <br /> === In the military ===<br /> [[File:Survivorship-bias.svg|thumb|The damaged portions of returning planes show locations where they can sustain damage and still return home; those hit in other places do not survive. (Image shows hypothetical data.)]]<br /> During World War II, the statistician [[Abraham Wald]] took survivorship bias into his calculations when considering how to minimize bomber losses to enemy fire.&lt;ref name=Wald1943&gt;Wald, Abraham. (1943). ''A Method of Estimating Plane Vulnerability Based on Damage of Survivors''. Statistical Research Group, Columbia University. ''[https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA091073 CRC 432&amp;nbsp;— reprint from July 1980]''. Center for Naval Analyses.&lt;/ref&gt; The Statistical Research Group (SRG) at [[Columbia University]], which Wald was a part of, examined the damage done to aircraft that had returned from missions and recommended adding armor to the areas that showed the least damage, based on his reasoning. This contradicted the US military's conclusions that the ''most-hit'' areas of the plane needed additional armor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wallis|first=W. Allen|date=1980|title=The Statistical Research Group, 1942-1945: Rejoinder|journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association|volume=75|issue=370|pages=334–335|doi=10.2307/2287454|jstor=2287454}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bullet Holes &amp; Bias: The Story of Abraham Wald|url=https://mcdreeamiemusings.com/blog/2019/4/1/survivorship-bias-how-lessons-from-world-war-two-affect-clinical-research-today|website=mcdreeamie-musings|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AMS :: Feature Column :: The Legend of Abraham Wald|url=http://www.ams.org/publicoutreach/feature-column/fc-2016-06|website=American Mathematical Society|language=en|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wald noted that the military only considered the aircraft that had ''survived'' their missions; any bombers that had been shot down or otherwise lost had logically also been rendered unavailable for assessment. The bullet holes in the returning aircraft, then, represented areas where a bomber could take damage and still fly well enough to return safely to base. Thus, Wald proposed that the Navy reinforce areas where the returning aircraft were unscathed,{{r|Wald1943|p=88}} since those were the areas that, if hit, would cause the plane to be lost. His work is considered seminal in the then-nascent discipline of [[operational research]].&lt;ref name=Mangel1984&gt;{{cite journal<br /> |title=Abraham Wald's work on aircraft survivability<br /> |last1=Mangel<br /> |first1=Marc<br /> |last2=Samaniego<br /> |first2=Francisco<br /> |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association<br /> |date=June 1984<br /> |volume=79<br /> |issue=386<br /> |pages=259–267<br /> |jstor=2288257<br /> |doi=10.2307/2288257<br /> }} [http://people.ucsc.edu/~msmangel/Wald.pdf Reprint on author's web site]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As another example, when the [[Brodie helmet]] was introduced during WWI, there was a dramatic rise in field hospital admissions of severe head injury victims.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020|reason=talk=Brodie helmets}} This led army command to consider redrawing the design, until a statistician remarked that soldiers who might previously have been killed by certain [[Shrapnel shell|shrapnel]] hits to the head (and therefore never showed up in a field hospital), were now surviving the same hits, and thus made it to a field hospital.<br /> <br /> === In music and arts ===<br /> Music from earlier periods is often thought of as better than music now. This could be because only the best music from the period is played now, while today's music, good and bad, is far more available. So survivorship of better songs creates the bias in perception.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Prater|first=Meg|title=What Every Founder Needs to Know About Survivorship Bias|url=https://blog.hubspot.com/sales/survivorship-bias|access-date=2020-10-26|website=blog.hubspot.com|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===In cats===<br /> In a study performed in 1987 it was reported that cats who fall from less than six stories, and are still alive, have greater injuries than cats who fall from higher than six stories.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |pmid=3692980 |year=1987 |last1=Whitney |first1=WO |last2=Mehlhaff |first2=CJ |title=High-rise syndrome in cats |volume=191 |issue=11 |pages=1399–403 |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.petplace.com/cats/highrise-syndrome-in-cats/page1.aspx Highrise Syndrome in Cats&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; It has been proposed that this might happen because cats reach [[terminal velocity]] after righting themselves at about five stories, and after this point they relax, leading to less severe injuries in cats who have fallen from six or more stories.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~barneye/kitty.html Falling Cats&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712033200/http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~barneye/kitty.html |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1996, ''[[The Straight Dope]]'' newspaper column proposed that another possible explanation for this phenomenon would be survivorship bias. Cats that die in falls are less likely to be brought to a veterinarian than injured cats, and thus many of the cats killed in falls from higher buildings are not reported in studies of the subject.&lt;ref name=&quot;straightdope&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a5_190.html<br /> | title = Do cats always land unharmed on their feet, no matter how far they fall?<br /> | publisher=[[The Straight Dope]]<br /> | date= July 19, 1996<br /> | access-date = 2008-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===In tropical trees===<br /> Tropical vines and [[liana]]s are often viewed as macro-parasites of trees that reduce host tree survival. The proportion of trees infested with lianas was observed to be much greater in shade-tolerant, heavy wooded, slow-growing tree species while light-demanding, lighter wooded and fast-growing species are often liana free. Such observations led to the expectation that lianas have stronger negative effects on shade-tolerant species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnitzer2002&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Schnitzer|first1=S|title=The ecology of lianas and their role in forests|journal=Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution|volume=17|issue=5|year=2002|pages=223–230|issn=0169-5347|doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02491-6|url=https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1743&amp;context=bio_fac}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further investigations, however, revealed that liana infestation is far more harmful to light-demanding fast-growing tree species where liana infestation greatly decreases survival such that the observable sample is biased towards those that survived and are liana-free.&lt;ref name=&quot;VisserSchnitzer2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Visser|first1=Marco D.|last2=Schnitzer|first2=Stefan A.|last3=Muller-Landau|first3=Helene C.|last4=Jongejans|first4=Eelke|last5=de Kroon|first5=Hans|last6=Comita|first6=Liza S.|last7=Hubbell|first7=Stephen P.|last8=Wright|first8=S. Joseph|last9=Zuidema|first9=Pieter|title=Tree species vary widely in their tolerance for liana infestation: A case study of differential host response to generalist parasites|journal=Journal of Ecology|volume=106|issue=2|year=2018|pages=781–794|issn=0022-0477|doi=10.1111/1365-2745.12815|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hence, the observable sample of trees with lianas in their crown is skewed due to survivorship bias.<br /> <br /> ===In studies of evolution===<br /> <br /> Large groups of organisms called [[clades]] that survive a long time are subject to various survivorship biases such as the &quot;[[push of the past]]&quot;, generating the illusion that clades in ''general'' tend to originate with a high rate of [[Genetic divergence|diversification]] that then slows through time.&lt;ref name=&quot;POTPa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Budd |first1=G. E. |last2=Mann |first2=R. P. |title=History is written by the victors: the effect of the push of the past on the fossil record |journal=Evolution |volume=72 |issue=11 |pages=2276–2291 |date=2018 |doi=10.1111/evo.13593 |pmid=30257040 |pmc=6282550 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/135239/8/Budd_et_al-2018-Evolution.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == As a general experimental flaw ==<br /> <br /> Survivorship bias (or survivor bias) is a statistical [[artifact (error)|artifact]] in applications outside [[finance]], where studies on the remaining population are fallaciously compared with the historic average despite the survivors having unusual properties. Mostly, the unusual property in question is a track record of success (like the successful funds).{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}<br /> <br /> For example, the [[parapsychology]] researcher [[Joseph Banks Rhine]] believed he had identified the few individuals from hundreds of potential subjects who had powers of [[Extra-sensory perception|ESP]]. His calculations were based on the [[improbability]] of these few subjects guessing the [[Zener cards]] shown to a partner by chance.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}<br /> <br /> A major criticism that surfaced against his calculations was the possibility of unconscious survivorship bias in subject selections. He was accused of failing to take into account the large effective size of his sample (all the people he rejected as not being &quot;strong [[telepath]]s&quot; because they failed at an earlier testing stage). Had he done this he might have seen that, from the large sample, one or two individuals would probably achieve the track record of success he had found purely by chance.<br /> <br /> Writing about the Rhine case in ''[[Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science]]'', [[Martin Gardner]] explained that he did not think the experimenters had made such obvious mistakes out of [[statistical]] naivety, but as a result of subtly disregarding some poor subjects. He said that, without trickery of any kind, there would always be some people who had improbable success, if a large enough sample were taken. To illustrate this, he speculates about what would happen if one hundred professors of [[psychology]] read Rhine's work and decided to make their own tests; he said that survivor bias would winnow out the typical failed experiments, but encourage the lucky successes to continue testing. He thought that the common [[null hypothesis]] (of no result) would not be reported, but &quot;[e]ventually, one experimenter remains whose subject has made high scores for six or seven successive sessions. Neither experimenter nor subject is aware of the other ninety-nine projects, and so both have a strong delusion that ESP is operating.&quot; He concludes: &quot;The experimenter writes an enthusiastic paper, sends it to Rhine who publishes it in his magazine, and the readers are greatly impressed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science'', Martin Gardner, p. 303, 1957, Dover Publications Inc.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> If enough [[scientist]]s study a phenomenon, some will find [[statistically significant]] results by chance, and these are the experiments submitted for publication. Additionally, papers showing positive results may be more appealing to editors.&lt;ref name=&quot;ioannidis2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Ioannidis |first=J. P. A. |year=2005 |title=Why Most Published Research Findings Are False |journal=[[PLoS Med]] |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=e124 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124 |pmid=16060722 |pmc=1182327}}&lt;/ref&gt; This problem is known as ''positive results bias'', a type of [[publication bias]]. To combat this, some editors now call for the submission of &quot;negative&quot; scientific findings, where &quot;nothing happened&quot;.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}<br /> <br /> Survivorship bias is one of the issues discussed in the provocative 2005 paper &quot;[[Why Most Published Research Findings Are False]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ioannidis2005&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> One famous example of immortal time bias was discovered in a study by Redelmeier and Singh et al. in Annals of Internal Medicine that reported that Academy Award-winning actors and actresses lived almost 4 years longer than their less successful peers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Redelmeier|first1=Donald A.|last2=Singh|first2=Sheldon M.|date=2001-05-15|title=Survival in Academy Award–Winning Actors and Actresses|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=134|issue=10|pages=955–62|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-134-10-200105150-00009|pmid=11352696|issn=0003-4819|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The statistical method used to derive this statistically significant difference gave winners an unfair advantage, however, because it credited an Oscar winner's years of life before winning toward survival subsequent to winning. When the data was reanalyzed using methods that avoided this &quot;immortal time&quot; bias, the survival advantage was closer to 1 year and was not statistically significant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sylvestre|first1=Marie-Pierre|last2=Huszti|first2=Ella|last3=Hanley|first3=James A.|date=2006-09-05|title=Do Oscar Winners Live Longer than Less Successful Peers? A Reanalysis of the Evidence|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=145|issue=5|pages=361–3; discussion 392|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-145-5-200609050-00009|pmid=16954361|s2cid=13724567|issn=0003-4819}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == In business law ==<br /> <br /> Survivorship bias can raise [[false advertising|truth-in-advertising]] problems when the success rate advertised for a product or service is measured with respect to a population whose makeup differs from that of the target audience whom the company offering that product or service targets with advertising claiming that success rate. These problems become especially significant when<br /> # the advertisement either fails to disclose the existence of relevant differences between the two populations or describes them in insufficient detail;<br /> # these differences result from the company's deliberate &quot;pre-screening&quot; of prospective customers to ensure that only customers with traits increasing their likelihood of success are allowed to purchase the product or service, especially when the company's selection procedures or evaluation standards are kept [[Trade secret|secret]]; and<br /> # the company offering the product or service charges a fee, especially one that is non-refundable or not disclosed in the advertisement, for the privilege of attempting to become a customer.<br /> <br /> For example, the advertisements of online dating service [[EHarmony|eHarmony.com]] pass this test because they fail the first two prongs but not the third: They claim a success rate significantly higher than that of competing services while generally not disclosing that the rate is calculated with respect to a viewership subset who possess traits that increase their likelihood of finding and maintaining relationships and lack traits that pose obstacles to their doing so (1), and the company deliberately selects for these traits by administering a lengthy [[EHarmony#Criticism|pre-screening process]] designed to reject prospective customers who lack the former traits or possess the latter ones (2), but the company does not charge a fee for administration of its pre-screening test, with the effect that its prospective customers face no &quot;downside risk&quot; other than losing the time and expending the effort involved in completing the pre-screening process (negating 3).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201350.html |title=They Met Online, but Definitely Didn't Click |first=Paul |last=Farhi |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=May 13, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> {{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * [[Anthropic principle]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/W6-Observer-selection-effects.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Availability heuristic]]<br /> * [[Cherry picking]]<br /> * [[Econometrics]]<br /> * ''[[Fooled by Randomness]]''<br /> * [[Inspiration porn]]<br /> * [[Lindy Effect]]<br /> * [[Meta-analysis]]<br /> * [[Multiple comparisons problem]]<br /> * [[Selection bias]]<br /> * [[Selection principle]]<br /> * [[Texas sharpshooter fallacy]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Biases}}<br /> {{Medical research studies}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Survivorship Bias}}<br /> [[Category:Sampling (statistics)]]<br /> [[Category:Informal fallacies]]<br /> [[Category:Bias]]<br /> [[Category:Cognitive biases]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complex_network&diff=993984580 Complex network 2020-12-13T15:28:39Z <p>SlvrKy: Undid revision 993984514 by SlvrKy (talk)</p> <hr /> <div>{{Redirect|Complex networks|the company|Complex Networks}}<br /> {{short description|Network with non-trivial topological features}}<br /> {{Network Science}}<br /> In the context of [[network theory]], a '''complex network''' is a [[Graph (discrete mathematics)|graph]] (network) with non-trivial [[topological]] features&amp;mdash;features that do not occur in simple networks such as [[lattice graph|lattices]] or [[random graph]]s but often occur in networks representing real systems. The study of complex networks is a young and active area of scientific research&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| author = R. Albert and A.-L. Barabási|year = 2002| title = Statistical mechanics of complex networks| journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume = 74| issue = 1| pages = 47–49|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.74.47| arxiv = cond-mat/0106096|bibcode = 2002RvMP...74...47A|s2cid = 60545}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| author = Mark Newman| year = 2010| title = Networks: An Introduction | journal = Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-920665-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| author = Reuven Cohen and Shlomo Havlin| year = 2010| title = Complex Networks: Structure, Robustness and Function| journal = Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84156-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; (since 2000) inspired largely by empirical findings of real-world networks such as [[computer network]]s, [[biological network]]s, technological networks, [[Connectome|brain networks]], [[climate networks]] and [[social network]]s.<br /> <br /> ==Definition==<br /> Most [[social network|social]], [[biological network|biological]], and [[Computer network|technological network]]s display substantial non-trivial topological features, with patterns of connection between their elements that are neither purely regular nor purely random. Such features include a heavy tail in the [[degree distribution]], a high [[clustering coefficient]], [[assortativity]] or disassortativity among vertices, [[community structure]], and [[hierarchy|hierarchical structure]]. In the case of directed networks these features also include [[Reciprocity in network|reciprocity]], triad significance profile and other features. In contrast, many of the mathematical models of networks that have been studied in the past, such as [[lattice graph|lattices]] and [[random graph]]s, do not show these features. The most complex structures can be realized by networks with a medium number of interactions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=T. Wilhelm|first=J. Kim|title=What is a complex graph?|journal=Physica A|year=2008|volume=387|issue=11|pages=2637–2652|doi=10.1016/j.physa.2008.01.015|bibcode = 2008PhyA..387.2637K }}&lt;/ref&gt; This corresponds to the fact that the maximum information content ([[entropy (information theory)|entropy]]) is obtained for medium probabilities.<br /> <br /> Two well-known and much studied classes of complex networks are [[scale-free networks]]&lt;ref name = &quot;frst&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=A. Barabasi|first=E. Bonabeau|title=Scale-Free Networks|journal=Scientific American|date= 2003|volume=288|issue=5|pages=50–59|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0503-60|pmid=12701331}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[small-world networks]],&lt;ref name = &quot;sec&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=S. H. Strogatz|first=D. J. Watts|title=Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks|journal=Nature|year=1998|volume=393|pages=440–442|doi=10.1038/30918|pmid=9623998|issue=6684|bibcode = 1998Natur.393..440W |s2cid=4429113}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=H.E. Stanley|first=L.A.N. Amaral, A. Scala, M. Barthelemy|title=Classes of small-world networks|journal=PNAS|year=2000|volume=97|issue=21|pages=11149–52|doi= 10.1073/pnas.200327197 |arxiv = cond-mat/0001458 |bibcode = 2000PNAS...9711149A|pmid=11005838|pmc=17168}}&lt;/ref&gt; whose discovery and definition are canonical case-studies in the field. Both are characterized by specific structural features&amp;mdash;[[power-law]] [[degree distribution]]s for the former and short path lengths and high [[clustering coefficient|clustering]] for the latter. However, as the study of complex networks has continued to grow in importance and popularity, many other aspects of network structures have attracted attention as well.<br /> <br /> Recently, the study of complex networks has been expanded to networks of networks.&lt;ref name=&quot;BuldyrevParshani2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Buldyrev|first1=Sergey V.|last2=Parshani|first2=Roni|last3=Paul|first3=Gerald|last4=Stanley|first4=H. Eugene|last5=Havlin|first5=Shlomo|title=Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks|journal=Nature|volume=464|issue=7291|year=2010|pages=1025–1028|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature08932|pmid=20393559|arxiv = 0907.1182 |bibcode = 2010Natur.464.1025B |s2cid=1836955}}&lt;/ref&gt; If those networks are [[interdependent networks|interdependent]], they become significantly more vulnerable than single networks to random failures and targeted attacks and exhibit cascading failures and first-order percolation transitions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ParshaniBuldyrev2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Parshani|first1=Roni|last2=Buldyrev|first2=Sergey V.|last3=Havlin|first3=Shlomo|title=Interdependent Networks: Reducing the Coupling Strength Leads to a Change from a First to Second Order Percolation Transition|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=105|issue=4|year=2010|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.048701|bibcode=2010PhRvL.105d8701P|arxiv = 1004.3989|pmid=20867893|pages=048701|s2cid=17558390}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Networks formed from interdependent networks | authors = J. Gao, S.V. Buldyrev, H.E. Stanley, S. Havlin | journal = Nature Physics | volume = 8 | pages = 40–48 | date = 2012| issue = 1 | doi = 10.1038/nphys2180 | bibcode = 2012NatPh...8...40G }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Furthermore, the collective behavior of a network in the presence of nodes failure and recovery has been studied.&lt;ref name=&quot;MajdandzicPodobnik2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Majdandzic|first1=Antonio|last2=Podobnik|first2=Boris|last3=Buldyrev|first3=Sergey V.|last4=Kenett|first4=Dror Y.|last5=Havlin|first5=Shlomo|last6=Eugene Stanley|first6=H.|title=Spontaneous recovery in dynamical networks|journal=Nature Physics|volume=10|issue=1|year=2013|pages=34–38|issn=1745-2473|doi=10.1038/nphys2819|bibcode=2014NatPh..10...34M|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been found that such a network can have spontaneous failures and spontaneous recoveries.<br /> <br /> The field continues to develop at a brisk pace, and has brought together researchers from many areas including [[mathematics]], [[physics]], electric power systems,&lt;ref name=&quot;Saleh 1381&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Saleh|first1=Mahmoud|last2=Esa|first2=Yusef|last3=Mohamed|first3=Ahmed|date=2018-05-29|title=Applications of Complex Network Analysis in Electric Power Systems|journal=Energies|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1381|doi=10.3390/en11061381|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[biology]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=A. Bashan, R.P. Bartsch, J.W. Kantelhardt, S. Havlin, P.C. Ivanov |year=2012 |title=Network physiology reveals relations between network topology and physiological function |journal=Nature Communications|volume=3 |pages=72|doi=10.1038/ncomms1705 |pmid=22426223 |pmc=3518900 |arxiv=1203.0242 |bibcode=2012NatCo...3..702B |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[climate]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=J. Fan, J. Meng, X. Chen, Y. Ashkenazy, S. Havlin |year=2017 |title= Network approaches to climate science |journal=Science China: Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy|volume=60 |issue=1|page=10531 |doi=10.1007/s11433-016-0362-2 |bibcode=2017SCPMA..60a0531F |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[computer science]], [[sociology]], [[epidemiology]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lucas D Valdez, Lidia A Braunstein, Shlomo Havlin |year=2020 |title= Epidemic spreading on modular networks: The fear to declare a pandemic |journal=Physical Review E|volume=101 |issue=3|pages=032309|doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.101.032309 |pmid=32289896 |arxiv=1909.09695|bibcode=2020PhRvE.101c2309V |s2cid=202719412 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=A.E. Motter|first=R. Albert|title=Networks in Motion|journal=Physics Today|year=2012|volume=65|issue=4|pages=43–48|url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i4/p43_s1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906061904/http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i4/p43_s1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-06|doi=10.1063/pt.3.1518|arxiv=1206.2369|bibcode=2012PhT....65d..43M|s2cid=12823922}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ideas and tools from network science and engineering have been applied to the analysis of metabolic and genetic regulatory networks; the study of ecosystem stability and robustness;&lt;ref name=&quot;johnson2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Johnson S, Domı́nguez-Garcı́a V, Donetti L, Muñoz MA |year=2014 |title=Trophic coherence determines food-web stability |journal=[[Proc Natl Acad Sci USA]] |volume=111 |issue=50 |pages=17923–17928 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1409077111|pmid=25468963 |pmc=4273378 |arxiv=1404.7728 |bibcode=2014PNAS..11117923J }}&lt;/ref&gt; clinical science;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=S.G.Hofmann|first=J.E.Curtiss|title=A complex network approach to clinical science|journal=European Journal of Clinical Investigation|year=2018|volume=48|issue=8|pages=e12986|doi=10.1111/eci.12986|pmid=29931701|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; the modeling and design of scalable communication networks such as the generation and visualization of complex wireless networks;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite thesis|last=Mouhamed Abdulla|date=2012-09-22|title=On the Fundamentals of Stochastic Spatial Modeling and Analysis of Wireless Networks and its Impact to Channel Losses|url=http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/974847|journal=Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. Of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia Univ., Montréal, Québec, Canada, Sep. 2012.|pages=(Ch.4 develops algorithms for complex network generation and visualization)|publisher=Concordia University|type=phd}}&lt;/ref&gt; the development of vaccination strategies for the control of disease; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Efficient immunization strategies for computer networks and populations | authors = R. Cohen, S. Havlin, D. Ben-Avraham | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 91 | pages = 247901 | date = 2003| issue = 24 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.247901 | pmid = 14683159 | arxiv = cond-mat/0207387 | bibcode = 2003PhRvL..91x7901C | s2cid = 919625 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Y |last2=Paul |first2=G |last3=Havlin |first3=S |last4=Liljeros |first4=F |last5=Stanley |first5=H. E |title=Finding a Better Immunization Strategy |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=101 |page=058701 |date=2008|issue=5 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.058701 |pmid=18764435 |bibcode=2008PhRvL.101e8701C }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> and a broad range of other practical issues. Research on networks are regularly published in the most visible scientific journals and obtain vigorous funding in many countries. Network theory has been found recently useful to identify bottlenecks in city traffic.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiFu2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Daqing|last2=Fu|first2=Bowen|last3=Wang|first3=Yunpeng|last4=Lu|first4=Guangquan|last5=Berezin|first5=Yehiel|last6=Stanley|first6=H. Eugene|last7=Havlin|first7=Shlomo|title=Percolation transition in dynamical traffic network with evolving critical bottlenecks|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=112|issue=3|year=2015|pages=669–672|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.1419185112|pmid=25552558|pmc=4311803|bibcode=2015PNAS..112..669L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network science is the topic of many conferences in a variety of different fields, and has been the subject of numerous books both for the lay person and for the expert.<br /> <br /> ==Scale-free networks==<br /> {{Main|Scale-free networks}}<br /> [[File:Social Network Analysis Visualization.png|thumb|Fig. 1: An example of complex scale-free network.]]A network is called scale-free&lt;ref name=&quot;frst&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=R. Albert and A.-L. Barabási |year=2002 |title=Statistical mechanics of complex networks |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=47–97|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.74.47 |arxiv=cond-mat/0106096 |bibcode=2002RvMP...74...47A |isbn=978-3-540-40372-2|s2cid=60545 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  if its degree distribution, i.e., the probability that a node selected uniformly at random has a certain number of links (degree), follows a mathematical function called a [[power law]]. The power law implies that the degree distribution of these networks has no characteristic scale. In contrast, networks with a single well-defined scale are somewhat similar to a lattice in that every node has (roughly) the same degree. Examples of networks with a single scale include the [[Erdős–Rényi model|Erdős–Rényi (ER) random graph]], [[random regular graphs]], [[regular lattices]], and [[hypercube]]s. Some models of growing networks that produce scale-invariant degree distributions are the [[Barabási–Albert model]] and the [[fitness model (network theory)|fitness model]]. In a network with a scale-free degree distribution, some vertices have a degree that is orders of magnitude larger than the average - these vertices are often called &quot;hubs&quot;, although this language is misleading as, by definition, there is no inherent threshold above which a node can be viewed as a hub. If there were such a threshold, the network would not be scale-free.<br /> <br /> Interest in scale-free networks began in the late 1990s with the reporting of discoveries of power-law degree distributions in real world networks such as the [[World Wide Web]], the network of [[Autonomous system (Internet)|Autonomous systems]] (ASs), some networks of Internet routers, protein interaction networks, email networks, etc. Most of these reported &quot;power laws&quot; fail when challenged with rigorous statistical testing, but the more general idea of heavy-tailed degree distributions -- which many of these networks do genuinely exhibit (before finite-size effects occur) -- are very different from what one would expect if edges existed independently and at random (i.e., if they followed a [[Poisson distribution]]). There are many different ways to build a network with a power-law degree distribution. The [[Yule-Simon distribution|Yule process]] is a canonical generative process for power laws, and has been known since 1925. However, it is known by many other names due to its frequent reinvention, e.g., The Gibrat principle by [[Herbert A. Simon]], the [[Matthew effect (sociology)|Matthew effect]], cumulative advantage and, [[preferential attachment]] by [[Albert-László Barabási|Barabási]] and Albert for power-law degree distributions. Recently, [[Hyperbolic Geometric Graph]]s have been suggested as yet another way of constructing scale-free networks.<br /> <br /> Some networks with a power-law degree distribution (and specific other types of structure) can be highly resistant to the random deletion of vertices—i.e., the vast majority of vertices remain connected together in a giant component.&lt;ref name=&quot;CohenErez2000&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Reuven|last2=Erez|first2=Keren|last3=ben-Avraham|first3=Daniel|last4=Havlin|first4=Shlomo|title=Resilience of the Internet to Random Breakdowns|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=85|issue=21|year=2000|pages=4626–4628|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.4626|bibcode=2000PhRvL..85.4626C|pmid=11082612|arxiv=cond-mat/0007048|s2cid=15372152}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such networks can also be quite sensitive to targeted attacks aimed at fracturing the network quickly. When the graph is uniformly random except for the degree distribution, these critical vertices are the ones with the highest degree, and have thus been implicated in the spread of disease (natural and artificial) in social and communication networks, and in the spread of fads (both of which are modeled by a [[percolation]] or [[branching process]]). While random graphs (ER) have an average distance of order log N&lt;ref name=&quot;sec&quot;/&gt; between nodes, where N is the number of nodes, scale free graph can have a distance of log log N. Such graphs are called ultra small world networks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=R. Cohen|first=S. Havlin|title=Scale-free networks are ultrasmall|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|year=2003|volume=90|issue=5|pages=058701|url=http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Scale-free+networks+are+ultrasmall&amp;year=*&amp;match=all|doi=10.1103/physrevlett.90.058701|arxiv = cond-mat/0205476 |bibcode = 2003PhRvL..90e8701C|pmid=12633404|s2cid=10508339}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Small-world networks==<br /> {{Main|Small-world network}}<br /> A network is called a small-world network&lt;ref name=&quot;sec&quot; /&gt; by analogy with the [[small-world phenomenon]] (popularly known as [[six degrees of separation]]). The small world hypothesis, which was first described by the Hungarian writer [[Frigyes Karinthy]] in 1929, and tested experimentally by [[Stanley Milgram]] (1967), is the idea that two arbitrary people are connected by only six degrees of separation, i.e. the diameter of the corresponding graph of social connections is not much larger than six. In 1998, [[Duncan J. Watts]] and [[Steven Strogatz]] published the first small-world network model, which through a single parameter smoothly interpolates between a random graph and a lattice.&lt;ref name=&quot;sec&quot;/&gt; Their model demonstrated that with the addition of only a small number of long-range links, a regular graph, in which the diameter is proportional to the size of the network, can be transformed into a &quot;small world&quot; in which the average number of edges between any two vertices is very small (mathematically, it should grow as the logarithm of the size of the network), while the clustering coefficient stays large. It is known that a wide variety of abstract graphs exhibit the small-world property, e.g., random graphs and scale-free networks. Further, real world networks such as the [[World Wide Web]] and the metabolic network also exhibit this property.<br /> <br /> In the scientific literature on networks, there is some ambiguity associated with the term &quot;small world&quot;. In addition to referring to the size of the diameter of the network, it can also refer to the co-occurrence of a small diameter and a high [[clustering coefficient]]. The clustering coefficient is a metric that represents the density of triangles in the network. For instance, sparse random graphs have a vanishingly small clustering coefficient while real world networks often have a coefficient significantly larger. Scientists point to this difference as suggesting that edges are correlated in real world networks.<br /> <br /> ==Spatial networks==<br /> {{Main|Spatial network}}<br /> Many real networks are embedded in space. Examples include, transportation and other infrastructure networks, brain neural networks. Several models for spatial networks have been developed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Routing of multipoint connections | doi = 10.1109/49.12889 | authors = Waxman B. M. | journal = IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. | volume = 6 | pages = 1617–1622 | date = 1988| issue = 9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | authors = Danziger, Michael M.; Shekhtman, Louis M.; Berezin, Yehiel; Havlin, Shlomo | title = The effect of spatiality on multiplex networks. | journal = EPL | volume = 115 | issue = 3 | pages = 36002 |date = 2016| doi = 10.1209/0295-5075/115/36002 | arxiv = 1505.01688 | bibcode = 2016EL....11536002D }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Spatial modular networks==<br /> [[File:Heterogeneous_spatial_modular_model.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2: Illustration of the model. The heterogeneous spatial modular model represents a structure of a network inside cities and between cities. Inside a city it is easy the get from one place to another (green links) like Erdős–Rényi network having random like structure while travelling from one city to another is usually possible between neighbouring cities having spatial like structure (blue links).]]<br /> A model for spatially modular networks has been developed by Gross et al.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bnaya Gross, Dana Vaknin, Sergey Buldyrev, Shlomo Havlin |title=Two transitions in spatial modular networks |journal=New Journal of Physics |date=2020 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=053002|doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab8263 |arxiv=2001.11435 |bibcode=2020NJPh...22e3002G |s2cid=210966323 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The model describes e.g., infrastructures in a country where communities (modules) represent cities with many connections located in two dimensional space. The links between communities (cities) are less and usually to nearest neighbors (see Fig. 2).<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Div col}}<br /> * [[Community structure]]<br /> * [[Complex adaptive system]]<br /> * [[Complex systems]]<br /> * [[Dual-phase evolution]]<br /> * [[Dynamic network analysis]]<br /> * [[Interdependent networks]]<br /> * [[Network theory]]<br /> * [[Network science]]<br /> * [[Percolation theory]]<br /> * [[Random graph]]<br /> * [[Scale-free networks]]<br /> * [[Small world networks]]<br /> * [[Spatial network]]<br /> * [[Trophic coherence]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Books==<br /> *B. S. Manoj, Abhishek Chakraborty, and Rahul Singh, ''Complex Networks: A Networking and Signal Processing Perspective'', Pearson, New York, USA, February 2018. {{ISBN|978-0134786995}}<br /> *S.N. Dorogovtsev and J.F.F. Mendes, ''Evolution of Networks: From biological networks to the Internet and WWW'', Oxford University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-19-851590-1}}<br /> *Duncan J. Watts, ''Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age'', W. W. Norton &amp; Company, 2003, {{ISBN|0-393-04142-5}}<br /> *Duncan J. Watts, ''Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks between Order and Randomness'', Princeton University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-691-11704-7}}<br /> *Albert-László Barabási, ''Linked: How Everything is Connected to Everything Else'', 2004, {{ISBN|0-452-28439-2}}<br /> *Alain Barrat, Marc Barthelemy, Alessandro Vespignani, ''Dynamical processes on complex networks'', Cambridge University Press, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-521-87950-7}}<br /> *Stefan Bornholdt (Editor) and Heinz Georg Schuster (Editor), ''Handbook of Graphs and Networks: From the Genome to the Internet'', 2003, {{ISBN|3-527-40336-1}}<br /> *Guido Caldarelli, ''Scale-Free Networks'', Oxford University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-19-921151-7}}<br /> *Guido Caldarelli, Michele Catanzaro, ''Networks: A Very Short Introduction'' Oxford University Press, 2012, {{ISBN|978-0-19-958807-7}}<br /> *E. Estrada, &quot;The Structure of Complex Networks: Theory and Applications&quot;, Oxford University Press, 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-199-59175-6}} <br /> *Reuven Cohen and Shlomo Havlin, ''Complex Networks: Structure, Robustness and Function'', Cambridge University Press, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-521-84156-6}}<br /> *Mark Newman, ''Networks: An Introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-19-920665-0}}<br /> *Mark Newman, Albert-László Barabási, and Duncan J. Watts, ''The Structure and Dynamics of Networks'', Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11357-9}}<br /> *R. Pastor-Satorras and A. Vespignani, ''Evolution and Structure of the Internet: A statistical physics approach'', Cambridge University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-521-82698-5}}<br /> * T. Lewis, Network Science, Wiley 2009,<br /> *Niloy Ganguly (Editor), Andreas Deutsch (Editor) and Animesh Mukherjee (Editor), ''Dynamics On and Of Complex Networks Applications to Biology, Computer Science, and the Social Sciences'', 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-8176-4750-6}}<br /> *Vito Latora, Vincenzo Nicosia, Giovanni Russo, ''Complex Networks: Principles, Methods and Applications'', Cambridge University Press, 2017, {{ISBN|978-1107103184}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{More footnotes|date=August 2008}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> *{{cite journal|author=D. J. Watts and S. H. Strogatz|title=Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks|journal=Nature|volume=393|year=1998|pages=440–442|doi=10.1038/30918|pmid=9623998|issue=6684|bibcode = 1998Natur.393..440W |s2cid=4429113}}<br /> *{{cite journal|author-link=Steven Strogatz|author=S. H. Strogatz|title=Exploring Complex Networks|journal=Nature|volume=410|year=2001|pages=268–276|doi=10.1038/35065725|pmid=11258382|issue=6825|bibcode = 2001Natur.410..268S |doi-access=free}}<br /> *{{cite journal|author=R. Albert and A.-L. Barabási|title=Statistical mechanics of complex networks|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=74|issue=1|year=2002|pages=47–97|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.74.47|arxiv=cond-mat/0106096|bibcode=2002RvMP...74...47A|s2cid=60545}}<br /> *{{cite journal|author=S. N. Dorogovtsev and J.F.F. Mendes|arxiv=cond-mat/0106144|title=Evolution of Networks|journal=Adv. Phys.|volume=51|issue=4|pages=1079–1187|year=2002|doi=10.1080/00018730110112519|bibcode = 2002AdPhy..51.1079D |s2cid=429546}}<br /> *M. E. J. Newman, [https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0303516 The structure and function of complex networks], SIAM Review 45, 167-256 (2003)<br /> *S. N. Dorogovtsev, A. V. Goltsev, and J. F. F. Mendes, ''[https://arxiv.org/abs/0705.0010 Critical phenomena in complex networks]'', Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1275, (2008)<br /> *G. Caldarelli, R. Marchetti, L. Pietronero, The Fractals Properties of Internet, Europhysics Letters 52, 386 (2000). https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0009178. DOI: 10.1209/epl/i2000-00450-8<br /> *R. Cohen, K. Erez, D. ben-Avraham, S. Havlin, &quot;[http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Resilience+of+the+Internet+to+random+breakdown&amp;year=*&amp;match=all Resilience of the Internet to random breakdown]&quot; ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 85, 4626 (2000). https://arxiv.org/abs/1004.3989<br /> *R. Cohen, K. Erez, D. ben-Avraham, S. Havlin, &quot;[http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Breakdown+of+the+Internet+under+intentional+attack&amp;year=*&amp;match=all Breakdown of the Internet under intentional attack]&quot; ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 86, 3682 (2001)<br /> *R. Cohen, S. Havlin, &quot;[http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Scale-free+networks+are+ultrasmall&amp;year=*&amp;match=all Scale-free networks are ultrasmall]&quot; ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 90, 058701 (2003)<br /> *{{cite journal|author=A. E. Motter|title=Cascade control and defense in complex networks|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|volume=93|issue=9|pages=098701|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.098701|year=2004|pmid=15447153|arxiv=cond-mat/0401074|bibcode=2004PhRvL..93i8701M|s2cid=4856492}}<br /> *J. Lehnert, Controlling Synchronization Patterns in Complex Networks, springer 2016<br /> *{{citation |last1=Dolev|first1=Shlomi|last2=Elovici|first2=Yuval|last3=Puzis|first3=Rami|title=Routing betweenness centrality|journal=J. ACM|date=2010|volume=57|issue=4|pages=25:1&amp;ndash;25:27|doi=10.1145/1734213.1734219|s2cid=15662473}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Network theory]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complex_network&diff=993984514 Complex network 2020-12-13T15:28:18Z <p>SlvrKy: Reverted 1 edit by 2A02:120B:2C79:A6D0:5CCD:B093:16E8:B727 (talk) to last revision by MrOllie</p> <hr /> <div>{{Redirect|Complex networks|the company|Complex Networks}}<br /> {{short description|Network with non-trivial topological features}}<br /> {{Network Science}}<br /> In the context of [[network theory]], a '''complex network''' is a [[Graph (discrete mathematics)|graph]] (network) with non-trivial [[topological]] features&amp;mdash;features that do not occur in simple networks such as [[lattice graph|lattices]] or [[random graph]]s but often occur in networks representing real systems. The study of complex networks is a young and active area of scientific research&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| author = R. Albert and A.-L. Barabási|year = 2002| title = Statistical mechanics of complex networks| journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume = 74| issue = 1| pages = 47–49|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.74.47| arxiv = cond-mat/0106096|bibcode = 2002RvMP...74...47A|s2cid = 60545}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| author = Mark Newman| year = 2010| title = Networks: An Introduction | journal = Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-920665-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| author = Reuven Cohen and Shlomo Havlin| year = 2010| title = Complex Networks: Structure, Robustness and Function| journal = Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84156-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; (since 2000) inspired largely by empirical findings of real-world networks such as [[computer network]]s, [[biological network]]s, technological networks, [[Connectome|brain networks]], [[climate networks]] and [[social network]]s.<br /> <br /> ==Definition==<br /> Most [[social network|social]], [[biological network|biological]], and [[Computer network|technological network]]s display substantial non-trivial topological features, with patterns of connection between their elements that are neither purely regular nor purely random. Such features include a heavy tail in the [[degree distribution]], a high [[clustering coefficient]], [[assortativity]] or disassortativity among vertices, [[community structure]], and [[hierarchy|hierarchical structure]]. In the case of directed networks these features also include [[Reciprocity in network|reciprocity]], triad significance profile and other features. In contrast, many of the mathematical models of networks that have been studied in the past, such as [[lattice graph|lattices]] and [[random graph]]s, do not show these features. The most complex structures can be realized by networks with a medium number of interactions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=T. Wilhelm|first=J. Kim|title=What is a complex graph?|journal=Physica A|year=2008|volume=387|issue=11|pages=2637–2652|doi=10.1016/j.physa.2008.01.015|bibcode = 2008PhyA..387.2637K }}&lt;/ref&gt; This corresponds to the fact that the maximum information content ([[entropy (information theory)|entropy]]) is obtained for medium probabilities.<br /> <br /> Two well-known and much studied classes of complex networks are [[scale-free networks]]&lt;ref name = &quot;frst&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=A. Barabasi|first=E. Bonabeau|title=Scale-Free Networks|journal=Scientific American|date= 2003|volume=288|issue=5|pages=50–59|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0503-60|pmid=12701331}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[small-world networks]],&lt;ref name = &quot;sec&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=S. H. Strogatz|first=D. J. Watts|title=Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks|journal=Nature|year=1998|volume=393|pages=440–442|doi=10.1038/30918|pmid=9623998|issue=6684|bibcode = 1998Natur.393..440W |s2cid=4429113}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=H.E. Stanley|first=L.A.N. Amaral, A. Scala, M. Barthelemy|title=Classes of small-world networks|journal=PNAS|year=2000|volume=97|issue=21|pages=11149–52|doi= 10.1073/pnas.200327197 |arxiv = cond-mat/0001458 |bibcode = 2000PNAS...9711149A|pmid=11005838|pmc=17168}}&lt;/ref&gt; whose discovery and definition are canonical case-studies in the field. Both are characterized by specific structural features&amp;mdash;[[power-law]] [[degree distribution]]s for the former and short path lengths and high [[clustering coefficient|clustering]] for the latter. However, as the study of complex networks has continued to grow in importance and popularity, many other aspects of network structures have attracted attention as well.<br /> <br /> Recently, the study of complex networks has been expanded to networks of networks.&lt;ref name=&quot;BuldyrevParshani2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Buldyrev|first1=Sergey V.|last2=Parshani|first2=Roni|last3=Paul|first3=Gerald|last4=Stanley|first4=H. Eugene|last5=Havlin|first5=Shlomo|title=Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks|journal=Nature|volume=464|issue=7291|year=2010|pages=1025–1028|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature08932|pmid=20393559|arxiv = 0907.1182 |bibcode = 2010Natur.464.1025B |s2cid=1836955}}&lt;/ref&gt; If those networks are [[interdependent networks|interdependent]], they become significantly more vulnerable than single networks to random failures and targeted attacks and exhibit cascading failures and first-order percolation transitions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ParshaniBuldyrev2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Parshani|first1=Roni|last2=Buldyrev|first2=Sergey V.|last3=Havlin|first3=Shlomo|title=Interdependent Networks: Reducing the Coupling Strength Leads to a Change from a First to Second Order Percolation Transition|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=105|issue=4|year=2010|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.048701|bibcode=2010PhRvL.105d8701P|arxiv = 1004.3989|pmid=20867893|pages=048701|s2cid=17558390}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Networks formed from interdependent networks | authors = J. Gao, S.V. Buldyrev, H.E. Stanley, S. Havlin | journal = Nature Physics | volume = 8 | pages = 40–48 | date = 2012| issue = 1 | doi = 10.1038/nphys2180 | bibcode = 2012NatPh...8...40G }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Furthermore, the collective behavior of a network in the presence of nodes failure and recovery has been studied.&lt;ref name=&quot;MajdandzicPodobnik2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Majdandzic|first1=Antonio|last2=Podobnik|first2=Boris|last3=Buldyrev|first3=Sergey V.|last4=Kenett|first4=Dror Y.|last5=Havlin|first5=Shlomo|last6=Eugene Stanley|first6=H.|title=Spontaneous recovery in dynamical networks|journal=Nature Physics|volume=10|issue=1|year=2013|pages=34–38|issn=1745-2473|doi=10.1038/nphys2819|bibcode=2014NatPh..10...34M|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been found that such a network can have spontaneous failures and spontaneous recoveries.<br /> <br /> The field continues to develop at a brisk pace, and has brought together researchers from many areas including [[mathematics]], [[physics]], electric power systems,&lt;ref name=&quot;Saleh 1381&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Saleh|first1=Mahmoud|last2=Esa|first2=Yusef|last3=Mohamed|first3=Ahmed|date=2018-05-29|title=Applications of Complex Network Analysis in Electric Power Systems|journal=Energies|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1381|doi=10.3390/en11061381|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[biology]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=A. Bashan, R.P. Bartsch, J.W. Kantelhardt, S. Havlin, P.C. Ivanov |year=2012 |title=Network physiology reveals relations between network topology and physiological function |journal=Nature Communications|volume=3 |pages=72|doi=10.1038/ncomms1705 |pmid=22426223 |pmc=3518900 |arxiv=1203.0242 |bibcode=2012NatCo...3..702B |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[climate]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=J. Fan, J. Meng, X. Chen, Y. Ashkenazy, S. Havlin |year=2017 |title= Network approaches to climate science |journal=Science China: Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy|volume=60 |issue=1|page=10531 |doi=10.1007/s11433-016-0362-2 |bibcode=2017SCPMA..60a0531F |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[computer science]], [[sociology]], [[epidemiology]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lucas D Valdez, Lidia A Braunstein, Shlomo Havlin |year=2020 |title= Epidemic spreading on modular networks: The fear to declare a pandemic |journal=Physical Review E|volume=101 |issue=3|pages=032309|doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.101.032309 |pmid=32289896 |arxiv=1909.09695|bibcode=2020PhRvE.101c2309V |s2cid=202719412 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=A.E. Motter|first=R. Albert|title=Networks in Motion|journal=Physics Today|year=2012|volume=65|issue=4|pages=43–48|url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i4/p43_s1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906061904/http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i4/p43_s1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-06|doi=10.1063/pt.3.1518|arxiv=1206.2369|bibcode=2012PhT....65d..43M|s2cid=12823922}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ideas and tools from network science and engineering have been applied to the analysis of metabolic and genetic regulatory networks; the study of ecosystem stability and robustness;&lt;ref name=&quot;johnson2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Johnson S, Domı́nguez-Garcı́a V, Donetti L, Muñoz MA |year=2014 |title=Trophic coherence determines food-web stability |journal=[[Proc Natl Acad Sci USA]] |volume=111 |issue=50 |pages=17923–17928 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1409077111|pmid=25468963 |pmc=4273378 |arxiv=1404.7728 |bibcode=2014PNAS..11117923J }}&lt;/ref&gt; clinical science;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=S.G.Hofmann|first=J.E.Curtiss|title=A complex network approach to clinical science|journal=European Journal of Clinical Investigation|year=2018|volume=48|issue=8|pages=e12986|doi=10.1111/eci.12986|pmid=29931701|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; the modeling and design of scalable communication networks such as the generation and visualization of complex wireless networks;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite thesis|last=Mouhamed Abdulla|date=2012-09-22|title=On the Fundamentals of Stochastic Spatial Modeling and Analysis of Wireless Networks and its Impact to Channel Losses|url=http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/974847|journal=Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. Of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia Univ., Montréal, Québec, Canada, Sep. 2012.|pages=(Ch.4 develops algorithms for complex network generation and visualization)|publisher=Concordia University|type=phd}}&lt;/ref&gt; the development of vaccination strategies for the control of disease; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Efficient immunization strategies for computer networks and populations | authors = R. Cohen, S. Havlin, D. Ben-Avraham | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 91 | pages = 247901 | date = 2003| issue = 24 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.247901 | pmid = 14683159 | arxiv = cond-mat/0207387 | bibcode = 2003PhRvL..91x7901C | s2cid = 919625 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Y |last2=Paul |first2=G |last3=Havlin |first3=S |last4=Liljeros |first4=F |last5=Stanley |first5=H. E |title=Finding a Better Immunization Strategy |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=101 |page=058701 |date=2008|issue=5 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.058701 |pmid=18764435 |bibcode=2008PhRvL.101e8701C }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> and a broad range of other practical issues. Research on networks are regularly published in the most visible scientific journals and obtain vigorous funding in many countries. Network theory has been found recently useful to identify bottlenecks in city traffic.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiFu2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Daqing|last2=Fu|first2=Bowen|last3=Wang|first3=Yunpeng|last4=Lu|first4=Guangquan|last5=Berezin|first5=Yehiel|last6=Stanley|first6=H. Eugene|last7=Havlin|first7=Shlomo|title=Percolation transition in dynamical traffic network with evolving critical bottlenecks|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=112|issue=3|year=2015|pages=669–672|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.1419185112|pmid=25552558|pmc=4311803|bibcode=2015PNAS..112..669L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network science is the topic of many conferences in a variety of different fields, and has been the subject of numerous books both for the lay person and for the expert.<br /> <br /> ==Scale-free networks==<br /> {{Main|Scale-free networks}}<br /> [[File:Social Network Analysis Visualization.png|thumb|Fig. 1: An example of complex scale-free network.]]A network is called scale-free&lt;ref name=&quot;frst&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=R. Albert and A.-L. Barabási |year=2002 |title=Statistical mechanics of complex networks |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=47–97|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.74.47 |arxiv=cond-mat/0106096 |bibcode=2002RvMP...74...47A |isbn=978-3-540-40372-2|s2cid=60545 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  if its degree distribution, i.e., the probability that a node selected uniformly at random has a certain number of links (degree), follows a mathematical function called a [[power law]]. The power law implies that the degree distribution of these networks has no characteristic scale. In contrast, networks with a single well-defined scale are somewhat similar to a lattice in that every node has (roughly) the same degree. Examples of networks with a single scale include the [[Erdős–Rényi model|Erdős–Rényi (ER) random graph]], [[random regular graphs]], [[regular lattices]], and [[hypercube]]s. Some models of growing networks that produce scale-invariant degree distributions are the [[Barabási–Albert model]] and the [[fitness model (network theory)|fitness model]]. In a network with a scale-free degree distribution, some vertices have a degree that is orders of magnitude larger than the average - these vertices are often called &quot;hubs&quot;, although this language is misleading as, by definition, there is no inherent threshold above which a node can be viewed as a hub. If there were such a threshold, the network would not be scale-free.<br /> <br /> Interest in scale-free networks began in the late 1990s with the reporting of discoveries of power-law degree distributions in real world networks such as the [[World Wide Web]], the network of [[Autonomous system (Internet)|Autonomous systems]] (ASs), some networks of Internet routers, protein interaction networks, email networks, etc. Most of these reported &quot;power laws&quot; fail when challenged with rigorous statistical testing, but the more general idea of heavy-tailed degree distributions -- which many of these networks do genuinely exhibit (before finite-size effects occur) -- are very different from what one would expect if edges existed independently and at random (i.e., if they followed a [[Poisson distribution]]). There are many different ways to build a network with a power-law degree distribution. The [[Yule-Simon distribution|Yule process]] is a canonical generative process for power laws, and has been known since 1925. However, it is known by many other names due to its frequent reinvention, e.g., The Gibrat principle by [[Herbert A. Simon]], the [[Matthew effect (sociology)|Matthew effect]], cumulative advantage and, [[preferential attachment]] by [[Albert-László Barabási|Barabási]] and Albert for power-law degree distributions. Recently, [[Hyperbolic Geometric Graph]]s have been suggested as yet another way of constructing scale-free networks.<br /> <br /> Some networks with a power-law degree distribution (and specific other types of structure) can be highly resistant to the random deletion of vertices—i.e., the vast majority of vertices remain connected together in a giant component.&lt;ref name=&quot;CohenErez2000&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Reuven|last2=Erez|first2=Keren|last3=ben-Avraham|first3=Daniel|last4=Havlin|first4=Shlomo|title=Resilience of the Internet to Random Breakdowns|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=85|issue=21|year=2000|pages=4626–4628|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.4626|bibcode=2000PhRvL..85.4626C|pmid=11082612|arxiv=cond-mat/0007048|s2cid=15372152}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such networks can also be quite sensitive to targeted attacks aimed at fracturing the network quickly. When the graph is uniformly random except for the degree distribution, these critical vertices are the ones with the highest degree, and have thus been implicated in the spread of disease (natural and artificial) in social and communication networks, and in the spread of fads (both of which are modeled by a [[percolation]] or [[branching process]]). While random graphs (ER) have an average distance of order log N&lt;ref name=&quot;sec&quot;/&gt; between nodes, where N is the number of nodes, scale free graph can have a distance of log log N. Such graphs are called ultra small world networks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=R. Cohen|first=S. Havlin|title=Scale-free networks are ultrasmall|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|year=2003|volume=90|issue=5|pages=058701|url=http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Scale-free+networks+are+ultrasmall&amp;year=*&amp;match=all|doi=10.1103/physrevlett.90.058701|arxiv = cond-mat/0205476 |bibcode = 2003PhRvL..90e8701C|pmid=12633404|s2cid=10508339}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Small-world networks==<br /> {{Main|Small-world network}}<br /> A network is called a small-world network&lt;ref name=&quot;sec&quot; /&gt; by analogy with the [[small-world phenomenon]] (popularly known as [[six degrees of separation]]). The small world hypothesis, which was first described by the Hungarian writer [[Frigyes Karinthy]] in 1929, and tested experimentally by [[Stanley Milgram]] (1967), is the idea that two arbitrary people are connected by only six degrees of separation, i.e. the diameter of the corresponding graph of social connections is not much larger than six. In 1998, [[Duncan J. Watts]] and [[Steven Strogatz]] published the first small-world network model, which through a single parameter smoothly interpolates between a random graph and a lattice.&lt;ref name=&quot;sec&quot;/&gt; Their model demonstrated that with the addition of only a small number of long-range links, a regular graph, in which the diameter is proportional to the size of the network, can be transformed into a &quot;small world&quot; in which the average number of edges between any two vertices is very small (mathematically, it should grow as the logarithm of the size of the network), while the clustering coefficient stays large. It is known that a wide variety of abstract graphs exhibit the small-world property, e.g., random graphs and scale-free networks. Further, real world networks such as the [[World Wide Web]] and the metabolic network also exhibit this property.<br /> <br /> In the scientific literature on networks, there is some ambiguity associated with the term &quot;small world&quot;. In addition to referring to the size of the diameter of the network, it can also refer to the co-occurrence of a small diameter and a high [[clustering coefficient]]. The clustering coefficient is a metric that represents the density of triangles in the network. For instance, sparse random graphs have a vanishingly small clustering coefficient while real world networks often have a coefficient significantly larger. Scientists point to this difference as suggesting that edges are correlated in real world networks.<br /> <br /> ==Spatial networks==<br /> Many real networks are embedded in space. Examples include, transportation and other infrastructure networks, brain neural networks. Several models for spatial networks have been developed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Routing of multipoint connections | doi = 10.1109/49.12889 | authors = Waxman B. M. | journal = IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. | volume = 6 | pages = 1617–1622 | date = 1988| issue = 9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | authors = Danziger, Michael M.; Shekhtman, Louis M.; Berezin, Yehiel; Havlin, Shlomo | title = The effect of spatiality on multiplex networks. | journal = EPL | volume = 115 | issue = 3 | pages = 36002 |date = 2016| doi = 10.1209/0295-5075/115/36002 | arxiv = 1505.01688 | bibcode = 2016EL....11536002D }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Spatial modular networks==<br /> [[File:Heterogeneous_spatial_modular_model.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2: Illustration of the model. The heterogeneous spatial modular model represents a structure of a network inside cities and between cities. Inside a city it is easy the get from one place to another (green links) like Erdős–Rényi network having random like structure while travelling from one city to another is usually possible between neighbouring cities having spatial like structure (blue links).]]<br /> A model for spatially modular networks has been developed by Gross et al.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bnaya Gross, Dana Vaknin, Sergey Buldyrev, Shlomo Havlin |title=Two transitions in spatial modular networks |journal=New Journal of Physics |date=2020 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=053002|doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab8263 |arxiv=2001.11435 |bibcode=2020NJPh...22e3002G |s2cid=210966323 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The model describes e.g., infrastructures in a country where communities (modules) represent cities with many connections located in two dimensional space. The links between communities (cities) are less and usually to nearest neighbors (see Fig. 2).<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Div col}}<br /> * [[Community structure]]<br /> * [[Complex adaptive system]]<br /> * [[Complex systems]]<br /> * [[Dual-phase evolution]]<br /> * [[Dynamic network analysis]]<br /> * [[Interdependent networks]]<br /> * [[Network theory]]<br /> * [[Network science]]<br /> * [[Percolation theory]]<br /> * [[Random graph]]<br /> * [[Scale-free networks]]<br /> * [[Small world networks]]<br /> * [[Spatial network]]<br /> * [[Trophic coherence]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Books==<br /> *B. S. Manoj, Abhishek Chakraborty, and Rahul Singh, ''Complex Networks: A Networking and Signal Processing Perspective'', Pearson, New York, USA, February 2018. {{ISBN|978-0134786995}}<br /> *S.N. Dorogovtsev and J.F.F. Mendes, ''Evolution of Networks: From biological networks to the Internet and WWW'', Oxford University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-19-851590-1}}<br /> *Duncan J. Watts, ''Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age'', W. W. Norton &amp; Company, 2003, {{ISBN|0-393-04142-5}}<br /> *Duncan J. Watts, ''Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks between Order and Randomness'', Princeton University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-691-11704-7}}<br /> *Albert-László Barabási, ''Linked: How Everything is Connected to Everything Else'', 2004, {{ISBN|0-452-28439-2}}<br /> *Alain Barrat, Marc Barthelemy, Alessandro Vespignani, ''Dynamical processes on complex networks'', Cambridge University Press, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-521-87950-7}}<br /> *Stefan Bornholdt (Editor) and Heinz Georg Schuster (Editor), ''Handbook of Graphs and Networks: From the Genome to the Internet'', 2003, {{ISBN|3-527-40336-1}}<br /> *Guido Caldarelli, ''Scale-Free Networks'', Oxford University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-19-921151-7}}<br /> *Guido Caldarelli, Michele Catanzaro, ''Networks: A Very Short Introduction'' Oxford University Press, 2012, {{ISBN|978-0-19-958807-7}}<br /> *E. Estrada, &quot;The Structure of Complex Networks: Theory and Applications&quot;, Oxford University Press, 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-199-59175-6}} <br /> *Reuven Cohen and Shlomo Havlin, ''Complex Networks: Structure, Robustness and Function'', Cambridge University Press, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-521-84156-6}}<br /> *Mark Newman, ''Networks: An Introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-19-920665-0}}<br /> *Mark Newman, Albert-László Barabási, and Duncan J. Watts, ''The Structure and Dynamics of Networks'', Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11357-9}}<br /> *R. Pastor-Satorras and A. Vespignani, ''Evolution and Structure of the Internet: A statistical physics approach'', Cambridge University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-521-82698-5}}<br /> * T. Lewis, Network Science, Wiley 2009,<br /> *Niloy Ganguly (Editor), Andreas Deutsch (Editor) and Animesh Mukherjee (Editor), ''Dynamics On and Of Complex Networks Applications to Biology, Computer Science, and the Social Sciences'', 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-8176-4750-6}}<br /> *Vito Latora, Vincenzo Nicosia, Giovanni Russo, ''Complex Networks: Principles, Methods and Applications'', Cambridge University Press, 2017, {{ISBN|978-1107103184}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{More footnotes|date=August 2008}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> *{{cite journal|author=D. J. Watts and S. H. Strogatz|title=Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks|journal=Nature|volume=393|year=1998|pages=440–442|doi=10.1038/30918|pmid=9623998|issue=6684|bibcode = 1998Natur.393..440W |s2cid=4429113}}<br /> *{{cite journal|author-link=Steven Strogatz|author=S. H. Strogatz|title=Exploring Complex Networks|journal=Nature|volume=410|year=2001|pages=268–276|doi=10.1038/35065725|pmid=11258382|issue=6825|bibcode = 2001Natur.410..268S |doi-access=free}}<br /> *{{cite journal|author=R. Albert and A.-L. Barabási|title=Statistical mechanics of complex networks|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=74|issue=1|year=2002|pages=47–97|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.74.47|arxiv=cond-mat/0106096|bibcode=2002RvMP...74...47A|s2cid=60545}}<br /> *{{cite journal|author=S. N. Dorogovtsev and J.F.F. Mendes|arxiv=cond-mat/0106144|title=Evolution of Networks|journal=Adv. Phys.|volume=51|issue=4|pages=1079–1187|year=2002|doi=10.1080/00018730110112519|bibcode = 2002AdPhy..51.1079D |s2cid=429546}}<br /> *M. E. J. Newman, [https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0303516 The structure and function of complex networks], SIAM Review 45, 167-256 (2003)<br /> *S. N. Dorogovtsev, A. V. Goltsev, and J. F. F. Mendes, ''[https://arxiv.org/abs/0705.0010 Critical phenomena in complex networks]'', Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1275, (2008)<br /> *G. Caldarelli, R. Marchetti, L. Pietronero, The Fractals Properties of Internet, Europhysics Letters 52, 386 (2000). https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0009178. DOI: 10.1209/epl/i2000-00450-8<br /> *R. Cohen, K. Erez, D. ben-Avraham, S. Havlin, &quot;[http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Resilience+of+the+Internet+to+random+breakdown&amp;year=*&amp;match=all Resilience of the Internet to random breakdown]&quot; ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 85, 4626 (2000). https://arxiv.org/abs/1004.3989<br /> *R. Cohen, K. Erez, D. ben-Avraham, S. Havlin, &quot;[http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Breakdown+of+the+Internet+under+intentional+attack&amp;year=*&amp;match=all Breakdown of the Internet under intentional attack]&quot; ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 86, 3682 (2001)<br /> *R. Cohen, S. Havlin, &quot;[http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Scale-free+networks+are+ultrasmall&amp;year=*&amp;match=all Scale-free networks are ultrasmall]&quot; ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 90, 058701 (2003)<br /> *{{cite journal|author=A. E. Motter|title=Cascade control and defense in complex networks|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|volume=93|issue=9|pages=098701|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.098701|year=2004|pmid=15447153|arxiv=cond-mat/0401074|bibcode=2004PhRvL..93i8701M|s2cid=4856492}}<br /> *J. Lehnert, Controlling Synchronization Patterns in Complex Networks, springer 2016<br /> *{{citation |last1=Dolev|first1=Shlomi|last2=Elovici|first2=Yuval|last3=Puzis|first3=Rami|title=Routing betweenness centrality|journal=J. ACM|date=2010|volume=57|issue=4|pages=25:1&amp;ndash;25:27|doi=10.1145/1734213.1734219|s2cid=15662473}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Network theory]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_theory&diff=993620778 Network theory 2020-12-11T15:54:38Z <p>SlvrKy: duplicate</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Study of graphs as a representation of relations between discrete objects}}<br /> {{about||the theory regarding the regulation of the adaptive immune system|immune network theory|the sociological theory|social network}}<br /> [[File:Small Network.png|thumb|right|A small example network with eight vertices and ten edges]]<br /> {{Network science}}<br /> <br /> '''Network theory''' is the study of [[Graph (discrete mathematics)|graphs]] as a representation of either [[symmetric relation]]s or [[directed graph|asymmetric relations]] between discrete objects. In [[computer science]] and [[network science]], network theory is a part of [[graph theory]]: a network can be defined as a graph in which nodes and/or edges have attributes (e.g. names).<br /> <br /> Network theory has applications in many disciplines including [[statistical physics]], [[particle physics]], computer science, [[electrical engineering]],&lt;ref name=&quot;10.3390/en11061381&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Saleh|first1=Mahmoud|last2=Esa|first2=Yusef|last3=Mohamed|first3=Ahmed|date=2018-05-29|title=Applications of Complex Network Analysis in Electric Power Systems|journal=Energies|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1381|doi=10.3390/en11061381|url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1624&amp;context=cc_pubs|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ieeexplore_8191215&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8191215|title=Optimal microgrids placement in electric distribution systems using complex network framework - IEEE Conference Publication|pages=1036–1040|website=ieeexplore.ieee.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-07|doi=10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191215|chapter=Optimal microgrids placement in electric distribution systems using complex network framework|year=2017|last1=Saleh|first1=Mahmoud|last2=Esa|first2=Yusef|last3=Onuorah|first3=Nwabueze|last4=Mohamed|first4=Ahmed A.|isbn=978-1-5386-2095-3|s2cid=44685630|url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1726&amp;context=cc_pubs}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[biology]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Habibi|first1=Iman|last2=Emamian|first2=Effat S.|last3=Abdi|first3=Ali|date=2014-01-01|title=Quantitative analysis of intracellular communication and signaling errors in signaling networks|journal=BMC Systems Biology|volume=8|pages=89|doi=10.1186/s12918-014-0089-z|issn=1752-0509|pmc=4255782|pmid=25115405}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[economics]], [[finance]], [[operations research]], [[climatology]], [[ecology]], [[public health]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=Jenine K|last2=Luke|first2=Douglas A|last3=Zuckerman|first3=Rachael B|last4=Shelton|first4=Sarah C|date=2009|title=Forty Years of Secondhand Smoke Research: The Gap Between Discovery and Delivery|journal=AMEPRE American Journal of Preventive Medicine|language=en|volume=36|issue=6|pages=538–548|issn=0749-3797|oclc=5899755895|doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.039|pmid=19372026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Varda|first1=Danielle M|last2=Forgette|first2=Rich|last3=Banks|first3=David|last4=Contractor|first4=Noshir|date=2009|title=Social Network Methodology in the Study of Disasters: Issues and Insights Prompted by Post-Katrina Research|journal=Popul Res Policy Rev Population Research and Policy Review : In Cooperation with the Southern Demographic Association (SDA)|language=en|volume=28|issue=1|pages=11–29|issn=0167-5923|oclc=5659930640|doi=10.1007/s11113-008-9110-9|s2cid=144130904}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[sociology]]. Applications of network theory include [[Logistics|logistical]] networks, the [[World Wide Web]], [[Internet]], [[gene regulatory network]]s, metabolic networks, [[social networks]], [[epistemological]] networks, etc.; see [[List of network theory topics]] for more examples.<br /> <br /> [[Euler]]'s solution of the [[Seven Bridges of Königsberg|Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem]] is considered to be the first true proof in the theory of networks.<br /> <br /> == Network optimization ==<br /> [[File:Network Partition for Optimization.svg|left|alt=Network Optimization|thumb|Break down a NP-hard network optimization task into subtasks by discarding of the most irrelevant interactions in network.&lt;ref name=&quot;Network partition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Ignatov, D.Yu.|author2=Filippov, A.N.|author3=Ignatov, A.D.|author4=Zhang, X.|title=Automatic Analysis, Decomposition and Parallel Optimization of Large Homogeneous Networks|journal=Proc. ISP RAS|date=2016|volume=28|issue=6|pages=141–152|doi=10.15514/ISPRAS-2016-28(6)-10|arxiv=1701.06595}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Network problems that involve finding an optimal way of doing something are studied under the name [[combinatorial optimization]]. Examples include [[flow network|network flow]], [[shortest path problem]], [[transport problem]], [[transshipment problem]], [[Facility location problem|location problem]], [[Matching (graph theory)|matching problem]], [[assignment problem]], [[packing problem]], [[routing| routing problem]], [[critical path analysis]] and [[PERT]] (Program Evaluation &amp; Review Technique). In order to break a [[NP-hardness|NP-hard]] task of network optimization down into subtasks the network is decomposed into relatively independent subnets.&lt;ref name=&quot;Network partition&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Network analysis ==<br /> <br /> === Electric network analysis ===<br /> The electric power systems analysis could be conducted using network theory from two main points of view: <br /> <br /> (1) an abstract perspective (i.e., as a graph consists from nodes and edges), regardless of the electric power aspects (e.g., transmission line impedances). Most of these studies focus only on the abstract structure of the power grid using node degree distribution and betweenness distribution, which introduces substantial insight regarding the vulnerability assessment of the grid. Through these types of studies, the category of the grid structure could be identified from the complex network perspective (e.g., single-scale, scale-free). This classification might help the electric power system engineers in the planning stage or while upgrading the infrastructure (e.g., add a new transmission line) to maintain a proper redundancy level in the transmission system.&lt;ref name=&quot;10.3390/en11061381&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> (2) weighted graphs that blend an abstract understanding of complex network theories and electric power systems properties.&lt;ref name=&quot;ieeexplore_8191215&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Social network analysis===<br /> [[File:Social Network Analysis Visualization.png|thumb|right|Visualization of social network analysis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | volume = 10| issue = 3| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = La connaissance est un réseau| journal =Les Cahiers du Numérique| accessdate = 2014-10-15| date = 2014| pages = 37–54| url = http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=LCN_103_0037| doi=10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]'''[[Social network analysis]]''' examines the structure of relationships between social entities.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wasserman, Stanley]] and Katherine Faust. 1994. ''Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rainie, Lee and [[Barry Wellman]], ''Networked: The New Social Operating System.'' Cambridge, MA: [[MIT]] Press, 2012.<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; These entities are often persons, but may also be [[Group (sociology)|groups]], [[organizations]], [[nation states]], [[web sites]], or [[scientometrics|scholarly publications]].<br /> <br /> Since the 1970s, the empirical study of networks has played a central role in social science, and many of the [[Mathematics|mathematical]] and [[Statistics|statistical]] tools used for studying networks have been first developed in [[sociology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Newman&quot;&gt;Newman, M.E.J. ''Networks: An Introduction.'' Oxford University Press. 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Amongst many other applications, social network analysis has been used to understand the [[diffusion of innovations]], news and rumors. Similarly, it has been used to examine the spread of both [[epidemiology|diseases]] and [[Medical sociology|health-related behaviors]]. It has also been applied to the [[Economic sociology|study of markets]], where it has been used to examine the role of trust {{Citation needed|date=March 2015}} in [[Social exchange|exchange relationships]] and of social mechanisms in setting prices. Similarly, it has been used to study recruitment into [[political movement]]s and social organizations. It has also been used to conceptualize scientific disagreements as well as academic prestige. More recently, network analysis (and its close cousin [[traffic analysis]]) has gained a significant use in military intelligence, for uncovering insurgent networks of both hierarchical and [[leaderless resistance|leaderless]] nature.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}<br /> <br /> ===Biological network analysis===<br /> {{see also|Metabolic network|proteome|metabolome|omics}}<br /> With the recent explosion of publicly available high throughput [[biological data]], the analysis of molecular networks has gained significant interest.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Habibi|first1=Iman|last2=Emamian|first2=Effat S.|last3=Abdi|first3=Ali|date=2014-10-07|title=Advanced Fault Diagnosis Methods in Molecular Networks|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=10|pages=e108830|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108830|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4188586|pmid=25290670|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8830H}}&lt;/ref&gt; The type of analysis in this context is closely related to social network analysis, but often focusing on local patterns in the network. For example, [[network motif]]s are small subgraphs that are over-represented in the network. Similarly, [[Network motif#Activity motifs|activity motifs]] are patterns in the attributes of nodes and edges in the network that are over-represented given the network structure. Using networks to analyse patterns in biological systems, such as food-webs, allows us to visualize the nature and strength of interactions between species. The analysis of [[biological network]]s with respect to diseases has led to the development of the field of [[network medicine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Barabási | first1 = A. L. | last2 = Gulbahce | first2 = N. | last3 = Loscalzo | first3 = J. | year = 2011 | title = Network medicine: a network-based approach to human disease | journal = Nature Reviews Genetics | volume = 12 | issue = 1| pages = 56–68 | doi=10.1038/nrg2918 | pmid=21164525 | pmc=3140052}}&lt;/ref&gt; Recent examples of application of network theory in biology include applications to understanding the [[cell cycle]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Jailkhani | first1 = N. | last2 = Ravichandran | first2 = N. | last3 = Hegde | first3 = S. R. | last4 = Siddiqui | first4 = Z. | last5 = Mande | first5 = S. C. | last6 = Rao | first6 = K. V. | year = 2011| title = Delineation of key regulatory elements identifies points of vulnerability in the mitogen-activated signaling network | journal = Genome Research | volume = 21 | issue = 12| pages = 2067–81 | doi=10.1101/gr.116145.110| pmid = 21865350 | pmc = 3227097 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as a quantitative framework for developmental processes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jackson M, Duran-Nebreda S, Bassel G | title = Network-based approaches to quantify multicellular development | journal = Journal of the Royal Society Interface | volume = 14 | issue = 135 | pages = 20170484 | date = October 2017 | pmc = 5665831 | pmid = 29021161| doi = 10.1098/rsif.2017.0484 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> The interactions between physiological systems like brain, heart, eyes, etc. can be regarded as a physiological network.&lt;ref name=&quot;BashanBartsch2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Bashan|first1=Amir|last2=Bartsch|first2=Ronny P.|last3=Kantelhardt|first3=Jan. W.|last4=Havlin|first4=Shlomo|last5=Ivanov|first5=Plamen Ch.|title=Network physiology reveals relations between network topology and physiological function|journal=Nature Communications|volume=3|year=2012|pages=702|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/ncomms1705|pmid=22426223|pmc=3518900|arxiv=1203.0242|bibcode=2012NatCo...3..702B}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Narrative network analysis ===<br /> [[File:Tripletsnew2012.png|thumb|right|Narrative network of US Elections 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;Reference&quot;&gt;[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2053951715572916 Automated analysis of the US presidential elections using Big Data and network analysis]; S Sudhahar, GA Veltri, N Cristianini; Big Data &amp; Society 2 (1), 1–28, 2015&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> The automatic parsing of ''[[Text corpus|textual corpora]]'' has enabled the extraction of actors and their relational networks on a vast scale. The resulting [[narrative network]]s, which can contain thousands of nodes, are then analysed by using tools from Network theory to identify the key actors, the key communities or parties, and general properties such as robustness or structural stability of the overall network, or centrality of certain nodes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://orcp.hustoj.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2013-Network-analysis-of-narrative-content-in-large-corpora.pdf Network analysis of narrative content in large corpora]; S Sudhahar, G De Fazio, R Franzosi, N Cristianini; Natural Language Engineering, 1–32, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; This automates the approach introduced by Quantitative Narrative Analysis,&lt;ref&gt;Quantitative Narrative Analysis; Roberto Franzosi; Emory University © 2010&lt;/ref&gt; whereby subject-verb-object triplets are identified with pairs of actors linked by an action, or pairs formed by actor-object.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reference&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Link analysis===<br /> [[Link analysis]] is a subset of network analysis, exploring associations between objects. An example may be examining the addresses of suspects and victims, the telephone numbers they have dialed and financial transactions that they have partaken in during a given timeframe, and the familial relationships between these subjects as a part of police investigation. Link analysis here provides the crucial relationships and associations between very many objects of different types that are not apparent from isolated pieces of information. Computer-assisted or fully automatic computer-based link analysis is increasingly employed by [[bank]]s and [[insurance]] agencies in [[fraud]] detection, by telecommunication operators in telecommunication network analysis, by medical sector in [[epidemiology]] and [[pharmacology]], in law enforcement [[Criminal procedure|investigation]]s, by [[search engine]]s for [[relevance]] rating (and conversely by the [[search engine spammer|spammers]] for [[spamdexing]] and by business owners for [[search engine optimization]]), and everywhere else where relationships between many objects have to be analyzed. Links are also derived from similarity of time behavior in both nodes. Examples include climate networks where the links between two locations (nodes) are determined for example, by the similarity of the rainfall or temperature fluctuations in both sites.&lt;ref name=&quot;TsonisSwanson2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tsonis|first1=Anastasios A.|last2=Swanson|first2=Kyle L.|last3=Roebber|first3=Paul J.|title=What Do Networks Have to Do with Climate?|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=87|issue=5|year=2006|pages=585–595|issn=0003-0007|doi=10.1175/BAMS-87-5-585|bibcode=2006BAMS...87..585T|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;YamasakiGozolchiani2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Yamasaki|first1=K.|last2=Gozolchiani|first2=A.|last3=Havlin|first3=S.|title=Climate Networks around the Globe are Significantly Affected by El Niño|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=100|issue=22|year=2008|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.228501|bibcode=2008PhRvL.100v8501Y|pmid=18643467|page=228501|s2cid=9268697|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/68b95e04b86adeee9c0e900f5e9047d11a88a134}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boers2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Boers|first1=N.|last2=Bookhagen|first2=B.|last3=Barbosa|first3=H.M.J.|last4=Marwan|first4=N.|last5=Kurths|first5=J.|title=Prediction of extreme floods in the eastern Central Andes based on a complex networks approach|journal=Nature Communications|volume=5|year=2014|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/ncomms6199|pages=5199|pmid=25310906|bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5199B|s2cid=3032237|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c75d1a456e31a65f17f199522ec6ab38479538ba|author5-link=Jürgen Kurths|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Network robustness====<br /> The structural robustness of networks is studied using [[percolation theory]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= Complex Networks: Structure, Robustness and Function |author1=R. Cohen |author2=S. Havlin |year= 2010 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |url= http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Shlomo%20Havlin%20books_com_net.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; When a critical fraction of nodes (or links) is removed randomly (random failures), the network becomes fragmented into small disconnected clusters. This phenomenon is called percolation,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= Fractals and Disordered Systems |author1=A. Bunde |author2=S. Havlin |year= 1996 |publisher= Springer |url= http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Shlomo%20Havlin%20books_fds.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; and it represents an order-disorder type of [[phase transition]] with [[critical exponents]]. Percolation theory can predict the size of the largest component (called giant component), the critical percolation threshold and the critical exponents. The failures discussed above are random, as usually assumed in percolation theory. However, when generalizing percolation also to non-random but targeted attacks, e.g., on highest degree nodes, the results, such as p&lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, change significantly&lt;ref name=&quot;Breakdown&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Cohen, Reoven; Erez, K.; ben-Avraham, D.; Havlin, S.|year=2001|title=Breakdown of the Internet under Intentional Attack |journal=Physical Review Letters |issue=86|volume=16|pages=3682–5 |arxiv=cond-mat/0010251|bibcode=2001PhRvL..86.3682C|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.3682| pmid=11328053|s2cid=3852896}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Callaway&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Callaway, Duncan S.; Newman, M. E. J.; Strogatz, S. H.; Watts, D. J|year=2000|title=Network Robustness and Fragility: Percolation on Random Graphs |journal=Physical Review Letters |issue=85|volume=25|pages=5468–71 | arxiv=cond-mat/0007300| bibcode=2000PhRvL..85.5468C| doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.5468| pmid=11136023|s2cid=2325768}}&lt;/ref&gt; .Recently, a new type of failures in networks has been developed, called localized attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=S. Shao, X. Huang, H.E. Stanley, S. Havlin|year=2015|title= Percolation of localized attack on complex networks|journal=New J. Phys |issue=2|volume=17|pages=023049 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/17/2/023049|s2cid=7165448|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this case one choses randomly a node and remove its neighbors and next nearest neighbors until a fraction of 1-p nodes are removed. One such realistic example of random percolation is the use of percolation theory to predict the fragmentation of biological virus shells (capsids), with the percolation threshold of Hepatitis B Virus capsid predicted and detected experimentally: a molecular, randomly played game of Jenga on a rhombically tiled sphere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | doi=10.1088/1478-3975/aac194| pmid=29714713| pmc=6004236| title=Molecular jenga: The percolation phase transition (collapse) in virus capsids| journal=Physical Biology| volume=15| issue=5| pages=056005| year=2018| last1=Brunk| first1=Nicholas E.| last2=Lee| first2=Lye Siang| last3=Glazier| first3=James A.| last4=Butske| first4=William| last5=Zlotnick| first5=Adam| bibcode=2018PhBio..15e6005B}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | doi=10.1002/pro.3265| pmid=28795465| pmc=5654856| title=A molecular breadboard: Removal and replacement of subunits in a hepatitis B virus capsid| journal=Protein Science| volume=26| issue=11| pages=2170–2180| year=2017| last1=Lee| first1=Lye Siang| last2=Brunk| first2=Nicholas| last3=Haywood| first3=Daniel G.| last4=Keifer| first4=David| last5=Pierson| first5=Elizabeth| last6=Kondylis| first6=Panagiotis| last7=Wang| first7=Joseph Che-Yen| last8=Jacobson| first8=Stephen C.| last9=Jarrold| first9=Martin F.| last10=Zlotnick| first10=Adam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Web link analysis====<br /> Several [[Web search]] [[ranking]] algorithms use link-based centrality metrics, including [[Google]]'s [[PageRank]], Kleinberg's [[HITS algorithm]], the [[CheiRank]] and [[TrustRank]] algorithms. Link analysis is also conducted in information science and communication science in order to understand and extract information from the structure of collections of web pages. For example, the analysis might be of the interlinking between politicians' web sites or blogs. Another use is for classifying pages according to their mention in other pages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Attardi|first=G.|author2=S. Di Marco |author3=D. Salvi |title=Categorization by Context|journal=[[Journal of Universal Computer Science]]|year=1998|volume=4|issue=9|pages=719–736|url=http://www.jucs.org/jucs_4_9/categorisation_by_context/Attardi_G.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Centrality measures===<br /> Information about the relative importance of nodes and edges in a graph can be obtained through [[centrality]] measures, widely used in disciplines like [[sociology]]. For example, [[eigenvector centrality]] uses the [[eigenvectors]] of the [[adjacency matrix]] corresponding to a network, to determine nodes that tend to be frequently visited. Formally established measures of centrality are [[degree centrality]], [[closeness centrality]], [[betweenness centrality]], [[eigenvector centrality]], [[subgraph centrality]] and [[Katz centrality]]. The purpose or objective of analysis generally determines the type of centrality measure to be used. For example, if one is interested in dynamics on networks or the robustness of a network to node/link removal, often the [[dynamical importance]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Restrepo|first=Juan|author2= E. Ott|author3= B. R. Hunt|title=Characterizing the Dynamical Importance of Network Nodes and Links|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|year=2006|volume=97|pages=094102| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.094102|issue=9|pmid=17026366 |arxiv=cond-mat/0606122|bibcode=2006PhRvL..97i4102R|s2cid=18365246}}&lt;/ref&gt; of a node is the most relevant centrality measure. For a centrality measure based on k-core analysis see ref.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarmiHavlin2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Carmi|first1=S.|last2=Havlin|first2=S.|last3=Kirkpatrick|first3=S.|last4=Shavitt|first4=Y.|last5=Shir|first5=E.|title=A model of Internet topology using k-shell decomposition|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=104|issue=27|year=2007|pages=11150–11154|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.0701175104|pmid=17586683|pmc=1896135|arxiv=cs/0607080|bibcode=2007PNAS..10411150C}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Assortative and disassortative mixing===<br /> {{see|Assortative mixing}}<br /> These concepts are used to characterize the linking preferences of hubs in a network. Hubs are nodes which have a large number of links. Some hubs tend to link to other hubs while others avoid connecting to hubs and prefer to connect to nodes with low connectivity. We say a hub is assortative when it tends to connect to other hubs. A disassortative hub avoids connecting to other hubs. If hubs have connections with the expected random probabilities, they are said to be neutral. There are three methods to quantify degree correlations.<br /> <br /> ===Recurrence networks===<br /> The recurrence matrix of a [[recurrence plot]] can be considered as the adjacency matrix of an undirected and unweighted network. This allows for the analysis of time series by network measures. Applications range from detection of regime changes over characterizing dynamics to synchronization analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;marwan2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Marwan|first1=N.|last2=Donges|first2=J.F.|last3=Zou|first3=Y.|last4=Donner|first4=R.V.|last5=Kurths|first5=J.|title=Complex network approach for recurrence analysis of time series|journal=Physics Letters A|volume=373|issue=46|year=2009|pages=4246–4254|issn=0375-9601|doi=10.1016/j.physleta.2009.09.042|arxiv=0907.3368|bibcode=2009PhLA..373.4246M|s2cid=7761398}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;donner2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Donner|first1=R.V.|last2=Heitzig|first2=J.|last3=Donges|first3=J.F.|last4=Zou|first4=Y.|last5=Marwan|first5=N.|last6=Kurths|first6=J.|title=The Geometry of Chaotic Dynamics – A Complex Network Perspective|journal=European Physical Journal B|volume=84|issue=4|year=2011|pages=653–672|issn=1434-6036|doi=10.1140/epjb/e2011-10899-1|arxiv=1102.1853|bibcode=2011EPJB...84..653D|s2cid=18979395}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;feldhoff2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Feldhoff|first1=J.H.|last2=Donner|first2=R.V.|last3=Donges|first3=J.F.|last4=Marwan|first4=N.|last5=Kurths|first5=J.|title=Geometric signature of complex synchronisation scenarios|journal=Europhysics Letters|volume=102|issue=3|year=2013|pages=30007|issn=1286-4854|doi=10.1209/0295-5075/102/30007|arxiv=1301.0806|bibcode=2013EL....10230007F|s2cid=119118006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Spatial networks ==<br /> Many real networks are embedded in space. Examples include, transportation and other infrastructure networks, brain neural networks. Several models for spatial networks have been developed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Routing of multipoint connections | doi = 10.1109/49.12889 | authors = Waxman B. M. | journal = IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. | volume = 6 | pages = 1617–1622 | date = 1988| issue = 9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | authors = Danziger, Michael M.; Shekhtman, Louis M.; Berezin, Yehiel; Havlin, Shlomo | date = 2016 | title = The effect of spatiality on multiplex networks | journal = EPL | volume = 115 | issue = 3 | page = 36002 | arxiv = 1505.01688 | bibcode = 2016EL....11536002D | doi = 10.1209/0295-5075/115/36002 | issn = 0295-5075 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Spread ==<br /> Content in a [[complex network]] can spread via two major methods: conserved spread and non-conserved spread.&lt;ref&gt;Newman, M., Barabási, A.-L., Watts, D.J. [eds.] (2006) The Structure and Dynamics of Networks. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; In conserved spread, the total amount of content that enters a complex network remains constant as it passes through. The model of conserved spread can best be represented by a pitcher containing a fixed amount of water being poured into a series of funnels connected by tubes. Here, the pitcher represents the original source and the water is the content being spread. The funnels and connecting tubing represent the nodes and the connections between nodes, respectively. As the water passes from one funnel into another, the water disappears instantly from the funnel that was previously exposed to the water. In non-conserved spread, the amount of content changes as it enters and passes through a complex network. The model of non-conserved spread can best be represented by a continuously running faucet running through a series of funnels connected by tubes. Here, the amount of water from the original source is infinite. Also, any funnels that have been exposed to the water continue to experience the water even as it passes into successive funnels. The non-conserved model is the most suitable for explaining the transmission of most [[infectious diseases]], neural excitation, information and rumors, etc.<br /> <br /> ===Network Immunization===<br /> The question of how to immunize efficiently scale free networks which represent realistic networks such as the Internet and social networks has been studied extensively. One such strategy is to immunize the largest degree nodes, i.e., targeted (intentional) attacks &lt;ref name=&quot;Callaway&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Breakdown&quot; /&gt; since for this case &lt;math&gt;pc&lt;/math&gt; is relatively high and less nodes are needed to be immunized. <br /> However, in most realistic nodes the global structure is not available and the largest degree nodes are not known. <br /> For this case the method of acquaintance immunization has been developed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=R. Cohen, S. Havlin, D. Ben-Avraham|year=2003|title=Efficient immunization strategies for computer networks and populations|journal=Physical Review Letters |issue=91|volume=25|pages=247901|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.247901|pmid=14683159|arxiv=cond-mat/0207387|s2cid=919625}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this case, which is very efficient one choses randomly nodes but immunize their neighbors. <br /> Another and even more efficient method is based on graph parition method.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Y. Chen, G. Paul, S. Havlin, F. Liljeros, H.E. Stanley|year=2008|title=Finding a Better Immunization Strategy|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=101|issue=5|pages=058701|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.058701|pmid=18764435}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Interdependent networks ==<br /> An interdependent network is a system of coupled networks where nodes of one or more networks depend on nodes in other networks. Such dependencies are enhanced by the developments in modern technology. Dependencies may lead to cascading failures between the networks and a relatively small failure can lead to a catastrophic breakdown of the system. Blackouts are a fascinating demonstration of the important role played by the dependencies between networks. A recent study developed a framework to study the cascading failures in an interdependent networks system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | author1=S. V. Buldyrev |author2=R. Parshani |author3=G. Paul |author4=H. E. Stanley |author5=S. Havlin |title = Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks|journal = Nature |volume = 464 |pages = 1025–28 |year = 2010 | doi=10.1038/nature08932 |issue=7291|url=http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Catastrophic+cascade+of+failures+in+interdependent+networks&amp;year=*&amp;match=all |pmid=20393559|arxiv=0907.1182 |bibcode=2010Natur.464.1025B |s2cid=1836955 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author1=Jianxi Gao|author2=Sergey V. Buldyrev|author3=Shlomo Havlin|author4=H. Eugene Stanley|title=Robustness of a Network of Networks|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|year=2011|volume=107|pages=195701|url=http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Robustness+of+a+Tree-like+Network+of+Interdependent+Networks&amp;year=*&amp;match=all | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.195701|issue=19|pmid=22181627 |arxiv=1010.5829|bibcode=2011PhRvL.107s5701G|s2cid=2464351}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Interdependent infrastructures which are spatially<br /> embedded have been modeled as interdependent lattice networks and their resilience has been analyzed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | authors = Li, Wei; Bashan, Amir; Buldyrev, Sergey V.; Stanley, H. Eugene; Havlin, Shlomo | title = Cascading Failures in Interdependent Lattice Networks: The Critical Role of the Length of Dependency Links | journal = Physical Review Letters. | volume = 108 | issue = 22 | pages = 228702 | date = 2012| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.228702 | pmid = 23003664 | s2cid = 5233674 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | authors = Bashan, Amir; Berezin, Yehiel; Buldyrev, Sergey V.; Havlin, Shlomo | title = The extreme vulnerability of interdependent spatially embedded networks | journal = Nature Physics. | volume = 9 | issue = (10 | pages = 667–672 | date =2013| doi = 10.1038/nphys2727 | arxiv = 1206.2062 | s2cid = 12331944 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A spatial multiplex model has introduced by Danziger et al &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | authors = Danziger, Michael M.; Shekhtman, Louis M.; Berezin, Yehiel; Havlin, Shlomo | title = The effect of spatiality on multiplex networks | journal=EPL | volume=115 | issue=3 | pages=36002 | date=2016| doi = 10.1209/0295-5075/115/36002 | arxiv = 1505.01688 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and was analyzed further by Vaknin et al.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | authors=Vaknin, Dana; Danziger, Michael M; Havlin Shlomo | title=Spreading of localized attacks in spatial multiplex networks | journal=New Journal of Physics | volume=19 | issue=7 | pages=073037 | date=2017| doi=10.1088/1367-2630/aa7b09 | s2cid=9121930 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br /> *[[Complex network]]<br /> *[[Congestion game]]<br /> *[[Quantum complex network]]<br /> *[[Dual-phase evolution]]<br /> *[[Network partition]]<br /> *[[Network science]]<br /> *[[Network theory in risk assessment]]<br /> *[[Network topology]]<br /> *[[Network management|Network analyzer]]<br /> *[[Seven Bridges of Königsberg]]<br /> *[[Small-world networks]]<br /> *[[Social network]]<br /> *[[Scale-free networks]]<br /> *[[Network dynamics]]<br /> *[[Sequential dynamical system]]s<br /> *[[Pathfinder network]]s<br /> *[[Human disease network]]<br /> *[[Biological network]]<br /> *[[Network medicine]]<br /> *[[Graph partition]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Books==<br /> *S.N. Dorogovtsev and J.F.F. Mendes, ''Evolution of Networks: from biological networks to the Internet and WWW'', Oxford University Press, 2003, {{isbn|0-19-851590-1}}<br /> *G. Caldarelli, &quot;Scale-Free Networks&quot;, Oxford University Press, 2007, {{isbn|978-0-19-921151-7}}<br /> *A. Barrat, M. Barthelemy, A. Vespignani, &quot;Dynamical Processes on Complex Networks&quot;, Cambridge University Press, 2008, {{isbn|978-0521879507}}<br /> *R. Cohen; S. Havlin ,2010, &quot;Complex Networks: Structure, Robustness and Function&quot; (http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Shlomo%20Havlin%20books_com_net.php). Cambridge University Press.<br /> *E. Estrada, &quot;The Structure of Complex Networks: Theory and Applications&quot;, Oxford University Press, 2011, {{isbn|978-0-199-59175-6}}<br /> *K. Soramaki and S. Cook, &quot;Network Theory and Financial Risk&quot;, Risk Books, 2016 {{ISBN|978-1782722199}} <br /> *V. Latora, V. Nicosia, G. Russo, &quot;Complex Networks: Principles, Methods and Applications&quot;, Cambridge University Press, 2017, {{isbn|978-1107103184}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{wikiquote}}<br /> *[http://netwiki.amath.unc.edu/ netwiki] Scientific wiki dedicated to network theory<br /> *[http://www.networkcultures.org/networktheory/ New Network Theory] International Conference on 'New Network Theory'<br /> *[http://nwb.slis.indiana.edu/ Network Workbench]: A Large-Scale Network Analysis, Modeling and Visualization Toolkit<br /> * [https://www.slideshare.net/DmitryIgnatovPhD/network-optimization-82005426 Optimization of the Large Network] &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:70%&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.20183.06565/6]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *[http://www.orgnet.com/SocialLifeOfRouters.pdf Network analysis of computer networks]<br /> *[http://www.orgnet.com/orgnetmap.pdf Network analysis of organizational networks]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121123010939/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/941/863 Network analysis of terrorist networks]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080724193037/http://www.orgnet.com/AJPH2007.pdf Network analysis of a disease outbreak]<br /> *[http://linkanalysis.wlv.ac.uk/ Link Analysis: An Information Science Approach] (book)<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090307155011/http://gephi.org/2008/how-kevin-bacon-cured-cancer/ Connected: The Power of Six Degrees] (documentary)<br /> * {{cite journal | last1 = Kitsak | first1 = M. | last2 = Gallos | first2 = L. K. | last3 = Havlin | first3 = S. | last4 = Liljeros | first4 = F. | last5 = Muchnik | first5 = L. | last6 = Stanley | first6 = H. E. | last7 = Makes | first7 = H.A. | year = 2010 | title = Influential Spreaders in Networks | url = http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Identification+of+influential+spreaders+in+complex+networks++&amp;year=*&amp;match=all | journal = Nature Physics | volume = 6 | issue = 11| page = 888 | doi=10.1038/nphys1746| arxiv = 1001.5285 | bibcode = 2010NatPh...6..888K | citeseerx = 10.1.1.366.2543 | s2cid = 1294608 }}<br /> *[http://havlin.biu.ac.il/course4.php A short course on complex networks]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160211200247/http://barabasilab.neu.edu/courses/phys5116/ A course on complex network analysis by Albert-László Barabási]<br /> *[http://www.risk.net/type/technical-paper/source/journal-of-network-theory-in-finance/ The Journal of Network Theory in Finance]<br /> *[https://www.informs.org/About-INFORMS/History-and-Traditions/OR-Methodologies/Networks-and-Graphs Network theory in Operations Research] from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)<br /> <br /> [[Category:Network theory| ]]<br /> [[Category:Networks]]<br /> [[Category:Graph theory]]<br /> <br /> [[fi:Verkkoteoria]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_of_Digital_Humanities_Organizations&diff=983279677 Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations 2020-10-13T09:53:10Z <p>SlvrKy: External links in notes</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=August 2010}}<br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> |name=Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations<br /> |image= File:Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations logo.gif<br /> |formation = 2005<br /> |type = <br /> |website = {{URL |adho.org}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations''' ('''ADHO''') is a [[digital humanities]] umbrella organization formed in 2005 to coordinate the activities of several regional DH organizations, referred to as constituent organizations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unsworth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | last = Unsworth<br /> | first = John<br /> | title = Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations (ADHO)<br /> | work = Academic Commons<br /> | date = December 16, 2007<br /> | url = http://www.academiccommons.org/library/adho |url-status=dead<br /> |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130606110455/http://www.academiccommons.org/library/adho <br /> | accessdate = October 20, 2013 |archivedate= June 6, 2013<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; ADHO's constituent organizations are the European Association for Digital Humanities&lt;ref&gt;[http://eadh.org/ European Association for Digital Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; (EADH), the Association for Computers and the Humanities&lt;ref&gt;[http://ach.org/ Association for Computers and the Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; (ACH), the Canadian Society for Digital Humanities&lt;ref&gt;[http://csdh-schn.org/ Canadian Society for Digital Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; (CSDH/SCHN), centerNet,&lt;ref&gt;[http://digitalhumanities.org/centernet/ centerNet]&lt;/ref&gt; the Australasian Association for Digital Humanities&lt;ref&gt;[http://aa-dh.org/ Australasian Association for Digital Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; (aaDH), the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jadh.org/ Japanese Association for Digital Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; (JADH), Humanistica,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.humanisti.ca Humanistica]&lt;/ref&gt; the french-speaking association for Digital Humanities, and the Taiwanese Association for Digital Humanities &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tadh.org.tw/ Taiwanese Association for Digital Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; (TADH).<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The effort to establish the alliance began in [[Tübingen]], Germany, at the ALLC/ACH conference in 2002: a steering committee was appointed at the ALLC/ACH meeting in 2004, in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden, and the executive committees of the ACH and [[Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing]] (ALLC) approved the governance and conference protocols at the 2005 meeting in [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], Canada. <br /> The [[Association for Computers and the Humanities]] was also included.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unsworth&quot; /&gt;<br /> In 2007, the Alliance Steering Committee voted to enfranchise [[Society for Digital Humanities|The Society for Digital Humanities / Société pour l'étude des médias interactifs]] (SDH/SEMI) of Canada.<br /> In 2012, centerNet, a network of digital humanities centers, became a &quot;constituent organization&quot; affiliated with ADHO,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= centerNet to join ADHO |date= August 17, 2011 |work= ADHO centerNet blog |url= http://digitalhumanities.org/centernet/2011/08/centernet-to-join-adho |accessdate = October 20, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; followed by the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities in 2013, the French-speaking Association for Digital Humanities, Humanistica,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Humanistica rejoint officiellement ADHO |date= July 15, 2016 |work= Humanistica website |url= http://www.humanisti.ca/humanistica-adho/ |accessdate = July 15, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2016, and the Taiwanese Association for Digital Humanities&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tadh.org.tw Taiwanese Association for Digital Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; in 2017. ADHO gained legal status as the Stichting ADHO Foundation (Netherlands) in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[http://bedrijfnederland.nl/zuid-holland/den-haag/stichting-adho-foundation Stichting ADHO Foundation]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mission ===<br /> The Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations is an umbrella organisation whose goals are to promote and support digital research and teaching across arts and humanities disciplines, drawing together [[Humanism|humanists]] engaged in digital and computer-assisted research, teaching, creation, dissemination, and beyond, in all areas reflected by its diverse membership.&lt;ref&gt;[http://adho.org/about &quot;About.&quot;] Website. Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations. Retrieved January 29, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; ADHO supports initiatives for publication, presentation, collaboration, and training; recognises and supports excellence in these endeavours; and acts as a community-based consultative and advisory force. Members in ADHO societies are those at the forefront of areas such as [[Content analysis|textual analysis]], [[Electronic publishing|electronic publication]], [[XML|document encoding]], [[Textual scholarship|textual studies]] and theory, [[new media studies]] and multimedia, digital libraries, applied [[augmented reality]], interactive gaming, and beyond. Members include researchers and lecturers in humanities computing and in academic departments such as English, History, French, Modern Languages, Philosophy, Theatre, Music, Computer Science, and Visual Arts and resource specialists working in libraries, archival centers, and with humanities computing groups.<br /> <br /> ===Conference===<br /> {{main|Digital Humanities conference}}<br /> The Alliance oversees a joint annual conference, which began as the ACH/ALLC (or ALLC/ACH) conference, and is now known as the ''Digital Humanities''&lt;ref&gt;[http://adho.org/conference See the complete list]&lt;/ref&gt; conference.&lt;ref&gt;Searchable [http://digitalhumanities.org/dh-abstracts/search abstracts from the DH conference (1996-2003)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130021010/http://digitalhumanities.org/dh-abstracts/search |date=2016-11-30 }} are hosted by ACH.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Special Interest Groups (SIGs) ===<br /> The Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations sponsors special interest groups to facilitate the sharing of ideas about new and innovative problems. Current SIGs include:<br /> * AVinDH&lt;ref&gt;[https://avindhsig.wordpress.com/ AVinDH]&lt;/ref&gt; for [[Audiovisual]] materials and their use in the digital humanities<br /> * GO::DH,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.globaloutlookdh.org/ GO::DH]&lt;/ref&gt; or Global Outlook :: Digital Humanities, to increase global communication and collaboration<br /> * GeoHumanities&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.geohumanities.org/ GeoHumanities]&lt;/ref&gt; to focus on [[Spatial turn|spatial perspectives]], which can also be linked temporally<br /> * Libraries and Digital Humanities&lt;ref&gt;[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzNEqaRgVCa0T0pHSzV2RnRkNk0/view Libraries and Digital Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Linked Open Data&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://digitalhumanities.org/lod/ |title=Linked Open Data |access-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204131025/http://digitalhumanities.org/lod/ |archive-date=2016-02-04 |url-status=dead |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; to connect DH scholars and the [[Semantic Web|semantic web]] community<br /> <br /> ===Peer-reviewed journals===<br /> * ''DSH: Digital Scholarship in the Humanities'',&lt;ref&gt;[http://dsh.oxfordjournals.org/ DSH: Digital Scholarship in the Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; (formerly ''[[Literary and Linguistic Computing]])'' a print journal published by [[Oxford University Press]].<br /> * ''Digital Studies / Le champ numérique'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.digitalstudies.org/ojs/index.php/digital_studies |title=Digital Studies / Le champ numérique |access-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202073305/http://www.digitalstudies.org/ojs/index.php/digital_studies |archive-date=2016-02-02 |url-status=dead |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; an open-access, peer-reviewed electronic journal from CSDH/SCHN founded in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Digital Studies / Le champ numérique |work= Web site |url= http://www.digitalstudies.org |accessdate = October 20, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Digital Humanities Quarterly]]'', an open-access, peer-reviewed electronic journal from the ADHO.<br /> * ''DH Commons'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://dhcommons.org/ |title=DH Commons |access-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126122008/http://dhcommons.org/ |archive-date=2017-01-26 |url-status=dead |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; an open access, peer reviewed electronic journal from centerNet.<br /> * ''Humanités numériques'',&lt;ref&gt;[https://journals.openedition.org/revuehn/ Humanités numériques], on OpenEdition Journals.&lt;/ref&gt; an open-access, peer-reviewed electronic journal from Humanistica.<br /> * ''Journal of the Text Encoding Initiative'',&lt;ref&gt;[http://journal.tei-c.org/ Journal of the Text Encoding Initiative]&lt;/ref&gt; the official journal of the TEI Consortium.<br /> * ''Journal of Digital Archives and Digital Humanities'',&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alPublicationJournal?PublicationID=P20180801001 Journal of Digital Archives and Digital Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; an open access, peer reviewed electronic journal from TADH. <br /> <br /> Discontinued Journals:<br /> * ''Computers in the Humanities Working Papers'',&lt;ref&gt;[http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/chwp/ Computers in the Humanities Working Papers]&lt;/ref&gt; an online preprint publication hosted at the [[University of Toronto]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= CH Working Papers |url= http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/epc/chwp/ |publisher= Faculty of Arts &amp; Science, University of Toronto |accessdate = October 20, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; published from 1990 to 2009.<br /> * ''Text Technology'',&lt;ref&gt;[http://texttechnology.mcmaster.ca/home.html Text Technology]&lt;/ref&gt; a free electronic journal published by [[McMaster University]] published from 2004 through 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= TEXT Technology: the journal of computer text processing |url= http://texttechnology.mcmaster.ca/home.html |accessdate = October 20, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Awards===<br /> '''Roberto Busa Prize''' honors leaders in the field of [[digital humanities|humanities computing]] and is given in honor of [[Italy|Italian]] Father [[Roberto Busa]] who won the first award in 1998 at Debrecen, Hungary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Roberto Busa Prize |work= ADHO Web site |url= http://adho.org/awards/roberto-busa-prize |accessdate = October 20, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Subsequent winners included:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = The Roberto Busa Award winners |work= Web site<br /> | publisher= European Association for Digital Humanities<br /> |accessdate = October 20, 2013 <br /> |url = http://www.allc.org/awards/busa-award/busa-award-winners<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * John Burrows (Australia) (presented in 2001, New York, New York, USA)<br /> * [[Susan Hockey]] (UK) (presented in 2004, Gothenburg, Sweden)<br /> * Wilhelm Ott (Germany) (2007, Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, USA)<br /> * Joseph Raben (USA) (2010, Kings College London, UK) <br /> * [[Willard McCarty]] (Canada) (2013, [[University of Nebraska]], USA)<br /> * Helen Agüera (USA) (2016, Kraków, Poland)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = ADHO Announces the Winner of the 2016 Busa Prize<br /> | work = The Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations<br /> | accessdate = 2017-02-11<br /> | url = https://adho.org/announcements/2015/adho-announces-winner-2016-busa-prize<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Antonio Zampolli Prize''' is awarded every three years to an important project or for a major accomplishment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = The Antonio Zampolli Prize |work= Web site<br /> | publisher= European Association for Digital Humanities<br /> |accessdate = March 5, 2019 <br /> |url = http://eadh.org/awards/antonio-zampolli-prize}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Paul Fortier Prize''' is given to the best young scholar paper at the annual Digital Humanities conference.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = Paul Fortier Prize winners |work= Web site<br /> | publisher= European Association for Digital Humanities<br /> |accessdate = March 5, 2019 <br /> |url = http://eadh.org/awards/paul-fortier-prize/paul-fortier-prize-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Lisa Lena Opas-Hanninen Young Scholar Prize''' recognizes a young scholar for their scholarship or contribution using digital technology at a humanities conference.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.digitalhumanities.org/ Official website]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 2005]]<br /> [[Category:Humanities organizations]]<br /> [[Category:History organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Digital humanities]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_of_Digital_Humanities_Organizations&diff=983279419 Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations 2020-10-13T09:50:28Z <p>SlvrKy: /* Peer-reviewed journals */ add an ADHO journal</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=August 2010}}<br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> |name=Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations<br /> |image= File:Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations logo.gif<br /> |formation = 2005<br /> |type = <br /> |website = {{URL |adho.org}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations''' ('''ADHO''') is a [[digital humanities]] umbrella organization formed in 2005 to coordinate the activities of several regional DH organizations, referred to as constituent organizations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unsworth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | last = Unsworth<br /> | first = John<br /> | title = Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations (ADHO)<br /> | work = Academic Commons<br /> | date = December 16, 2007<br /> | url = http://www.academiccommons.org/library/adho |url-status=dead<br /> |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130606110455/http://www.academiccommons.org/library/adho <br /> | accessdate = October 20, 2013 |archivedate= June 6, 2013<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; ADHO's constituent organizations are the European Association for Digital Humanities&lt;ref&gt;[http://eadh.org/ European Association for Digital Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; (EADH), the Association for Computers and the Humanities&lt;ref&gt;[http://ach.org/ Association for Computers and the Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; (ACH), the Canadian Society for Digital Humanities&lt;ref&gt;[http://csdh-schn.org/ Canadian Society for Digital Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; (CSDH/SCHN), centerNet,&lt;ref&gt;[http://digitalhumanities.org/centernet/ centerNet]&lt;/ref&gt; the Australasian Association for Digital Humanities&lt;ref&gt;[http://aa-dh.org/ Australasian Association for Digital Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; (aaDH), the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jadh.org/ Japanese Association for Digital Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; (JADH), Humanistica,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.humanisti.ca Humanistica]&lt;/ref&gt; the french-speaking association for Digital Humanities, and the Taiwanese Association for Digital Humanities &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tadh.org.tw/ Taiwanese Association for Digital Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; (TADH).<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The effort to establish the alliance began in [[Tübingen]], Germany, at the ALLC/ACH conference in 2002: a steering committee was appointed at the ALLC/ACH meeting in 2004, in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden, and the executive committees of the ACH and [[Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing]] (ALLC) approved the governance and conference protocols at the 2005 meeting in [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], Canada. <br /> The [[Association for Computers and the Humanities]] was also included.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unsworth&quot; /&gt;<br /> In 2007, the Alliance Steering Committee voted to enfranchise [[Society for Digital Humanities|The Society for Digital Humanities / Société pour l'étude des médias interactifs]] (SDH/SEMI) of Canada.<br /> In 2012, centerNet, a network of digital humanities centers, became a &quot;constituent organization&quot; affiliated with ADHO,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= centerNet to join ADHO |date= August 17, 2011 |work= ADHO centerNet blog |url= http://digitalhumanities.org/centernet/2011/08/centernet-to-join-adho |accessdate = October 20, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; followed by the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities in 2013, the French-speaking Association for Digital Humanities, Humanistica,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Humanistica rejoint officiellement ADHO |date= July 15, 2016 |work= Humanistica website |url= http://www.humanisti.ca/humanistica-adho/ |accessdate = July 15, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2016, and the [http://www.tadh.org.tw Taiwanese Association for Digital Humanities] in 2017. ADHO gained legal status as the Stichting ADHO Foundation (Netherlands) in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[http://bedrijfnederland.nl/zuid-holland/den-haag/stichting-adho-foundation Stichting ADHO Foundation]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mission ===<br /> The Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations is an umbrella organisation whose goals are to promote and support digital research and teaching across arts and humanities disciplines, drawing together [[Humanism|humanists]] engaged in digital and computer-assisted research, teaching, creation, dissemination, and beyond, in all areas reflected by its diverse membership.&lt;ref&gt;[http://adho.org/about &quot;About.&quot;] Website. Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations. Retrieved January 29, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; ADHO supports initiatives for publication, presentation, collaboration, and training; recognises and supports excellence in these endeavours; and acts as a community-based consultative and advisory force. Members in ADHO societies are those at the forefront of areas such as [[Content analysis|textual analysis]], [[Electronic publishing|electronic publication]], [[XML|document encoding]], [[Textual scholarship|textual studies]] and theory, [[new media studies]] and multimedia, digital libraries, applied [[augmented reality]], interactive gaming, and beyond. Members include researchers and lecturers in humanities computing and in academic departments such as English, History, French, Modern Languages, Philosophy, Theatre, Music, Computer Science, and Visual Arts and resource specialists working in libraries, archival centers, and with humanities computing groups.<br /> <br /> ===Conference===<br /> {{main|Digital Humanities conference}}<br /> The Alliance oversees a joint annual conference, which began as the ACH/ALLC (or ALLC/ACH) conference, and is now known as the ''Digital Humanities''&lt;ref&gt;[http://adho.org/conference See the complete list]&lt;/ref&gt; conference.&lt;ref&gt;Searchable [http://digitalhumanities.org/dh-abstracts/search abstracts from the DH conference (1996-2003)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130021010/http://digitalhumanities.org/dh-abstracts/search |date=2016-11-30 }} are hosted by ACH.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Special Interest Groups (SIGs) ===<br /> The Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations sponsors special interest groups to facilitate the sharing of ideas about new and innovative problems. Current SIGs include:<br /> * AVinDH&lt;ref&gt;[https://avindhsig.wordpress.com/ AVinDH]&lt;/ref&gt; for [[Audiovisual]] materials and their use in the digital humanities<br /> * GO::DH,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.globaloutlookdh.org/ GO::DH]&lt;/ref&gt; or Global Outlook :: Digital Humanities, to increase global communication and collaboration<br /> * GeoHumanities&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.geohumanities.org/ GeoHumanities]&lt;/ref&gt; to focus on [[Spatial turn|spatial perspectives]], which can also be linked temporally<br /> * Libraries and Digital Humanities&lt;ref&gt;[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzNEqaRgVCa0T0pHSzV2RnRkNk0/view Libraries and Digital Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Linked Open Data&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://digitalhumanities.org/lod/ |title=Linked Open Data |access-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204131025/http://digitalhumanities.org/lod/ |archive-date=2016-02-04 |url-status=dead |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; to connect DH scholars and the [[Semantic Web|semantic web]] community<br /> <br /> ===Peer-reviewed journals===<br /> * ''DSH: Digital Scholarship in the Humanities'',&lt;ref&gt;[http://dsh.oxfordjournals.org/ DSH: Digital Scholarship in the Humanities]&lt;/ref&gt; (formerly ''[[Literary and Linguistic Computing]])'' a print journal published by [[Oxford University Press]].<br /> * ''Digital Studies / Le champ numérique'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.digitalstudies.org/ojs/index.php/digital_studies |title=Digital Studies / Le champ numérique |access-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202073305/http://www.digitalstudies.org/ojs/index.php/digital_studies |archive-date=2016-02-02 |url-status=dead |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; an open-access, peer-reviewed electronic journal from CSDH/SCHN founded in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Digital Studies / Le champ numérique |work= Web site |url= http://www.digitalstudies.org |accessdate = October 20, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Digital Humanities Quarterly]]'', an open-access, peer-reviewed electronic journal from the ADHO.<br /> * ''DH Commons'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://dhcommons.org/ |title=DH Commons |access-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126122008/http://dhcommons.org/ |archive-date=2017-01-26 |url-status=dead |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; an open access, peer reviewed electronic journal from centerNet.<br /> * ''Humanités numériques'',&lt;ref&gt;[https://journals.openedition.org/revuehn/ Humanités numériques], on OpenEdition Journals.&lt;/ref&gt; an open-access, peer-reviewed electronic journal from Humanistica.<br /> * ''Journal of the Text Encoding Initiative'',&lt;ref&gt;[http://journal.tei-c.org/ Journal of the Text Encoding Initiative]&lt;/ref&gt; the official journal of the TEI Consortium.<br /> * [http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alPublicationJournal?PublicationID=P20180801001 ''Journal of Digital Archives and Digital Humanities''], an open access, peer reviewed electronic journal from [http://tadh.org.tw/en/ TADH]. <br /> <br /> Discontinued Journals:<br /> * ''Computers in the Humanities Working Papers'',&lt;ref&gt;[http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/chwp/ Computers in the Humanities Working Papers]&lt;/ref&gt; an online preprint publication hosted at the [[University of Toronto]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= CH Working Papers |url= http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/epc/chwp/ |publisher= Faculty of Arts &amp; Science, University of Toronto |accessdate = October 20, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; published from 1990 to 2009.<br /> * ''Text Technology'',&lt;ref&gt;[http://texttechnology.mcmaster.ca/home.html Text Technology]&lt;/ref&gt; a free electronic journal published by [[McMaster University]] published from 2004 through 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= TEXT Technology: the journal of computer text processing |url= http://texttechnology.mcmaster.ca/home.html |accessdate = October 20, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Awards===<br /> '''Roberto Busa Prize''' honors leaders in the field of [[digital humanities|humanities computing]] and is given in honor of [[Italy|Italian]] Father [[Roberto Busa]] who won the first award in 1998 at Debrecen, Hungary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Roberto Busa Prize |work= ADHO Web site |url= http://adho.org/awards/roberto-busa-prize |accessdate = October 20, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Subsequent winners included:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = The Roberto Busa Award winners |work= Web site<br /> | publisher= European Association for Digital Humanities<br /> |accessdate = October 20, 2013 <br /> |url = http://www.allc.org/awards/busa-award/busa-award-winners<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * John Burrows (Australia) (presented in 2001, New York, New York, USA)<br /> * [[Susan Hockey]] (UK) (presented in 2004, Gothenburg, Sweden)<br /> * Wilhelm Ott (Germany) (2007, Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, USA)<br /> * Joseph Raben (USA) (2010, Kings College London, UK) <br /> * [[Willard McCarty]] (Canada) (2013, [[University of Nebraska]], USA)<br /> * Helen Agüera (USA) (2016, Kraków, Poland)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = ADHO Announces the Winner of the 2016 Busa Prize<br /> | work = The Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations<br /> | accessdate = 2017-02-11<br /> | url = https://adho.org/announcements/2015/adho-announces-winner-2016-busa-prize<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Antonio Zampolli Prize''' is awarded every three years to an important project or for a major accomplishment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = The Antonio Zampolli Prize |work= Web site<br /> | publisher= European Association for Digital Humanities<br /> |accessdate = March 5, 2019 <br /> |url = http://eadh.org/awards/antonio-zampolli-prize}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Paul Fortier Prize''' is given to the best young scholar paper at the annual Digital Humanities conference.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = Paul Fortier Prize winners |work= Web site<br /> | publisher= European Association for Digital Humanities<br /> |accessdate = March 5, 2019 <br /> |url = http://eadh.org/awards/paul-fortier-prize/paul-fortier-prize-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Lisa Lena Opas-Hanninen Young Scholar Prize''' recognizes a young scholar for their scholarship or contribution using digital technology at a humanities conference.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.digitalhumanities.org/ Official website]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 2005]]<br /> [[Category:Humanities organizations]]<br /> [[Category:History organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Digital humanities]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNESCO&diff=972898426 UNESCO 2020-08-14T10:14:26Z <p>SlvrKy: /* Origins */ IBE clarification</p> <hr /> <div>{{pp-move-indef}}<br /> {{Short description|Specialised agency of the United Nations}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}<br /> {{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox United Nations<br /> | image = Emblem of the United Nations.svg<br /> | image_size = 120px<br /> | name = &lt;center&gt; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation &lt;/center&gt;<br /> | map = UNESCO logo English.svg<br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_caption =<br /> | type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialised agency]]<br /> | abbreviation = UNESCO<br /> | leader_title = Head<br /> | leader_name = Director-General &lt;br /&gt; [[Audrey Azoulay]] <br /> | status = Active<br /> | formation = {{start date and age|1945|11|04|df=yes}}<br /> | headquarters = [[Paris]], France<br /> | website = [https://en.unesco.org/ www.unesco.org]<br /> | parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]<br /> | subsidiaries = <br /> | footnotes = {{Portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation''' ('''UNESCO''';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO|url = https://en.unesco.org/|website = UNESCO|accessdate = 25 September 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093242/http://en.unesco.org/|archive-date = 25 September 2013|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{lang-fr|Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture}}) is a [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialised agency]] of the [[United Nations]] (UN) aimed at contributing &quot;to the building of peace, the [[poverty reduction|eradication of poverty]], [[sustainable development]] and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco/|title=Introducing UNESCO|publisher=UNESCO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818121902/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco|archive-date=18 August 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/ |title = UNESCO history |publisher = UNESCO |accessdate = 23 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100409011030/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/ |archive-date = 9 April 2010 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the successor of the [[League of Nations]]' [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;intellectualcooperation&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne |access-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022034/https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |archive-date=12 September 2018 |url-status=live }} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322103701/http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ |date=22 March 2019 }}).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UNESCO has [[Member states of UNESCO|193 member states]] and 11 associate members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/countries |title=List of UNESCO members and associates |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311145128/https://en.unesco.org/countries |archive-date=11 March 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Based in [[Paris]], France, most of its field offices are &quot;cluster&quot; offices that cover three or more countries; national and regional offices also exist.<br /> <br /> UNESCO seeks to build a culture of peace and inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|title=UNESCO • General Conference; 34th; Medium-term Strategy, 2008–2013; 2007|format=PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728152547/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|archive-date=28 July 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; To that end, it pursues its objectives through five major program areas: [[education]], [[natural science]]s, [[social science|social]]/[[human science]]s, culture and communication/information. It sponsors projects related to [[literacy]], technical training, education, the advancement of science, promoting independent media and [[freedom of the press]], preserving regional and cultural history, and promoting [[cultural diversity]]. UNESCO assists in translating and disseminating world literature, establishing international cooperation agreements to secure &quot;[[World Heritage Site]]s&quot; of [[cultural heritage|cultural]] and [[natural heritage|natural]] importance, preserving human rights, and bridging the [[Global digital divide|worldwide digital divide]]. It also launched and leads the [[Education For All]] movement and [[lifelong learning]].<br /> <br /> UNESCO is a member of the [[United Nations Development Group]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |title=UNDG Members |publisher=United Nations Development Group |accessdate=8 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144047/http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; a coalition of UN agencies and organisations aimed at fulfilling the [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<br /> {{TOC limit|}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins === <br /> UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a [[League of Nations]] resolution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commission to study feasibility.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | publisher = League of Nations | series = Records of the Second Assembly | title = Plenary Meetings | date = 5 September – 5 October 1921 | place = Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | quote = The [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created on 4 January 1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications. | title = A Chronology of UNESCO: 1945–1987 | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf | place = Paris | date = December 1987 | id = LAD.85/WS/4 Rev | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | ref = {{Harvid | UNESCO |1987}} | access-date = 13 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095140/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf | archive-date = 2 February 2011 | url-status = live }}.&lt;/ref&gt; This new body, the [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created in 1922&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary]) |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne |isbn=|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt; and counted such figures as [[Henri Bergson]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Marie Curie]], and [[Robert A. Millikan]] among its members (being thus a small commission of the League of Nations essentially centered on Western Europe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939) | journal = Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America | pages = 65-89| date = 2020 | url = https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F8F05A6DBC3C.P001/REF |ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;). The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was then created in Paris on 9 August 1925, to act as the executing agency for the ICIC. However, the onset of [[World War II]] largely interrupted the work of these predecessor organizations.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} As for private initiatives, the [[International Bureau of Education]] (IBE) began to work as a [[non-governmental]] organization in the service of international educational development since December 1925 {{Sfn | UNESCO | 1987}} and joined UNESCO in 1969, after having established a joint commission in 1952.<br /> <br /> === Creation ===<br /> [[File:Flag of UNESCO.svg|thumb|[[Flag of UNESCO]]]]<br /> After the signing of the [[Atlantic Charter]] and the [[Declaration of the United Nations]], the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued from 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by [[China]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]] and the USSR. This was followed by the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]] (UNCIO), held in San Francisco in April–June 1945, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London 1–16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented. The idea of UNESCO was largely developed by [[Rab Butler]], the [[Minister of Education]] for the United Kingdom, who had a great deal of influence in its development.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco The work of U.N.E.S.C.O. (Hansard, 26 January 1949)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103837/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco |date=19 October 2017 }}. Millbank systems. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was established.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | ref = {{Harvid | Unesco | 1945}} | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf | title = United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation | place = The Institute of Civil Engineers, London | date = 1–16 November 1945 | id = ECO/Conf./29 | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | accessdate = 8 June 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024012/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf | archive-date = 15 March 2012 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCO's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state.{{Sfn | Unesco | 1945}}<br /> <br /> The first General Conference took place from 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. [[Julian Huxley]] to Director-General.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf | publisher = UNESCO | year = 1947 | title = General Conference, First Session | place = UNESCO House, Paris, from 20 November to 10 December 1946. UNESCO/C/30 &amp;#91;1 C/Resolutions&amp;#93; Item 14, p. 73 | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | accessdate = 1 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120904090227/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf | archive-date = 4 September 2012 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the Executive Board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not, as before, act in their personal capacity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf |title=Records of the General Conference, Eighth Session |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |access-date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095202/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the ICIC, in how member states would work together in the organization's fields of competence. As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO's mandate, political and historical factors have shaped the organization's operations in particular during the Cold War, the decolonization process, and the dissolution of the USSR.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism, for example through influential [[The Race Question|statements on race]] starting with a declaration of anthropologists (among them was [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]]) and other scientists in 1950&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001269/126969eb.pdf |title = UNESCO. (1950). Statement by experts on race problems. Paris, 20 July 1950. UNESCO/SS/1. UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030543/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001269/126969eb.pdf |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and concluding with the 1978 [[The Race Question#Legacy and other UNESCO statements|Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 20th Session. (1979). Records of the General Conference, Twentieth Session, Paris, 24 October to 28 November 1978. 20 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3/1.1/2, p. 61. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030610/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO saying that some of the organization's publications amounted to &quot;interference&quot; in the country's &quot;racial problems&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO. Executive Board, 42nd Session. (1955). Report of the Director-General on the Activities of the Organization (March–November 1955). Paris, 9 November 1955. 42 EX/43. Part I Relations with Member States, paragraph 3.&lt;/ref&gt; South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of [[Nelson Mandela]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> UNESCO's early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947.&lt;ref&gt;The Haiti pilot project: phase one, 1947–1949. (1951). Monographs on Fundamental Education IV. UNESCO: Paris.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> This project was followed by expert missions to other countries, including, for example, a mission to Afghanistan in 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000590/059046eb.pdf |title = Debiesse, J., Benjamin, H. and Abbot, W. (1952). Report of the mission to Afghanistan. Educational Missions IV. ED.51/VIII.A. (Paris.) UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030935/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000590/059046eb.pdf |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education [[compulsory education|compulsory]] and universal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114591e.pdf#xml=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?database=&amp;set=4CFE6AEC_1_103&amp;hits_rec=1&amp;hits_lng=eng |title = UNESCO. General Conference, 2nd Session. (1948). Resolutions adopted by the General Conference during its second session, Mexico, November–December 1947. 2 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3.4.1, p. 17. UNESDOC database |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031028/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114591e.pdf#xml=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?database=&amp;set=4CFE6AEC_1_103&amp;hits_rec=1&amp;hits_lng=eng |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in [[Jomtien]], Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000975/097551e.pdf |title=UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, and The World Bank. (1990). Final Report. World Conference on Education for All: Meeting Basic Education Needs. 5–9 March 1990, Jomtien, Thailand. (WCEFA Inter-agency Commission: New York). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031115/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000975/097551e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Ten years later, the 2000 [[World Education Forum]] held in [[Dakar]], Senegal, led member governments to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf |title=UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action. Education for All: meeting our collective commitments (including six regional frameworks for action). World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal, 26–28 April 2000. ED.2000/WS/27. (Paris). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607174131/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UNESCO's early activities in culture included the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000419/041943eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 21st Session. (1980). International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia: Report of the Executive Committee of the Campaign and of the Director-General. 26 August 1980. 21 C/82. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031408/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000419/041943eb.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The purpose of the campaign was to move the [[Great and Small Temples of Abu Simbel|Great Temple of Abu Simbel]] to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after the construction of the [[Aswan Dam]]. During the 20-year campaign, 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including [[Mohenjo-daro]] (Pakistan), [[Fes]] (Morocco), [[Kathmandu]] (Nepal), [[Borobudur]] (Indonesia) and the [[Acropolis]] (Greece).{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> The organization's work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114044e.pdf |title=Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Paris, 16 November 1972. UNESCO. General Conference, 17th Session. Records of the General Conference, Seventeenth Session, Paris, 17 October to 21 November 1972. Volume I: Resolutions, Recommendations. 17 C/Resolution 29. Chapter IX Conventions and Recommendations, p. 135. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620014519/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114044e.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The [[World Heritage Committee]] was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]] in 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000347/034793eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Second Session. Final Report. Washington, DC, 5–8 September 1978. CC-78/CONF.010/10 Rev. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019104217/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000347/034793eb.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 (Convention for the Safeguarding of the [[Intangible Cultural Heritage]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001331/133171e.pdf |title=Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris, 17 October 2003. UNESCO. General Conference, 32nd Session. Records of the General Conference, Thirty-second Session, Paris, 29 September to 17 October 2003. Volume I: Resolutions. 32 C/Resolution 32. Chapter IV Programme for 2004–2005, Major Programme IV – Culture, p. 53. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315102224/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001331/133171e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;) and 2005 ([[Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001428/142825e.pdf |title = Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Paris, 20 October 2005. UNESCO. General Conference, 33rd Session. Records of the General Conference. Thirty-third Session, Paris, 3–21 October 2005. Volume I: Resolutions. 33 C/Resolution 41. Chapter V Programme for 2006–2007, p. 83. UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120703092914/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001428/142825e.pdf |archive-date = 3 July 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;).<br /> <br /> An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the [[European Council for Nuclear Research]], which was responsible for establishing the [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113790e.pdf |title=UNESCO. Executive Board, 26th Session. Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its twenty-sixth session. (7 June to 9 July 1951). Paris, 27 July 1951. 26 EX/Decisions. Item 7 Programme, Resolution 7.2.2.1, p. 9. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528224001/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113790e.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; later on, in 1954.<br /> <br /> Arid Zone programming, 1948–1966, is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114593e.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 3rd Session. (1949). Records of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Third Session. Beirut, 1948. Volume II: Resolutions. (UNESCO: Paris). 2 C/Resolution 3.7, page 23. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031635/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114593e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1968, UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development, a problem that continues to be addressed in the field of [[sustainable development]]. The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO's [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf |title=&quot;Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere. Paris, 4–13 September 1968.&quot; (1970.) In Natural Resources Research, Volume X. SC.69/XIL.16/A. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031659/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the field of communication, the &quot;free flow of ideas by word and image&quot; has been in UNESCO's constitution from its beginnings, following the experience of the Second World War when control of information was a factor in indoctrinating populations for aggression.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002269/226924e.pdf#page=6|title=Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713010444/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002269/226924e.pdf#page=6|archive-date=13 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In the years immediately following World War II, efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world. UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001480/148006eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. (1955). International Expert Meeting on Professional Training for Journalism. Unesco House, 9–13 April 1956. Purpose and Scope. Paris, 18 November 1955. UNESCO/MC/PT.1. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407033852/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001480/148006eb.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In response to calls for a &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; in the late 1970s, UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000323/032363eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 19th Session. (1977). Approved Programme and budget for 1977–1978. Paris, February 1977. 19 C/5, p. 332, paragraphs 4154 and 4155. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528224016/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000323/032363eb.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; which produced the 1980 [[MacBride report]] (named after the Chair of the Commission, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Seán MacBride]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000400/040066eb.pdf |title=MacBride, S. (1980). Many voices, one world: towards a new, more just, and more efficient world information and communication order. (UNESCO: Paris). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313204759/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000400/040066eb.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The same year, UNESCO created the [[International Programme for the Development of Communication]] (IPDC), a multilateral forum designed to promote media development in developing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/about-ipdc/|title=About IPDC {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907122304/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/about-ipdc|archive-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage/|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1991, UNESCO's General Conference endorsed the [[Windhoek Declaration]] on [[media independence]] and pluralism, which led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption, 3 May, as [[World Press Freedom Day]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2016/|title=World Press Freedom Day 2016|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2016-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109223447/https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2016|archive-date=9 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1997, UNESCO has awarded the [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize|UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]] every 3 May. In the lead up to the [[World Summit on the Information Society]] in 2003 ([[Geneva]]) and 2005 ([[Tunis]]), UNESCO introduced the [[Information for All Programme]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === 21st Century === <br /> UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|title = General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member|date = 31 October 2011|accessdate = 11 December 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111214135140/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|archive-date = 14 December 2011|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html |title = US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership |first = Adrian |last = Blomfield |work = The Telegraph |date = 31 October 2011 |accessdate = 31 October 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111101190549/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html |archive-date = 1 November 2011 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Laws passed in the United States after Palestine applied for UNESCO and [[World Health Organization|WHO]] membership in April 1989&lt;ref name=&quot;Sakran2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Shadi Sakran|title=The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT64|date=26 November 2019|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-00-076357-7|pages=64–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State], UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989&lt;/ref&gt; mean that the US cannot contribute financially to any UN organisation that accepts Palestine as a full member.&lt;ref&gt;The laws originated in {{USBill|101|hr|2145}} and {{USBill|101|s|875}}; for further details see committee discussions at: {{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations|title=The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC|year=1989|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}. The text of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: {{USBill|101|hr|3743}} (which produced {{USPL|101|246}}), {{USBill|102|hr|5368}}, {{USBill|103|hr|2295}} and finally {{USBill|103|hr|2333}} (which produced {{USPL|103|236}}). See also: {{cite book|last=Beattie|first=Kirk|title=Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT287|date=3 May 2016|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-562-3|p=287 online|quote=...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. [[Bob Kasten|Robert Kasten, Jr.]] (R-Wl) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. [[Tom Lantos]] sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or their achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the &quot;offending&quot; UN body under these laws. (I'll just note in passing that it was Sen. Kasten who was to be a major recipient of campaign funds that [[AIPAC]]'s President [[David Steiner (AIPAC)|David Steiner]] was soliciting from one Haim Katz. Katz surreptitiously taped and released to the public the conversation, much to AIPAC's embarrassment. The conversation can be found on-line and makes for an interesting read.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|publisher=Reuters |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the US withdrew its funding, which had accounted for about 22% of UNESCO's budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html |title= Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians |first1= Steven |last1= Erlanger |first2= Scott |last2= Sayare |work= The New York Times |date= 31 October 2011 |accessdate= 31 October 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111031171156/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html |archive-date= 31 October 2011 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel also reacted to Palestine's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israeli payments to UNESCO and imposing sanctions on the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|title= After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S.|work= Haaretz|date= 4 November 2011|accessdate= 11 December 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111207205936/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|archive-date= 7 December 2011|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; stating that Palestine's admittance would be detrimental &quot;to potential peace talks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST |publisher=CNN |title=Israel freezes UNESCO funds |date=3 December 2011 |accessdate=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106053150/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST |archivedate=6 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Two years after they stopped paying their dues to UNESCO, the US and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013 without losing the right to be elected; thus, the US was elected as a member of the Executive Board for the period 2016–19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108 | title= U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row | work= Reuters | date= 8 November 2013 | accessdate= 29 June 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140709192541/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108 | archive-date= 9 July 2014 | url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Israel left UNESCO after 69 years of membership, with Israel's ambassador to the UN [[Danny Danon]] writing: &quot;UNESCO is the body that continually rewrites history, including by erasing the Jewish connection to Jerusalem... it is corrupted and manipulated by Israel's enemies... we are not going to be a member of an organisation that deliberately acts against us&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/202003121078544477-israel-should-quit-putting-up-with-uns-triple-standards---ex-israeli-diplomat/ |title=Israel Should Quit Putting up With UN's 'Triple' Standards - Ex-Israeli Diplomat - Sputnik International |publisher=Sputniknews.com |date= |accessdate=2020-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Activities==<br /> [[File:UNESCO Brasília Office.jpg|thumb|UNESCO offices in [[Brasília]]]]<br /> <br /> UNESCO implements its activities through the five program areas: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information.<br /> * Education: UNESCO supports research in [[comparative education]]; and provide expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all. This includes the<br /> ** [[UNESCO Chairs]], an international network of 644 UNESCO Chairs, involving over 770 institutions in 126 countries<br /> ** Environmental Conservation Organisation<br /> ** [[Convention against Discrimination in Education]] adopted in 1960<br /> ** Organization of the International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA) in an interval of 12 years<br /> ** Publication of the [[Education for All Global Monitoring Report]]<br /> ** Publication of the ''Four Pillars of Learning'' seminal document<br /> ** [[UNESCO ASPNet]], an international network of 8,000 schools in 170 countries<br /> <br /> UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning.&lt;ref&gt;Because [[diploma mill]]s have claimed false UNESCO accreditation, UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation. See Luca Lantero, [http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf Degree Mills: non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513185433/http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf |date=13 May 2015 }}, [[Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence|Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence (CIMEA)]], Italy. and [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090521152755/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=48787&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO &quot;Alert: Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * UNESCO also issues public statements to educate the public:<br /> ** [[Seville Statement on Violence]]: A statement adopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the notion that humans are biologically predisposed to organised violence.<br /> * Designating projects and places of cultural and scientific significance, such as:<br /> ** [[Global Geoparks Network]]<br /> ** [[Biosphere reserve]]s, through the [[Programme on Man and the Biosphere]] (MAB), since 1971<br /> ** [[City of Literature]]; in 2007, the first city to be given this title was [[Edinburgh]], the site of Scotland's first [[circulating library]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Varga, Susan |title=Edinburgh Old Town (Images of Scotland) |publisher=The History Press Ltd |location= |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=978-0-7524-4083-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, Iowa City, Iowa became the City of Literature.<br /> ** [[Endangered language]]s and [[linguistic diversity]] projects<br /> ** [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]<br /> ** [[Memory of the World]] International Register, since 1997<br /> ** [[Water resources management]], through the [[International Hydrological Programme]] (IHP), since 1965<br /> ** [[World Heritage Site]]s<br /> ** [[World Digital Library]]<br /> * Encouraging the &quot;free flow of ideas by images and words&quot; by:<br /> ** Promoting [[freedom of expression]], including [[freedom of the press]] and [[freedom of information legislation]], through the Division of Freedom of Expression and Media Development,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|title=Fostering Freedom of Expression|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053749/https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|archive-date=10 December 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the [[International Programme for the Development of Communication]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting the [[safety of journalists]] and combatting impunity for those who attack them,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|title=Safety of Journalists|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131159/https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|archive-date=20 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; through coordination of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action/|title=UN Plan of Action {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103326/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action|archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting universal access to and preservation of information and open solutions for sustainable development through the Knowledge Societies Division,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|title=Building Knowledge Societies|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116181422/https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the [[Memory of the World Programme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage/|title=Memory of the World {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710050933/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage|archive-date=10 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Information for All Programme (IFAP)|Information for All Programme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|title=Information for All Programme (IFAP) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910112204/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|archive-date=10 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]], [[gender equality]] and [[cultural diversity]] in the media<br /> ** Promoting [[Internet Universality]] and its principles, that the Internet should be (I) [[Human rights|human Rights]]-based, (ii) Open, (iii) [[Accessibility|Accessible]] to all, and (iv) nurtured by [[Multistakeholder governance model|Multi-stakeholder]] participation (summarized as the acronym R.O.A.M.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|title=Internet Universality {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728033751/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|archive-date=28 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Generating knowledge through publications such as ''World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|title=World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826003315/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|title=UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821161616/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Media Development Indicators,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|title=Media Development Indicators (MDIs) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612042809/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|archive-date=12 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as other indicator-based studies.<br /> * Promoting events, such as:<br /> ** [[International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World]]: 2001–2010, proclaimed by the UN in 1998<br /> ** [[World Press Freedom Day]], 3 May each year, to promote [[freedom of expression]] and [[freedom of the press]] as a basic human right and as crucial components of any healthy, democratic and free society.<br /> ** ''Criança Esperança'' in Brazil, in partnership with [[Rede Globo]], to raise funds for community-based projects that foster social integration and violence prevention.<br /> ** [[International Literacy Day]]<br /> ** [[International Year for the Culture of Peace]]<br /> ** [http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Nairobi/kiberareport.pdf Health Education for Behavior Change] program in partnership with the Ministry of Education of [[Kenya]] which was financially supported by the Government of [[Azerbaijan]] to promote health education among 10-19-year-old young people who live in informal camp in [[Kibera]], [[Nairobi]]. The project was carried out between September 2014 - December 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera/|title=Promouvoir l'éducation à la santé chez les jeunes du campement informel de Kibera à Nairobi {{!}} Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture|website=unesco.org|language=fr|access-date=2017-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820102139/http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Founding and funding projects, such as:<br /> **[[Migration Museums]] Initiative: Promoting the establishment of museums for cultural dialogue with migrant populations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305005432/http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2007 |title=Migration Institutions – Home |publisher=Migrationmuseums.org |accessdate=23 April 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[UNESCO-CEPES]], the European Centre for Higher Education: established in 1972 in Bucharest, Romania, as a de-centralized office to promote international co-operation in higher education in Europe as well as Canada, USA and Israel. ''Higher Education in Europe'' is its official journal.<br /> ** [[Free Software Directory]]: since 1998 UNESCO and the [[Free Software Foundation]] have jointly funded this project cataloguing [[free software]].<br /> ** [[FRESH, UNESCO|FRESH]] Focussing Resources on [[School health services|Effective School Health]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35173&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Education &amp;#124; EDUCATION – |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006100958/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35173%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archivedate=6 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[OANA]], Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies<br /> ** [[International Council of Science]]<br /> ** [[UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador]]s<br /> ** [[ASOMPS]], Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices, a series of scientific conferences held in Asia<br /> ** [[Botany 2000]], a programme supporting taxonomy, and [[biodiversity|biological]] and [[cultural diversity]] of medicinal and ornamental plants, and their protection against [[environmental pollution]]<br /> ** The [[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]], translating works of world literature both to and from multiple languages, from 1948 to 2005<br /> ** [[GoUNESCO]], an umbrella of initiatives to make heritage fun supported by UNESCO, New Delhi Office&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|title=Official support for GoUNESCO from UNESCO New Delhi|date=2014-03-24|website=GoUNESCO - Make Heritage Fun!|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815083136/https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|archive-date=15 August 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [http://opendata.unesco.org UNESCO transparency portal] has been designed to enable public [[access to information]] regarding Organization's activities, such as its aggregate budget for a biennium, as well as links to relevant programmatic and financial documents. These two distinct sets of information are published on the [[International Aid Transparency Initiative|IATI]] registry, respectively based on the IATI Activity Standard and the IATI Organization Standard.<br /> <br /> There have been proposals to establish two new UNESCO lists. The first proposed list will focus on movable cultural heritage such as artifacts, paintings, and biofacts. The list may include cultural objects, such as the [[Jōmon Venus]] of [[Japan]], the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' of France, the [[Gebel el-Arak Knife]] of [[Egypt]], ''[[The Ninth Wave]]'' of Russia, the [[Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük]] of Turkey, the [[David (Michelangelo)|''David'' (Michelangelo)]] of Italy, the [[Mathura Herakles]] of India, the [[Manunggul Jar]] of the Philippines, the [[Crown of Baekje]] of South Korea, ''[[The Hay Wain]]'' of the United Kingdom and the [[Benin Bronzes]] of Nigeria. The second proposed list will focus on the world's living species, such as the [[komodo dragon]] of Indonesia, the [[panda]] of China, the [[bald eagle]] of North American countries, the [[aye-aye]] of Madagascar, the [[Asiatic lion]] of India, the [[kakapo]] of New Zealand, and the [[mountain tapir]] of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/|title=Tangible Cultural Heritage - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319084612/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/|archive-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Document - Discovered artifacts under preservation, Archaeological Site, 18 Hoang Dieu street|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103001256/https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908/|archive-date=3 November 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Media==<br /> UNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines.<br /> <br /> ''The UNESCO Courier'' magazine states its mission to &quot;promote UNESCO's ideals, maintain a platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate&quot;. Since March 2006 it is available online, with limited printed issues. Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO. There was a hiatus in publishing between 2012 and 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|title=Archives|website=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2017-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224552/https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1950, UNESCO initiated the quarterly review ''Impact of Science on Society'' (also known as ''Impact'') to discuss the influence of science on society. The journal ceased publication in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF |title = Science and Technology Education |publisher = UNESCO |date = 1998 |access-date = 23 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160813140445/http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF |archive-date = 13 August 2016 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO also published Museum International Quarterly from the year 1948.<br /> <br /> ==Official UNESCO NGOs==<br /> UNESCO has official relations with 322 [[international non-governmental organization]]s (NGOs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |title=Quoted on UNESCO official site |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |accessdate=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |archivedate=25 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of these are what UNESCO calls &quot;operational&quot;; a select few are &quot;formal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35293&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UNESCO |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623000619/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35293%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is &quot;formal associate&quot;, and the 22 NGOs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |title=UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13 Feb 2009 |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |accessdate=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |archivedate=25 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; with ''formal associate'' (ASC) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are:<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Abbr<br /> ! Organization<br /> |-<br /> | IB || [[International Baccalaureate]]<br /> |-<br /> | CCIVS || [[CCIVS|Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service]]<br /> |-<br /> | EI || [[Education International]]<br /> |-<br /> | IAU || [[International Association of Universities]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFTC || [[International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICPHS || [[International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies]] which publishes [[Diogenes (journal)|Diogenes]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICSU || [[International Council for Science]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICOM || [[International Council of Museums]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICSSPE || [[International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICA || [[International Council on Archives]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICOMOS || [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFJ || [[International Federation of Journalists]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFLA || [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFPA || International Federation of Poetry Associations<br /> |-<br /> | IMC || [[International Music Council]]<br /> |-<br /> | IPA|| [[International Police Association]]<br /> |-<br /> | INSULA || International Scientific Council for Island Development<br /> |-<br /> | ISSC || [[International Social Science Council]]<br /> |-<br /> | ITI || [[International Theatre Institute]]<br /> |-<br /> | IUCN || [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]]<br /> |-<br /> | IUTAO || International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations<br /> |-<br /> | UIA || [[Union of International Associations]]<br /> |-<br /> | WAN || [[World Association of Newspapers]]<br /> |-<br /> | WFEO || [[World Federation of Engineering Organizations]]<br /> |-<br /> | WFUCA || World Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[File:Unesco-IHE.JPG|thumb|[[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO Institute for Water Education]] in [[Delft]]]]<br /> <br /> ==Institutes and centres==<br /> The institutes are specialized departments of the organization that support UNESCO's programme, providing specialized support for cluster and national offices.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Abbr<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Location<br /> |-<br /> | IBE<br /> | [[International Bureau of Education]]<br /> | [[Geneva]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|title=International Bureau of Education|first=|last=|date=|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224448/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UIL<br /> | [[UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning]]<br /> | [[Hamburg]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|website=UIL - UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning|publisher=|title=About the Institute|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2015-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224304/http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IIEP<br /> | [[UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning]]<br /> | Paris (headquarters) and [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Dakar]] (regional offices)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|title=IIEP UNESCO|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119121935/http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=19 November 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IITE<br /> | UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education<br /> | Moscow&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|website=UNESCO IITE|publisher=|title=Contact Us|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224424/https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IICBA<br /> | UNESCO International Institute for [[Capacity Building]] in Africa<br /> | [[Addis Ababa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node/146|title=Contact Us|publisher=UNESCO|website=IICBA|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224657/http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node%2F146|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IESALC<br /> | UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean<br /> | [[Caracas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|title=Contact Us|publisher=UNESCO|website=IESALC|language=Spanish|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224903/http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | MGIEP<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development]]<br /> | [[New Delhi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mgiep.unesco.org|title=Building Social and Emotional Learning for Education 2030|publisher=UNESCO|website=UNESCO MGIEP|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092511/https://mgiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UNESCO-UNEVOC<br /> | [[UNESCO-UNEVOC|UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training]]<br /> | [[Bonn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|title=UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224349/https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UNESCO-IHE<br /> | [[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education]]<br /> | [[Delft]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un-ihe.org/|title=Home|website=IHE Delft Institute for Water Education|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024023035/http://www.un-ihe.org/|archive-date=24 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ICTP<br /> | [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]]<br /> | [[Trieste]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|website=ICTP - International Centre for Theoretical Physics|publisher=UNESCO|title=Mission &amp; History|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224535/https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UIS<br /> | [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]]<br /> | [[Montreal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|title=Contact Us|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2016-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224907/http://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Prizes==<br /> UNESCO awards 22 prizes&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO Executive Board Document [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf 185 EX/38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095215/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf |date=2 February 2011 }}, Paris, 10 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt; in education, science, culture and peace:<br /> * [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize]]<br /> * [[L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science]]<br /> * [[UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize|UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Confucius Prize for Literacy|UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy]]<br /> * UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities<br /> * [[UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize]] for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education<br /> * UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers<br /> * UNESCO/[[Kalinga Prize]] for the Popularization of Science<br /> * [[UNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal]] for an outstanding contribution to the development of scientific knowledge that has a beneficial impact on human health<br /> * UNESCO/[[Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation]]<br /> * Great Man-Made River International Water Prize for Water Resources in Arid Zones presented by UNESCO (title to be reconsidered)<br /> * Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management<br /> * [[UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Prize for Peace Education]]<br /> * [[UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize]] for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence<br /> * UNESCO/[[International José Martí Prize]]<br /> * UNESCO/[[Avicenna Prize]] for Ethics in Science<br /> * UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean<br /> * Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture<br /> * Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes (UNESCO-Greece)<br /> * IPDC-UNESCO Prize for Rural Communication<br /> * [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]]<br /> * UNESCO/Jikji [[Memory of the World]] Prize<br /> * [[UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences|UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize]] for Research in the Life Sciences<br /> * [[Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology]]<br /> <br /> ===Inactive prizes===<br /> * [[International Simón Bolívar Prize]] (inactive since 2004)<br /> * [[UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education]]<br /> * UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive since 2010)<br /> * UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts<br /> <br /> ==International Days observed at UNESCO==<br /> International Days observed at UNESCO is provided in the table given below&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ International Days | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162831/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ |date=10 November 2012 }}. UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Date<br /> ! Name<br /> |-<br /> | 27 January<br /> | [[International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust]]<br /> |-<br /> | 13 February<br /> | [[World Radio Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 February<br /> | [[International Mother Language Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 March<br /> | [[International Women's Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 20 March<br /> | [[International Francophonie Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | International Day of [[Nowruz]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | [[World Poetry Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | [[International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]]<br /> |-<br /> | 22 March<br /> | [[World Day for Water]]<br /> |-<br /> | 23 April<br /> | [[World Book and Copyright Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 30 April<br /> | [[International Jazz Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3 May<br /> | [[World Press Freedom Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 May<br /> | [[World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development]]<br /> |-<br /> | 22 May<br /> | [[International Day for Biological Diversity]]<br /> |-<br /> | 25 May<br /> | [[Africa Day]] / [[Africa Week]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5 June<br /> | [[World Environment Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 June<br /> | [[World Oceans Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 17 June<br /> |[[World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought]]<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 9 August<br /> | [[International Day of the World's Indigenous People]]<br /> |-<br /> | 12 August<br /> | [[International Youth Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 23 August<br /> | [[International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 September<br /> | [[International Literacy Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 15 September<br /> | [[International Day of Democracy]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 September<br /> | [[International Day of Peace]]<br /> |-<br /> | 28 September<br /> |[[Access to Information Day|International Day for the Universal Access to Information]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 October<br /> | [[International Day of Non-Violence]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5 October<br /> | [[World Teachers' Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd Wednesday in October<br /> | International Day for Disaster Reduction<br /> |-<br /> | 17 October<br /> | [[International Day for the Eradication of Poverty]]<br /> |-<br /> | 20 October<br /> | [[World Statistics Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 27 October<br /> | [[World Day for Audiovisual Heritage]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 November<br /> | [[International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|title=International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030214202/https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 10 November<br /> | World Science Day for Peace and Development<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd Thursday in November<br /> | [[World Philosophy Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 16 November<br /> | [[International Day for Tolerance]]<br /> |-<br /> | 19 November<br /> | [[International Men's Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 25 November<br /> | [[International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women]]<br /> |-<br /> | 29 November<br /> | [[International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1 December<br /> | [[World AIDS Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 10 December<br /> | [[Human Rights Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 18 December<br /> | [[International Migrants Day]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Member states==<br /> {{Main|Member states of UNESCO}}<br /> As of January 2019, UNESCO has 193 member states and 11 associate members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries/ |title=List of UNESCO members and associates |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=3 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102233939/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some members are not [[independent state]]s and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their [[dependent territory|dependent territories]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Palestine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport |url=http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf |publisher=WADA |page=2 |format=PDF |accessdate=28 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116165411/http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf |archivedate=16 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO state parties are the [[United Nations member states]] (except [[Liechtenstein]], [[United States]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Statement by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Withdrawal by the United States of America from UNESCO|date=12 October 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|type=Press release.|access-date=2019-02-21|author-link=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224138/https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Israel]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Declaration by UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay on the withdrawal of Israel from the Organization|date=29 December 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|type=Press release.|access-date=2019-02-21|author-link=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224221/https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;), as well as [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties |title=State Parties |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties |archive-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |title=Member States of the United Nations |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States and Israel left UNESCO on 31 December 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=TOVAH LAZAROFF |title=ISRAEL, U.S. SLATED TO LEAVE UNESCO TODAY TO PROTEST ANTI-ISRAEL BIAS |url=https://m.jpost.com/International/Israel-US-slated-to-leave-UNESCO-today-to-protest-anti-Israel-bias-575875 |newspaper=JPost |date=2018-12-31 |access-date=2018-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Governing bodies==<br /> <br /> ===Director-General===<br /> There has been no elected UNESCO Director-General from Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central and North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, and South America since inception.<br /> <br /> The Directors-General of UNESCO came from West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), and East Europe (1). Out of the 11 Directors-General since inception, women have held the position only twice. [[Qatar]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Iran]] are proposing for a Director-General bid by 2021 or 2025. There have never been a Middle Eastern or Southeast Asian UNESCO Director-General since inception. The [[ASEAN]] bloc and some Pacific and Latin American nations support the possible bid of the Philippines, which is culturally Asian, Oceanic, and Latin. Qatar and Iran, on the other hand, have fragmented support in the Middle East. [[Egypt]], [[Israel]], and [[Madagascar]] are also vying for the position but have yet to express a direct or indirect proposal. Both Qatar and Egypt lost in the 2017 bid against France.<br /> <br /> The list of the Directors-General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ Directors-General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718234457/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ |date=18 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Name<br /> !Country<br /> !Term<br /> |-<br /> | [[Audrey Azoulay]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 2017–present<br /> |-<br /> | [[Irina Bokova]] || {{flagcountry|BUL}} || 2009–2017<br /> |-<br /> | [[Koïchiro Matsuura]] || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1999–2009<br /> |-<br /> | [[Federico Mayor Zaragoza]] || {{flagcountry|ESP}} || 1987–99<br /> |-<br /> | [[Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow]] || {{flagcountry|SEN}} || 1974–87<br /> |-<br /> | [[René Maheu]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 1961–74; [[acting (law)|acting]] 1961<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vittorino Veronese]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}} || 1958–61<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luther Evans]] || {{flagcountry|USA|1912}} || 1953–58<br /> |-<br /> | [[John Wilkinson Taylor (educator)|John Wilkinson Taylor]] || {{flagcountry|USA|1912}} || [[acting (law)|acting]] 1952–53<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jaime Torres Bodet]] || {{flagcountry|MEX|1934}} || 1948–52<br /> |-<br /> | [[Julian Huxley]] || {{flagcountry|UK}} || 1946–48<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===General Conference===<br /> This is the list of the sessions of the UNESCO General Conference held since 1946:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ Previous Sessions of the General Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025045200/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ |date=25 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Session<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Chaired by<br /> ! from<br /> |-<br /> | 39th || Paris || 2017 || Zohour Alaoui&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president | title=President of the 39th session of the General Conference | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=12 November 2017 | date=2017-10-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003114/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president | archive-date=13 November 2017 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{flagcountry|Morocco}}<br /> |-<br /> | 38th || Paris || 2015 || Stanley Mutumba Simataa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president/ | title=President of the 38th session of the General Conference | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=11 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116135603/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president | archive-date=16 November 2015 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{flagcountry|Namibia}}<br /> |-<br /> | 37th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = General Conference 37th {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 25 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103414/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|archive-date = 3 October 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; || Paris || 2013 || [[Hao Ping]] || {{flagcountry|CHN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 36th || Paris || 2011 || [[Katalin Bogyay]] || {{flagcountry|HUN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 35th || Paris || 2009 || Davidson Hepburn || {{flagcountry|BHS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 34th || Paris || 2007 || George N. Anastassopoulos || {{flagcountry|GRC}}<br /> |-<br /> | 33rd || Paris || 2005 || [[Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan]] || {{flagcountry|OMN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 32nd || Paris || 2003 || [[Michael Omolewa]] || {{flagcountry|NGA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 31st || Paris || 2001 || [[Ahmad Jalali]] || {{flagcountry|IRN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 30th || Paris || 1999 || [[Jaroslava Moserová]] || {{flagcountry|CZE}}<br /> |-<br /> | 29th || Paris || 1997 || [[Eduardo Portella]] || {{flagcountry|BRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 28th || Paris || 1995 || Torben Krogh || {{flagcountry|DNK}}<br /> |-<br /> | 27th || Paris || 1993 || Ahmed Saleh Sayyad || {{flagcountry|YEM}}<br /> |-<br /> | 26th || Paris || 1991 || [[Bethwell Allan Ogot]] || {{flagcountry|KEN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 25th || Paris || 1989 || [[Anwar Ibrahim]] || {{flagcountry|MYS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 24th || Paris || 1987 || Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez || {{flagcountry|GTM}}<br /> |-<br /> | 23rd || [[Sofia]] || 1985 || [[Nikolai Todorov]] || {{flagcountry|BGR|1967}}<br /> |-<br /> | 22nd || Paris || 1983 || Saïd Tell || {{flagcountry|JOR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4th extraordinary || Paris || 1982 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 21st || [[Belgrade]] || 1980 || Ivo Margan || {{flagcountry|YUG}}<br /> |-<br /> | 20th || Paris || 1978 || Napoléon LeBlanc || {{flagcountry|CAN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 19th || [[Nairobi]] || 1976 || Taaita Toweett || {{flagcountry|KEN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 18th || Paris || 1974 || Magda Jóború || {{flagcountry|HUN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd extraordinary || Paris || 1973 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 17th || Paris || 1972 || Toru Haguiwara || {{flagcountry|JPN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 16th || Paris || 1970 || Atilio Dell'Oro Maini || {{flagcountry|ARG}}<br /> |-<br /> | 15th || Paris || 1968 || [[William Eteki Mboumoua]] || {{flagcountry|CMR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 14th || Paris || 1966 || Bedrettin Tuncel || {{flagcountry|TUR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 13th || Paris || 1964 || [[Norair Sisakian]] || {{flagcountry|USSR|1955}}<br /> |-<br /> | 12th || Paris || 1962 || Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro || {{flagcountry|BRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 11th || Paris || 1960 || Akale-Work Abte-Wold || {{flagcountry|ETH}}<br /> |-<br /> | 10th || Paris || 1958 || [[Jean Berthoin]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 9th || New Delhi || 1956 || [[Abul Kalam Azad]] || {{flagcountry|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> | 8th || [[Montevideo]] || 1954 || Justino Zavala Muñiz || {{flagcountry|URY}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd extraordinary || Paris || 1953 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 7th || Paris || 1952 || [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] || {{flagcountry|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> | 6th || Paris || 1951 || [[Howland H. Sargeant]] || {{flagcountry|USA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 5th || [[Florence]] || 1950 || [[Stefano Jacini]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4th || Paris || 1949 || [[Edward Ronald Walker]] || {{flagcountry|AUS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1st extraordinary || Paris || 1948 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd || [[Beirut]] || 1948 || Hamid Bey Frangie || {{flagcountry|LBN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd || [[Mexico City]] || 1947 || [[Manuel Gual Vidal]] || {{flagcountry|MEX}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1st || Paris || 1946 || [[Léon Blum]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''The 40th General Conference On 12th To 27 November 2019.'''<br /> <br /> === Executive Board ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> ! Term<br /> ! Group I &lt;br /&gt;(9 seats)<br /> ! Group II &lt;br /&gt;(7 seats)<br /> ! Group III &lt;br /&gt;(10 seats)<br /> ! Group IV &lt;br /&gt;(12 seats)<br /> ! Group V(a) &lt;br /&gt;(13 seats)<br /> ! Group V(b) &lt;br /&gt;(7 seats)<br /> |-<br /> |2019-2023&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|title=40th Session of the General Conference - 12-27 November 2019|last=|first=|date=2019-10-16|website=UNESCO|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102155643/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=2019-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{flagcountry|France}} {{flagcountry|Germany}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Switzerland}}<br /> |{{Flag|Hungary}}<br /> {{Flag|Poland}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Russia}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Serbia}}<br /> |{{flagcountry|Argentina}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Uruguay}}<br /> <br /> |{{Flag|Afghanistan}}<br /> {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Philippines}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Republic of Korea}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Thailand}}<br /> |{{Flag|Benin}}<br /> {{Flag|Congo}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Guinea}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Ghana}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Kenya}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Namibia}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Senegal}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Togo}}<br /> |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> {{Flag|UAE}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#efe; border-top:2px solid;&quot;<br /> |'''2017–19'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/elections/results-executive-board Executive Board – Results of elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115093548/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/elections/results-executive-board |date=15 November 2015 }}. UNESCO General Conference, November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|France}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Greece}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Russian Federation}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Serbia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Slovenia}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Haiti}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mexico}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nicaragua}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Paraguay}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|India}}&lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Iran}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Malaysia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Republic of Korea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Vietnam}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Cameroon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Cote d'Ivoire}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ghana}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Kenya}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nigeria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Senegal}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|South Africa}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Lebanon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Oman}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Qatar}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sudan}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#f7f7c7;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> | '''2014–17'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/SCX/pdfs/Table_2013-2015.pdf Table_2013-2015.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528012349/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/SCX/pdfs/Table_2013-2015.pdf |date=28 May 2016 }} UNESCO Membership by Electoral Groups. Retrieved 12 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Germany}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sweden}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Albania}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Estonia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Argentina}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Belize}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|El Salvador}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|China}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Japan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nepal}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Chad}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Guinea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mauritius}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mozambique}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Togo}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Uganda}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Algeria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Egypt}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Kuwait}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Morocco}}<br /> |- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> | '''2012–15'''<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Austria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|France}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United States of America}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Montenegro}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|North Macedonia}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Russian Federation}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Cuba}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ecuador}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mexico}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Papua New Guinea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Republic of Korea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Thailand}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Angola}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Gabon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Gambia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Malawi}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mali}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Namibia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nigeria}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Jordan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Tunisia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Offices and headquarters==<br /> [[File:April 2010, UNESCO Headquarters in Paris - The Garden of Peace (or Japanese Garden) in Spring.jpg|thumb|The Garden of Peace, UNESCO headquarters, Paris. Donated by the Government of Japan, this garden was designed by American-Japanese sculptor artist [[Isamu Noguchi]] in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano.]]<br /> UNESCO headquarters are located at [[Place de Fontenoy]] in Paris, France.<br /> <br /> UNESCO's field offices across the globe are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage: cluster offices, national offices, regional bureaus and liaison offices.<br /> <br /> ===Field offices by region===<br /> The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices/|title = List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with Descriptions of Member State Coverage|publisher = UNESCO|accessdate = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908164710/https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices|archive-date = 8 September 2019|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Africa====<br /> * [[Abidjan]] – National Office to [[Côte-d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]<br /> * [[Abuja]] – National Office to [[Nigeria]]<br /> * [[Accra]] – Cluster Office for [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Ghana]], [[Liberia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Togo]]<br /> * [[Addis Ababa]] – Liaison Office with the [[African Union]] and with the [[Economic Commission for Africa]]<br /> * [[Bamako]] – Cluster Office for [[Burkina Faso]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]] and [[Niger]]<br /> * [[Brazzaville]] – National Office to the [[Republic of the Congo]]<br /> * [[Bujumbura]] – National Office to [[Burundi]]<br /> * [[Dakar]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Cape Verde]], [[Gambia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and [[Senegal]]<br /> * [[Dar es Salaam]] – Cluster Office for [[Comoros]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]] and [[Tanzania]]<br /> * [[Harare]] – Cluster Office for [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]]<br /> * [[Juba]] – National Office to [[South Sudan]]<br /> * [[Kinshasa]] – National Office to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<br /> * [[Libreville]] – Cluster Office for the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]] and [[Sao Tome and Principe]]<br /> * [[Maputo]] – National Office to [[Mozambique]]<br /> * [[Nairobi]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Burundi]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], [[South Sudan]] and [[Uganda]]<br /> * [[Windhoek]] – National Office to [[Namibia]]<br /> * [[Yaoundé]] – Cluster Office to [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]] and [[Chad]]<br /> <br /> ====Arab States====<br /> * [[Amman]] – National Office to [[Jordan]]<br /> * [[Beirut]] – Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]<br /> * [[Cairo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for [[Egypt]], [[Libya]] and [[Sudan]]<br /> * [[Doha]] – Cluster Office to [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Yemen]]<br /> * [[Iraq]] – National Office for [[Iraq]] (currently located in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]])<br /> * [[Khartoum]] – National Office to [[Sudan]]<br /> * [[Manama]] - [[Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage]]<br /> * [[Rabat]] – Cluster Office to [[Algeria]], [[Mauritania]], [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]]<br /> * [[Ramallah]] – National Office to the Palestinian Territories<br /> <br /> ====Asia and Pacific====<br /> {{see also|UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards}}<br /> * [[Apia]] – Cluster Office to Australia, [[Cook Islands]], [[Fiji]], [[Kiribati]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Nauru]], [[New Zealand]], [[Niue]], [[Palau]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Samoa]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Vanuatu]] and [[Tokelau]] (Associate Member)<br /> * [[Bangkok]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to [[Thailand]], [[Burma]], [[Laos]], Singapore and [[Vietnam]]<br /> * Beijing – Cluster Office to [[North Korea]], Japan, [[Mongolia]], the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[South Korea]]<br /> * [[Dhaka]] – National Office to [[Bangladesh]]<br /> * [[Hanoi]] – National Office to [[Vietnam]]<br /> * [[Islamabad]] – National Office to [[Pakistan]]<br /> * [[Jakarta]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to the [[Philippines]], [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[East Timor]]<br /> * [[Manila]] - National Office to the [[Philippines]]<br /> * [[Kabul]] – National Office to [[Afghanistan]]<br /> * [[Kathmandu]] – National Office to [[Nepal]]<br /> * [[New Delhi]] – Cluster Office to [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]]<br /> * [[Phnom Penh]] – National Office to [[Cambodia]]<br /> * [[Tashkent]] – National Office to [[Uzbekistan]]<br /> * [[Tehran]] – Cluster Office to [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]<br /> <br /> ====Europe and North America====<br /> * [[Almaty]] – Cluster Office to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]<br /> * [[Brussels]] – Liaison Office to the [[European Union]] and its [[Brussels and the European Union|subsidiary bodies in Brussels]]<br /> * [[Geneva]] – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|United Nations in Geneva]]<br /> * New York City – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Headquarters|United Nations in New York]]<br /> * [[Venice]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe<br /> <br /> ====Latin America and the Caribbean====<br /> [[File:Carondolete en el cambio de guardia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Carondelet Palace]], Presidential Palace – with changing of the guards. The [[Historic Center of Quito]], Ecuador, is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in [[the Americas]].&lt;ref name=unesco&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 |title=City of Quito – UNESCO World Heritage |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=30 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507190507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 |archive-date=7 May 2009 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This center was, together with the historic centre of [[Kraków]] in Poland, the first to be declared [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.]]<br /> * [[Brasilia]] – National Office to [[Brazil]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO Office in Brasilia {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925163018/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|archive-date = 25 September 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Guatemala City]] – National Office to [[Guatemala]]<br /> * [[Havana]] – Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]] and [[Aruba]]<br /> * [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] – Cluster Office to [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Suriname]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] as well as the associate member states of [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]]<br /> * [[Lima]] – National Office to [[Peru]]<br /> * [[Mexico City]] – National Office to [[Mexico]]<br /> * [[Montevideo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]]<br /> * [[Port-au-Prince]] – National Office to [[Haiti]]<br /> * [[Quito]] – Cluster Office to [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Oficina de la UNESCO en Quito {{!}} Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925145958/http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|archive-date = 25 September 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] – Cluster Office to [[Costa Rica]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]] and [[Panama]]<br /> * [[Santiago de Chile]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to [[Chile]]<br /> <br /> === Partner Organisations ===<br /> * [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] ([[ICRC]])<br /> * [[Blue Shield International]] (BSI)<br /> * [[International Council of Museums]] (ICOM)<br /> * [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] ([[ICOMOS]])<br /> * [[International Institute of Humanitarian Law]] (IIHL)<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> <br /> ===New World Information and Communication Order===<br /> UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past, particularly in its relationships with the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Singapore]] and the former [[Soviet Union]]. During the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO's support for a &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; and its [[MacBride report]] calling for democratization of the media and more egalitarian access to information was condemned in these countries as attempts to curb [[freedom of the press]]. UNESCO was perceived as a platform for communists and Third World dictators to attack the West, in contrast to accusations made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last= Grahm |first=S. E. |date= April 2006 |title= The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 1946–1954 |journal=Diplomatic History |volume= 30 |issue=2 |pages=231–51 |doi= 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00548.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, the United States withheld its contributions and withdrew from the organization in protest, followed by the United Kingdom in 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A4079804/AONE?u=tamp44898&amp;sid=AONE&amp;xid=ef6d5640 | title = UNESCO asks states considering withdrawal to 'reconsider their position' | journal = [[UN Chronicle (journal)|UN Chronicle]] | date = January 1986}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singapore withdrew also at the end of 1985, citing rising membership fees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479 | title = Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO | newspaper = [[The Telegraph (newspaper)|The Telegraph]] | date = 28 December 1984 | access-date = 20 June 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150907233414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479 | archive-date = 7 September 2015 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a change of government in 1997, the UK rejoined. The United States rejoined in 2003, followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO | title = UNESCO | website = Encyclopedia Britannica | date = 14 February 2018 | access-date = 2 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163139/https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO | archive-date = 2 April 2018 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Israel===<br /> [[Israel]] was admitted to UNESCO in 1949, one year after its creation. Israel has maintained its membership since 1949.<br /> In 2010, Israel designated the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]], [[Hebron]] and [[Rachel's Tomb]], [[Bethlehem]] as [[List of National Heritage Sites of Israel|National Heritage Sites]] and announced restoration work, prompting criticism from the Obama administration and protests from Palestinians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Hebron clashes over Israel's West Bank heritage list|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|date=26 February 2010|publisher=BBC News|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803141138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|archive-date=3 August 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2010, UNESCO's Executive Board voted to declare the sites as &quot;al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs&quot; and &quot;Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb&quot; and stated that they were &quot;an integral part of the [[occupied Palestinian Territories]]&quot; and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of [[international law]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|title=Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories|date=21 October 2010|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=3 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111083723/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|archive-date=11 November 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> UNESCO described the sites as significant to &quot;people of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish traditions&quot;, and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=THE TWO PALESTINIAN SITES OF AL-HARAM AL-IBRAHIMI/TOMB OF THE PATRIARCHS IN AL-KHALIL/HEBRON AND THE BILAL BIN RABAH MOSQUE/RACHEL'S TOMB IN BETHLEHEM|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127175323/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Israel in turn accused UNESCO of &quot;detach[ing] the Nation of Israel from its heritage&quot;, and accused it of being politically motivated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377 |title=UNESCO Erases Israeli Protests from Rachel's Tomb Protocol |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Arutz Sheva |author=Hillel Fendel |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104205832/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377 |archive-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The [[Shmuel Rabinovitch|Rabbi of the Western Wall]] said that Rachel's tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/140345|title=UN Org.: Rachel's Tomb is a Mosque|date=29 October 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva|author=Maayana Miskin|access-date=3 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106041213/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140345|archive-date=6 November 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO. Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister [[Danny Ayalon]] declared that the resolution was a &quot;part of Palestinian escalation&quot;.<br /> [[Zevulun Orlev]], chairman of the [[Knesset]] Education and Culture Committee, referred to the resolutions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO as a scientific and cultural organization that promotes cooperation throughout the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893 |title=Ayalon: Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO |date=3 November 2010 |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103210507/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893 |archive-date=3 November 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Shalom |first=Rabbi |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090 |title=Cooperation with UNESCO only partially suspended |work=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105083755/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 28 June 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, at [[Jordan]]'s insistence, censured{{clarify|date=October 2016}} Israel's decision to demolish and rebuild the [[Mughrabi-Bridge|Mughrabi Gate]] Bridge in Jerusalem for safety reasons. Israel stated that Jordan had signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the existing bridge must be dismantled for safety reasons; Jordan disputed the agreement, saying that it was only signed under U.S. pressure. Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO committee over objections from [[Egypt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html |title=UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge – Israel News, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807130812/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html |archive-date=7 August 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2014, days before it was scheduled to open, UNESCO Director-General, [[Irina Bokova]], &quot;indefinitely postponed&quot; and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] entitled &quot;The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the [[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel|Jewish people and the Land of Israel]]&quot;. The event was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January in Paris. Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would &quot;harm the [[Arab-Israeli peace process|peace process]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Berman|first=Lazar|title=UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=17 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120120047/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|archive-date=20 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The author of the exhibition, Professor [[Robert Wistrich]] of the [[Hebrew University]]'s [[Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism]], called the cancellation an &quot;appalling act&quot;, and characterized Bokova's decision as &quot;an arbitrary act of total cynicism and, really, contempt for the Jewish people and its history&quot;. UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year, and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed as a great success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|title=Author of UNESCO's nixed Israel exhibit decries 'appalling betrayal'|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122053858/http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal/|archive-date=22 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On January 1, 2019, Israel formally left UNESCO in pursuance of the US withdrawal over the perceived continuous anti-Israel bias.<br /> <br /> ====Occupied Palestine Resolution====<br /> {{Main|Occupied Palestine Resolution}}<br /> On 13 October 2016, UNESCO passed a resolution on East Jerusalem that condemned Israel for &quot;aggressions&quot; by Israeli police and soldiers and &quot;illegal measures&quot; against the freedom of worship and Muslims' access to their holy sites, while also recognizing Israel as the occupying power. Palestinian leaders welcomed the decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al-Aqsa Mosque|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|work=aljazeera.com|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132706/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the text acknowledged the &quot;importance of the Old City of Jerusalem and its walls for the three monotheistic religions&quot;, it referred to the sacred hilltop compound in Jerusalem's Old City only by its Muslim name &quot;Al-Haram al-Sharif&quot;, Arabic for Noble Sanctuary. In response, Israel denounced the UNESCO resolution for its omission of the words &quot;Temple Mount&quot; or &quot;Har HaBayit&quot;, stating that it [[Temple denial|denies Jewish ties to the key holy site]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|title=Commission report|website=unesdoc.unesco.org|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016131113/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After receiving criticism from numerous Israeli politicians and diplomats, including [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and [[Ayelet Shaked]], Israel froze all ties with the organization.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|title=UNESCO fails to acknowledge Jewish ties to Temple Mount|publisher=|date=2016-10-13|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018225443/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|title=Netanyahu leads angry denunciations of 'absurd' UNESCO decision|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018211628/http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resolution was condemned by [[Ban Ki-moon]] and the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, who said that Judaism, Islam and Christianity have clear historical connections to Jerusalem and &quot;to deny, conceal or erase any of the Jewish, Christian or Muslim traditions undermines the integrity of the site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO chief 'received death threats' for opposing Jerusalem motion|url = http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-chief-received-death-threats-for-opposing-jerusalem-motion/|date = 17 October 2016|work = Times of Israel|access-date = 27 October 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161021155546/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-chief-received-death-threats-for-opposing-jerusalem-motion/|archive-date = 21 October 2016|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/statement_by_the_director_general_of_unesco_on_the_old_city-1/#.WAQnmeUrLb3|title=Statement by the Director-General of UNESCO on the Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls on the occasion of the 40th session of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO in Istanbul - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019061820/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/statement_by_the_director_general_of_unesco_on_the_old_city-1/#.WAQnmeUrLb3|archive-date=19 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Al-Aqsa Mosque [or] Al-Haram al-Sharif&quot; is also Temple Mount, whose Western Wall is the holiest place in Judaism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|title=UNESCO Director Criticizes Resolution: Temple Mount Sacred to Both Jews, Muslims|newspaper=Haaretz|accessdate=14 October 2016|date=2016-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014113432/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|archive-date=14 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It was also rejected by the Czech Parliament which said the resolution reflects a &quot;hateful [[anti-Israel]] sentiment&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|title=Czech MPs slam 'hateful' UNESCO Jerusalem resolution|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020050917/http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and hundreds of Italian Jews demonstrated in Rome over Italy's abstention.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;/&gt; On 26 October, UNESCO approved a reviewed version of the resolution, which also criticized Israel for its continuous &quot;refusal to let the body's experts access Jerusalem's holy sites to determine their conservation status&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO approves new Jerusalem resolution|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|work=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027112839/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|archive-date=27 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite containing some softening of language following Israeli protests over a previous version, Israel continued to denounce the text.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Beaumont|first1=Peter|title=Unesco adopts controversial resolution on Jerusalem holy sites|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|work=The Guardian|date=26 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027144549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|archive-date=27 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resolution refers to the site Jews and Christians refer to as the Temple Mount, or Har HaBayit in Hebrew, only by its Arab name — a significant semantic decision also adopted by UNESCO's executive board, triggering condemnation from Israel and its allies. U.S. Ambassador Crystal Nix Hines stated: &quot;This item should have been defeated. These politicized and one-sided resolutions are damaging the credibility of UNESCO.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem holy sites draws criticism from U.S., Israel|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|work=CBC/Radio-Canada|date=26 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104125858/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|archive-date=4 November 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2017, the United States and Israel announced they would withdraw from the organization, citing in-part anti-Israel bias.&lt;ref name=stategov/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Gardiner|last2=Erlangeroct|first2=Steven|title=U.S. Will Withdraw From Unesco, Citing Its ‘Anti-Israel Bias’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|accessdate=8 April 2018|agency=The New York Times|date=2017-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021190452/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|archive-date=21 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Palestine===<br /> <br /> ====Palestinian youth magazine controversy====<br /> In February 2011, an article was published in a Palestinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described one of her four role-models as [[Adolf Hitler]]. In December 2011, UNESCO, which partly funded the magazine, condemned the material and subsequently withdrew support.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html |title=Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over Hitler praise |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 December 2011 |accessdate=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109173826/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html |archive-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Islamic University of Gaza controversy====<br /> In 2012, UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the [[Islamic University of Gaza]] in the field of [[astronomy]], [[astrophysics]], and [[space science]]s,&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCOIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/ | title=UNESCO Chair in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences (964), established in 2012 at The Islamic University of Gaza (Palestine). | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127035152/http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/ | archive-date=27 November 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; fueling controversy and criticism. [[Israel]] bombed the school in 2008 stating that they develop and store weapons there, which Israel restated in criticizing UNESCO's move.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false The Goldstone Report: The Legacy of the Landmark Investigation of the Gaza Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013070233/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false |date=13 October 2017 }} By Adam Horowitz, Lizzy Ratner and Philip Weiss (2011). Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MFAUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite press_release | url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm | title=Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic University | publisher=Israel ministry of foreign affairs | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715005102/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm | archive-date=15 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The head, [[Kamalain Shaath]], defended UNESCO, stating that &quot;the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NationalPostUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/ | title=UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs | author=Higgins, Michael | work=National Post | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714230452/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/ | archive-date=14 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ShalitGazaIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html | title=Fatah: Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University | publisher=Yedioth Ahronot | date=6 February 2007 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201090827/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html | archive-date=1 December 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BostonIUGProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/ | title=Hamas University | author=Cambanis, Thanassis | work=Boston Globe | date=28 February 2010 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226015007/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/ | archive-date=26 February 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli ambassador to UNESCO [[Nimrod Barkan]] planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university's ties to Hamas, especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaaretzUNESCOGaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524 | title=Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza | author=Ravid, Barak | work=Haaretz | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715042511/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524 | archive-date=15 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Jewish organization [[B'nai B'rith]] criticized the move as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;BnaiBrithUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/ | title=B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University | author=Yaakov, Yifa | work=The Times of Israel | date=14 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717095157/http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/ | archive-date=17 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Che Guevara===<br /> In 2013, UNESCO announced that the collection &quot;The Life and Works of Ernesto [[Che Guevara]]&quot; became part of the [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World Register]]. [[United States Congress|US Congresswoman]] [[Ileana Ros-Lehtinen]] condemned this decision, saying that the organization acts against its own ideals:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://ros-lehtinen.house.gov/press-release/unesco-once-again-makes-mockery-its-own-ideals-glorifying-mass-murderer-che-guevara | type = press release | title = UNESCO Once Again Makes a Mockery of its Own Ideals by Glorifying Mass Murderer Che Guevara, Says Ros-Lehtinen | publisher = House of representatives | date = 22 July 2013 | access-date = 28 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127074701/https://ros-lehtinen.house.gov/press-release/unesco-once-again-makes-mockery-its-own-ideals-glorifying-mass-murderer-che-guevara | archive-date = 27 January 2016 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote|sign=|source=|This decision is more than an insult to the families of those Cubans who were lined up and [[Summary execution|summarily executed]] by Che and his merciless cronies but it also serves as a direct contradiction to the UNESCO ideals of encouraging peace and universal respect for human rights.}}<br /> <br /> [[UN Watch]] also condemned this selection by UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unwatch.org/unesco-honors-executioner-che-guevara/ UNESCO honors executioner Che Guevara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829001054/http://www.unwatch.org/unesco-honors-executioner-che-guevara/ |date=29 August 2016 }}, ''UN Watch'', 21 July 2013 (retrieved 11 July 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Listing Nanjing Massacre documents===<br /> In 2015, [[Japan]] threatened to halt funding for UNESCO over the organization's decision to include documents relating to the 1937 [[Nanjing massacre]] in the latest listing for its &quot;Memory of the World&quot; program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|title=Japan furious at UNESCO listing Nanjing Massacre documents - Asia - DW.COM - 19.10.2015|first=Deutsche Welle|last=(www.dw.com)|publisher=|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175825/http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In October 2016, Japanese Foreign Minister [[Fumio Kishida]] confirmed that Japan's 2016 annual funding of ¥4.4&amp;nbsp;billion had been suspended although denied any direct link with the Nanjing document controversy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Japan halts Unesco funding following Nanjing massacre row|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|accessdate=30 October 2016|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=The Guardian|date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030144739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|archive-date=30 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===US withdrawals===<br /> The United States withdrew from UNESCO in 1984, citing the &quot;highly politicized&quot; nature of the organisation, its ostensible &quot;hostility toward the basic institutions of a free society, especially a free market and a free press&quot;, as well as its &quot;unrestrained budgetary expansion&quot;, and poor management under then Director General Amadou-Mahter M'Bow of Senegal.&lt;ref name=withdrawal&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|title=UNESCO Membership: Issues for Congress|date=20 November 2003|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service reports]]|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082545/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 19 September 1989, former U.S. Congressman [[Jim Leach]] stated before a Congressional subcommittee:&lt;ref name=cspan/&gt;<br /> {{Quote |The reasons for the withdrawal of the United States from UNESCO in 1984 are well-known; my view is that we overreacted to the calls of some who wanted to radicalize UNESCO, and the calls of others who wanted the United States to lead in emasculating the UN system. The fact is UNESCO is one of the least dangerous international institutions ever created. While some member countries within UNESCO attempted to push journalistic views antithetical to the values of the west, and engage in Israel bashing, UNESCO itself never adopted such radical postures. The U.S. opted for empty-chair diplomacy, after winning, not losing, the battles we engaged in… It was nuts to get out, and would be nuttier not to rejoin.}}<br /> <br /> Leach concluded that the record showed Israel bashing, a call for a new world information order, money management, and arms control policy to be the impetus behind the withdrawal; he asserted that before departing from UNESCO, a withdrawal from the [[IAEA]] had been pushed on him.&lt;ref name=cspan&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1/united-states-unesco-part-1|title=United States &amp; UNESCO, Part 1|publisher=[[C-SPAN]]|work=Starting from 05:08|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104007/https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1%2Funited-states-unesco-part-1|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 October 2003, the U.S. rejoined UNESCO.&lt;ref name=withdrawal/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 12 October 2017, the United States notified UNESCO that it will again withdraw from the organization on 31 December 2018 and will seek to establish a permanent observer mission beginning in 2019. The [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] cited &quot;mounting arrears at UNESCO, the need for fundamental reform in the organization, and continuing anti-Israel bias at UNESCO&quot;.&lt;ref name=stategov&gt;{{Cite news |url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408053146/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm |archive-date=2019-04-08 |url-status=dead |title=The United States Withdraws From UNESCO| publisher =[[U.S. Department of State]] |access-date= 12 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel praised the withdrawal decision as &quot;brave&quot; and &quot;moral&quot;.&lt;ref name=withdrawal/&gt;<br /> <br /> The United States has not paid over $600&amp;nbsp;million in dues&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1= Rosenberg |first1= Eli |last2=Morello |first2=Carol |date=12 October 2017|title=U.S. withdraws from UNESCO, the U.N.’s cultural organization, citing anti-Israel bias |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; since it stopped paying its $80&amp;nbsp;million annual UNESCO dues when Palestine became a full member in 2011. Israel and the US were among the 14 votes against the membership out of 194 member countries.&lt;ref name=bias&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|title=U.S., Israel quit UNESCO over alleged bias|last=Irish|first=John|publisher=Reuters|date=October 13, 2017|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Turkish–Kurdish conflict===<br /> On May 25, 2016, the noted Turkish poet and human rights activist [[O. Z. Livaneli|Zülfü Livaneli]] resigned as [[Turkey]]'s only UNESCO goodwill ambassador. He highlighted [[Human rights in Turkey|human rights situation in Turkey]] and destruction of historical [[Sur, Diyarbakır|Sur]] district of [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbakir]], the largest city in Kurdish-majority southeast Turkey, during [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)|fighting]] between the Turkish army and Kurdish militants as the main reasons for his resignation. Livaneli said: &quot;To pontificate on peace while remaining silent against such violations is a contradiction of the fundamental ideals of UNESCO.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA Turkish writer quits UNESCO to protest damage to heritage, rights abuse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA |date=9 May 2018 }}&quot;. Reuters. May 26, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Atatürk ===<br /> In 1981, UNESCO and the UN celebrated the [[Atatürk Centennial]].<br /> <br /> ==Products and services==<br /> * UNESDOC&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|title=UNESDOC Database - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214091237/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|archive-date=14 December 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; – Contains over 146,000 UNESCO documents in full text published since 1945 as well as metadata from the collections of the UNESCO Library and documentation centres in field offices and institutes.<br /> <br /> ===Information processing tools===<br /> UNESCO develops, maintains and disseminates, free of charge, two interrelated software packages for database management (CDS/ISIS [not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS]) and data mining/statistical analysis (IDAMS).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1542&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150108023105/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D1542%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2015-01-08 |title= Information Processing Tools |publisher= Unesco }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * CDS/ISIS – a generalised information storage and retrieval system. The Windows version may run on a single computer or in a local area network. The JavaISIS client/server components allow remote database management over the Internet and are available for Windows, Linux and Macintosh. Furthermore, GenISIS allows the user to produce HTML Web forms for CDS/ISIS database searching. The ISIS_DLL provides an API for developing CDS/ISIS based applications.<br /> * OpenIDAMS – a software package for processing and analysing numerical data developed, maintained and disseminated by UNESCO. The original package was proprietary but UNESCO has initiated a project to provide it as open-source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15653&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150113175706/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D15653%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2015-01-13 |title= OpenIDAMS |publisher= Unesco }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * IDIS – a tool for direct data exchange between CDS/ISIS and IDAMS<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Education|Science|Society|Politics}}<br /> * [[Academic Mobility Network]]<br /> *[[League of Nations archives]]<br /> *[[Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project (LONTAD)]]<br /> * ''[[UNESCO Reclining Figure 1957–58]]'', sculpture by [[Henry Moore]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> {{Meta|WikiProject UNESCO}}<br /> * {{Official|http://www.unesco.org/}}<br /> <br /> {{United Nations}}<br /> {{ECOSOC}}<br /> {{UN Charter}}<br /> {{Supranationalism/World government topics |state = autocollapse}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:UNESCO| ]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1945]]<br /> [[Category:Conservation and restoration organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Heritage organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International cultural organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International educational organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International scientific organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International organizations based in France]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations based in Paris]]<br /> [[Category:United Nations Development Group]]<br /> [[Category:United Nations specialized agencies]]<br /> [[Category:France and the United Nations]]<br /> [[Category:1945 establishments in France]]<br /> [[Category:Peacebuilding institutions]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNESCO&diff=972728165 UNESCO 2020-08-13T14:51:34Z <p>SlvrKy: /* History */</p> <hr /> <div>{{pp-move-indef}}<br /> {{Short description|Specialised agency of the United Nations}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}<br /> {{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox United Nations<br /> | image = Emblem of the United Nations.svg<br /> | image_size = 120px<br /> | name = &lt;center&gt; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation &lt;/center&gt;<br /> | map = UNESCO logo English.svg<br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_caption =<br /> | type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialised agency]]<br /> | abbreviation = UNESCO<br /> | leader_title = Head<br /> | leader_name = Director-General &lt;br /&gt; [[Audrey Azoulay]] <br /> | status = Active<br /> | formation = {{start date and age|1945|11|04|df=yes}}<br /> | headquarters = [[Paris]], France<br /> | website = [https://en.unesco.org/ www.unesco.org]<br /> | parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]<br /> | subsidiaries = <br /> | footnotes = {{Portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation''' ('''UNESCO''';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO|url = https://en.unesco.org/|website = UNESCO|accessdate = 25 September 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093242/http://en.unesco.org/|archive-date = 25 September 2013|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{lang-fr|Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture}}) is a [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialised agency]] of the [[United Nations]] (UN) aimed at contributing &quot;to the building of peace, the [[poverty reduction|eradication of poverty]], [[sustainable development]] and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco/|title=Introducing UNESCO|publisher=UNESCO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818121902/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco|archive-date=18 August 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/ |title = UNESCO history |publisher = UNESCO |accessdate = 23 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100409011030/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/ |archive-date = 9 April 2010 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the successor of the [[League of Nations]]' [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;intellectualcooperation&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne |access-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022034/https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |archive-date=12 September 2018 |url-status=live }} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322103701/http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ |date=22 March 2019 }}).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UNESCO has [[Member states of UNESCO|193 member states]] and 11 associate members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/countries |title=List of UNESCO members and associates |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311145128/https://en.unesco.org/countries |archive-date=11 March 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Based in [[Paris]], France, most of its field offices are &quot;cluster&quot; offices that cover three or more countries; national and regional offices also exist.<br /> <br /> UNESCO seeks to build a culture of peace and inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|title=UNESCO • General Conference; 34th; Medium-term Strategy, 2008–2013; 2007|format=PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728152547/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|archive-date=28 July 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; To that end, it pursues its objectives through five major program areas: [[education]], [[natural science]]s, [[social science|social]]/[[human science]]s, culture and communication/information. It sponsors projects related to [[literacy]], technical training, education, the advancement of science, promoting independent media and [[freedom of the press]], preserving regional and cultural history, and promoting [[cultural diversity]]. UNESCO assists in translating and disseminating world literature, establishing international cooperation agreements to secure &quot;[[World Heritage Site]]s&quot; of [[cultural heritage|cultural]] and [[natural heritage|natural]] importance, preserving human rights, and bridging the [[Global digital divide|worldwide digital divide]]. It also launched and leads the [[Education For All]] movement and [[lifelong learning]].<br /> <br /> UNESCO is a member of the [[United Nations Development Group]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |title=UNDG Members |publisher=United Nations Development Group |accessdate=8 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144047/http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; a coalition of UN agencies and organisations aimed at fulfilling the [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<br /> {{TOC limit|}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins === <br /> UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a [[League of Nations]] resolution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commission to study feasibility.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | publisher = League of Nations | series = Records of the Second Assembly | title = Plenary Meetings | date = 5 September – 5 October 1921 | place = Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | quote = The [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created on 4 January 1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications. | title = A Chronology of UNESCO: 1945–1987 | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf | place = Paris | date = December 1987 | id = LAD.85/WS/4 Rev | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | ref = {{Harvid | UNESCO |1987}} | access-date = 13 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095140/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf | archive-date = 2 February 2011 | url-status = live }}.&lt;/ref&gt; This new body, the [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created in 1922&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary]) |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne |isbn=|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt; and counted such figures as [[Henri Bergson]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Marie Curie]], and [[Robert A. Millikan]] among its members (being thus a small commission of the League of Nations essentially centered on Western Europe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939) | journal = Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America | pages = 65-89| date = 2020 | url = https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F8F05A6DBC3C.P001/REF |ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;). The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was then created in Paris on 9 August 1925, to act as the executing agency for the ICIC. On 18 December 1925, the [[International Bureau of Education]] (IBE) began work as a [[non-governmental]] organization in the service of international educational development.{{Sfn | UNESCO | 1987}} However, the onset of [[World War II]] largely interrupted the work of these predecessor organizations.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === Creation ===<br /> [[File:Flag of UNESCO.svg|thumb|[[Flag of UNESCO]]]]<br /> After the signing of the [[Atlantic Charter]] and the [[Declaration of the United Nations]], the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued from 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by [[China]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]] and the USSR. This was followed by the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]] (UNCIO), held in San Francisco in April–June 1945, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London 1–16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented. The idea of UNESCO was largely developed by [[Rab Butler]], the [[Minister of Education]] for the United Kingdom, who had a great deal of influence in its development.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco The work of U.N.E.S.C.O. (Hansard, 26 January 1949)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103837/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco |date=19 October 2017 }}. Millbank systems. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was established.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | ref = {{Harvid | Unesco | 1945}} | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf | title = United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation | place = The Institute of Civil Engineers, London | date = 1–16 November 1945 | id = ECO/Conf./29 | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | accessdate = 8 June 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024012/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf | archive-date = 15 March 2012 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCO's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state.{{Sfn | Unesco | 1945}}<br /> <br /> The first General Conference took place from 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. [[Julian Huxley]] to Director-General.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf | publisher = UNESCO | year = 1947 | title = General Conference, First Session | place = UNESCO House, Paris, from 20 November to 10 December 1946. UNESCO/C/30 &amp;#91;1 C/Resolutions&amp;#93; Item 14, p. 73 | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | accessdate = 1 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120904090227/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf | archive-date = 4 September 2012 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the Executive Board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not, as before, act in their personal capacity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf |title=Records of the General Conference, Eighth Session |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |access-date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095202/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the ICIC, in how member states would work together in the organization's fields of competence. As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO's mandate, political and historical factors have shaped the organization's operations in particular during the Cold War, the decolonization process, and the dissolution of the USSR.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism, for example through influential [[The Race Question|statements on race]] starting with a declaration of anthropologists (among them was [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]]) and other scientists in 1950&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001269/126969eb.pdf |title = UNESCO. (1950). Statement by experts on race problems. Paris, 20 July 1950. UNESCO/SS/1. UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030543/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001269/126969eb.pdf |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and concluding with the 1978 [[The Race Question#Legacy and other UNESCO statements|Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 20th Session. (1979). Records of the General Conference, Twentieth Session, Paris, 24 October to 28 November 1978. 20 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3/1.1/2, p. 61. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030610/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO saying that some of the organization's publications amounted to &quot;interference&quot; in the country's &quot;racial problems&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO. Executive Board, 42nd Session. (1955). Report of the Director-General on the Activities of the Organization (March–November 1955). Paris, 9 November 1955. 42 EX/43. Part I Relations with Member States, paragraph 3.&lt;/ref&gt; South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of [[Nelson Mandela]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> UNESCO's early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947.&lt;ref&gt;The Haiti pilot project: phase one, 1947–1949. (1951). Monographs on Fundamental Education IV. UNESCO: Paris.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> This project was followed by expert missions to other countries, including, for example, a mission to Afghanistan in 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000590/059046eb.pdf |title = Debiesse, J., Benjamin, H. and Abbot, W. (1952). Report of the mission to Afghanistan. Educational Missions IV. ED.51/VIII.A. (Paris.) UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030935/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000590/059046eb.pdf |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education [[compulsory education|compulsory]] and universal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114591e.pdf#xml=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?database=&amp;set=4CFE6AEC_1_103&amp;hits_rec=1&amp;hits_lng=eng |title = UNESCO. General Conference, 2nd Session. (1948). Resolutions adopted by the General Conference during its second session, Mexico, November–December 1947. 2 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3.4.1, p. 17. UNESDOC database |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031028/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114591e.pdf#xml=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?database=&amp;set=4CFE6AEC_1_103&amp;hits_rec=1&amp;hits_lng=eng |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in [[Jomtien]], Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000975/097551e.pdf |title=UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, and The World Bank. (1990). Final Report. World Conference on Education for All: Meeting Basic Education Needs. 5–9 March 1990, Jomtien, Thailand. (WCEFA Inter-agency Commission: New York). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031115/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000975/097551e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Ten years later, the 2000 [[World Education Forum]] held in [[Dakar]], Senegal, led member governments to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf |title=UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action. Education for All: meeting our collective commitments (including six regional frameworks for action). World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal, 26–28 April 2000. ED.2000/WS/27. (Paris). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607174131/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UNESCO's early activities in culture included the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000419/041943eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 21st Session. (1980). International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia: Report of the Executive Committee of the Campaign and of the Director-General. 26 August 1980. 21 C/82. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031408/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000419/041943eb.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The purpose of the campaign was to move the [[Great and Small Temples of Abu Simbel|Great Temple of Abu Simbel]] to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after the construction of the [[Aswan Dam]]. During the 20-year campaign, 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including [[Mohenjo-daro]] (Pakistan), [[Fes]] (Morocco), [[Kathmandu]] (Nepal), [[Borobudur]] (Indonesia) and the [[Acropolis]] (Greece).{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> The organization's work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114044e.pdf |title=Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Paris, 16 November 1972. UNESCO. General Conference, 17th Session. Records of the General Conference, Seventeenth Session, Paris, 17 October to 21 November 1972. Volume I: Resolutions, Recommendations. 17 C/Resolution 29. Chapter IX Conventions and Recommendations, p. 135. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620014519/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114044e.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The [[World Heritage Committee]] was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]] in 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000347/034793eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Second Session. Final Report. Washington, DC, 5–8 September 1978. CC-78/CONF.010/10 Rev. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019104217/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000347/034793eb.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 (Convention for the Safeguarding of the [[Intangible Cultural Heritage]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001331/133171e.pdf |title=Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris, 17 October 2003. UNESCO. General Conference, 32nd Session. Records of the General Conference, Thirty-second Session, Paris, 29 September to 17 October 2003. Volume I: Resolutions. 32 C/Resolution 32. Chapter IV Programme for 2004–2005, Major Programme IV – Culture, p. 53. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315102224/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001331/133171e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;) and 2005 ([[Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001428/142825e.pdf |title = Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Paris, 20 October 2005. UNESCO. General Conference, 33rd Session. Records of the General Conference. Thirty-third Session, Paris, 3–21 October 2005. Volume I: Resolutions. 33 C/Resolution 41. Chapter V Programme for 2006–2007, p. 83. UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120703092914/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001428/142825e.pdf |archive-date = 3 July 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;).<br /> <br /> An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the [[European Council for Nuclear Research]], which was responsible for establishing the [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113790e.pdf |title=UNESCO. Executive Board, 26th Session. Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its twenty-sixth session. (7 June to 9 July 1951). Paris, 27 July 1951. 26 EX/Decisions. Item 7 Programme, Resolution 7.2.2.1, p. 9. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528224001/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113790e.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; later on, in 1954.<br /> <br /> Arid Zone programming, 1948–1966, is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114593e.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 3rd Session. (1949). Records of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Third Session. Beirut, 1948. Volume II: Resolutions. (UNESCO: Paris). 2 C/Resolution 3.7, page 23. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031635/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114593e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1968, UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development, a problem that continues to be addressed in the field of [[sustainable development]]. The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO's [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf |title=&quot;Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere. Paris, 4–13 September 1968.&quot; (1970.) In Natural Resources Research, Volume X. SC.69/XIL.16/A. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031659/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the field of communication, the &quot;free flow of ideas by word and image&quot; has been in UNESCO's constitution from its beginnings, following the experience of the Second World War when control of information was a factor in indoctrinating populations for aggression.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002269/226924e.pdf#page=6|title=Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713010444/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002269/226924e.pdf#page=6|archive-date=13 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In the years immediately following World War II, efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world. UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001480/148006eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. (1955). International Expert Meeting on Professional Training for Journalism. Unesco House, 9–13 April 1956. Purpose and Scope. Paris, 18 November 1955. UNESCO/MC/PT.1. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407033852/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001480/148006eb.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In response to calls for a &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; in the late 1970s, UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000323/032363eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 19th Session. (1977). Approved Programme and budget for 1977–1978. Paris, February 1977. 19 C/5, p. 332, paragraphs 4154 and 4155. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528224016/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000323/032363eb.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; which produced the 1980 [[MacBride report]] (named after the Chair of the Commission, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Seán MacBride]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000400/040066eb.pdf |title=MacBride, S. (1980). Many voices, one world: towards a new, more just, and more efficient world information and communication order. (UNESCO: Paris). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313204759/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000400/040066eb.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The same year, UNESCO created the [[International Programme for the Development of Communication]] (IPDC), a multilateral forum designed to promote media development in developing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/about-ipdc/|title=About IPDC {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907122304/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/about-ipdc|archive-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage/|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1991, UNESCO's General Conference endorsed the [[Windhoek Declaration]] on [[media independence]] and pluralism, which led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption, 3 May, as [[World Press Freedom Day]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2016/|title=World Press Freedom Day 2016|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2016-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109223447/https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2016|archive-date=9 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1997, UNESCO has awarded the [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize|UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]] every 3 May. In the lead up to the [[World Summit on the Information Society]] in 2003 ([[Geneva]]) and 2005 ([[Tunis]]), UNESCO introduced the [[Information for All Programme]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === 21st Century === <br /> UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|title = General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member|date = 31 October 2011|accessdate = 11 December 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111214135140/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|archive-date = 14 December 2011|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html |title = US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership |first = Adrian |last = Blomfield |work = The Telegraph |date = 31 October 2011 |accessdate = 31 October 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111101190549/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html |archive-date = 1 November 2011 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Laws passed in the United States after Palestine applied for UNESCO and [[World Health Organization|WHO]] membership in April 1989&lt;ref name=&quot;Sakran2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Shadi Sakran|title=The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT64|date=26 November 2019|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-00-076357-7|pages=64–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State], UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989&lt;/ref&gt; mean that the US cannot contribute financially to any UN organisation that accepts Palestine as a full member.&lt;ref&gt;The laws originated in {{USBill|101|hr|2145}} and {{USBill|101|s|875}}; for further details see committee discussions at: {{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations|title=The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC|year=1989|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}. The text of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: {{USBill|101|hr|3743}} (which produced {{USPL|101|246}}), {{USBill|102|hr|5368}}, {{USBill|103|hr|2295}} and finally {{USBill|103|hr|2333}} (which produced {{USPL|103|236}}). See also: {{cite book|last=Beattie|first=Kirk|title=Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT287|date=3 May 2016|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-562-3|p=287 online|quote=...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. [[Bob Kasten|Robert Kasten, Jr.]] (R-Wl) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. [[Tom Lantos]] sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or their achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the &quot;offending&quot; UN body under these laws. (I'll just note in passing that it was Sen. Kasten who was to be a major recipient of campaign funds that [[AIPAC]]'s President [[David Steiner (AIPAC)|David Steiner]] was soliciting from one Haim Katz. Katz surreptitiously taped and released to the public the conversation, much to AIPAC's embarrassment. The conversation can be found on-line and makes for an interesting read.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|publisher=Reuters |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the US withdrew its funding, which had accounted for about 22% of UNESCO's budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html |title= Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians |first1= Steven |last1= Erlanger |first2= Scott |last2= Sayare |work= The New York Times |date= 31 October 2011 |accessdate= 31 October 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111031171156/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html |archive-date= 31 October 2011 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel also reacted to Palestine's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israeli payments to UNESCO and imposing sanctions on the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|title= After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S.|work= Haaretz|date= 4 November 2011|accessdate= 11 December 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111207205936/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|archive-date= 7 December 2011|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; stating that Palestine's admittance would be detrimental &quot;to potential peace talks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST |publisher=CNN |title=Israel freezes UNESCO funds |date=3 December 2011 |accessdate=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106053150/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST |archivedate=6 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Two years after they stopped paying their dues to UNESCO, the US and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013 without losing the right to be elected; thus, the US was elected as a member of the Executive Board for the period 2016–19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108 | title= U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row | work= Reuters | date= 8 November 2013 | accessdate= 29 June 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140709192541/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108 | archive-date= 9 July 2014 | url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Israel left UNESCO after 69 years of membership, with Israel's ambassador to the UN [[Danny Danon]] writing: &quot;UNESCO is the body that continually rewrites history, including by erasing the Jewish connection to Jerusalem... it is corrupted and manipulated by Israel's enemies... we are not going to be a member of an organisation that deliberately acts against us&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/202003121078544477-israel-should-quit-putting-up-with-uns-triple-standards---ex-israeli-diplomat/ |title=Israel Should Quit Putting up With UN's 'Triple' Standards - Ex-Israeli Diplomat - Sputnik International |publisher=Sputniknews.com |date= |accessdate=2020-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Activities==<br /> [[File:UNESCO Brasília Office.jpg|thumb|UNESCO offices in [[Brasília]]]]<br /> <br /> UNESCO implements its activities through the five program areas: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information.<br /> * Education: UNESCO supports research in [[comparative education]]; and provide expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all. This includes the<br /> ** [[UNESCO Chairs]], an international network of 644 UNESCO Chairs, involving over 770 institutions in 126 countries<br /> ** Environmental Conservation Organisation<br /> ** [[Convention against Discrimination in Education]] adopted in 1960<br /> ** Organization of the International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA) in an interval of 12 years<br /> ** Publication of the [[Education for All Global Monitoring Report]]<br /> ** Publication of the ''Four Pillars of Learning'' seminal document<br /> ** [[UNESCO ASPNet]], an international network of 8,000 schools in 170 countries<br /> <br /> UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning.&lt;ref&gt;Because [[diploma mill]]s have claimed false UNESCO accreditation, UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation. See Luca Lantero, [http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf Degree Mills: non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513185433/http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf |date=13 May 2015 }}, [[Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence|Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence (CIMEA)]], Italy. and [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090521152755/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=48787&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO &quot;Alert: Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * UNESCO also issues public statements to educate the public:<br /> ** [[Seville Statement on Violence]]: A statement adopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the notion that humans are biologically predisposed to organised violence.<br /> * Designating projects and places of cultural and scientific significance, such as:<br /> ** [[Global Geoparks Network]]<br /> ** [[Biosphere reserve]]s, through the [[Programme on Man and the Biosphere]] (MAB), since 1971<br /> ** [[City of Literature]]; in 2007, the first city to be given this title was [[Edinburgh]], the site of Scotland's first [[circulating library]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Varga, Susan |title=Edinburgh Old Town (Images of Scotland) |publisher=The History Press Ltd |location= |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=978-0-7524-4083-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, Iowa City, Iowa became the City of Literature.<br /> ** [[Endangered language]]s and [[linguistic diversity]] projects<br /> ** [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]<br /> ** [[Memory of the World]] International Register, since 1997<br /> ** [[Water resources management]], through the [[International Hydrological Programme]] (IHP), since 1965<br /> ** [[World Heritage Site]]s<br /> ** [[World Digital Library]]<br /> * Encouraging the &quot;free flow of ideas by images and words&quot; by:<br /> ** Promoting [[freedom of expression]], including [[freedom of the press]] and [[freedom of information legislation]], through the Division of Freedom of Expression and Media Development,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|title=Fostering Freedom of Expression|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053749/https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|archive-date=10 December 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the [[International Programme for the Development of Communication]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting the [[safety of journalists]] and combatting impunity for those who attack them,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|title=Safety of Journalists|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131159/https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|archive-date=20 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; through coordination of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action/|title=UN Plan of Action {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103326/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action|archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting universal access to and preservation of information and open solutions for sustainable development through the Knowledge Societies Division,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|title=Building Knowledge Societies|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116181422/https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the [[Memory of the World Programme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage/|title=Memory of the World {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710050933/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage|archive-date=10 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Information for All Programme (IFAP)|Information for All Programme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|title=Information for All Programme (IFAP) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910112204/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|archive-date=10 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]], [[gender equality]] and [[cultural diversity]] in the media<br /> ** Promoting [[Internet Universality]] and its principles, that the Internet should be (I) [[Human rights|human Rights]]-based, (ii) Open, (iii) [[Accessibility|Accessible]] to all, and (iv) nurtured by [[Multistakeholder governance model|Multi-stakeholder]] participation (summarized as the acronym R.O.A.M.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|title=Internet Universality {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728033751/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|archive-date=28 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Generating knowledge through publications such as ''World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|title=World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826003315/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|title=UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821161616/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Media Development Indicators,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|title=Media Development Indicators (MDIs) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612042809/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|archive-date=12 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as other indicator-based studies.<br /> * Promoting events, such as:<br /> ** [[International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World]]: 2001–2010, proclaimed by the UN in 1998<br /> ** [[World Press Freedom Day]], 3 May each year, to promote [[freedom of expression]] and [[freedom of the press]] as a basic human right and as crucial components of any healthy, democratic and free society.<br /> ** ''Criança Esperança'' in Brazil, in partnership with [[Rede Globo]], to raise funds for community-based projects that foster social integration and violence prevention.<br /> ** [[International Literacy Day]]<br /> ** [[International Year for the Culture of Peace]]<br /> ** [http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Nairobi/kiberareport.pdf Health Education for Behavior Change] program in partnership with the Ministry of Education of [[Kenya]] which was financially supported by the Government of [[Azerbaijan]] to promote health education among 10-19-year-old young people who live in informal camp in [[Kibera]], [[Nairobi]]. The project was carried out between September 2014 - December 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera/|title=Promouvoir l'éducation à la santé chez les jeunes du campement informel de Kibera à Nairobi {{!}} Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture|website=unesco.org|language=fr|access-date=2017-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820102139/http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Founding and funding projects, such as:<br /> **[[Migration Museums]] Initiative: Promoting the establishment of museums for cultural dialogue with migrant populations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305005432/http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2007 |title=Migration Institutions – Home |publisher=Migrationmuseums.org |accessdate=23 April 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[UNESCO-CEPES]], the European Centre for Higher Education: established in 1972 in Bucharest, Romania, as a de-centralized office to promote international co-operation in higher education in Europe as well as Canada, USA and Israel. ''Higher Education in Europe'' is its official journal.<br /> ** [[Free Software Directory]]: since 1998 UNESCO and the [[Free Software Foundation]] have jointly funded this project cataloguing [[free software]].<br /> ** [[FRESH, UNESCO|FRESH]] Focussing Resources on [[School health services|Effective School Health]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35173&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Education &amp;#124; EDUCATION – |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006100958/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35173%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archivedate=6 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[OANA]], Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies<br /> ** [[International Council of Science]]<br /> ** [[UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador]]s<br /> ** [[ASOMPS]], Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices, a series of scientific conferences held in Asia<br /> ** [[Botany 2000]], a programme supporting taxonomy, and [[biodiversity|biological]] and [[cultural diversity]] of medicinal and ornamental plants, and their protection against [[environmental pollution]]<br /> ** The [[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]], translating works of world literature both to and from multiple languages, from 1948 to 2005<br /> ** [[GoUNESCO]], an umbrella of initiatives to make heritage fun supported by UNESCO, New Delhi Office&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|title=Official support for GoUNESCO from UNESCO New Delhi|date=2014-03-24|website=GoUNESCO - Make Heritage Fun!|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815083136/https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|archive-date=15 August 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [http://opendata.unesco.org UNESCO transparency portal] has been designed to enable public [[access to information]] regarding Organization's activities, such as its aggregate budget for a biennium, as well as links to relevant programmatic and financial documents. These two distinct sets of information are published on the [[International Aid Transparency Initiative|IATI]] registry, respectively based on the IATI Activity Standard and the IATI Organization Standard.<br /> <br /> There have been proposals to establish two new UNESCO lists. The first proposed list will focus on movable cultural heritage such as artifacts, paintings, and biofacts. The list may include cultural objects, such as the [[Jōmon Venus]] of [[Japan]], the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' of France, the [[Gebel el-Arak Knife]] of [[Egypt]], ''[[The Ninth Wave]]'' of Russia, the [[Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük]] of Turkey, the [[David (Michelangelo)|''David'' (Michelangelo)]] of Italy, the [[Mathura Herakles]] of India, the [[Manunggul Jar]] of the Philippines, the [[Crown of Baekje]] of South Korea, ''[[The Hay Wain]]'' of the United Kingdom and the [[Benin Bronzes]] of Nigeria. The second proposed list will focus on the world's living species, such as the [[komodo dragon]] of Indonesia, the [[panda]] of China, the [[bald eagle]] of North American countries, the [[aye-aye]] of Madagascar, the [[Asiatic lion]] of India, the [[kakapo]] of New Zealand, and the [[mountain tapir]] of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/|title=Tangible Cultural Heritage - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319084612/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/|archive-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Document - Discovered artifacts under preservation, Archaeological Site, 18 Hoang Dieu street|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103001256/https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908/|archive-date=3 November 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Media==<br /> UNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines.<br /> <br /> ''The UNESCO Courier'' magazine states its mission to &quot;promote UNESCO's ideals, maintain a platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate&quot;. Since March 2006 it is available online, with limited printed issues. Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO. There was a hiatus in publishing between 2012 and 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|title=Archives|website=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2017-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224552/https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1950, UNESCO initiated the quarterly review ''Impact of Science on Society'' (also known as ''Impact'') to discuss the influence of science on society. The journal ceased publication in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF |title = Science and Technology Education |publisher = UNESCO |date = 1998 |access-date = 23 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160813140445/http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF |archive-date = 13 August 2016 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO also published Museum International Quarterly from the year 1948.<br /> <br /> ==Official UNESCO NGOs==<br /> UNESCO has official relations with 322 [[international non-governmental organization]]s (NGOs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |title=Quoted on UNESCO official site |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |accessdate=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |archivedate=25 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of these are what UNESCO calls &quot;operational&quot;; a select few are &quot;formal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35293&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UNESCO |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623000619/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35293%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is &quot;formal associate&quot;, and the 22 NGOs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |title=UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13 Feb 2009 |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |accessdate=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |archivedate=25 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; with ''formal associate'' (ASC) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are:<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Abbr<br /> ! Organization<br /> |-<br /> | IB || [[International Baccalaureate]]<br /> |-<br /> | CCIVS || [[CCIVS|Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service]]<br /> |-<br /> | EI || [[Education International]]<br /> |-<br /> | IAU || [[International Association of Universities]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFTC || [[International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICPHS || [[International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies]] which publishes [[Diogenes (journal)|Diogenes]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICSU || [[International Council for Science]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICOM || [[International Council of Museums]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICSSPE || [[International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICA || [[International Council on Archives]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICOMOS || [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFJ || [[International Federation of Journalists]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFLA || [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFPA || International Federation of Poetry Associations<br /> |-<br /> | IMC || [[International Music Council]]<br /> |-<br /> | IPA|| [[International Police Association]]<br /> |-<br /> | INSULA || International Scientific Council for Island Development<br /> |-<br /> | ISSC || [[International Social Science Council]]<br /> |-<br /> | ITI || [[International Theatre Institute]]<br /> |-<br /> | IUCN || [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]]<br /> |-<br /> | IUTAO || International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations<br /> |-<br /> | UIA || [[Union of International Associations]]<br /> |-<br /> | WAN || [[World Association of Newspapers]]<br /> |-<br /> | WFEO || [[World Federation of Engineering Organizations]]<br /> |-<br /> | WFUCA || World Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[File:Unesco-IHE.JPG|thumb|[[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO Institute for Water Education]] in [[Delft]]]]<br /> <br /> ==Institutes and centres==<br /> The institutes are specialized departments of the organization that support UNESCO's programme, providing specialized support for cluster and national offices.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Abbr<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Location<br /> |-<br /> | IBE<br /> | [[International Bureau of Education]]<br /> | [[Geneva]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|title=International Bureau of Education|first=|last=|date=|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224448/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UIL<br /> | [[UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning]]<br /> | [[Hamburg]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|website=UIL - UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning|publisher=|title=About the Institute|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2015-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224304/http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IIEP<br /> | [[UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning]]<br /> | Paris (headquarters) and [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Dakar]] (regional offices)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|title=IIEP UNESCO|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119121935/http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=19 November 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IITE<br /> | UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education<br /> | Moscow&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|website=UNESCO IITE|publisher=|title=Contact Us|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224424/https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IICBA<br /> | UNESCO International Institute for [[Capacity Building]] in Africa<br /> | [[Addis Ababa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node/146|title=Contact Us|publisher=UNESCO|website=IICBA|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224657/http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node%2F146|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IESALC<br /> | UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean<br /> | [[Caracas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|title=Contact Us|publisher=UNESCO|website=IESALC|language=Spanish|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224903/http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | MGIEP<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development]]<br /> | [[New Delhi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mgiep.unesco.org|title=Building Social and Emotional Learning for Education 2030|publisher=UNESCO|website=UNESCO MGIEP|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092511/https://mgiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UNESCO-UNEVOC<br /> | [[UNESCO-UNEVOC|UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training]]<br /> | [[Bonn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|title=UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224349/https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UNESCO-IHE<br /> | [[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education]]<br /> | [[Delft]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un-ihe.org/|title=Home|website=IHE Delft Institute for Water Education|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024023035/http://www.un-ihe.org/|archive-date=24 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ICTP<br /> | [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]]<br /> | [[Trieste]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|website=ICTP - International Centre for Theoretical Physics|publisher=UNESCO|title=Mission &amp; History|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224535/https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UIS<br /> | [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]]<br /> | [[Montreal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|title=Contact Us|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2016-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224907/http://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Prizes==<br /> UNESCO awards 22 prizes&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO Executive Board Document [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf 185 EX/38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095215/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf |date=2 February 2011 }}, Paris, 10 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt; in education, science, culture and peace:<br /> * [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize]]<br /> * [[L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science]]<br /> * [[UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize|UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Confucius Prize for Literacy|UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy]]<br /> * UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities<br /> * [[UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize]] for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education<br /> * UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers<br /> * UNESCO/[[Kalinga Prize]] for the Popularization of Science<br /> * [[UNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal]] for an outstanding contribution to the development of scientific knowledge that has a beneficial impact on human health<br /> * UNESCO/[[Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation]]<br /> * Great Man-Made River International Water Prize for Water Resources in Arid Zones presented by UNESCO (title to be reconsidered)<br /> * Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management<br /> * [[UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Prize for Peace Education]]<br /> * [[UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize]] for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence<br /> * UNESCO/[[International José Martí Prize]]<br /> * UNESCO/[[Avicenna Prize]] for Ethics in Science<br /> * UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean<br /> * Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture<br /> * Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes (UNESCO-Greece)<br /> * IPDC-UNESCO Prize for Rural Communication<br /> * [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]]<br /> * UNESCO/Jikji [[Memory of the World]] Prize<br /> * [[UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences|UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize]] for Research in the Life Sciences<br /> * [[Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology]]<br /> <br /> ===Inactive prizes===<br /> * [[International Simón Bolívar Prize]] (inactive since 2004)<br /> * [[UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education]]<br /> * UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive since 2010)<br /> * UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts<br /> <br /> ==International Days observed at UNESCO==<br /> International Days observed at UNESCO is provided in the table given below&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ International Days | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162831/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ |date=10 November 2012 }}. UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Date<br /> ! Name<br /> |-<br /> | 27 January<br /> | [[International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust]]<br /> |-<br /> | 13 February<br /> | [[World Radio Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 February<br /> | [[International Mother Language Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 March<br /> | [[International Women's Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 20 March<br /> | [[International Francophonie Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | International Day of [[Nowruz]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | [[World Poetry Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | [[International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]]<br /> |-<br /> | 22 March<br /> | [[World Day for Water]]<br /> |-<br /> | 23 April<br /> | [[World Book and Copyright Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 30 April<br /> | [[International Jazz Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3 May<br /> | [[World Press Freedom Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 May<br /> | [[World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development]]<br /> |-<br /> | 22 May<br /> | [[International Day for Biological Diversity]]<br /> |-<br /> | 25 May<br /> | [[Africa Day]] / [[Africa Week]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5 June<br /> | [[World Environment Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 June<br /> | [[World Oceans Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 17 June<br /> |[[World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought]]<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 9 August<br /> | [[International Day of the World's Indigenous People]]<br /> |-<br /> | 12 August<br /> | [[International Youth Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 23 August<br /> | [[International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 September<br /> | [[International Literacy Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 15 September<br /> | [[International Day of Democracy]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 September<br /> | [[International Day of Peace]]<br /> |-<br /> | 28 September<br /> |[[Access to Information Day|International Day for the Universal Access to Information]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 October<br /> | [[International Day of Non-Violence]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5 October<br /> | [[World Teachers' Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd Wednesday in October<br /> | International Day for Disaster Reduction<br /> |-<br /> | 17 October<br /> | [[International Day for the Eradication of Poverty]]<br /> |-<br /> | 20 October<br /> | [[World Statistics Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 27 October<br /> | [[World Day for Audiovisual Heritage]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 November<br /> | [[International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|title=International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030214202/https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 10 November<br /> | World Science Day for Peace and Development<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd Thursday in November<br /> | [[World Philosophy Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 16 November<br /> | [[International Day for Tolerance]]<br /> |-<br /> | 19 November<br /> | [[International Men's Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 25 November<br /> | [[International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women]]<br /> |-<br /> | 29 November<br /> | [[International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1 December<br /> | [[World AIDS Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 10 December<br /> | [[Human Rights Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 18 December<br /> | [[International Migrants Day]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Member states==<br /> {{Main|Member states of UNESCO}}<br /> As of January 2019, UNESCO has 193 member states and 11 associate members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries/ |title=List of UNESCO members and associates |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=3 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102233939/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some members are not [[independent state]]s and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their [[dependent territory|dependent territories]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Palestine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport |url=http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf |publisher=WADA |page=2 |format=PDF |accessdate=28 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116165411/http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf |archivedate=16 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO state parties are the [[United Nations member states]] (except [[Liechtenstein]], [[United States]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Statement by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Withdrawal by the United States of America from UNESCO|date=12 October 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|type=Press release.|access-date=2019-02-21|author-link=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224138/https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Israel]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Declaration by UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay on the withdrawal of Israel from the Organization|date=29 December 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|type=Press release.|access-date=2019-02-21|author-link=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224221/https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;), as well as [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties |title=State Parties |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties |archive-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |title=Member States of the United Nations |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States and Israel left UNESCO on 31 December 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=TOVAH LAZAROFF |title=ISRAEL, U.S. SLATED TO LEAVE UNESCO TODAY TO PROTEST ANTI-ISRAEL BIAS |url=https://m.jpost.com/International/Israel-US-slated-to-leave-UNESCO-today-to-protest-anti-Israel-bias-575875 |newspaper=JPost |date=2018-12-31 |access-date=2018-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Governing bodies==<br /> <br /> ===Director-General===<br /> There has been no elected UNESCO Director-General from Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central and North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, and South America since inception.<br /> <br /> The Directors-General of UNESCO came from West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), and East Europe (1). Out of the 11 Directors-General since inception, women have held the position only twice. [[Qatar]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Iran]] are proposing for a Director-General bid by 2021 or 2025. There have never been a Middle Eastern or Southeast Asian UNESCO Director-General since inception. The [[ASEAN]] bloc and some Pacific and Latin American nations support the possible bid of the Philippines, which is culturally Asian, Oceanic, and Latin. Qatar and Iran, on the other hand, have fragmented support in the Middle East. [[Egypt]], [[Israel]], and [[Madagascar]] are also vying for the position but have yet to express a direct or indirect proposal. Both Qatar and Egypt lost in the 2017 bid against France.<br /> <br /> The list of the Directors-General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ Directors-General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718234457/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ |date=18 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Name<br /> !Country<br /> !Term<br /> |-<br /> | [[Audrey Azoulay]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 2017–present<br /> |-<br /> | [[Irina Bokova]] || {{flagcountry|BUL}} || 2009–2017<br /> |-<br /> | [[Koïchiro Matsuura]] || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1999–2009<br /> |-<br /> | [[Federico Mayor Zaragoza]] || {{flagcountry|ESP}} || 1987–99<br /> |-<br /> | [[Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow]] || {{flagcountry|SEN}} || 1974–87<br /> |-<br /> | [[René Maheu]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 1961–74; [[acting (law)|acting]] 1961<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vittorino Veronese]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}} || 1958–61<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luther Evans]] || {{flagcountry|USA|1912}} || 1953–58<br /> |-<br /> | [[John Wilkinson Taylor (educator)|John Wilkinson Taylor]] || {{flagcountry|USA|1912}} || [[acting (law)|acting]] 1952–53<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jaime Torres Bodet]] || {{flagcountry|MEX|1934}} || 1948–52<br /> |-<br /> | [[Julian Huxley]] || {{flagcountry|UK}} || 1946–48<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===General Conference===<br /> This is the list of the sessions of the UNESCO General Conference held since 1946:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ Previous Sessions of the General Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025045200/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ |date=25 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Session<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Chaired by<br /> ! from<br /> |-<br /> | 39th || Paris || 2017 || Zohour Alaoui&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president | title=President of the 39th session of the General Conference | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=12 November 2017 | date=2017-10-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003114/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president | archive-date=13 November 2017 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{flagcountry|Morocco}}<br /> |-<br /> | 38th || Paris || 2015 || Stanley Mutumba Simataa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president/ | title=President of the 38th session of the General Conference | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=11 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116135603/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president | archive-date=16 November 2015 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{flagcountry|Namibia}}<br /> |-<br /> | 37th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = General Conference 37th {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 25 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103414/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|archive-date = 3 October 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; || Paris || 2013 || [[Hao Ping]] || {{flagcountry|CHN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 36th || Paris || 2011 || [[Katalin Bogyay]] || {{flagcountry|HUN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 35th || Paris || 2009 || Davidson Hepburn || {{flagcountry|BHS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 34th || Paris || 2007 || George N. Anastassopoulos || {{flagcountry|GRC}}<br /> |-<br /> | 33rd || Paris || 2005 || [[Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan]] || {{flagcountry|OMN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 32nd || Paris || 2003 || [[Michael Omolewa]] || {{flagcountry|NGA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 31st || Paris || 2001 || [[Ahmad Jalali]] || {{flagcountry|IRN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 30th || Paris || 1999 || [[Jaroslava Moserová]] || {{flagcountry|CZE}}<br /> |-<br /> | 29th || Paris || 1997 || [[Eduardo Portella]] || {{flagcountry|BRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 28th || Paris || 1995 || Torben Krogh || {{flagcountry|DNK}}<br /> |-<br /> | 27th || Paris || 1993 || Ahmed Saleh Sayyad || {{flagcountry|YEM}}<br /> |-<br /> | 26th || Paris || 1991 || [[Bethwell Allan Ogot]] || {{flagcountry|KEN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 25th || Paris || 1989 || [[Anwar Ibrahim]] || {{flagcountry|MYS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 24th || Paris || 1987 || Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez || {{flagcountry|GTM}}<br /> |-<br /> | 23rd || [[Sofia]] || 1985 || [[Nikolai Todorov]] || {{flagcountry|BGR|1967}}<br /> |-<br /> | 22nd || Paris || 1983 || Saïd Tell || {{flagcountry|JOR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4th extraordinary || Paris || 1982 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 21st || [[Belgrade]] || 1980 || Ivo Margan || {{flagcountry|YUG}}<br /> |-<br /> | 20th || Paris || 1978 || Napoléon LeBlanc || {{flagcountry|CAN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 19th || [[Nairobi]] || 1976 || Taaita Toweett || {{flagcountry|KEN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 18th || Paris || 1974 || Magda Jóború || {{flagcountry|HUN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd extraordinary || Paris || 1973 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 17th || Paris || 1972 || Toru Haguiwara || {{flagcountry|JPN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 16th || Paris || 1970 || Atilio Dell'Oro Maini || {{flagcountry|ARG}}<br /> |-<br /> | 15th || Paris || 1968 || [[William Eteki Mboumoua]] || {{flagcountry|CMR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 14th || Paris || 1966 || Bedrettin Tuncel || {{flagcountry|TUR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 13th || Paris || 1964 || [[Norair Sisakian]] || {{flagcountry|USSR|1955}}<br /> |-<br /> | 12th || Paris || 1962 || Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro || {{flagcountry|BRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 11th || Paris || 1960 || Akale-Work Abte-Wold || {{flagcountry|ETH}}<br /> |-<br /> | 10th || Paris || 1958 || [[Jean Berthoin]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 9th || New Delhi || 1956 || [[Abul Kalam Azad]] || {{flagcountry|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> | 8th || [[Montevideo]] || 1954 || Justino Zavala Muñiz || {{flagcountry|URY}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd extraordinary || Paris || 1953 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 7th || Paris || 1952 || [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] || {{flagcountry|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> | 6th || Paris || 1951 || [[Howland H. Sargeant]] || {{flagcountry|USA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 5th || [[Florence]] || 1950 || [[Stefano Jacini]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4th || Paris || 1949 || [[Edward Ronald Walker]] || {{flagcountry|AUS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1st extraordinary || Paris || 1948 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd || [[Beirut]] || 1948 || Hamid Bey Frangie || {{flagcountry|LBN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd || [[Mexico City]] || 1947 || [[Manuel Gual Vidal]] || {{flagcountry|MEX}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1st || Paris || 1946 || [[Léon Blum]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''The 40th General Conference On 12th To 27 November 2019.'''<br /> <br /> === Executive Board ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> ! Term<br /> ! Group I &lt;br /&gt;(9 seats)<br /> ! Group II &lt;br /&gt;(7 seats)<br /> ! Group III &lt;br /&gt;(10 seats)<br /> ! Group IV &lt;br /&gt;(12 seats)<br /> ! Group V(a) &lt;br /&gt;(13 seats)<br /> ! Group V(b) &lt;br /&gt;(7 seats)<br /> |-<br /> |2019-2023&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|title=40th Session of the General Conference - 12-27 November 2019|last=|first=|date=2019-10-16|website=UNESCO|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102155643/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=2019-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{flagcountry|France}} {{flagcountry|Germany}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Switzerland}}<br /> |{{Flag|Hungary}}<br /> {{Flag|Poland}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Russia}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Serbia}}<br /> |{{flagcountry|Argentina}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Uruguay}}<br /> <br /> |{{Flag|Afghanistan}}<br /> {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Philippines}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Republic of Korea}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Thailand}}<br /> |{{Flag|Benin}}<br /> {{Flag|Congo}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Guinea}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Ghana}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Kenya}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Namibia}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Senegal}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Togo}}<br /> |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> {{Flag|UAE}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#efe; border-top:2px solid;&quot;<br /> |'''2017–19'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/elections/results-executive-board Executive Board – Results of elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115093548/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/elections/results-executive-board |date=15 November 2015 }}. UNESCO General Conference, November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|France}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Greece}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Russian Federation}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Serbia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Slovenia}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Haiti}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mexico}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nicaragua}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Paraguay}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|India}}&lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Iran}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Malaysia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Republic of Korea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Vietnam}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Cameroon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Cote d'Ivoire}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ghana}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Kenya}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nigeria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Senegal}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|South Africa}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Lebanon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Oman}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Qatar}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sudan}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#f7f7c7;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> | '''2014–17'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/SCX/pdfs/Table_2013-2015.pdf Table_2013-2015.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528012349/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/SCX/pdfs/Table_2013-2015.pdf |date=28 May 2016 }} UNESCO Membership by Electoral Groups. Retrieved 12 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Germany}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sweden}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Albania}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Estonia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Argentina}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Belize}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|El Salvador}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|China}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Japan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nepal}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Chad}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Guinea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mauritius}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mozambique}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Togo}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Uganda}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Algeria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Egypt}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Kuwait}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Morocco}}<br /> |- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> | '''2012–15'''<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Austria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|France}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United States of America}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Montenegro}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|North Macedonia}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Russian Federation}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Cuba}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ecuador}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mexico}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Papua New Guinea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Republic of Korea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Thailand}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Angola}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Gabon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Gambia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Malawi}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mali}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Namibia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nigeria}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Jordan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Tunisia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Offices and headquarters==<br /> [[File:April 2010, UNESCO Headquarters in Paris - The Garden of Peace (or Japanese Garden) in Spring.jpg|thumb|The Garden of Peace, UNESCO headquarters, Paris. Donated by the Government of Japan, this garden was designed by American-Japanese sculptor artist [[Isamu Noguchi]] in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano.]]<br /> UNESCO headquarters are located at [[Place de Fontenoy]] in Paris, France.<br /> <br /> UNESCO's field offices across the globe are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage: cluster offices, national offices, regional bureaus and liaison offices.<br /> <br /> ===Field offices by region===<br /> The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices/|title = List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with Descriptions of Member State Coverage|publisher = UNESCO|accessdate = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908164710/https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices|archive-date = 8 September 2019|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Africa====<br /> * [[Abidjan]] – National Office to [[Côte-d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]<br /> * [[Abuja]] – National Office to [[Nigeria]]<br /> * [[Accra]] – Cluster Office for [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Ghana]], [[Liberia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Togo]]<br /> * [[Addis Ababa]] – Liaison Office with the [[African Union]] and with the [[Economic Commission for Africa]]<br /> * [[Bamako]] – Cluster Office for [[Burkina Faso]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]] and [[Niger]]<br /> * [[Brazzaville]] – National Office to the [[Republic of the Congo]]<br /> * [[Bujumbura]] – National Office to [[Burundi]]<br /> * [[Dakar]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Cape Verde]], [[Gambia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and [[Senegal]]<br /> * [[Dar es Salaam]] – Cluster Office for [[Comoros]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]] and [[Tanzania]]<br /> * [[Harare]] – Cluster Office for [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]]<br /> * [[Juba]] – National Office to [[South Sudan]]<br /> * [[Kinshasa]] – National Office to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<br /> * [[Libreville]] – Cluster Office for the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]] and [[Sao Tome and Principe]]<br /> * [[Maputo]] – National Office to [[Mozambique]]<br /> * [[Nairobi]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Burundi]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], [[South Sudan]] and [[Uganda]]<br /> * [[Windhoek]] – National Office to [[Namibia]]<br /> * [[Yaoundé]] – Cluster Office to [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]] and [[Chad]]<br /> <br /> ====Arab States====<br /> * [[Amman]] – National Office to [[Jordan]]<br /> * [[Beirut]] – Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]<br /> * [[Cairo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for [[Egypt]], [[Libya]] and [[Sudan]]<br /> * [[Doha]] – Cluster Office to [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Yemen]]<br /> * [[Iraq]] – National Office for [[Iraq]] (currently located in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]])<br /> * [[Khartoum]] – National Office to [[Sudan]]<br /> * [[Manama]] - [[Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage]]<br /> * [[Rabat]] – Cluster Office to [[Algeria]], [[Mauritania]], [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]]<br /> * [[Ramallah]] – National Office to the Palestinian Territories<br /> <br /> ====Asia and Pacific====<br /> {{see also|UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards}}<br /> * [[Apia]] – Cluster Office to Australia, [[Cook Islands]], [[Fiji]], [[Kiribati]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Nauru]], [[New Zealand]], [[Niue]], [[Palau]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Samoa]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Vanuatu]] and [[Tokelau]] (Associate Member)<br /> * [[Bangkok]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to [[Thailand]], [[Burma]], [[Laos]], Singapore and [[Vietnam]]<br /> * Beijing – Cluster Office to [[North Korea]], Japan, [[Mongolia]], the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[South Korea]]<br /> * [[Dhaka]] – National Office to [[Bangladesh]]<br /> * [[Hanoi]] – National Office to [[Vietnam]]<br /> * [[Islamabad]] – National Office to [[Pakistan]]<br /> * [[Jakarta]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to the [[Philippines]], [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[East Timor]]<br /> * [[Manila]] - National Office to the [[Philippines]]<br /> * [[Kabul]] – National Office to [[Afghanistan]]<br /> * [[Kathmandu]] – National Office to [[Nepal]]<br /> * [[New Delhi]] – Cluster Office to [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]]<br /> * [[Phnom Penh]] – National Office to [[Cambodia]]<br /> * [[Tashkent]] – National Office to [[Uzbekistan]]<br /> * [[Tehran]] – Cluster Office to [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]<br /> <br /> ====Europe and North America====<br /> * [[Almaty]] – Cluster Office to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]<br /> * [[Brussels]] – Liaison Office to the [[European Union]] and its [[Brussels and the European Union|subsidiary bodies in Brussels]]<br /> * [[Geneva]] – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|United Nations in Geneva]]<br /> * New York City – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Headquarters|United Nations in New York]]<br /> * [[Venice]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe<br /> <br /> ====Latin America and the Caribbean====<br /> [[File:Carondolete en el cambio de guardia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Carondelet Palace]], Presidential Palace – with changing of the guards. The [[Historic Center of Quito]], Ecuador, is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in [[the Americas]].&lt;ref name=unesco&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 |title=City of Quito – UNESCO World Heritage |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=30 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507190507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 |archive-date=7 May 2009 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This center was, together with the historic centre of [[Kraków]] in Poland, the first to be declared [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.]]<br /> * [[Brasilia]] – National Office to [[Brazil]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO Office in Brasilia {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925163018/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|archive-date = 25 September 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Guatemala City]] – National Office to [[Guatemala]]<br /> * [[Havana]] – Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]] and [[Aruba]]<br /> * [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] – Cluster Office to [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Suriname]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] as well as the associate member states of [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]]<br /> * [[Lima]] – National Office to [[Peru]]<br /> * [[Mexico City]] – National Office to [[Mexico]]<br /> * [[Montevideo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]]<br /> * [[Port-au-Prince]] – National Office to [[Haiti]]<br /> * [[Quito]] – Cluster Office to [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Oficina de la UNESCO en Quito {{!}} Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925145958/http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|archive-date = 25 September 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] – Cluster Office to [[Costa Rica]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]] and [[Panama]]<br /> * [[Santiago de Chile]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to [[Chile]]<br /> <br /> === Partner Organisations ===<br /> * [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] ([[ICRC]])<br /> * [[Blue Shield International]] (BSI)<br /> * [[International Council of Museums]] (ICOM)<br /> * [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] ([[ICOMOS]])<br /> * [[International Institute of Humanitarian Law]] (IIHL)<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> <br /> ===New World Information and Communication Order===<br /> UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past, particularly in its relationships with the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Singapore]] and the former [[Soviet Union]]. During the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO's support for a &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; and its [[MacBride report]] calling for democratization of the media and more egalitarian access to information was condemned in these countries as attempts to curb [[freedom of the press]]. UNESCO was perceived as a platform for communists and Third World dictators to attack the West, in contrast to accusations made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last= Grahm |first=S. E. |date= April 2006 |title= The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 1946–1954 |journal=Diplomatic History |volume= 30 |issue=2 |pages=231–51 |doi= 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00548.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, the United States withheld its contributions and withdrew from the organization in protest, followed by the United Kingdom in 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A4079804/AONE?u=tamp44898&amp;sid=AONE&amp;xid=ef6d5640 | title = UNESCO asks states considering withdrawal to 'reconsider their position' | journal = [[UN Chronicle (journal)|UN Chronicle]] | date = January 1986}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singapore withdrew also at the end of 1985, citing rising membership fees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479 | title = Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO | newspaper = [[The Telegraph (newspaper)|The Telegraph]] | date = 28 December 1984 | access-date = 20 June 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150907233414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479 | archive-date = 7 September 2015 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a change of government in 1997, the UK rejoined. The United States rejoined in 2003, followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO | title = UNESCO | website = Encyclopedia Britannica | date = 14 February 2018 | access-date = 2 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163139/https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO | archive-date = 2 April 2018 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Israel===<br /> [[Israel]] was admitted to UNESCO in 1949, one year after its creation. Israel has maintained its membership since 1949.<br /> In 2010, Israel designated the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]], [[Hebron]] and [[Rachel's Tomb]], [[Bethlehem]] as [[List of National Heritage Sites of Israel|National Heritage Sites]] and announced restoration work, prompting criticism from the Obama administration and protests from Palestinians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Hebron clashes over Israel's West Bank heritage list|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|date=26 February 2010|publisher=BBC News|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803141138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|archive-date=3 August 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2010, UNESCO's Executive Board voted to declare the sites as &quot;al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs&quot; and &quot;Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb&quot; and stated that they were &quot;an integral part of the [[occupied Palestinian Territories]]&quot; and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of [[international law]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|title=Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories|date=21 October 2010|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=3 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111083723/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|archive-date=11 November 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> UNESCO described the sites as significant to &quot;people of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish traditions&quot;, and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=THE TWO PALESTINIAN SITES OF AL-HARAM AL-IBRAHIMI/TOMB OF THE PATRIARCHS IN AL-KHALIL/HEBRON AND THE BILAL BIN RABAH MOSQUE/RACHEL'S TOMB IN BETHLEHEM|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127175323/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Israel in turn accused UNESCO of &quot;detach[ing] the Nation of Israel from its heritage&quot;, and accused it of being politically motivated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377 |title=UNESCO Erases Israeli Protests from Rachel's Tomb Protocol |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Arutz Sheva |author=Hillel Fendel |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104205832/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377 |archive-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The [[Shmuel Rabinovitch|Rabbi of the Western Wall]] said that Rachel's tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/140345|title=UN Org.: Rachel's Tomb is a Mosque|date=29 October 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva|author=Maayana Miskin|access-date=3 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106041213/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140345|archive-date=6 November 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO. Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister [[Danny Ayalon]] declared that the resolution was a &quot;part of Palestinian escalation&quot;.<br /> [[Zevulun Orlev]], chairman of the [[Knesset]] Education and Culture Committee, referred to the resolutions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO as a scientific and cultural organization that promotes cooperation throughout the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893 |title=Ayalon: Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO |date=3 November 2010 |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103210507/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893 |archive-date=3 November 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Shalom |first=Rabbi |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090 |title=Cooperation with UNESCO only partially suspended |work=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105083755/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 28 June 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, at [[Jordan]]'s insistence, censured{{clarify|date=October 2016}} Israel's decision to demolish and rebuild the [[Mughrabi-Bridge|Mughrabi Gate]] Bridge in Jerusalem for safety reasons. Israel stated that Jordan had signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the existing bridge must be dismantled for safety reasons; Jordan disputed the agreement, saying that it was only signed under U.S. pressure. Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO committee over objections from [[Egypt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html |title=UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge – Israel News, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807130812/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html |archive-date=7 August 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2014, days before it was scheduled to open, UNESCO Director-General, [[Irina Bokova]], &quot;indefinitely postponed&quot; and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] entitled &quot;The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the [[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel|Jewish people and the Land of Israel]]&quot;. The event was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January in Paris. Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would &quot;harm the [[Arab-Israeli peace process|peace process]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Berman|first=Lazar|title=UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=17 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120120047/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|archive-date=20 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The author of the exhibition, Professor [[Robert Wistrich]] of the [[Hebrew University]]'s [[Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism]], called the cancellation an &quot;appalling act&quot;, and characterized Bokova's decision as &quot;an arbitrary act of total cynicism and, really, contempt for the Jewish people and its history&quot;. UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year, and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed as a great success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|title=Author of UNESCO's nixed Israel exhibit decries 'appalling betrayal'|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122053858/http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal/|archive-date=22 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On January 1, 2019, Israel formally left UNESCO in pursuance of the US withdrawal over the perceived continuous anti-Israel bias.<br /> <br /> ====Occupied Palestine Resolution====<br /> {{Main|Occupied Palestine Resolution}}<br /> On 13 October 2016, UNESCO passed a resolution on East Jerusalem that condemned Israel for &quot;aggressions&quot; by Israeli police and soldiers and &quot;illegal measures&quot; against the freedom of worship and Muslims' access to their holy sites, while also recognizing Israel as the occupying power. Palestinian leaders welcomed the decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al-Aqsa Mosque|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|work=aljazeera.com|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132706/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the text acknowledged the &quot;importance of the Old City of Jerusalem and its walls for the three monotheistic religions&quot;, it referred to the sacred hilltop compound in Jerusalem's Old City only by its Muslim name &quot;Al-Haram al-Sharif&quot;, Arabic for Noble Sanctuary. In response, Israel denounced the UNESCO resolution for its omission of the words &quot;Temple Mount&quot; or &quot;Har HaBayit&quot;, stating that it [[Temple denial|denies Jewish ties to the key holy site]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|title=Commission report|website=unesdoc.unesco.org|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016131113/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After receiving criticism from numerous Israeli politicians and diplomats, including [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and [[Ayelet Shaked]], Israel froze all ties with the organization.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|title=UNESCO fails to acknowledge Jewish ties to Temple Mount|publisher=|date=2016-10-13|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018225443/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|title=Netanyahu leads angry denunciations of 'absurd' UNESCO decision|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018211628/http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resolution was condemned by [[Ban Ki-moon]] and the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, who said that Judaism, Islam and Christianity have clear historical connections to Jerusalem and &quot;to deny, conceal or erase any of the Jewish, Christian or Muslim traditions undermines the integrity of the site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO chief 'received death threats' for opposing Jerusalem motion|url = http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-chief-received-death-threats-for-opposing-jerusalem-motion/|date = 17 October 2016|work = Times of Israel|access-date = 27 October 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161021155546/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-chief-received-death-threats-for-opposing-jerusalem-motion/|archive-date = 21 October 2016|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/statement_by_the_director_general_of_unesco_on_the_old_city-1/#.WAQnmeUrLb3|title=Statement by the Director-General of UNESCO on the Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls on the occasion of the 40th session of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO in Istanbul - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019061820/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/statement_by_the_director_general_of_unesco_on_the_old_city-1/#.WAQnmeUrLb3|archive-date=19 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Al-Aqsa Mosque [or] Al-Haram al-Sharif&quot; is also Temple Mount, whose Western Wall is the holiest place in Judaism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|title=UNESCO Director Criticizes Resolution: Temple Mount Sacred to Both Jews, Muslims|newspaper=Haaretz|accessdate=14 October 2016|date=2016-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014113432/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|archive-date=14 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It was also rejected by the Czech Parliament which said the resolution reflects a &quot;hateful [[anti-Israel]] sentiment&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|title=Czech MPs slam 'hateful' UNESCO Jerusalem resolution|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020050917/http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and hundreds of Italian Jews demonstrated in Rome over Italy's abstention.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;/&gt; On 26 October, UNESCO approved a reviewed version of the resolution, which also criticized Israel for its continuous &quot;refusal to let the body's experts access Jerusalem's holy sites to determine their conservation status&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO approves new Jerusalem resolution|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|work=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027112839/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|archive-date=27 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite containing some softening of language following Israeli protests over a previous version, Israel continued to denounce the text.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Beaumont|first1=Peter|title=Unesco adopts controversial resolution on Jerusalem holy sites|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|work=The Guardian|date=26 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027144549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|archive-date=27 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resolution refers to the site Jews and Christians refer to as the Temple Mount, or Har HaBayit in Hebrew, only by its Arab name — a significant semantic decision also adopted by UNESCO's executive board, triggering condemnation from Israel and its allies. U.S. Ambassador Crystal Nix Hines stated: &quot;This item should have been defeated. These politicized and one-sided resolutions are damaging the credibility of UNESCO.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem holy sites draws criticism from U.S., Israel|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|work=CBC/Radio-Canada|date=26 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104125858/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|archive-date=4 November 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2017, the United States and Israel announced they would withdraw from the organization, citing in-part anti-Israel bias.&lt;ref name=stategov/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Gardiner|last2=Erlangeroct|first2=Steven|title=U.S. Will Withdraw From Unesco, Citing Its ‘Anti-Israel Bias’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|accessdate=8 April 2018|agency=The New York Times|date=2017-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021190452/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|archive-date=21 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Palestine===<br /> <br /> ====Palestinian youth magazine controversy====<br /> In February 2011, an article was published in a Palestinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described one of her four role-models as [[Adolf Hitler]]. In December 2011, UNESCO, which partly funded the magazine, condemned the material and subsequently withdrew support.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html |title=Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over Hitler praise |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 December 2011 |accessdate=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109173826/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html |archive-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Islamic University of Gaza controversy====<br /> In 2012, UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the [[Islamic University of Gaza]] in the field of [[astronomy]], [[astrophysics]], and [[space science]]s,&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCOIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/ | title=UNESCO Chair in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences (964), established in 2012 at The Islamic University of Gaza (Palestine). | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127035152/http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/ | archive-date=27 November 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; fueling controversy and criticism. [[Israel]] bombed the school in 2008 stating that they develop and store weapons there, which Israel restated in criticizing UNESCO's move.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false The Goldstone Report: The Legacy of the Landmark Investigation of the Gaza Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013070233/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false |date=13 October 2017 }} By Adam Horowitz, Lizzy Ratner and Philip Weiss (2011). Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MFAUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite press_release | url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm | title=Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic University | publisher=Israel ministry of foreign affairs | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715005102/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm | archive-date=15 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The head, [[Kamalain Shaath]], defended UNESCO, stating that &quot;the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NationalPostUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/ | title=UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs | author=Higgins, Michael | work=National Post | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714230452/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/ | archive-date=14 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ShalitGazaIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html | title=Fatah: Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University | publisher=Yedioth Ahronot | date=6 February 2007 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201090827/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html | archive-date=1 December 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BostonIUGProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/ | title=Hamas University | author=Cambanis, Thanassis | work=Boston Globe | date=28 February 2010 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226015007/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/ | archive-date=26 February 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli ambassador to UNESCO [[Nimrod Barkan]] planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university's ties to Hamas, especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaaretzUNESCOGaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524 | title=Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza | author=Ravid, Barak | work=Haaretz | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715042511/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524 | archive-date=15 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Jewish organization [[B'nai B'rith]] criticized the move as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;BnaiBrithUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/ | title=B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University | author=Yaakov, Yifa | work=The Times of Israel | date=14 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717095157/http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/ | archive-date=17 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Che Guevara===<br /> In 2013, UNESCO announced that the collection &quot;The Life and Works of Ernesto [[Che Guevara]]&quot; became part of the [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World Register]]. [[United States Congress|US Congresswoman]] [[Ileana Ros-Lehtinen]] condemned this decision, saying that the organization acts against its own ideals:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://ros-lehtinen.house.gov/press-release/unesco-once-again-makes-mockery-its-own-ideals-glorifying-mass-murderer-che-guevara | type = press release | title = UNESCO Once Again Makes a Mockery of its Own Ideals by Glorifying Mass Murderer Che Guevara, Says Ros-Lehtinen | publisher = House of representatives | date = 22 July 2013 | access-date = 28 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127074701/https://ros-lehtinen.house.gov/press-release/unesco-once-again-makes-mockery-its-own-ideals-glorifying-mass-murderer-che-guevara | archive-date = 27 January 2016 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote|sign=|source=|This decision is more than an insult to the families of those Cubans who were lined up and [[Summary execution|summarily executed]] by Che and his merciless cronies but it also serves as a direct contradiction to the UNESCO ideals of encouraging peace and universal respect for human rights.}}<br /> <br /> [[UN Watch]] also condemned this selection by UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unwatch.org/unesco-honors-executioner-che-guevara/ UNESCO honors executioner Che Guevara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829001054/http://www.unwatch.org/unesco-honors-executioner-che-guevara/ |date=29 August 2016 }}, ''UN Watch'', 21 July 2013 (retrieved 11 July 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Listing Nanjing Massacre documents===<br /> In 2015, [[Japan]] threatened to halt funding for UNESCO over the organization's decision to include documents relating to the 1937 [[Nanjing massacre]] in the latest listing for its &quot;Memory of the World&quot; program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|title=Japan furious at UNESCO listing Nanjing Massacre documents - Asia - DW.COM - 19.10.2015|first=Deutsche Welle|last=(www.dw.com)|publisher=|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175825/http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In October 2016, Japanese Foreign Minister [[Fumio Kishida]] confirmed that Japan's 2016 annual funding of ¥4.4&amp;nbsp;billion had been suspended although denied any direct link with the Nanjing document controversy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Japan halts Unesco funding following Nanjing massacre row|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|accessdate=30 October 2016|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=The Guardian|date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030144739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|archive-date=30 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===US withdrawals===<br /> The United States withdrew from UNESCO in 1984, citing the &quot;highly politicized&quot; nature of the organisation, its ostensible &quot;hostility toward the basic institutions of a free society, especially a free market and a free press&quot;, as well as its &quot;unrestrained budgetary expansion&quot;, and poor management under then Director General Amadou-Mahter M'Bow of Senegal.&lt;ref name=withdrawal&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|title=UNESCO Membership: Issues for Congress|date=20 November 2003|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service reports]]|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082545/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 19 September 1989, former U.S. Congressman [[Jim Leach]] stated before a Congressional subcommittee:&lt;ref name=cspan/&gt;<br /> {{Quote |The reasons for the withdrawal of the United States from UNESCO in 1984 are well-known; my view is that we overreacted to the calls of some who wanted to radicalize UNESCO, and the calls of others who wanted the United States to lead in emasculating the UN system. The fact is UNESCO is one of the least dangerous international institutions ever created. While some member countries within UNESCO attempted to push journalistic views antithetical to the values of the west, and engage in Israel bashing, UNESCO itself never adopted such radical postures. The U.S. opted for empty-chair diplomacy, after winning, not losing, the battles we engaged in… It was nuts to get out, and would be nuttier not to rejoin.}}<br /> <br /> Leach concluded that the record showed Israel bashing, a call for a new world information order, money management, and arms control policy to be the impetus behind the withdrawal; he asserted that before departing from UNESCO, a withdrawal from the [[IAEA]] had been pushed on him.&lt;ref name=cspan&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1/united-states-unesco-part-1|title=United States &amp; UNESCO, Part 1|publisher=[[C-SPAN]]|work=Starting from 05:08|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104007/https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1%2Funited-states-unesco-part-1|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 October 2003, the U.S. rejoined UNESCO.&lt;ref name=withdrawal/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 12 October 2017, the United States notified UNESCO that it will again withdraw from the organization on 31 December 2018 and will seek to establish a permanent observer mission beginning in 2019. The [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] cited &quot;mounting arrears at UNESCO, the need for fundamental reform in the organization, and continuing anti-Israel bias at UNESCO&quot;.&lt;ref name=stategov&gt;{{Cite news |url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408053146/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm |archive-date=2019-04-08 |url-status=dead |title=The United States Withdraws From UNESCO| publisher =[[U.S. Department of State]] |access-date= 12 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel praised the withdrawal decision as &quot;brave&quot; and &quot;moral&quot;.&lt;ref name=withdrawal/&gt;<br /> <br /> The United States has not paid over $600&amp;nbsp;million in dues&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1= Rosenberg |first1= Eli |last2=Morello |first2=Carol |date=12 October 2017|title=U.S. withdraws from UNESCO, the U.N.’s cultural organization, citing anti-Israel bias |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; since it stopped paying its $80&amp;nbsp;million annual UNESCO dues when Palestine became a full member in 2011. Israel and the US were among the 14 votes against the membership out of 194 member countries.&lt;ref name=bias&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|title=U.S., Israel quit UNESCO over alleged bias|last=Irish|first=John|publisher=Reuters|date=October 13, 2017|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Turkish–Kurdish conflict===<br /> On May 25, 2016, the noted Turkish poet and human rights activist [[O. Z. Livaneli|Zülfü Livaneli]] resigned as [[Turkey]]'s only UNESCO goodwill ambassador. He highlighted [[Human rights in Turkey|human rights situation in Turkey]] and destruction of historical [[Sur, Diyarbakır|Sur]] district of [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbakir]], the largest city in Kurdish-majority southeast Turkey, during [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)|fighting]] between the Turkish army and Kurdish militants as the main reasons for his resignation. Livaneli said: &quot;To pontificate on peace while remaining silent against such violations is a contradiction of the fundamental ideals of UNESCO.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA Turkish writer quits UNESCO to protest damage to heritage, rights abuse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA |date=9 May 2018 }}&quot;. Reuters. May 26, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Atatürk ===<br /> In 1981, UNESCO and the UN celebrated the [[Atatürk Centennial]].<br /> <br /> ==Products and services==<br /> * UNESDOC&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|title=UNESDOC Database - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214091237/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|archive-date=14 December 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; – Contains over 146,000 UNESCO documents in full text published since 1945 as well as metadata from the collections of the UNESCO Library and documentation centres in field offices and institutes.<br /> <br /> ===Information processing tools===<br /> UNESCO develops, maintains and disseminates, free of charge, two interrelated software packages for database management (CDS/ISIS [not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS]) and data mining/statistical analysis (IDAMS).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1542&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150108023105/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D1542%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2015-01-08 |title= Information Processing Tools |publisher= Unesco }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * CDS/ISIS – a generalised information storage and retrieval system. The Windows version may run on a single computer or in a local area network. The JavaISIS client/server components allow remote database management over the Internet and are available for Windows, Linux and Macintosh. Furthermore, GenISIS allows the user to produce HTML Web forms for CDS/ISIS database searching. The ISIS_DLL provides an API for developing CDS/ISIS based applications.<br /> * OpenIDAMS – a software package for processing and analysing numerical data developed, maintained and disseminated by UNESCO. The original package was proprietary but UNESCO has initiated a project to provide it as open-source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15653&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150113175706/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D15653%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2015-01-13 |title= OpenIDAMS |publisher= Unesco }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * IDIS – a tool for direct data exchange between CDS/ISIS and IDAMS<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Education|Science|Society|Politics}}<br /> * [[Academic Mobility Network]]<br /> *[[League of Nations archives]]<br /> *[[Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project (LONTAD)]]<br /> * ''[[UNESCO Reclining Figure 1957–58]]'', sculpture by [[Henry Moore]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> {{Meta|WikiProject UNESCO}}<br /> * {{Official|http://www.unesco.org/}}<br /> <br /> {{United Nations}}<br /> {{ECOSOC}}<br /> {{UN Charter}}<br /> {{Supranationalism/World government topics |state = autocollapse}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:UNESCO| ]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1945]]<br /> [[Category:Conservation and restoration organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Heritage organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International cultural organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International educational organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International scientific organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International organizations based in France]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations based in Paris]]<br /> [[Category:United Nations Development Group]]<br /> [[Category:United Nations specialized agencies]]<br /> [[Category:France and the United Nations]]<br /> [[Category:1945 establishments in France]]<br /> [[Category:Peacebuilding institutions]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNESCO&diff=972727503 UNESCO 2020-08-13T14:47:52Z <p>SlvrKy: /* Origins */</p> <hr /> <div>{{pp-move-indef}}<br /> {{Short description|Specialised agency of the United Nations}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}<br /> {{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox United Nations<br /> | image = Emblem of the United Nations.svg<br /> | image_size = 120px<br /> | name = &lt;center&gt; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation &lt;/center&gt;<br /> | map = UNESCO logo English.svg<br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_caption =<br /> | type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialised agency]]<br /> | abbreviation = UNESCO<br /> | leader_title = Head<br /> | leader_name = Director-General &lt;br /&gt; [[Audrey Azoulay]] <br /> | status = Active<br /> | formation = {{start date and age|1945|11|04|df=yes}}<br /> | headquarters = [[Paris]], France<br /> | website = [https://en.unesco.org/ www.unesco.org]<br /> | parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]<br /> | subsidiaries = <br /> | footnotes = {{Portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation''' ('''UNESCO''';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO|url = https://en.unesco.org/|website = UNESCO|accessdate = 25 September 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093242/http://en.unesco.org/|archive-date = 25 September 2013|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{lang-fr|Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture}}) is a [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialised agency]] of the [[United Nations]] (UN) aimed at contributing &quot;to the building of peace, the [[poverty reduction|eradication of poverty]], [[sustainable development]] and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco/|title=Introducing UNESCO|publisher=UNESCO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818121902/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco|archive-date=18 August 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/ |title = UNESCO history |publisher = UNESCO |accessdate = 23 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100409011030/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/ |archive-date = 9 April 2010 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the successor of the [[League of Nations]]' [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;intellectualcooperation&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne |access-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022034/https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |archive-date=12 September 2018 |url-status=live }} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322103701/http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ |date=22 March 2019 }}).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UNESCO has [[Member states of UNESCO|193 member states]] and 11 associate members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/countries |title=List of UNESCO members and associates |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311145128/https://en.unesco.org/countries |archive-date=11 March 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Based in [[Paris]], France, most of its field offices are &quot;cluster&quot; offices that cover three or more countries; national and regional offices also exist.<br /> <br /> UNESCO seeks to build a culture of peace and inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|title=UNESCO • General Conference; 34th; Medium-term Strategy, 2008–2013; 2007|format=PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728152547/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|archive-date=28 July 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; To that end, it pursues its objectives through five major program areas: [[education]], [[natural science]]s, [[social science|social]]/[[human science]]s, culture and communication/information. It sponsors projects related to [[literacy]], technical training, education, the advancement of science, promoting independent media and [[freedom of the press]], preserving regional and cultural history, and promoting [[cultural diversity]]. UNESCO assists in translating and disseminating world literature, establishing international cooperation agreements to secure &quot;[[World Heritage Site]]s&quot; of [[cultural heritage|cultural]] and [[natural heritage|natural]] importance, preserving human rights, and bridging the [[Global digital divide|worldwide digital divide]]. It also launched and leads the [[Education For All]] movement and [[lifelong learning]].<br /> <br /> UNESCO is a member of the [[United Nations Development Group]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |title=UNDG Members |publisher=United Nations Development Group |accessdate=8 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144047/http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; a coalition of UN agencies and organisations aimed at fulfilling the [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<br /> {{TOC limit|}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins === <br /> [[File:Flag of UNESCO.svg|thumb|[[Flag of UNESCO]]]]<br /> UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a [[League of Nations]] resolution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commission to study feasibility.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | publisher = League of Nations | series = Records of the Second Assembly | title = Plenary Meetings | date = 5 September – 5 October 1921 | place = Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | quote = The [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created on 4 January 1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications. | title = A Chronology of UNESCO: 1945–1987 | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf | place = Paris | date = December 1987 | id = LAD.85/WS/4 Rev | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | ref = {{Harvid | UNESCO |1987}} | access-date = 13 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095140/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf | archive-date = 2 February 2011 | url-status = live }}.&lt;/ref&gt; This new body, the [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created in 1922&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary]) |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne |isbn=|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt; and counted such figures as [[Henri Bergson]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Marie Curie]], and [[Robert A. Millikan]] among its members (being thus a small commission of the League of Nations essentially centered on Western Europe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939) | journal = Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America | pages = 65-89| date = 2020 | url = https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F8F05A6DBC3C.P001/REF |ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;). The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was then created in Paris on 9 August 1925, to act as the executing agency for the ICIC. On 18 December 1925, the [[International Bureau of Education]] (IBE) began work as a [[non-governmental]] organization in the service of international educational development.{{Sfn | UNESCO | 1987}} However, the onset of [[World War II]] largely interrupted the work of these predecessor organizations.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === Creation ===<br /> After the signing of the [[Atlantic Charter]] and the [[Declaration of the United Nations]], the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued from 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by [[China]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]] and the USSR. This was followed by the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]] (UNCIO), held in San Francisco in April–June 1945, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London 1–16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented. The idea of UNESCO was largely developed by [[Rab Butler]], the [[Minister of Education]] for the United Kingdom, who had a great deal of influence in its development.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco The work of U.N.E.S.C.O. (Hansard, 26 January 1949)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103837/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco |date=19 October 2017 }}. Millbank systems. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was established.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | ref = {{Harvid | Unesco | 1945}} | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf | title = United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation | place = The Institute of Civil Engineers, London | date = 1–16 November 1945 | id = ECO/Conf./29 | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | accessdate = 8 June 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024012/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf | archive-date = 15 March 2012 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCO's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state.{{Sfn | Unesco | 1945}}<br /> <br /> The first General Conference took place from 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. [[Julian Huxley]] to Director-General.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf | publisher = UNESCO | year = 1947 | title = General Conference, First Session | place = UNESCO House, Paris, from 20 November to 10 December 1946. UNESCO/C/30 &amp;#91;1 C/Resolutions&amp;#93; Item 14, p. 73 | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | accessdate = 1 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120904090227/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf | archive-date = 4 September 2012 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the Executive Board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not, as before, act in their personal capacity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf |title=Records of the General Conference, Eighth Session |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |access-date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095202/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the ICIC, in how member states would work together in the organization's fields of competence. As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO's mandate, political and historical factors have shaped the organization's operations in particular during the Cold War, the decolonization process, and the dissolution of the USSR.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism, for example through influential [[The Race Question|statements on race]] starting with a declaration of anthropologists (among them was [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]]) and other scientists in 1950&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001269/126969eb.pdf |title = UNESCO. (1950). Statement by experts on race problems. Paris, 20 July 1950. UNESCO/SS/1. UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030543/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001269/126969eb.pdf |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and concluding with the 1978 [[The Race Question#Legacy and other UNESCO statements|Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 20th Session. (1979). Records of the General Conference, Twentieth Session, Paris, 24 October to 28 November 1978. 20 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3/1.1/2, p. 61. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030610/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO saying that some of the organization's publications amounted to &quot;interference&quot; in the country's &quot;racial problems&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO. Executive Board, 42nd Session. (1955). Report of the Director-General on the Activities of the Organization (March–November 1955). Paris, 9 November 1955. 42 EX/43. Part I Relations with Member States, paragraph 3.&lt;/ref&gt; South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of [[Nelson Mandela]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> UNESCO's early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947.&lt;ref&gt;The Haiti pilot project: phase one, 1947–1949. (1951). Monographs on Fundamental Education IV. UNESCO: Paris.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> This project was followed by expert missions to other countries, including, for example, a mission to Afghanistan in 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000590/059046eb.pdf |title = Debiesse, J., Benjamin, H. and Abbot, W. (1952). Report of the mission to Afghanistan. Educational Missions IV. ED.51/VIII.A. (Paris.) UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030935/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000590/059046eb.pdf |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education [[compulsory education|compulsory]] and universal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114591e.pdf#xml=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?database=&amp;set=4CFE6AEC_1_103&amp;hits_rec=1&amp;hits_lng=eng |title = UNESCO. General Conference, 2nd Session. (1948). Resolutions adopted by the General Conference during its second session, Mexico, November–December 1947. 2 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3.4.1, p. 17. UNESDOC database |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031028/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114591e.pdf#xml=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?database=&amp;set=4CFE6AEC_1_103&amp;hits_rec=1&amp;hits_lng=eng |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in [[Jomtien]], Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000975/097551e.pdf |title=UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, and The World Bank. (1990). Final Report. World Conference on Education for All: Meeting Basic Education Needs. 5–9 March 1990, Jomtien, Thailand. (WCEFA Inter-agency Commission: New York). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031115/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000975/097551e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Ten years later, the 2000 [[World Education Forum]] held in [[Dakar]], Senegal, led member governments to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf |title=UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action. Education for All: meeting our collective commitments (including six regional frameworks for action). World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal, 26–28 April 2000. ED.2000/WS/27. (Paris). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607174131/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UNESCO's early activities in culture included the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000419/041943eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 21st Session. (1980). International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia: Report of the Executive Committee of the Campaign and of the Director-General. 26 August 1980. 21 C/82. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031408/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000419/041943eb.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The purpose of the campaign was to move the [[Great and Small Temples of Abu Simbel|Great Temple of Abu Simbel]] to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after the construction of the [[Aswan Dam]]. During the 20-year campaign, 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including [[Mohenjo-daro]] (Pakistan), [[Fes]] (Morocco), [[Kathmandu]] (Nepal), [[Borobudur]] (Indonesia) and the [[Acropolis]] (Greece).{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> The organization's work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114044e.pdf |title=Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Paris, 16 November 1972. UNESCO. General Conference, 17th Session. Records of the General Conference, Seventeenth Session, Paris, 17 October to 21 November 1972. Volume I: Resolutions, Recommendations. 17 C/Resolution 29. Chapter IX Conventions and Recommendations, p. 135. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620014519/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114044e.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The [[World Heritage Committee]] was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]] in 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000347/034793eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Second Session. Final Report. Washington, DC, 5–8 September 1978. CC-78/CONF.010/10 Rev. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019104217/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000347/034793eb.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 (Convention for the Safeguarding of the [[Intangible Cultural Heritage]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001331/133171e.pdf |title=Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris, 17 October 2003. UNESCO. General Conference, 32nd Session. Records of the General Conference, Thirty-second Session, Paris, 29 September to 17 October 2003. Volume I: Resolutions. 32 C/Resolution 32. Chapter IV Programme for 2004–2005, Major Programme IV – Culture, p. 53. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315102224/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001331/133171e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;) and 2005 ([[Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001428/142825e.pdf |title = Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Paris, 20 October 2005. UNESCO. General Conference, 33rd Session. Records of the General Conference. Thirty-third Session, Paris, 3–21 October 2005. Volume I: Resolutions. 33 C/Resolution 41. Chapter V Programme for 2006–2007, p. 83. UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120703092914/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001428/142825e.pdf |archive-date = 3 July 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;).<br /> <br /> An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the [[European Council for Nuclear Research]], which was responsible for establishing the [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113790e.pdf |title=UNESCO. Executive Board, 26th Session. Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its twenty-sixth session. (7 June to 9 July 1951). Paris, 27 July 1951. 26 EX/Decisions. Item 7 Programme, Resolution 7.2.2.1, p. 9. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528224001/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113790e.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; later on, in 1954.<br /> <br /> Arid Zone programming, 1948–1966, is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114593e.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 3rd Session. (1949). Records of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Third Session. Beirut, 1948. Volume II: Resolutions. (UNESCO: Paris). 2 C/Resolution 3.7, page 23. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031635/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114593e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1968, UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development, a problem that continues to be addressed in the field of [[sustainable development]]. The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO's [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf |title=&quot;Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere. Paris, 4–13 September 1968.&quot; (1970.) In Natural Resources Research, Volume X. SC.69/XIL.16/A. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031659/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the field of communication, the &quot;free flow of ideas by word and image&quot; has been in UNESCO's constitution from its beginnings, following the experience of the Second World War when control of information was a factor in indoctrinating populations for aggression.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002269/226924e.pdf#page=6|title=Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713010444/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002269/226924e.pdf#page=6|archive-date=13 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In the years immediately following World War II, efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world. UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001480/148006eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. (1955). International Expert Meeting on Professional Training for Journalism. Unesco House, 9–13 April 1956. Purpose and Scope. Paris, 18 November 1955. UNESCO/MC/PT.1. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407033852/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001480/148006eb.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In response to calls for a &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; in the late 1970s, UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000323/032363eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 19th Session. (1977). Approved Programme and budget for 1977–1978. Paris, February 1977. 19 C/5, p. 332, paragraphs 4154 and 4155. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528224016/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000323/032363eb.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; which produced the 1980 [[MacBride report]] (named after the Chair of the Commission, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Seán MacBride]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000400/040066eb.pdf |title=MacBride, S. (1980). Many voices, one world: towards a new, more just, and more efficient world information and communication order. (UNESCO: Paris). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313204759/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000400/040066eb.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The same year, UNESCO created the [[International Programme for the Development of Communication]] (IPDC), a multilateral forum designed to promote media development in developing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/about-ipdc/|title=About IPDC {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907122304/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/about-ipdc|archive-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage/|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1991, UNESCO's General Conference endorsed the [[Windhoek Declaration]] on [[media independence]] and pluralism, which led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption, 3 May, as [[World Press Freedom Day]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2016/|title=World Press Freedom Day 2016|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2016-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109223447/https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2016|archive-date=9 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1997, UNESCO has awarded the [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize|UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]] every 3 May. In the lead up to the [[World Summit on the Information Society]] in 2003 ([[Geneva]]) and 2005 ([[Tunis]]), UNESCO introduced the [[Information for All Programme]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === 21st Century === <br /> UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|title = General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member|date = 31 October 2011|accessdate = 11 December 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111214135140/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|archive-date = 14 December 2011|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html |title = US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership |first = Adrian |last = Blomfield |work = The Telegraph |date = 31 October 2011 |accessdate = 31 October 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111101190549/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html |archive-date = 1 November 2011 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Laws passed in the United States after Palestine applied for UNESCO and [[World Health Organization|WHO]] membership in April 1989&lt;ref name=&quot;Sakran2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Shadi Sakran|title=The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT64|date=26 November 2019|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-00-076357-7|pages=64–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State], UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989&lt;/ref&gt; mean that the US cannot contribute financially to any UN organisation that accepts Palestine as a full member.&lt;ref&gt;The laws originated in {{USBill|101|hr|2145}} and {{USBill|101|s|875}}; for further details see committee discussions at: {{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations|title=The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC|year=1989|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}. The text of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: {{USBill|101|hr|3743}} (which produced {{USPL|101|246}}), {{USBill|102|hr|5368}}, {{USBill|103|hr|2295}} and finally {{USBill|103|hr|2333}} (which produced {{USPL|103|236}}). See also: {{cite book|last=Beattie|first=Kirk|title=Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT287|date=3 May 2016|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-562-3|p=287 online|quote=...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. [[Bob Kasten|Robert Kasten, Jr.]] (R-Wl) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. [[Tom Lantos]] sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or their achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the &quot;offending&quot; UN body under these laws. (I'll just note in passing that it was Sen. Kasten who was to be a major recipient of campaign funds that [[AIPAC]]'s President [[David Steiner (AIPAC)|David Steiner]] was soliciting from one Haim Katz. Katz surreptitiously taped and released to the public the conversation, much to AIPAC's embarrassment. The conversation can be found on-line and makes for an interesting read.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|publisher=Reuters |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the US withdrew its funding, which had accounted for about 22% of UNESCO's budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html |title= Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians |first1= Steven |last1= Erlanger |first2= Scott |last2= Sayare |work= The New York Times |date= 31 October 2011 |accessdate= 31 October 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111031171156/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html |archive-date= 31 October 2011 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel also reacted to Palestine's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israeli payments to UNESCO and imposing sanctions on the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|title= After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S.|work= Haaretz|date= 4 November 2011|accessdate= 11 December 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111207205936/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|archive-date= 7 December 2011|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; stating that Palestine's admittance would be detrimental &quot;to potential peace talks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST |publisher=CNN |title=Israel freezes UNESCO funds |date=3 December 2011 |accessdate=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106053150/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST |archivedate=6 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Two years after they stopped paying their dues to UNESCO, the US and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013 without losing the right to be elected; thus, the US was elected as a member of the Executive Board for the period 2016–19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108 | title= U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row | work= Reuters | date= 8 November 2013 | accessdate= 29 June 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140709192541/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108 | archive-date= 9 July 2014 | url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Israel left UNESCO after 69 years of membership, with Israel's ambassador to the UN [[Danny Danon]] writing: &quot;UNESCO is the body that continually rewrites history, including by erasing the Jewish connection to Jerusalem... it is corrupted and manipulated by Israel's enemies... we are not going to be a member of an organisation that deliberately acts against us&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/202003121078544477-israel-should-quit-putting-up-with-uns-triple-standards---ex-israeli-diplomat/ |title=Israel Should Quit Putting up With UN's 'Triple' Standards - Ex-Israeli Diplomat - Sputnik International |publisher=Sputniknews.com |date= |accessdate=2020-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Activities==<br /> [[File:UNESCO Brasília Office.jpg|thumb|UNESCO offices in [[Brasília]]]]<br /> <br /> UNESCO implements its activities through the five program areas: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information.<br /> * Education: UNESCO supports research in [[comparative education]]; and provide expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all. This includes the<br /> ** [[UNESCO Chairs]], an international network of 644 UNESCO Chairs, involving over 770 institutions in 126 countries<br /> ** Environmental Conservation Organisation<br /> ** [[Convention against Discrimination in Education]] adopted in 1960<br /> ** Organization of the International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA) in an interval of 12 years<br /> ** Publication of the [[Education for All Global Monitoring Report]]<br /> ** Publication of the ''Four Pillars of Learning'' seminal document<br /> ** [[UNESCO ASPNet]], an international network of 8,000 schools in 170 countries<br /> <br /> UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning.&lt;ref&gt;Because [[diploma mill]]s have claimed false UNESCO accreditation, UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation. See Luca Lantero, [http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf Degree Mills: non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513185433/http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf |date=13 May 2015 }}, [[Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence|Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence (CIMEA)]], Italy. and [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090521152755/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=48787&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO &quot;Alert: Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * UNESCO also issues public statements to educate the public:<br /> ** [[Seville Statement on Violence]]: A statement adopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the notion that humans are biologically predisposed to organised violence.<br /> * Designating projects and places of cultural and scientific significance, such as:<br /> ** [[Global Geoparks Network]]<br /> ** [[Biosphere reserve]]s, through the [[Programme on Man and the Biosphere]] (MAB), since 1971<br /> ** [[City of Literature]]; in 2007, the first city to be given this title was [[Edinburgh]], the site of Scotland's first [[circulating library]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Varga, Susan |title=Edinburgh Old Town (Images of Scotland) |publisher=The History Press Ltd |location= |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=978-0-7524-4083-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, Iowa City, Iowa became the City of Literature.<br /> ** [[Endangered language]]s and [[linguistic diversity]] projects<br /> ** [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]<br /> ** [[Memory of the World]] International Register, since 1997<br /> ** [[Water resources management]], through the [[International Hydrological Programme]] (IHP), since 1965<br /> ** [[World Heritage Site]]s<br /> ** [[World Digital Library]]<br /> * Encouraging the &quot;free flow of ideas by images and words&quot; by:<br /> ** Promoting [[freedom of expression]], including [[freedom of the press]] and [[freedom of information legislation]], through the Division of Freedom of Expression and Media Development,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|title=Fostering Freedom of Expression|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053749/https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|archive-date=10 December 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the [[International Programme for the Development of Communication]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting the [[safety of journalists]] and combatting impunity for those who attack them,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|title=Safety of Journalists|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131159/https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|archive-date=20 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; through coordination of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action/|title=UN Plan of Action {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103326/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action|archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting universal access to and preservation of information and open solutions for sustainable development through the Knowledge Societies Division,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|title=Building Knowledge Societies|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116181422/https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the [[Memory of the World Programme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage/|title=Memory of the World {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710050933/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage|archive-date=10 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Information for All Programme (IFAP)|Information for All Programme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|title=Information for All Programme (IFAP) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910112204/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|archive-date=10 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]], [[gender equality]] and [[cultural diversity]] in the media<br /> ** Promoting [[Internet Universality]] and its principles, that the Internet should be (I) [[Human rights|human Rights]]-based, (ii) Open, (iii) [[Accessibility|Accessible]] to all, and (iv) nurtured by [[Multistakeholder governance model|Multi-stakeholder]] participation (summarized as the acronym R.O.A.M.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|title=Internet Universality {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728033751/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|archive-date=28 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Generating knowledge through publications such as ''World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|title=World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826003315/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|title=UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821161616/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Media Development Indicators,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|title=Media Development Indicators (MDIs) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612042809/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|archive-date=12 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as other indicator-based studies.<br /> * Promoting events, such as:<br /> ** [[International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World]]: 2001–2010, proclaimed by the UN in 1998<br /> ** [[World Press Freedom Day]], 3 May each year, to promote [[freedom of expression]] and [[freedom of the press]] as a basic human right and as crucial components of any healthy, democratic and free society.<br /> ** ''Criança Esperança'' in Brazil, in partnership with [[Rede Globo]], to raise funds for community-based projects that foster social integration and violence prevention.<br /> ** [[International Literacy Day]]<br /> ** [[International Year for the Culture of Peace]]<br /> ** [http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Nairobi/kiberareport.pdf Health Education for Behavior Change] program in partnership with the Ministry of Education of [[Kenya]] which was financially supported by the Government of [[Azerbaijan]] to promote health education among 10-19-year-old young people who live in informal camp in [[Kibera]], [[Nairobi]]. The project was carried out between September 2014 - December 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera/|title=Promouvoir l'éducation à la santé chez les jeunes du campement informel de Kibera à Nairobi {{!}} Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture|website=unesco.org|language=fr|access-date=2017-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820102139/http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Founding and funding projects, such as:<br /> **[[Migration Museums]] Initiative: Promoting the establishment of museums for cultural dialogue with migrant populations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305005432/http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2007 |title=Migration Institutions – Home |publisher=Migrationmuseums.org |accessdate=23 April 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[UNESCO-CEPES]], the European Centre for Higher Education: established in 1972 in Bucharest, Romania, as a de-centralized office to promote international co-operation in higher education in Europe as well as Canada, USA and Israel. ''Higher Education in Europe'' is its official journal.<br /> ** [[Free Software Directory]]: since 1998 UNESCO and the [[Free Software Foundation]] have jointly funded this project cataloguing [[free software]].<br /> ** [[FRESH, UNESCO|FRESH]] Focussing Resources on [[School health services|Effective School Health]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35173&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Education &amp;#124; EDUCATION – |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006100958/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35173%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archivedate=6 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[OANA]], Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies<br /> ** [[International Council of Science]]<br /> ** [[UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador]]s<br /> ** [[ASOMPS]], Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices, a series of scientific conferences held in Asia<br /> ** [[Botany 2000]], a programme supporting taxonomy, and [[biodiversity|biological]] and [[cultural diversity]] of medicinal and ornamental plants, and their protection against [[environmental pollution]]<br /> ** The [[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]], translating works of world literature both to and from multiple languages, from 1948 to 2005<br /> ** [[GoUNESCO]], an umbrella of initiatives to make heritage fun supported by UNESCO, New Delhi Office&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|title=Official support for GoUNESCO from UNESCO New Delhi|date=2014-03-24|website=GoUNESCO - Make Heritage Fun!|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815083136/https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|archive-date=15 August 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [http://opendata.unesco.org UNESCO transparency portal] has been designed to enable public [[access to information]] regarding Organization's activities, such as its aggregate budget for a biennium, as well as links to relevant programmatic and financial documents. These two distinct sets of information are published on the [[International Aid Transparency Initiative|IATI]] registry, respectively based on the IATI Activity Standard and the IATI Organization Standard.<br /> <br /> There have been proposals to establish two new UNESCO lists. The first proposed list will focus on movable cultural heritage such as artifacts, paintings, and biofacts. The list may include cultural objects, such as the [[Jōmon Venus]] of [[Japan]], the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' of France, the [[Gebel el-Arak Knife]] of [[Egypt]], ''[[The Ninth Wave]]'' of Russia, the [[Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük]] of Turkey, the [[David (Michelangelo)|''David'' (Michelangelo)]] of Italy, the [[Mathura Herakles]] of India, the [[Manunggul Jar]] of the Philippines, the [[Crown of Baekje]] of South Korea, ''[[The Hay Wain]]'' of the United Kingdom and the [[Benin Bronzes]] of Nigeria. The second proposed list will focus on the world's living species, such as the [[komodo dragon]] of Indonesia, the [[panda]] of China, the [[bald eagle]] of North American countries, the [[aye-aye]] of Madagascar, the [[Asiatic lion]] of India, the [[kakapo]] of New Zealand, and the [[mountain tapir]] of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/|title=Tangible Cultural Heritage - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319084612/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/|archive-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Document - Discovered artifacts under preservation, Archaeological Site, 18 Hoang Dieu street|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103001256/https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908/|archive-date=3 November 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Media==<br /> UNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines.<br /> <br /> ''The UNESCO Courier'' magazine states its mission to &quot;promote UNESCO's ideals, maintain a platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate&quot;. Since March 2006 it is available online, with limited printed issues. Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO. There was a hiatus in publishing between 2012 and 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|title=Archives|website=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2017-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224552/https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1950, UNESCO initiated the quarterly review ''Impact of Science on Society'' (also known as ''Impact'') to discuss the influence of science on society. The journal ceased publication in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF |title = Science and Technology Education |publisher = UNESCO |date = 1998 |access-date = 23 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160813140445/http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF |archive-date = 13 August 2016 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO also published Museum International Quarterly from the year 1948.<br /> <br /> ==Official UNESCO NGOs==<br /> UNESCO has official relations with 322 [[international non-governmental organization]]s (NGOs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |title=Quoted on UNESCO official site |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |accessdate=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |archivedate=25 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of these are what UNESCO calls &quot;operational&quot;; a select few are &quot;formal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35293&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UNESCO |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623000619/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35293%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is &quot;formal associate&quot;, and the 22 NGOs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |title=UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13 Feb 2009 |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |accessdate=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |archivedate=25 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; with ''formal associate'' (ASC) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are:<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Abbr<br /> ! Organization<br /> |-<br /> | IB || [[International Baccalaureate]]<br /> |-<br /> | CCIVS || [[CCIVS|Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service]]<br /> |-<br /> | EI || [[Education International]]<br /> |-<br /> | IAU || [[International Association of Universities]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFTC || [[International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICPHS || [[International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies]] which publishes [[Diogenes (journal)|Diogenes]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICSU || [[International Council for Science]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICOM || [[International Council of Museums]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICSSPE || [[International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICA || [[International Council on Archives]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICOMOS || [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFJ || [[International Federation of Journalists]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFLA || [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFPA || International Federation of Poetry Associations<br /> |-<br /> | IMC || [[International Music Council]]<br /> |-<br /> | IPA|| [[International Police Association]]<br /> |-<br /> | INSULA || International Scientific Council for Island Development<br /> |-<br /> | ISSC || [[International Social Science Council]]<br /> |-<br /> | ITI || [[International Theatre Institute]]<br /> |-<br /> | IUCN || [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]]<br /> |-<br /> | IUTAO || International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations<br /> |-<br /> | UIA || [[Union of International Associations]]<br /> |-<br /> | WAN || [[World Association of Newspapers]]<br /> |-<br /> | WFEO || [[World Federation of Engineering Organizations]]<br /> |-<br /> | WFUCA || World Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[File:Unesco-IHE.JPG|thumb|[[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO Institute for Water Education]] in [[Delft]]]]<br /> <br /> ==Institutes and centres==<br /> The institutes are specialized departments of the organization that support UNESCO's programme, providing specialized support for cluster and national offices.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Abbr<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Location<br /> |-<br /> | IBE<br /> | [[International Bureau of Education]]<br /> | [[Geneva]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|title=International Bureau of Education|first=|last=|date=|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224448/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UIL<br /> | [[UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning]]<br /> | [[Hamburg]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|website=UIL - UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning|publisher=|title=About the Institute|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2015-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224304/http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IIEP<br /> | [[UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning]]<br /> | Paris (headquarters) and [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Dakar]] (regional offices)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|title=IIEP UNESCO|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119121935/http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=19 November 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IITE<br /> | UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education<br /> | Moscow&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|website=UNESCO IITE|publisher=|title=Contact Us|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224424/https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IICBA<br /> | UNESCO International Institute for [[Capacity Building]] in Africa<br /> | [[Addis Ababa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node/146|title=Contact Us|publisher=UNESCO|website=IICBA|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224657/http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node%2F146|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IESALC<br /> | UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean<br /> | [[Caracas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|title=Contact Us|publisher=UNESCO|website=IESALC|language=Spanish|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224903/http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | MGIEP<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development]]<br /> | [[New Delhi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mgiep.unesco.org|title=Building Social and Emotional Learning for Education 2030|publisher=UNESCO|website=UNESCO MGIEP|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092511/https://mgiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UNESCO-UNEVOC<br /> | [[UNESCO-UNEVOC|UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training]]<br /> | [[Bonn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|title=UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224349/https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UNESCO-IHE<br /> | [[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education]]<br /> | [[Delft]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un-ihe.org/|title=Home|website=IHE Delft Institute for Water Education|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024023035/http://www.un-ihe.org/|archive-date=24 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ICTP<br /> | [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]]<br /> | [[Trieste]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|website=ICTP - International Centre for Theoretical Physics|publisher=UNESCO|title=Mission &amp; History|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224535/https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UIS<br /> | [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]]<br /> | [[Montreal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|title=Contact Us|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2016-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224907/http://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Prizes==<br /> UNESCO awards 22 prizes&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO Executive Board Document [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf 185 EX/38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095215/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf |date=2 February 2011 }}, Paris, 10 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt; in education, science, culture and peace:<br /> * [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize]]<br /> * [[L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science]]<br /> * [[UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize|UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Confucius Prize for Literacy|UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy]]<br /> * UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities<br /> * [[UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize]] for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education<br /> * UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers<br /> * UNESCO/[[Kalinga Prize]] for the Popularization of Science<br /> * [[UNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal]] for an outstanding contribution to the development of scientific knowledge that has a beneficial impact on human health<br /> * UNESCO/[[Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation]]<br /> * Great Man-Made River International Water Prize for Water Resources in Arid Zones presented by UNESCO (title to be reconsidered)<br /> * Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management<br /> * [[UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Prize for Peace Education]]<br /> * [[UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize]] for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence<br /> * UNESCO/[[International José Martí Prize]]<br /> * UNESCO/[[Avicenna Prize]] for Ethics in Science<br /> * UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean<br /> * Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture<br /> * Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes (UNESCO-Greece)<br /> * IPDC-UNESCO Prize for Rural Communication<br /> * [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]]<br /> * UNESCO/Jikji [[Memory of the World]] Prize<br /> * [[UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences|UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize]] for Research in the Life Sciences<br /> * [[Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology]]<br /> <br /> ===Inactive prizes===<br /> * [[International Simón Bolívar Prize]] (inactive since 2004)<br /> * [[UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education]]<br /> * UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive since 2010)<br /> * UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts<br /> <br /> ==International Days observed at UNESCO==<br /> International Days observed at UNESCO is provided in the table given below&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ International Days | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162831/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ |date=10 November 2012 }}. UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Date<br /> ! Name<br /> |-<br /> | 27 January<br /> | [[International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust]]<br /> |-<br /> | 13 February<br /> | [[World Radio Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 February<br /> | [[International Mother Language Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 March<br /> | [[International Women's Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 20 March<br /> | [[International Francophonie Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | International Day of [[Nowruz]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | [[World Poetry Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | [[International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]]<br /> |-<br /> | 22 March<br /> | [[World Day for Water]]<br /> |-<br /> | 23 April<br /> | [[World Book and Copyright Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 30 April<br /> | [[International Jazz Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3 May<br /> | [[World Press Freedom Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 May<br /> | [[World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development]]<br /> |-<br /> | 22 May<br /> | [[International Day for Biological Diversity]]<br /> |-<br /> | 25 May<br /> | [[Africa Day]] / [[Africa Week]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5 June<br /> | [[World Environment Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 June<br /> | [[World Oceans Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 17 June<br /> |[[World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought]]<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 9 August<br /> | [[International Day of the World's Indigenous People]]<br /> |-<br /> | 12 August<br /> | [[International Youth Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 23 August<br /> | [[International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 September<br /> | [[International Literacy Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 15 September<br /> | [[International Day of Democracy]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 September<br /> | [[International Day of Peace]]<br /> |-<br /> | 28 September<br /> |[[Access to Information Day|International Day for the Universal Access to Information]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 October<br /> | [[International Day of Non-Violence]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5 October<br /> | [[World Teachers' Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd Wednesday in October<br /> | International Day for Disaster Reduction<br /> |-<br /> | 17 October<br /> | [[International Day for the Eradication of Poverty]]<br /> |-<br /> | 20 October<br /> | [[World Statistics Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 27 October<br /> | [[World Day for Audiovisual Heritage]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 November<br /> | [[International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|title=International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030214202/https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 10 November<br /> | World Science Day for Peace and Development<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd Thursday in November<br /> | [[World Philosophy Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 16 November<br /> | [[International Day for Tolerance]]<br /> |-<br /> | 19 November<br /> | [[International Men's Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 25 November<br /> | [[International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women]]<br /> |-<br /> | 29 November<br /> | [[International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1 December<br /> | [[World AIDS Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 10 December<br /> | [[Human Rights Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 18 December<br /> | [[International Migrants Day]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Member states==<br /> {{Main|Member states of UNESCO}}<br /> As of January 2019, UNESCO has 193 member states and 11 associate members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries/ |title=List of UNESCO members and associates |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=3 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102233939/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some members are not [[independent state]]s and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their [[dependent territory|dependent territories]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Palestine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport |url=http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf |publisher=WADA |page=2 |format=PDF |accessdate=28 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116165411/http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf |archivedate=16 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO state parties are the [[United Nations member states]] (except [[Liechtenstein]], [[United States]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Statement by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Withdrawal by the United States of America from UNESCO|date=12 October 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|type=Press release.|access-date=2019-02-21|author-link=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224138/https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Israel]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Declaration by UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay on the withdrawal of Israel from the Organization|date=29 December 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|type=Press release.|access-date=2019-02-21|author-link=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224221/https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;), as well as [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties |title=State Parties |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties |archive-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |title=Member States of the United Nations |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States and Israel left UNESCO on 31 December 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=TOVAH LAZAROFF |title=ISRAEL, U.S. SLATED TO LEAVE UNESCO TODAY TO PROTEST ANTI-ISRAEL BIAS |url=https://m.jpost.com/International/Israel-US-slated-to-leave-UNESCO-today-to-protest-anti-Israel-bias-575875 |newspaper=JPost |date=2018-12-31 |access-date=2018-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Governing bodies==<br /> <br /> ===Director-General===<br /> There has been no elected UNESCO Director-General from Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central and North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, and South America since inception.<br /> <br /> The Directors-General of UNESCO came from West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), and East Europe (1). Out of the 11 Directors-General since inception, women have held the position only twice. [[Qatar]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Iran]] are proposing for a Director-General bid by 2021 or 2025. There have never been a Middle Eastern or Southeast Asian UNESCO Director-General since inception. The [[ASEAN]] bloc and some Pacific and Latin American nations support the possible bid of the Philippines, which is culturally Asian, Oceanic, and Latin. Qatar and Iran, on the other hand, have fragmented support in the Middle East. [[Egypt]], [[Israel]], and [[Madagascar]] are also vying for the position but have yet to express a direct or indirect proposal. Both Qatar and Egypt lost in the 2017 bid against France.<br /> <br /> The list of the Directors-General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ Directors-General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718234457/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ |date=18 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Name<br /> !Country<br /> !Term<br /> |-<br /> | [[Audrey Azoulay]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 2017–present<br /> |-<br /> | [[Irina Bokova]] || {{flagcountry|BUL}} || 2009–2017<br /> |-<br /> | [[Koïchiro Matsuura]] || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1999–2009<br /> |-<br /> | [[Federico Mayor Zaragoza]] || {{flagcountry|ESP}} || 1987–99<br /> |-<br /> | [[Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow]] || {{flagcountry|SEN}} || 1974–87<br /> |-<br /> | [[René Maheu]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 1961–74; [[acting (law)|acting]] 1961<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vittorino Veronese]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}} || 1958–61<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luther Evans]] || {{flagcountry|USA|1912}} || 1953–58<br /> |-<br /> | [[John Wilkinson Taylor (educator)|John Wilkinson Taylor]] || {{flagcountry|USA|1912}} || [[acting (law)|acting]] 1952–53<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jaime Torres Bodet]] || {{flagcountry|MEX|1934}} || 1948–52<br /> |-<br /> | [[Julian Huxley]] || {{flagcountry|UK}} || 1946–48<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===General Conference===<br /> This is the list of the sessions of the UNESCO General Conference held since 1946:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ Previous Sessions of the General Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025045200/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ |date=25 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Session<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Chaired by<br /> ! from<br /> |-<br /> | 39th || Paris || 2017 || Zohour Alaoui&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president | title=President of the 39th session of the General Conference | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=12 November 2017 | date=2017-10-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003114/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president | archive-date=13 November 2017 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{flagcountry|Morocco}}<br /> |-<br /> | 38th || Paris || 2015 || Stanley Mutumba Simataa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president/ | title=President of the 38th session of the General Conference | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=11 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116135603/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president | archive-date=16 November 2015 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{flagcountry|Namibia}}<br /> |-<br /> | 37th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = General Conference 37th {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 25 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103414/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|archive-date = 3 October 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; || Paris || 2013 || [[Hao Ping]] || {{flagcountry|CHN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 36th || Paris || 2011 || [[Katalin Bogyay]] || {{flagcountry|HUN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 35th || Paris || 2009 || Davidson Hepburn || {{flagcountry|BHS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 34th || Paris || 2007 || George N. Anastassopoulos || {{flagcountry|GRC}}<br /> |-<br /> | 33rd || Paris || 2005 || [[Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan]] || {{flagcountry|OMN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 32nd || Paris || 2003 || [[Michael Omolewa]] || {{flagcountry|NGA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 31st || Paris || 2001 || [[Ahmad Jalali]] || {{flagcountry|IRN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 30th || Paris || 1999 || [[Jaroslava Moserová]] || {{flagcountry|CZE}}<br /> |-<br /> | 29th || Paris || 1997 || [[Eduardo Portella]] || {{flagcountry|BRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 28th || Paris || 1995 || Torben Krogh || {{flagcountry|DNK}}<br /> |-<br /> | 27th || Paris || 1993 || Ahmed Saleh Sayyad || {{flagcountry|YEM}}<br /> |-<br /> | 26th || Paris || 1991 || [[Bethwell Allan Ogot]] || {{flagcountry|KEN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 25th || Paris || 1989 || [[Anwar Ibrahim]] || {{flagcountry|MYS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 24th || Paris || 1987 || Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez || {{flagcountry|GTM}}<br /> |-<br /> | 23rd || [[Sofia]] || 1985 || [[Nikolai Todorov]] || {{flagcountry|BGR|1967}}<br /> |-<br /> | 22nd || Paris || 1983 || Saïd Tell || {{flagcountry|JOR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4th extraordinary || Paris || 1982 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 21st || [[Belgrade]] || 1980 || Ivo Margan || {{flagcountry|YUG}}<br /> |-<br /> | 20th || Paris || 1978 || Napoléon LeBlanc || {{flagcountry|CAN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 19th || [[Nairobi]] || 1976 || Taaita Toweett || {{flagcountry|KEN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 18th || Paris || 1974 || Magda Jóború || {{flagcountry|HUN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd extraordinary || Paris || 1973 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 17th || Paris || 1972 || Toru Haguiwara || {{flagcountry|JPN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 16th || Paris || 1970 || Atilio Dell'Oro Maini || {{flagcountry|ARG}}<br /> |-<br /> | 15th || Paris || 1968 || [[William Eteki Mboumoua]] || {{flagcountry|CMR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 14th || Paris || 1966 || Bedrettin Tuncel || {{flagcountry|TUR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 13th || Paris || 1964 || [[Norair Sisakian]] || {{flagcountry|USSR|1955}}<br /> |-<br /> | 12th || Paris || 1962 || Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro || {{flagcountry|BRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 11th || Paris || 1960 || Akale-Work Abte-Wold || {{flagcountry|ETH}}<br /> |-<br /> | 10th || Paris || 1958 || [[Jean Berthoin]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 9th || New Delhi || 1956 || [[Abul Kalam Azad]] || {{flagcountry|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> | 8th || [[Montevideo]] || 1954 || Justino Zavala Muñiz || {{flagcountry|URY}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd extraordinary || Paris || 1953 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 7th || Paris || 1952 || [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] || {{flagcountry|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> | 6th || Paris || 1951 || [[Howland H. Sargeant]] || {{flagcountry|USA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 5th || [[Florence]] || 1950 || [[Stefano Jacini]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4th || Paris || 1949 || [[Edward Ronald Walker]] || {{flagcountry|AUS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1st extraordinary || Paris || 1948 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd || [[Beirut]] || 1948 || Hamid Bey Frangie || {{flagcountry|LBN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd || [[Mexico City]] || 1947 || [[Manuel Gual Vidal]] || {{flagcountry|MEX}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1st || Paris || 1946 || [[Léon Blum]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''The 40th General Conference On 12th To 27 November 2019.'''<br /> <br /> === Executive Board ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> ! Term<br /> ! Group I &lt;br /&gt;(9 seats)<br /> ! Group II &lt;br /&gt;(7 seats)<br /> ! Group III &lt;br /&gt;(10 seats)<br /> ! Group IV &lt;br /&gt;(12 seats)<br /> ! Group V(a) &lt;br /&gt;(13 seats)<br /> ! Group V(b) &lt;br /&gt;(7 seats)<br /> |-<br /> |2019-2023&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|title=40th Session of the General Conference - 12-27 November 2019|last=|first=|date=2019-10-16|website=UNESCO|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102155643/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=2019-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{flagcountry|France}} {{flagcountry|Germany}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Switzerland}}<br /> |{{Flag|Hungary}}<br /> {{Flag|Poland}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Russia}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Serbia}}<br /> |{{flagcountry|Argentina}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Uruguay}}<br /> <br /> |{{Flag|Afghanistan}}<br /> {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Philippines}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Republic of Korea}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Thailand}}<br /> |{{Flag|Benin}}<br /> {{Flag|Congo}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Guinea}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Ghana}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Kenya}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Namibia}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Senegal}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Togo}}<br /> |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> {{Flag|UAE}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#efe; border-top:2px solid;&quot;<br /> |'''2017–19'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/elections/results-executive-board Executive Board – Results of elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115093548/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/elections/results-executive-board |date=15 November 2015 }}. UNESCO General Conference, November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|France}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Greece}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Russian Federation}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Serbia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Slovenia}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Haiti}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mexico}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nicaragua}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Paraguay}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|India}}&lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Iran}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Malaysia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Republic of Korea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Vietnam}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Cameroon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Cote d'Ivoire}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ghana}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Kenya}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nigeria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Senegal}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|South Africa}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Lebanon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Oman}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Qatar}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sudan}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#f7f7c7;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> | '''2014–17'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/SCX/pdfs/Table_2013-2015.pdf Table_2013-2015.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528012349/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/SCX/pdfs/Table_2013-2015.pdf |date=28 May 2016 }} UNESCO Membership by Electoral Groups. Retrieved 12 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Germany}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sweden}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Albania}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Estonia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Argentina}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Belize}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|El Salvador}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|China}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Japan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nepal}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Chad}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Guinea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mauritius}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mozambique}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Togo}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Uganda}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Algeria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Egypt}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Kuwait}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Morocco}}<br /> |- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> | '''2012–15'''<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Austria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|France}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United States of America}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Montenegro}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|North Macedonia}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Russian Federation}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Cuba}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ecuador}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mexico}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Papua New Guinea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Republic of Korea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Thailand}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Angola}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Gabon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Gambia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Malawi}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mali}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Namibia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nigeria}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Jordan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Tunisia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Offices and headquarters==<br /> [[File:April 2010, UNESCO Headquarters in Paris - The Garden of Peace (or Japanese Garden) in Spring.jpg|thumb|The Garden of Peace, UNESCO headquarters, Paris. Donated by the Government of Japan, this garden was designed by American-Japanese sculptor artist [[Isamu Noguchi]] in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano.]]<br /> UNESCO headquarters are located at [[Place de Fontenoy]] in Paris, France.<br /> <br /> UNESCO's field offices across the globe are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage: cluster offices, national offices, regional bureaus and liaison offices.<br /> <br /> ===Field offices by region===<br /> The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices/|title = List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with Descriptions of Member State Coverage|publisher = UNESCO|accessdate = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908164710/https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices|archive-date = 8 September 2019|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Africa====<br /> * [[Abidjan]] – National Office to [[Côte-d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]<br /> * [[Abuja]] – National Office to [[Nigeria]]<br /> * [[Accra]] – Cluster Office for [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Ghana]], [[Liberia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Togo]]<br /> * [[Addis Ababa]] – Liaison Office with the [[African Union]] and with the [[Economic Commission for Africa]]<br /> * [[Bamako]] – Cluster Office for [[Burkina Faso]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]] and [[Niger]]<br /> * [[Brazzaville]] – National Office to the [[Republic of the Congo]]<br /> * [[Bujumbura]] – National Office to [[Burundi]]<br /> * [[Dakar]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Cape Verde]], [[Gambia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and [[Senegal]]<br /> * [[Dar es Salaam]] – Cluster Office for [[Comoros]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]] and [[Tanzania]]<br /> * [[Harare]] – Cluster Office for [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]]<br /> * [[Juba]] – National Office to [[South Sudan]]<br /> * [[Kinshasa]] – National Office to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<br /> * [[Libreville]] – Cluster Office for the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]] and [[Sao Tome and Principe]]<br /> * [[Maputo]] – National Office to [[Mozambique]]<br /> * [[Nairobi]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Burundi]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], [[South Sudan]] and [[Uganda]]<br /> * [[Windhoek]] – National Office to [[Namibia]]<br /> * [[Yaoundé]] – Cluster Office to [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]] and [[Chad]]<br /> <br /> ====Arab States====<br /> * [[Amman]] – National Office to [[Jordan]]<br /> * [[Beirut]] – Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]<br /> * [[Cairo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for [[Egypt]], [[Libya]] and [[Sudan]]<br /> * [[Doha]] – Cluster Office to [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Yemen]]<br /> * [[Iraq]] – National Office for [[Iraq]] (currently located in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]])<br /> * [[Khartoum]] – National Office to [[Sudan]]<br /> * [[Manama]] - [[Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage]]<br /> * [[Rabat]] – Cluster Office to [[Algeria]], [[Mauritania]], [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]]<br /> * [[Ramallah]] – National Office to the Palestinian Territories<br /> <br /> ====Asia and Pacific====<br /> {{see also|UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards}}<br /> * [[Apia]] – Cluster Office to Australia, [[Cook Islands]], [[Fiji]], [[Kiribati]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Nauru]], [[New Zealand]], [[Niue]], [[Palau]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Samoa]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Vanuatu]] and [[Tokelau]] (Associate Member)<br /> * [[Bangkok]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to [[Thailand]], [[Burma]], [[Laos]], Singapore and [[Vietnam]]<br /> * Beijing – Cluster Office to [[North Korea]], Japan, [[Mongolia]], the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[South Korea]]<br /> * [[Dhaka]] – National Office to [[Bangladesh]]<br /> * [[Hanoi]] – National Office to [[Vietnam]]<br /> * [[Islamabad]] – National Office to [[Pakistan]]<br /> * [[Jakarta]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to the [[Philippines]], [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[East Timor]]<br /> * [[Manila]] - National Office to the [[Philippines]]<br /> * [[Kabul]] – National Office to [[Afghanistan]]<br /> * [[Kathmandu]] – National Office to [[Nepal]]<br /> * [[New Delhi]] – Cluster Office to [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]]<br /> * [[Phnom Penh]] – National Office to [[Cambodia]]<br /> * [[Tashkent]] – National Office to [[Uzbekistan]]<br /> * [[Tehran]] – Cluster Office to [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]<br /> <br /> ====Europe and North America====<br /> * [[Almaty]] – Cluster Office to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]<br /> * [[Brussels]] – Liaison Office to the [[European Union]] and its [[Brussels and the European Union|subsidiary bodies in Brussels]]<br /> * [[Geneva]] – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|United Nations in Geneva]]<br /> * New York City – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Headquarters|United Nations in New York]]<br /> * [[Venice]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe<br /> <br /> ====Latin America and the Caribbean====<br /> [[File:Carondolete en el cambio de guardia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Carondelet Palace]], Presidential Palace – with changing of the guards. The [[Historic Center of Quito]], Ecuador, is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in [[the Americas]].&lt;ref name=unesco&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 |title=City of Quito – UNESCO World Heritage |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=30 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507190507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 |archive-date=7 May 2009 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This center was, together with the historic centre of [[Kraków]] in Poland, the first to be declared [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.]]<br /> * [[Brasilia]] – National Office to [[Brazil]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO Office in Brasilia {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925163018/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|archive-date = 25 September 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Guatemala City]] – National Office to [[Guatemala]]<br /> * [[Havana]] – Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]] and [[Aruba]]<br /> * [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] – Cluster Office to [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Suriname]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] as well as the associate member states of [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]]<br /> * [[Lima]] – National Office to [[Peru]]<br /> * [[Mexico City]] – National Office to [[Mexico]]<br /> * [[Montevideo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]]<br /> * [[Port-au-Prince]] – National Office to [[Haiti]]<br /> * [[Quito]] – Cluster Office to [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Oficina de la UNESCO en Quito {{!}} Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925145958/http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|archive-date = 25 September 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] – Cluster Office to [[Costa Rica]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]] and [[Panama]]<br /> * [[Santiago de Chile]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to [[Chile]]<br /> <br /> === Partner Organisations ===<br /> * [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] ([[ICRC]])<br /> * [[Blue Shield International]] (BSI)<br /> * [[International Council of Museums]] (ICOM)<br /> * [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] ([[ICOMOS]])<br /> * [[International Institute of Humanitarian Law]] (IIHL)<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> <br /> ===New World Information and Communication Order===<br /> UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past, particularly in its relationships with the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Singapore]] and the former [[Soviet Union]]. During the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO's support for a &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; and its [[MacBride report]] calling for democratization of the media and more egalitarian access to information was condemned in these countries as attempts to curb [[freedom of the press]]. UNESCO was perceived as a platform for communists and Third World dictators to attack the West, in contrast to accusations made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last= Grahm |first=S. E. |date= April 2006 |title= The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 1946–1954 |journal=Diplomatic History |volume= 30 |issue=2 |pages=231–51 |doi= 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00548.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, the United States withheld its contributions and withdrew from the organization in protest, followed by the United Kingdom in 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A4079804/AONE?u=tamp44898&amp;sid=AONE&amp;xid=ef6d5640 | title = UNESCO asks states considering withdrawal to 'reconsider their position' | journal = [[UN Chronicle (journal)|UN Chronicle]] | date = January 1986}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singapore withdrew also at the end of 1985, citing rising membership fees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479 | title = Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO | newspaper = [[The Telegraph (newspaper)|The Telegraph]] | date = 28 December 1984 | access-date = 20 June 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150907233414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479 | archive-date = 7 September 2015 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a change of government in 1997, the UK rejoined. The United States rejoined in 2003, followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO | title = UNESCO | website = Encyclopedia Britannica | date = 14 February 2018 | access-date = 2 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163139/https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO | archive-date = 2 April 2018 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Israel===<br /> [[Israel]] was admitted to UNESCO in 1949, one year after its creation. Israel has maintained its membership since 1949.<br /> In 2010, Israel designated the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]], [[Hebron]] and [[Rachel's Tomb]], [[Bethlehem]] as [[List of National Heritage Sites of Israel|National Heritage Sites]] and announced restoration work, prompting criticism from the Obama administration and protests from Palestinians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Hebron clashes over Israel's West Bank heritage list|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|date=26 February 2010|publisher=BBC News|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803141138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|archive-date=3 August 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2010, UNESCO's Executive Board voted to declare the sites as &quot;al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs&quot; and &quot;Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb&quot; and stated that they were &quot;an integral part of the [[occupied Palestinian Territories]]&quot; and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of [[international law]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|title=Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories|date=21 October 2010|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=3 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111083723/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|archive-date=11 November 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> UNESCO described the sites as significant to &quot;people of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish traditions&quot;, and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=THE TWO PALESTINIAN SITES OF AL-HARAM AL-IBRAHIMI/TOMB OF THE PATRIARCHS IN AL-KHALIL/HEBRON AND THE BILAL BIN RABAH MOSQUE/RACHEL'S TOMB IN BETHLEHEM|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127175323/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Israel in turn accused UNESCO of &quot;detach[ing] the Nation of Israel from its heritage&quot;, and accused it of being politically motivated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377 |title=UNESCO Erases Israeli Protests from Rachel's Tomb Protocol |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Arutz Sheva |author=Hillel Fendel |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104205832/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377 |archive-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The [[Shmuel Rabinovitch|Rabbi of the Western Wall]] said that Rachel's tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/140345|title=UN Org.: Rachel's Tomb is a Mosque|date=29 October 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva|author=Maayana Miskin|access-date=3 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106041213/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140345|archive-date=6 November 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO. Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister [[Danny Ayalon]] declared that the resolution was a &quot;part of Palestinian escalation&quot;.<br /> [[Zevulun Orlev]], chairman of the [[Knesset]] Education and Culture Committee, referred to the resolutions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO as a scientific and cultural organization that promotes cooperation throughout the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893 |title=Ayalon: Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO |date=3 November 2010 |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103210507/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893 |archive-date=3 November 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Shalom |first=Rabbi |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090 |title=Cooperation with UNESCO only partially suspended |work=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105083755/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 28 June 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, at [[Jordan]]'s insistence, censured{{clarify|date=October 2016}} Israel's decision to demolish and rebuild the [[Mughrabi-Bridge|Mughrabi Gate]] Bridge in Jerusalem for safety reasons. Israel stated that Jordan had signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the existing bridge must be dismantled for safety reasons; Jordan disputed the agreement, saying that it was only signed under U.S. pressure. Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO committee over objections from [[Egypt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html |title=UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge – Israel News, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807130812/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html |archive-date=7 August 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2014, days before it was scheduled to open, UNESCO Director-General, [[Irina Bokova]], &quot;indefinitely postponed&quot; and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] entitled &quot;The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the [[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel|Jewish people and the Land of Israel]]&quot;. The event was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January in Paris. Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would &quot;harm the [[Arab-Israeli peace process|peace process]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Berman|first=Lazar|title=UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=17 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120120047/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|archive-date=20 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The author of the exhibition, Professor [[Robert Wistrich]] of the [[Hebrew University]]'s [[Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism]], called the cancellation an &quot;appalling act&quot;, and characterized Bokova's decision as &quot;an arbitrary act of total cynicism and, really, contempt for the Jewish people and its history&quot;. UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year, and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed as a great success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|title=Author of UNESCO's nixed Israel exhibit decries 'appalling betrayal'|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122053858/http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal/|archive-date=22 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On January 1, 2019, Israel formally left UNESCO in pursuance of the US withdrawal over the perceived continuous anti-Israel bias.<br /> <br /> ====Occupied Palestine Resolution====<br /> {{Main|Occupied Palestine Resolution}}<br /> On 13 October 2016, UNESCO passed a resolution on East Jerusalem that condemned Israel for &quot;aggressions&quot; by Israeli police and soldiers and &quot;illegal measures&quot; against the freedom of worship and Muslims' access to their holy sites, while also recognizing Israel as the occupying power. Palestinian leaders welcomed the decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al-Aqsa Mosque|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|work=aljazeera.com|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132706/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the text acknowledged the &quot;importance of the Old City of Jerusalem and its walls for the three monotheistic religions&quot;, it referred to the sacred hilltop compound in Jerusalem's Old City only by its Muslim name &quot;Al-Haram al-Sharif&quot;, Arabic for Noble Sanctuary. In response, Israel denounced the UNESCO resolution for its omission of the words &quot;Temple Mount&quot; or &quot;Har HaBayit&quot;, stating that it [[Temple denial|denies Jewish ties to the key holy site]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|title=Commission report|website=unesdoc.unesco.org|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016131113/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After receiving criticism from numerous Israeli politicians and diplomats, including [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and [[Ayelet Shaked]], Israel froze all ties with the organization.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|title=UNESCO fails to acknowledge Jewish ties to Temple Mount|publisher=|date=2016-10-13|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018225443/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|title=Netanyahu leads angry denunciations of 'absurd' UNESCO decision|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018211628/http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resolution was condemned by [[Ban Ki-moon]] and the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, who said that Judaism, Islam and Christianity have clear historical connections to Jerusalem and &quot;to deny, conceal or erase any of the Jewish, Christian or Muslim traditions undermines the integrity of the site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO chief 'received death threats' for opposing Jerusalem motion|url = http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-chief-received-death-threats-for-opposing-jerusalem-motion/|date = 17 October 2016|work = Times of Israel|access-date = 27 October 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161021155546/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-chief-received-death-threats-for-opposing-jerusalem-motion/|archive-date = 21 October 2016|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/statement_by_the_director_general_of_unesco_on_the_old_city-1/#.WAQnmeUrLb3|title=Statement by the Director-General of UNESCO on the Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls on the occasion of the 40th session of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO in Istanbul - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019061820/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/statement_by_the_director_general_of_unesco_on_the_old_city-1/#.WAQnmeUrLb3|archive-date=19 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Al-Aqsa Mosque [or] Al-Haram al-Sharif&quot; is also Temple Mount, whose Western Wall is the holiest place in Judaism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|title=UNESCO Director Criticizes Resolution: Temple Mount Sacred to Both Jews, Muslims|newspaper=Haaretz|accessdate=14 October 2016|date=2016-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014113432/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|archive-date=14 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It was also rejected by the Czech Parliament which said the resolution reflects a &quot;hateful [[anti-Israel]] sentiment&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|title=Czech MPs slam 'hateful' UNESCO Jerusalem resolution|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020050917/http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and hundreds of Italian Jews demonstrated in Rome over Italy's abstention.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;/&gt; On 26 October, UNESCO approved a reviewed version of the resolution, which also criticized Israel for its continuous &quot;refusal to let the body's experts access Jerusalem's holy sites to determine their conservation status&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO approves new Jerusalem resolution|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|work=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027112839/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|archive-date=27 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite containing some softening of language following Israeli protests over a previous version, Israel continued to denounce the text.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Beaumont|first1=Peter|title=Unesco adopts controversial resolution on Jerusalem holy sites|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|work=The Guardian|date=26 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027144549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|archive-date=27 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resolution refers to the site Jews and Christians refer to as the Temple Mount, or Har HaBayit in Hebrew, only by its Arab name — a significant semantic decision also adopted by UNESCO's executive board, triggering condemnation from Israel and its allies. U.S. Ambassador Crystal Nix Hines stated: &quot;This item should have been defeated. These politicized and one-sided resolutions are damaging the credibility of UNESCO.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem holy sites draws criticism from U.S., Israel|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|work=CBC/Radio-Canada|date=26 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104125858/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|archive-date=4 November 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2017, the United States and Israel announced they would withdraw from the organization, citing in-part anti-Israel bias.&lt;ref name=stategov/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Gardiner|last2=Erlangeroct|first2=Steven|title=U.S. Will Withdraw From Unesco, Citing Its ‘Anti-Israel Bias’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|accessdate=8 April 2018|agency=The New York Times|date=2017-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021190452/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|archive-date=21 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Palestine===<br /> <br /> ====Palestinian youth magazine controversy====<br /> In February 2011, an article was published in a Palestinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described one of her four role-models as [[Adolf Hitler]]. In December 2011, UNESCO, which partly funded the magazine, condemned the material and subsequently withdrew support.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html |title=Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over Hitler praise |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 December 2011 |accessdate=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109173826/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html |archive-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Islamic University of Gaza controversy====<br /> In 2012, UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the [[Islamic University of Gaza]] in the field of [[astronomy]], [[astrophysics]], and [[space science]]s,&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCOIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/ | title=UNESCO Chair in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences (964), established in 2012 at The Islamic University of Gaza (Palestine). | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127035152/http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/ | archive-date=27 November 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; fueling controversy and criticism. [[Israel]] bombed the school in 2008 stating that they develop and store weapons there, which Israel restated in criticizing UNESCO's move.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false The Goldstone Report: The Legacy of the Landmark Investigation of the Gaza Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013070233/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false |date=13 October 2017 }} By Adam Horowitz, Lizzy Ratner and Philip Weiss (2011). Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MFAUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite press_release | url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm | title=Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic University | publisher=Israel ministry of foreign affairs | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715005102/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm | archive-date=15 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The head, [[Kamalain Shaath]], defended UNESCO, stating that &quot;the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NationalPostUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/ | title=UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs | author=Higgins, Michael | work=National Post | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714230452/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/ | archive-date=14 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ShalitGazaIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html | title=Fatah: Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University | publisher=Yedioth Ahronot | date=6 February 2007 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201090827/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html | archive-date=1 December 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BostonIUGProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/ | title=Hamas University | author=Cambanis, Thanassis | work=Boston Globe | date=28 February 2010 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226015007/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/ | archive-date=26 February 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli ambassador to UNESCO [[Nimrod Barkan]] planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university's ties to Hamas, especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaaretzUNESCOGaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524 | title=Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza | author=Ravid, Barak | work=Haaretz | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715042511/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524 | archive-date=15 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Jewish organization [[B'nai B'rith]] criticized the move as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;BnaiBrithUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/ | title=B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University | author=Yaakov, Yifa | work=The Times of Israel | date=14 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717095157/http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/ | archive-date=17 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Che Guevara===<br /> In 2013, UNESCO announced that the collection &quot;The Life and Works of Ernesto [[Che Guevara]]&quot; became part of the [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World Register]]. [[United States Congress|US Congresswoman]] [[Ileana Ros-Lehtinen]] condemned this decision, saying that the organization acts against its own ideals:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://ros-lehtinen.house.gov/press-release/unesco-once-again-makes-mockery-its-own-ideals-glorifying-mass-murderer-che-guevara | type = press release | title = UNESCO Once Again Makes a Mockery of its Own Ideals by Glorifying Mass Murderer Che Guevara, Says Ros-Lehtinen | publisher = House of representatives | date = 22 July 2013 | access-date = 28 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127074701/https://ros-lehtinen.house.gov/press-release/unesco-once-again-makes-mockery-its-own-ideals-glorifying-mass-murderer-che-guevara | archive-date = 27 January 2016 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote|sign=|source=|This decision is more than an insult to the families of those Cubans who were lined up and [[Summary execution|summarily executed]] by Che and his merciless cronies but it also serves as a direct contradiction to the UNESCO ideals of encouraging peace and universal respect for human rights.}}<br /> <br /> [[UN Watch]] also condemned this selection by UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unwatch.org/unesco-honors-executioner-che-guevara/ UNESCO honors executioner Che Guevara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829001054/http://www.unwatch.org/unesco-honors-executioner-che-guevara/ |date=29 August 2016 }}, ''UN Watch'', 21 July 2013 (retrieved 11 July 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Listing Nanjing Massacre documents===<br /> In 2015, [[Japan]] threatened to halt funding for UNESCO over the organization's decision to include documents relating to the 1937 [[Nanjing massacre]] in the latest listing for its &quot;Memory of the World&quot; program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|title=Japan furious at UNESCO listing Nanjing Massacre documents - Asia - DW.COM - 19.10.2015|first=Deutsche Welle|last=(www.dw.com)|publisher=|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175825/http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In October 2016, Japanese Foreign Minister [[Fumio Kishida]] confirmed that Japan's 2016 annual funding of ¥4.4&amp;nbsp;billion had been suspended although denied any direct link with the Nanjing document controversy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Japan halts Unesco funding following Nanjing massacre row|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|accessdate=30 October 2016|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=The Guardian|date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030144739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|archive-date=30 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===US withdrawals===<br /> The United States withdrew from UNESCO in 1984, citing the &quot;highly politicized&quot; nature of the organisation, its ostensible &quot;hostility toward the basic institutions of a free society, especially a free market and a free press&quot;, as well as its &quot;unrestrained budgetary expansion&quot;, and poor management under then Director General Amadou-Mahter M'Bow of Senegal.&lt;ref name=withdrawal&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|title=UNESCO Membership: Issues for Congress|date=20 November 2003|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service reports]]|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082545/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 19 September 1989, former U.S. Congressman [[Jim Leach]] stated before a Congressional subcommittee:&lt;ref name=cspan/&gt;<br /> {{Quote |The reasons for the withdrawal of the United States from UNESCO in 1984 are well-known; my view is that we overreacted to the calls of some who wanted to radicalize UNESCO, and the calls of others who wanted the United States to lead in emasculating the UN system. The fact is UNESCO is one of the least dangerous international institutions ever created. While some member countries within UNESCO attempted to push journalistic views antithetical to the values of the west, and engage in Israel bashing, UNESCO itself never adopted such radical postures. The U.S. opted for empty-chair diplomacy, after winning, not losing, the battles we engaged in… It was nuts to get out, and would be nuttier not to rejoin.}}<br /> <br /> Leach concluded that the record showed Israel bashing, a call for a new world information order, money management, and arms control policy to be the impetus behind the withdrawal; he asserted that before departing from UNESCO, a withdrawal from the [[IAEA]] had been pushed on him.&lt;ref name=cspan&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1/united-states-unesco-part-1|title=United States &amp; UNESCO, Part 1|publisher=[[C-SPAN]]|work=Starting from 05:08|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104007/https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1%2Funited-states-unesco-part-1|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 October 2003, the U.S. rejoined UNESCO.&lt;ref name=withdrawal/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 12 October 2017, the United States notified UNESCO that it will again withdraw from the organization on 31 December 2018 and will seek to establish a permanent observer mission beginning in 2019. The [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] cited &quot;mounting arrears at UNESCO, the need for fundamental reform in the organization, and continuing anti-Israel bias at UNESCO&quot;.&lt;ref name=stategov&gt;{{Cite news |url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408053146/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm |archive-date=2019-04-08 |url-status=dead |title=The United States Withdraws From UNESCO| publisher =[[U.S. Department of State]] |access-date= 12 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel praised the withdrawal decision as &quot;brave&quot; and &quot;moral&quot;.&lt;ref name=withdrawal/&gt;<br /> <br /> The United States has not paid over $600&amp;nbsp;million in dues&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1= Rosenberg |first1= Eli |last2=Morello |first2=Carol |date=12 October 2017|title=U.S. withdraws from UNESCO, the U.N.’s cultural organization, citing anti-Israel bias |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; since it stopped paying its $80&amp;nbsp;million annual UNESCO dues when Palestine became a full member in 2011. Israel and the US were among the 14 votes against the membership out of 194 member countries.&lt;ref name=bias&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|title=U.S., Israel quit UNESCO over alleged bias|last=Irish|first=John|publisher=Reuters|date=October 13, 2017|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Turkish–Kurdish conflict===<br /> On May 25, 2016, the noted Turkish poet and human rights activist [[O. Z. Livaneli|Zülfü Livaneli]] resigned as [[Turkey]]'s only UNESCO goodwill ambassador. He highlighted [[Human rights in Turkey|human rights situation in Turkey]] and destruction of historical [[Sur, Diyarbakır|Sur]] district of [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbakir]], the largest city in Kurdish-majority southeast Turkey, during [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)|fighting]] between the Turkish army and Kurdish militants as the main reasons for his resignation. Livaneli said: &quot;To pontificate on peace while remaining silent against such violations is a contradiction of the fundamental ideals of UNESCO.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA Turkish writer quits UNESCO to protest damage to heritage, rights abuse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA |date=9 May 2018 }}&quot;. Reuters. May 26, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Atatürk ===<br /> In 1981, UNESCO and the UN celebrated the [[Atatürk Centennial]].<br /> <br /> ==Products and services==<br /> * UNESDOC&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|title=UNESDOC Database - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214091237/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|archive-date=14 December 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; – Contains over 146,000 UNESCO documents in full text published since 1945 as well as metadata from the collections of the UNESCO Library and documentation centres in field offices and institutes.<br /> <br /> ===Information processing tools===<br /> UNESCO develops, maintains and disseminates, free of charge, two interrelated software packages for database management (CDS/ISIS [not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS]) and data mining/statistical analysis (IDAMS).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1542&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150108023105/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D1542%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2015-01-08 |title= Information Processing Tools |publisher= Unesco }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * CDS/ISIS – a generalised information storage and retrieval system. The Windows version may run on a single computer or in a local area network. The JavaISIS client/server components allow remote database management over the Internet and are available for Windows, Linux and Macintosh. Furthermore, GenISIS allows the user to produce HTML Web forms for CDS/ISIS database searching. The ISIS_DLL provides an API for developing CDS/ISIS based applications.<br /> * OpenIDAMS – a software package for processing and analysing numerical data developed, maintained and disseminated by UNESCO. The original package was proprietary but UNESCO has initiated a project to provide it as open-source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15653&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150113175706/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D15653%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2015-01-13 |title= OpenIDAMS |publisher= Unesco }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * IDIS – a tool for direct data exchange between CDS/ISIS and IDAMS<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Education|Science|Society|Politics}}<br /> * [[Academic Mobility Network]]<br /> *[[League of Nations archives]]<br /> *[[Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project (LONTAD)]]<br /> * ''[[UNESCO Reclining Figure 1957–58]]'', sculpture by [[Henry Moore]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> {{Meta|WikiProject UNESCO}}<br /> * {{Official|http://www.unesco.org/}}<br /> <br /> {{United Nations}}<br /> {{ECOSOC}}<br /> {{UN Charter}}<br /> {{Supranationalism/World government topics |state = autocollapse}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:UNESCO| ]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1945]]<br /> [[Category:Conservation and restoration organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Heritage organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International cultural organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International educational organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International scientific organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International organizations based in France]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations based in Paris]]<br /> [[Category:United Nations Development Group]]<br /> [[Category:United Nations specialized agencies]]<br /> [[Category:France and the United Nations]]<br /> [[Category:1945 establishments in France]]<br /> [[Category:Peacebuilding institutions]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNESCO&diff=972727426 UNESCO 2020-08-13T14:47:24Z <p>SlvrKy: /* Origins */ moving information from note to text body</p> <hr /> <div>{{pp-move-indef}}<br /> {{Short description|Specialised agency of the United Nations}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}<br /> {{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox United Nations<br /> | image = Emblem of the United Nations.svg<br /> | image_size = 120px<br /> | name = &lt;center&gt; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation &lt;/center&gt;<br /> | map = UNESCO logo English.svg<br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_caption =<br /> | type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialised agency]]<br /> | abbreviation = UNESCO<br /> | leader_title = Head<br /> | leader_name = Director-General &lt;br /&gt; [[Audrey Azoulay]] <br /> | status = Active<br /> | formation = {{start date and age|1945|11|04|df=yes}}<br /> | headquarters = [[Paris]], France<br /> | website = [https://en.unesco.org/ www.unesco.org]<br /> | parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]<br /> | subsidiaries = <br /> | footnotes = {{Portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation''' ('''UNESCO''';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO|url = https://en.unesco.org/|website = UNESCO|accessdate = 25 September 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093242/http://en.unesco.org/|archive-date = 25 September 2013|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{lang-fr|Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture}}) is a [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialised agency]] of the [[United Nations]] (UN) aimed at contributing &quot;to the building of peace, the [[poverty reduction|eradication of poverty]], [[sustainable development]] and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco/|title=Introducing UNESCO|publisher=UNESCO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818121902/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco|archive-date=18 August 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/ |title = UNESCO history |publisher = UNESCO |accessdate = 23 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100409011030/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/ |archive-date = 9 April 2010 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the successor of the [[League of Nations]]' [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;intellectualcooperation&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne |access-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022034/https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |archive-date=12 September 2018 |url-status=live }} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322103701/http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ |date=22 March 2019 }}).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UNESCO has [[Member states of UNESCO|193 member states]] and 11 associate members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/countries |title=List of UNESCO members and associates |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311145128/https://en.unesco.org/countries |archive-date=11 March 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Based in [[Paris]], France, most of its field offices are &quot;cluster&quot; offices that cover three or more countries; national and regional offices also exist.<br /> <br /> UNESCO seeks to build a culture of peace and inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|title=UNESCO • General Conference; 34th; Medium-term Strategy, 2008–2013; 2007|format=PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728152547/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|archive-date=28 July 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; To that end, it pursues its objectives through five major program areas: [[education]], [[natural science]]s, [[social science|social]]/[[human science]]s, culture and communication/information. It sponsors projects related to [[literacy]], technical training, education, the advancement of science, promoting independent media and [[freedom of the press]], preserving regional and cultural history, and promoting [[cultural diversity]]. UNESCO assists in translating and disseminating world literature, establishing international cooperation agreements to secure &quot;[[World Heritage Site]]s&quot; of [[cultural heritage|cultural]] and [[natural heritage|natural]] importance, preserving human rights, and bridging the [[Global digital divide|worldwide digital divide]]. It also launched and leads the [[Education For All]] movement and [[lifelong learning]].<br /> <br /> UNESCO is a member of the [[United Nations Development Group]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |title=UNDG Members |publisher=United Nations Development Group |accessdate=8 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144047/http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; a coalition of UN agencies and organisations aimed at fulfilling the [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<br /> {{TOC limit|}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins === <br /> [[File:Flag of UNESCO.svg|thumb|[[Flag of UNESCO]]]]<br /> UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commission to study feasibility.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | publisher = League of Nations | series = Records of the Second Assembly | title = Plenary Meetings | date = 5 September – 5 October 1921 | place = Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | quote = The [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created on 4 January 1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications. | title = A Chronology of UNESCO: 1945–1987 | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf | place = Paris | date = December 1987 | id = LAD.85/WS/4 Rev | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | ref = {{Harvid | UNESCO |1987}} | access-date = 13 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095140/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf | archive-date = 2 February 2011 | url-status = live }}.&lt;/ref&gt; This new body, the [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created in 1922&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary]) |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne |isbn=|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt; and counted such figures as [[Henri Bergson]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Marie Curie]], and [[Robert A. Millikan]] among its members (being thus a small commission of the League of Nations essentially centered on Western Europe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939) | journal = Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America | pages = 65-89| date = 2020 | url = https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F8F05A6DBC3C.P001/REF |ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;). The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was then created in Paris on 9 August 1925, to act as the executing agency for the ICIC. On 18 December 1925, the [[International Bureau of Education]] (IBE) began work as a [[non-governmental]] organization in the service of international educational development.{{Sfn | UNESCO | 1987}} However, the onset of [[World War II]] largely interrupted the work of these predecessor organizations.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === Creation ===<br /> After the signing of the [[Atlantic Charter]] and the [[Declaration of the United Nations]], the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued from 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by [[China]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]] and the USSR. This was followed by the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]] (UNCIO), held in San Francisco in April–June 1945, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London 1–16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented. The idea of UNESCO was largely developed by [[Rab Butler]], the [[Minister of Education]] for the United Kingdom, who had a great deal of influence in its development.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco The work of U.N.E.S.C.O. (Hansard, 26 January 1949)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103837/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco |date=19 October 2017 }}. Millbank systems. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was established.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | ref = {{Harvid | Unesco | 1945}} | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf | title = United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation | place = The Institute of Civil Engineers, London | date = 1–16 November 1945 | id = ECO/Conf./29 | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | accessdate = 8 June 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024012/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf | archive-date = 15 March 2012 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCO's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state.{{Sfn | Unesco | 1945}}<br /> <br /> The first General Conference took place from 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. [[Julian Huxley]] to Director-General.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf | publisher = UNESCO | year = 1947 | title = General Conference, First Session | place = UNESCO House, Paris, from 20 November to 10 December 1946. UNESCO/C/30 &amp;#91;1 C/Resolutions&amp;#93; Item 14, p. 73 | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | accessdate = 1 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120904090227/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf | archive-date = 4 September 2012 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the Executive Board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not, as before, act in their personal capacity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf |title=Records of the General Conference, Eighth Session |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |access-date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095202/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the ICIC, in how member states would work together in the organization's fields of competence. As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO's mandate, political and historical factors have shaped the organization's operations in particular during the Cold War, the decolonization process, and the dissolution of the USSR.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism, for example through influential [[The Race Question|statements on race]] starting with a declaration of anthropologists (among them was [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]]) and other scientists in 1950&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001269/126969eb.pdf |title = UNESCO. (1950). Statement by experts on race problems. Paris, 20 July 1950. UNESCO/SS/1. UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030543/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001269/126969eb.pdf |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and concluding with the 1978 [[The Race Question#Legacy and other UNESCO statements|Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 20th Session. (1979). Records of the General Conference, Twentieth Session, Paris, 24 October to 28 November 1978. 20 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3/1.1/2, p. 61. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030610/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO saying that some of the organization's publications amounted to &quot;interference&quot; in the country's &quot;racial problems&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO. Executive Board, 42nd Session. (1955). Report of the Director-General on the Activities of the Organization (March–November 1955). Paris, 9 November 1955. 42 EX/43. Part I Relations with Member States, paragraph 3.&lt;/ref&gt; South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of [[Nelson Mandela]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> UNESCO's early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947.&lt;ref&gt;The Haiti pilot project: phase one, 1947–1949. (1951). Monographs on Fundamental Education IV. UNESCO: Paris.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> This project was followed by expert missions to other countries, including, for example, a mission to Afghanistan in 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000590/059046eb.pdf |title = Debiesse, J., Benjamin, H. and Abbot, W. (1952). Report of the mission to Afghanistan. Educational Missions IV. ED.51/VIII.A. (Paris.) UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030935/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000590/059046eb.pdf |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education [[compulsory education|compulsory]] and universal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114591e.pdf#xml=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?database=&amp;set=4CFE6AEC_1_103&amp;hits_rec=1&amp;hits_lng=eng |title = UNESCO. General Conference, 2nd Session. (1948). Resolutions adopted by the General Conference during its second session, Mexico, November–December 1947. 2 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3.4.1, p. 17. UNESDOC database |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031028/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114591e.pdf#xml=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?database=&amp;set=4CFE6AEC_1_103&amp;hits_rec=1&amp;hits_lng=eng |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in [[Jomtien]], Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000975/097551e.pdf |title=UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, and The World Bank. (1990). Final Report. World Conference on Education for All: Meeting Basic Education Needs. 5–9 March 1990, Jomtien, Thailand. (WCEFA Inter-agency Commission: New York). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031115/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000975/097551e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Ten years later, the 2000 [[World Education Forum]] held in [[Dakar]], Senegal, led member governments to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf |title=UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action. Education for All: meeting our collective commitments (including six regional frameworks for action). World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal, 26–28 April 2000. ED.2000/WS/27. (Paris). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607174131/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UNESCO's early activities in culture included the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000419/041943eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 21st Session. (1980). International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia: Report of the Executive Committee of the Campaign and of the Director-General. 26 August 1980. 21 C/82. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031408/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000419/041943eb.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The purpose of the campaign was to move the [[Great and Small Temples of Abu Simbel|Great Temple of Abu Simbel]] to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after the construction of the [[Aswan Dam]]. During the 20-year campaign, 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including [[Mohenjo-daro]] (Pakistan), [[Fes]] (Morocco), [[Kathmandu]] (Nepal), [[Borobudur]] (Indonesia) and the [[Acropolis]] (Greece).{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> The organization's work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114044e.pdf |title=Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Paris, 16 November 1972. UNESCO. General Conference, 17th Session. Records of the General Conference, Seventeenth Session, Paris, 17 October to 21 November 1972. Volume I: Resolutions, Recommendations. 17 C/Resolution 29. Chapter IX Conventions and Recommendations, p. 135. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620014519/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114044e.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The [[World Heritage Committee]] was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]] in 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000347/034793eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Second Session. Final Report. Washington, DC, 5–8 September 1978. CC-78/CONF.010/10 Rev. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019104217/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000347/034793eb.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 (Convention for the Safeguarding of the [[Intangible Cultural Heritage]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001331/133171e.pdf |title=Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris, 17 October 2003. UNESCO. General Conference, 32nd Session. Records of the General Conference, Thirty-second Session, Paris, 29 September to 17 October 2003. Volume I: Resolutions. 32 C/Resolution 32. Chapter IV Programme for 2004–2005, Major Programme IV – Culture, p. 53. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315102224/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001331/133171e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;) and 2005 ([[Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001428/142825e.pdf |title = Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Paris, 20 October 2005. UNESCO. General Conference, 33rd Session. Records of the General Conference. Thirty-third Session, Paris, 3–21 October 2005. Volume I: Resolutions. 33 C/Resolution 41. Chapter V Programme for 2006–2007, p. 83. UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120703092914/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001428/142825e.pdf |archive-date = 3 July 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;).<br /> <br /> An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the [[European Council for Nuclear Research]], which was responsible for establishing the [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113790e.pdf |title=UNESCO. Executive Board, 26th Session. Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its twenty-sixth session. (7 June to 9 July 1951). Paris, 27 July 1951. 26 EX/Decisions. Item 7 Programme, Resolution 7.2.2.1, p. 9. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528224001/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113790e.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; later on, in 1954.<br /> <br /> Arid Zone programming, 1948–1966, is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114593e.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 3rd Session. (1949). Records of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Third Session. Beirut, 1948. Volume II: Resolutions. (UNESCO: Paris). 2 C/Resolution 3.7, page 23. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031635/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114593e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1968, UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development, a problem that continues to be addressed in the field of [[sustainable development]]. The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO's [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf |title=&quot;Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere. Paris, 4–13 September 1968.&quot; (1970.) In Natural Resources Research, Volume X. SC.69/XIL.16/A. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031659/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the field of communication, the &quot;free flow of ideas by word and image&quot; has been in UNESCO's constitution from its beginnings, following the experience of the Second World War when control of information was a factor in indoctrinating populations for aggression.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002269/226924e.pdf#page=6|title=Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713010444/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002269/226924e.pdf#page=6|archive-date=13 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In the years immediately following World War II, efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world. UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001480/148006eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. (1955). International Expert Meeting on Professional Training for Journalism. Unesco House, 9–13 April 1956. Purpose and Scope. Paris, 18 November 1955. UNESCO/MC/PT.1. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407033852/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001480/148006eb.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In response to calls for a &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; in the late 1970s, UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000323/032363eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 19th Session. (1977). Approved Programme and budget for 1977–1978. Paris, February 1977. 19 C/5, p. 332, paragraphs 4154 and 4155. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528224016/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000323/032363eb.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; which produced the 1980 [[MacBride report]] (named after the Chair of the Commission, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Seán MacBride]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000400/040066eb.pdf |title=MacBride, S. (1980). Many voices, one world: towards a new, more just, and more efficient world information and communication order. (UNESCO: Paris). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313204759/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000400/040066eb.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The same year, UNESCO created the [[International Programme for the Development of Communication]] (IPDC), a multilateral forum designed to promote media development in developing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/about-ipdc/|title=About IPDC {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907122304/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/about-ipdc|archive-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage/|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1991, UNESCO's General Conference endorsed the [[Windhoek Declaration]] on [[media independence]] and pluralism, which led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption, 3 May, as [[World Press Freedom Day]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2016/|title=World Press Freedom Day 2016|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2016-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109223447/https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2016|archive-date=9 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1997, UNESCO has awarded the [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize|UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]] every 3 May. In the lead up to the [[World Summit on the Information Society]] in 2003 ([[Geneva]]) and 2005 ([[Tunis]]), UNESCO introduced the [[Information for All Programme]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === 21st Century === <br /> UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|title = General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member|date = 31 October 2011|accessdate = 11 December 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111214135140/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|archive-date = 14 December 2011|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html |title = US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership |first = Adrian |last = Blomfield |work = The Telegraph |date = 31 October 2011 |accessdate = 31 October 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111101190549/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html |archive-date = 1 November 2011 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Laws passed in the United States after Palestine applied for UNESCO and [[World Health Organization|WHO]] membership in April 1989&lt;ref name=&quot;Sakran2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Shadi Sakran|title=The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT64|date=26 November 2019|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-00-076357-7|pages=64–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State], UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989&lt;/ref&gt; mean that the US cannot contribute financially to any UN organisation that accepts Palestine as a full member.&lt;ref&gt;The laws originated in {{USBill|101|hr|2145}} and {{USBill|101|s|875}}; for further details see committee discussions at: {{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations|title=The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC|year=1989|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}. The text of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: {{USBill|101|hr|3743}} (which produced {{USPL|101|246}}), {{USBill|102|hr|5368}}, {{USBill|103|hr|2295}} and finally {{USBill|103|hr|2333}} (which produced {{USPL|103|236}}). See also: {{cite book|last=Beattie|first=Kirk|title=Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT287|date=3 May 2016|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-562-3|p=287 online|quote=...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. [[Bob Kasten|Robert Kasten, Jr.]] (R-Wl) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. [[Tom Lantos]] sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or their achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the &quot;offending&quot; UN body under these laws. (I'll just note in passing that it was Sen. Kasten who was to be a major recipient of campaign funds that [[AIPAC]]'s President [[David Steiner (AIPAC)|David Steiner]] was soliciting from one Haim Katz. Katz surreptitiously taped and released to the public the conversation, much to AIPAC's embarrassment. The conversation can be found on-line and makes for an interesting read.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|publisher=Reuters |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the US withdrew its funding, which had accounted for about 22% of UNESCO's budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html |title= Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians |first1= Steven |last1= Erlanger |first2= Scott |last2= Sayare |work= The New York Times |date= 31 October 2011 |accessdate= 31 October 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111031171156/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html |archive-date= 31 October 2011 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel also reacted to Palestine's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israeli payments to UNESCO and imposing sanctions on the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|title= After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S.|work= Haaretz|date= 4 November 2011|accessdate= 11 December 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111207205936/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|archive-date= 7 December 2011|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; stating that Palestine's admittance would be detrimental &quot;to potential peace talks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST |publisher=CNN |title=Israel freezes UNESCO funds |date=3 December 2011 |accessdate=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106053150/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST |archivedate=6 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Two years after they stopped paying their dues to UNESCO, the US and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013 without losing the right to be elected; thus, the US was elected as a member of the Executive Board for the period 2016–19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108 | title= U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row | work= Reuters | date= 8 November 2013 | accessdate= 29 June 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140709192541/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108 | archive-date= 9 July 2014 | url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Israel left UNESCO after 69 years of membership, with Israel's ambassador to the UN [[Danny Danon]] writing: &quot;UNESCO is the body that continually rewrites history, including by erasing the Jewish connection to Jerusalem... it is corrupted and manipulated by Israel's enemies... we are not going to be a member of an organisation that deliberately acts against us&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/202003121078544477-israel-should-quit-putting-up-with-uns-triple-standards---ex-israeli-diplomat/ |title=Israel Should Quit Putting up With UN's 'Triple' Standards - Ex-Israeli Diplomat - Sputnik International |publisher=Sputniknews.com |date= |accessdate=2020-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Activities==<br /> [[File:UNESCO Brasília Office.jpg|thumb|UNESCO offices in [[Brasília]]]]<br /> <br /> UNESCO implements its activities through the five program areas: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information.<br /> * Education: UNESCO supports research in [[comparative education]]; and provide expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all. This includes the<br /> ** [[UNESCO Chairs]], an international network of 644 UNESCO Chairs, involving over 770 institutions in 126 countries<br /> ** Environmental Conservation Organisation<br /> ** [[Convention against Discrimination in Education]] adopted in 1960<br /> ** Organization of the International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA) in an interval of 12 years<br /> ** Publication of the [[Education for All Global Monitoring Report]]<br /> ** Publication of the ''Four Pillars of Learning'' seminal document<br /> ** [[UNESCO ASPNet]], an international network of 8,000 schools in 170 countries<br /> <br /> UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning.&lt;ref&gt;Because [[diploma mill]]s have claimed false UNESCO accreditation, UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation. See Luca Lantero, [http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf Degree Mills: non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513185433/http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf |date=13 May 2015 }}, [[Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence|Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence (CIMEA)]], Italy. and [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090521152755/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=48787&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO &quot;Alert: Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * UNESCO also issues public statements to educate the public:<br /> ** [[Seville Statement on Violence]]: A statement adopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the notion that humans are biologically predisposed to organised violence.<br /> * Designating projects and places of cultural and scientific significance, such as:<br /> ** [[Global Geoparks Network]]<br /> ** [[Biosphere reserve]]s, through the [[Programme on Man and the Biosphere]] (MAB), since 1971<br /> ** [[City of Literature]]; in 2007, the first city to be given this title was [[Edinburgh]], the site of Scotland's first [[circulating library]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Varga, Susan |title=Edinburgh Old Town (Images of Scotland) |publisher=The History Press Ltd |location= |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=978-0-7524-4083-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, Iowa City, Iowa became the City of Literature.<br /> ** [[Endangered language]]s and [[linguistic diversity]] projects<br /> ** [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]<br /> ** [[Memory of the World]] International Register, since 1997<br /> ** [[Water resources management]], through the [[International Hydrological Programme]] (IHP), since 1965<br /> ** [[World Heritage Site]]s<br /> ** [[World Digital Library]]<br /> * Encouraging the &quot;free flow of ideas by images and words&quot; by:<br /> ** Promoting [[freedom of expression]], including [[freedom of the press]] and [[freedom of information legislation]], through the Division of Freedom of Expression and Media Development,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|title=Fostering Freedom of Expression|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053749/https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|archive-date=10 December 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the [[International Programme for the Development of Communication]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting the [[safety of journalists]] and combatting impunity for those who attack them,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|title=Safety of Journalists|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131159/https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|archive-date=20 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; through coordination of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action/|title=UN Plan of Action {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103326/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action|archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting universal access to and preservation of information and open solutions for sustainable development through the Knowledge Societies Division,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|title=Building Knowledge Societies|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116181422/https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the [[Memory of the World Programme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage/|title=Memory of the World {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710050933/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage|archive-date=10 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Information for All Programme (IFAP)|Information for All Programme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|title=Information for All Programme (IFAP) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910112204/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|archive-date=10 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]], [[gender equality]] and [[cultural diversity]] in the media<br /> ** Promoting [[Internet Universality]] and its principles, that the Internet should be (I) [[Human rights|human Rights]]-based, (ii) Open, (iii) [[Accessibility|Accessible]] to all, and (iv) nurtured by [[Multistakeholder governance model|Multi-stakeholder]] participation (summarized as the acronym R.O.A.M.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|title=Internet Universality {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728033751/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|archive-date=28 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Generating knowledge through publications such as ''World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|title=World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826003315/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|title=UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821161616/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Media Development Indicators,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|title=Media Development Indicators (MDIs) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612042809/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|archive-date=12 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as other indicator-based studies.<br /> * Promoting events, such as:<br /> ** [[International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World]]: 2001–2010, proclaimed by the UN in 1998<br /> ** [[World Press Freedom Day]], 3 May each year, to promote [[freedom of expression]] and [[freedom of the press]] as a basic human right and as crucial components of any healthy, democratic and free society.<br /> ** ''Criança Esperança'' in Brazil, in partnership with [[Rede Globo]], to raise funds for community-based projects that foster social integration and violence prevention.<br /> ** [[International Literacy Day]]<br /> ** [[International Year for the Culture of Peace]]<br /> ** [http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Nairobi/kiberareport.pdf Health Education for Behavior Change] program in partnership with the Ministry of Education of [[Kenya]] which was financially supported by the Government of [[Azerbaijan]] to promote health education among 10-19-year-old young people who live in informal camp in [[Kibera]], [[Nairobi]]. The project was carried out between September 2014 - December 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera/|title=Promouvoir l'éducation à la santé chez les jeunes du campement informel de Kibera à Nairobi {{!}} Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture|website=unesco.org|language=fr|access-date=2017-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820102139/http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Founding and funding projects, such as:<br /> **[[Migration Museums]] Initiative: Promoting the establishment of museums for cultural dialogue with migrant populations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305005432/http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2007 |title=Migration Institutions – Home |publisher=Migrationmuseums.org |accessdate=23 April 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[UNESCO-CEPES]], the European Centre for Higher Education: established in 1972 in Bucharest, Romania, as a de-centralized office to promote international co-operation in higher education in Europe as well as Canada, USA and Israel. ''Higher Education in Europe'' is its official journal.<br /> ** [[Free Software Directory]]: since 1998 UNESCO and the [[Free Software Foundation]] have jointly funded this project cataloguing [[free software]].<br /> ** [[FRESH, UNESCO|FRESH]] Focussing Resources on [[School health services|Effective School Health]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35173&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Education &amp;#124; EDUCATION – |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006100958/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35173%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archivedate=6 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[OANA]], Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies<br /> ** [[International Council of Science]]<br /> ** [[UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador]]s<br /> ** [[ASOMPS]], Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices, a series of scientific conferences held in Asia<br /> ** [[Botany 2000]], a programme supporting taxonomy, and [[biodiversity|biological]] and [[cultural diversity]] of medicinal and ornamental plants, and their protection against [[environmental pollution]]<br /> ** The [[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]], translating works of world literature both to and from multiple languages, from 1948 to 2005<br /> ** [[GoUNESCO]], an umbrella of initiatives to make heritage fun supported by UNESCO, New Delhi Office&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|title=Official support for GoUNESCO from UNESCO New Delhi|date=2014-03-24|website=GoUNESCO - Make Heritage Fun!|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815083136/https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|archive-date=15 August 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [http://opendata.unesco.org UNESCO transparency portal] has been designed to enable public [[access to information]] regarding Organization's activities, such as its aggregate budget for a biennium, as well as links to relevant programmatic and financial documents. These two distinct sets of information are published on the [[International Aid Transparency Initiative|IATI]] registry, respectively based on the IATI Activity Standard and the IATI Organization Standard.<br /> <br /> There have been proposals to establish two new UNESCO lists. The first proposed list will focus on movable cultural heritage such as artifacts, paintings, and biofacts. The list may include cultural objects, such as the [[Jōmon Venus]] of [[Japan]], the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' of France, the [[Gebel el-Arak Knife]] of [[Egypt]], ''[[The Ninth Wave]]'' of Russia, the [[Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük]] of Turkey, the [[David (Michelangelo)|''David'' (Michelangelo)]] of Italy, the [[Mathura Herakles]] of India, the [[Manunggul Jar]] of the Philippines, the [[Crown of Baekje]] of South Korea, ''[[The Hay Wain]]'' of the United Kingdom and the [[Benin Bronzes]] of Nigeria. The second proposed list will focus on the world's living species, such as the [[komodo dragon]] of Indonesia, the [[panda]] of China, the [[bald eagle]] of North American countries, the [[aye-aye]] of Madagascar, the [[Asiatic lion]] of India, the [[kakapo]] of New Zealand, and the [[mountain tapir]] of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/|title=Tangible Cultural Heritage - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319084612/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/|archive-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Document - Discovered artifacts under preservation, Archaeological Site, 18 Hoang Dieu street|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103001256/https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908/|archive-date=3 November 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Media==<br /> UNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines.<br /> <br /> ''The UNESCO Courier'' magazine states its mission to &quot;promote UNESCO's ideals, maintain a platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate&quot;. Since March 2006 it is available online, with limited printed issues. Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO. There was a hiatus in publishing between 2012 and 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|title=Archives|website=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2017-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224552/https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1950, UNESCO initiated the quarterly review ''Impact of Science on Society'' (also known as ''Impact'') to discuss the influence of science on society. The journal ceased publication in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF |title = Science and Technology Education |publisher = UNESCO |date = 1998 |access-date = 23 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160813140445/http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF |archive-date = 13 August 2016 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO also published Museum International Quarterly from the year 1948.<br /> <br /> ==Official UNESCO NGOs==<br /> UNESCO has official relations with 322 [[international non-governmental organization]]s (NGOs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |title=Quoted on UNESCO official site |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |accessdate=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |archivedate=25 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of these are what UNESCO calls &quot;operational&quot;; a select few are &quot;formal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35293&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UNESCO |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623000619/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35293%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is &quot;formal associate&quot;, and the 22 NGOs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |title=UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13 Feb 2009 |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |accessdate=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |archivedate=25 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; with ''formal associate'' (ASC) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are:<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Abbr<br /> ! Organization<br /> |-<br /> | IB || [[International Baccalaureate]]<br /> |-<br /> | CCIVS || [[CCIVS|Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service]]<br /> |-<br /> | EI || [[Education International]]<br /> |-<br /> | IAU || [[International Association of Universities]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFTC || [[International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICPHS || [[International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies]] which publishes [[Diogenes (journal)|Diogenes]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICSU || [[International Council for Science]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICOM || [[International Council of Museums]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICSSPE || [[International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICA || [[International Council on Archives]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICOMOS || [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFJ || [[International Federation of Journalists]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFLA || [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFPA || International Federation of Poetry Associations<br /> |-<br /> | IMC || [[International Music Council]]<br /> |-<br /> | IPA|| [[International Police Association]]<br /> |-<br /> | INSULA || International Scientific Council for Island Development<br /> |-<br /> | ISSC || [[International Social Science Council]]<br /> |-<br /> | ITI || [[International Theatre Institute]]<br /> |-<br /> | IUCN || [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]]<br /> |-<br /> | IUTAO || International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations<br /> |-<br /> | UIA || [[Union of International Associations]]<br /> |-<br /> | WAN || [[World Association of Newspapers]]<br /> |-<br /> | WFEO || [[World Federation of Engineering Organizations]]<br /> |-<br /> | WFUCA || World Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[File:Unesco-IHE.JPG|thumb|[[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO Institute for Water Education]] in [[Delft]]]]<br /> <br /> ==Institutes and centres==<br /> The institutes are specialized departments of the organization that support UNESCO's programme, providing specialized support for cluster and national offices.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Abbr<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Location<br /> |-<br /> | IBE<br /> | [[International Bureau of Education]]<br /> | [[Geneva]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|title=International Bureau of Education|first=|last=|date=|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224448/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UIL<br /> | [[UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning]]<br /> | [[Hamburg]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|website=UIL - UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning|publisher=|title=About the Institute|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2015-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224304/http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IIEP<br /> | [[UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning]]<br /> | Paris (headquarters) and [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Dakar]] (regional offices)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|title=IIEP UNESCO|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119121935/http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=19 November 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IITE<br /> | UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education<br /> | Moscow&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|website=UNESCO IITE|publisher=|title=Contact Us|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224424/https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IICBA<br /> | UNESCO International Institute for [[Capacity Building]] in Africa<br /> | [[Addis Ababa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node/146|title=Contact Us|publisher=UNESCO|website=IICBA|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224657/http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node%2F146|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IESALC<br /> | UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean<br /> | [[Caracas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|title=Contact Us|publisher=UNESCO|website=IESALC|language=Spanish|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224903/http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | MGIEP<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development]]<br /> | [[New Delhi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mgiep.unesco.org|title=Building Social and Emotional Learning for Education 2030|publisher=UNESCO|website=UNESCO MGIEP|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092511/https://mgiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UNESCO-UNEVOC<br /> | [[UNESCO-UNEVOC|UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training]]<br /> | [[Bonn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|title=UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224349/https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UNESCO-IHE<br /> | [[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education]]<br /> | [[Delft]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un-ihe.org/|title=Home|website=IHE Delft Institute for Water Education|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024023035/http://www.un-ihe.org/|archive-date=24 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ICTP<br /> | [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]]<br /> | [[Trieste]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|website=ICTP - International Centre for Theoretical Physics|publisher=UNESCO|title=Mission &amp; History|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224535/https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UIS<br /> | [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]]<br /> | [[Montreal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|title=Contact Us|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2016-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224907/http://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Prizes==<br /> UNESCO awards 22 prizes&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO Executive Board Document [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf 185 EX/38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095215/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf |date=2 February 2011 }}, Paris, 10 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt; in education, science, culture and peace:<br /> * [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize]]<br /> * [[L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science]]<br /> * [[UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize|UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Confucius Prize for Literacy|UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy]]<br /> * UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities<br /> * [[UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize]] for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education<br /> * UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers<br /> * UNESCO/[[Kalinga Prize]] for the Popularization of Science<br /> * [[UNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal]] for an outstanding contribution to the development of scientific knowledge that has a beneficial impact on human health<br /> * UNESCO/[[Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation]]<br /> * Great Man-Made River International Water Prize for Water Resources in Arid Zones presented by UNESCO (title to be reconsidered)<br /> * Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management<br /> * [[UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Prize for Peace Education]]<br /> * [[UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize]] for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence<br /> * UNESCO/[[International José Martí Prize]]<br /> * UNESCO/[[Avicenna Prize]] for Ethics in Science<br /> * UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean<br /> * Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture<br /> * Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes (UNESCO-Greece)<br /> * IPDC-UNESCO Prize for Rural Communication<br /> * [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]]<br /> * UNESCO/Jikji [[Memory of the World]] Prize<br /> * [[UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences|UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize]] for Research in the Life Sciences<br /> * [[Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology]]<br /> <br /> ===Inactive prizes===<br /> * [[International Simón Bolívar Prize]] (inactive since 2004)<br /> * [[UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education]]<br /> * UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive since 2010)<br /> * UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts<br /> <br /> ==International Days observed at UNESCO==<br /> International Days observed at UNESCO is provided in the table given below&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ International Days | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162831/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ |date=10 November 2012 }}. UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Date<br /> ! Name<br /> |-<br /> | 27 January<br /> | [[International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust]]<br /> |-<br /> | 13 February<br /> | [[World Radio Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 February<br /> | [[International Mother Language Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 March<br /> | [[International Women's Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 20 March<br /> | [[International Francophonie Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | International Day of [[Nowruz]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | [[World Poetry Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | [[International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]]<br /> |-<br /> | 22 March<br /> | [[World Day for Water]]<br /> |-<br /> | 23 April<br /> | [[World Book and Copyright Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 30 April<br /> | [[International Jazz Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3 May<br /> | [[World Press Freedom Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 May<br /> | [[World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development]]<br /> |-<br /> | 22 May<br /> | [[International Day for Biological Diversity]]<br /> |-<br /> | 25 May<br /> | [[Africa Day]] / [[Africa Week]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5 June<br /> | [[World Environment Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 June<br /> | [[World Oceans Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 17 June<br /> |[[World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought]]<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 9 August<br /> | [[International Day of the World's Indigenous People]]<br /> |-<br /> | 12 August<br /> | [[International Youth Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 23 August<br /> | [[International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 September<br /> | [[International Literacy Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 15 September<br /> | [[International Day of Democracy]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 September<br /> | [[International Day of Peace]]<br /> |-<br /> | 28 September<br /> |[[Access to Information Day|International Day for the Universal Access to Information]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 October<br /> | [[International Day of Non-Violence]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5 October<br /> | [[World Teachers' Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd Wednesday in October<br /> | International Day for Disaster Reduction<br /> |-<br /> | 17 October<br /> | [[International Day for the Eradication of Poverty]]<br /> |-<br /> | 20 October<br /> | [[World Statistics Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 27 October<br /> | [[World Day for Audiovisual Heritage]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 November<br /> | [[International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|title=International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030214202/https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 10 November<br /> | World Science Day for Peace and Development<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd Thursday in November<br /> | [[World Philosophy Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 16 November<br /> | [[International Day for Tolerance]]<br /> |-<br /> | 19 November<br /> | [[International Men's Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 25 November<br /> | [[International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women]]<br /> |-<br /> | 29 November<br /> | [[International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1 December<br /> | [[World AIDS Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 10 December<br /> | [[Human Rights Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 18 December<br /> | [[International Migrants Day]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Member states==<br /> {{Main|Member states of UNESCO}}<br /> As of January 2019, UNESCO has 193 member states and 11 associate members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries/ |title=List of UNESCO members and associates |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=3 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102233939/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some members are not [[independent state]]s and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their [[dependent territory|dependent territories]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Palestine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport |url=http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf |publisher=WADA |page=2 |format=PDF |accessdate=28 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116165411/http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf |archivedate=16 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO state parties are the [[United Nations member states]] (except [[Liechtenstein]], [[United States]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Statement by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Withdrawal by the United States of America from UNESCO|date=12 October 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|type=Press release.|access-date=2019-02-21|author-link=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224138/https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Israel]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Declaration by UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay on the withdrawal of Israel from the Organization|date=29 December 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|type=Press release.|access-date=2019-02-21|author-link=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224221/https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;), as well as [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties |title=State Parties |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties |archive-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |title=Member States of the United Nations |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States and Israel left UNESCO on 31 December 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=TOVAH LAZAROFF |title=ISRAEL, U.S. SLATED TO LEAVE UNESCO TODAY TO PROTEST ANTI-ISRAEL BIAS |url=https://m.jpost.com/International/Israel-US-slated-to-leave-UNESCO-today-to-protest-anti-Israel-bias-575875 |newspaper=JPost |date=2018-12-31 |access-date=2018-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Governing bodies==<br /> <br /> ===Director-General===<br /> There has been no elected UNESCO Director-General from Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central and North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, and South America since inception.<br /> <br /> The Directors-General of UNESCO came from West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), and East Europe (1). Out of the 11 Directors-General since inception, women have held the position only twice. [[Qatar]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Iran]] are proposing for a Director-General bid by 2021 or 2025. There have never been a Middle Eastern or Southeast Asian UNESCO Director-General since inception. The [[ASEAN]] bloc and some Pacific and Latin American nations support the possible bid of the Philippines, which is culturally Asian, Oceanic, and Latin. Qatar and Iran, on the other hand, have fragmented support in the Middle East. [[Egypt]], [[Israel]], and [[Madagascar]] are also vying for the position but have yet to express a direct or indirect proposal. Both Qatar and Egypt lost in the 2017 bid against France.<br /> <br /> The list of the Directors-General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ Directors-General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718234457/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ |date=18 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Name<br /> !Country<br /> !Term<br /> |-<br /> | [[Audrey Azoulay]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 2017–present<br /> |-<br /> | [[Irina Bokova]] || {{flagcountry|BUL}} || 2009–2017<br /> |-<br /> | [[Koïchiro Matsuura]] || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1999–2009<br /> |-<br /> | [[Federico Mayor Zaragoza]] || {{flagcountry|ESP}} || 1987–99<br /> |-<br /> | [[Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow]] || {{flagcountry|SEN}} || 1974–87<br /> |-<br /> | [[René Maheu]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 1961–74; [[acting (law)|acting]] 1961<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vittorino Veronese]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}} || 1958–61<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luther Evans]] || {{flagcountry|USA|1912}} || 1953–58<br /> |-<br /> | [[John Wilkinson Taylor (educator)|John Wilkinson Taylor]] || {{flagcountry|USA|1912}} || [[acting (law)|acting]] 1952–53<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jaime Torres Bodet]] || {{flagcountry|MEX|1934}} || 1948–52<br /> |-<br /> | [[Julian Huxley]] || {{flagcountry|UK}} || 1946–48<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===General Conference===<br /> This is the list of the sessions of the UNESCO General Conference held since 1946:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ Previous Sessions of the General Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025045200/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ |date=25 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Session<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Chaired by<br /> ! from<br /> |-<br /> | 39th || Paris || 2017 || Zohour Alaoui&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president | title=President of the 39th session of the General Conference | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=12 November 2017 | date=2017-10-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003114/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president | archive-date=13 November 2017 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{flagcountry|Morocco}}<br /> |-<br /> | 38th || Paris || 2015 || Stanley Mutumba Simataa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president/ | title=President of the 38th session of the General Conference | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=11 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116135603/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president | archive-date=16 November 2015 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{flagcountry|Namibia}}<br /> |-<br /> | 37th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = General Conference 37th {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 25 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103414/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|archive-date = 3 October 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; || Paris || 2013 || [[Hao Ping]] || {{flagcountry|CHN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 36th || Paris || 2011 || [[Katalin Bogyay]] || {{flagcountry|HUN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 35th || Paris || 2009 || Davidson Hepburn || {{flagcountry|BHS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 34th || Paris || 2007 || George N. Anastassopoulos || {{flagcountry|GRC}}<br /> |-<br /> | 33rd || Paris || 2005 || [[Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan]] || {{flagcountry|OMN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 32nd || Paris || 2003 || [[Michael Omolewa]] || {{flagcountry|NGA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 31st || Paris || 2001 || [[Ahmad Jalali]] || {{flagcountry|IRN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 30th || Paris || 1999 || [[Jaroslava Moserová]] || {{flagcountry|CZE}}<br /> |-<br /> | 29th || Paris || 1997 || [[Eduardo Portella]] || {{flagcountry|BRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 28th || Paris || 1995 || Torben Krogh || {{flagcountry|DNK}}<br /> |-<br /> | 27th || Paris || 1993 || Ahmed Saleh Sayyad || {{flagcountry|YEM}}<br /> |-<br /> | 26th || Paris || 1991 || [[Bethwell Allan Ogot]] || {{flagcountry|KEN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 25th || Paris || 1989 || [[Anwar Ibrahim]] || {{flagcountry|MYS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 24th || Paris || 1987 || Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez || {{flagcountry|GTM}}<br /> |-<br /> | 23rd || [[Sofia]] || 1985 || [[Nikolai Todorov]] || {{flagcountry|BGR|1967}}<br /> |-<br /> | 22nd || Paris || 1983 || Saïd Tell || {{flagcountry|JOR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4th extraordinary || Paris || 1982 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 21st || [[Belgrade]] || 1980 || Ivo Margan || {{flagcountry|YUG}}<br /> |-<br /> | 20th || Paris || 1978 || Napoléon LeBlanc || {{flagcountry|CAN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 19th || [[Nairobi]] || 1976 || Taaita Toweett || {{flagcountry|KEN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 18th || Paris || 1974 || Magda Jóború || {{flagcountry|HUN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd extraordinary || Paris || 1973 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 17th || Paris || 1972 || Toru Haguiwara || {{flagcountry|JPN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 16th || Paris || 1970 || Atilio Dell'Oro Maini || {{flagcountry|ARG}}<br /> |-<br /> | 15th || Paris || 1968 || [[William Eteki Mboumoua]] || {{flagcountry|CMR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 14th || Paris || 1966 || Bedrettin Tuncel || {{flagcountry|TUR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 13th || Paris || 1964 || [[Norair Sisakian]] || {{flagcountry|USSR|1955}}<br /> |-<br /> | 12th || Paris || 1962 || Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro || {{flagcountry|BRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 11th || Paris || 1960 || Akale-Work Abte-Wold || {{flagcountry|ETH}}<br /> |-<br /> | 10th || Paris || 1958 || [[Jean Berthoin]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 9th || New Delhi || 1956 || [[Abul Kalam Azad]] || {{flagcountry|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> | 8th || [[Montevideo]] || 1954 || Justino Zavala Muñiz || {{flagcountry|URY}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd extraordinary || Paris || 1953 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 7th || Paris || 1952 || [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] || {{flagcountry|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> | 6th || Paris || 1951 || [[Howland H. Sargeant]] || {{flagcountry|USA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 5th || [[Florence]] || 1950 || [[Stefano Jacini]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4th || Paris || 1949 || [[Edward Ronald Walker]] || {{flagcountry|AUS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1st extraordinary || Paris || 1948 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd || [[Beirut]] || 1948 || Hamid Bey Frangie || {{flagcountry|LBN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd || [[Mexico City]] || 1947 || [[Manuel Gual Vidal]] || {{flagcountry|MEX}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1st || Paris || 1946 || [[Léon Blum]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''The 40th General Conference On 12th To 27 November 2019.'''<br /> <br /> === Executive Board ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> ! Term<br /> ! Group I &lt;br /&gt;(9 seats)<br /> ! Group II &lt;br /&gt;(7 seats)<br /> ! Group III &lt;br /&gt;(10 seats)<br /> ! Group IV &lt;br /&gt;(12 seats)<br /> ! Group V(a) &lt;br /&gt;(13 seats)<br /> ! Group V(b) &lt;br /&gt;(7 seats)<br /> |-<br /> |2019-2023&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|title=40th Session of the General Conference - 12-27 November 2019|last=|first=|date=2019-10-16|website=UNESCO|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102155643/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=2019-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{flagcountry|France}} {{flagcountry|Germany}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Switzerland}}<br /> |{{Flag|Hungary}}<br /> {{Flag|Poland}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Russia}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Serbia}}<br /> |{{flagcountry|Argentina}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Uruguay}}<br /> <br /> |{{Flag|Afghanistan}}<br /> {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Philippines}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Republic of Korea}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Thailand}}<br /> |{{Flag|Benin}}<br /> {{Flag|Congo}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Guinea}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Ghana}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Kenya}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Namibia}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Senegal}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Togo}}<br /> |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> {{Flag|UAE}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#efe; border-top:2px solid;&quot;<br /> |'''2017–19'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/elections/results-executive-board Executive Board – Results of elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115093548/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/elections/results-executive-board |date=15 November 2015 }}. UNESCO General Conference, November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|France}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Greece}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Russian Federation}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Serbia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Slovenia}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Haiti}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mexico}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nicaragua}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Paraguay}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|India}}&lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Iran}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Malaysia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Republic of Korea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Vietnam}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Cameroon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Cote d'Ivoire}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ghana}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Kenya}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nigeria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Senegal}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|South Africa}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Lebanon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Oman}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Qatar}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sudan}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#f7f7c7;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> | '''2014–17'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/SCX/pdfs/Table_2013-2015.pdf Table_2013-2015.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528012349/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/SCX/pdfs/Table_2013-2015.pdf |date=28 May 2016 }} UNESCO Membership by Electoral Groups. Retrieved 12 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Germany}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sweden}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Albania}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Estonia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Argentina}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Belize}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|El Salvador}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|China}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Japan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nepal}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Chad}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Guinea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mauritius}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mozambique}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Togo}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Uganda}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Algeria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Egypt}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Kuwait}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Morocco}}<br /> |- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> | '''2012–15'''<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Austria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|France}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United States of America}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Montenegro}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|North Macedonia}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Russian Federation}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Cuba}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ecuador}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mexico}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Papua New Guinea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Republic of Korea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Thailand}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Angola}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Gabon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Gambia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Malawi}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mali}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Namibia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nigeria}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Jordan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Tunisia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Offices and headquarters==<br /> [[File:April 2010, UNESCO Headquarters in Paris - The Garden of Peace (or Japanese Garden) in Spring.jpg|thumb|The Garden of Peace, UNESCO headquarters, Paris. Donated by the Government of Japan, this garden was designed by American-Japanese sculptor artist [[Isamu Noguchi]] in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano.]]<br /> UNESCO headquarters are located at [[Place de Fontenoy]] in Paris, France.<br /> <br /> UNESCO's field offices across the globe are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage: cluster offices, national offices, regional bureaus and liaison offices.<br /> <br /> ===Field offices by region===<br /> The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices/|title = List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with Descriptions of Member State Coverage|publisher = UNESCO|accessdate = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908164710/https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices|archive-date = 8 September 2019|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Africa====<br /> * [[Abidjan]] – National Office to [[Côte-d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]<br /> * [[Abuja]] – National Office to [[Nigeria]]<br /> * [[Accra]] – Cluster Office for [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Ghana]], [[Liberia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Togo]]<br /> * [[Addis Ababa]] – Liaison Office with the [[African Union]] and with the [[Economic Commission for Africa]]<br /> * [[Bamako]] – Cluster Office for [[Burkina Faso]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]] and [[Niger]]<br /> * [[Brazzaville]] – National Office to the [[Republic of the Congo]]<br /> * [[Bujumbura]] – National Office to [[Burundi]]<br /> * [[Dakar]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Cape Verde]], [[Gambia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and [[Senegal]]<br /> * [[Dar es Salaam]] – Cluster Office for [[Comoros]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]] and [[Tanzania]]<br /> * [[Harare]] – Cluster Office for [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]]<br /> * [[Juba]] – National Office to [[South Sudan]]<br /> * [[Kinshasa]] – National Office to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<br /> * [[Libreville]] – Cluster Office for the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]] and [[Sao Tome and Principe]]<br /> * [[Maputo]] – National Office to [[Mozambique]]<br /> * [[Nairobi]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Burundi]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], [[South Sudan]] and [[Uganda]]<br /> * [[Windhoek]] – National Office to [[Namibia]]<br /> * [[Yaoundé]] – Cluster Office to [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]] and [[Chad]]<br /> <br /> ====Arab States====<br /> * [[Amman]] – National Office to [[Jordan]]<br /> * [[Beirut]] – Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]<br /> * [[Cairo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for [[Egypt]], [[Libya]] and [[Sudan]]<br /> * [[Doha]] – Cluster Office to [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Yemen]]<br /> * [[Iraq]] – National Office for [[Iraq]] (currently located in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]])<br /> * [[Khartoum]] – National Office to [[Sudan]]<br /> * [[Manama]] - [[Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage]]<br /> * [[Rabat]] – Cluster Office to [[Algeria]], [[Mauritania]], [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]]<br /> * [[Ramallah]] – National Office to the Palestinian Territories<br /> <br /> ====Asia and Pacific====<br /> {{see also|UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards}}<br /> * [[Apia]] – Cluster Office to Australia, [[Cook Islands]], [[Fiji]], [[Kiribati]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Nauru]], [[New Zealand]], [[Niue]], [[Palau]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Samoa]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Vanuatu]] and [[Tokelau]] (Associate Member)<br /> * [[Bangkok]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to [[Thailand]], [[Burma]], [[Laos]], Singapore and [[Vietnam]]<br /> * Beijing – Cluster Office to [[North Korea]], Japan, [[Mongolia]], the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[South Korea]]<br /> * [[Dhaka]] – National Office to [[Bangladesh]]<br /> * [[Hanoi]] – National Office to [[Vietnam]]<br /> * [[Islamabad]] – National Office to [[Pakistan]]<br /> * [[Jakarta]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to the [[Philippines]], [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[East Timor]]<br /> * [[Manila]] - National Office to the [[Philippines]]<br /> * [[Kabul]] – National Office to [[Afghanistan]]<br /> * [[Kathmandu]] – National Office to [[Nepal]]<br /> * [[New Delhi]] – Cluster Office to [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]]<br /> * [[Phnom Penh]] – National Office to [[Cambodia]]<br /> * [[Tashkent]] – National Office to [[Uzbekistan]]<br /> * [[Tehran]] – Cluster Office to [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]<br /> <br /> ====Europe and North America====<br /> * [[Almaty]] – Cluster Office to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]<br /> * [[Brussels]] – Liaison Office to the [[European Union]] and its [[Brussels and the European Union|subsidiary bodies in Brussels]]<br /> * [[Geneva]] – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|United Nations in Geneva]]<br /> * New York City – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Headquarters|United Nations in New York]]<br /> * [[Venice]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe<br /> <br /> ====Latin America and the Caribbean====<br /> [[File:Carondolete en el cambio de guardia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Carondelet Palace]], Presidential Palace – with changing of the guards. The [[Historic Center of Quito]], Ecuador, is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in [[the Americas]].&lt;ref name=unesco&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 |title=City of Quito – UNESCO World Heritage |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=30 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507190507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 |archive-date=7 May 2009 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This center was, together with the historic centre of [[Kraków]] in Poland, the first to be declared [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.]]<br /> * [[Brasilia]] – National Office to [[Brazil]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO Office in Brasilia {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925163018/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|archive-date = 25 September 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Guatemala City]] – National Office to [[Guatemala]]<br /> * [[Havana]] – Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]] and [[Aruba]]<br /> * [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] – Cluster Office to [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Suriname]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] as well as the associate member states of [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]]<br /> * [[Lima]] – National Office to [[Peru]]<br /> * [[Mexico City]] – National Office to [[Mexico]]<br /> * [[Montevideo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]]<br /> * [[Port-au-Prince]] – National Office to [[Haiti]]<br /> * [[Quito]] – Cluster Office to [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Oficina de la UNESCO en Quito {{!}} Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925145958/http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|archive-date = 25 September 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] – Cluster Office to [[Costa Rica]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]] and [[Panama]]<br /> * [[Santiago de Chile]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to [[Chile]]<br /> <br /> === Partner Organisations ===<br /> * [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] ([[ICRC]])<br /> * [[Blue Shield International]] (BSI)<br /> * [[International Council of Museums]] (ICOM)<br /> * [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] ([[ICOMOS]])<br /> * [[International Institute of Humanitarian Law]] (IIHL)<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> <br /> ===New World Information and Communication Order===<br /> UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past, particularly in its relationships with the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Singapore]] and the former [[Soviet Union]]. During the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO's support for a &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; and its [[MacBride report]] calling for democratization of the media and more egalitarian access to information was condemned in these countries as attempts to curb [[freedom of the press]]. UNESCO was perceived as a platform for communists and Third World dictators to attack the West, in contrast to accusations made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last= Grahm |first=S. E. |date= April 2006 |title= The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 1946–1954 |journal=Diplomatic History |volume= 30 |issue=2 |pages=231–51 |doi= 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00548.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, the United States withheld its contributions and withdrew from the organization in protest, followed by the United Kingdom in 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A4079804/AONE?u=tamp44898&amp;sid=AONE&amp;xid=ef6d5640 | title = UNESCO asks states considering withdrawal to 'reconsider their position' | journal = [[UN Chronicle (journal)|UN Chronicle]] | date = January 1986}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singapore withdrew also at the end of 1985, citing rising membership fees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479 | title = Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO | newspaper = [[The Telegraph (newspaper)|The Telegraph]] | date = 28 December 1984 | access-date = 20 June 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150907233414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479 | archive-date = 7 September 2015 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a change of government in 1997, the UK rejoined. The United States rejoined in 2003, followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO | title = UNESCO | website = Encyclopedia Britannica | date = 14 February 2018 | access-date = 2 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163139/https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO | archive-date = 2 April 2018 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Israel===<br /> [[Israel]] was admitted to UNESCO in 1949, one year after its creation. Israel has maintained its membership since 1949.<br /> In 2010, Israel designated the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]], [[Hebron]] and [[Rachel's Tomb]], [[Bethlehem]] as [[List of National Heritage Sites of Israel|National Heritage Sites]] and announced restoration work, prompting criticism from the Obama administration and protests from Palestinians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Hebron clashes over Israel's West Bank heritage list|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|date=26 February 2010|publisher=BBC News|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803141138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|archive-date=3 August 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2010, UNESCO's Executive Board voted to declare the sites as &quot;al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs&quot; and &quot;Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb&quot; and stated that they were &quot;an integral part of the [[occupied Palestinian Territories]]&quot; and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of [[international law]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|title=Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories|date=21 October 2010|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=3 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111083723/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|archive-date=11 November 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> UNESCO described the sites as significant to &quot;people of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish traditions&quot;, and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=THE TWO PALESTINIAN SITES OF AL-HARAM AL-IBRAHIMI/TOMB OF THE PATRIARCHS IN AL-KHALIL/HEBRON AND THE BILAL BIN RABAH MOSQUE/RACHEL'S TOMB IN BETHLEHEM|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127175323/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Israel in turn accused UNESCO of &quot;detach[ing] the Nation of Israel from its heritage&quot;, and accused it of being politically motivated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377 |title=UNESCO Erases Israeli Protests from Rachel's Tomb Protocol |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Arutz Sheva |author=Hillel Fendel |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104205832/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377 |archive-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The [[Shmuel Rabinovitch|Rabbi of the Western Wall]] said that Rachel's tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/140345|title=UN Org.: Rachel's Tomb is a Mosque|date=29 October 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva|author=Maayana Miskin|access-date=3 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106041213/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140345|archive-date=6 November 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO. Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister [[Danny Ayalon]] declared that the resolution was a &quot;part of Palestinian escalation&quot;.<br /> [[Zevulun Orlev]], chairman of the [[Knesset]] Education and Culture Committee, referred to the resolutions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO as a scientific and cultural organization that promotes cooperation throughout the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893 |title=Ayalon: Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO |date=3 November 2010 |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103210507/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893 |archive-date=3 November 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Shalom |first=Rabbi |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090 |title=Cooperation with UNESCO only partially suspended |work=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105083755/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 28 June 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, at [[Jordan]]'s insistence, censured{{clarify|date=October 2016}} Israel's decision to demolish and rebuild the [[Mughrabi-Bridge|Mughrabi Gate]] Bridge in Jerusalem for safety reasons. Israel stated that Jordan had signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the existing bridge must be dismantled for safety reasons; Jordan disputed the agreement, saying that it was only signed under U.S. pressure. Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO committee over objections from [[Egypt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html |title=UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge – Israel News, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807130812/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html |archive-date=7 August 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2014, days before it was scheduled to open, UNESCO Director-General, [[Irina Bokova]], &quot;indefinitely postponed&quot; and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] entitled &quot;The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the [[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel|Jewish people and the Land of Israel]]&quot;. The event was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January in Paris. Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would &quot;harm the [[Arab-Israeli peace process|peace process]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Berman|first=Lazar|title=UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=17 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120120047/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|archive-date=20 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The author of the exhibition, Professor [[Robert Wistrich]] of the [[Hebrew University]]'s [[Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism]], called the cancellation an &quot;appalling act&quot;, and characterized Bokova's decision as &quot;an arbitrary act of total cynicism and, really, contempt for the Jewish people and its history&quot;. UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year, and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed as a great success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|title=Author of UNESCO's nixed Israel exhibit decries 'appalling betrayal'|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122053858/http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal/|archive-date=22 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On January 1, 2019, Israel formally left UNESCO in pursuance of the US withdrawal over the perceived continuous anti-Israel bias.<br /> <br /> ====Occupied Palestine Resolution====<br /> {{Main|Occupied Palestine Resolution}}<br /> On 13 October 2016, UNESCO passed a resolution on East Jerusalem that condemned Israel for &quot;aggressions&quot; by Israeli police and soldiers and &quot;illegal measures&quot; against the freedom of worship and Muslims' access to their holy sites, while also recognizing Israel as the occupying power. Palestinian leaders welcomed the decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al-Aqsa Mosque|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|work=aljazeera.com|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132706/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the text acknowledged the &quot;importance of the Old City of Jerusalem and its walls for the three monotheistic religions&quot;, it referred to the sacred hilltop compound in Jerusalem's Old City only by its Muslim name &quot;Al-Haram al-Sharif&quot;, Arabic for Noble Sanctuary. In response, Israel denounced the UNESCO resolution for its omission of the words &quot;Temple Mount&quot; or &quot;Har HaBayit&quot;, stating that it [[Temple denial|denies Jewish ties to the key holy site]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|title=Commission report|website=unesdoc.unesco.org|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016131113/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After receiving criticism from numerous Israeli politicians and diplomats, including [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and [[Ayelet Shaked]], Israel froze all ties with the organization.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|title=UNESCO fails to acknowledge Jewish ties to Temple Mount|publisher=|date=2016-10-13|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018225443/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|title=Netanyahu leads angry denunciations of 'absurd' UNESCO decision|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018211628/http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resolution was condemned by [[Ban Ki-moon]] and the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, who said that Judaism, Islam and Christianity have clear historical connections to Jerusalem and &quot;to deny, conceal or erase any of the Jewish, Christian or Muslim traditions undermines the integrity of the site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO chief 'received death threats' for opposing Jerusalem motion|url = http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-chief-received-death-threats-for-opposing-jerusalem-motion/|date = 17 October 2016|work = Times of Israel|access-date = 27 October 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161021155546/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-chief-received-death-threats-for-opposing-jerusalem-motion/|archive-date = 21 October 2016|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/statement_by_the_director_general_of_unesco_on_the_old_city-1/#.WAQnmeUrLb3|title=Statement by the Director-General of UNESCO on the Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls on the occasion of the 40th session of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO in Istanbul - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019061820/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/statement_by_the_director_general_of_unesco_on_the_old_city-1/#.WAQnmeUrLb3|archive-date=19 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Al-Aqsa Mosque [or] Al-Haram al-Sharif&quot; is also Temple Mount, whose Western Wall is the holiest place in Judaism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|title=UNESCO Director Criticizes Resolution: Temple Mount Sacred to Both Jews, Muslims|newspaper=Haaretz|accessdate=14 October 2016|date=2016-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014113432/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|archive-date=14 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It was also rejected by the Czech Parliament which said the resolution reflects a &quot;hateful [[anti-Israel]] sentiment&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|title=Czech MPs slam 'hateful' UNESCO Jerusalem resolution|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020050917/http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and hundreds of Italian Jews demonstrated in Rome over Italy's abstention.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;/&gt; On 26 October, UNESCO approved a reviewed version of the resolution, which also criticized Israel for its continuous &quot;refusal to let the body's experts access Jerusalem's holy sites to determine their conservation status&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO approves new Jerusalem resolution|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|work=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027112839/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|archive-date=27 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite containing some softening of language following Israeli protests over a previous version, Israel continued to denounce the text.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Beaumont|first1=Peter|title=Unesco adopts controversial resolution on Jerusalem holy sites|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|work=The Guardian|date=26 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027144549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|archive-date=27 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resolution refers to the site Jews and Christians refer to as the Temple Mount, or Har HaBayit in Hebrew, only by its Arab name — a significant semantic decision also adopted by UNESCO's executive board, triggering condemnation from Israel and its allies. U.S. Ambassador Crystal Nix Hines stated: &quot;This item should have been defeated. These politicized and one-sided resolutions are damaging the credibility of UNESCO.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem holy sites draws criticism from U.S., Israel|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|work=CBC/Radio-Canada|date=26 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104125858/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|archive-date=4 November 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2017, the United States and Israel announced they would withdraw from the organization, citing in-part anti-Israel bias.&lt;ref name=stategov/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Gardiner|last2=Erlangeroct|first2=Steven|title=U.S. Will Withdraw From Unesco, Citing Its ‘Anti-Israel Bias’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|accessdate=8 April 2018|agency=The New York Times|date=2017-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021190452/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|archive-date=21 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Palestine===<br /> <br /> ====Palestinian youth magazine controversy====<br /> In February 2011, an article was published in a Palestinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described one of her four role-models as [[Adolf Hitler]]. In December 2011, UNESCO, which partly funded the magazine, condemned the material and subsequently withdrew support.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html |title=Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over Hitler praise |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 December 2011 |accessdate=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109173826/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html |archive-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Islamic University of Gaza controversy====<br /> In 2012, UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the [[Islamic University of Gaza]] in the field of [[astronomy]], [[astrophysics]], and [[space science]]s,&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCOIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/ | title=UNESCO Chair in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences (964), established in 2012 at The Islamic University of Gaza (Palestine). | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127035152/http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/ | archive-date=27 November 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; fueling controversy and criticism. [[Israel]] bombed the school in 2008 stating that they develop and store weapons there, which Israel restated in criticizing UNESCO's move.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false The Goldstone Report: The Legacy of the Landmark Investigation of the Gaza Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013070233/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false |date=13 October 2017 }} By Adam Horowitz, Lizzy Ratner and Philip Weiss (2011). Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MFAUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite press_release | url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm | title=Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic University | publisher=Israel ministry of foreign affairs | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715005102/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm | archive-date=15 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The head, [[Kamalain Shaath]], defended UNESCO, stating that &quot;the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NationalPostUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/ | title=UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs | author=Higgins, Michael | work=National Post | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714230452/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/ | archive-date=14 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ShalitGazaIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html | title=Fatah: Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University | publisher=Yedioth Ahronot | date=6 February 2007 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201090827/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html | archive-date=1 December 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BostonIUGProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/ | title=Hamas University | author=Cambanis, Thanassis | work=Boston Globe | date=28 February 2010 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226015007/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/ | archive-date=26 February 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli ambassador to UNESCO [[Nimrod Barkan]] planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university's ties to Hamas, especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaaretzUNESCOGaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524 | title=Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza | author=Ravid, Barak | work=Haaretz | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715042511/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524 | archive-date=15 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Jewish organization [[B'nai B'rith]] criticized the move as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;BnaiBrithUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/ | title=B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University | author=Yaakov, Yifa | work=The Times of Israel | date=14 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717095157/http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/ | archive-date=17 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Che Guevara===<br /> In 2013, UNESCO announced that the collection &quot;The Life and Works of Ernesto [[Che Guevara]]&quot; became part of the [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World Register]]. [[United States Congress|US Congresswoman]] [[Ileana Ros-Lehtinen]] condemned this decision, saying that the organization acts against its own ideals:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://ros-lehtinen.house.gov/press-release/unesco-once-again-makes-mockery-its-own-ideals-glorifying-mass-murderer-che-guevara | type = press release | title = UNESCO Once Again Makes a Mockery of its Own Ideals by Glorifying Mass Murderer Che Guevara, Says Ros-Lehtinen | publisher = House of representatives | date = 22 July 2013 | access-date = 28 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127074701/https://ros-lehtinen.house.gov/press-release/unesco-once-again-makes-mockery-its-own-ideals-glorifying-mass-murderer-che-guevara | archive-date = 27 January 2016 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote|sign=|source=|This decision is more than an insult to the families of those Cubans who were lined up and [[Summary execution|summarily executed]] by Che and his merciless cronies but it also serves as a direct contradiction to the UNESCO ideals of encouraging peace and universal respect for human rights.}}<br /> <br /> [[UN Watch]] also condemned this selection by UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unwatch.org/unesco-honors-executioner-che-guevara/ UNESCO honors executioner Che Guevara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829001054/http://www.unwatch.org/unesco-honors-executioner-che-guevara/ |date=29 August 2016 }}, ''UN Watch'', 21 July 2013 (retrieved 11 July 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Listing Nanjing Massacre documents===<br /> In 2015, [[Japan]] threatened to halt funding for UNESCO over the organization's decision to include documents relating to the 1937 [[Nanjing massacre]] in the latest listing for its &quot;Memory of the World&quot; program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|title=Japan furious at UNESCO listing Nanjing Massacre documents - Asia - DW.COM - 19.10.2015|first=Deutsche Welle|last=(www.dw.com)|publisher=|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175825/http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In October 2016, Japanese Foreign Minister [[Fumio Kishida]] confirmed that Japan's 2016 annual funding of ¥4.4&amp;nbsp;billion had been suspended although denied any direct link with the Nanjing document controversy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Japan halts Unesco funding following Nanjing massacre row|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|accessdate=30 October 2016|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=The Guardian|date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030144739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|archive-date=30 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===US withdrawals===<br /> The United States withdrew from UNESCO in 1984, citing the &quot;highly politicized&quot; nature of the organisation, its ostensible &quot;hostility toward the basic institutions of a free society, especially a free market and a free press&quot;, as well as its &quot;unrestrained budgetary expansion&quot;, and poor management under then Director General Amadou-Mahter M'Bow of Senegal.&lt;ref name=withdrawal&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|title=UNESCO Membership: Issues for Congress|date=20 November 2003|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service reports]]|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082545/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 19 September 1989, former U.S. Congressman [[Jim Leach]] stated before a Congressional subcommittee:&lt;ref name=cspan/&gt;<br /> {{Quote |The reasons for the withdrawal of the United States from UNESCO in 1984 are well-known; my view is that we overreacted to the calls of some who wanted to radicalize UNESCO, and the calls of others who wanted the United States to lead in emasculating the UN system. The fact is UNESCO is one of the least dangerous international institutions ever created. While some member countries within UNESCO attempted to push journalistic views antithetical to the values of the west, and engage in Israel bashing, UNESCO itself never adopted such radical postures. The U.S. opted for empty-chair diplomacy, after winning, not losing, the battles we engaged in… It was nuts to get out, and would be nuttier not to rejoin.}}<br /> <br /> Leach concluded that the record showed Israel bashing, a call for a new world information order, money management, and arms control policy to be the impetus behind the withdrawal; he asserted that before departing from UNESCO, a withdrawal from the [[IAEA]] had been pushed on him.&lt;ref name=cspan&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1/united-states-unesco-part-1|title=United States &amp; UNESCO, Part 1|publisher=[[C-SPAN]]|work=Starting from 05:08|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104007/https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1%2Funited-states-unesco-part-1|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 October 2003, the U.S. rejoined UNESCO.&lt;ref name=withdrawal/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 12 October 2017, the United States notified UNESCO that it will again withdraw from the organization on 31 December 2018 and will seek to establish a permanent observer mission beginning in 2019. The [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] cited &quot;mounting arrears at UNESCO, the need for fundamental reform in the organization, and continuing anti-Israel bias at UNESCO&quot;.&lt;ref name=stategov&gt;{{Cite news |url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408053146/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm |archive-date=2019-04-08 |url-status=dead |title=The United States Withdraws From UNESCO| publisher =[[U.S. Department of State]] |access-date= 12 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel praised the withdrawal decision as &quot;brave&quot; and &quot;moral&quot;.&lt;ref name=withdrawal/&gt;<br /> <br /> The United States has not paid over $600&amp;nbsp;million in dues&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1= Rosenberg |first1= Eli |last2=Morello |first2=Carol |date=12 October 2017|title=U.S. withdraws from UNESCO, the U.N.’s cultural organization, citing anti-Israel bias |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; since it stopped paying its $80&amp;nbsp;million annual UNESCO dues when Palestine became a full member in 2011. Israel and the US were among the 14 votes against the membership out of 194 member countries.&lt;ref name=bias&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|title=U.S., Israel quit UNESCO over alleged bias|last=Irish|first=John|publisher=Reuters|date=October 13, 2017|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Turkish–Kurdish conflict===<br /> On May 25, 2016, the noted Turkish poet and human rights activist [[O. Z. Livaneli|Zülfü Livaneli]] resigned as [[Turkey]]'s only UNESCO goodwill ambassador. He highlighted [[Human rights in Turkey|human rights situation in Turkey]] and destruction of historical [[Sur, Diyarbakır|Sur]] district of [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbakir]], the largest city in Kurdish-majority southeast Turkey, during [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)|fighting]] between the Turkish army and Kurdish militants as the main reasons for his resignation. Livaneli said: &quot;To pontificate on peace while remaining silent against such violations is a contradiction of the fundamental ideals of UNESCO.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA Turkish writer quits UNESCO to protest damage to heritage, rights abuse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA |date=9 May 2018 }}&quot;. Reuters. May 26, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Atatürk ===<br /> In 1981, UNESCO and the UN celebrated the [[Atatürk Centennial]].<br /> <br /> ==Products and services==<br /> * UNESDOC&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|title=UNESDOC Database - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214091237/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|archive-date=14 December 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; – Contains over 146,000 UNESCO documents in full text published since 1945 as well as metadata from the collections of the UNESCO Library and documentation centres in field offices and institutes.<br /> <br /> ===Information processing tools===<br /> UNESCO develops, maintains and disseminates, free of charge, two interrelated software packages for database management (CDS/ISIS [not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS]) and data mining/statistical analysis (IDAMS).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1542&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150108023105/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D1542%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2015-01-08 |title= Information Processing Tools |publisher= Unesco }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * CDS/ISIS – a generalised information storage and retrieval system. The Windows version may run on a single computer or in a local area network. The JavaISIS client/server components allow remote database management over the Internet and are available for Windows, Linux and Macintosh. Furthermore, GenISIS allows the user to produce HTML Web forms for CDS/ISIS database searching. The ISIS_DLL provides an API for developing CDS/ISIS based applications.<br /> * OpenIDAMS – a software package for processing and analysing numerical data developed, maintained and disseminated by UNESCO. The original package was proprietary but UNESCO has initiated a project to provide it as open-source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15653&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150113175706/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D15653%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2015-01-13 |title= OpenIDAMS |publisher= Unesco }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * IDIS – a tool for direct data exchange between CDS/ISIS and IDAMS<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Education|Science|Society|Politics}}<br /> * [[Academic Mobility Network]]<br /> *[[League of Nations archives]]<br /> *[[Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project (LONTAD)]]<br /> * ''[[UNESCO Reclining Figure 1957–58]]'', sculpture by [[Henry Moore]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> {{Meta|WikiProject UNESCO}}<br /> * {{Official|http://www.unesco.org/}}<br /> <br /> {{United Nations}}<br /> {{ECOSOC}}<br /> {{UN Charter}}<br /> {{Supranationalism/World government topics |state = autocollapse}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:UNESCO| ]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1945]]<br /> [[Category:Conservation and restoration organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Heritage organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International cultural organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International educational organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International scientific organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International organizations based in France]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations based in Paris]]<br /> [[Category:United Nations Development Group]]<br /> [[Category:United Nations specialized agencies]]<br /> [[Category:France and the United Nations]]<br /> [[Category:1945 establishments in France]]<br /> [[Category:Peacebuilding institutions]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNESCO&diff=972727298 UNESCO 2020-08-13T14:46:38Z <p>SlvrKy: /* Origins */</p> <hr /> <div>{{pp-move-indef}}<br /> {{Short description|Specialised agency of the United Nations}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}<br /> {{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox United Nations<br /> | image = Emblem of the United Nations.svg<br /> | image_size = 120px<br /> | name = &lt;center&gt; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation &lt;/center&gt;<br /> | map = UNESCO logo English.svg<br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_caption =<br /> | type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialised agency]]<br /> | abbreviation = UNESCO<br /> | leader_title = Head<br /> | leader_name = Director-General &lt;br /&gt; [[Audrey Azoulay]] <br /> | status = Active<br /> | formation = {{start date and age|1945|11|04|df=yes}}<br /> | headquarters = [[Paris]], France<br /> | website = [https://en.unesco.org/ www.unesco.org]<br /> | parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]<br /> | subsidiaries = <br /> | footnotes = {{Portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation''' ('''UNESCO''';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO|url = https://en.unesco.org/|website = UNESCO|accessdate = 25 September 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093242/http://en.unesco.org/|archive-date = 25 September 2013|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{lang-fr|Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture}}) is a [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialised agency]] of the [[United Nations]] (UN) aimed at contributing &quot;to the building of peace, the [[poverty reduction|eradication of poverty]], [[sustainable development]] and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco/|title=Introducing UNESCO|publisher=UNESCO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818121902/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco|archive-date=18 August 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/ |title = UNESCO history |publisher = UNESCO |accessdate = 23 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100409011030/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/ |archive-date = 9 April 2010 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the successor of the [[League of Nations]]' [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;intellectualcooperation&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne |access-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022034/https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |archive-date=12 September 2018 |url-status=live }} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322103701/http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ |date=22 March 2019 }}).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UNESCO has [[Member states of UNESCO|193 member states]] and 11 associate members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/countries |title=List of UNESCO members and associates |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311145128/https://en.unesco.org/countries |archive-date=11 March 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Based in [[Paris]], France, most of its field offices are &quot;cluster&quot; offices that cover three or more countries; national and regional offices also exist.<br /> <br /> UNESCO seeks to build a culture of peace and inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|title=UNESCO • General Conference; 34th; Medium-term Strategy, 2008–2013; 2007|format=PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728152547/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|archive-date=28 July 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; To that end, it pursues its objectives through five major program areas: [[education]], [[natural science]]s, [[social science|social]]/[[human science]]s, culture and communication/information. It sponsors projects related to [[literacy]], technical training, education, the advancement of science, promoting independent media and [[freedom of the press]], preserving regional and cultural history, and promoting [[cultural diversity]]. UNESCO assists in translating and disseminating world literature, establishing international cooperation agreements to secure &quot;[[World Heritage Site]]s&quot; of [[cultural heritage|cultural]] and [[natural heritage|natural]] importance, preserving human rights, and bridging the [[Global digital divide|worldwide digital divide]]. It also launched and leads the [[Education For All]] movement and [[lifelong learning]].<br /> <br /> UNESCO is a member of the [[United Nations Development Group]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |title=UNDG Members |publisher=United Nations Development Group |accessdate=8 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144047/http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; a coalition of UN agencies and organisations aimed at fulfilling the [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<br /> {{TOC limit|}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins === <br /> [[File:Flag of UNESCO.svg|thumb|[[Flag of UNESCO]]]]<br /> UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commission to study feasibility.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | publisher = League of Nations | series = Records of the Second Assembly | title = Plenary Meetings | date = 5 September – 5 October 1921 | place = Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | quote = The [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created on 4 January 1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications. The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was then created in Paris on 9 August 1925, to act as the executing agency for the ICIC | title = A Chronology of UNESCO: 1945–1987 | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf | place = Paris | date = December 1987 | id = LAD.85/WS/4 Rev | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | ref = {{Harvid | UNESCO |1987}} | access-date = 13 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095140/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf | archive-date = 2 February 2011 | url-status = live }}.&lt;/ref&gt; This new body, the [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created in 1922&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary]) |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne |isbn=|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt; and counted such figures as [[Henri Bergson]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Marie Curie]], and [[Robert A. Millikan]] among its members (being thus a small commission of the League of Nations essentially centered on Western Europe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939) | journal = Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America | pages = 65-89| date = 2020 | url = https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F8F05A6DBC3C.P001/REF |ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;). On 18 December 1925, the [[International Bureau of Education]] (IBE) began work as a [[non-governmental]] organization in the service of international educational development.{{Sfn | UNESCO | 1987}} However, the onset of [[World War II]] largely interrupted the work of these predecessor organizations.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === Creation ===<br /> After the signing of the [[Atlantic Charter]] and the [[Declaration of the United Nations]], the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued from 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by [[China]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]] and the USSR. This was followed by the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]] (UNCIO), held in San Francisco in April–June 1945, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London 1–16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented. The idea of UNESCO was largely developed by [[Rab Butler]], the [[Minister of Education]] for the United Kingdom, who had a great deal of influence in its development.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco The work of U.N.E.S.C.O. (Hansard, 26 January 1949)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103837/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco |date=19 October 2017 }}. Millbank systems. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was established.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | ref = {{Harvid | Unesco | 1945}} | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf | title = United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation | place = The Institute of Civil Engineers, London | date = 1–16 November 1945 | id = ECO/Conf./29 | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | accessdate = 8 June 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024012/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf | archive-date = 15 March 2012 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCO's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state.{{Sfn | Unesco | 1945}}<br /> <br /> The first General Conference took place from 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. [[Julian Huxley]] to Director-General.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf | publisher = UNESCO | year = 1947 | title = General Conference, First Session | place = UNESCO House, Paris, from 20 November to 10 December 1946. UNESCO/C/30 &amp;#91;1 C/Resolutions&amp;#93; Item 14, p. 73 | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | accessdate = 1 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120904090227/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf | archive-date = 4 September 2012 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the Executive Board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not, as before, act in their personal capacity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf |title=Records of the General Conference, Eighth Session |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |access-date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095202/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the ICIC, in how member states would work together in the organization's fields of competence. As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO's mandate, political and historical factors have shaped the organization's operations in particular during the Cold War, the decolonization process, and the dissolution of the USSR.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism, for example through influential [[The Race Question|statements on race]] starting with a declaration of anthropologists (among them was [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]]) and other scientists in 1950&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001269/126969eb.pdf |title = UNESCO. (1950). Statement by experts on race problems. Paris, 20 July 1950. UNESCO/SS/1. UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030543/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001269/126969eb.pdf |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and concluding with the 1978 [[The Race Question#Legacy and other UNESCO statements|Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 20th Session. (1979). Records of the General Conference, Twentieth Session, Paris, 24 October to 28 November 1978. 20 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3/1.1/2, p. 61. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030610/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO saying that some of the organization's publications amounted to &quot;interference&quot; in the country's &quot;racial problems&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO. Executive Board, 42nd Session. (1955). Report of the Director-General on the Activities of the Organization (March–November 1955). Paris, 9 November 1955. 42 EX/43. Part I Relations with Member States, paragraph 3.&lt;/ref&gt; South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of [[Nelson Mandela]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> UNESCO's early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947.&lt;ref&gt;The Haiti pilot project: phase one, 1947–1949. (1951). Monographs on Fundamental Education IV. UNESCO: Paris.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> This project was followed by expert missions to other countries, including, for example, a mission to Afghanistan in 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000590/059046eb.pdf |title = Debiesse, J., Benjamin, H. and Abbot, W. (1952). Report of the mission to Afghanistan. Educational Missions IV. ED.51/VIII.A. (Paris.) UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030935/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000590/059046eb.pdf |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education [[compulsory education|compulsory]] and universal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114591e.pdf#xml=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?database=&amp;set=4CFE6AEC_1_103&amp;hits_rec=1&amp;hits_lng=eng |title = UNESCO. General Conference, 2nd Session. (1948). Resolutions adopted by the General Conference during its second session, Mexico, November–December 1947. 2 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3.4.1, p. 17. UNESDOC database |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031028/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114591e.pdf#xml=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?database=&amp;set=4CFE6AEC_1_103&amp;hits_rec=1&amp;hits_lng=eng |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in [[Jomtien]], Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000975/097551e.pdf |title=UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, and The World Bank. (1990). Final Report. World Conference on Education for All: Meeting Basic Education Needs. 5–9 March 1990, Jomtien, Thailand. (WCEFA Inter-agency Commission: New York). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031115/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000975/097551e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Ten years later, the 2000 [[World Education Forum]] held in [[Dakar]], Senegal, led member governments to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf |title=UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action. Education for All: meeting our collective commitments (including six regional frameworks for action). World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal, 26–28 April 2000. ED.2000/WS/27. (Paris). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607174131/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UNESCO's early activities in culture included the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000419/041943eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 21st Session. (1980). International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia: Report of the Executive Committee of the Campaign and of the Director-General. 26 August 1980. 21 C/82. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031408/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000419/041943eb.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The purpose of the campaign was to move the [[Great and Small Temples of Abu Simbel|Great Temple of Abu Simbel]] to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after the construction of the [[Aswan Dam]]. During the 20-year campaign, 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including [[Mohenjo-daro]] (Pakistan), [[Fes]] (Morocco), [[Kathmandu]] (Nepal), [[Borobudur]] (Indonesia) and the [[Acropolis]] (Greece).{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> The organization's work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114044e.pdf |title=Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Paris, 16 November 1972. UNESCO. General Conference, 17th Session. Records of the General Conference, Seventeenth Session, Paris, 17 October to 21 November 1972. Volume I: Resolutions, Recommendations. 17 C/Resolution 29. Chapter IX Conventions and Recommendations, p. 135. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620014519/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114044e.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The [[World Heritage Committee]] was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]] in 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000347/034793eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Second Session. Final Report. Washington, DC, 5–8 September 1978. CC-78/CONF.010/10 Rev. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019104217/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000347/034793eb.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 (Convention for the Safeguarding of the [[Intangible Cultural Heritage]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001331/133171e.pdf |title=Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris, 17 October 2003. UNESCO. General Conference, 32nd Session. Records of the General Conference, Thirty-second Session, Paris, 29 September to 17 October 2003. Volume I: Resolutions. 32 C/Resolution 32. Chapter IV Programme for 2004–2005, Major Programme IV – Culture, p. 53. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315102224/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001331/133171e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;) and 2005 ([[Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001428/142825e.pdf |title = Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Paris, 20 October 2005. UNESCO. General Conference, 33rd Session. Records of the General Conference. Thirty-third Session, Paris, 3–21 October 2005. Volume I: Resolutions. 33 C/Resolution 41. Chapter V Programme for 2006–2007, p. 83. UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120703092914/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001428/142825e.pdf |archive-date = 3 July 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;).<br /> <br /> An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the [[European Council for Nuclear Research]], which was responsible for establishing the [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113790e.pdf |title=UNESCO. Executive Board, 26th Session. Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its twenty-sixth session. (7 June to 9 July 1951). Paris, 27 July 1951. 26 EX/Decisions. Item 7 Programme, Resolution 7.2.2.1, p. 9. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528224001/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113790e.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; later on, in 1954.<br /> <br /> Arid Zone programming, 1948–1966, is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114593e.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 3rd Session. (1949). Records of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Third Session. Beirut, 1948. Volume II: Resolutions. (UNESCO: Paris). 2 C/Resolution 3.7, page 23. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031635/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114593e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1968, UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development, a problem that continues to be addressed in the field of [[sustainable development]]. The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO's [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf |title=&quot;Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere. Paris, 4–13 September 1968.&quot; (1970.) In Natural Resources Research, Volume X. SC.69/XIL.16/A. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031659/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the field of communication, the &quot;free flow of ideas by word and image&quot; has been in UNESCO's constitution from its beginnings, following the experience of the Second World War when control of information was a factor in indoctrinating populations for aggression.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002269/226924e.pdf#page=6|title=Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713010444/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002269/226924e.pdf#page=6|archive-date=13 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In the years immediately following World War II, efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world. UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001480/148006eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. (1955). International Expert Meeting on Professional Training for Journalism. Unesco House, 9–13 April 1956. Purpose and Scope. Paris, 18 November 1955. UNESCO/MC/PT.1. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407033852/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001480/148006eb.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In response to calls for a &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; in the late 1970s, UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000323/032363eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 19th Session. (1977). Approved Programme and budget for 1977–1978. Paris, February 1977. 19 C/5, p. 332, paragraphs 4154 and 4155. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528224016/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000323/032363eb.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; which produced the 1980 [[MacBride report]] (named after the Chair of the Commission, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Seán MacBride]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000400/040066eb.pdf |title=MacBride, S. (1980). Many voices, one world: towards a new, more just, and more efficient world information and communication order. (UNESCO: Paris). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313204759/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000400/040066eb.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The same year, UNESCO created the [[International Programme for the Development of Communication]] (IPDC), a multilateral forum designed to promote media development in developing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/about-ipdc/|title=About IPDC {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907122304/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/about-ipdc|archive-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage/|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1991, UNESCO's General Conference endorsed the [[Windhoek Declaration]] on [[media independence]] and pluralism, which led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption, 3 May, as [[World Press Freedom Day]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2016/|title=World Press Freedom Day 2016|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2016-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109223447/https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2016|archive-date=9 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1997, UNESCO has awarded the [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize|UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]] every 3 May. In the lead up to the [[World Summit on the Information Society]] in 2003 ([[Geneva]]) and 2005 ([[Tunis]]), UNESCO introduced the [[Information for All Programme]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === 21st Century === <br /> UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|title = General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member|date = 31 October 2011|accessdate = 11 December 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111214135140/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|archive-date = 14 December 2011|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html |title = US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership |first = Adrian |last = Blomfield |work = The Telegraph |date = 31 October 2011 |accessdate = 31 October 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111101190549/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html |archive-date = 1 November 2011 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Laws passed in the United States after Palestine applied for UNESCO and [[World Health Organization|WHO]] membership in April 1989&lt;ref name=&quot;Sakran2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Shadi Sakran|title=The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT64|date=26 November 2019|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-00-076357-7|pages=64–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State], UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989&lt;/ref&gt; mean that the US cannot contribute financially to any UN organisation that accepts Palestine as a full member.&lt;ref&gt;The laws originated in {{USBill|101|hr|2145}} and {{USBill|101|s|875}}; for further details see committee discussions at: {{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations|title=The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC|year=1989|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}. The text of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: {{USBill|101|hr|3743}} (which produced {{USPL|101|246}}), {{USBill|102|hr|5368}}, {{USBill|103|hr|2295}} and finally {{USBill|103|hr|2333}} (which produced {{USPL|103|236}}). See also: {{cite book|last=Beattie|first=Kirk|title=Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT287|date=3 May 2016|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-562-3|p=287 online|quote=...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. [[Bob Kasten|Robert Kasten, Jr.]] (R-Wl) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. [[Tom Lantos]] sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or their achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the &quot;offending&quot; UN body under these laws. (I'll just note in passing that it was Sen. Kasten who was to be a major recipient of campaign funds that [[AIPAC]]'s President [[David Steiner (AIPAC)|David Steiner]] was soliciting from one Haim Katz. Katz surreptitiously taped and released to the public the conversation, much to AIPAC's embarrassment. The conversation can be found on-line and makes for an interesting read.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|publisher=Reuters |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the US withdrew its funding, which had accounted for about 22% of UNESCO's budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html |title= Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians |first1= Steven |last1= Erlanger |first2= Scott |last2= Sayare |work= The New York Times |date= 31 October 2011 |accessdate= 31 October 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111031171156/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html |archive-date= 31 October 2011 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel also reacted to Palestine's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israeli payments to UNESCO and imposing sanctions on the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|title= After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S.|work= Haaretz|date= 4 November 2011|accessdate= 11 December 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111207205936/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|archive-date= 7 December 2011|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; stating that Palestine's admittance would be detrimental &quot;to potential peace talks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST |publisher=CNN |title=Israel freezes UNESCO funds |date=3 December 2011 |accessdate=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106053150/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST |archivedate=6 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Two years after they stopped paying their dues to UNESCO, the US and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013 without losing the right to be elected; thus, the US was elected as a member of the Executive Board for the period 2016–19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108 | title= U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row | work= Reuters | date= 8 November 2013 | accessdate= 29 June 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140709192541/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108 | archive-date= 9 July 2014 | url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Israel left UNESCO after 69 years of membership, with Israel's ambassador to the UN [[Danny Danon]] writing: &quot;UNESCO is the body that continually rewrites history, including by erasing the Jewish connection to Jerusalem... it is corrupted and manipulated by Israel's enemies... we are not going to be a member of an organisation that deliberately acts against us&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/202003121078544477-israel-should-quit-putting-up-with-uns-triple-standards---ex-israeli-diplomat/ |title=Israel Should Quit Putting up With UN's 'Triple' Standards - Ex-Israeli Diplomat - Sputnik International |publisher=Sputniknews.com |date= |accessdate=2020-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Activities==<br /> [[File:UNESCO Brasília Office.jpg|thumb|UNESCO offices in [[Brasília]]]]<br /> <br /> UNESCO implements its activities through the five program areas: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information.<br /> * Education: UNESCO supports research in [[comparative education]]; and provide expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all. This includes the<br /> ** [[UNESCO Chairs]], an international network of 644 UNESCO Chairs, involving over 770 institutions in 126 countries<br /> ** Environmental Conservation Organisation<br /> ** [[Convention against Discrimination in Education]] adopted in 1960<br /> ** Organization of the International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA) in an interval of 12 years<br /> ** Publication of the [[Education for All Global Monitoring Report]]<br /> ** Publication of the ''Four Pillars of Learning'' seminal document<br /> ** [[UNESCO ASPNet]], an international network of 8,000 schools in 170 countries<br /> <br /> UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning.&lt;ref&gt;Because [[diploma mill]]s have claimed false UNESCO accreditation, UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation. See Luca Lantero, [http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf Degree Mills: non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513185433/http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf |date=13 May 2015 }}, [[Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence|Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence (CIMEA)]], Italy. and [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090521152755/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=48787&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO &quot;Alert: Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * UNESCO also issues public statements to educate the public:<br /> ** [[Seville Statement on Violence]]: A statement adopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the notion that humans are biologically predisposed to organised violence.<br /> * Designating projects and places of cultural and scientific significance, such as:<br /> ** [[Global Geoparks Network]]<br /> ** [[Biosphere reserve]]s, through the [[Programme on Man and the Biosphere]] (MAB), since 1971<br /> ** [[City of Literature]]; in 2007, the first city to be given this title was [[Edinburgh]], the site of Scotland's first [[circulating library]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Varga, Susan |title=Edinburgh Old Town (Images of Scotland) |publisher=The History Press Ltd |location= |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=978-0-7524-4083-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, Iowa City, Iowa became the City of Literature.<br /> ** [[Endangered language]]s and [[linguistic diversity]] projects<br /> ** [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]<br /> ** [[Memory of the World]] International Register, since 1997<br /> ** [[Water resources management]], through the [[International Hydrological Programme]] (IHP), since 1965<br /> ** [[World Heritage Site]]s<br /> ** [[World Digital Library]]<br /> * Encouraging the &quot;free flow of ideas by images and words&quot; by:<br /> ** Promoting [[freedom of expression]], including [[freedom of the press]] and [[freedom of information legislation]], through the Division of Freedom of Expression and Media Development,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|title=Fostering Freedom of Expression|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053749/https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|archive-date=10 December 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the [[International Programme for the Development of Communication]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting the [[safety of journalists]] and combatting impunity for those who attack them,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|title=Safety of Journalists|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131159/https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|archive-date=20 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; through coordination of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action/|title=UN Plan of Action {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103326/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action|archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting universal access to and preservation of information and open solutions for sustainable development through the Knowledge Societies Division,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|title=Building Knowledge Societies|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116181422/https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the [[Memory of the World Programme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage/|title=Memory of the World {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710050933/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage|archive-date=10 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Information for All Programme (IFAP)|Information for All Programme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|title=Information for All Programme (IFAP) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910112204/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|archive-date=10 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]], [[gender equality]] and [[cultural diversity]] in the media<br /> ** Promoting [[Internet Universality]] and its principles, that the Internet should be (I) [[Human rights|human Rights]]-based, (ii) Open, (iii) [[Accessibility|Accessible]] to all, and (iv) nurtured by [[Multistakeholder governance model|Multi-stakeholder]] participation (summarized as the acronym R.O.A.M.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|title=Internet Universality {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728033751/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|archive-date=28 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Generating knowledge through publications such as ''World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|title=World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826003315/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|title=UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821161616/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Media Development Indicators,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|title=Media Development Indicators (MDIs) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612042809/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|archive-date=12 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as other indicator-based studies.<br /> * Promoting events, such as:<br /> ** [[International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World]]: 2001–2010, proclaimed by the UN in 1998<br /> ** [[World Press Freedom Day]], 3 May each year, to promote [[freedom of expression]] and [[freedom of the press]] as a basic human right and as crucial components of any healthy, democratic and free society.<br /> ** ''Criança Esperança'' in Brazil, in partnership with [[Rede Globo]], to raise funds for community-based projects that foster social integration and violence prevention.<br /> ** [[International Literacy Day]]<br /> ** [[International Year for the Culture of Peace]]<br /> ** [http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Nairobi/kiberareport.pdf Health Education for Behavior Change] program in partnership with the Ministry of Education of [[Kenya]] which was financially supported by the Government of [[Azerbaijan]] to promote health education among 10-19-year-old young people who live in informal camp in [[Kibera]], [[Nairobi]]. The project was carried out between September 2014 - December 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera/|title=Promouvoir l'éducation à la santé chez les jeunes du campement informel de Kibera à Nairobi {{!}} Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture|website=unesco.org|language=fr|access-date=2017-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820102139/http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Founding and funding projects, such as:<br /> **[[Migration Museums]] Initiative: Promoting the establishment of museums for cultural dialogue with migrant populations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305005432/http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2007 |title=Migration Institutions – Home |publisher=Migrationmuseums.org |accessdate=23 April 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[UNESCO-CEPES]], the European Centre for Higher Education: established in 1972 in Bucharest, Romania, as a de-centralized office to promote international co-operation in higher education in Europe as well as Canada, USA and Israel. ''Higher Education in Europe'' is its official journal.<br /> ** [[Free Software Directory]]: since 1998 UNESCO and the [[Free Software Foundation]] have jointly funded this project cataloguing [[free software]].<br /> ** [[FRESH, UNESCO|FRESH]] Focussing Resources on [[School health services|Effective School Health]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35173&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Education &amp;#124; EDUCATION – |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006100958/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35173%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archivedate=6 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[OANA]], Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies<br /> ** [[International Council of Science]]<br /> ** [[UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador]]s<br /> ** [[ASOMPS]], Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices, a series of scientific conferences held in Asia<br /> ** [[Botany 2000]], a programme supporting taxonomy, and [[biodiversity|biological]] and [[cultural diversity]] of medicinal and ornamental plants, and their protection against [[environmental pollution]]<br /> ** The [[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]], translating works of world literature both to and from multiple languages, from 1948 to 2005<br /> ** [[GoUNESCO]], an umbrella of initiatives to make heritage fun supported by UNESCO, New Delhi Office&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|title=Official support for GoUNESCO from UNESCO New Delhi|date=2014-03-24|website=GoUNESCO - Make Heritage Fun!|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815083136/https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|archive-date=15 August 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [http://opendata.unesco.org UNESCO transparency portal] has been designed to enable public [[access to information]] regarding Organization's activities, such as its aggregate budget for a biennium, as well as links to relevant programmatic and financial documents. These two distinct sets of information are published on the [[International Aid Transparency Initiative|IATI]] registry, respectively based on the IATI Activity Standard and the IATI Organization Standard.<br /> <br /> There have been proposals to establish two new UNESCO lists. The first proposed list will focus on movable cultural heritage such as artifacts, paintings, and biofacts. The list may include cultural objects, such as the [[Jōmon Venus]] of [[Japan]], the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' of France, the [[Gebel el-Arak Knife]] of [[Egypt]], ''[[The Ninth Wave]]'' of Russia, the [[Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük]] of Turkey, the [[David (Michelangelo)|''David'' (Michelangelo)]] of Italy, the [[Mathura Herakles]] of India, the [[Manunggul Jar]] of the Philippines, the [[Crown of Baekje]] of South Korea, ''[[The Hay Wain]]'' of the United Kingdom and the [[Benin Bronzes]] of Nigeria. The second proposed list will focus on the world's living species, such as the [[komodo dragon]] of Indonesia, the [[panda]] of China, the [[bald eagle]] of North American countries, the [[aye-aye]] of Madagascar, the [[Asiatic lion]] of India, the [[kakapo]] of New Zealand, and the [[mountain tapir]] of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/|title=Tangible Cultural Heritage - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319084612/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/|archive-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Document - Discovered artifacts under preservation, Archaeological Site, 18 Hoang Dieu street|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103001256/https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908/|archive-date=3 November 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Media==<br /> UNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines.<br /> <br /> ''The UNESCO Courier'' magazine states its mission to &quot;promote UNESCO's ideals, maintain a platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate&quot;. Since March 2006 it is available online, with limited printed issues. Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO. There was a hiatus in publishing between 2012 and 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|title=Archives|website=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2017-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224552/https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1950, UNESCO initiated the quarterly review ''Impact of Science on Society'' (also known as ''Impact'') to discuss the influence of science on society. The journal ceased publication in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF |title = Science and Technology Education |publisher = UNESCO |date = 1998 |access-date = 23 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160813140445/http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF |archive-date = 13 August 2016 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO also published Museum International Quarterly from the year 1948.<br /> <br /> ==Official UNESCO NGOs==<br /> UNESCO has official relations with 322 [[international non-governmental organization]]s (NGOs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |title=Quoted on UNESCO official site |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |accessdate=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |archivedate=25 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of these are what UNESCO calls &quot;operational&quot;; a select few are &quot;formal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35293&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UNESCO |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623000619/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35293%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is &quot;formal associate&quot;, and the 22 NGOs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |title=UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13 Feb 2009 |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |accessdate=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |archivedate=25 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; with ''formal associate'' (ASC) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are:<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Abbr<br /> ! Organization<br /> |-<br /> | IB || [[International Baccalaureate]]<br /> |-<br /> | CCIVS || [[CCIVS|Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service]]<br /> |-<br /> | EI || [[Education International]]<br /> |-<br /> | IAU || [[International Association of Universities]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFTC || [[International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICPHS || [[International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies]] which publishes [[Diogenes (journal)|Diogenes]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICSU || [[International Council for Science]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICOM || [[International Council of Museums]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICSSPE || [[International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICA || [[International Council on Archives]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICOMOS || [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFJ || [[International Federation of Journalists]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFLA || [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFPA || International Federation of Poetry Associations<br /> |-<br /> | IMC || [[International Music Council]]<br /> |-<br /> | IPA|| [[International Police Association]]<br /> |-<br /> | INSULA || International Scientific Council for Island Development<br /> |-<br /> | ISSC || [[International Social Science Council]]<br /> |-<br /> | ITI || [[International Theatre Institute]]<br /> |-<br /> | IUCN || [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]]<br /> |-<br /> | IUTAO || International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations<br /> |-<br /> | UIA || [[Union of International Associations]]<br /> |-<br /> | WAN || [[World Association of Newspapers]]<br /> |-<br /> | WFEO || [[World Federation of Engineering Organizations]]<br /> |-<br /> | WFUCA || World Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[File:Unesco-IHE.JPG|thumb|[[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO Institute for Water Education]] in [[Delft]]]]<br /> <br /> ==Institutes and centres==<br /> The institutes are specialized departments of the organization that support UNESCO's programme, providing specialized support for cluster and national offices.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Abbr<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Location<br /> |-<br /> | IBE<br /> | [[International Bureau of Education]]<br /> | [[Geneva]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|title=International Bureau of Education|first=|last=|date=|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224448/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UIL<br /> | [[UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning]]<br /> | [[Hamburg]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|website=UIL - UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning|publisher=|title=About the Institute|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2015-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224304/http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IIEP<br /> | [[UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning]]<br /> | Paris (headquarters) and [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Dakar]] (regional offices)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|title=IIEP UNESCO|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119121935/http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=19 November 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IITE<br /> | UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education<br /> | Moscow&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|website=UNESCO IITE|publisher=|title=Contact Us|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224424/https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IICBA<br /> | UNESCO International Institute for [[Capacity Building]] in Africa<br /> | [[Addis Ababa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node/146|title=Contact Us|publisher=UNESCO|website=IICBA|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224657/http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node%2F146|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IESALC<br /> | UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean<br /> | [[Caracas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|title=Contact Us|publisher=UNESCO|website=IESALC|language=Spanish|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224903/http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | MGIEP<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development]]<br /> | [[New Delhi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mgiep.unesco.org|title=Building Social and Emotional Learning for Education 2030|publisher=UNESCO|website=UNESCO MGIEP|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092511/https://mgiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UNESCO-UNEVOC<br /> | [[UNESCO-UNEVOC|UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training]]<br /> | [[Bonn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|title=UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224349/https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UNESCO-IHE<br /> | [[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education]]<br /> | [[Delft]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un-ihe.org/|title=Home|website=IHE Delft Institute for Water Education|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024023035/http://www.un-ihe.org/|archive-date=24 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ICTP<br /> | [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]]<br /> | [[Trieste]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|website=ICTP - International Centre for Theoretical Physics|publisher=UNESCO|title=Mission &amp; History|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224535/https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UIS<br /> | [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]]<br /> | [[Montreal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|title=Contact Us|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2016-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224907/http://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Prizes==<br /> UNESCO awards 22 prizes&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO Executive Board Document [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf 185 EX/38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095215/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf |date=2 February 2011 }}, Paris, 10 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt; in education, science, culture and peace:<br /> * [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize]]<br /> * [[L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science]]<br /> * [[UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize|UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Confucius Prize for Literacy|UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy]]<br /> * UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities<br /> * [[UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize]] for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education<br /> * UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers<br /> * UNESCO/[[Kalinga Prize]] for the Popularization of Science<br /> * [[UNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal]] for an outstanding contribution to the development of scientific knowledge that has a beneficial impact on human health<br /> * UNESCO/[[Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation]]<br /> * Great Man-Made River International Water Prize for Water Resources in Arid Zones presented by UNESCO (title to be reconsidered)<br /> * Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management<br /> * [[UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Prize for Peace Education]]<br /> * [[UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize]] for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence<br /> * UNESCO/[[International José Martí Prize]]<br /> * UNESCO/[[Avicenna Prize]] for Ethics in Science<br /> * UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean<br /> * Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture<br /> * Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes (UNESCO-Greece)<br /> * IPDC-UNESCO Prize for Rural Communication<br /> * [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]]<br /> * UNESCO/Jikji [[Memory of the World]] Prize<br /> * [[UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences|UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize]] for Research in the Life Sciences<br /> * [[Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology]]<br /> <br /> ===Inactive prizes===<br /> * [[International Simón Bolívar Prize]] (inactive since 2004)<br /> * [[UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education]]<br /> * UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive since 2010)<br /> * UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts<br /> <br /> ==International Days observed at UNESCO==<br /> International Days observed at UNESCO is provided in the table given below&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ International Days | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162831/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ |date=10 November 2012 }}. UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Date<br /> ! Name<br /> |-<br /> | 27 January<br /> | [[International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust]]<br /> |-<br /> | 13 February<br /> | [[World Radio Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 February<br /> | [[International Mother Language Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 March<br /> | [[International Women's Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 20 March<br /> | [[International Francophonie Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | International Day of [[Nowruz]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | [[World Poetry Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | [[International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]]<br /> |-<br /> | 22 March<br /> | [[World Day for Water]]<br /> |-<br /> | 23 April<br /> | [[World Book and Copyright Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 30 April<br /> | [[International Jazz Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3 May<br /> | [[World Press Freedom Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 May<br /> | [[World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development]]<br /> |-<br /> | 22 May<br /> | [[International Day for Biological Diversity]]<br /> |-<br /> | 25 May<br /> | [[Africa Day]] / [[Africa Week]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5 June<br /> | [[World Environment Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 June<br /> | [[World Oceans Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 17 June<br /> |[[World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought]]<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 9 August<br /> | [[International Day of the World's Indigenous People]]<br /> |-<br /> | 12 August<br /> | [[International Youth Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 23 August<br /> | [[International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 September<br /> | [[International Literacy Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 15 September<br /> | [[International Day of Democracy]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 September<br /> | [[International Day of Peace]]<br /> |-<br /> | 28 September<br /> |[[Access to Information Day|International Day for the Universal Access to Information]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 October<br /> | [[International Day of Non-Violence]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5 October<br /> | [[World Teachers' Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd Wednesday in October<br /> | International Day for Disaster Reduction<br /> |-<br /> | 17 October<br /> | [[International Day for the Eradication of Poverty]]<br /> |-<br /> | 20 October<br /> | [[World Statistics Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 27 October<br /> | [[World Day for Audiovisual Heritage]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 November<br /> | [[International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|title=International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030214202/https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 10 November<br /> | World Science Day for Peace and Development<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd Thursday in November<br /> | [[World Philosophy Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 16 November<br /> | [[International Day for Tolerance]]<br /> |-<br /> | 19 November<br /> | [[International Men's Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 25 November<br /> | [[International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women]]<br /> |-<br /> | 29 November<br /> | [[International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1 December<br /> | [[World AIDS Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 10 December<br /> | [[Human Rights Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 18 December<br /> | [[International Migrants Day]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Member states==<br /> {{Main|Member states of UNESCO}}<br /> As of January 2019, UNESCO has 193 member states and 11 associate members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries/ |title=List of UNESCO members and associates |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=3 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102233939/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some members are not [[independent state]]s and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their [[dependent territory|dependent territories]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Palestine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport |url=http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf |publisher=WADA |page=2 |format=PDF |accessdate=28 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116165411/http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf |archivedate=16 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO state parties are the [[United Nations member states]] (except [[Liechtenstein]], [[United States]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Statement by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Withdrawal by the United States of America from UNESCO|date=12 October 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|type=Press release.|access-date=2019-02-21|author-link=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224138/https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Israel]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Declaration by UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay on the withdrawal of Israel from the Organization|date=29 December 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|type=Press release.|access-date=2019-02-21|author-link=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224221/https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;), as well as [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties |title=State Parties |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties |archive-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |title=Member States of the United Nations |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States and Israel left UNESCO on 31 December 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=TOVAH LAZAROFF |title=ISRAEL, U.S. SLATED TO LEAVE UNESCO TODAY TO PROTEST ANTI-ISRAEL BIAS |url=https://m.jpost.com/International/Israel-US-slated-to-leave-UNESCO-today-to-protest-anti-Israel-bias-575875 |newspaper=JPost |date=2018-12-31 |access-date=2018-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Governing bodies==<br /> <br /> ===Director-General===<br /> There has been no elected UNESCO Director-General from Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central and North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, and South America since inception.<br /> <br /> The Directors-General of UNESCO came from West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), and East Europe (1). Out of the 11 Directors-General since inception, women have held the position only twice. [[Qatar]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Iran]] are proposing for a Director-General bid by 2021 or 2025. There have never been a Middle Eastern or Southeast Asian UNESCO Director-General since inception. The [[ASEAN]] bloc and some Pacific and Latin American nations support the possible bid of the Philippines, which is culturally Asian, Oceanic, and Latin. Qatar and Iran, on the other hand, have fragmented support in the Middle East. [[Egypt]], [[Israel]], and [[Madagascar]] are also vying for the position but have yet to express a direct or indirect proposal. Both Qatar and Egypt lost in the 2017 bid against France.<br /> <br /> The list of the Directors-General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ Directors-General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718234457/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ |date=18 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Name<br /> !Country<br /> !Term<br /> |-<br /> | [[Audrey Azoulay]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 2017–present<br /> |-<br /> | [[Irina Bokova]] || {{flagcountry|BUL}} || 2009–2017<br /> |-<br /> | [[Koïchiro Matsuura]] || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1999–2009<br /> |-<br /> | [[Federico Mayor Zaragoza]] || {{flagcountry|ESP}} || 1987–99<br /> |-<br /> | [[Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow]] || {{flagcountry|SEN}} || 1974–87<br /> |-<br /> | [[René Maheu]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 1961–74; [[acting (law)|acting]] 1961<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vittorino Veronese]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}} || 1958–61<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luther Evans]] || {{flagcountry|USA|1912}} || 1953–58<br /> |-<br /> | [[John Wilkinson Taylor (educator)|John Wilkinson Taylor]] || {{flagcountry|USA|1912}} || [[acting (law)|acting]] 1952–53<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jaime Torres Bodet]] || {{flagcountry|MEX|1934}} || 1948–52<br /> |-<br /> | [[Julian Huxley]] || {{flagcountry|UK}} || 1946–48<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===General Conference===<br /> This is the list of the sessions of the UNESCO General Conference held since 1946:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ Previous Sessions of the General Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025045200/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ |date=25 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Session<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Chaired by<br /> ! from<br /> |-<br /> | 39th || Paris || 2017 || Zohour Alaoui&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president | title=President of the 39th session of the General Conference | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=12 November 2017 | date=2017-10-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003114/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president | archive-date=13 November 2017 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{flagcountry|Morocco}}<br /> |-<br /> | 38th || Paris || 2015 || Stanley Mutumba Simataa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president/ | title=President of the 38th session of the General Conference | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=11 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116135603/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president | archive-date=16 November 2015 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{flagcountry|Namibia}}<br /> |-<br /> | 37th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = General Conference 37th {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 25 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103414/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|archive-date = 3 October 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; || Paris || 2013 || [[Hao Ping]] || {{flagcountry|CHN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 36th || Paris || 2011 || [[Katalin Bogyay]] || {{flagcountry|HUN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 35th || Paris || 2009 || Davidson Hepburn || {{flagcountry|BHS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 34th || Paris || 2007 || George N. Anastassopoulos || {{flagcountry|GRC}}<br /> |-<br /> | 33rd || Paris || 2005 || [[Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan]] || {{flagcountry|OMN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 32nd || Paris || 2003 || [[Michael Omolewa]] || {{flagcountry|NGA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 31st || Paris || 2001 || [[Ahmad Jalali]] || {{flagcountry|IRN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 30th || Paris || 1999 || [[Jaroslava Moserová]] || {{flagcountry|CZE}}<br /> |-<br /> | 29th || Paris || 1997 || [[Eduardo Portella]] || {{flagcountry|BRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 28th || Paris || 1995 || Torben Krogh || {{flagcountry|DNK}}<br /> |-<br /> | 27th || Paris || 1993 || Ahmed Saleh Sayyad || {{flagcountry|YEM}}<br /> |-<br /> | 26th || Paris || 1991 || [[Bethwell Allan Ogot]] || {{flagcountry|KEN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 25th || Paris || 1989 || [[Anwar Ibrahim]] || {{flagcountry|MYS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 24th || Paris || 1987 || Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez || {{flagcountry|GTM}}<br /> |-<br /> | 23rd || [[Sofia]] || 1985 || [[Nikolai Todorov]] || {{flagcountry|BGR|1967}}<br /> |-<br /> | 22nd || Paris || 1983 || Saïd Tell || {{flagcountry|JOR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4th extraordinary || Paris || 1982 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 21st || [[Belgrade]] || 1980 || Ivo Margan || {{flagcountry|YUG}}<br /> |-<br /> | 20th || Paris || 1978 || Napoléon LeBlanc || {{flagcountry|CAN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 19th || [[Nairobi]] || 1976 || Taaita Toweett || {{flagcountry|KEN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 18th || Paris || 1974 || Magda Jóború || {{flagcountry|HUN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd extraordinary || Paris || 1973 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 17th || Paris || 1972 || Toru Haguiwara || {{flagcountry|JPN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 16th || Paris || 1970 || Atilio Dell'Oro Maini || {{flagcountry|ARG}}<br /> |-<br /> | 15th || Paris || 1968 || [[William Eteki Mboumoua]] || {{flagcountry|CMR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 14th || Paris || 1966 || Bedrettin Tuncel || {{flagcountry|TUR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 13th || Paris || 1964 || [[Norair Sisakian]] || {{flagcountry|USSR|1955}}<br /> |-<br /> | 12th || Paris || 1962 || Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro || {{flagcountry|BRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 11th || Paris || 1960 || Akale-Work Abte-Wold || {{flagcountry|ETH}}<br /> |-<br /> | 10th || Paris || 1958 || [[Jean Berthoin]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 9th || New Delhi || 1956 || [[Abul Kalam Azad]] || {{flagcountry|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> | 8th || [[Montevideo]] || 1954 || Justino Zavala Muñiz || {{flagcountry|URY}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd extraordinary || Paris || 1953 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 7th || Paris || 1952 || [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] || {{flagcountry|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> | 6th || Paris || 1951 || [[Howland H. Sargeant]] || {{flagcountry|USA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 5th || [[Florence]] || 1950 || [[Stefano Jacini]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4th || Paris || 1949 || [[Edward Ronald Walker]] || {{flagcountry|AUS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1st extraordinary || Paris || 1948 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd || [[Beirut]] || 1948 || Hamid Bey Frangie || {{flagcountry|LBN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd || [[Mexico City]] || 1947 || [[Manuel Gual Vidal]] || {{flagcountry|MEX}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1st || Paris || 1946 || [[Léon Blum]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''The 40th General Conference On 12th To 27 November 2019.'''<br /> <br /> === Executive Board ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> ! Term<br /> ! Group I &lt;br /&gt;(9 seats)<br /> ! Group II &lt;br /&gt;(7 seats)<br /> ! Group III &lt;br /&gt;(10 seats)<br /> ! Group IV &lt;br /&gt;(12 seats)<br /> ! Group V(a) &lt;br /&gt;(13 seats)<br /> ! Group V(b) &lt;br /&gt;(7 seats)<br /> |-<br /> |2019-2023&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|title=40th Session of the General Conference - 12-27 November 2019|last=|first=|date=2019-10-16|website=UNESCO|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102155643/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=2019-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{flagcountry|France}} {{flagcountry|Germany}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Switzerland}}<br /> |{{Flag|Hungary}}<br /> {{Flag|Poland}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Russia}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Serbia}}<br /> |{{flagcountry|Argentina}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Uruguay}}<br /> <br /> |{{Flag|Afghanistan}}<br /> {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Philippines}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Republic of Korea}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Thailand}}<br /> |{{Flag|Benin}}<br /> {{Flag|Congo}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Guinea}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Ghana}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Kenya}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Namibia}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Senegal}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Togo}}<br /> |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> {{Flag|UAE}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#efe; border-top:2px solid;&quot;<br /> |'''2017–19'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/elections/results-executive-board Executive Board – Results of elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115093548/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/elections/results-executive-board |date=15 November 2015 }}. UNESCO General Conference, November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|France}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Greece}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Russian Federation}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Serbia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Slovenia}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Haiti}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mexico}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nicaragua}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Paraguay}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|India}}&lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Iran}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Malaysia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Republic of Korea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Vietnam}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Cameroon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Cote d'Ivoire}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ghana}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Kenya}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nigeria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Senegal}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|South Africa}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Lebanon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Oman}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Qatar}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sudan}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#f7f7c7;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> | '''2014–17'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/SCX/pdfs/Table_2013-2015.pdf Table_2013-2015.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528012349/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/SCX/pdfs/Table_2013-2015.pdf |date=28 May 2016 }} UNESCO Membership by Electoral Groups. Retrieved 12 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Germany}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sweden}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Albania}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Estonia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Argentina}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Belize}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|El Salvador}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|China}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Japan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nepal}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Chad}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Guinea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mauritius}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mozambique}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Togo}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Uganda}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Algeria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Egypt}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Kuwait}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Morocco}}<br /> |- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> | '''2012–15'''<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Austria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|France}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United States of America}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Montenegro}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|North Macedonia}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Russian Federation}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Cuba}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ecuador}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mexico}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Papua New Guinea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Republic of Korea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Thailand}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Angola}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Gabon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Gambia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Malawi}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mali}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Namibia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nigeria}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Jordan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Tunisia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Offices and headquarters==<br /> [[File:April 2010, UNESCO Headquarters in Paris - The Garden of Peace (or Japanese Garden) in Spring.jpg|thumb|The Garden of Peace, UNESCO headquarters, Paris. Donated by the Government of Japan, this garden was designed by American-Japanese sculptor artist [[Isamu Noguchi]] in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano.]]<br /> UNESCO headquarters are located at [[Place de Fontenoy]] in Paris, France.<br /> <br /> UNESCO's field offices across the globe are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage: cluster offices, national offices, regional bureaus and liaison offices.<br /> <br /> ===Field offices by region===<br /> The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices/|title = List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with Descriptions of Member State Coverage|publisher = UNESCO|accessdate = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908164710/https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices|archive-date = 8 September 2019|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Africa====<br /> * [[Abidjan]] – National Office to [[Côte-d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]<br /> * [[Abuja]] – National Office to [[Nigeria]]<br /> * [[Accra]] – Cluster Office for [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Ghana]], [[Liberia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Togo]]<br /> * [[Addis Ababa]] – Liaison Office with the [[African Union]] and with the [[Economic Commission for Africa]]<br /> * [[Bamako]] – Cluster Office for [[Burkina Faso]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]] and [[Niger]]<br /> * [[Brazzaville]] – National Office to the [[Republic of the Congo]]<br /> * [[Bujumbura]] – National Office to [[Burundi]]<br /> * [[Dakar]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Cape Verde]], [[Gambia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and [[Senegal]]<br /> * [[Dar es Salaam]] – Cluster Office for [[Comoros]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]] and [[Tanzania]]<br /> * [[Harare]] – Cluster Office for [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]]<br /> * [[Juba]] – National Office to [[South Sudan]]<br /> * [[Kinshasa]] – National Office to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<br /> * [[Libreville]] – Cluster Office for the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]] and [[Sao Tome and Principe]]<br /> * [[Maputo]] – National Office to [[Mozambique]]<br /> * [[Nairobi]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Burundi]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], [[South Sudan]] and [[Uganda]]<br /> * [[Windhoek]] – National Office to [[Namibia]]<br /> * [[Yaoundé]] – Cluster Office to [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]] and [[Chad]]<br /> <br /> ====Arab States====<br /> * [[Amman]] – National Office to [[Jordan]]<br /> * [[Beirut]] – Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]<br /> * [[Cairo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for [[Egypt]], [[Libya]] and [[Sudan]]<br /> * [[Doha]] – Cluster Office to [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Yemen]]<br /> * [[Iraq]] – National Office for [[Iraq]] (currently located in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]])<br /> * [[Khartoum]] – National Office to [[Sudan]]<br /> * [[Manama]] - [[Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage]]<br /> * [[Rabat]] – Cluster Office to [[Algeria]], [[Mauritania]], [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]]<br /> * [[Ramallah]] – National Office to the Palestinian Territories<br /> <br /> ====Asia and Pacific====<br /> {{see also|UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards}}<br /> * [[Apia]] – Cluster Office to Australia, [[Cook Islands]], [[Fiji]], [[Kiribati]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Nauru]], [[New Zealand]], [[Niue]], [[Palau]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Samoa]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Vanuatu]] and [[Tokelau]] (Associate Member)<br /> * [[Bangkok]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to [[Thailand]], [[Burma]], [[Laos]], Singapore and [[Vietnam]]<br /> * Beijing – Cluster Office to [[North Korea]], Japan, [[Mongolia]], the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[South Korea]]<br /> * [[Dhaka]] – National Office to [[Bangladesh]]<br /> * [[Hanoi]] – National Office to [[Vietnam]]<br /> * [[Islamabad]] – National Office to [[Pakistan]]<br /> * [[Jakarta]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to the [[Philippines]], [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[East Timor]]<br /> * [[Manila]] - National Office to the [[Philippines]]<br /> * [[Kabul]] – National Office to [[Afghanistan]]<br /> * [[Kathmandu]] – National Office to [[Nepal]]<br /> * [[New Delhi]] – Cluster Office to [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]]<br /> * [[Phnom Penh]] – National Office to [[Cambodia]]<br /> * [[Tashkent]] – National Office to [[Uzbekistan]]<br /> * [[Tehran]] – Cluster Office to [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]<br /> <br /> ====Europe and North America====<br /> * [[Almaty]] – Cluster Office to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]<br /> * [[Brussels]] – Liaison Office to the [[European Union]] and its [[Brussels and the European Union|subsidiary bodies in Brussels]]<br /> * [[Geneva]] – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|United Nations in Geneva]]<br /> * New York City – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Headquarters|United Nations in New York]]<br /> * [[Venice]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe<br /> <br /> ====Latin America and the Caribbean====<br /> [[File:Carondolete en el cambio de guardia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Carondelet Palace]], Presidential Palace – with changing of the guards. The [[Historic Center of Quito]], Ecuador, is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in [[the Americas]].&lt;ref name=unesco&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 |title=City of Quito – UNESCO World Heritage |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=30 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507190507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 |archive-date=7 May 2009 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This center was, together with the historic centre of [[Kraków]] in Poland, the first to be declared [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.]]<br /> * [[Brasilia]] – National Office to [[Brazil]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO Office in Brasilia {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925163018/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|archive-date = 25 September 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Guatemala City]] – National Office to [[Guatemala]]<br /> * [[Havana]] – Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]] and [[Aruba]]<br /> * [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] – Cluster Office to [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Suriname]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] as well as the associate member states of [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]]<br /> * [[Lima]] – National Office to [[Peru]]<br /> * [[Mexico City]] – National Office to [[Mexico]]<br /> * [[Montevideo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]]<br /> * [[Port-au-Prince]] – National Office to [[Haiti]]<br /> * [[Quito]] – Cluster Office to [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Oficina de la UNESCO en Quito {{!}} Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925145958/http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|archive-date = 25 September 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] – Cluster Office to [[Costa Rica]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]] and [[Panama]]<br /> * [[Santiago de Chile]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to [[Chile]]<br /> <br /> === Partner Organisations ===<br /> * [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] ([[ICRC]])<br /> * [[Blue Shield International]] (BSI)<br /> * [[International Council of Museums]] (ICOM)<br /> * [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] ([[ICOMOS]])<br /> * [[International Institute of Humanitarian Law]] (IIHL)<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> <br /> ===New World Information and Communication Order===<br /> UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past, particularly in its relationships with the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Singapore]] and the former [[Soviet Union]]. During the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO's support for a &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; and its [[MacBride report]] calling for democratization of the media and more egalitarian access to information was condemned in these countries as attempts to curb [[freedom of the press]]. UNESCO was perceived as a platform for communists and Third World dictators to attack the West, in contrast to accusations made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last= Grahm |first=S. E. |date= April 2006 |title= The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 1946–1954 |journal=Diplomatic History |volume= 30 |issue=2 |pages=231–51 |doi= 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00548.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, the United States withheld its contributions and withdrew from the organization in protest, followed by the United Kingdom in 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A4079804/AONE?u=tamp44898&amp;sid=AONE&amp;xid=ef6d5640 | title = UNESCO asks states considering withdrawal to 'reconsider their position' | journal = [[UN Chronicle (journal)|UN Chronicle]] | date = January 1986}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singapore withdrew also at the end of 1985, citing rising membership fees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479 | title = Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO | newspaper = [[The Telegraph (newspaper)|The Telegraph]] | date = 28 December 1984 | access-date = 20 June 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150907233414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479 | archive-date = 7 September 2015 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a change of government in 1997, the UK rejoined. The United States rejoined in 2003, followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO | title = UNESCO | website = Encyclopedia Britannica | date = 14 February 2018 | access-date = 2 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163139/https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO | archive-date = 2 April 2018 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Israel===<br /> [[Israel]] was admitted to UNESCO in 1949, one year after its creation. Israel has maintained its membership since 1949.<br /> In 2010, Israel designated the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]], [[Hebron]] and [[Rachel's Tomb]], [[Bethlehem]] as [[List of National Heritage Sites of Israel|National Heritage Sites]] and announced restoration work, prompting criticism from the Obama administration and protests from Palestinians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Hebron clashes over Israel's West Bank heritage list|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|date=26 February 2010|publisher=BBC News|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803141138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|archive-date=3 August 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2010, UNESCO's Executive Board voted to declare the sites as &quot;al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs&quot; and &quot;Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb&quot; and stated that they were &quot;an integral part of the [[occupied Palestinian Territories]]&quot; and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of [[international law]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|title=Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories|date=21 October 2010|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=3 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111083723/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|archive-date=11 November 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> UNESCO described the sites as significant to &quot;people of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish traditions&quot;, and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=THE TWO PALESTINIAN SITES OF AL-HARAM AL-IBRAHIMI/TOMB OF THE PATRIARCHS IN AL-KHALIL/HEBRON AND THE BILAL BIN RABAH MOSQUE/RACHEL'S TOMB IN BETHLEHEM|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127175323/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Israel in turn accused UNESCO of &quot;detach[ing] the Nation of Israel from its heritage&quot;, and accused it of being politically motivated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377 |title=UNESCO Erases Israeli Protests from Rachel's Tomb Protocol |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Arutz Sheva |author=Hillel Fendel |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104205832/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377 |archive-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The [[Shmuel Rabinovitch|Rabbi of the Western Wall]] said that Rachel's tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/140345|title=UN Org.: Rachel's Tomb is a Mosque|date=29 October 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva|author=Maayana Miskin|access-date=3 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106041213/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140345|archive-date=6 November 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO. Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister [[Danny Ayalon]] declared that the resolution was a &quot;part of Palestinian escalation&quot;.<br /> [[Zevulun Orlev]], chairman of the [[Knesset]] Education and Culture Committee, referred to the resolutions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO as a scientific and cultural organization that promotes cooperation throughout the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893 |title=Ayalon: Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO |date=3 November 2010 |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103210507/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893 |archive-date=3 November 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Shalom |first=Rabbi |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090 |title=Cooperation with UNESCO only partially suspended |work=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105083755/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 28 June 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, at [[Jordan]]'s insistence, censured{{clarify|date=October 2016}} Israel's decision to demolish and rebuild the [[Mughrabi-Bridge|Mughrabi Gate]] Bridge in Jerusalem for safety reasons. Israel stated that Jordan had signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the existing bridge must be dismantled for safety reasons; Jordan disputed the agreement, saying that it was only signed under U.S. pressure. Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO committee over objections from [[Egypt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html |title=UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge – Israel News, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807130812/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html |archive-date=7 August 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2014, days before it was scheduled to open, UNESCO Director-General, [[Irina Bokova]], &quot;indefinitely postponed&quot; and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] entitled &quot;The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the [[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel|Jewish people and the Land of Israel]]&quot;. The event was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January in Paris. Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would &quot;harm the [[Arab-Israeli peace process|peace process]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Berman|first=Lazar|title=UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=17 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120120047/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|archive-date=20 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The author of the exhibition, Professor [[Robert Wistrich]] of the [[Hebrew University]]'s [[Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism]], called the cancellation an &quot;appalling act&quot;, and characterized Bokova's decision as &quot;an arbitrary act of total cynicism and, really, contempt for the Jewish people and its history&quot;. UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year, and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed as a great success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|title=Author of UNESCO's nixed Israel exhibit decries 'appalling betrayal'|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122053858/http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal/|archive-date=22 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On January 1, 2019, Israel formally left UNESCO in pursuance of the US withdrawal over the perceived continuous anti-Israel bias.<br /> <br /> ====Occupied Palestine Resolution====<br /> {{Main|Occupied Palestine Resolution}}<br /> On 13 October 2016, UNESCO passed a resolution on East Jerusalem that condemned Israel for &quot;aggressions&quot; by Israeli police and soldiers and &quot;illegal measures&quot; against the freedom of worship and Muslims' access to their holy sites, while also recognizing Israel as the occupying power. Palestinian leaders welcomed the decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al-Aqsa Mosque|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|work=aljazeera.com|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132706/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the text acknowledged the &quot;importance of the Old City of Jerusalem and its walls for the three monotheistic religions&quot;, it referred to the sacred hilltop compound in Jerusalem's Old City only by its Muslim name &quot;Al-Haram al-Sharif&quot;, Arabic for Noble Sanctuary. In response, Israel denounced the UNESCO resolution for its omission of the words &quot;Temple Mount&quot; or &quot;Har HaBayit&quot;, stating that it [[Temple denial|denies Jewish ties to the key holy site]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|title=Commission report|website=unesdoc.unesco.org|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016131113/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After receiving criticism from numerous Israeli politicians and diplomats, including [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and [[Ayelet Shaked]], Israel froze all ties with the organization.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|title=UNESCO fails to acknowledge Jewish ties to Temple Mount|publisher=|date=2016-10-13|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018225443/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|title=Netanyahu leads angry denunciations of 'absurd' UNESCO decision|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018211628/http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resolution was condemned by [[Ban Ki-moon]] and the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, who said that Judaism, Islam and Christianity have clear historical connections to Jerusalem and &quot;to deny, conceal or erase any of the Jewish, Christian or Muslim traditions undermines the integrity of the site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO chief 'received death threats' for opposing Jerusalem motion|url = http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-chief-received-death-threats-for-opposing-jerusalem-motion/|date = 17 October 2016|work = Times of Israel|access-date = 27 October 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161021155546/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-chief-received-death-threats-for-opposing-jerusalem-motion/|archive-date = 21 October 2016|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/statement_by_the_director_general_of_unesco_on_the_old_city-1/#.WAQnmeUrLb3|title=Statement by the Director-General of UNESCO on the Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls on the occasion of the 40th session of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO in Istanbul - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019061820/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/statement_by_the_director_general_of_unesco_on_the_old_city-1/#.WAQnmeUrLb3|archive-date=19 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Al-Aqsa Mosque [or] Al-Haram al-Sharif&quot; is also Temple Mount, whose Western Wall is the holiest place in Judaism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|title=UNESCO Director Criticizes Resolution: Temple Mount Sacred to Both Jews, Muslims|newspaper=Haaretz|accessdate=14 October 2016|date=2016-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014113432/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|archive-date=14 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It was also rejected by the Czech Parliament which said the resolution reflects a &quot;hateful [[anti-Israel]] sentiment&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|title=Czech MPs slam 'hateful' UNESCO Jerusalem resolution|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020050917/http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and hundreds of Italian Jews demonstrated in Rome over Italy's abstention.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;/&gt; On 26 October, UNESCO approved a reviewed version of the resolution, which also criticized Israel for its continuous &quot;refusal to let the body's experts access Jerusalem's holy sites to determine their conservation status&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO approves new Jerusalem resolution|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|work=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027112839/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|archive-date=27 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite containing some softening of language following Israeli protests over a previous version, Israel continued to denounce the text.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Beaumont|first1=Peter|title=Unesco adopts controversial resolution on Jerusalem holy sites|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|work=The Guardian|date=26 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027144549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|archive-date=27 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resolution refers to the site Jews and Christians refer to as the Temple Mount, or Har HaBayit in Hebrew, only by its Arab name — a significant semantic decision also adopted by UNESCO's executive board, triggering condemnation from Israel and its allies. U.S. Ambassador Crystal Nix Hines stated: &quot;This item should have been defeated. These politicized and one-sided resolutions are damaging the credibility of UNESCO.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem holy sites draws criticism from U.S., Israel|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|work=CBC/Radio-Canada|date=26 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104125858/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|archive-date=4 November 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2017, the United States and Israel announced they would withdraw from the organization, citing in-part anti-Israel bias.&lt;ref name=stategov/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Gardiner|last2=Erlangeroct|first2=Steven|title=U.S. Will Withdraw From Unesco, Citing Its ‘Anti-Israel Bias’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|accessdate=8 April 2018|agency=The New York Times|date=2017-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021190452/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|archive-date=21 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Palestine===<br /> <br /> ====Palestinian youth magazine controversy====<br /> In February 2011, an article was published in a Palestinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described one of her four role-models as [[Adolf Hitler]]. In December 2011, UNESCO, which partly funded the magazine, condemned the material and subsequently withdrew support.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html |title=Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over Hitler praise |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 December 2011 |accessdate=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109173826/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html |archive-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Islamic University of Gaza controversy====<br /> In 2012, UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the [[Islamic University of Gaza]] in the field of [[astronomy]], [[astrophysics]], and [[space science]]s,&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCOIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/ | title=UNESCO Chair in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences (964), established in 2012 at The Islamic University of Gaza (Palestine). | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127035152/http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/ | archive-date=27 November 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; fueling controversy and criticism. [[Israel]] bombed the school in 2008 stating that they develop and store weapons there, which Israel restated in criticizing UNESCO's move.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false The Goldstone Report: The Legacy of the Landmark Investigation of the Gaza Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013070233/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false |date=13 October 2017 }} By Adam Horowitz, Lizzy Ratner and Philip Weiss (2011). Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MFAUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite press_release | url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm | title=Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic University | publisher=Israel ministry of foreign affairs | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715005102/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm | archive-date=15 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The head, [[Kamalain Shaath]], defended UNESCO, stating that &quot;the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NationalPostUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/ | title=UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs | author=Higgins, Michael | work=National Post | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714230452/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/ | archive-date=14 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ShalitGazaIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html | title=Fatah: Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University | publisher=Yedioth Ahronot | date=6 February 2007 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201090827/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html | archive-date=1 December 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BostonIUGProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/ | title=Hamas University | author=Cambanis, Thanassis | work=Boston Globe | date=28 February 2010 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226015007/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/ | archive-date=26 February 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli ambassador to UNESCO [[Nimrod Barkan]] planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university's ties to Hamas, especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaaretzUNESCOGaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524 | title=Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza | author=Ravid, Barak | work=Haaretz | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715042511/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524 | archive-date=15 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Jewish organization [[B'nai B'rith]] criticized the move as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;BnaiBrithUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/ | title=B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University | author=Yaakov, Yifa | work=The Times of Israel | date=14 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717095157/http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/ | archive-date=17 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Che Guevara===<br /> In 2013, UNESCO announced that the collection &quot;The Life and Works of Ernesto [[Che Guevara]]&quot; became part of the [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World Register]]. [[United States Congress|US Congresswoman]] [[Ileana Ros-Lehtinen]] condemned this decision, saying that the organization acts against its own ideals:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://ros-lehtinen.house.gov/press-release/unesco-once-again-makes-mockery-its-own-ideals-glorifying-mass-murderer-che-guevara | type = press release | title = UNESCO Once Again Makes a Mockery of its Own Ideals by Glorifying Mass Murderer Che Guevara, Says Ros-Lehtinen | publisher = House of representatives | date = 22 July 2013 | access-date = 28 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127074701/https://ros-lehtinen.house.gov/press-release/unesco-once-again-makes-mockery-its-own-ideals-glorifying-mass-murderer-che-guevara | archive-date = 27 January 2016 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote|sign=|source=|This decision is more than an insult to the families of those Cubans who were lined up and [[Summary execution|summarily executed]] by Che and his merciless cronies but it also serves as a direct contradiction to the UNESCO ideals of encouraging peace and universal respect for human rights.}}<br /> <br /> [[UN Watch]] also condemned this selection by UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unwatch.org/unesco-honors-executioner-che-guevara/ UNESCO honors executioner Che Guevara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829001054/http://www.unwatch.org/unesco-honors-executioner-che-guevara/ |date=29 August 2016 }}, ''UN Watch'', 21 July 2013 (retrieved 11 July 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Listing Nanjing Massacre documents===<br /> In 2015, [[Japan]] threatened to halt funding for UNESCO over the organization's decision to include documents relating to the 1937 [[Nanjing massacre]] in the latest listing for its &quot;Memory of the World&quot; program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|title=Japan furious at UNESCO listing Nanjing Massacre documents - Asia - DW.COM - 19.10.2015|first=Deutsche Welle|last=(www.dw.com)|publisher=|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175825/http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In October 2016, Japanese Foreign Minister [[Fumio Kishida]] confirmed that Japan's 2016 annual funding of ¥4.4&amp;nbsp;billion had been suspended although denied any direct link with the Nanjing document controversy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Japan halts Unesco funding following Nanjing massacre row|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|accessdate=30 October 2016|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=The Guardian|date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030144739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|archive-date=30 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===US withdrawals===<br /> The United States withdrew from UNESCO in 1984, citing the &quot;highly politicized&quot; nature of the organisation, its ostensible &quot;hostility toward the basic institutions of a free society, especially a free market and a free press&quot;, as well as its &quot;unrestrained budgetary expansion&quot;, and poor management under then Director General Amadou-Mahter M'Bow of Senegal.&lt;ref name=withdrawal&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|title=UNESCO Membership: Issues for Congress|date=20 November 2003|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service reports]]|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082545/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 19 September 1989, former U.S. Congressman [[Jim Leach]] stated before a Congressional subcommittee:&lt;ref name=cspan/&gt;<br /> {{Quote |The reasons for the withdrawal of the United States from UNESCO in 1984 are well-known; my view is that we overreacted to the calls of some who wanted to radicalize UNESCO, and the calls of others who wanted the United States to lead in emasculating the UN system. The fact is UNESCO is one of the least dangerous international institutions ever created. While some member countries within UNESCO attempted to push journalistic views antithetical to the values of the west, and engage in Israel bashing, UNESCO itself never adopted such radical postures. The U.S. opted for empty-chair diplomacy, after winning, not losing, the battles we engaged in… It was nuts to get out, and would be nuttier not to rejoin.}}<br /> <br /> Leach concluded that the record showed Israel bashing, a call for a new world information order, money management, and arms control policy to be the impetus behind the withdrawal; he asserted that before departing from UNESCO, a withdrawal from the [[IAEA]] had been pushed on him.&lt;ref name=cspan&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1/united-states-unesco-part-1|title=United States &amp; UNESCO, Part 1|publisher=[[C-SPAN]]|work=Starting from 05:08|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104007/https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1%2Funited-states-unesco-part-1|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 October 2003, the U.S. rejoined UNESCO.&lt;ref name=withdrawal/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 12 October 2017, the United States notified UNESCO that it will again withdraw from the organization on 31 December 2018 and will seek to establish a permanent observer mission beginning in 2019. The [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] cited &quot;mounting arrears at UNESCO, the need for fundamental reform in the organization, and continuing anti-Israel bias at UNESCO&quot;.&lt;ref name=stategov&gt;{{Cite news |url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408053146/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm |archive-date=2019-04-08 |url-status=dead |title=The United States Withdraws From UNESCO| publisher =[[U.S. Department of State]] |access-date= 12 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel praised the withdrawal decision as &quot;brave&quot; and &quot;moral&quot;.&lt;ref name=withdrawal/&gt;<br /> <br /> The United States has not paid over $600&amp;nbsp;million in dues&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1= Rosenberg |first1= Eli |last2=Morello |first2=Carol |date=12 October 2017|title=U.S. withdraws from UNESCO, the U.N.’s cultural organization, citing anti-Israel bias |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; since it stopped paying its $80&amp;nbsp;million annual UNESCO dues when Palestine became a full member in 2011. Israel and the US were among the 14 votes against the membership out of 194 member countries.&lt;ref name=bias&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|title=U.S., Israel quit UNESCO over alleged bias|last=Irish|first=John|publisher=Reuters|date=October 13, 2017|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Turkish–Kurdish conflict===<br /> On May 25, 2016, the noted Turkish poet and human rights activist [[O. Z. Livaneli|Zülfü Livaneli]] resigned as [[Turkey]]'s only UNESCO goodwill ambassador. He highlighted [[Human rights in Turkey|human rights situation in Turkey]] and destruction of historical [[Sur, Diyarbakır|Sur]] district of [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbakir]], the largest city in Kurdish-majority southeast Turkey, during [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)|fighting]] between the Turkish army and Kurdish militants as the main reasons for his resignation. Livaneli said: &quot;To pontificate on peace while remaining silent against such violations is a contradiction of the fundamental ideals of UNESCO.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA Turkish writer quits UNESCO to protest damage to heritage, rights abuse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA |date=9 May 2018 }}&quot;. Reuters. May 26, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Atatürk ===<br /> In 1981, UNESCO and the UN celebrated the [[Atatürk Centennial]].<br /> <br /> ==Products and services==<br /> * UNESDOC&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|title=UNESDOC Database - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214091237/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|archive-date=14 December 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; – Contains over 146,000 UNESCO documents in full text published since 1945 as well as metadata from the collections of the UNESCO Library and documentation centres in field offices and institutes.<br /> <br /> ===Information processing tools===<br /> UNESCO develops, maintains and disseminates, free of charge, two interrelated software packages for database management (CDS/ISIS [not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS]) and data mining/statistical analysis (IDAMS).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1542&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150108023105/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D1542%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2015-01-08 |title= Information Processing Tools |publisher= Unesco }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * CDS/ISIS – a generalised information storage and retrieval system. The Windows version may run on a single computer or in a local area network. The JavaISIS client/server components allow remote database management over the Internet and are available for Windows, Linux and Macintosh. Furthermore, GenISIS allows the user to produce HTML Web forms for CDS/ISIS database searching. The ISIS_DLL provides an API for developing CDS/ISIS based applications.<br /> * OpenIDAMS – a software package for processing and analysing numerical data developed, maintained and disseminated by UNESCO. The original package was proprietary but UNESCO has initiated a project to provide it as open-source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15653&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150113175706/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D15653%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2015-01-13 |title= OpenIDAMS |publisher= Unesco }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * IDIS – a tool for direct data exchange between CDS/ISIS and IDAMS<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Education|Science|Society|Politics}}<br /> * [[Academic Mobility Network]]<br /> *[[League of Nations archives]]<br /> *[[Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project (LONTAD)]]<br /> * ''[[UNESCO Reclining Figure 1957–58]]'', sculpture by [[Henry Moore]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> {{Meta|WikiProject UNESCO}}<br /> * {{Official|http://www.unesco.org/}}<br /> <br /> {{United Nations}}<br /> {{ECOSOC}}<br /> {{UN Charter}}<br /> {{Supranationalism/World government topics |state = autocollapse}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:UNESCO| ]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1945]]<br /> [[Category:Conservation and restoration organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Heritage organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International cultural organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International educational organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International scientific organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International organizations based in France]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations based in Paris]]<br /> [[Category:United Nations Development Group]]<br /> [[Category:United Nations specialized agencies]]<br /> [[Category:France and the United Nations]]<br /> [[Category:1945 establishments in France]]<br /> [[Category:Peacebuilding institutions]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNESCO&diff=972726472 UNESCO 2020-08-13T14:41:43Z <p>SlvrKy: /* History */ structure</p> <hr /> <div>{{pp-move-indef}}<br /> {{Short description|Specialised agency of the United Nations}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}<br /> {{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox United Nations<br /> | image = Emblem of the United Nations.svg<br /> | image_size = 120px<br /> | name = &lt;center&gt; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation &lt;/center&gt;<br /> | map = UNESCO logo English.svg<br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_caption =<br /> | type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialised agency]]<br /> | abbreviation = UNESCO<br /> | leader_title = Head<br /> | leader_name = Director-General &lt;br /&gt; [[Audrey Azoulay]] <br /> | status = Active<br /> | formation = {{start date and age|1945|11|04|df=yes}}<br /> | headquarters = [[Paris]], France<br /> | website = [https://en.unesco.org/ www.unesco.org]<br /> | parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]<br /> | subsidiaries = <br /> | footnotes = {{Portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation''' ('''UNESCO''';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO|url = https://en.unesco.org/|website = UNESCO|accessdate = 25 September 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093242/http://en.unesco.org/|archive-date = 25 September 2013|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{lang-fr|Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture}}) is a [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialised agency]] of the [[United Nations]] (UN) aimed at contributing &quot;to the building of peace, the [[poverty reduction|eradication of poverty]], [[sustainable development]] and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco/|title=Introducing UNESCO|publisher=UNESCO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818121902/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco|archive-date=18 August 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/ |title = UNESCO history |publisher = UNESCO |accessdate = 23 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100409011030/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/ |archive-date = 9 April 2010 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the successor of the [[League of Nations]]' [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;intellectualcooperation&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne |access-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022034/https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |archive-date=12 September 2018 |url-status=live }} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322103701/http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ |date=22 March 2019 }}).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UNESCO has [[Member states of UNESCO|193 member states]] and 11 associate members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/countries |title=List of UNESCO members and associates |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311145128/https://en.unesco.org/countries |archive-date=11 March 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Based in [[Paris]], France, most of its field offices are &quot;cluster&quot; offices that cover three or more countries; national and regional offices also exist.<br /> <br /> UNESCO seeks to build a culture of peace and inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|title=UNESCO • General Conference; 34th; Medium-term Strategy, 2008–2013; 2007|format=PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728152547/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|archive-date=28 July 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; To that end, it pursues its objectives through five major program areas: [[education]], [[natural science]]s, [[social science|social]]/[[human science]]s, culture and communication/information. It sponsors projects related to [[literacy]], technical training, education, the advancement of science, promoting independent media and [[freedom of the press]], preserving regional and cultural history, and promoting [[cultural diversity]]. UNESCO assists in translating and disseminating world literature, establishing international cooperation agreements to secure &quot;[[World Heritage Site]]s&quot; of [[cultural heritage|cultural]] and [[natural heritage|natural]] importance, preserving human rights, and bridging the [[Global digital divide|worldwide digital divide]]. It also launched and leads the [[Education For All]] movement and [[lifelong learning]].<br /> <br /> UNESCO is a member of the [[United Nations Development Group]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |title=UNDG Members |publisher=United Nations Development Group |accessdate=8 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144047/http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; a coalition of UN agencies and organisations aimed at fulfilling the [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<br /> {{TOC limit|}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins === <br /> [[File:Flag of UNESCO.svg|thumb|[[Flag of UNESCO]]]]<br /> UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commission to study feasibility.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | publisher = League of Nations | series = Records of the Second Assembly | title = Plenary Meetings | date = 5 September – 5 October 1921 | place = Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | quote = The [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created on 4 January 1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications. The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was then created in Paris on 9 August 1925, to act as the executing agency for the ICIC | title = A Chronology of UNESCO: 1945–1987 | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf | place = Paris | date = December 1987 | id = LAD.85/WS/4 Rev | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | ref = {{Harvid | UNESCO |1987}} | access-date = 13 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095140/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf | archive-date = 2 February 2011 | url-status = live }}.&lt;/ref&gt; This new body, the [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created in 1922. On 18 December 1925, the [[International Bureau of Education]] (IBE) began work as a [[non-governmental]] organization in the service of international educational development.{{Sfn | UNESCO | 1987}} However, the onset of [[World War II]] largely interrupted the work of these predecessor organizations.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === Creation ===<br /> After the signing of the [[Atlantic Charter]] and the [[Declaration of the United Nations]], the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued from 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by [[China]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]] and the USSR. This was followed by the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]] (UNCIO), held in San Francisco in April–June 1945, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London 1–16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented. The idea of UNESCO was largely developed by [[Rab Butler]], the [[Minister of Education]] for the United Kingdom, who had a great deal of influence in its development.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco The work of U.N.E.S.C.O. (Hansard, 26 January 1949)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103837/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco |date=19 October 2017 }}. Millbank systems. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was established.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | ref = {{Harvid | Unesco | 1945}} | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf | title = United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation | place = The Institute of Civil Engineers, London | date = 1–16 November 1945 | id = ECO/Conf./29 | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | accessdate = 8 June 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024012/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf | archive-date = 15 March 2012 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCO's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state.{{Sfn | Unesco | 1945}}<br /> <br /> The first General Conference took place from 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. [[Julian Huxley]] to Director-General.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf | publisher = UNESCO | year = 1947 | title = General Conference, First Session | place = UNESCO House, Paris, from 20 November to 10 December 1946. UNESCO/C/30 &amp;#91;1 C/Resolutions&amp;#93; Item 14, p. 73 | series = UNESDOC database | format = PDF | accessdate = 1 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120904090227/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf | archive-date = 4 September 2012 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the Executive Board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not, as before, act in their personal capacity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf |title=Records of the General Conference, Eighth Session |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |access-date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095202/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the ICIC, in how member states would work together in the organization's fields of competence. As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO's mandate, political and historical factors have shaped the organization's operations in particular during the Cold War, the decolonization process, and the dissolution of the USSR.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism, for example through influential [[The Race Question|statements on race]] starting with a declaration of anthropologists (among them was [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]]) and other scientists in 1950&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001269/126969eb.pdf |title = UNESCO. (1950). Statement by experts on race problems. Paris, 20 July 1950. UNESCO/SS/1. UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030543/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001269/126969eb.pdf |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and concluding with the 1978 [[The Race Question#Legacy and other UNESCO statements|Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 20th Session. (1979). Records of the General Conference, Twentieth Session, Paris, 24 October to 28 November 1978. 20 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3/1.1/2, p. 61. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030610/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO saying that some of the organization's publications amounted to &quot;interference&quot; in the country's &quot;racial problems&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO. Executive Board, 42nd Session. (1955). Report of the Director-General on the Activities of the Organization (March–November 1955). Paris, 9 November 1955. 42 EX/43. Part I Relations with Member States, paragraph 3.&lt;/ref&gt; South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of [[Nelson Mandela]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> UNESCO's early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947.&lt;ref&gt;The Haiti pilot project: phase one, 1947–1949. (1951). Monographs on Fundamental Education IV. UNESCO: Paris.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> This project was followed by expert missions to other countries, including, for example, a mission to Afghanistan in 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000590/059046eb.pdf |title = Debiesse, J., Benjamin, H. and Abbot, W. (1952). Report of the mission to Afghanistan. Educational Missions IV. ED.51/VIII.A. (Paris.) UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030935/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000590/059046eb.pdf |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education [[compulsory education|compulsory]] and universal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114591e.pdf#xml=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?database=&amp;set=4CFE6AEC_1_103&amp;hits_rec=1&amp;hits_lng=eng |title = UNESCO. General Conference, 2nd Session. (1948). Resolutions adopted by the General Conference during its second session, Mexico, November–December 1947. 2 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3.4.1, p. 17. UNESDOC database |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031028/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114591e.pdf#xml=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?database=&amp;set=4CFE6AEC_1_103&amp;hits_rec=1&amp;hits_lng=eng |archive-date = 7 April 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in [[Jomtien]], Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000975/097551e.pdf |title=UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, and The World Bank. (1990). Final Report. World Conference on Education for All: Meeting Basic Education Needs. 5–9 March 1990, Jomtien, Thailand. (WCEFA Inter-agency Commission: New York). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031115/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000975/097551e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Ten years later, the 2000 [[World Education Forum]] held in [[Dakar]], Senegal, led member governments to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf |title=UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action. Education for All: meeting our collective commitments (including six regional frameworks for action). World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal, 26–28 April 2000. ED.2000/WS/27. (Paris). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607174131/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UNESCO's early activities in culture included the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000419/041943eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 21st Session. (1980). International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia: Report of the Executive Committee of the Campaign and of the Director-General. 26 August 1980. 21 C/82. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031408/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000419/041943eb.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The purpose of the campaign was to move the [[Great and Small Temples of Abu Simbel|Great Temple of Abu Simbel]] to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after the construction of the [[Aswan Dam]]. During the 20-year campaign, 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including [[Mohenjo-daro]] (Pakistan), [[Fes]] (Morocco), [[Kathmandu]] (Nepal), [[Borobudur]] (Indonesia) and the [[Acropolis]] (Greece).{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> The organization's work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114044e.pdf |title=Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Paris, 16 November 1972. UNESCO. General Conference, 17th Session. Records of the General Conference, Seventeenth Session, Paris, 17 October to 21 November 1972. Volume I: Resolutions, Recommendations. 17 C/Resolution 29. Chapter IX Conventions and Recommendations, p. 135. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620014519/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114044e.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The [[World Heritage Committee]] was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]] in 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000347/034793eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Second Session. Final Report. Washington, DC, 5–8 September 1978. CC-78/CONF.010/10 Rev. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019104217/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000347/034793eb.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 (Convention for the Safeguarding of the [[Intangible Cultural Heritage]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001331/133171e.pdf |title=Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris, 17 October 2003. UNESCO. General Conference, 32nd Session. Records of the General Conference, Thirty-second Session, Paris, 29 September to 17 October 2003. Volume I: Resolutions. 32 C/Resolution 32. Chapter IV Programme for 2004–2005, Major Programme IV – Culture, p. 53. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315102224/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001331/133171e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;) and 2005 ([[Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001428/142825e.pdf |title = Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Paris, 20 October 2005. UNESCO. General Conference, 33rd Session. Records of the General Conference. Thirty-third Session, Paris, 3–21 October 2005. Volume I: Resolutions. 33 C/Resolution 41. Chapter V Programme for 2006–2007, p. 83. UNESDOC database |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120703092914/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001428/142825e.pdf |archive-date = 3 July 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;).<br /> <br /> An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the [[European Council for Nuclear Research]], which was responsible for establishing the [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113790e.pdf |title=UNESCO. Executive Board, 26th Session. Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its twenty-sixth session. (7 June to 9 July 1951). Paris, 27 July 1951. 26 EX/Decisions. Item 7 Programme, Resolution 7.2.2.1, p. 9. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528224001/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113790e.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; later on, in 1954.<br /> <br /> Arid Zone programming, 1948–1966, is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114593e.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 3rd Session. (1949). Records of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Third Session. Beirut, 1948. Volume II: Resolutions. (UNESCO: Paris). 2 C/Resolution 3.7, page 23. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031635/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114593e.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1968, UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development, a problem that continues to be addressed in the field of [[sustainable development]]. The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO's [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf |title=&quot;Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere. Paris, 4–13 September 1968.&quot; (1970.) In Natural Resources Research, Volume X. SC.69/XIL.16/A. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031659/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the field of communication, the &quot;free flow of ideas by word and image&quot; has been in UNESCO's constitution from its beginnings, following the experience of the Second World War when control of information was a factor in indoctrinating populations for aggression.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002269/226924e.pdf#page=6|title=Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713010444/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002269/226924e.pdf#page=6|archive-date=13 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In the years immediately following World War II, efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world. UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001480/148006eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. (1955). International Expert Meeting on Professional Training for Journalism. Unesco House, 9–13 April 1956. Purpose and Scope. Paris, 18 November 1955. UNESCO/MC/PT.1. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407033852/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001480/148006eb.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In response to calls for a &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; in the late 1970s, UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000323/032363eb.pdf |title=UNESCO. General Conference, 19th Session. (1977). Approved Programme and budget for 1977–1978. Paris, February 1977. 19 C/5, p. 332, paragraphs 4154 and 4155. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528224016/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000323/032363eb.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; which produced the 1980 [[MacBride report]] (named after the Chair of the Commission, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Seán MacBride]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000400/040066eb.pdf |title=MacBride, S. (1980). Many voices, one world: towards a new, more just, and more efficient world information and communication order. (UNESCO: Paris). UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313204759/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000400/040066eb.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The same year, UNESCO created the [[International Programme for the Development of Communication]] (IPDC), a multilateral forum designed to promote media development in developing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/about-ipdc/|title=About IPDC {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907122304/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/about-ipdc|archive-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage/|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1991, UNESCO's General Conference endorsed the [[Windhoek Declaration]] on [[media independence]] and pluralism, which led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption, 3 May, as [[World Press Freedom Day]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2016/|title=World Press Freedom Day 2016|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2016-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109223447/https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2016|archive-date=9 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1997, UNESCO has awarded the [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize|UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]] every 3 May. In the lead up to the [[World Summit on the Information Society]] in 2003 ([[Geneva]]) and 2005 ([[Tunis]]), UNESCO introduced the [[Information for All Programme]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> === 21st Century === <br /> UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|title = General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member|date = 31 October 2011|accessdate = 11 December 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111214135140/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|archive-date = 14 December 2011|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html |title = US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership |first = Adrian |last = Blomfield |work = The Telegraph |date = 31 October 2011 |accessdate = 31 October 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111101190549/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html |archive-date = 1 November 2011 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Laws passed in the United States after Palestine applied for UNESCO and [[World Health Organization|WHO]] membership in April 1989&lt;ref name=&quot;Sakran2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Shadi Sakran|title=The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT64|date=26 November 2019|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-00-076357-7|pages=64–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State], UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989&lt;/ref&gt; mean that the US cannot contribute financially to any UN organisation that accepts Palestine as a full member.&lt;ref&gt;The laws originated in {{USBill|101|hr|2145}} and {{USBill|101|s|875}}; for further details see committee discussions at: {{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations|title=The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC|year=1989|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}. The text of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: {{USBill|101|hr|3743}} (which produced {{USPL|101|246}}), {{USBill|102|hr|5368}}, {{USBill|103|hr|2295}} and finally {{USBill|103|hr|2333}} (which produced {{USPL|103|236}}). See also: {{cite book|last=Beattie|first=Kirk|title=Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT287|date=3 May 2016|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-562-3|p=287 online|quote=...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. [[Bob Kasten|Robert Kasten, Jr.]] (R-Wl) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. [[Tom Lantos]] sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or their achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the &quot;offending&quot; UN body under these laws. (I'll just note in passing that it was Sen. Kasten who was to be a major recipient of campaign funds that [[AIPAC]]'s President [[David Steiner (AIPAC)|David Steiner]] was soliciting from one Haim Katz. Katz surreptitiously taped and released to the public the conversation, much to AIPAC's embarrassment. The conversation can be found on-line and makes for an interesting read.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|publisher=Reuters |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the US withdrew its funding, which had accounted for about 22% of UNESCO's budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html |title= Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians |first1= Steven |last1= Erlanger |first2= Scott |last2= Sayare |work= The New York Times |date= 31 October 2011 |accessdate= 31 October 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111031171156/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html |archive-date= 31 October 2011 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel also reacted to Palestine's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israeli payments to UNESCO and imposing sanctions on the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|title= After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S.|work= Haaretz|date= 4 November 2011|accessdate= 11 December 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111207205936/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|archive-date= 7 December 2011|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; stating that Palestine's admittance would be detrimental &quot;to potential peace talks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST |publisher=CNN |title=Israel freezes UNESCO funds |date=3 December 2011 |accessdate=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106053150/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST |archivedate=6 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Two years after they stopped paying their dues to UNESCO, the US and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013 without losing the right to be elected; thus, the US was elected as a member of the Executive Board for the period 2016–19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108 | title= U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row | work= Reuters | date= 8 November 2013 | accessdate= 29 June 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140709192541/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108 | archive-date= 9 July 2014 | url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Israel left UNESCO after 69 years of membership, with Israel's ambassador to the UN [[Danny Danon]] writing: &quot;UNESCO is the body that continually rewrites history, including by erasing the Jewish connection to Jerusalem... it is corrupted and manipulated by Israel's enemies... we are not going to be a member of an organisation that deliberately acts against us&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/202003121078544477-israel-should-quit-putting-up-with-uns-triple-standards---ex-israeli-diplomat/ |title=Israel Should Quit Putting up With UN's 'Triple' Standards - Ex-Israeli Diplomat - Sputnik International |publisher=Sputniknews.com |date= |accessdate=2020-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Activities==<br /> [[File:UNESCO Brasília Office.jpg|thumb|UNESCO offices in [[Brasília]]]]<br /> <br /> UNESCO implements its activities through the five program areas: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information.<br /> * Education: UNESCO supports research in [[comparative education]]; and provide expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all. This includes the<br /> ** [[UNESCO Chairs]], an international network of 644 UNESCO Chairs, involving over 770 institutions in 126 countries<br /> ** Environmental Conservation Organisation<br /> ** [[Convention against Discrimination in Education]] adopted in 1960<br /> ** Organization of the International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA) in an interval of 12 years<br /> ** Publication of the [[Education for All Global Monitoring Report]]<br /> ** Publication of the ''Four Pillars of Learning'' seminal document<br /> ** [[UNESCO ASPNet]], an international network of 8,000 schools in 170 countries<br /> <br /> UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning.&lt;ref&gt;Because [[diploma mill]]s have claimed false UNESCO accreditation, UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation. See Luca Lantero, [http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf Degree Mills: non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513185433/http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf |date=13 May 2015 }}, [[Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence|Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence (CIMEA)]], Italy. and [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090521152755/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=48787&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO &quot;Alert: Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * UNESCO also issues public statements to educate the public:<br /> ** [[Seville Statement on Violence]]: A statement adopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the notion that humans are biologically predisposed to organised violence.<br /> * Designating projects and places of cultural and scientific significance, such as:<br /> ** [[Global Geoparks Network]]<br /> ** [[Biosphere reserve]]s, through the [[Programme on Man and the Biosphere]] (MAB), since 1971<br /> ** [[City of Literature]]; in 2007, the first city to be given this title was [[Edinburgh]], the site of Scotland's first [[circulating library]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Varga, Susan |title=Edinburgh Old Town (Images of Scotland) |publisher=The History Press Ltd |location= |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=978-0-7524-4083-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, Iowa City, Iowa became the City of Literature.<br /> ** [[Endangered language]]s and [[linguistic diversity]] projects<br /> ** [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]<br /> ** [[Memory of the World]] International Register, since 1997<br /> ** [[Water resources management]], through the [[International Hydrological Programme]] (IHP), since 1965<br /> ** [[World Heritage Site]]s<br /> ** [[World Digital Library]]<br /> * Encouraging the &quot;free flow of ideas by images and words&quot; by:<br /> ** Promoting [[freedom of expression]], including [[freedom of the press]] and [[freedom of information legislation]], through the Division of Freedom of Expression and Media Development,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|title=Fostering Freedom of Expression|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053749/https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|archive-date=10 December 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the [[International Programme for the Development of Communication]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting the [[safety of journalists]] and combatting impunity for those who attack them,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|title=Safety of Journalists|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131159/https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|archive-date=20 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; through coordination of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action/|title=UN Plan of Action {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103326/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action|archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting universal access to and preservation of information and open solutions for sustainable development through the Knowledge Societies Division,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|title=Building Knowledge Societies|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|date=2013-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116181422/https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the [[Memory of the World Programme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage/|title=Memory of the World {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710050933/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage|archive-date=10 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Information for All Programme (IFAP)|Information for All Programme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|title=Information for All Programme (IFAP) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910112204/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|archive-date=10 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Promoting [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]], [[gender equality]] and [[cultural diversity]] in the media<br /> ** Promoting [[Internet Universality]] and its principles, that the Internet should be (I) [[Human rights|human Rights]]-based, (ii) Open, (iii) [[Accessibility|Accessible]] to all, and (iv) nurtured by [[Multistakeholder governance model|Multi-stakeholder]] participation (summarized as the acronym R.O.A.M.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|title=Internet Universality {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728033751/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|archive-date=28 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Generating knowledge through publications such as ''World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|title=World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826003315/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|title=UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821161616/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Media Development Indicators,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|title=Media Development Indicators (MDIs) {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612042809/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|archive-date=12 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as other indicator-based studies.<br /> * Promoting events, such as:<br /> ** [[International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World]]: 2001–2010, proclaimed by the UN in 1998<br /> ** [[World Press Freedom Day]], 3 May each year, to promote [[freedom of expression]] and [[freedom of the press]] as a basic human right and as crucial components of any healthy, democratic and free society.<br /> ** ''Criança Esperança'' in Brazil, in partnership with [[Rede Globo]], to raise funds for community-based projects that foster social integration and violence prevention.<br /> ** [[International Literacy Day]]<br /> ** [[International Year for the Culture of Peace]]<br /> ** [http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Nairobi/kiberareport.pdf Health Education for Behavior Change] program in partnership with the Ministry of Education of [[Kenya]] which was financially supported by the Government of [[Azerbaijan]] to promote health education among 10-19-year-old young people who live in informal camp in [[Kibera]], [[Nairobi]]. The project was carried out between September 2014 - December 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera/|title=Promouvoir l'éducation à la santé chez les jeunes du campement informel de Kibera à Nairobi {{!}} Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture|website=unesco.org|language=fr|access-date=2017-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820102139/http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Founding and funding projects, such as:<br /> **[[Migration Museums]] Initiative: Promoting the establishment of museums for cultural dialogue with migrant populations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305005432/http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2007 |title=Migration Institutions – Home |publisher=Migrationmuseums.org |accessdate=23 April 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[UNESCO-CEPES]], the European Centre for Higher Education: established in 1972 in Bucharest, Romania, as a de-centralized office to promote international co-operation in higher education in Europe as well as Canada, USA and Israel. ''Higher Education in Europe'' is its official journal.<br /> ** [[Free Software Directory]]: since 1998 UNESCO and the [[Free Software Foundation]] have jointly funded this project cataloguing [[free software]].<br /> ** [[FRESH, UNESCO|FRESH]] Focussing Resources on [[School health services|Effective School Health]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35173&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Education &amp;#124; EDUCATION – |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006100958/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35173%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archivedate=6 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[OANA]], Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies<br /> ** [[International Council of Science]]<br /> ** [[UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador]]s<br /> ** [[ASOMPS]], Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices, a series of scientific conferences held in Asia<br /> ** [[Botany 2000]], a programme supporting taxonomy, and [[biodiversity|biological]] and [[cultural diversity]] of medicinal and ornamental plants, and their protection against [[environmental pollution]]<br /> ** The [[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]], translating works of world literature both to and from multiple languages, from 1948 to 2005<br /> ** [[GoUNESCO]], an umbrella of initiatives to make heritage fun supported by UNESCO, New Delhi Office&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|title=Official support for GoUNESCO from UNESCO New Delhi|date=2014-03-24|website=GoUNESCO - Make Heritage Fun!|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815083136/https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|archive-date=15 August 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [http://opendata.unesco.org UNESCO transparency portal] has been designed to enable public [[access to information]] regarding Organization's activities, such as its aggregate budget for a biennium, as well as links to relevant programmatic and financial documents. These two distinct sets of information are published on the [[International Aid Transparency Initiative|IATI]] registry, respectively based on the IATI Activity Standard and the IATI Organization Standard.<br /> <br /> There have been proposals to establish two new UNESCO lists. The first proposed list will focus on movable cultural heritage such as artifacts, paintings, and biofacts. The list may include cultural objects, such as the [[Jōmon Venus]] of [[Japan]], the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' of France, the [[Gebel el-Arak Knife]] of [[Egypt]], ''[[The Ninth Wave]]'' of Russia, the [[Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük]] of Turkey, the [[David (Michelangelo)|''David'' (Michelangelo)]] of Italy, the [[Mathura Herakles]] of India, the [[Manunggul Jar]] of the Philippines, the [[Crown of Baekje]] of South Korea, ''[[The Hay Wain]]'' of the United Kingdom and the [[Benin Bronzes]] of Nigeria. The second proposed list will focus on the world's living species, such as the [[komodo dragon]] of Indonesia, the [[panda]] of China, the [[bald eagle]] of North American countries, the [[aye-aye]] of Madagascar, the [[Asiatic lion]] of India, the [[kakapo]] of New Zealand, and the [[mountain tapir]] of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/|title=Tangible Cultural Heritage - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319084612/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/|archive-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Document - Discovered artifacts under preservation, Archaeological Site, 18 Hoang Dieu street|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103001256/https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908/|archive-date=3 November 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Media==<br /> UNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines.<br /> <br /> ''The UNESCO Courier'' magazine states its mission to &quot;promote UNESCO's ideals, maintain a platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate&quot;. Since March 2006 it is available online, with limited printed issues. Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO. There was a hiatus in publishing between 2012 and 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|title=Archives|website=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2017-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224552/https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1950, UNESCO initiated the quarterly review ''Impact of Science on Society'' (also known as ''Impact'') to discuss the influence of science on society. The journal ceased publication in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF |title = Science and Technology Education |publisher = UNESCO |date = 1998 |access-date = 23 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160813140445/http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF |archive-date = 13 August 2016 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO also published Museum International Quarterly from the year 1948.<br /> <br /> ==Official UNESCO NGOs==<br /> UNESCO has official relations with 322 [[international non-governmental organization]]s (NGOs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |title=Quoted on UNESCO official site |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |accessdate=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |archivedate=25 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of these are what UNESCO calls &quot;operational&quot;; a select few are &quot;formal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35293&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UNESCO |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623000619/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35293%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is &quot;formal associate&quot;, and the 22 NGOs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |title=UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13 Feb 2009 |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |accessdate=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en |archivedate=25 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; with ''formal associate'' (ASC) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are:<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Abbr<br /> ! Organization<br /> |-<br /> | IB || [[International Baccalaureate]]<br /> |-<br /> | CCIVS || [[CCIVS|Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service]]<br /> |-<br /> | EI || [[Education International]]<br /> |-<br /> | IAU || [[International Association of Universities]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFTC || [[International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICPHS || [[International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies]] which publishes [[Diogenes (journal)|Diogenes]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICSU || [[International Council for Science]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICOM || [[International Council of Museums]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICSSPE || [[International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICA || [[International Council on Archives]]<br /> |-<br /> | ICOMOS || [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFJ || [[International Federation of Journalists]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFLA || [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]]<br /> |-<br /> | IFPA || International Federation of Poetry Associations<br /> |-<br /> | IMC || [[International Music Council]]<br /> |-<br /> | IPA|| [[International Police Association]]<br /> |-<br /> | INSULA || International Scientific Council for Island Development<br /> |-<br /> | ISSC || [[International Social Science Council]]<br /> |-<br /> | ITI || [[International Theatre Institute]]<br /> |-<br /> | IUCN || [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]]<br /> |-<br /> | IUTAO || International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations<br /> |-<br /> | UIA || [[Union of International Associations]]<br /> |-<br /> | WAN || [[World Association of Newspapers]]<br /> |-<br /> | WFEO || [[World Federation of Engineering Organizations]]<br /> |-<br /> | WFUCA || World Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[File:Unesco-IHE.JPG|thumb|[[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO Institute for Water Education]] in [[Delft]]]]<br /> <br /> ==Institutes and centres==<br /> The institutes are specialized departments of the organization that support UNESCO's programme, providing specialized support for cluster and national offices.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Abbr<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Location<br /> |-<br /> | IBE<br /> | [[International Bureau of Education]]<br /> | [[Geneva]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|title=International Bureau of Education|first=|last=|date=|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224448/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UIL<br /> | [[UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning]]<br /> | [[Hamburg]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|website=UIL - UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning|publisher=|title=About the Institute|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2015-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224304/http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IIEP<br /> | [[UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning]]<br /> | Paris (headquarters) and [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Dakar]] (regional offices)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|title=IIEP UNESCO|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119121935/http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=19 November 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IITE<br /> | UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education<br /> | Moscow&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|website=UNESCO IITE|publisher=|title=Contact Us|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224424/https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IICBA<br /> | UNESCO International Institute for [[Capacity Building]] in Africa<br /> | [[Addis Ababa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node/146|title=Contact Us|publisher=UNESCO|website=IICBA|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224657/http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node%2F146|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | IESALC<br /> | UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean<br /> | [[Caracas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|title=Contact Us|publisher=UNESCO|website=IESALC|language=Spanish|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224903/http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | MGIEP<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development]]<br /> | [[New Delhi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mgiep.unesco.org|title=Building Social and Emotional Learning for Education 2030|publisher=UNESCO|website=UNESCO MGIEP|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092511/https://mgiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UNESCO-UNEVOC<br /> | [[UNESCO-UNEVOC|UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training]]<br /> | [[Bonn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|title=UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224349/https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UNESCO-IHE<br /> | [[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education]]<br /> | [[Delft]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un-ihe.org/|title=Home|website=IHE Delft Institute for Water Education|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024023035/http://www.un-ihe.org/|archive-date=24 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ICTP<br /> | [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]]<br /> | [[Trieste]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|website=ICTP - International Centre for Theoretical Physics|publisher=UNESCO|title=Mission &amp; History|accessdate=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224535/https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | UIS<br /> | [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]]<br /> | [[Montreal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|title=Contact Us|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2018|date=2016-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224907/http://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Prizes==<br /> UNESCO awards 22 prizes&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO Executive Board Document [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf 185 EX/38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095215/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf |date=2 February 2011 }}, Paris, 10 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt; in education, science, culture and peace:<br /> * [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize]]<br /> * [[L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science]]<br /> * [[UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize|UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Confucius Prize for Literacy|UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy]]<br /> * UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities<br /> * [[UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize]] for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education<br /> * UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers<br /> * UNESCO/[[Kalinga Prize]] for the Popularization of Science<br /> * [[UNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal]] for an outstanding contribution to the development of scientific knowledge that has a beneficial impact on human health<br /> * UNESCO/[[Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation]]<br /> * Great Man-Made River International Water Prize for Water Resources in Arid Zones presented by UNESCO (title to be reconsidered)<br /> * Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management<br /> * [[UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Prize for Peace Education]]<br /> * [[UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize]] for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence<br /> * UNESCO/[[International José Martí Prize]]<br /> * UNESCO/[[Avicenna Prize]] for Ethics in Science<br /> * UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean<br /> * Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture<br /> * Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes (UNESCO-Greece)<br /> * IPDC-UNESCO Prize for Rural Communication<br /> * [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]]<br /> * UNESCO/Jikji [[Memory of the World]] Prize<br /> * [[UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences|UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize]] for Research in the Life Sciences<br /> * [[Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology]]<br /> <br /> ===Inactive prizes===<br /> * [[International Simón Bolívar Prize]] (inactive since 2004)<br /> * [[UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education]]<br /> * UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive since 2010)<br /> * UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts<br /> <br /> ==International Days observed at UNESCO==<br /> International Days observed at UNESCO is provided in the table given below&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ International Days | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162831/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ |date=10 November 2012 }}. UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Date<br /> ! Name<br /> |-<br /> | 27 January<br /> | [[International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust]]<br /> |-<br /> | 13 February<br /> | [[World Radio Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 February<br /> | [[International Mother Language Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 March<br /> | [[International Women's Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 20 March<br /> | [[International Francophonie Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | International Day of [[Nowruz]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | [[World Poetry Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 March<br /> | [[International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]]<br /> |-<br /> | 22 March<br /> | [[World Day for Water]]<br /> |-<br /> | 23 April<br /> | [[World Book and Copyright Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 30 April<br /> | [[International Jazz Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3 May<br /> | [[World Press Freedom Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 May<br /> | [[World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development]]<br /> |-<br /> | 22 May<br /> | [[International Day for Biological Diversity]]<br /> |-<br /> | 25 May<br /> | [[Africa Day]] / [[Africa Week]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5 June<br /> | [[World Environment Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 June<br /> | [[World Oceans Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 17 June<br /> |[[World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought]]<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 9 August<br /> | [[International Day of the World's Indigenous People]]<br /> |-<br /> | 12 August<br /> | [[International Youth Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 23 August<br /> | [[International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 September<br /> | [[International Literacy Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 15 September<br /> | [[International Day of Democracy]]<br /> |-<br /> | 21 September<br /> | [[International Day of Peace]]<br /> |-<br /> | 28 September<br /> |[[Access to Information Day|International Day for the Universal Access to Information]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 October<br /> | [[International Day of Non-Violence]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5 October<br /> | [[World Teachers' Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd Wednesday in October<br /> | International Day for Disaster Reduction<br /> |-<br /> | 17 October<br /> | [[International Day for the Eradication of Poverty]]<br /> |-<br /> | 20 October<br /> | [[World Statistics Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 27 October<br /> | [[World Day for Audiovisual Heritage]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 November<br /> | [[International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|title=International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists|website=UNESCO|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030214202/https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 10 November<br /> | World Science Day for Peace and Development<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd Thursday in November<br /> | [[World Philosophy Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 16 November<br /> | [[International Day for Tolerance]]<br /> |-<br /> | 19 November<br /> | [[International Men's Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 25 November<br /> | [[International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women]]<br /> |-<br /> | 29 November<br /> | [[International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1 December<br /> | [[World AIDS Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 10 December<br /> | [[Human Rights Day]]<br /> |-<br /> | 18 December<br /> | [[International Migrants Day]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Member states==<br /> {{Main|Member states of UNESCO}}<br /> As of January 2019, UNESCO has 193 member states and 11 associate members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries/ |title=List of UNESCO members and associates |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=3 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102233939/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some members are not [[independent state]]s and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their [[dependent territory|dependent territories]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Palestine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport |url=http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf |publisher=WADA |page=2 |format=PDF |accessdate=28 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116165411/http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf |archivedate=16 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO state parties are the [[United Nations member states]] (except [[Liechtenstein]], [[United States]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Statement by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Withdrawal by the United States of America from UNESCO|date=12 October 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|type=Press release.|access-date=2019-02-21|author-link=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224138/https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Israel]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Declaration by UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay on the withdrawal of Israel from the Organization|date=29 December 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|type=Press release.|access-date=2019-02-21|author-link=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224221/https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;), as well as [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties |title=State Parties |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties |archive-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |title=Member States of the United Nations |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States and Israel left UNESCO on 31 December 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=TOVAH LAZAROFF |title=ISRAEL, U.S. SLATED TO LEAVE UNESCO TODAY TO PROTEST ANTI-ISRAEL BIAS |url=https://m.jpost.com/International/Israel-US-slated-to-leave-UNESCO-today-to-protest-anti-Israel-bias-575875 |newspaper=JPost |date=2018-12-31 |access-date=2018-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Governing bodies==<br /> <br /> ===Director-General===<br /> There has been no elected UNESCO Director-General from Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central and North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, and South America since inception.<br /> <br /> The Directors-General of UNESCO came from West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), and East Europe (1). Out of the 11 Directors-General since inception, women have held the position only twice. [[Qatar]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Iran]] are proposing for a Director-General bid by 2021 or 2025. There have never been a Middle Eastern or Southeast Asian UNESCO Director-General since inception. The [[ASEAN]] bloc and some Pacific and Latin American nations support the possible bid of the Philippines, which is culturally Asian, Oceanic, and Latin. Qatar and Iran, on the other hand, have fragmented support in the Middle East. [[Egypt]], [[Israel]], and [[Madagascar]] are also vying for the position but have yet to express a direct or indirect proposal. Both Qatar and Egypt lost in the 2017 bid against France.<br /> <br /> The list of the Directors-General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ Directors-General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718234457/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ |date=18 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Name<br /> !Country<br /> !Term<br /> |-<br /> | [[Audrey Azoulay]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 2017–present<br /> |-<br /> | [[Irina Bokova]] || {{flagcountry|BUL}} || 2009–2017<br /> |-<br /> | [[Koïchiro Matsuura]] || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1999–2009<br /> |-<br /> | [[Federico Mayor Zaragoza]] || {{flagcountry|ESP}} || 1987–99<br /> |-<br /> | [[Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow]] || {{flagcountry|SEN}} || 1974–87<br /> |-<br /> | [[René Maheu]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 1961–74; [[acting (law)|acting]] 1961<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vittorino Veronese]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}} || 1958–61<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luther Evans]] || {{flagcountry|USA|1912}} || 1953–58<br /> |-<br /> | [[John Wilkinson Taylor (educator)|John Wilkinson Taylor]] || {{flagcountry|USA|1912}} || [[acting (law)|acting]] 1952–53<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jaime Torres Bodet]] || {{flagcountry|MEX|1934}} || 1948–52<br /> |-<br /> | [[Julian Huxley]] || {{flagcountry|UK}} || 1946–48<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===General Conference===<br /> This is the list of the sessions of the UNESCO General Conference held since 1946:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ Previous Sessions of the General Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025045200/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ |date=25 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Session<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Chaired by<br /> ! from<br /> |-<br /> | 39th || Paris || 2017 || Zohour Alaoui&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president | title=President of the 39th session of the General Conference | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=12 November 2017 | date=2017-10-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003114/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president | archive-date=13 November 2017 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{flagcountry|Morocco}}<br /> |-<br /> | 38th || Paris || 2015 || Stanley Mutumba Simataa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president/ | title=President of the 38th session of the General Conference | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=11 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116135603/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president | archive-date=16 November 2015 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{flagcountry|Namibia}}<br /> |-<br /> | 37th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = General Conference 37th {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 25 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103414/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|archive-date = 3 October 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; || Paris || 2013 || [[Hao Ping]] || {{flagcountry|CHN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 36th || Paris || 2011 || [[Katalin Bogyay]] || {{flagcountry|HUN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 35th || Paris || 2009 || Davidson Hepburn || {{flagcountry|BHS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 34th || Paris || 2007 || George N. Anastassopoulos || {{flagcountry|GRC}}<br /> |-<br /> | 33rd || Paris || 2005 || [[Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan]] || {{flagcountry|OMN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 32nd || Paris || 2003 || [[Michael Omolewa]] || {{flagcountry|NGA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 31st || Paris || 2001 || [[Ahmad Jalali]] || {{flagcountry|IRN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 30th || Paris || 1999 || [[Jaroslava Moserová]] || {{flagcountry|CZE}}<br /> |-<br /> | 29th || Paris || 1997 || [[Eduardo Portella]] || {{flagcountry|BRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 28th || Paris || 1995 || Torben Krogh || {{flagcountry|DNK}}<br /> |-<br /> | 27th || Paris || 1993 || Ahmed Saleh Sayyad || {{flagcountry|YEM}}<br /> |-<br /> | 26th || Paris || 1991 || [[Bethwell Allan Ogot]] || {{flagcountry|KEN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 25th || Paris || 1989 || [[Anwar Ibrahim]] || {{flagcountry|MYS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 24th || Paris || 1987 || Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez || {{flagcountry|GTM}}<br /> |-<br /> | 23rd || [[Sofia]] || 1985 || [[Nikolai Todorov]] || {{flagcountry|BGR|1967}}<br /> |-<br /> | 22nd || Paris || 1983 || Saïd Tell || {{flagcountry|JOR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4th extraordinary || Paris || 1982 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 21st || [[Belgrade]] || 1980 || Ivo Margan || {{flagcountry|YUG}}<br /> |-<br /> | 20th || Paris || 1978 || Napoléon LeBlanc || {{flagcountry|CAN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 19th || [[Nairobi]] || 1976 || Taaita Toweett || {{flagcountry|KEN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 18th || Paris || 1974 || Magda Jóború || {{flagcountry|HUN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd extraordinary || Paris || 1973 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 17th || Paris || 1972 || Toru Haguiwara || {{flagcountry|JPN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 16th || Paris || 1970 || Atilio Dell'Oro Maini || {{flagcountry|ARG}}<br /> |-<br /> | 15th || Paris || 1968 || [[William Eteki Mboumoua]] || {{flagcountry|CMR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 14th || Paris || 1966 || Bedrettin Tuncel || {{flagcountry|TUR}}<br /> |-<br /> | 13th || Paris || 1964 || [[Norair Sisakian]] || {{flagcountry|USSR|1955}}<br /> |-<br /> | 12th || Paris || 1962 || Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro || {{flagcountry|BRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 11th || Paris || 1960 || Akale-Work Abte-Wold || {{flagcountry|ETH}}<br /> |-<br /> | 10th || Paris || 1958 || [[Jean Berthoin]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 9th || New Delhi || 1956 || [[Abul Kalam Azad]] || {{flagcountry|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> | 8th || [[Montevideo]] || 1954 || Justino Zavala Muñiz || {{flagcountry|URY}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd extraordinary || Paris || 1953 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 7th || Paris || 1952 || [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] || {{flagcountry|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> | 6th || Paris || 1951 || [[Howland H. Sargeant]] || {{flagcountry|USA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 5th || [[Florence]] || 1950 || [[Stefano Jacini]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4th || Paris || 1949 || [[Edward Ronald Walker]] || {{flagcountry|AUS}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1st extraordinary || Paris || 1948 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd || [[Beirut]] || 1948 || Hamid Bey Frangie || {{flagcountry|LBN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd || [[Mexico City]] || 1947 || [[Manuel Gual Vidal]] || {{flagcountry|MEX}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1st || Paris || 1946 || [[Léon Blum]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''The 40th General Conference On 12th To 27 November 2019.'''<br /> <br /> === Executive Board ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> ! Term<br /> ! Group I &lt;br /&gt;(9 seats)<br /> ! Group II &lt;br /&gt;(7 seats)<br /> ! Group III &lt;br /&gt;(10 seats)<br /> ! Group IV &lt;br /&gt;(12 seats)<br /> ! Group V(a) &lt;br /&gt;(13 seats)<br /> ! Group V(b) &lt;br /&gt;(7 seats)<br /> |-<br /> |2019-2023&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|title=40th Session of the General Conference - 12-27 November 2019|last=|first=|date=2019-10-16|website=UNESCO|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102155643/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=2019-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{flagcountry|France}} {{flagcountry|Germany}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Switzerland}}<br /> |{{Flag|Hungary}}<br /> {{Flag|Poland}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Russia}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Serbia}}<br /> |{{flagcountry|Argentina}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Uruguay}}<br /> <br /> |{{Flag|Afghanistan}}<br /> {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Philippines}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Republic of Korea}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Thailand}}<br /> |{{Flag|Benin}}<br /> {{Flag|Congo}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Guinea}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Ghana}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Kenya}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Namibia}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Senegal}}<br /> <br /> {{Flag|Togo}}<br /> |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> {{Flag|UAE}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#efe; border-top:2px solid;&quot;<br /> |'''2017–19'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/elections/results-executive-board Executive Board – Results of elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115093548/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/elections/results-executive-board |date=15 November 2015 }}. UNESCO General Conference, November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|France}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Greece}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Russian Federation}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Serbia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Slovenia}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Haiti}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mexico}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nicaragua}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Paraguay}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|India}}&lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Iran}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Malaysia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Republic of Korea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Vietnam}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Cameroon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Cote d'Ivoire}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ghana}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Kenya}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nigeria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Senegal}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|South Africa}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Lebanon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Oman}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Qatar}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sudan}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#f7f7c7;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> | '''2014–17'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/SCX/pdfs/Table_2013-2015.pdf Table_2013-2015.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528012349/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/SCX/pdfs/Table_2013-2015.pdf |date=28 May 2016 }} UNESCO Membership by Electoral Groups. Retrieved 12 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Germany}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Sweden}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Albania}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Estonia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Argentina}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Belize}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|El Salvador}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|China}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Japan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nepal}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Chad}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Guinea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mauritius}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mozambique}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Togo}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Uganda}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Algeria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Egypt}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Kuwait}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Morocco}}<br /> |- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;<br /> | '''2012–15'''<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Austria}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|France}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Italy}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Spain}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United States of America}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Montenegro}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|North Macedonia}}<br /> <br /> {{flagcountry|Russian Federation}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Brazil}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Cuba}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ecuador}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mexico}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Papua New Guinea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Republic of Korea}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Thailand}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Angola}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Gabon}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Gambia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Malawi}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Mali}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Namibia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Nigeria}}<br /> |<br /> {{flagcountry|Jordan}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|Tunisia}} &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Offices and headquarters==<br /> [[File:April 2010, UNESCO Headquarters in Paris - The Garden of Peace (or Japanese Garden) in Spring.jpg|thumb|The Garden of Peace, UNESCO headquarters, Paris. Donated by the Government of Japan, this garden was designed by American-Japanese sculptor artist [[Isamu Noguchi]] in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano.]]<br /> UNESCO headquarters are located at [[Place de Fontenoy]] in Paris, France.<br /> <br /> UNESCO's field offices across the globe are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage: cluster offices, national offices, regional bureaus and liaison offices.<br /> <br /> ===Field offices by region===<br /> The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices/|title = List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with Descriptions of Member State Coverage|publisher = UNESCO|accessdate = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908164710/https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices|archive-date = 8 September 2019|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Africa====<br /> * [[Abidjan]] – National Office to [[Côte-d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]<br /> * [[Abuja]] – National Office to [[Nigeria]]<br /> * [[Accra]] – Cluster Office for [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Ghana]], [[Liberia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Togo]]<br /> * [[Addis Ababa]] – Liaison Office with the [[African Union]] and with the [[Economic Commission for Africa]]<br /> * [[Bamako]] – Cluster Office for [[Burkina Faso]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]] and [[Niger]]<br /> * [[Brazzaville]] – National Office to the [[Republic of the Congo]]<br /> * [[Bujumbura]] – National Office to [[Burundi]]<br /> * [[Dakar]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Cape Verde]], [[Gambia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and [[Senegal]]<br /> * [[Dar es Salaam]] – Cluster Office for [[Comoros]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]] and [[Tanzania]]<br /> * [[Harare]] – Cluster Office for [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]]<br /> * [[Juba]] – National Office to [[South Sudan]]<br /> * [[Kinshasa]] – National Office to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<br /> * [[Libreville]] – Cluster Office for the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]] and [[Sao Tome and Principe]]<br /> * [[Maputo]] – National Office to [[Mozambique]]<br /> * [[Nairobi]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Burundi]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], [[South Sudan]] and [[Uganda]]<br /> * [[Windhoek]] – National Office to [[Namibia]]<br /> * [[Yaoundé]] – Cluster Office to [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]] and [[Chad]]<br /> <br /> ====Arab States====<br /> * [[Amman]] – National Office to [[Jordan]]<br /> * [[Beirut]] – Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]<br /> * [[Cairo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for [[Egypt]], [[Libya]] and [[Sudan]]<br /> * [[Doha]] – Cluster Office to [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Yemen]]<br /> * [[Iraq]] – National Office for [[Iraq]] (currently located in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]])<br /> * [[Khartoum]] – National Office to [[Sudan]]<br /> * [[Manama]] - [[Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage]]<br /> * [[Rabat]] – Cluster Office to [[Algeria]], [[Mauritania]], [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]]<br /> * [[Ramallah]] – National Office to the Palestinian Territories<br /> <br /> ====Asia and Pacific====<br /> {{see also|UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards}}<br /> * [[Apia]] – Cluster Office to Australia, [[Cook Islands]], [[Fiji]], [[Kiribati]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Nauru]], [[New Zealand]], [[Niue]], [[Palau]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Samoa]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Vanuatu]] and [[Tokelau]] (Associate Member)<br /> * [[Bangkok]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to [[Thailand]], [[Burma]], [[Laos]], Singapore and [[Vietnam]]<br /> * Beijing – Cluster Office to [[North Korea]], Japan, [[Mongolia]], the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[South Korea]]<br /> * [[Dhaka]] – National Office to [[Bangladesh]]<br /> * [[Hanoi]] – National Office to [[Vietnam]]<br /> * [[Islamabad]] – National Office to [[Pakistan]]<br /> * [[Jakarta]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to the [[Philippines]], [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[East Timor]]<br /> * [[Manila]] - National Office to the [[Philippines]]<br /> * [[Kabul]] – National Office to [[Afghanistan]]<br /> * [[Kathmandu]] – National Office to [[Nepal]]<br /> * [[New Delhi]] – Cluster Office to [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]]<br /> * [[Phnom Penh]] – National Office to [[Cambodia]]<br /> * [[Tashkent]] – National Office to [[Uzbekistan]]<br /> * [[Tehran]] – Cluster Office to [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]<br /> <br /> ====Europe and North America====<br /> * [[Almaty]] – Cluster Office to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]<br /> * [[Brussels]] – Liaison Office to the [[European Union]] and its [[Brussels and the European Union|subsidiary bodies in Brussels]]<br /> * [[Geneva]] – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|United Nations in Geneva]]<br /> * New York City – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Headquarters|United Nations in New York]]<br /> * [[Venice]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe<br /> <br /> ====Latin America and the Caribbean====<br /> [[File:Carondolete en el cambio de guardia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Carondelet Palace]], Presidential Palace – with changing of the guards. The [[Historic Center of Quito]], Ecuador, is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in [[the Americas]].&lt;ref name=unesco&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 |title=City of Quito – UNESCO World Heritage |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=30 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507190507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 |archive-date=7 May 2009 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This center was, together with the historic centre of [[Kraków]] in Poland, the first to be declared [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.]]<br /> * [[Brasilia]] – National Office to [[Brazil]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO Office in Brasilia {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925163018/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|archive-date = 25 September 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Guatemala City]] – National Office to [[Guatemala]]<br /> * [[Havana]] – Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]] and [[Aruba]]<br /> * [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] – Cluster Office to [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Suriname]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] as well as the associate member states of [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]]<br /> * [[Lima]] – National Office to [[Peru]]<br /> * [[Mexico City]] – National Office to [[Mexico]]<br /> * [[Montevideo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]]<br /> * [[Port-au-Prince]] – National Office to [[Haiti]]<br /> * [[Quito]] – Cluster Office to [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Oficina de la UNESCO en Quito {{!}} Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925145958/http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|archive-date = 25 September 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] – Cluster Office to [[Costa Rica]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]] and [[Panama]]<br /> * [[Santiago de Chile]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to [[Chile]]<br /> <br /> === Partner Organisations ===<br /> * [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] ([[ICRC]])<br /> * [[Blue Shield International]] (BSI)<br /> * [[International Council of Museums]] (ICOM)<br /> * [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] ([[ICOMOS]])<br /> * [[International Institute of Humanitarian Law]] (IIHL)<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> <br /> ===New World Information and Communication Order===<br /> UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past, particularly in its relationships with the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Singapore]] and the former [[Soviet Union]]. During the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO's support for a &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; and its [[MacBride report]] calling for democratization of the media and more egalitarian access to information was condemned in these countries as attempts to curb [[freedom of the press]]. UNESCO was perceived as a platform for communists and Third World dictators to attack the West, in contrast to accusations made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last= Grahm |first=S. E. |date= April 2006 |title= The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 1946–1954 |journal=Diplomatic History |volume= 30 |issue=2 |pages=231–51 |doi= 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00548.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, the United States withheld its contributions and withdrew from the organization in protest, followed by the United Kingdom in 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A4079804/AONE?u=tamp44898&amp;sid=AONE&amp;xid=ef6d5640 | title = UNESCO asks states considering withdrawal to 'reconsider their position' | journal = [[UN Chronicle (journal)|UN Chronicle]] | date = January 1986}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singapore withdrew also at the end of 1985, citing rising membership fees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479 | title = Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO | newspaper = [[The Telegraph (newspaper)|The Telegraph]] | date = 28 December 1984 | access-date = 20 June 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150907233414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479 | archive-date = 7 September 2015 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a change of government in 1997, the UK rejoined. The United States rejoined in 2003, followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO | title = UNESCO | website = Encyclopedia Britannica | date = 14 February 2018 | access-date = 2 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163139/https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO | archive-date = 2 April 2018 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Israel===<br /> [[Israel]] was admitted to UNESCO in 1949, one year after its creation. Israel has maintained its membership since 1949.<br /> In 2010, Israel designated the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]], [[Hebron]] and [[Rachel's Tomb]], [[Bethlehem]] as [[List of National Heritage Sites of Israel|National Heritage Sites]] and announced restoration work, prompting criticism from the Obama administration and protests from Palestinians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Hebron clashes over Israel's West Bank heritage list|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|date=26 February 2010|publisher=BBC News|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803141138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|archive-date=3 August 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2010, UNESCO's Executive Board voted to declare the sites as &quot;al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs&quot; and &quot;Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb&quot; and stated that they were &quot;an integral part of the [[occupied Palestinian Territories]]&quot; and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of [[international law]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|title=Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories|date=21 October 2010|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=3 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111083723/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|archive-date=11 November 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> UNESCO described the sites as significant to &quot;people of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish traditions&quot;, and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=THE TWO PALESTINIAN SITES OF AL-HARAM AL-IBRAHIMI/TOMB OF THE PATRIARCHS IN AL-KHALIL/HEBRON AND THE BILAL BIN RABAH MOSQUE/RACHEL'S TOMB IN BETHLEHEM|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127175323/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Israel in turn accused UNESCO of &quot;detach[ing] the Nation of Israel from its heritage&quot;, and accused it of being politically motivated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377 |title=UNESCO Erases Israeli Protests from Rachel's Tomb Protocol |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Arutz Sheva |author=Hillel Fendel |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104205832/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377 |archive-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The [[Shmuel Rabinovitch|Rabbi of the Western Wall]] said that Rachel's tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/140345|title=UN Org.: Rachel's Tomb is a Mosque|date=29 October 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva|author=Maayana Miskin|access-date=3 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106041213/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140345|archive-date=6 November 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO. Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister [[Danny Ayalon]] declared that the resolution was a &quot;part of Palestinian escalation&quot;.<br /> [[Zevulun Orlev]], chairman of the [[Knesset]] Education and Culture Committee, referred to the resolutions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO as a scientific and cultural organization that promotes cooperation throughout the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893 |title=Ayalon: Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO |date=3 November 2010 |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103210507/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893 |archive-date=3 November 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Shalom |first=Rabbi |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090 |title=Cooperation with UNESCO only partially suspended |work=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105083755/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 28 June 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, at [[Jordan]]'s insistence, censured{{clarify|date=October 2016}} Israel's decision to demolish and rebuild the [[Mughrabi-Bridge|Mughrabi Gate]] Bridge in Jerusalem for safety reasons. Israel stated that Jordan had signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the existing bridge must be dismantled for safety reasons; Jordan disputed the agreement, saying that it was only signed under U.S. pressure. Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO committee over objections from [[Egypt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html |title=UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge – Israel News, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807130812/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html |archive-date=7 August 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2014, days before it was scheduled to open, UNESCO Director-General, [[Irina Bokova]], &quot;indefinitely postponed&quot; and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] entitled &quot;The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the [[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel|Jewish people and the Land of Israel]]&quot;. The event was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January in Paris. Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would &quot;harm the [[Arab-Israeli peace process|peace process]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Berman|first=Lazar|title=UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=17 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120120047/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|archive-date=20 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The author of the exhibition, Professor [[Robert Wistrich]] of the [[Hebrew University]]'s [[Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism]], called the cancellation an &quot;appalling act&quot;, and characterized Bokova's decision as &quot;an arbitrary act of total cynicism and, really, contempt for the Jewish people and its history&quot;. UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year, and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed as a great success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|title=Author of UNESCO's nixed Israel exhibit decries 'appalling betrayal'|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122053858/http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal/|archive-date=22 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On January 1, 2019, Israel formally left UNESCO in pursuance of the US withdrawal over the perceived continuous anti-Israel bias.<br /> <br /> ====Occupied Palestine Resolution====<br /> {{Main|Occupied Palestine Resolution}}<br /> On 13 October 2016, UNESCO passed a resolution on East Jerusalem that condemned Israel for &quot;aggressions&quot; by Israeli police and soldiers and &quot;illegal measures&quot; against the freedom of worship and Muslims' access to their holy sites, while also recognizing Israel as the occupying power. Palestinian leaders welcomed the decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al-Aqsa Mosque|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|work=aljazeera.com|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132706/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the text acknowledged the &quot;importance of the Old City of Jerusalem and its walls for the three monotheistic religions&quot;, it referred to the sacred hilltop compound in Jerusalem's Old City only by its Muslim name &quot;Al-Haram al-Sharif&quot;, Arabic for Noble Sanctuary. In response, Israel denounced the UNESCO resolution for its omission of the words &quot;Temple Mount&quot; or &quot;Har HaBayit&quot;, stating that it [[Temple denial|denies Jewish ties to the key holy site]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|title=Commission report|website=unesdoc.unesco.org|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016131113/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After receiving criticism from numerous Israeli politicians and diplomats, including [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and [[Ayelet Shaked]], Israel froze all ties with the organization.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|title=UNESCO fails to acknowledge Jewish ties to Temple Mount|publisher=|date=2016-10-13|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018225443/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|title=Netanyahu leads angry denunciations of 'absurd' UNESCO decision|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018211628/http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resolution was condemned by [[Ban Ki-moon]] and the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, who said that Judaism, Islam and Christianity have clear historical connections to Jerusalem and &quot;to deny, conceal or erase any of the Jewish, Christian or Muslim traditions undermines the integrity of the site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = UNESCO chief 'received death threats' for opposing Jerusalem motion|url = http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-chief-received-death-threats-for-opposing-jerusalem-motion/|date = 17 October 2016|work = Times of Israel|access-date = 27 October 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161021155546/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-chief-received-death-threats-for-opposing-jerusalem-motion/|archive-date = 21 October 2016|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/statement_by_the_director_general_of_unesco_on_the_old_city-1/#.WAQnmeUrLb3|title=Statement by the Director-General of UNESCO on the Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls on the occasion of the 40th session of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO in Istanbul - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019061820/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/statement_by_the_director_general_of_unesco_on_the_old_city-1/#.WAQnmeUrLb3|archive-date=19 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Al-Aqsa Mosque [or] Al-Haram al-Sharif&quot; is also Temple Mount, whose Western Wall is the holiest place in Judaism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|title=UNESCO Director Criticizes Resolution: Temple Mount Sacred to Both Jews, Muslims|newspaper=Haaretz|accessdate=14 October 2016|date=2016-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014113432/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|archive-date=14 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It was also rejected by the Czech Parliament which said the resolution reflects a &quot;hateful [[anti-Israel]] sentiment&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|title=Czech MPs slam 'hateful' UNESCO Jerusalem resolution|publisher=|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020050917/http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and hundreds of Italian Jews demonstrated in Rome over Italy's abstention.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;/&gt; On 26 October, UNESCO approved a reviewed version of the resolution, which also criticized Israel for its continuous &quot;refusal to let the body's experts access Jerusalem's holy sites to determine their conservation status&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO approves new Jerusalem resolution|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|work=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027112839/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|archive-date=27 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite containing some softening of language following Israeli protests over a previous version, Israel continued to denounce the text.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Beaumont|first1=Peter|title=Unesco adopts controversial resolution on Jerusalem holy sites|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|work=The Guardian|date=26 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027144549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|archive-date=27 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resolution refers to the site Jews and Christians refer to as the Temple Mount, or Har HaBayit in Hebrew, only by its Arab name — a significant semantic decision also adopted by UNESCO's executive board, triggering condemnation from Israel and its allies. U.S. Ambassador Crystal Nix Hines stated: &quot;This item should have been defeated. These politicized and one-sided resolutions are damaging the credibility of UNESCO.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem holy sites draws criticism from U.S., Israel|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|work=CBC/Radio-Canada|date=26 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104125858/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|archive-date=4 November 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2017, the United States and Israel announced they would withdraw from the organization, citing in-part anti-Israel bias.&lt;ref name=stategov/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Gardiner|last2=Erlangeroct|first2=Steven|title=U.S. Will Withdraw From Unesco, Citing Its ‘Anti-Israel Bias’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|accessdate=8 April 2018|agency=The New York Times|date=2017-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021190452/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|archive-date=21 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Palestine===<br /> <br /> ====Palestinian youth magazine controversy====<br /> In February 2011, an article was published in a Palestinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described one of her four role-models as [[Adolf Hitler]]. In December 2011, UNESCO, which partly funded the magazine, condemned the material and subsequently withdrew support.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html |title=Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over Hitler praise |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 December 2011 |accessdate=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109173826/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html |archive-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Islamic University of Gaza controversy====<br /> In 2012, UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the [[Islamic University of Gaza]] in the field of [[astronomy]], [[astrophysics]], and [[space science]]s,&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCOIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/ | title=UNESCO Chair in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences (964), established in 2012 at The Islamic University of Gaza (Palestine). | publisher=UNESCO | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127035152/http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/ | archive-date=27 November 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; fueling controversy and criticism. [[Israel]] bombed the school in 2008 stating that they develop and store weapons there, which Israel restated in criticizing UNESCO's move.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false The Goldstone Report: The Legacy of the Landmark Investigation of the Gaza Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013070233/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false |date=13 October 2017 }} By Adam Horowitz, Lizzy Ratner and Philip Weiss (2011). Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MFAUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite press_release | url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm | title=Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic University | publisher=Israel ministry of foreign affairs | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715005102/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm | archive-date=15 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The head, [[Kamalain Shaath]], defended UNESCO, stating that &quot;the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NationalPostUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/ | title=UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs | author=Higgins, Michael | work=National Post | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714230452/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/ | archive-date=14 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ShalitGazaIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html | title=Fatah: Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University | publisher=Yedioth Ahronot | date=6 February 2007 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201090827/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html | archive-date=1 December 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BostonIUGProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/ | title=Hamas University | author=Cambanis, Thanassis | work=Boston Globe | date=28 February 2010 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226015007/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/ | archive-date=26 February 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli ambassador to UNESCO [[Nimrod Barkan]] planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university's ties to Hamas, especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaaretzUNESCOGaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524 | title=Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza | author=Ravid, Barak | work=Haaretz | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715042511/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524 | archive-date=15 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Jewish organization [[B'nai B'rith]] criticized the move as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;BnaiBrithUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/ | title=B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University | author=Yaakov, Yifa | work=The Times of Israel | date=14 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717095157/http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/ | archive-date=17 July 2012 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Che Guevara===<br /> In 2013, UNESCO announced that the collection &quot;The Life and Works of Ernesto [[Che Guevara]]&quot; became part of the [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World Register]]. [[United States Congress|US Congresswoman]] [[Ileana Ros-Lehtinen]] condemned this decision, saying that the organization acts against its own ideals:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://ros-lehtinen.house.gov/press-release/unesco-once-again-makes-mockery-its-own-ideals-glorifying-mass-murderer-che-guevara | type = press release | title = UNESCO Once Again Makes a Mockery of its Own Ideals by Glorifying Mass Murderer Che Guevara, Says Ros-Lehtinen | publisher = House of representatives | date = 22 July 2013 | access-date = 28 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127074701/https://ros-lehtinen.house.gov/press-release/unesco-once-again-makes-mockery-its-own-ideals-glorifying-mass-murderer-che-guevara | archive-date = 27 January 2016 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote|sign=|source=|This decision is more than an insult to the families of those Cubans who were lined up and [[Summary execution|summarily executed]] by Che and his merciless cronies but it also serves as a direct contradiction to the UNESCO ideals of encouraging peace and universal respect for human rights.}}<br /> <br /> [[UN Watch]] also condemned this selection by UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unwatch.org/unesco-honors-executioner-che-guevara/ UNESCO honors executioner Che Guevara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829001054/http://www.unwatch.org/unesco-honors-executioner-che-guevara/ |date=29 August 2016 }}, ''UN Watch'', 21 July 2013 (retrieved 11 July 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Listing Nanjing Massacre documents===<br /> In 2015, [[Japan]] threatened to halt funding for UNESCO over the organization's decision to include documents relating to the 1937 [[Nanjing massacre]] in the latest listing for its &quot;Memory of the World&quot; program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|title=Japan furious at UNESCO listing Nanjing Massacre documents - Asia - DW.COM - 19.10.2015|first=Deutsche Welle|last=(www.dw.com)|publisher=|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175825/http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In October 2016, Japanese Foreign Minister [[Fumio Kishida]] confirmed that Japan's 2016 annual funding of ¥4.4&amp;nbsp;billion had been suspended although denied any direct link with the Nanjing document controversy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Japan halts Unesco funding following Nanjing massacre row|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|accessdate=30 October 2016|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=The Guardian|date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030144739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|archive-date=30 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===US withdrawals===<br /> The United States withdrew from UNESCO in 1984, citing the &quot;highly politicized&quot; nature of the organisation, its ostensible &quot;hostility toward the basic institutions of a free society, especially a free market and a free press&quot;, as well as its &quot;unrestrained budgetary expansion&quot;, and poor management under then Director General Amadou-Mahter M'Bow of Senegal.&lt;ref name=withdrawal&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|title=UNESCO Membership: Issues for Congress|date=20 November 2003|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service reports]]|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082545/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 19 September 1989, former U.S. Congressman [[Jim Leach]] stated before a Congressional subcommittee:&lt;ref name=cspan/&gt;<br /> {{Quote |The reasons for the withdrawal of the United States from UNESCO in 1984 are well-known; my view is that we overreacted to the calls of some who wanted to radicalize UNESCO, and the calls of others who wanted the United States to lead in emasculating the UN system. The fact is UNESCO is one of the least dangerous international institutions ever created. While some member countries within UNESCO attempted to push journalistic views antithetical to the values of the west, and engage in Israel bashing, UNESCO itself never adopted such radical postures. The U.S. opted for empty-chair diplomacy, after winning, not losing, the battles we engaged in… It was nuts to get out, and would be nuttier not to rejoin.}}<br /> <br /> Leach concluded that the record showed Israel bashing, a call for a new world information order, money management, and arms control policy to be the impetus behind the withdrawal; he asserted that before departing from UNESCO, a withdrawal from the [[IAEA]] had been pushed on him.&lt;ref name=cspan&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1/united-states-unesco-part-1|title=United States &amp; UNESCO, Part 1|publisher=[[C-SPAN]]|work=Starting from 05:08|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104007/https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1%2Funited-states-unesco-part-1|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 October 2003, the U.S. rejoined UNESCO.&lt;ref name=withdrawal/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 12 October 2017, the United States notified UNESCO that it will again withdraw from the organization on 31 December 2018 and will seek to establish a permanent observer mission beginning in 2019. The [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] cited &quot;mounting arrears at UNESCO, the need for fundamental reform in the organization, and continuing anti-Israel bias at UNESCO&quot;.&lt;ref name=stategov&gt;{{Cite news |url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408053146/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm |archive-date=2019-04-08 |url-status=dead |title=The United States Withdraws From UNESCO| publisher =[[U.S. Department of State]] |access-date= 12 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel praised the withdrawal decision as &quot;brave&quot; and &quot;moral&quot;.&lt;ref name=withdrawal/&gt;<br /> <br /> The United States has not paid over $600&amp;nbsp;million in dues&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1= Rosenberg |first1= Eli |last2=Morello |first2=Carol |date=12 October 2017|title=U.S. withdraws from UNESCO, the U.N.’s cultural organization, citing anti-Israel bias |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; since it stopped paying its $80&amp;nbsp;million annual UNESCO dues when Palestine became a full member in 2011. Israel and the US were among the 14 votes against the membership out of 194 member countries.&lt;ref name=bias&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|title=U.S., Israel quit UNESCO over alleged bias|last=Irish|first=John|publisher=Reuters|date=October 13, 2017|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Turkish–Kurdish conflict===<br /> On May 25, 2016, the noted Turkish poet and human rights activist [[O. Z. Livaneli|Zülfü Livaneli]] resigned as [[Turkey]]'s only UNESCO goodwill ambassador. He highlighted [[Human rights in Turkey|human rights situation in Turkey]] and destruction of historical [[Sur, Diyarbakır|Sur]] district of [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbakir]], the largest city in Kurdish-majority southeast Turkey, during [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)|fighting]] between the Turkish army and Kurdish militants as the main reasons for his resignation. Livaneli said: &quot;To pontificate on peace while remaining silent against such violations is a contradiction of the fundamental ideals of UNESCO.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA Turkish writer quits UNESCO to protest damage to heritage, rights abuse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA |date=9 May 2018 }}&quot;. Reuters. May 26, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Atatürk ===<br /> In 1981, UNESCO and the UN celebrated the [[Atatürk Centennial]].<br /> <br /> ==Products and services==<br /> * UNESDOC&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|title=UNESDOC Database - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214091237/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|archive-date=14 December 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; – Contains over 146,000 UNESCO documents in full text published since 1945 as well as metadata from the collections of the UNESCO Library and documentation centres in field offices and institutes.<br /> <br /> ===Information processing tools===<br /> UNESCO develops, maintains and disseminates, free of charge, two interrelated software packages for database management (CDS/ISIS [not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS]) and data mining/statistical analysis (IDAMS).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1542&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150108023105/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D1542%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2015-01-08 |title= Information Processing Tools |publisher= Unesco }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * CDS/ISIS – a generalised information storage and retrieval system. The Windows version may run on a single computer or in a local area network. The JavaISIS client/server components allow remote database management over the Internet and are available for Windows, Linux and Macintosh. Furthermore, GenISIS allows the user to produce HTML Web forms for CDS/ISIS database searching. The ISIS_DLL provides an API for developing CDS/ISIS based applications.<br /> * OpenIDAMS – a software package for processing and analysing numerical data developed, maintained and disseminated by UNESCO. The original package was proprietary but UNESCO has initiated a project to provide it as open-source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15653&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150113175706/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D15653%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2015-01-13 |title= OpenIDAMS |publisher= Unesco }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * IDIS – a tool for direct data exchange between CDS/ISIS and IDAMS<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Education|Science|Society|Politics}}<br /> * [[Academic Mobility Network]]<br /> *[[League of Nations archives]]<br /> *[[Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project (LONTAD)]]<br /> * ''[[UNESCO Reclining Figure 1957–58]]'', sculpture by [[Henry Moore]]<br /> * [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> {{Meta|WikiProject UNESCO}}<br /> * {{Official|http://www.unesco.org/}}<br /> <br /> {{United Nations}}<br /> {{ECOSOC}}<br /> {{UN Charter}}<br /> {{Supranationalism/World government topics |state = autocollapse}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:UNESCO| ]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1945]]<br /> [[Category:Conservation and restoration organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Heritage organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International cultural organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International educational organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International scientific organizations]]<br /> [[Category:International organizations based in France]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations based in Paris]]<br /> [[Category:United Nations Development Group]]<br /> [[Category:United Nations specialized agencies]]<br /> [[Category:France and the United Nations]]<br /> [[Category:1945 establishments in France]]<br /> [[Category:Peacebuilding institutions]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation&diff=924061217 International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation 2019-11-01T15:21:25Z <p>SlvrKy: Undid revision 924002149 by Fgnievinski (talk) This page is not concerning a person, so is not to be moved</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox Former International Organization<br /> |native_name = International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation<br /> |common_name = International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation<br /> |status = International organization<br /> |era = [[Interwar period]]<br /> |event_start = Creation<br /> |year_start = 1922<br /> |event_end = Dissolution<br /> |year_end = 1946<br /> |s1 = UNESCO<br /> |flag_s1 = Flag of UNESCO.svg<br /> |capital = Geneva<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Humanités Numériques.JPG|thumb|right|ICIC Archives in Geneva&lt;ref&gt;League of Nations archives, United Nations Office in Geneva. With a network Visualization of the ICIC archives, showing thousands of documents exchanged between the plenary committee, its secretary, national commissions and experts. {{Cite journal | volume = 10| issue = 3| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = La connaissance est un réseau| journal =Les Cahiers du Numérique| date = 2014| pages = 37–54| url = http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=LCN_103_0037| doi=10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54}} ([https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01525545 PDF]), {{Cite journal | volume = 18/19| issue = | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Introduction à la visualisation de données : l'analyse de réseau en histoire| journal =Geschichte und Informatik| date = 2015| pages = 109–128| url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01525543| doi=}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]The '''International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation''' (sometimes '''League of Nations Committee on Intellectual Cooperation''') was an advisory organization for the [[League of Nations]] which aimed to promote international exchange between scientists, researchers, teachers, artists and intellectuals.{{Sfn |Shine|2018}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2016b}}{{Sfn |Iriye|2002}}{{Sfn |Laqua|2011}} Established in 1922, it counted such figures as [[Henri Bergson]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Marie Curie]], [[Gonzague de Reynold]] and [[Robert Andrews Millikan|Robert A. Millikan]] among its members.{{Sfn |Pernet|2014}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2016a}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2014b}} The Committee was the predecessor to [[UNESCO]], and all of its properties were transferred to that organisation in 1946.<br /> <br /> ==The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (Geneva)==<br /> The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (CICI) was formally established in August 1922.{{Sfn |Grandjean|2017}} Having started out with 12 members, its membership later grew to 19 individuals. The first session was held on August 1, 1922, under the chairmanship of [[Henri Bergson]]. During its lifetime, the committee attracted a variety of prominent members, for instance [[Albert Einstein]], [[Marie Curie]], [[Kristine Bonnevie]], [[Jules Destrée]], [[Robert Andrews Millikan]], [[Alfredo Rocco]], [[Paul Painlevé]], [[Gonzague de Reynold]], [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]. Einstein resigned in 1923, protesting publicly the committee's inefficacy; he rejoined in 1924 to mitigate the use German chauvinists made of his resignation.&lt;ref&gt;Albert Einstein, ''Ideas and Opinions'' (New York: Bonanza/Crown, 1954), p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; The body was successively chaired by:<br /> * [[Henri Bergson]] (1922–1925)<br /> * [[Hendrik Lorentz]] (1925–1928)<br /> * [[Gilbert Murray]] (1928–1939).<br /> The CICI maintained a number of sub-committees (e.g. Museums, Arts and Letters, Intellectual Rights or Bibliography) which also worked with figures such as [[Béla Bartók]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Salvador de Madariaga]] and [[Paul Valéry]].<br /> <br /> The CICI worked closely with the International Educational Cinematographic Institute created in Rome in 1928 by the [[Italian government]] under [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]].<br /> <br /> The last session took place in 1939, but the CICI was only formally dissolved in 1946, like the League of Nations.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;180px&quot; heights=&quot;140px&quot; &gt;<br /> File:League of Nations Commission 067.tif|CICI Plenary session (date unknown, between 1924 and 1927).<br /> File:BergsonNitobeIntellectualCooperation.jpg|Henri Bergson (CICI president) to [[Inazo Nitobe]] (International Bureaux Section director), 1924.&lt;ref&gt;LoN archives 1924, United Nations Offices in Geneva. Picture from [http://www.martingrandjean.ch/archives-images-apercus-commission-cooperation-intellectuelle/ this collection].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> File:League of Nations Commission 075.tif|CICI Plenary session 1939.<br /> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-11045, Genf, Haus des Völkerbundrates.jpg|The [[Palais Wilson]] ([[Geneva]]), seat of the [[League of Nations|LoN]] and the CICI between 1922 and 1937.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (Paris)==<br /> [[File:Sap01 mh0092807 p - IMG 20140526 1501390000.tif|thumb|A side of the [[Palais-Royal]] ([[Paris]]), where the IIIC was installed in 1926.]]In order to support the work of the commission in [[Geneva]], the organization was offered assistance from France to establish an executive branch, the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC), in Paris in 1926. However, the IIIC had an autonomous status and was almost only financed by the French Government. It maintained relations with the League's member states, which established national commissions for intellectual cooperation and appointed delegates to represent their interests at the Institute in Paris. While being an [[international organisation]], each of the IIIC's three successive directors was French:<br /> * [[Julien Luchaire]] (1926–1930)<br /> * [[Henri Bonnet]] (1931–1940)<br /> * [[Jean-Jacques Mayoux]] (1945–1946)<br /> From 1926 to 1930, [[Alfred Zimmern]] – the well-known British classicist and a pioneering figure in the discipline of international relations – served as the IIIC's Deputy Director.<br /> <br /> As a result of the Second World War, the Institute was closed from 1940 to 1944. It re-opened briefly from 1945 to 1946. When it closed for good in 1946, [[UNESCO]] inherited its archives and some parts of its mission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://atom.archives.unesco.org/ag-1-international-institute-of-intellectual-co-operation-iiic;isad?sf_culture=en|title=UNESCO Archives|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=20 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn |Renoliet|1999}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===General===<br /> {{refbegin|60em}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Northedge |first=Frederick |date=1953 |title=International Intellectual Co-operation Within the League of Nations: Its Conceptual Basis and Lessons for the Present |trans-title= |url= |language= |location=London |publisher=University of London |isbn=|ref=harv}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Renoliet |first=Jean-Jacques |date=1999 |title=L'UNESCO oubliée, la Société des Nations et la coopération intellectuelle (1919-1946) |trans-title=The Forgotten UNESCO, the League of Nations and Intellectual Cooperation (1919-1946) |url= |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Publications de la Sorbonne |isbn=978-2-85944-384-9 |ref=harv}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary]) |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne |isbn=|ref=harv}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Specific===<br /> {{refbegin|60em}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Iriye|first=Akira|title=Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|date=2002|isbn=0520231279 |ref=harv}}<br /> * {{Cite journal | volume = 6| issue = 2| last = Laqua| first = Daniel| title = Transnational Intellectual Cooperation, the League of Nations, and the Problem of Order| journal =Journal of Global History| date = 2011| pages = 223–247| url = http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/5055/1/laqua_transnationalcooperation.pdf| doi=10.1017/s1740022811000246 |ref=harv}}<br /> * {{Cite journal | volume = 10| issue = 3| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = La connaissance est un réseau| journal =Les Cahiers du Numérique| date = 2014a| pages = 37–54| url = http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=LCN_103_0037| doi=10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54 |ref=harv}} ([https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01525545 PDF])<br /> * {{Cite journal | volume = 12| issue = 3| last = Pernet| first = Corinne| title = Twists, Turns, and Dead Alleys: The League of Nations and Intellectual Cooperation in Times of War| journal =Journal of Modern European History| date = 2014| pages = 342–358| url = https://www.academia.edu/8426989| doi=10.17104/1611-8944_2014_3_342 |ref=harv}}<br /> * {{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Intellectual Cooperation: multi-level network analysis of an international organization| journal =Historical Network Research Conference| date = 2014b| pages = | url = http://www.martingrandjean.ch/intellectual-cooperation-multi-level-network-analysis/| doi=10.13140/2.1.2069.6329 |ref=harv}}<br /> * {{Cite journal | volume = 18/19| issue = | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Introduction à la visualisation de données : l'analyse de réseau en histoire| journal =Geschichte und Informatik| date = 2015| pages = 109–128| url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01525543| doi= |ref=harv}}<br /> * {{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin | title = Archives Distant Reading: Mapping the Activity of the League of Nations' Intellectual Cooperation | journal = Digital Humanities 2016 | date = 2016a | pages = 531–534 | url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01525565 | ref=harv}}<br /> * {{Cite journal | volume = | issue = | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Social Network Analysis of the League of Nations' Intellectual Cooperation, an Historical Distant Reading| journal =DH Benelux| date = 2016b| pages = | url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01525570v1 |ref=harv}}<br /> * {{Cite journal | volume = | issue = 2| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Complex structures and international organizations| trans-title = Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni| journal = Memoria e Ricerca | date = 2017| pages = 371–393| url = https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.14647/87204 | doi = 10.14647/87204 |ref=harv}} See also: [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01610098v2 French version] (PDF) and [http://www.martingrandjean.ch/complex-structures-and-international-organizations/ English summary].<br /> * {{Cite journal | last = Shine| first = Cormac| title = Papal Diplomacy by Proxy? Catholic Internationalism at the League of Nations | journal = The Journal of Ecclesiastical History | volume = 69| issue = 4| pages = 785–805| date = 2018 |ref=harv| doi = 10.1017/S0022046917002731}}<br /> <br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{commons}}<br /> <br /> ===External links===<br /> * [http://libraryresources.unog.ch/lonintellectualcooperation Research Guide on Intellectual Cooperation] by UN Archives Geneva.<br /> * [http://biblio-archive.unog.ch/Detail.aspx?ID=408 Intellectual Cooperation and International Bureaux Section] at UN Archives Geneva.<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:International Committee On Intellectual Cooperation}}<br /> [[Category:International scientific organizations]]<br /> [[Category:League of Nations]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1922]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations disestablished in 1946]]<br /> [[Category:Intellectual Cooperation]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&diff=923756520 Data and information visualization 2019-10-30T16:01:41Z <p>SlvrKy: Undid revision 922762471 by 2H8M9DWA (talk) Not an authority, no need of a ref. for general definition.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Creation and study of the visual representation of data}}<br /> {{Redirect|Dataviz|the software company|DataViz}}<br /> {{Data Visualization}}<br /> <br /> '''Data visualization''' is the [[Graphics|graphic]] [[Representation (arts)|representation]] of [[data]]. It involves producing images that communicate relationships among the represented data to viewers of the images. This communication is achieved through the use of a systematic [[Map_(mathematics)|mapping]] between graphic marks and data values in the creation of the visualization. This mapping establishes how data values will be represented visually, determining how and to what extent a property of a graphic mark, such as size or color, will change to reflect change in the value of a datum.<br /> <br /> To communicate information clearly and efficiently, data visualization uses [[statistical graphics]], [[plot (graphics)|plots]], [[Infographic|information graphics]] and other tools. Numerical data may be encoded using dots, lines, or bars, to visually communicate a quantitative message.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/ie/the_right_graph.pdf|title=Stephen Few-Perceptual Edge-Selecting the Right Graph for Your Message-2004|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Effective visualization helps users analyze and reason about data and evidence. It makes complex data more accessible, understandable and usable. Users may have particular analytical tasks, such as making comparisons or understanding [[causality]], and the design principle of the graphic (i.e., showing comparisons or showing causality) follows the task. Tables are generally used where users will look up a specific measurement, while charts of various types are used to show patterns or relationships in the data for one or more variables.<br /> <br /> Data visualization is both an art and a science.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |authors= Manuela Aparicio and Carlos J. Costa |date= November 2014 |title= Data visualization |journal= Communication Design Quarterly Review |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=7–11 |doi= 10.1145/2721882.2721883 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is viewed as a branch of [[descriptive statistics]] by some, but also as a [[grounded theory]] development tool by others. Increased amounts of data created by Internet activity and an expanding number of sensors in the environment are referred to as &quot;[[big data]]&quot; or [[Internet of things]]. Processing, analyzing and communicating this data present ethical and analytical challenges for data visualization.&lt;ref&gt;Nikos Bikaks (2018) [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.08336 &quot;Big Data Visualization Tools&quot;] Encyclopedia of Big Data Technologies, Springer 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; The field of [[data science]] and practitioners called data scientists help address this challenge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2013/05/28/a-very-short-history-of-data-science/|title=A Very Short History Of Data Science|first=Gil|last=Press|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> [[File:Data visualization process v1.png|right|350px|thumb|Data visualization is one of the steps in analyzing data and presenting it to users.]]<br /> Data visualization refers to the techniques used to communicate data or information by encoding it as visual objects (e.g., points, lines or bars) contained in graphics. The goal is to communicate information clearly and efficiently to users. It is one of the steps in [[data analysis]] or [[data science]]. According to Friedman (2008) the &quot;main goal of data visualization is to communicate information clearly and effectively through graphical means. It doesn't mean that data visualization needs to look boring to be functional or extremely sophisticated to look beautiful. To convey ideas effectively, both aesthetic form and functionality need to go hand in hand, providing insights into a rather sparse and complex data set by communicating its key-aspects in a more intuitive way. Yet designers often fail to achieve a balance between form and function, creating gorgeous data visualizations which fail to serve their main purpose — to communicate information&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Vitaly Friedman (2008) [http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2008/01/14/monday-inspiration-data-visualization-and-infographics/ &quot;Data Visualization and Infographics&quot;] in: ''Graphics'', Monday Inspiration, January 14th, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Indeed, [[Fernanda Viegas]] and [[Martin M. Wattenberg]] suggested that an ideal visualization should not only communicate clearly, but stimulate viewer engagement and attention.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |authors= Fernanda Viegas and Martin Wattenberg |title= How To Make Data Look Sexy |work= CNN.com |date= April 19, 2011 |url= http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-19/opinion/sexy.data_1_visualization-21st-century-engagement?_s=PM:OPINION |url-status= dead |archivedate= May 6, 2011 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065701/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-19/opinion/sexy.data_1_visualization-21st-century-engagement?_s=PM%3AOPINION |access-date= May 7, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Data visualization is closely related to [[information graphics]], [[information visualization]], [[scientific visualization]], [[exploratory data analysis]] and [[statistical graphics]]. In the new millennium, data visualization has become an active area of research, teaching and development. According to Post et al. (2002), it has united scientific and information visualization.&lt;ref name=&quot;FHP02&quot;&gt;Frits H. Post, Gregory M. Nielson and Georges-Pierre Bonneau (2002). [http://visualisation.tudelft.nl/publications/post2003b.pdf ''Data Visualization: The State of the Art''. Research paper TU delft, 2002.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007134531/http://visualisation.tudelft.nl/publications/post2003b.pdf |date=2009-10-07 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Characteristics of effective graphical displays==<br /> [[File:Minard.png|thumb|350px|[[Charles Joseph Minard]]'s 1869 diagram of [[French invasion of Russia|Napoleonic France's invasion of Russia]], an early example of an information graphic]]<br /> {{quote box|width = 300px|quote=The greatest value of a picture is when it forces us to notice what we never expected to see.<br /> <br /> |source=[[John Tukey]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Tukey1977&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Tukey<br /> | first = John<br /> | authorlink = John Tukey<br /> | year = 1977<br /> | title = [[Exploratory Data Analysis]] | publisher = Addison-Wesley<br /> | isbn = 0-201-07616-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Professor [[Edward Tufte]] explained that users of information displays are executing particular ''analytical tasks'' such as making comparisons. The ''design principle'' of the information graphic should support the analytical task.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9Y4SxgfGCg|title=Tech@State: Data Visualization - Keynote by Dr Edward Tufte|first=|last=techatstate|date=7 August 2013|publisher=|via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; As William Cleveland and Robert McGill show, different graphical elements accomplish this more or less effectively. For example, dot plots and bar charts outperform pie charts.&lt;ref&gt;[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/565d/843c2c0e60915709268ac4224894469d82d5.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In his 1983 book ''The Visual Display of Quantitative Information'', [[Edward Tufte]] defines 'graphical displays' and principles for effective graphical display in the following passage:<br /> &quot;Excellence in statistical graphics consists of complex ideas communicated with clarity, precision and efficiency. Graphical displays should:<br /> *show the data<br /> *induce the viewer to think about the substance rather than about methodology, graphic design, the technology of graphic production or something else<br /> * avoid distorting what the data has to say<br /> *present many numbers in a small space<br /> *make large data sets coherent<br /> *encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data<br /> *reveal the data at several levels of detail, from a broad overview to the fine structure <br /> *serve a reasonably clear purpose: description, exploration, tabulation or decoration <br /> *be closely integrated with the statistical and verbal descriptions of a data set.<br /> Graphics ''reveal'' data. Indeed graphics can be more precise and revealing than conventional statistical computations.&quot;&lt;ref name=Tufte1983&gt;{{cite book|last=Tufte|first=Edward|title=The Visual Display of Quantitative Information|year=1983|publisher=Graphics Press|location=Cheshire, Connecticut|isbn=0-9613921-4-2|url=https://archive.org/details/visualdisplayofq00tuft}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For example, the Minard diagram shows the losses suffered by Napoleon's army in the 1812–1813 period. Six variables are plotted: the size of the army, its location on a two-dimensional surface (x and y), time, direction of movement, and temperature. The line width illustrates a comparison (size of the army at points in time) while the temperature axis suggests a cause of the change in army size. This multivariate display on a two dimensional surface tells a story that can be grasped immediately while identifying the source data to build credibility. Tufte wrote in 1983 that: &quot;It may well be the best statistical graphic ever drawn.&quot;&lt;ref name=Tufte1983/&gt;<br /> <br /> Not applying these principles may result in [[misleading graphs]], which distort the message or support an erroneous conclusion. According to Tufte, [[chartjunk]] refers to extraneous interior decoration of the graphic that does not enhance the message, or gratuitous three dimensional or perspective effects. Needlessly separating the explanatory key from the image itself, requiring the eye to travel back and forth from the image to the key, is a form of &quot;administrative debris.&quot; The ratio of &quot;data to ink&quot; should be maximized, erasing non-data ink where feasible.&lt;ref name=Tufte1983/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Congressional Budget Office]] summarized several best practices for graphical displays in a June 2014 presentation. These included: a) Knowing your audience; b) Designing graphics that can stand alone outside the context of the report; and c) Designing graphics that communicate the key messages in the report.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/45224|title=Telling Visual Stories About Data - Congressional Budget Office|website=www.cbo.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Quantitative messages==<br /> [[File:Total Revenues and Outlays as Percent GDP 2013.png|thumb|right|250px|A time series illustrated with a line chart demonstrating trends in U.S. federal spending and revenue over time.]]<br /> [[File:U.S. Phillips Curve 2000 to 2013.png|thumb|right|250px|A scatterplot illustrating negative correlation between two variables (inflation and unemployment) measured at points in time.]]<br /> Author Stephen Few described eight types of quantitative messages that users may attempt to understand or communicate from a set of data and the associated graphs used to help communicate the message:<br /> #Time-series: A single variable is captured over a period of time, such as the unemployment rate over a 10-year period. A [[line chart]] may be used to demonstrate the trend.<br /> #Ranking: Categorical subdivisions are ranked in ascending or descending order, such as a ranking of sales performance (the ''measure'') by sales persons (the ''category'', with each sales person a ''categorical subdivision'') during a single period. A [[bar chart]] may be used to show the comparison across the sales persons.<br /> #Part-to-whole: Categorical subdivisions are measured as a ratio to the whole (i.e., a percentage out of 100%). A [[pie chart]] or bar chart can show the comparison of ratios, such as the market share represented by competitors in a market.<br /> #Deviation: Categorical subdivisions are compared against a reference, such as a comparison of actual vs. budget expenses for several departments of a business for a given time period. A bar chart can show comparison of the actual versus the reference amount.<br /> #Frequency distribution: Shows the number of observations of a particular variable for given interval, such as the number of years in which the stock market return is between intervals such as 0-10%, 11-20%, etc. A [[histogram]], a type of bar chart, may be used for this analysis. A [[boxplot]] helps visualize key statistics about the distribution, such as median, quartiles, outliers, etc.<br /> #Correlation: Comparison between observations represented by two variables (X,Y) to determine if they tend to move in the same or opposite directions. For example, plotting unemployment (X) and inflation (Y) for a sample of months. A [[scatter plot]] is typically used for this message.<br /> #Nominal comparison: Comparing categorical subdivisions in no particular order, such as the sales volume by product code. A bar chart may be used for this comparison.<br /> #Geographic or geospatial: Comparison of a variable across a map or layout, such as the unemployment rate by state or the number of persons on the various floors of a building. A [[cartogram]] is a typical graphic used.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/misc/Graph_Selection_Matrix.pdf|title=Stephen Few-Perceptual Edge-Graph Selection Matrix|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Analysts reviewing a set of data may consider whether some or all of the messages and graphic types above are applicable to their task and audience. The process of trial and error to identify meaningful relationships and messages in the data is part of [[exploratory data analysis]].<br /> <br /> ==Visual perception and data visualization==<br /> A human can distinguish differences in line length, shape, orientation, and color (hue) readily without significant processing effort; these are referred to as &quot;[[Pre-attentive processing|pre-attentive attributes]]&quot;. For example, it may require significant time and effort (&quot;attentive processing&quot;) to identify the number of times the digit &quot;5&quot; appears in a series of numbers; but if that digit is different in size, orientation, or color, instances of the digit can be noted quickly through pre-attentive processing.&lt;ref name=&quot;perceptualedge.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/ie/visual_perception.pdf|title=Steven Few-Tapping the Power of Visual Perception-September 2004|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Effective graphics take advantage of pre-attentive processing and attributes and the relative strength of these attributes. For example, since humans can more easily process differences in line length than surface area, it may be more effective to use a bar chart (which takes advantage of line length to show comparison) rather than pie charts (which use surface area to show comparison).&lt;ref name=&quot;perceptualedge.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Human perception/cognition and data visualization ===<br /> Almost all data visualizations are created for human consumption. Knowledge of human perception and cognition is necessary when designing intuitive visualizations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title = Data Visualization for Human Perception|url = https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-encyclopedia-of-human-computer-interaction-2nd-ed/data-visualization-for-human-perception|website = The Interaction Design Foundation|accessdate = 2015-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cognition refers to processes in human beings like perception, attention, learning, memory, thought, concept formation, reading, and problem solving.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.sfu.ca/gis/geog_x55/web355/icons/11_lec_vweb.pdf|title = Visualization|date = |accessdate = 2015-11-22|website = SFU|publisher = SFU lecture|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt; Human visual processing is efficient in detecting changes and making comparisons between quantities, sizes, shapes and variations in lightness. When properties of symbolic data are mapped to visual properties, humans can browse through large amounts of data efficiently. It is estimated that 2/3 of the brain's neurons can be involved in visual processing. Proper visualization provides a different approach to show potential connections, relationships, etc. which are not as obvious in non-visualized quantitative data. Visualization can become a means of [[data exploration]].<br /> <br /> == History of data visualization ==<br /> <br /> There is no comprehensive 'history' of data visualization. There are no accounts that span the entire development of visual thinking and the visual<br /> representation of data, and which collate the contributions of disparate disciplines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer-Verlag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Friendly|first1=Michael|title=A Brief History of Data Visualization|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.446.458&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf|publisher=Springer-Verlag|accessdate=19 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Michael Friendly and Daniel J Denis of [[York University]] are engaged in a project that attempts to provide a comprehensive history of visualization. Contrary to general belief, data visualization is not a modern development. Stellar data, or information such as location of stars were visualized on the walls of caves (such as those found in [[Lascaux|Lascaux Cave]] in Southern France) since the [[Pleistocene]] era.&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitehouseIce00&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/871930.stm |title=Ice Age star map discovered |author=Whitehouse, D. |work=BBC News |date=9 August 2000 |accessdate=20 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Physical artefacts such as Mesopotamian [[History of ancient numeral systems#Clay token|clay tokens]] (5500 BC), Inca [[quipu]]s (2600 BC) and Marshall Islands [[Marshall Islands stick chart|stick charts]] (n.d.) can also be considered as visualizing quantitative information.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dragicevic 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.dataphys.org/list|title = List of Physical Visualizations and Related Artefacts.|date = 2012|accessdate = 2018-01-12|last1 = Dragicevic|first1 = Pierre|last2 = Jansen|first2 = Yvonne}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url = https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01120152/document |first1=Yvonne |last1=Jansen |first2=Pierre |last2=Dragicevic |first3=Petra |last3=Isenberg |first4=Jason |last4=Alexander |first5=Abhijit |last5=Karnik |first6=Johan |last6=Kildal |first7=Sriram |last7=Subramanian |first8=Kasper |last8=Hornbaek |date=2015 |title=Opportunities and challenges for data physicalization |journal=Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |pages=3227–3236}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> First documented data visualization can be tracked back to 1160 B.C. with [[Turin Papyrus Map]] which accurately illustrates the distribution of geological resources and provides information about quarrying of those resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;Friendly 2001&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.datavis.ca/milestones/|title = Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization.|date = 2001|accessdate = 2017-11-19|last = Friendly|first = Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such maps can be categorized as Thematic Cartography, which is a type of data visualization that presents and communicates specific data and information through a geographical illustration designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. Earliest documented forms of data visualization were various thematic maps from different cultures and ideograms and hieroglyphs that provided and allowed interpretation of information illustrated. For example, [[Linear B]] tablets of [[Mycenae]] provided a visualization of information regarding Late Bronze Age era trades in the Mediterranean. The idea of coordinates was used by ancient Egyptian surveyors in laying out towns, earthly and heavenly positions were located by something akin to latitude and longitude at least by 200 BC, and the map projection of a spherical earth into latitude and longitude by [[Claudius Ptolemy]] [c.85–c. 165] in Alexandria would serve as reference standards until the 14th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Friendly 2001&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Invention of paper and parchment allowed further development of visualizations throughout history. Figure shows a graph from the 10th, possibly 11th century that is intended to be an illustration of the planetary movement, used in an appendix of a textbook in monastery schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;FUNKHOUSER&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Funkhouser|first1=Howard Gray|title=A Note on a Tenth Century Graph|journal=Osiris|date=Jan 1936|volume= 1|pages=260–262|jstor=301609|doi=10.1086/368425}}&lt;/ref&gt; The graph apparently was meant to represent a plot of the inclinations of the planetary orbits as a function of the time. For this purpose the zone of the zodiac was represented on a plane with a horizontal line divided into thirty parts as the time or longitudinal axis. The vertical axis designates the width of the zodiac. The horizontal scale appears to have been chosen for each planet individually for the periods cannot be reconciled. The accompanying text refers only to the amplitudes. The curves are apparently not related in time. [[File:Planetary Movements.gif|thumb|Planetary Movements]]<br /> <br /> By the 16th century, techniques and instruments for precise observation and measurement of physical quantities, and geographic and celestial position were well-developed (for example, a “wall quadrant” constructed by [[Tycho Brahe]] [1546–1601], covering an entire wall in his observatory). Particularly important were the development of triangulation and other methods to determine mapping locations accurately.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer-Verlag&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> French philosopher and mathematician [[René Descartes]] and [[Pierre de Fermat]] developed analytic geometry and two-dimensional coordinate system which heavily influenced the practical methods of displaying and calculating values. Fermat and [[Blaise Pascal]]'s work on statistics and probability theory laid the groundwork for what we now conceptualize as data.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer-Verlag&quot;/&gt; According to the Interaction Design Foundation, these developments allowed and helped William [[William Playfair|Playfair]], who saw potential for graphical communication of quantitative data, to generate and develop graphical methods of statistics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[File:Playfair TimeSeries.png|thumb|Playfair TimeSeries]] In the second half of the 20th century, [[Jacques Bertin]] used quantitative graphs to represent information &quot;intuitively, clearly, accurately, and efficiently&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> John Tukey and Edward Tufte pushed the bounds of data visualization; Tukey with his new statistical approach of exploratory data analysis and Tufte with his book &quot;The Visual Display of Quantitative Information&quot; paved the way for refining data visualization techniques for more than statisticians. With the progression of technology came the progression of data visualization; starting with hand drawn visualizations and evolving into more technical applications – including interactive designs leading to software visualization.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.datavis.ca/papers/hbook.pdf|title = A Brief History of Data Visualization|date = 2006|accessdate = 2015-11-22|website = York University|publisher = Springer-Verlag|last = Friendly|first = Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Programs like [[SAS (software)|SAS]], [[SOFA Statistics|SOFA]], [[R (programming language)|R]], [[Minitab]], Cornerstone and more allow for data visualization in the field of statistics. Other data visualization applications, more focused and unique to individuals, programming languages such as [[D3.js|D3]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]] and [[JavaScript]] help to make the visualization of quantitative data a possibility. Private schools have also developed programs to meet the demand for learning data visualization and associated programming libraries, including free programs like [[The Data Incubator]] or paid programs like [[General Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |title=NY gets new boot camp for data scientists: It’s free but harder to get into than Harvard<br /> |newspaper=Venture Beat<br /> |access-date=2016-02-21<br /> |url=https://venturebeat.com/2014/04/15/ny-gets-new-bootcamp-for-data-scientists-its-free-but-harder-to-get-into-than-harvard/<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> Beginning with the Symposium &quot;Data to Discovery&quot; in 2013, ArtCenter College of Design, Caltech and JPL in Pasadena have run an annual program on I[http://datavis.caltech.edu nteractive Data Visualization]. The program asks: How can interactive data visualization help scientists and engineers explore their data more effectively? How can computing, design, and design thinking help maximize research results? What methodologies are most effective for leveraging knowledge from these fields? By encoding relational information with appropriate visual and interactive characteristics to help interrogate, and ultimately gain new insight into data, the program develops new interdisciplinary approaches to complex science problems, leveraging design thinking and the latest methods from computing, User-Centered Design, interaction design and 3D graphics. <br /> <br /> ==Terminology==<br /> Data visualization involves specific terminology, some of which is derived from statistics. For example, author Stephen Few defines two types of data, which are used in combination to support a meaningful analysis or visualization:<br /> *Categorical: Text labels describing the nature of the data, such as &quot;Name&quot; or &quot;Age&quot;. This term also covers qualitative (non-numerical) data.<br /> *Quantitative: Numerical measures, such as &quot;25&quot; to represent the age in years.<br /> <br /> Two primary types of [[Information graphics|information displays]] are tables and graphs.<br /> *A ''table'' contains quantitative data organized into rows and columns with categorical labels. It is primarily used to look up specific values. In the example above, the table might have categorical column labels representing the name (a ''qualitative variable'') and age (a ''quantitative variable''), with each row of data representing one person (the sampled ''experimental unit'' or ''category subdivision'').<br /> *A ''graph'' is primarily used to show relationships among data and portrays values encoded as ''visual objects'' (e.g., lines, bars, or points). Numerical values are displayed within an area delineated by one or more ''axes''. These axes provide ''scales'' (quantitative and categorical) used to label and assign values to the visual objects. Many graphs are also referred to as ''charts''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/ie/the_right_graph.pdf|title=Steven Few-Selecting the Right Graph for Your Message-September 2004|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Eppler and Lengler have developed the &quot;[http://www.visual-literacy.org/periodic_table/periodic_table.html Periodic Table of Visualization Methods],&quot; an interactive chart displaying various data visualization methods. It includes six types of data visualization methods: data, information, concept, strategy, metaphor and compound.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lengler|first1=Ralph|author-link1=Ralph Lengler|last2=Eppler |first2=Martin. J |author-link2=Martin J. Eppler| title=Periodic Table of Visualization Methods|url= http://www.visual-literacy.org/periodic_table/periodic_table.html<br /> |accessdate=15 March 2013|publisher=www.visual-literacy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Examples of diagrams used for data visualization==<br /> {{See also|Diagram}}<br /> {| cellpadding=&quot;20&quot;<br /> ! width=&quot;220&quot; |<br /> ! width=&quot;120&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Name<br /> ! width=&quot;220&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Visual Dimensions<br /> ! width=&quot;300&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Example Usages<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Tips-day-barchart.pdf|thumb|Bar chart of tips by day of week]]<br /> | [[Bar chart]]<br /> |<br /> * length/count<br /> * category<br /> * (color)<br /> |<br /> * Comparison of values, such as sales performance for several persons or businesses in a single time period. For a single variable measured over time (trend) a line chart is preferable.<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[File:Housingprice.png|thumb|Histogram of housing prices]]<br /> | [[Histogram]]<br /> |<br /> * bin limits<br /> * count/length<br /> * (color)<br /> |<br /> * Determining frequency of annual stock market percentage returns within particular ranges (bins) such as 0-10%, 11-20%, etc. The height of the bar represents the number of observations (years) with a return % in the range represented by the bin.<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[File:Scatterplot5.pdf|thumb|Basic scatterplot of two variables]]<br /> | [[Scatter plot]]<br /> |<br /> * x position<br /> * y position<br /> * (symbol/glyph)<br /> * (color)<br /> * (size)<br /> |<br /> * Determining the relationship (e.g., correlation) between unemployment (x) and inflation (y) for multiple time periods.<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[File:Scatter plot.jpg|thumb|Scatter Plot]]<br /> | Scatter plot (3D)<br /> | <br /> * position x<br /> * position y<br /> * position z<br /> * color<br /> | <br /> |- border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> | [[File:Social Network Analysis Visualization.png|thumb|Network Analysis]]<br /> | [[Network chart|Network]]<br /> |<br /> * nodes size<br /> * nodes color<br /> * ties thickness<br /> * ties color<br /> * [[spatialization]]<br /> |<br /> * Finding clusters in the network (e.g. grouping Facebook friends into different clusters).<br /> * Discovering bridges (information brokers or boundary spanners) between clusters in the network<br /> * Determining the most influential nodes in the network (e.g. A company wants to target a small group of people on Twitter for a marketing campaign).<br /> * Finding outlier actors who do not fit into any cluster or are in the periphery of a network. <br /> |-<br /> | [[File:LastGraph example.svg|thumb|Streamgraph]]<br /> | [[Streamgraph]]<br /> | <br /> * width<br /> * color<br /> * time (flow)<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Top100 states area treemap pop-density.svg|thumb|Treemap]]<br /> | [[Treemap]]<br /> | <br /> * size<br /> * color<br /> |<br /> * disk space by location / file type<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:GanttChartAnatomy.png|thumb|Gantt Chart]]<br /> | [[Gantt chart]]<br /> | <br /> * color<br /> * time (flow)<br /> | <br /> * schedule / progress, e.g. in [[project planning]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Heatmap.png|thumb|Heat map]]<br /> | [[heatmap|Heat map]] <br /> | <br /> * row<br /> * column<br /> * cluster<br /> * color<br /> |<br /> * Analyzing risk, with green, yellow and red representing low, medium, and high risk, respectively.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[File:20190705 Warming stripes - Berkeley Earth (world) - avg above- and below-ice readings.png|thumb|Stripe graphic]]<br /> | [[Warming stripes|Stripe graphic]] <br /> | <br /> * x position<br /> * color<br /> |<br /> * Portrays a single variable—prototypically ''temperature over time'' to portray [[global warming]]<br /> * Deliberately [[Minimalism|minimalist]]—with no technical indicia—to communicate intuitively with non-scientists&lt;ref name=Gizmodo_20190617&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kahn |first1=Brian |title=This Striking Climate Change Visualization Is Now Customizable for Any Place on Earth |url=https://earther.gizmodo.com/this-striking-climate-change-visualization-is-now-custo-1835581866 |work=Gizmodo |date=June 17, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626030105/https://earther.gizmodo.com/this-striking-climate-change-visualization-is-now-custo-1835581866 |archivedate=June 26, 2019 |url-status=live }} Developed in May 2018 by [[Ed Hawkins (scientist)|Ed Hawkins]], [[University of Reading]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:5 9 16 Andrea TempSpiralEdHawkins.gif|thumb|Animated spiral graphic]]<br /> | [[Climate spiral|Animated spiral graphic]] <br /> | <br /> * radial distance (dependent variable)<br /> * rotating angle (cycling through months)<br /> * color (passing years)<br /> |<br /> * Portrays a single dependent variable—prototypically ''temperature over time'' to portray [[global warming]]<br /> * Dependent variable is progressively plotted along a continuous &quot;spiral&quot; determined as a function of (a) constantly rotating angle (twelve months per revolution) and (b) evolving color (color changes over passing years)&lt;ref name=WashPost_20160511&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mooney |first1=Chris |title=This scientist just changed how we think about climate change with one GIF |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/05/11/this-scientist-just-changed-how-we-think-about-climate-change-with-one-gif/ |work=The Washington Post |date=11 May 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206213537/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/05/11/this-scientist-just-changed-how-we-think-about-climate-change-with-one-gif/?utm_term=.3f7f761f7ad1 |archivedate=6 February 2019 |url-status=live |quote=[[Ed Hawkins (scientist)|Ed Hawkins]] took these monthly temperature data and plotted them in the form of a spiral, so that for each year, there are twelve points, one for each month, around the center of a circle – with warmer temperatures farther outward and colder temperatures nearer inward.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Other perspectives ==<br /> There are different approaches on the scope of data visualization. One common focus is on information presentation, such as Friedman (2008). Friendly (2008) presumes two main parts of data visualization: [[statistical graphics]], and [[Thematic map|thematic cartography]].&lt;ref name = &quot;MF08&quot;&gt;[[Michael Friendly]] (2008). [http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/milestone/milestone.pdf &quot;Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; In this line the &quot;Data Visualization: Modern Approaches&quot; (2007) article gives an overview of seven subjects of data visualization:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2007/08/02/data-visualization-modern-approaches/ &quot;Data Visualization: Modern Approaches&quot;]. in: ''Graphics'', August 2nd, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Article (publishing)|Articles]] &amp; [[resources]]<br /> * Displaying [[:wikt:connection|connection]]s<br /> * Displaying [[data]]<br /> * Displaying [[news]]<br /> * Displaying [[website]]s<br /> * [[Mind map]]s<br /> * Tools and services<br /> All these subjects are closely related to [[graphic design]] and information representation.<br /> &lt;!-- This is hardly a reliable source and this list should maybe be moved to Information graphics --&gt;<br /> <br /> On the other hand, from a [[computer science]] perspective, Frits H. Post in 2002 categorized the field into sub-fields:&lt;ref name= &quot;FHP02&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FHP03&quot;&gt;Frits H. Post, Gregory M. Nielson and Georges-Pierre Bonneau (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007134531/http://visualisation.tudelft.nl/publications/post2003b.pdf ''Data Visualization: The State of the Art''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007134531/http://visualisation.tudelft.nl/publications/post2003b.pdf |date=2009-10-07 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Information visualization]]<br /> * [[Interaction techniques]] and architectures<br /> * Modelling techniques <br /> * Multiresolution methods<br /> * Visualization [[algorithm]]s and techniques<br /> * [[Volume visualization]]<br /> <br /> == Data presentation architecture ==<br /> [[File:Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg|right|thumb|A data visualization from [[social media]]]]<br /> <br /> '''Data presentation architecture''' ('''DPA''') is a skill-set that seeks to identify, locate, manipulate, format and present data in such a way as to optimally communicate meaning and proper knowledge.<br /> <br /> Historically, the term ''data presentation architecture'' is attributed to Kelly Lautt:{{efn|The first formal, recorded, public usages of the term data presentation architecture were at the three formal Microsoft Office 2007 Launch events in Dec, Jan and Feb of 2007–08 in Edmonton, Calgary and Vancouver (Canada) in a presentation by Kelly Lautt describing a business intelligence system designed to improve service quality in a pulp and paper company. The term was further used and recorded in public usage on December 16, 2009 in a Microsoft Canada presentation on the value of merging Business Intelligence with corporate collaboration processes.}} &quot;Data Presentation Architecture (DPA) is a rarely applied skill set critical for the success and value of [[Business intelligence|Business Intelligence]]. Data presentation architecture weds the science of numbers, data and statistics in [[information discovery|discovering valuable information]] from data and making it usable, relevant and actionable with the arts of data visualization, communications, [[organizational psychology]] and [[change management]] in order to provide business intelligence solutions with the data scope, delivery timing, format and visualizations that will most effectively support and drive operational, tactical and strategic behaviour toward understood business (or organizational) goals. DPA is neither an IT nor a business skill set but exists as a separate field of expertise. Often confused with data visualization, data presentation architecture is a much broader skill set that includes determining what data on what schedule and in what exact format is to be presented, not just the best way to present data that has already been chosen. Data visualization skills are one element of DPA.&quot;<br /> <br /> === Objectives ===<br /> DPA has two main objectives:<br /> * To use data to provide knowledge in the most efficient manner possible (minimize noise, complexity, and unnecessary data or detail given each audience's needs and roles)<br /> * To use data to provide knowledge in the most effective manner possible (provide relevant, timely and complete data to each audience member in a clear and understandable manner that conveys important meaning, is actionable and can affect understanding, behavior and decisions)<br /> <br /> === Scope ===<br /> With the above objectives in mind, the actual work of data presentation architecture consists of:<br /> * Creating effective delivery mechanisms for each audience member depending on their role, tasks, locations and access to technology<br /> * Defining important meaning (relevant knowledge) that is needed by each audience member in each context<br /> * Determining the required periodicity of data updates (the currency of the data)<br /> * Determining the right timing for data presentation (when and how often the user needs to see the data)<br /> * Finding the right data (subject area, historical reach, breadth, level of detail, etc.)<br /> * Utilizing appropriate analysis, grouping, visualization, and other presentation formats<br /> <br /> === Related fields ===<br /> DPA work shares commonalities with several other fields, including:<br /> * [[Business analysis]] in determining business goals, collecting requirements, mapping processes.<br /> * Business process improvement in that its goal is to improve and streamline actions and decisions in furtherance of business goals<br /> * Data visualization in that it uses well-established theories of visualization to add or highlight meaning or importance in data presentation.<br /> * [[Information architecture]], but information architecture's focus is on unstructured data and therefore excludes both analysis (in the statistical/data sense) and direct transformation of the actual content (data, for DPA) into new entities and combinations.<br /> * [[Human–computer interaction|HCI]] and [[interaction design]], since the many of the principles in how to design interactive data visualisation have been developed cross-disciplinary with HCI.<br /> * [[Visual journalism]] and [[data-driven journalism]] or [[data journalism]]: Visual journalism is concerned with all types of graphic facilitation of the telling of news stories, and data-driven and data journalism are not necessarily told with data visualisation. Nevertheless, the field of journalism are at the forefront in developing new data visualisations to communicate data.<br /> * [[Graphic design]], conveying information through styling, typography, position, and other aesthetic concerns.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=20em}}<br /> * [[Analytics]]<br /> * [[Balanced scorecard]]<br /> * [[Big Data]]<br /> * [[Business analysis]]<br /> * [[Business intelligence]]<br /> * [[Climate change art]]<br /> * [[Data analysis]]<br /> * [[Data art]]<br /> * [[Data profiling]]<br /> * [[Data science]]<br /> * [[Data warehouse]]<br /> * [[Exploratory data analysis]]<br /> * [[Infographic]]<br /> * [[Information architecture]]<br /> * [[Information design]]<br /> * [[Information visualization]]<br /> * [[Interaction design]]<br /> * [[Interaction techniques]]<br /> * [[Scientific visualization]]<br /> * [[Software visualization]]<br /> * [[Statistical analysis]]<br /> * [[Statistical graphics]]<br /> * [[Visual analytics]]<br /> * [[Visual journalism]]<br /> * [[Warming stripes]]<br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> &lt;!--<br /> Publications listed here should relate specifically only to data visualization, and not: Computational visualistics, Information graphics, information visualization, Knowledge visualization, Information visualization, and Visual analytics.<br /> <br /> There are some links added here to check the content of every publication. Later on these links should be removed or moved to the talk page.<br /> --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book |first=William S. |last=Cleveland |year=1993 |title=Visualizing Data |publisher=Hobart Press |isbn=0-9634884-0-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/visualizingdata00will }}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Stephanie |last=Evergreen |title=Effective Data Visualization: The Right Chart for the Right Data |location= |publisher=Sage |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-5063-0305-5 }}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Kieran |last=Healy |authorlink=Kieran Healy |title=Data Visualization: A Practical Introduction |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-691-18161-5 }}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Frits H. |last=Post |first2=Gregory M. |last2=Nielson |first3=Georges-Pierre |last3=Bonneau |year=2003 |title=Data Visualization: The State of the Art |location=New York |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4613-5430-7 }}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Claus O. |last=Wilke |title=Fundamentals of Data Visualization |location= |publisher=O'Reilly |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4920-3108-6 |url=https://serialmentor.com/dataviz/ }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Leland |authorlink=Leland Wilkinson |title=Grammar of Graphics |publisher=Springer |location=New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4419-2033-1 }}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commonscat}}<br /> *[http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/ Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Statistical Graphics, and Data Visualization], An illustrated chronology of innovations by Michael Friendly and Daniel J. Denis.<br /> *[http://compsci.capture.duke.edu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=ee45ebd7-da62-4d27-8d16-5647aa167946 Duke University-Christa Kelleher Presentation-Communicating through infographics-visualizing scientific &amp; engineering information-March 6, 2015]<br /> <br /> {{Visualization}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Data Visualization}}<br /> [[Category:Visualization (graphic)]]<br /> [[Category:Statistical charts and diagrams]]<br /> [[Category:Information technology governance]]<br /> [[Category:Data|Visualization]]<br /> <br /> [[de:Informationsvisualisierung]]<br /> [[zh:數據可視化]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=907149870 Fête des Vignerons 2019-07-20T21:11:24Z <p>SlvrKy: /* 21st century */ illustration</p> <hr /> <div>{{coord|46|27|35|N|6|50|32|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox intangible heritage<br /> | Image = [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1905.jpg|200px]]<br /> | Caption = Fête des Vignerons poster, 1905<br /> | ICH = Fête des Vignerons<br /> | State Party = Switzerland<br /> | Domains = <br /> | Criteria = <br /> | ID = 01201<br /> | Region = Europe<br /> | Year = 2016<br /> | Session = <br /> | List = Representative<br /> | Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winegrowers-festival-in-vevey-01201<br /> | Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]]<br /> | Note = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Fête des Vignerons''' (Winegrowers’ Festival) is a traditional festival which takes place in [[Vevey]], in [[Switzerland]].<br /> <br /> It has been organised by the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers) in Vevey since 1797. The organising committee is free to choose how often the festival takes place, but the maximum number of times is five times in a century. Up to now, the interval between two festivals has varied between 14 and 28 years. The next festival takes place in July and August 2019, which will be 20 years after the preceding one (1999).<br /> <br /> The festival features a show celebrating the world of [[winemaking]]; many performances take place in the [[marketplace]] near the shore of [[Lake Geneva|Lac Léman]], and festivities also take place in the town itself. Since 2016, the Fête des Vignerons has been included in [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}} See also: {{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 2019 edition of the festival is recommended as one of [[National Geographic]]'s &quot;world's most exciting destinations&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Where to travel in 2019|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/features/best-trips-2019/#hbd-section-image-vevey-switzerland|website=National Geographic|access-date=4 May 2019|publication-date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;, one of [[The New York Times]]'s &quot;places to go in 2019&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=52 Places to Go in 2019|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/travel/places-to-visit.html|website=The New York Times|access-date=4 May 2019|publication-date=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is listed in [[The Guardian]]'s &quot;Where to go in 2019&quot; list&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Where to go on holiday in 2019 – the hotlist|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/ng-interactive/2019/jan/05/where-to-go-on-holiday-in-2019-the-hotlist|website=The Guardian|access-date=4 May 2019|publication-date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins ===<br /> The oldest object attesting to the existence of the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers), a cup, dates from 1618. The Abbots-Presidents (presidents of the Council of the Brotherhood) are most often notables, members of the City Councils, lawyers, notaries or judges.<br /> <br /> At the end of the 18th century, the Brotherhood, which was then composed of bourgeois landowners, decided to reward the work of the most deserving winegrowers. While at that time it was more common to reprimand negligent and lazy people, they decided to value the efforts made to improve farming methods. Experts of the Brotherhood note, judge and classify the winegrowers. Thus was to be born a ceremony of coronation of the best workers who are at the origin of the celebration. It then took place in the form of a [[procession]]. <br /> <br /> In 1797, on the Place du Marché in [[Vevey]], a platform with two thousand seats was erected. Under the chairmanship of Abbot-President Louis Levade, this first show was held on August 9, 1797.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/1797-fete-succede-parade/story/24509569&lt;/ref&gt; In order to enhance the ceremony, a show is created consisting of a procession and a theatrical performance divided into four seasons presided over by the pagan deities, [[Pales]], [[Bacchus]] and [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]].<br /> <br /> === 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1889.jpg|thumb|Poster of the 1889 Fête des Vignerons]]<br /> Due to the unrest of the [[Canton_of_Vaud#History|Vaudoise Revolution]], then the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the following years did not allow for a new celebration. It would take twenty-two years, in 1819, for a new celebration to be organized. The cycle is now created. The 1819 celebration took place from August 5 to 6 under the chairmanship of the same Abbot-President as the previous one. About 730 actors and performers participated in a 2000-seat arena. As the [[canton of Vaud]] recently joined the [[Swiss Confederation|Confederation]], the theme of this first 19th century celebration glorifies tradition and patriotism (the &quot;[[Ranz des vaches]]&quot; is sung for the first time).<br /> <br /> The third Fête des vignerons took place from 8 to 9 August 1833 under the direction of Abbot-President Vincent Doret. About 780 actors and performers participated in a 4000-seat arena under the direction of dance master David Constantin, on a music written by Samuel Glady (in addition to songs from the traditional repertoire, this edition is the first to feature an original composition) and in costumes designed by Theophile Steinlen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=8 - 9 août 1833 : La Fête pour une nouveau public|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1833-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1851, the fourth Fête des vignerons was held from 7 to 8 August under the direction of the Abbot-President François Déjoux. It is the first celebration whose music is entirely composed for the occasion (by François Grast) and thus forms a stylistic unity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=7 - 8 août 1851 : Une partition originale pour la Fête des vignerons|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1851-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 900 actors and performers participate in an 8,000-seat arena under the direction of the director Benjamin Archinard. This is the first time that the ''Ancients Swiss'' troop, previously intended to supervise the procession, marched.<br /> <br /> It is also François Grast who composed the music for the next Fête des vignerons, which took place from 26 to 27 July 1865 and was conducted by the Abbot-President Louis Bonjour. About 1200 actors and performers participated in a 10,500-seat arena under the direction of the dancing master Benjamin Archinard, as at the previous festival, and Pierre Lacaze (costumes and staging). As the celebration grew, it was in deficit and had to rely on a public subscription for one third of its budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=26 - 27 juillet 1865 : Un financement de plus en plus difficile|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1865-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From August 5 to 9, 1889, the sixth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President (and former [[President of the Confederation]]) [[Paul Ceresole]]. On this occasion, the show is staged by Ernest Burnat on the music of Hugo de Senger and brings together 1379 actors and performers in a 12,000 seat arena. This is the first time that the [[Ranz des vaches]] has been performed by a soloist, Placid Curtat, and not by a choir of ''armaillis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=5, 6, 8 et 9 août 1889: L'Alpe au centre de la cité|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1889-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The highly acclaimed performance of the soloist shows the symbolic function of this song in the festival and establishes the close link between [[Vevey]] and the heights of the [[Veveyse District]] and the [[Gruyère District]].<br /> <br /> === 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - Cent Suisses.jpg|thumb|''Ancient Swiss'' costume, 1999]]<br /> The seventh Fête des vignerons took place from August 4 to 9, 1905. Under the direction of the Abbot-President, the radical national councillor Emile Gaudard, it was directed by [[René Morax]] (also author of the libretto) on music composed by [[Gustave Doret]]. It is the first celebration to owe its booklet to only one person and is distinguished from the previous ones by the fact that the procession becomes a secondary element. It is also the first celebration not to restrict the participation of women and girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=4, 5, 7, 8 et 9 août 1905: Un jeu unifié|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1905-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1,800 actors and performers participated in an arena with 12,500 seats.<br /> <br /> From August 1 to 9, 1927, the eighth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the same Abbot-President as the previous one, Emile Gaudard, then [[Switzerland]]'s delegate to the [[League of Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Patrie et festival|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=swo-001:1927:0::1204|website=The Swiss Observer|date=3 September 1927|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production is directed by Edouard Vierne ([[René Morax]] declined the invitation), replaced by A. Durec a few weeks before the event, while the music is composed as at the previous celebration by [[Gustave Doret]] and the libretto by Pierre Girard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1er - 9 août 1927: Le repli esthétique|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1927-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 2,000 performers participated, gathered in a 14,000-seat arena inspired by a medieval city surrounded by a wall and towers.<br /> <br /> In 1955, the Fête des vignerons took place from August 1 to 15 under the direction of the Abbot-President David Dénéréaz. In a context of increasing entertainment possibilities, barely a decade after the end of the [[Second World War]], the organisation became more professional: it was the first festival to have an international focus,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1er - 14 août 1955 : Le légendaire messager conquiert la Suisse|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1955-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; more than doubling its capacity compared to the previous one (the first performances were not entirely complete, but additional ones were organised following their success). The show was directed by Oscar Eberlé on a music by Carlo Hemmerling and a libretto by Géo H. Blanc. 3,850 performers participated in a 16,000-seat arena. The 1955 edition was the first to organize night performances.<br /> <br /> From July 30 to August 14, 1977, the tenth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President Philippe Dénéréaz. It was directed by Charles Apothéloz on a music by [[Jean Balissat]] and a libretto by Henri Debluë. The sets and costumes were designed by Jean Monod. 4,250 performers participated in a 15,776-seat arena organized around a large solar clock with four cardinal points indicating the four seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=30 juillet - 14 août 1977: La symbolique chrétienne|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1977-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1999 Winegrowers' Festival took place from July 29 to August 15. Presided over by the Abbot-President Marc-Henri Chaudet, it was directed by François Rochaix on a music by [[Jean-François Bovard]], [[Michel Hostettler]] and [[Jost Meier]]. The booklet was signed by François Debluë while Jean-Claude Maret directed the scenography and Catherine Zuber the costumes. The show featured &quot;Arlevin&quot;, a winemaker representing the crowned winemakers (the coronation only took place during the first performance).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1999: &quot;Amour et joie&quot; sur la Grande place et dans la ville|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1999-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5,050 performers (including 670 squires) participated in a 16,000-seat arena. On August 11, the audience was able to see, during the show, the only [[Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999|total solar eclipse]] of the decade.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Models of amphitheatres from the second half of the 20th century&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1955.JPG|1955<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1977.JPG|1977<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1999.JPG|1999<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Fête des Vignerons 2019.png|thumb|Fête des Vignerons 2019]]<br /> On December 1st, 2016, the Fête des Vignerons is added to [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]]. It is the first Swiss tradition to be included.<br /> <br /> From July 18 to August 11, 2019, takes place the twelfth Fête des vignerons. It is presided by Abbot-President François Margot&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/L-equipe-de-la-Fete-des-Vignerons-2019-est-connue/story/19580269 L'équipe de la Fête des Vignerons 2019 est connue], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; and is directed by [[Daniele Finzi Pasca]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://laliberte.ch/l-info-regionale/le-concepteur-de-la-fete-des-vignerons-2019-a-ete-designe Le concepteur de la Fête des Vignerons a été designé], on LaLiberte.ch&lt;/ref&gt; The music is composed by [[Jérôme Berney]], [[Maria Bonzanigo]] and [[Valentin Villard]], while the libretto is the work of Stéphane Blok and Blaise Hofmann. The scenography is directed by Hugo Gargiulo,&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/Une-arene-digne-des-jeux-du-cirque-pour-la-Fete-des-Vignerons/story/24990896 Un nouveau scénographe annoncé lors de la présentation de l'arène], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; the choreography is provided by Bryn Walters and the costumes designed by Giovanna Buzzi. Among the approximately 6,000 actors and performers, there are nearly 1,000 singers (local choirs, choir-percussionists, children)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/fete-des-vignerons/supplements/supplement-6/churs-voix-vigne/story/12275854 Les chœurs, voix de la vigne], on 24heures.ch, Octobre 12, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; conducted by Caroline Meyer and Céline Grandjean&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/Le-Choeur-de-la-Fete-bat-deux-fois-au-feminin/story/13688378 Fête des Vignerons: Le Chœur de la Fête bat deux fois au féminin], on 24heures.ch, March 28, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; in an arena of 20,000 seats.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rts.ch/info/regions/vaud/8485066-la-future-fete-des-vignerons-de-2019-devoile-son-arene-de-20-000-places.html La future Fête des vignerons de 2019 dévoile son arène de 20 000 places], on rts.ch.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Commons|Category:Fête_des_vignerons|Fête des Vignerons}}<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fete Des Vignerons}}<br /> [[Category:Vevey]]<br /> [[Category:1797 establishments in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century establishments in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Swiss wine]]<br /> [[Category:Wine-related events]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Vaud]]<br /> [[Category:Food and drink festivals in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Wine festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals established in 1797]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Palace_of_Nations&diff=903735481 Talk:Palace of Nations 2019-06-27T16:47:14Z <p>SlvrKy: About the name of the page</p> <hr /> <div>{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=<br /> {{WikiProject Architecture|class=C}}<br /> {{WikiProject International relations|class=C|importance=low}}<br /> {{WikiProject Switzerland|class=C|importance=low}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> =Untitled=<br /> I removed the photo showing the so called &quot;Chair Sculpture&quot; because the author apparently attempts to promote his travel agency, the name of which is clearly displayed next to the sculpture. [[User:124.43.223.66|124.43.223.66]] 17:40, 27 September 2007 (UTC)<br /> :Now, now, you don't know that. Never assume, as I used to tell my journalism students. Nevertheless, I agree with the removal because the broken chair is not actually on the grounds of the Palais but outside, near the bus stop. Sincerely, [[User:GeorgeLouis|GeorgeLouis]] 19:25, 27 September 2007 (UTC)<br /> ::The chair stands just the other side of the street from the Palace, and between the Palace and the fountain.<br /> ::Where is the &quot;travel agency's&quot; promotion? By &quot;author,&quot; do you mean the sculptor or the photographer? [[User:Nihil novi|Nihil novi]] 22:11, 27 September 2007 (UTC)<br /> :Hello? The chair is back? Well, it will soon be gone, since it is not on the grounds of the Palais des Nations but is in a public square of the city of Geneva. Please do a search for &quot;The Broken Chair&quot; and &quot;Geneva,&quot; and you will get the full story of this interesting scuplture, which memorializes the victims of land mines. Sincerely, [[User:GeorgeLouis|GeorgeLouis]] 05:39, 17 October 2007 (UTC)<br /> <br /> =In Between Days=<br /> What was the status of the Palace between the end of the League and its transfer to the UN in the early 50's?<br /> [[Special:Contributions/66.31.76.221|66.31.76.221]] ([[User talk:66.31.76.221|talk]]) 19:36, 6 September 2009 (UTC)<br /> <br /> The League was disolved on April 20, 1946, and the UN offically took over the assets of the League on 1 August 1946. The Secretariat then installed some of its offices in the building .--[[Special:Contributions/80.219.13.243|80.219.13.243]] ([[User talk:80.219.13.243|talk]]) 20:18, 29 May 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == Regarding dates ==<br /> <br /> I'm a bit confused over the early history of the building. The introductory paragraph states the the Palace was constructed between 1929 and 1936, while the info box (or whatever those are called) mentions that the building was completed in 1938. Some sort of clarification on this would be helpful, as would be the date that the building first came into actual use by the League. Any help on this would be appreciated.--[[Special:Contributions/172.190.14.150|172.190.14.150]] ([[User talk:172.190.14.150|talk]]) 00:38, 22 June 2012 (UTC)<br /> <br /> = Relative size of building =<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;(Talk page like comment left in article moved here by [[User:Carolina wren|Carolina wren]] ([[User talk:Carolina wren|talk]]) on 01:32, 20 April 2013 (UTC) who was not author, but did supply section heading for talk page. Authorship and timestamp based on original article edit given below.)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> Almost certain the largest civilian building in the world is the Romanian Parliament (The Peoples Palace), the second largest building in the world after the Pentagon. Therefore The Palace of Nations must be the third largest. [[Special:Contributions/160.83.30.147|160.83.30.147]] ([[User talk:160.83.30.147|talk]] 15:52, 14 March 2013‎ (UTC)<br /> <br /> = French name is used in English =<br /> <br /> This article should use the French title, &quot;Palais des Nations&quot; simply because the English translation &quot;Palace of Nations&quot; is not used. The official UN Geneva website English-language homepage navigation menu uses &quot;The Palais des Nations.&quot; See: http://www.unog.ch/80256EE60057F2B7/%28httpHomepages%29/5562355D4417A43F80256F04007174DB?OpenDocument . And, for what it's worth, the thousands of UN staff who work there refer to the building as &quot;the Palais&quot; (as commenter [[User:GeorgeLouis|GeorgeLouis]] does above - he's probably been there!). <br /> <br /> One might find Internet references to &quot;Palace of Nations&quot; but these do not reflect actual usage. Google Maps briefly labeled the building, &quot;Palace of Nations&quot; but reverted it. <br /> <br /> If there is a Wikipedia policy that demands that the English be used, this would be unfortunate and misleading. &lt;small class=&quot;autosigned&quot;&gt;—&amp;nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2A02:1203:ECB6:A100:BC63:83A4:637B:11C5|2A02:1203:ECB6:A100:BC63:83A4:637B:11C5]] ([[User talk:2A02:1203:ECB6:A100:BC63:83A4:637B:11C5|talk]]) 09:17, 18 August 2015 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;!-- Template:Unsigned IP --&gt; &lt;!--Autosigned by SineBot--&gt;<br /> <br /> :Recent edit by [[User:Antonio.Rosati|Antonio.Rosati]] has put this question back on the table. Should the page name be changed from &quot;Place of Nations to &quot;Palais des Nations&quot;? If there is no answer against a correction within a reasonable period of time, this could be considered. [[User:SlvrKy|SlvrKy]] ([[User talk:SlvrKy|talk]]) 16:47, 27 June 2019 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == Testament of Gustave Reveillod ==<br /> <br /> The testament does not say anything about the peacocks, hence I removed this false information from the page. &lt;small&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autosigned&quot;&gt;—&amp;nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Pompom|Pompom]] ([[User talk:Pompom|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pompom|contribs]]) 12:17, 4 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;!-- Template:Unsigned --&gt; &lt;!--Autosigned by SineBot--&gt;<br /> <br /> == Floor area ==<br /> <br /> In the infobox, the floor area is given as &quot;17.635m³&quot; and does not include a source (the floor area is not discussed in the prose). However cubic metres (m³) are a measure of volume not area - is this just a typo for 17,635 m²? [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 14:59, 21 December 2016 (UTC)<br /> : I removed the entry from the infobox (floor_area = {{convert|17.635|m2|ft2|abbr=on}}), it cannot possibly be right. Maybe the author meant 17 ''thousand'' square metres, but i am unable to verify the value. [[User:Rgrg|rado]] ([[User talk:Rgrg|talk]]) 13:21, 23 May 2019 (UTC)</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations&diff=897934863 Covenant of the League of Nations 2019-05-20T08:53:43Z <p>SlvrKy: Undid revision 897913696 by 188.152.99.43 (talk) Need serious references and integration in the text and not the introduction</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}{{Short description|the League of Nations' charter}}<br /> {{Infobox Treaty<br /> |name = Covenant of the League of Nations<br /> |long_name =<br /> |image =<br /> |image_width =<br /> |caption =<br /> |date_drafted =<br /> |date_signed = 28 June 1919<br /> |location_signed = [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]]<br /> |date_sealed =<br /> |date_effective = 10 January 1920<br /> |condition_effective =<br /> |date_expiration = April 20, 1946<br /> |date_expiry = July 31, 1947<br /> |signatories =<br /> |parties = [[League of Nations members]]<br /> |depositor = [[League of Nations]]<br /> |language =<br /> |languages =<br /> |website =<br /> |wikisource = Covenant of the League of Nations<br /> }}<br /> {{Paris Peace Conference sidebox}}<br /> <br /> The '''Covenant of the League of Nations ''' was the [[charter]] of the [[League of Nations]].<br /> <br /> ==Creation==<br /> Early drafts for a possible League of Nations began even before the end of the [[First World War]]. The London-based [[Bryce Group]] made proposals adopted by the British [[League of Nations Society]], founded in 1915.&lt;ref name=&quot;northedge&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last = Northedge|first = F. S.|title = The League of Nations: Its life and times, 1920–1946| publisher = [[Leicester University]] Press|year = 1986|isbn=0-7185-1194-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another group in the United States—which included [[Hamilton Holt]] and [[William B. Howland]] at the [[Century Association]] in New York City—had their own plan. This plan was largely supported by the [[League to Enforce Peace]], an organization led by former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[William Howard Taft]].&lt;ref name=&quot;northedge&quot;/&gt; In December 1916, Lord [[Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood|Robert Cecil]] suggested that an official committee be set up to draft a covenant for a future league. The British committee was finally appointed in February 1918; it was led by [[Walter Phillimore]] (and became known as the Phillimore Committee) but also included [[Eyre Crowe]], [[William Tyrrell, 1st Baron Tyrrell|William Tyrrell]], and [[Cecil Hurst]].&lt;ref name=&quot;northedge&quot;/&gt; U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] was not impressed with the Phillimore Committee's report, and would eventually produce three draft covenants of his own with help from his friend [[Edward M. House|Colonel House]]. Further suggestions were made by [[Jan Christiaan Smuts]] in December 1918.&lt;ref name=&quot;northedge&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> At the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] in 1919, a commission was appointed to agree on a covenant. Members included Woodrow Wilson (as chair), Colonel House (representing the U.S.), Robert Cecil and Jan Smuts (British Empire), [[Léon Bourgeois]] and [[Ferdinand Larnaude]] (France), Prime Minister [[Vittorio Orlando]] and [[Vittorio Scialoja]] (Italy), Foreign Minister [[Makino Nobuaki]] and [[Chinda Sutemi]] (Japan), [[Paul Hymans]] (Belgium), [[Epitácio Pessoa]] (Brazil), [[Wellington Koo]] (China), [[Jaime Batalha Reis|Jayme Batalha Reis]] (Portugal), and [[Milenko Radomar Vesnitch]] (Serbia).&lt;ref name=&quot;pv1&quot;&gt;{{citation |title=Commission de la Société des Nations, Procès-verbal N° 1, Séance du 3 février 1919 |date=1919-02-03 |url=http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/lon-un/league_era/wilson/docs/wilre006.pdf |accessdate=2014-01-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further representatives of Czechoslovakia, Greece, Poland and Romania were later added. The group considered a preliminary draft co-written by Hurst and President Wilson's adviser [[David Hunter Miller]]. During the first four months of 1919 the group met on ten separate occasions, attempting to negotiate the exact terms of the foundational Covenant agreement for the future League.<br /> <br /> During the ensuing negotiations various major objections arose from various countries. France wanted the League to form an international army to enforce its decisions, but the British worried such an army would be dominated by the French, and the Americans could not agree as only [[Congress of the United States|Congress]] could declare war.&lt;ref name=&quot;northedge&quot;/&gt; Japan requested that a clause upholding the principle of [[Anti-racism|racial equality]] should be inserted, parallel to the existing [[religious equality]] clause. This was deeply opposed, particularly by American political sentiment, while Wilson himself simply ignored the question. <br /> <br /> During a certain interval while Wilson was away, the question of international equality was raised once again. A vote on a motion supporting the &quot;equality of nations and the just treatment of their nationals&quot; was made, and was supported by 11 of the 19 delegates. Upon Wilson's return he declared that &quot;serious objections&quot; by other delegates had negated the majority vote, and the amendment was dismissed.&lt;ref name=&quot;northedge&quot;/&gt; Finally on April 11, 1919, the revised Hurst-Miller draft was approved, but without fully resolving certain questions as had been brought forth regarding matters such as national equality, racial equality, and how the new League might be able to practically enforce its various mandates.&lt;ref name=&quot;northedge&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The new League would include a General Assembly (representing all member states), an Executive Council (with membership limited to major powers), and a permanent secretariat. Member states were expected to &quot;respect and preserve as against external aggression&quot; the territorial integrity of other members, and to [[Disarmament|disarm]] &quot;to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety&quot;. All states were required to submit complaints for [[arbitration]] or [[judicial inquiry]] before going to war.&lt;ref name=&quot;northedge&quot;/&gt; The Executive Council would create a [[Permanent Court of International Justice]] to make judgements on the disputes.<br /> <br /> The treaty entered into force on 10 January 1920. Articles 4, 6, 12, 13, and 15 were amended in 1924. The treaty shares similar provisions and structures with the [[UN Charter]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rmc.ca/academic/poli-econ/dorn/UNcharter_e.html League of Nations Covenant and United Nations Charter: A Side-by-Side (Full Text) Comparison] by [[Walter Dorn]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Article X==<br /> {{unref|section|date=January 2019}}<br /> Article X of the Covenant of the League of Nations is the section calling for assistance to be given to a member that experiences external [[aggression]]. It was signed by the major Peacemakers (Allied Forces) following the [[First World War]], most notably Britain and France. Due to the nature of the Article, U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] was unable to ratify his obligation to join the [[League of Nations]], as a result of strong objection from U.S. politicians.<br /> <br /> Although Wilson had secured his proposal for a League of Nations in the final draft of the [[Treaty of Versailles]], the [[U.S. Senate]] refused to consent to the ratification of the Treaty. For many Republicans in the Senate, Article X was the most objectionable provision. Their objections were based on the fact that, by ratifying such a document, the United States would be bound by international contract to defend a League of Nations member if it was attacked. [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] from Massachusetts and [[Frank B. Brandegee]] from Connecticut led the fight in the U.S. Senate against ratification, believing that it was best not to become involved in international conflicts. Under the [[United States Constitution]], the [[President of the United States]] may not ratify a treaty unless the Senate, by a two-thirds vote, gives its [[advice and consent]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|United Nations}}<br /> *[[Charter of the United Nations]]<br /> *[[General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes]]<br /> *[[Peace treaty]]<br /> *[[Treaty series]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Wikisource-inline|Covenant of the League of Nations}}<br /> *[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp The Covenant of the League of Nations] from the [[Yale Avalon Project]]<br /> *[http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/leagueofnations.htm Primary Documents: Covenant of the League of Nations, 1919–24] from [http://www.firstworldwar.com/ FirstWorldWar.com]<br /> <br /> {{Paris Peace Conference navbox}}<br /> {{Treaties of Hungary}}<br /> {{JanSmutsFooter}}<br /> {{Woodrow Wilson}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Covenant Of The League Of Nations}}<br /> [[Category:League of Nations treaties| ]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties concluded in 1919]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1920]]<br /> [[Category:League of Nations]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Argentina]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Belgium]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Bolivia]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the First Brazilian Republic]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Australia]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Canada]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Union of South Africa]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Chile]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–49)]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Colombia]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Cuba]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Czechoslovakia]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Denmark]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of El Salvador]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the French Third Republic]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Haiti]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Honduras]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Empire of Japan]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Liberia]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Nicaragua]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Norway]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Panama]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Paraguay]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Peru]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Second Polish Republic]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Thailand]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Spain under the Restoration]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Sweden]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Uruguay]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Venezuela]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Qajar dynasty]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Portuguese First Republic|League of Nations]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Bulgaria]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Costa Rica]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Finland]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Luxembourg]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the First Austrian Republic]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Estonia]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Latvia]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Lithuania]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Irish Free State]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Dominican Republic]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Weimar Republic]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Mexico]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Turkey]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Iraq]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Soviet Union]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Afghanistan]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of Ecuador]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Principality of Albania]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of British India]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations|League of Nations]]<br /> [[Category:Paris Peace Conference, 1919]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SlvrKy&diff=897407182 User:SlvrKy 2019-05-16T20:35:27Z <p>SlvrKy: ok, this is the quintessential lol</p> <hr /> <div>H3llo world<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;position: fixed; left: 0; bottom: 0; display: block&quot;&gt;[[File:Bouncywikilogo.gif]]&lt;/div&gt;</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&diff=896908248 Jagadish Chandra Bose 2019-05-13T16:03:24Z <p>SlvrKy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | honorific_prefix =<br /> | name = Jagadish Chandra Bose<br /> | honorific_suffix = '''&lt;small&gt;[[Knight Bachelor|Kt]],<br /> [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]&lt;/small&gt;'''<br /> | image = Jagadish Chandra Bose 1926.jpg<br /> | caption = Bose lecturing on the &quot;nervous system&quot; of plants at the Sorbonne in Paris in 1926<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1858|11|30|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mymensingh]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in Bangladesh)<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1937|11|23|1858|11|30|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Giridih]], Bengal Presidency, British India (now Giridih, [[Jharkhand]], India)<br /> | citizenship = [[British Raj|British Indian]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Hare school]]&lt;br /&gt;[[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Christ's College, Cambridge]]&lt;br /&gt;[[University College, London]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Venn&quot;/&gt;<br /> | residence = [[Kolkata]], Bengal Presidency, British India<br /> | field = [[Physics]], [[biophysics]], [[biology]], [[botany]], [[archaeology]], [[Bengali literature]], [[Bengali science fiction]]<br /> | work_institution = [[University of Calcutta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[University of Cambridge]]&lt;br /&gt;[[University of London]]<br /> | academic_advisors = [[John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|John Strutt (Rayleigh)]]<br /> | notable_students = [[Satyendra Nath Bose]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Meghnad Saha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sisir Kumar Mitra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Debendra Mohan Bose]]<br /> | known_for = [[Extremely high frequency|Millimetre waves]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Radio]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Crescograph]]&lt;br /&gt;Contributions to [[plant biology]]<br /> | spouse = [[Abala Bose]]<br /> | awards = [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) (1903)&lt;br /&gt;[[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] (CSI) (1911)&lt;br /&gt;[[Knight Bachelor]] (1917)<br /> | signature = Signature of J.C.Bose signature.png<br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose'''<br /> &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/30022/pages/3597 Page 3597 of Issue 30022]. ''The London Gazette''. (17 April 1917). Retrieved 1 September 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE|FRS}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28559/pages/9359 Page 9359 of Issue 28559]. ''The London Gazette''. (8 December 1911). Retrieved 1 September 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/27511/supplements/4 Page 4 of Issue 27511]. ''The London Gazette''. (30 December 1902). Retrieved 1 September 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;frs&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal<br /> | last1 = Saha | first1 = M. N.<br /> | title = Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose. 1858–1937<br /> | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1940.0001<br /> | journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]]<br /> | volume = 3<br /> | issue = 8<br /> | pages = 2–12<br /> | year = 1940<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|s}};&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bose &quot;Bose&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;, {{IPA-bn|dʒɔɡodiʃ tʃɔndro bosu|IPA}}; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;), also spelled '''Jagdish''' and '''Jagadis''',&lt;ref&gt;See for example the sources mentioned in the bibliography of this article.&lt;/ref&gt; was a [[polymath]], [[physicist]], [[biologist]], [[biophysicist]], [[Botany|botanist]] and [[Archaeology|archaeologist]], and an early writer of [[science fiction]] from India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=20 November 2004 |title=A versatile genius |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2124/stories/20041203003009100.htm |journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=The Hindu |volume=21 |issue=24}}&lt;/ref&gt; He pioneered the investigation of radio and [[microwave]] [[optics]], made significant contributions to [[plant science]], and laid the foundations of experimental science in the [[Indian subcontinent]].&lt;ref&gt;Chatterjee, Santimay and Chatterjee, Enakshi, ''Satyendranath Bose'', 2002 reprint, p. 5, National Book Trust, {{ISBN|81-237-0492-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[IEEE]] named him one of the [[List of people considered father or mother of a field|fathers]] of radio science.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference |title=Sir J.C. Bose and radio science |last1=Sen |first1=A. K. |date=1997 |publisher=IEEE |book-title=Microwave Symposium Digest |pages=557–560 |location=Denver, CO |conference=IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium |isbn=0-7803-3814-6 |doi=10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602854}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bose is considered the father of [[Bengali science fiction]], and also invented the [[crescograph]], a device for measuring the growth of plants. [[Bose (crater)|A crater on the moon]] has been named in his honour.&lt;ref&gt;[[Bose (crater)]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Born in [[Mymensingh]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]), during [[British India|British governance of India]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title = Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose|last = Editorial Board|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]|year = 2013|isbn = 9781593392925|location = [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]|pages = |url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/74631/Sir-Jagdish-Chandra-Bose}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bose graduated from [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta]]. He went to the [[University of London]] to study medicine, but could not pursue studies in medicine because of health problems. Instead, he conducted his research with the [[Nobel Laureate]] [[Lord Rayleigh]] at Cambridge and returned to India. He joined the [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]] as a professor of physics. There, despite [[racial discrimination]] and a lack of funding and equipment, Bose carried on his scientific research. He made remarkable progress in his research of remote [[wireless]] signalling and was the first to use [[semiconductor]] junctions to detect radio signals. However, instead of trying to gain commercial benefit from this invention, Bose made his inventions public in order to allow others to further develop his research.<br /> <br /> Bose subsequently made a number of pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. He used his own invention, the [[crescograph]], to measure plant response to various [[Stimulus (physiology)|stimuli]], and thereby scientifically proved parallelism between animal and plant tissues. Although Bose filed for a patent for one of his inventions because of peer pressure, his [[Societal views on patents|objections to any form of patenting]] was well known. To facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these instruments produced some striking results, such as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as a [[Plant perception (paranormal)|power of feeling in plants]]. His books include ''Response in the Living and Non-Living'' (1902) and ''The Nervous Mechanism of Plants'' (1926).<br /> <br /> In 2004, Bose was ranked number 7 in BBC's poll of the [[Greatest Bengali of all time]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm|title=Listeners name 'greatest Bengali'|date=2004-04-14|access-date=2018-08-19|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/17/stories/2004041703001700.htm|title=The Hindu : International : Mujib, Tagore, Bose among `greatest Bengalis of all time'|website=www.thehindu.com|access-date=2018-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Bangabandhu judged greatest Bangali of all time |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/16/d4041601066.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=16 April 2004 |access-date=2018-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> [[image:J.C.Bose.JPG|thumb|upright|Jagadish Chandra Bose in [[Royal Institution]], [[London]]]]<br /> Jagadish Chandra Bose was born in a [[Bengali Kayastha]] family in [[Munsiganj]] ([[Bikrampur]]), [[Bengal Presidency]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]])&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dgosling&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Science and the Indian Tradition: When Einstein Met Tagore| author=David L. Gosling| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aL98AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT143#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|page=143}}&lt;/ref&gt; on 30 November 1858. His father, Bhagawan Chandra Bose, was a leading member of the [[Brahmo Samaj]] and worked as a deputy magistrate and assistant commissioner in [[Faridpur, Bangladesh|Faridpur]],&lt;ref name=vigyanprasar&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/JCBOSE.htm| title = Acharya Jagadis Chandra Bose| accessdate = 12 March 2007| last = Mahanti| first = Subodh| work = Biographies of Scientists| publisher = Vigyan Prasar, Department of Science and Technology, [[Government of India]]| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/66u29FUM5?url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/JCBOSE.htm| archivedate = 13 April 2012| df = dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bardhaman and other places.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherji3-10&quot;&gt;Mukherji, pp. 3–10.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bose's education started in a [[vernacular]] school, because his father believed that one must know one's own mother tongue before beginning English, and that one should know also one's own people. Speaking at the [[Bikrampur]] Conference in 1915, Bose said:<br /> {{quote|At that time, sending children to English schools was an aristocratic status symbol. In the vernacular school, to which I was sent, the son of the Muslim attendant of my father sat on my right side, and the son of a fisherman sat on my left. They were my playmates. I listened spellbound to their stories of birds, animals and aquatic creatures. Perhaps these stories created in my mind a keen interest in investigating the workings of Nature. When I returned home from school accompanied by my school fellows, my mother welcomed and fed all of us without discrimination. Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned lady, she never considered herself guilty of impiety by treating these ‘untouchables’ as her own children. It was because of my childhood friendship with them that I could never feel that there were ‘creatures’ who might be labelled 'low-caste'. I never realised that there existed a 'problem' common to the two communities, Hindus and Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherji3-10&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Bose joined the [[Hare School]] in 1869 and then [[St Xavier's Collegiate School|St. Xavier's School]] at Kolkata. In 1875, he passed the Entrance Examination (equivalent to school graduation) of the [[University of Calcutta]] and was admitted to [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta]]. At St. Xavier's, Bose came in contact with [[Jesuit]] Father [[Eugene Lafont]], who played a significant role in developing his interest in natural sciences.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherji3-10&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bosepedia&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Murshed |first=Md Mahbub |year=2012 |chapter=Bose, Sir Jagdish Chandra |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bose,_Sir_Jagadish_Chandra |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He received a BA from the University of Calcutta in 1879.&lt;ref name=vigyanprasar/&gt;<br /> <br /> Bose wanted to go to England to compete for the [[Indian Civil Service]]. However, his father, a civil servant himself, cancelled the plan. He wished his son to be a scholar, who would “rule nobody but himself.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pursuit and Promotion of Science : The Indian Experience|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/insa/ch2.pdf|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|accessdate=1 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bose went to England to study Medicine at the [[University of London]]. However, he had to quit because of ill health.&lt;ref name=calwebbose&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/jcbose.shtml |title=Jagdish Chandra Bose |website=calcuttaweb.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070203030132/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/jcbose.shtml |archive-date=3 February 2007 |access-date=10 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{self-published source|date=October 2015}} The odour in the dissection rooms is also said to have exacerbated his illness.&lt;ref name=vigyanprasar/&gt;<br /> <br /> Through the recommendation of [[Anandamohan Bose]], his brother-in-law (sister's husband) and the first Indian [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|wrangler]], he secured admission in [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]], Cambridge to study natural sciences. He received a BA ([[Natural Sciences Tripos]]) from the [[University of Cambridge]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bosepedia&quot;/&gt; and a BSc from the University of London in 1884,&lt;ref name=&quot;Venn&quot;&gt;{{acad|id=BS881JC|name=Bose, Jagadis Chandra}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a DSc from the University of London in 1896.&lt;ref name=&quot;bosepedia&quot;/&gt; Among Bose's teachers at Cambridge were [[John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]], [[Michael Foster (physiologist)|Michael Foster]], [[James Dewar]], [[Francis Darwin]], [[Francis Maitland Balfour|Francis Balfour]], and Sidney Vines. At the time when Bose was a student at Cambridge, [[Prafulla Chandra Roy]] was a student at Edinburgh. They met in London and became intimate friends.&lt;ref name=vigyanprasar/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherji3-10&quot;/&gt; Later he was married to [[Abala Bose]], the renowned feminist and social worker.&lt;ref name = &quot;Bose23&quot;&gt;Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), 1976/1998, ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, {{bn icon}}, p23, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> One of the important influence on Bose was [[Sister Nivedita]] who supported him by organizing the financial support and editing his manuscripts, she made sure that Bose was able to continue with and share his work.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/173096/scientist-nun-sister-nivedita-made-sure-j-c-bose-never-gave/|title=The Scientist and the Nun: How Sister Nivedita Made Sure J.C. Bose Never Gave Up|publisher=|via=thewire.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Radio research ==<br /> {{See also|Invention of radio}}<br /> [[File:Microwave Apparatus - Jagadish Chandra Bose Museum - Bose Institute - Kolkata 2011-07-26 4051.JPG|thumb|Bose's 60 GHz microwave apparatus at the Bose Institute, Kolkata, India. His receiver ''(left)'' used a [[galena]] [[crystal detector]] inside a horn antenna and galvanometer to detect microwaves. Bose invented the crystal radio detector, [[waveguide]], [[horn antenna]], and other apparatus used at microwave frequencies.]]<br /> <br /> The Scottish theoretical physicist [[James Clerk Maxwell]] mathematically predicted the existence of [[electromagnetic radiation]] of diverse wavelengths, but he died in 1879 before his prediction was experimentally verified. Between 1886 and 1888, German physicist [[Heinrich Rudolf Hertz|Heinrich Hertz]] published the results of his experiments on electromagnetism, which showed the existence of electromagnetic waves in free space. Subsequently, British physicist [[Oliver Lodge]], who had also been researching electromagnetism, conducted a commemorative lecture in August 1894 (after Hertz's death) on the quasi-optical nature of &quot;Hertzian waves&quot; (radio waves) and demonstrated their similarity to light and vision including reflection and transmission at distances up to 50 metres. Lodge's work was published in book form and caught the attention of scientists in different countries, including Bose in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherji14-25&quot;&gt;Mukherji, pp. 14–25&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first remarkable aspect of Bose's follow-up microwave research was that he reduced the waves to the millimetre level (about 5&amp;nbsp;mm wavelength). He realised the disadvantages of long waves for studying their light-like properties.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherji14-25&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> During a November 1894 (or 1895&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherji14-25&quot;/&gt;) public demonstration at Town Hall of Kolkata, Bose ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance using millimetre range wavelength microwaves.&lt;ref name=iiscbose&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = http://www.iisc.ernet.in/insa/ch2.pdf<br /> | title = Jagadish Chandra Bose<br /> | accessdate =12 March 2007<br /> | year = 2001<br /> | format = PDF<br /> | work = Pursuit and Promotion of Science: The Indian Experience (Chapter 2)<br /> | publisher = Indian National Science Academy<br /> | pages = 22–25<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lieutenant Governor Sir William Mackenzie witnessed Bose's demonstration in the Kolkata Town Hall. Bose wrote in a Bengali essay, ''Adrisya Alok'' (Invisible Light), &quot;The invisible light can easily pass through brick walls, buildings etc. Therefore, messages can be transmitted by means of it without the mediation of wires.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherji14-25&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Bose's first scientific paper, &quot;On polarisation of electric rays by double-refracting crystals&quot; was communicated to the Asiatic Society of Bengal in May 1895, within a year of Lodge's paper. His second paper was communicated to the Royal Society of London by Lord Rayleigh in October 1895. In December 1895, the London journal ''Electrician'' (Vol. 36) published Bose's paper, &quot;On a new electro-polariscope&quot;. At that time, the word ''coherer'', coined by Lodge, was used in the English-speaking world for Hertzian wave receivers or detectors. The ''Electrician'' readily commented on Bose's coherer. (December 1895). ''The Englishman'' (18 January 1896) quoted from the ''Electrician'' and commented as follows:<br /> {{quote|Should Professor Bose succeed in perfecting and patenting his ‘Coherer’, we may in time see the whole system of coast lighting throughout the navigable world revolutionised by a Bengali scientist working single handed in our Presidency College Laboratory.}}<br /> Bose planned to &quot;perfect his coherer&quot; but never thought of patenting it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherji14-25&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Jagadish Chandra Bose microwave apparatus.png|thumb|Diagram of microwave receiver and transmitter apparatus, from Bose's 1897 paper.]]<br /> Bose went to London on a lecture tour in 1896 and met Italian inventor [[Guglielmo Marconi]], who had been developing a radio wave [[wireless telegraphy]] system for over a year and was trying to market it to the British post service. In an interview, Bose expressed his disinterest in commercial telegraphy and suggested others use his research work. In 1899, Bose announced the development of a &quot;''iron-mercury-iron [[coherer]] with telephone detector''&quot; in a paper presented at the [[Royal Society]], London.&lt;ref name=pkbandyo&gt;{{cite journal<br /> | last = Bondyopadhyay<br /> | first = P.K.<br /> |date=January 1998<br /> | title = Sir J. C. Bose's Diode Detector Received Marconi's First Transatlantic Wireless Signal of December 1901 (The &quot;Italian Navy Coherer&quot; Scandal Revisited)<br /> | journal = [[Proceedings of the IEEE]]<br /> | volume = 86<br /> | issue = 1<br /> | pages = 259–285<br /> | doi = 10.1109/5.658778<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Place in radio development===<br /> Bose' work in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying the nature of the phenomenon and was not an attempt to develop radio into a communication medium.&lt;ref&gt;Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 199&lt;/ref&gt; His experiments took place during this same period (from late 1894 on) when [[Guglielmo Marconi]] was making breakthroughs on a radio system specifically designed for wireless telegraphy&lt;ref&gt;Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 21&lt;/ref&gt; and others were finding practical applications for radio waves, such as Russian physicist [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov]] radio wave base lightning detector, also inspired by Lodge's experiment.&lt;ref name=emerson/&gt; Although Bose's work was not related to communication he, like Lodge and other laboratory experimenters, probably had an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio as communications medium.&lt;ref name=emerson&gt;{{cite journal<br /> | last = Emerson<br /> | first = D. T.<br /> | title = The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of MM-wave research<br /> | journal = IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Research<br /> | volume = 45<br /> | issue = 12<br /> | pages = 2267–2273<br /> | year = 1997<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=09Zsv97IH1MC&amp;pg=PA88<br /> | doi = 10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602853<br /> | isbn = 9780986488511|bibcode = 1997imsd.conf..553E }} reprinted in Igor Grigorov, Ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=09Zsv97IH1MC Antentop]'', Vol. 2, No.3, pp. 87–96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 22&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose_real_inventor.pdf Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Real Inventor of Marconi’s Wireless Receiver]; Varun Aggarwal, NSIT, Delhi, India&lt;/ref&gt; Bose was not interested in patenting his work and openly revealed the operation of his galena crystal detector in his lectures. A friend in the US persuaded him to take out a US patent on his detector but he did not actively pursue it and allowed it to lapse.&quot;&lt;ref name=vigyanprasar/&gt;<br /> <br /> Bose was the first to use a semiconductor junction to detect radio waves, and he invented various now-commonplace microwave components.&lt;ref name=emerson /&gt; In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose for the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector of radio waves.&lt;ref name=emerson /&gt; In fact, further work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the following 50 years. In 1897, Bose described to the Royal Institution in London his research carried out in Kolkata at millimetre wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60&amp;nbsp;GHz;.&lt;ref name=emerson /&gt; Much of his original equipment is still in existence, especially at the [[Bose Institute]] in Kolkata. A 1.3&amp;nbsp;mm multi-beam receiver now in use on the NRAO 12&amp;nbsp;Metre Telescope, Arizona, US, incorporates concepts from his original 1897 papers.&lt;ref name=emerson/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Sir Nevill Mott]], Nobel Laureate in 1977 for his own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that &quot;J.C. Bose was at least 60&amp;nbsp;years ahead of his time. In fact, he had anticipated the existence of P-type and N-type semiconductors.&quot;&lt;ref name=emerson /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plant research ==<br /> [[File:M N Saha, J C Bose, J C Ghosh,Snehamoy Dutt, S N Bose, D M Bose, N R Sen, J N Mukherjee, N C Nag.jpg|thumb|Jagadish Chandra Bose with other prominent scientists from Calcutta University.]]<br /> His major contribution in the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the electrical nature of the conduction of various stimuli (e.g., wounds, chemical agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be of a chemical nature. These claims were later proven experimentally.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/360062a0 |title=Electrical signalling and systemic proteinase inhibitor induction in the wounded plant |journal=Nature |volume=360 |issue=6399 |pages=62–5 |year=1992|bibcode = 1992Natur.360...62W |last1=Wildon |first1=D. C. |last2=Thain |first2=J. F. |last3=Minchin |first3=P. E. H. |last4=Gubb |first4=I. R. |last5=Reilly |first5=A. J. |last6=Skipper |first6=Y. D. |last7=Doherty |first7=H. M. |last8=O'Donnell |first8=P. J. |last9=Bowles |first9=D. J. }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also the first to study the action of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in the cell membrane potential. He researched the mechanism of the seasonal effect on plants, the effect of chemical inhibitors on plant stimuli and the effect of temperature.<br /> <br /> == Study of metal fatigue and cell response ==<br /> Bose performed a comparative study of the fatigue response of various metals and organic tissue in plants. He subjected metals to a combination of mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrical stimuli and noted the similarities between metals and cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a cyclical fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, as well as a distinctive cyclical fatigue and recovery response across multiple types of stimuli in both living cells and metals.<br /> <br /> Bose documented a characteristic electrical response curve of plant cells to electrical stimulus, as well as the decrease and eventual absence of this response in plants treated with anaesthetics or poison. The response was also absent in zinc treated with [[oxalic acid]]. He noted a similarity in reduction of elasticity between cooled metal wires and organic cells, as well as an impact on the recovery cycle period of the metal.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18986 Response in the Living and Non-Living by Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose – Project Gutenberg]. Gutenberg.org (3 August 2006). Retrieved 7 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Jagadis Bose |title=Response in the Living and Non-Living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2Nxr7IuQ_4C&amp;printsec=frontcover|year=2009 |publisher=Plasticine |isbn=978-0-9802976-9-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Science fiction ==<br /> <br /> In 1896, Bose wrote ''Niruddesher Kahini (The Story of the Missing One)'', a short story that was later expanded and added to ''Abyakta (অব্যক্ত)'' collection in 1921 with the new title ''Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Cyclone)''. It was one of the first works of [[Bengali science fiction]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/bengal |chapter=Bengal |title=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |accessdate= 5 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = http://www.cam.ac.uk/news/symposium-at-christ%E2%80%99s-college-to-celebrate-a-genius<br /> | title = Symposium at Christ's College to celebrate a genius<br /> | publisher = [[University of Cambridge]]<br /> | date = 27 November 2008<br /> | accessdate =26 January 2009}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; It has been translated into English by Bodhisattva Chattopadhyay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://strangehorizons.com/2013/20130930/3bose-f.shtml |title=Runaway Cyclone |author=Jagadish Chandra Bose |others=Bodhisattva Chattopadhyay |accessdate=5 September 2014 |publisher=Strange Horizons |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905235504/http://strangehorizons.com/2013/20130930/3bose-f.shtml |archivedate= 5 September 2014 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Acharya Bhavan - Kolkata 2009-11-07 2938.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Acharya Bhavan, the residence of J C Bose built in 1902, was turned into a museum.&lt;ref&gt;[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-03/kolkata/29732718_1_acharya-bhavan-jagadish-chandra-bose-heritage-building Acharya Bhavan Opens Its Doors to Visitors]. ''The Times of India''. 3 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Bose's place in history has now been re-evaluated. His work may have contributed to the development of radio communication.&lt;ref name=pkbandyo/&gt; He is also credited with discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves and being a pioneer in the field of biophysics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://resources.boseinst.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/75|title=Collected Physical Papers|date=1927}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many of his instruments are still on display and remain largely usable now, over 100 years later. They include various antennas, polarisers, and waveguides, which remain in use in modern forms today.<br /> <br /> To commemorate his birth centenary in 1958, the '''JBNSTS''' scholarship programme was started in [[West Bengal]]. In the same year, India issued a postage stamp bearing his portrait.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://philamirror.info/2010/11/30/j-c-bose-the-scientist-who-proved-that-plants-too-can-feel/ |title=J C Bose: The Scientist Who Proved That Plants Too Can Feel |date=30 November 2010 |work=Phila Mirror: The Indian Philately Journal |accessdate=3 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 14 September 2012, Bose's experimental work in millimetre-band radio was recognised as an IEEE Milestone in Electrical and Computer Engineering, the first such recognition of a discovery in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://theinstitute.ieee.org/tech-history/technology-history/first-ieee-milestones-in-india/ |title=First IEEE Milestones in India: The work of J.C. Bose and C.V. Raman to be recognized |date=7 September 2012 |work=the Institute |accessdate=14 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in a Google Doodle on the 158th anniversary of his birth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/doodles/jagadish-chandra-boses-158th-birthday |title=Jagadish Chandra Bose’s 158th Birthday |publisher=Google |date=November 30, 2016 |accessdate=November 30, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Bank of England|Bank Of England]] has decided to redesign the [[50 pound note|50 UK Pound currency]] note with an eminent scientist. Indian scientist Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose has been featured in that nomination list for his pioneering work on [[Wi-Fi|Wifi technology]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://m.indiatimes.com/technology/news/new-uk-50-pound-note-may-feature-india-s-sir-jc-bose-who-did-pioneering-work-for-wi-fi-357535.html|title=Proud Moment For India As Scientist Sir JC Bose May Get Featured On New UK 50 Pound Note|date=2018-11-28|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=2018-11-28|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-jagadish-chandra-bose-may-become-face-of-uk-s-new-50-pound-note-2689573|title=Jagadish Chandra Bose may become face of UK's new 50-pound note|date=2018-11-26|work=dna|access-date=2018-11-28|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2018/11/26/fes71-uk-banknote-bose.html|title=Jagadish Chandra Bose among nominees to become face of UK's new 50-pound note|work=The Week|access-date=2018-11-28|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Honours ==<br /> * [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE, 1903)<br /> * [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] (CSI, 1912)<br /> * [[Knight Bachelor]] (1917)<br /> * [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS, 1920)&lt;ref name=&quot;frs&quot;/&gt;<br /> * Member of the [[Vienna Academy of Sciences]], 1928<br /> * President of the 14th session of the [[Indian Science Congress Association#Indian Science Congress|Indian Science Congress]] in 1927.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Past General Presidents|url=http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/past_general_presidents.php|publisher=Indian Science Congress Association|accessdate=28 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Member of [[Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters]] in 1929.<br /> * Member of the League of Nations' [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation|Committee for Intellectual Cooperation]] (from 1924 to 1931)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903 |language=fr |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Founding fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India (now the Indian National Science Academy)<br /> * The ''Indian Botanic Garden'' was renamed in his honour as the ''[[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]]'' on 25 June 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/26/stories/2009062657280500.htm | title = A new name now for grand old Indian Botanical Gardens | work = The Hindu | date = 26 June 2009 | accessdate =26 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The [[J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA]], named in his honour.<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> [[File:JC Bose bust BITM.JPG|thumb|upright|Bust of Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose which is placed in the garden of [[Birla Industrial &amp; Technological Museum]]]]<br /> <br /> ;Journals<br /> * ''Nature'' published about 27 papers.<br /> * {{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rspl.1902.0029 |author=Bose J.C. |title=On Elektromotive Wave accompanying Mechanical Disturbance in Metals in Contact with Electrolyte |journal=Proc. Roy. Soc. |volume=70 |issue=459–466 |pages=273–294 |year=1902}}<br /> * {{cite journal |author=Bose J.C. |title=Sur la réponse électrique de la matière vivante et animée soumise à une excitation — Deux procédés d'observation de la réponse de la matière vivante |journal=Journal de Physique |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=481–491 |year=1902}}<br /> <br /> ;Books<br /> * [https://archive.org/details/responseinliving00boseuoft Response in the Living and Non-living, 1902]<br /> * [https://archive.org/details/plantresponseasm00boseuoft Plant response as a means of physiological investigation, 1906]<br /> * [https://archive.org/details/comparativeelect00boseuoft Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907]<br /> * [https://archive.org/details/researchesonirri1913bose Researches on Irritability of Plants, 1913]<br /> * [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/48280/48280-h/48280-h.htm Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985]<br /> * [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40050/40050-h/40050-h.htm Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919]<br /> * [https://archive.org/details/physiologyofasce00bose Physiology of the Ascent of Sap, 1923]<br /> * [https://archive.org/details/physiologyofphot00bose The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924]<br /> * The Nervous Mechanisms of Plants, 1926<br /> * Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927<br /> * [https://archive.org/details/growthtropicmove00bose Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929]<br /> * Motor mechanism of plants, 1928<br /> <br /> ;Other<br /> * J.C. Bose, Collected Physical Papers. New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., 1927<br /> * Abyakta (Bengali), 1922<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> * Mukherji, Visvapriya, ''Jagadish Chandra Bose'', second edition, 1994, Builders of Modern India series, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, {{ISBN|81-230-0047-2}}.<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite book |first=Patrick |last=Geddes |title=The Life and Work of Sir Jagadis C. Bose |publisher=Longmans |location=London |date=1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandworksirj00geddgoog |accessdate=14 February 2014}}<br /> * {{cite journal |doi=10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042 |author=Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. |title=History of Semiconductor Research |journal=[[Proc. IRE]] |volume=43 |issue=12 |pages=1794–1806 |year=1955}}<br /> * J.M. Payne &amp; P.R. Jewell, &quot;The Upgrade of the NRAO 8-beam Receiver,&quot; in Multi-feed Systems for Radio Telescopes, D.T. Emerson &amp; J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: ASP Conference Series, 1995, vol. 75, p.&amp;nbsp;144<br /> * Fleming, J. A. (1908). [https://archive.org/details/principleselect00flemgoog The principles of electric wave telegraphy]. London: New York and.<br /> * {{cite book |last=Yogananda |first=Paramhansa |chapter=India's Great Scientist, J.C. Bose |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |location=New York |publisher=Philosophical Library |edition=1st |date=1946 |pages=65–74}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Wikiquote}}<br /> {{Wikisource|Author:Jagadish Chandra Bose|Jagadish Chandra Bose}}<br /> {{commons category|Jagadish Chandra Bose}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615190004/http://www.boseinst.ernet.in/home.html Bose Institute website]<br /> * [http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose.html J. C. Bose, The Unsung hero of radio communication], web.mit.edu<br /> * [http://www.tuc.nrao.edu/~demerson/bose/bose.html JC Bose: 60&amp;nbsp;GHz in the 1890s]<br /> * [http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose IEEEGHN: Jagadish Chandra Bose&lt;!-- bot-generated title --&gt;] at www.ieeeghn.org<br /> * [https://archive.is/20120905051529/http://www.infinityfoundation.com/ECITboseframeset.htm ECIT Bose article&lt;!-- bot-generated title --&gt;] at www.infinityfoundation.com<br /> * {{Gutenberg author | id=Bose,+Jagadis+Chandra,+Sir | name=Jagadis Chandra Bose}}<br /> * {{gutenberg|no=22085|name=Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose by Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose}} (Project Gutenberg)<br /> * {{gutenberg|no=18986|name=Response in the Living and Non-Living by Jagadis Chandra Bose}} (Project Gutenberg)<br /> * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Jagadish Chandra Bose}}<br /> * [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/jagadis-chandra-bose Jagadish Chandra Bose materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]<br /> * [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/bengal Entry on Bangla science fiction by Bodhisattva Chattopadhyay in The Science Fiction Encyclopedia]<br /> * {{PM20|FID=pe/002230}}<br /> <br /> {{Bengal Renaissance}}<br /> {{Telecommunications}}<br /> {{Das family}}<br /> {{Scientific Research in West Bengal}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Jagadish}}<br /> [[Category:1858 births]]<br /> [[Category:1937 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali chemists]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali physicists]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali scientists]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian physicists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]<br /> [[Category:Brahmos]]<br /> [[Category:Das family of Telirbagh]]<br /> [[Category:Hare School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata faculty]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Bachelor]]<br /> [[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian knights]]<br /> [[Category:People from Mymensingh District]]<br /> [[Category:St. Xavier's College, Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta faculty]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language science fiction writers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bikrampur]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:History of radio]]<br /> [[Category:Radio pioneers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Munshiganj District]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Intellectual Cooperation]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=895926963 Fête des Vignerons 2019-05-07T10:38:34Z <p>SlvrKy: coordinates updated</p> <hr /> <div>{{coord|46|27|35|N|6|50|32|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox intangible heritage<br /> | Image = [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1905.jpg|200px]]<br /> | Caption = Fête des Vignerons poster, 1905<br /> | ICH = Fête des Vignerons<br /> | State Party = Switzerland<br /> | Domains = <br /> | Criteria = <br /> | ID = 01201<br /> | Region = Europe<br /> | Year = 2016<br /> | Session = <br /> | List = Representative<br /> | Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winegrowers-festival-in-vevey-01201<br /> | Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]]<br /> | Note = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Fête des Vignerons''' (Winegrowers’ Festival) is a traditional festival which takes place in [[Vevey]], in [[Switzerland]].<br /> <br /> It has been organised by the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers) in Vevey since 1797. The organising committee is free to choose how often the festival takes place, but the maximum number of times is five times in a century. Up to now, the interval between two festivals has varied between 14 and 28 years. The next festival will take place in 2019, which will be 20 years after the preceding one (1999).<br /> <br /> The festival features a show celebrating the world of [[winemaking]]; many performances take place in the [[marketplace]] near the shore of [[Lake Geneva|Lac Léman]], and festivities also take place in the town itself. Since 2016, the Fête des Vignerons has been included in [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}} See also: {{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 2019 edition of the festival is recommended as one of [[National Geographic]]'s &quot;world's most exciting destinations&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Where to travel in 2019|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/features/best-trips-2019/#hbd-section-image-vevey-switzerland|website=National Geographic|access-date=4 May 2019|publication-date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;, one of [[The New York Times]]'s &quot;places to go in 2019&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=52 Places to Go in 2019|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/travel/places-to-visit.html|website=The New York Times|access-date=4 May 2019|publication-date=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is listed in [[The Guardian]]'s &quot;Where to go in 2019&quot; list&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Where to go on holiday in 2019 – the hotlist|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/ng-interactive/2019/jan/05/where-to-go-on-holiday-in-2019-the-hotlist|website=The Guardian|access-date=4 May 2019|publication-date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins ===<br /> The oldest object attesting to the existence of the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers), a cup, dates from 1618. The Abbots-Presidents (presidents of the Council of the Brotherhood) are most often notables, members of the City Councils, lawyers, notaries or judges.<br /> <br /> At the end of the 18th century, the Brotherhood, which was then composed of bourgeois landowners, decided to reward the work of the most deserving winegrowers. While at that time it was more common to reprimand negligent and lazy people, they decided to value the efforts made to improve farming methods. Experts of the Brotherhood note, judge and classify the winegrowers. Thus was to be born a ceremony of coronation of the best workers who is at the origin of the celebration. It then took place in the form of a [[procession]]. <br /> <br /> In 1797, on the Place du Marché in [[Vevey]], a platform with two thousand seats was erected. Under the chairmanship of Abbot-President Louis Levade, this first show was held on August 9, 1797.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/1797-fete-succede-parade/story/24509569&lt;/ref&gt; In order to enhance the ceremony, a show is created consisting of a procession and a theatrical performance divided into four seasons presided over by the pagan deities, [[Pales]], [[Bacchus]] and [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]].<br /> <br /> === 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1889.jpg|thumb|Poster of the 1889 Fête des Vignerons]]<br /> Due to the unrest of the [[Canton_of_Vaud#History|Vaudoise Revolution]], then the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the following years did not allow for a new celebration. It would take twenty-two years, in 1819, for a new celebration to be organized. The cycle is now created. The 1819 celebration took place from August 5 to 6 under the chairmanship of the same Abbot-President as the previous one. About 730 actors and performers participated in a 2000-seat arena. As the [[canton of Vaud]] recently joined the [[Swiss Confederation|Confederation]], the theme of this first 19th century celebration glorifies tradition and patriotism (the &quot;[[Ranz des vaches]]&quot; is sung for the first time).<br /> <br /> The third Fête des vignerons took place from 8 to 9 August 1833 under the direction of Abbot-President Vincent Doret. About 780 actors and performers participated in a 4000-seat arena under the direction of dance master David Constantin, on a music written by Samuel Glady (in addition to songs from the traditional repertoire, this edition is the first to feature an original composition) and in costumes designed by Theophile Steinlen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=8 - 9 août 1833 : La Fête pour une nouveau public|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1833-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1851, the fourth Fête des vignerons was held from 7 to 8 August under the direction of the Abbot-President François Déjoux. It is the first celebration whose music is entirely composed for the occasion (by François Grast) and thus forms a stylistic unity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=7 - 8 août 1851 : Une partition originale pour la Fête des vignerons|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1851-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 900 actors and performers participate in an 8,000-seat arena under the direction of the director Benjamin Archinard. This is the first time that the ''Ancients Swiss'' troop, previously intended to supervise the procession, marched.<br /> <br /> It is also François Grast who composed the music for the next Fête des vignerons, which took place from 26 to 27 July 1865 and was conducted by the Abbot-President Louis Bonjour. About 1200 actors and performers participated in a 10,500-seat arena under the direction of the dancing master Benjamin Archinard, as at the previous festival, and Pierre Lacaze (costumes and staging). As the celebration grew, it was in deficit and had to rely on a public subscription for one third of its budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=26 - 27 juillet 1865 : Un financement de plus en plus difficile|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1865-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From August 5 to 9, 1889, the sixth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President (and former [[President of the Confederation]]) [[Paul Ceresole]]. On this occasion, the show is staged by Ernest Burnat on the music of Hugo de Senger and brings together 1379 actors and performers in a 12,000 seat arena. This is the first time that the [[Ranz des vaches]] has been performed by a soloist, Placid Curtat, and not by a choir of ''armaillis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=5, 6, 8 et 9 août 1889: L'Alpe au centre de la cité|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1889-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The highly acclaimed performance of the soloist shows the symbolic function of this song in the festival and establishes the close link between [[Vevey]] and the heights of the [[Veveyse District]] and the [[Gruyère District]].<br /> <br /> === 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - Cent Suisses.jpg|thumb|''Ancient Swiss'' costume, 1999]]<br /> The seventh Fête des vignerons took place from August 4 to 9, 1905. Under the direction of the Abbot-President, the radical national councillor Emile Gaudard, it was directed by [[René Morax]] (also author of the libretto) on music composed by [[Gustave Doret]]. It is the first celebration to owe its booklet to only one person and is distinguished from the previous ones by the fact that the procession becomes a secondary element. It is also the first celebration not to restrict the participation of women and girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=4, 5, 7, 8 et 9 août 1905: Un jeu unifié|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1905-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1,800 actors and performers participated in an arena with 12,500 seats.<br /> <br /> From August 1 to 9, 1927, the eighth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the same Abbot-President as the previous one, Emile Gaudard, then [[Switzerland]]'s delegate to the [[League of Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Patrie et festival|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=swo-001:1927:0::1204|website=The Swiss Observer|date=3 September 1927|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production is directed by Edouard Vierne ([[René Morax]] declined the invitation), replaced by A. Durec a few weeks before the event, while the music is composed as at the previous celebration by [[Gustave Doret]] and the libretto by Pierre Girard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1er - 9 août 1927: Le repli esthétique|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1927-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 2,000 performers participated, gathered in a 14,000-seat arena inspired by a medieval city surrounded by a wall and towers.<br /> <br /> In 1955, the Fête des vignerons took place from August 1 to 15 under the direction of the Abbot-President David Dénéréaz. In a context of increasing entertainment possibilities, barely a decade after the end of the [[Second World War]], the organisation became more professional: it was the first festival to have an international focus,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1er - 14 août 1955 : Le légendaire messager conquiert la Suisse|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1955-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; more than doubling its capacity compared to the previous one (the first performances were not entirely complete, but additional ones were organised following their success). The show was directed by Oscar Eberlé on a music by Carlo Hemmerling and a libretto by Géo H. Blanc. 3,850 performers participated in a 16,000-seat arena. The 1955 edition was the first to organize night performances.<br /> <br /> From July 30 to August 14, 1977, the tenth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President Philippe Dénéréaz. It was directed by Charles Apothéloz on a music by [[Jean Balissat]] and a libretto by Henri Debluë. The sets and costumes were designed by Jean Monod. 4,250 performers participated in a 15,776-seat arena organized around a large solar clock with four cardinal points indicating the four seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=30 juillet - 14 août 1977: La symbolique chrétienne|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1977-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1999 Winegrowers' Festival took place from July 29 to August 15. Presided over by the Abbot-President Marc-Henri Chaudet, it was directed by François Rochaix on a music by [[Jean-François Bovard]], [[Michel Hostettler]] and [[Jost Meier]]. The booklet was signed by François Debluë while Jean-Claude Maret directed the scenography and Catherine Zuber the costumes. The show featured &quot;Arlevin&quot;, a winemaker representing the crowned winemakers (the coronation only took place during the first performance).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1999: &quot;Amour et joie&quot; sur la Grande place et dans la ville|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1999-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5,050 performers (including 670 squires) participated in a 16,000-seat arena. On August 11, the audience was able to see, during the show, the only [[Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999|total solar eclipse]] of the decade.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Models of amphitheatres from the second half of the 20th century&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1955.JPG|1955<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1977.JPG|1977<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1999.JPG|1999<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> On December 1st, 2016, the Fête des Vignerons is added to [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]]. It is the first Swiss tradition to be included.<br /> <br /> From July 18 to August 11, 2019, takes place the twelfth Fête des vignerons. It is presided by Abbot-President François Margot&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/L-equipe-de-la-Fete-des-Vignerons-2019-est-connue/story/19580269 L'équipe de la Fête des Vignerons 2019 est connue], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; and is directed by [[Daniele Finzi Pasca]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://laliberte.ch/l-info-regionale/le-concepteur-de-la-fete-des-vignerons-2019-a-ete-designe Le concepteur de la Fête des Vignerons a été designé], on LaLiberte.ch&lt;/ref&gt; The music is composed by [[Jérôme Berney]], [[Maria Bonzanigo]] and [[Valentin Villard]], while the libretto is the work of Stéphane Blok and Blaise Hofmann. The scenography is directed by Hugo Gargiulo,&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/Une-arene-digne-des-jeux-du-cirque-pour-la-Fete-des-Vignerons/story/24990896 Un nouveau scénographe annoncé lors de la présentation de l'arène], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; the choreography is provided by Bryn Walters and the costumes designed by Giovanna Buzzi. Among the approximately 6,000 actors and performers, there are nearly 1,000 singers (local choirs, choir-percussionists, children)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/fete-des-vignerons/supplements/supplement-6/churs-voix-vigne/story/12275854 Les chœurs, voix de la vigne], on 24heures.ch, Octobre 12, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; conducted by Caroline Meyer and Céline Grandjean&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/Le-Choeur-de-la-Fete-bat-deux-fois-au-feminin/story/13688378 Fête des Vignerons: Le Chœur de la Fête bat deux fois au féminin], on 24heures.ch, March 28, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; in an arena of 20,000 seats.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rts.ch/info/regions/vaud/8485066-la-future-fete-des-vignerons-de-2019-devoile-son-arene-de-20-000-places.html La future Fête des vignerons de 2019 dévoile son arène de 20 000 places], on rts.ch.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Commons|Category:Fête_des_vignerons|Fête des Vignerons}}<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fete Des Vignerons}}<br /> [[Category:Vevey]]<br /> [[Category:1797 establishments in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century establishments in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Swiss wine]]<br /> [[Category:Wine-related events]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Vaud]]<br /> [[Category:Food and drink festivals in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Wine festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals established in 1797]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=895521402 Fête des Vignerons 2019-05-04T20:55:51Z <p>SlvrKy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{coord|46|28|N|6|51|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox intangible heritage<br /> | Image = [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1905.jpg|200px]]<br /> | Caption = Fête des Vignerons poster, 1905<br /> | ICH = Fête des Vignerons<br /> | State Party = Switzerland<br /> | Domains = <br /> | Criteria = <br /> | ID = 01201<br /> | Region = Europe<br /> | Year = 2016<br /> | Session = <br /> | List = Representative<br /> | Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winegrowers-festival-in-vevey-01201<br /> | Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]]<br /> | Note = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Fête des Vignerons''' (Winegrowers’ Festival) is a traditional festival which takes place in [[Vevey]], in [[Switzerland]].<br /> <br /> It has been organised by the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers) in Vevey since 1797. The organising committee is free to choose how often the festival takes place, but the maximum number of times is five times in a century. Up to now, the interval between two festivals has varied between 14 and 28 years. The next festival will take place in 2019, which will be 20 years after the preceding one (1999).<br /> <br /> The festival features a show celebrating the world of [[winemaking]]; many performances take place in the [[marketplace]] near the shore of [[Lake Geneva|Lac Léman]], and festivities also take place in the town itself. Since 2016, the Fête des Vignerons has been included in [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}} See also: {{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 2019 edition of the festival is recommended as one of [[National Geographic]]'s &quot;world's most exciting destinations&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Where to travel in 2019|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/features/best-trips-2019/#hbd-section-image-vevey-switzerland|website=National Geographic|access-date=4 May 2019|publication-date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;, one of [[The New York Times]]'s &quot;places to go in 2019&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=52 Places to Go in 2019|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/travel/places-to-visit.html|website=The New York Times|access-date=4 May 2019|publication-date=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is listed in [[The Guardian]]'s &quot;Where to go in 2019&quot; list&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Where to go on holiday in 2019 – the hotlist|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/ng-interactive/2019/jan/05/where-to-go-on-holiday-in-2019-the-hotlist|website=The Guardian|access-date=4 May 2019|publication-date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins ===<br /> The oldest object attesting to the existence of the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers), a cup, dates from 1618. The Abbots-Presidents (presidents of the Council of the Brotherhood) are most often notables, members of the City Councils, lawyers, notaries or judges.<br /> <br /> At the end of the 18th century, the Brotherhood, which was then composed of bourgeois landowners, decided to reward the work of the most deserving winegrowers. While at that time it was more common to reprimand negligent and lazy people, they decided to value the efforts made to improve farming methods. Experts of the Brotherhood note, judge and classify the winegrowers. Thus was to be born a ceremony of coronation of the best workers who is at the origin of the celebration. It then took place in the form of a [[procession]]. <br /> <br /> In 1797, on the Place du Marché in [[Vevey]], a platform with two thousand seats was erected. Under the chairmanship of Abbot-President Louis Levade, this first show was held on August 9, 1797.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/1797-fete-succede-parade/story/24509569&lt;/ref&gt; In order to enhance the ceremony, a show is created consisting of a procession and a theatrical performance divided into four seasons presided over by the pagan deities, [[Pales]], [[Bacchus]] and [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]].<br /> <br /> === 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1889.jpg|thumb|Poster of the 1889 Fête des Vignerons]]<br /> Due to the unrest of the [[Canton_of_Vaud#History|Vaudoise Revolution]], then the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the following years did not allow for a new celebration. It would take twenty-two years, in 1819, for a new celebration to be organized. The cycle is now created. The 1819 celebration took place from August 5 to 6 under the chairmanship of the same Abbot-President as the previous one. About 730 actors and performers participated in a 2000-seat arena. As the [[canton of Vaud]] recently joined the [[Swiss Confederation|Confederation]], the theme of this first 19th century celebration glorifies tradition and patriotism (the &quot;[[Ranz des vaches]]&quot; is sung for the first time).<br /> <br /> The third Fête des vignerons took place from 8 to 9 August 1833 under the direction of Abbot-President Vincent Doret. About 780 actors and performers participated in a 4000-seat arena under the direction of dance master David Constantin, on a music written by Samuel Glady (in addition to songs from the traditional repertoire, this edition is the first to feature an original composition) and in costumes designed by Theophile Steinlen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=8 - 9 août 1833 : La Fête pour une nouveau public|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1833-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1851, the fourth Fête des vignerons was held from 7 to 8 August under the direction of the Abbot-President François Déjoux. It is the first celebration whose music is entirely composed for the occasion (by François Grast) and thus forms a stylistic unity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=7 - 8 août 1851 : Une partition originale pour la Fête des vignerons|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1851-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 900 actors and performers participate in an 8,000-seat arena under the direction of the director Benjamin Archinard. This is the first time that the ''Ancients Swiss'' troop, previously intended to supervise the procession, marched.<br /> <br /> It is also François Grast who composed the music for the next Fête des vignerons, which took place from 26 to 27 July 1865 and was conducted by the Abbot-President Louis Bonjour. About 1200 actors and performers participated in a 10,500-seat arena under the direction of the dancing master Benjamin Archinard, as at the previous festival, and Pierre Lacaze (costumes and staging). As the celebration grew, it was in deficit and had to rely on a public subscription for one third of its budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=26 - 27 juillet 1865 : Un financement de plus en plus difficile|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1865-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From August 5 to 9, 1889, the sixth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President (and former [[President of the Confederation]]) [[Paul Ceresole]]. On this occasion, the show is staged by Ernest Burnat on the music of Hugo de Senger and brings together 1379 actors and performers in a 12,000 seat arena. This is the first time that the [[Ranz des vaches]] has been performed by a soloist, Placid Curtat, and not by a choir of ''armaillis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=5, 6, 8 et 9 août 1889: L'Alpe au centre de la cité|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1889-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The highly acclaimed performance of the soloist shows the symbolic function of this song in the festival and establishes the close link between [[Vevey]] and the heights of the [[Veveyse District]] and the [[Gruyère District]].<br /> <br /> === 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - Cent Suisses.jpg|thumb|''Ancient Swiss'' costume, 1999]]<br /> The seventh Fête des vignerons took place from August 4 to 9, 1905. Under the direction of the Abbot-President, the radical national councillor Emile Gaudard, it was directed by [[René Morax]] (also author of the libretto) on music composed by [[Gustave Doret]]. It is the first celebration to owe its booklet to only one person and is distinguished from the previous ones by the fact that the procession becomes a secondary element. It is also the first celebration not to restrict the participation of women and girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=4, 5, 7, 8 et 9 août 1905: Un jeu unifié|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1905-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1,800 actors and performers participated in an arena with 12,500 seats.<br /> <br /> From August 1 to 9, 1927, the eighth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the same Abbot-President as the previous one, Emile Gaudard, then [[Switzerland]]'s delegate to the [[League of Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Patrie et festival|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=swo-001:1927:0::1204|website=The Swiss Observer|date=3 September 1927|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production is directed by Edouard Vierne ([[René Morax]] declined the invitation), replaced by A. Durec a few weeks before the event, while the music is composed as at the previous celebration by [[Gustave Doret]] and the libretto by Pierre Girard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1er - 9 août 1927: Le repli esthétique|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1927-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 2,000 performers participated, gathered in a 14,000-seat arena inspired by a medieval city surrounded by a wall and towers.<br /> <br /> In 1955, the Fête des vignerons took place from August 1 to 15 under the direction of the Abbot-President David Dénéréaz. In a context of increasing entertainment possibilities, barely a decade after the end of the [[Second World War]], the organisation became more professional: it was the first festival to have an international focus,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1er - 14 août 1955 : Le légendaire messager conquiert la Suisse|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1955-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; more than doubling its capacity compared to the previous one (the first performances were not entirely complete, but additional ones were organised following their success). The show was directed by Oscar Eberlé on a music by Carlo Hemmerling and a libretto by Géo H. Blanc. 3,850 performers participated in a 16,000-seat arena. The 1955 edition was the first to organize night performances.<br /> <br /> From July 30 to August 14, 1977, the tenth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President Philippe Dénéréaz. It was directed by Charles Apothéloz on a music by [[Jean Balissat]] and a libretto by Henri Debluë. The sets and costumes were designed by Jean Monod. 4,250 performers participated in a 15,776-seat arena organized around a large solar clock with four cardinal points indicating the four seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=30 juillet - 14 août 1977: La symbolique chrétienne|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1977-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1999 Winegrowers' Festival took place from July 29 to August 15. Presided over by the Abbot-President Marc-Henri Chaudet, it was directed by François Rochaix on a music by [[Jean-François Bovard]], [[Michel Hostettler]] and [[Jost Meier]]. The booklet was signed by François Debluë while Jean-Claude Maret directed the scenography and Catherine Zuber the costumes. The show featured &quot;Arlevin&quot;, a winemaker representing the crowned winemakers (the coronation only took place during the first performance).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1999: &quot;Amour et joie&quot; sur la Grande place et dans la ville|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1999-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5,050 performers (including 670 squires) participated in a 16,000-seat arena. On August 11, the audience was able to see, during the show, the only [[Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999|total solar eclipse]] of the decade.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Models of amphitheatres from the second half of the 20th century&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1955.JPG|1955<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1977.JPG|1977<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1999.JPG|1999<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> On December 1st, 2016, the Fête des Vignerons is added to [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]]. It is the first Swiss tradition to be included.<br /> <br /> From July 18 to August 11, 2019, takes place the twelfth Fête des vignerons. It is presided by Abbot-President François Margot&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/L-equipe-de-la-Fete-des-Vignerons-2019-est-connue/story/19580269 L'équipe de la Fête des Vignerons 2019 est connue], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; and is directed by [[Daniele Finzi Pasca]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://laliberte.ch/l-info-regionale/le-concepteur-de-la-fete-des-vignerons-2019-a-ete-designe Le concepteur de la Fête des Vignerons a été designé], on LaLiberte.ch&lt;/ref&gt; The music is composed by [[Jérôme Berney]], [[Maria Bonzanigo]] and [[Valentin Villard]], while the libretto is the work of Stéphane Blok and Blaise Hofmann. The scenography is directed by Hugo Gargiulo,&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/Une-arene-digne-des-jeux-du-cirque-pour-la-Fete-des-Vignerons/story/24990896 Un nouveau scénographe annoncé lors de la présentation de l'arène], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; the choreography is provided by Bryn Walters and the costumes designed by Giovanna Buzzi. Among the approximately 6,000 actors and performers, there are nearly 1,000 singers (local choirs, choir-percussionists, children)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/fete-des-vignerons/supplements/supplement-6/churs-voix-vigne/story/12275854 Les chœurs, voix de la vigne], on 24heures.ch, Octobre 12, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; conducted by Caroline Meyer and Céline Grandjean&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/Le-Choeur-de-la-Fete-bat-deux-fois-au-feminin/story/13688378 Fête des Vignerons: Le Chœur de la Fête bat deux fois au féminin], on 24heures.ch, March 28, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; in an arena of 20,000 seats.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rts.ch/info/regions/vaud/8485066-la-future-fete-des-vignerons-de-2019-devoile-son-arene-de-20-000-places.html La future Fête des vignerons de 2019 dévoile son arène de 20 000 places], on rts.ch.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Commons|Category:Fête_des_vignerons|Fête des Vignerons}}<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fete Des Vignerons}}<br /> [[Category:Vevey]]<br /> [[Category:1797 establishments in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century establishments in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Swiss wine]]<br /> [[Category:Wine-related events]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Vaud]]<br /> [[Category:Food and drink festivals in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Wine festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals established in 1797]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=895521365 Fête des Vignerons 2019-05-04T20:55:34Z <p>SlvrKy: coverage</p> <hr /> <div>{{coord|46|28|N|6|51|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox intangible heritage<br /> | Image = [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1905.jpg|200px]]<br /> | Caption = Fête des Vignerons poster, 1905<br /> | ICH = Fête des Vignerons<br /> | State Party = Switzerland<br /> | Domains = <br /> | Criteria = <br /> | ID = 01201<br /> | Region = Europe<br /> | Year = 2016<br /> | Session = <br /> | List = Representative<br /> | Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winegrowers-festival-in-vevey-01201<br /> | Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]]<br /> | Note = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Fête des Vignerons''' (Winegrowers’ Festival) is a traditional festival which takes place in [[Vevey]], in [[Switzerland]].<br /> <br /> It has been organised by the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers) in Vevey since 1797. The organising committee is free to choose how often the festival takes place, but the maximum number of times is five times in a century. Up to now, the interval between two festivals has varied between 14 and 28 years. The next festival will take place in 2019, which will be 20 years after the preceding one (1999).<br /> <br /> The festival features a show celebrating the world of [[winemaking]]; many performances take place in the [[marketplace]] near the shore of [[Lake Geneva|Lac Léman]], and festivities also take place in the town itself. Since 2016, the Fête des Vignerons has been included in [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}} See also: {{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 2019 edition of the festival is recommended as one of [[National Geographic]]'s &quot;world's most exciting destinations&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Where to travel in 2019|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/features/best-trips-2019/#hbd-section-image-vevey-switzerland|website=National Geographic|access-date=4 May 2019|publication-date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;, one of [[New York Times]]'s &quot;places to go in 2019&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=52 Places to Go in 2019|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/travel/places-to-visit.html|website=The New York Times|access-date=4 May 2019|publication-date=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is listed in [[The Guardian]]'s &quot;Where to go in 2019&quot; list&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Where to go on holiday in 2019 – the hotlist|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/ng-interactive/2019/jan/05/where-to-go-on-holiday-in-2019-the-hotlist|website=The Guardian|access-date=4 May 2019|publication-date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins ===<br /> The oldest object attesting to the existence of the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers), a cup, dates from 1618. The Abbots-Presidents (presidents of the Council of the Brotherhood) are most often notables, members of the City Councils, lawyers, notaries or judges.<br /> <br /> At the end of the 18th century, the Brotherhood, which was then composed of bourgeois landowners, decided to reward the work of the most deserving winegrowers. While at that time it was more common to reprimand negligent and lazy people, they decided to value the efforts made to improve farming methods. Experts of the Brotherhood note, judge and classify the winegrowers. Thus was to be born a ceremony of coronation of the best workers who is at the origin of the celebration. It then took place in the form of a [[procession]]. <br /> <br /> In 1797, on the Place du Marché in [[Vevey]], a platform with two thousand seats was erected. Under the chairmanship of Abbot-President Louis Levade, this first show was held on August 9, 1797.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/1797-fete-succede-parade/story/24509569&lt;/ref&gt; In order to enhance the ceremony, a show is created consisting of a procession and a theatrical performance divided into four seasons presided over by the pagan deities, [[Pales]], [[Bacchus]] and [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]].<br /> <br /> === 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1889.jpg|thumb|Poster of the 1889 Fête des Vignerons]]<br /> Due to the unrest of the [[Canton_of_Vaud#History|Vaudoise Revolution]], then the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the following years did not allow for a new celebration. It would take twenty-two years, in 1819, for a new celebration to be organized. The cycle is now created. The 1819 celebration took place from August 5 to 6 under the chairmanship of the same Abbot-President as the previous one. About 730 actors and performers participated in a 2000-seat arena. As the [[canton of Vaud]] recently joined the [[Swiss Confederation|Confederation]], the theme of this first 19th century celebration glorifies tradition and patriotism (the &quot;[[Ranz des vaches]]&quot; is sung for the first time).<br /> <br /> The third Fête des vignerons took place from 8 to 9 August 1833 under the direction of Abbot-President Vincent Doret. About 780 actors and performers participated in a 4000-seat arena under the direction of dance master David Constantin, on a music written by Samuel Glady (in addition to songs from the traditional repertoire, this edition is the first to feature an original composition) and in costumes designed by Theophile Steinlen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=8 - 9 août 1833 : La Fête pour une nouveau public|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1833-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1851, the fourth Fête des vignerons was held from 7 to 8 August under the direction of the Abbot-President François Déjoux. It is the first celebration whose music is entirely composed for the occasion (by François Grast) and thus forms a stylistic unity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=7 - 8 août 1851 : Une partition originale pour la Fête des vignerons|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1851-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 900 actors and performers participate in an 8,000-seat arena under the direction of the director Benjamin Archinard. This is the first time that the ''Ancients Swiss'' troop, previously intended to supervise the procession, marched.<br /> <br /> It is also François Grast who composed the music for the next Fête des vignerons, which took place from 26 to 27 July 1865 and was conducted by the Abbot-President Louis Bonjour. About 1200 actors and performers participated in a 10,500-seat arena under the direction of the dancing master Benjamin Archinard, as at the previous festival, and Pierre Lacaze (costumes and staging). As the celebration grew, it was in deficit and had to rely on a public subscription for one third of its budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=26 - 27 juillet 1865 : Un financement de plus en plus difficile|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1865-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From August 5 to 9, 1889, the sixth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President (and former [[President of the Confederation]]) [[Paul Ceresole]]. On this occasion, the show is staged by Ernest Burnat on the music of Hugo de Senger and brings together 1379 actors and performers in a 12,000 seat arena. This is the first time that the [[Ranz des vaches]] has been performed by a soloist, Placid Curtat, and not by a choir of ''armaillis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=5, 6, 8 et 9 août 1889: L'Alpe au centre de la cité|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1889-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The highly acclaimed performance of the soloist shows the symbolic function of this song in the festival and establishes the close link between [[Vevey]] and the heights of the [[Veveyse District]] and the [[Gruyère District]].<br /> <br /> === 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - Cent Suisses.jpg|thumb|''Ancient Swiss'' costume, 1999]]<br /> The seventh Fête des vignerons took place from August 4 to 9, 1905. Under the direction of the Abbot-President, the radical national councillor Emile Gaudard, it was directed by [[René Morax]] (also author of the libretto) on music composed by [[Gustave Doret]]. It is the first celebration to owe its booklet to only one person and is distinguished from the previous ones by the fact that the procession becomes a secondary element. It is also the first celebration not to restrict the participation of women and girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=4, 5, 7, 8 et 9 août 1905: Un jeu unifié|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1905-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1,800 actors and performers participated in an arena with 12,500 seats.<br /> <br /> From August 1 to 9, 1927, the eighth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the same Abbot-President as the previous one, Emile Gaudard, then [[Switzerland]]'s delegate to the [[League of Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Patrie et festival|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=swo-001:1927:0::1204|website=The Swiss Observer|date=3 September 1927|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production is directed by Edouard Vierne ([[René Morax]] declined the invitation), replaced by A. Durec a few weeks before the event, while the music is composed as at the previous celebration by [[Gustave Doret]] and the libretto by Pierre Girard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1er - 9 août 1927: Le repli esthétique|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1927-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 2,000 performers participated, gathered in a 14,000-seat arena inspired by a medieval city surrounded by a wall and towers.<br /> <br /> In 1955, the Fête des vignerons took place from August 1 to 15 under the direction of the Abbot-President David Dénéréaz. In a context of increasing entertainment possibilities, barely a decade after the end of the [[Second World War]], the organisation became more professional: it was the first festival to have an international focus,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1er - 14 août 1955 : Le légendaire messager conquiert la Suisse|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1955-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; more than doubling its capacity compared to the previous one (the first performances were not entirely complete, but additional ones were organised following their success). The show was directed by Oscar Eberlé on a music by Carlo Hemmerling and a libretto by Géo H. Blanc. 3,850 performers participated in a 16,000-seat arena. The 1955 edition was the first to organize night performances.<br /> <br /> From July 30 to August 14, 1977, the tenth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President Philippe Dénéréaz. It was directed by Charles Apothéloz on a music by [[Jean Balissat]] and a libretto by Henri Debluë. The sets and costumes were designed by Jean Monod. 4,250 performers participated in a 15,776-seat arena organized around a large solar clock with four cardinal points indicating the four seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=30 juillet - 14 août 1977: La symbolique chrétienne|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1977-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1999 Winegrowers' Festival took place from July 29 to August 15. Presided over by the Abbot-President Marc-Henri Chaudet, it was directed by François Rochaix on a music by [[Jean-François Bovard]], [[Michel Hostettler]] and [[Jost Meier]]. The booklet was signed by François Debluë while Jean-Claude Maret directed the scenography and Catherine Zuber the costumes. The show featured &quot;Arlevin&quot;, a winemaker representing the crowned winemakers (the coronation only took place during the first performance).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1999: &quot;Amour et joie&quot; sur la Grande place et dans la ville|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1999-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5,050 performers (including 670 squires) participated in a 16,000-seat arena. On August 11, the audience was able to see, during the show, the only [[Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999|total solar eclipse]] of the decade.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Models of amphitheatres from the second half of the 20th century&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1955.JPG|1955<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1977.JPG|1977<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1999.JPG|1999<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> On December 1st, 2016, the Fête des Vignerons is added to [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]]. It is the first Swiss tradition to be included.<br /> <br /> From July 18 to August 11, 2019, takes place the twelfth Fête des vignerons. It is presided by Abbot-President François Margot&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/L-equipe-de-la-Fete-des-Vignerons-2019-est-connue/story/19580269 L'équipe de la Fête des Vignerons 2019 est connue], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; and is directed by [[Daniele Finzi Pasca]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://laliberte.ch/l-info-regionale/le-concepteur-de-la-fete-des-vignerons-2019-a-ete-designe Le concepteur de la Fête des Vignerons a été designé], on LaLiberte.ch&lt;/ref&gt; The music is composed by [[Jérôme Berney]], [[Maria Bonzanigo]] and [[Valentin Villard]], while the libretto is the work of Stéphane Blok and Blaise Hofmann. The scenography is directed by Hugo Gargiulo,&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/Une-arene-digne-des-jeux-du-cirque-pour-la-Fete-des-Vignerons/story/24990896 Un nouveau scénographe annoncé lors de la présentation de l'arène], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; the choreography is provided by Bryn Walters and the costumes designed by Giovanna Buzzi. Among the approximately 6,000 actors and performers, there are nearly 1,000 singers (local choirs, choir-percussionists, children)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/fete-des-vignerons/supplements/supplement-6/churs-voix-vigne/story/12275854 Les chœurs, voix de la vigne], on 24heures.ch, Octobre 12, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; conducted by Caroline Meyer and Céline Grandjean&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/Le-Choeur-de-la-Fete-bat-deux-fois-au-feminin/story/13688378 Fête des Vignerons: Le Chœur de la Fête bat deux fois au féminin], on 24heures.ch, March 28, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; in an arena of 20,000 seats.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rts.ch/info/regions/vaud/8485066-la-future-fete-des-vignerons-de-2019-devoile-son-arene-de-20-000-places.html La future Fête des vignerons de 2019 dévoile son arène de 20 000 places], on rts.ch.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Commons|Category:Fête_des_vignerons|Fête des Vignerons}}<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fete Des Vignerons}}<br /> [[Category:Vevey]]<br /> [[Category:1797 establishments in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century establishments in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Swiss wine]]<br /> [[Category:Wine-related events]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Vaud]]<br /> [[Category:Food and drink festivals in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Wine festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals established in 1797]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_humanities&diff=895516186 Digital humanities 2019-05-04T20:09:48Z <p>SlvrKy: /* Organizations */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Pride and Prejudice in Voyant Tools.png|thumb|300px|Example of a textual analysis program being used to study a novel, with Jane Austen's ''Pride and Prejudice'' in [[Voyant Tools]] ]]<br /> <br /> '''Digital humanities''' ('''DH''') is an area of scholarly activity at the intersection of [[computing]] or [[Information technology|digital technologies]] and the disciplines of the [[humanities]]. It includes the systematic use of digital resources in the [[humanities]], as well as the reflection on their application.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dh101.humanities.ucla.edu/?page_id=13|title=Intro to Digital Humanities: Introduction|last=Drucker|first=Johanna|date=September 2013|website=UCLA Center for Digital Humanities|publisher=|access-date=December 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/infostudies/melissa-terras/DigitalHumanitiesInfographic.pdf|title=Quantifying Digital Humanities|last=Terras|first=Melissa|date=December 2011|website=UCL Centre for Digital Humanities|publisher=|access-date=December 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; DH can be defined as new ways of doing scholarship that involve collaborative, transdisciplinary, and computationally engaged research, teaching, and publishing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/9780262018470_Open_Access_Edition.pdf|title=Digital_Humanities|last=Burdick|first=Anne|last2=Drucker|first2=Johanna|last3=Lunenfeld|first3=Peter|last4=Presner|first4=Todd|last5=Schnapp|first5=Jeffrey|publisher=MIT Press|year=November 2012|isbn=9780262312097|location=Open Access eBook|quote=|via=|access-date=2016-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026210950/https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/9780262018470_Open_Access_Edition.pdf|archive-date=2016-10-26|dead-url=yes|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; It brings digital tools and methods to the study of the humanities with the recognition that the printed word is no longer the main medium for knowledge production and distribution.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> By producing and using new applications and techniques, DH makes new kinds of teaching and research possible, while at the same time studying and critiquing how these impact cultural heritage and digital culture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Thus, a distinctive feature of DH is its cultivation of a two-way relationship between the humanities and the digital: the field both employs technology in the pursuit of humanities research and subjects technology to humanistic questioning and interrogation, often simultaneously.<br /> <br /> ==Definition==<br /> The definition of the digital humanities is being continually formulated by scholars and practitioners. Since the field is constantly growing and changing, specific definitions can quickly become outdated or unnecessarily limit future potential.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hla3uAAACAAJ&amp;dq=Digital+Humanities+in+practice|title=Digital Humanities in Practice|last=Warwick|first=Claire|last2=Terras|first2=Melissa|last3=Nyhan|first3=Julianne|date=2012-10-09|publisher=Facet Publishing|isbn=9781856047661|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second volume of ''Debates in the Digital Humanities'' (2016) acknowledges the difficulty in defining the field: &quot;Along with the digital archives, quantitative analyses, and tool-building projects that once characterized the field, DH now encompasses a wide range of methods and practices: visualizations of large image sets, 3D modeling of historical artifacts, 'born digital' dissertations, [[hashtag activism]] and the analysis thereof, [[alternate reality game]]s, mobile makerspaces, and more. In what has been called 'big tent' DH, it can at times be difficult to determine with any specificity what, precisely, digital humanities work entails.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/debates/2|title=Debates in the Digital Humanities|website=dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu|access-date=2016-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Historically, the digital humanities developed out of humanities computing and has become associated with other fields, such as humanistic computing, social computing, and media studies. In concrete terms, the digital humanities embraces a variety of topics, from curating online collections of primary sources (primarily textual) to the [[data mining]] of large cultural data sets to [[topic modeling]]. Digital humanities incorporates both digitized (remediated) and [[born-digital]] materials and combines the methodologies from traditional humanities disciplines (such as [[rhetoric]], [[history]], [[philosophy]], [[linguistics]], [[literature]], [[art]], [[archaeology]], [[music]], and [[cultural studies]]) and social sciences,&lt;ref name=&quot;digital-humanities-network&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Digital Humanities Network|url=http://www.digitalhumanities.cam.ac.uk/|work=University of Cambridge|accessdate=27 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; with tools provided by [[computing]] (such as [[hypertext]], [[hypermedia]], [[data visualisation]], [[information retrieval]], data mining, [[statistics]], [[text mining]], [[digital mapping]]), and [[electronic publication|digital publishing]]. Related subfields of digital humanities have emerged like [[software studies]], platform studies, and [[critical code studies]]. Fields that parallel the digital humanities include [[new media studies]] and [[information science]] as well as [[media theory of composition]], [[game studies]], particularly in areas related to digital humanities project design and production, and [[cultural analytics]].<br /> <br /> [[File:Digital Humanities Stack (from Berry and Fagerjord 2017- 18).jpg|thumb|The Digital Humanities Stack (from Berry and Fagerjord, ''Digital Humanities: Knowledge and Critique in a Digital Age'')]]<br /> <br /> Berry and Fagerjord have suggested that a way to reconceptualise digital humanities could be through a &quot;digital humanities stack&quot;. They argue that &quot;this type of diagram is common in computation and computer science to show how technologies are 'stacked' on top of each other in increasing levels of abstraction. Here, [they] use the method in a more illustrative and creative sense of showing the range of activities, practices, skills, technologies and structures that could be said to make up the digital humanities, with the aim of providing a high-level map.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Digital Humanities: Knowledge and Critique in a Digital Age|last=Berry|first=David M.|last2=Fagerjord|publisher=Polity|year=2017|isbn=9780745697666|location=UK|pages=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, the &quot;diagram can be read as the bottom levels indicating some of the fundamental elements of the digital humanities stack, such as computational thinking and knowledge representation, and then other elements that later build on these. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Digital Humanities: Knowledge and Critique in a Digital Age|last=Berry|first=David M.|last2=Fagerjord|publisher=Polity|year=2017|isbn=9780745697666|location=UK|pages=19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> Digital humanities descends from the field of humanities computing, whose origins reach back to the 1930s and 1940s in the pioneering work of English professor [[Josephine Miles]] and Jesuit scholar [[Roberto Busa]] and the women they employed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Heffernan|first1=Laura|last2=Sagner Buurma|first2=Rachel|date=2018-04-11|title=Search and Replace: Josephine Miles and the Origins of Distant Reading|url=https://modernismmodernity.org/forums/posts/search-and-replace|journal=Modernism / Modernity Print+|volume=3|issue=1|accessdate=2018-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=svensson&gt;{{Cite journal| issn = 1938-4122| volume = 3| issue = 3| last = Svensson| first = Patrik| title = Humanities Computing as Digital Humanities| journal = Digital Humanities Quarterly| accessdate = 2012-05-30| year = 2009| url = http://digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/3/3/000065/000065.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hockney&gt;{{Cite book| publisher = Blackwell| isbn = 978-1405103213| editors = Susan Schreibman, Ray Siemens, John Unsworth (eds.)| last = Hockney| first = Susan| title = Companion to Digital Humanities| chapter = The History of Humanities Computing| location = Oxford| series = Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture| year = 2004| chapter-url=http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/view?docId=blackwell/9781405103213/9781405103213.xml&amp;chunk.id=ss1-2-1&amp;toc.depth=1&amp;toc.id=ss1-2-1&amp;brand=9781405103213_brand}}&lt;/ref&gt; In collaboration with [[IBM]], they created a computer-generated concordance to [[Thomas Aquinas]]' writings known as the ''Index Thomisticus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Other scholars began using mainframe computers to automate tasks like word-searching, sorting, and counting, which was much faster than processing information from texts with handwritten or typed index cards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In the decades which followed archaeologists, classicists, historians, literary scholars, and a broad array of humanities researchers in other disciplines applied emerging computational methods to transform humanities scholarship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| last1 = Feeney| first1 = Mary| last2 = Ross| first2 = Seamus| lastauthoramp = yes| title = Information Technology in Humanities Scholarship, British Achievements, Prospects, and Barriers | journal = Historical Social Research| volume = 19| issue = 1 (69)| year = 1994| pages = 3–59| jstor=20755828}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=berryandfagerjord&gt;{{Cite book| publisher = Polity| isbn = 978-0-7456-9765-9 | last1 = Berry| first1 = David M. | last2 = Fagerjord| first2 = Anders | title = Digital Humanities: Knowledge and Critique in a Digital Age | location = Cambridge | year = 2017 | url=http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0745697658,subjectCd-CO30.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As Tara McPherson has pointed out, the digital humanities also inherit practices and perspectives developed through many artistic and theoretical engagements with electronic screen culture beginning the late 1960s and 1970s. These range from research developed by organizations such as [[SIGGRAPH]] to creations by artists such as [[Charles and Ray Eames]] and the members of [[Experiments in Art and Technology|E.A.T.]] (Experiments in Art and Technology). The Eames and E.A.T. explored nascent computer culture and intermediality in creative works that dovetailed technological innovation with art.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson, Tara. &quot;DH by Design: Feminism, aesthetics + the digital.&quot; Congress of the Social Science and Humanities. University of Calgary, 2016-05-31. Keynote.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first specialized journal in the digital humanities was ''Computers and the Humanities'', which debuted in 1966. The Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing (ALLC) and the Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH) were then founded in 1977 and 1978, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Soon, there was a need for a standardized protocol for tagging digital texts, and the [[Text Encoding Initiative]] (TEI) was developed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The TEI project was launched in 1987 and published the first full version of the ''TEI Guidelines'' in May 1994.&lt;ref name=hockney /&gt; TEI helped shape the field of electronic textual scholarship and led to [[Extensible Markup Language]] (XML), which is a tag scheme for digital editing. Researchers also began experimenting with databases and hypertextual editing, which are structured around links and nodes, as opposed to the standard linear convention of print.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In the nineties, major digital text and image archives emerged at centers of humanities computing in the U.S. (e.g. the ''[[Women Writers Project]]'', the ''Rossetti Archive'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation| publisher = Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, University of Virginia| editor = Jerome J. McGann | title = Rossetti Archive| accessdate = 2012-06-16| date =| url = http://www.rossettiarchive.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''[[The William Blake Archive]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation| publisher = | editors = Morris Eaves, Robert Essick, and Joseph Viscomi| title = The William Blake Archive| accessdate = 2012-06-16| date =| url = http://www.blakearchive.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;), which demonstrated the sophistication and robustness of text-encoding for literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| issn = 0093-1896| volume = 31| issue = 1| pages = 49–84| last = Liu| first = Alan| title = Transcendental Data: Toward a Cultural History and Aesthetics of the New Encoded Discourse| journal = Critical Inquiry| year = 2004| jstor = 10.1086/427302| doi=10.1086/427302}}&lt;/ref&gt; The advent of personal computing and the World Wide Web meant that Digital Humanities work could become less centered on text and more on design. The multimedia nature of the internet has allowed Digital Humanities work to incorporate audio, video, and other components in addition to text.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The terminological change from &quot;humanities computing&quot; to &quot;digital humanities&quot; has been attributed to [[John Unsworth]], Susan Schreibman, and Ray Siemens who, as editors of the anthology ''A Companion to Digital Humanities'' (2004), tried to prevent the field from being viewed as &quot;mere digitization.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;fitzpatrick&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| last = Fitzpatrick| first = Kathleen| title = The humanities, done digitally| work = The Chronicle of Higher Education| accessdate = 2011-07-10| date = 2011-05-08| url = http://chronicle.com/article/The-Humanities-Done-Digitally/127382/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Consequently, the hybrid term has created an overlap between fields like rhetoric and composition, which use &quot;the methods of contemporary humanities in studying digital objects,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;fitzpatrick&quot;/&gt; and digital humanities, which uses &quot;digital technology in studying traditional humanities objects&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;fitzpatrick&quot; /&gt; The use of computational systems and the study of computational media within the arts and humanities more generally has been termed the 'computational turn'.&lt;ref name=&quot;berry&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| last = Berry| first = David| title = The Computational Turn: Thinking About the Digital Humanities| work = Culture Machine| accessdate = 2012-01-31| date = 2011-06-01| url = http://culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/viewDownloadInterstitial/440/470}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2006 the [[National Endowment for the Humanities]] (NEH) launched the Digital Humanities Initiative (renamed Office of Digital Humanities in 2008), which made widespread adoption of the term &quot;digital humanities&quot; all but irreversible in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;kirschenbaum-dept&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Digital humanities emerged from its former niche status and became &quot;big news&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;kirschenbaum-dept&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| volume =| issue = 150| last = Kirschenbaum| first = Matthew G. | title = What is Digital Humanities and What's it Doing in English Departments?| work = ADE Bulletin| accessdate = | year = 2010| url = http://mkirschenbaum.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/kirschenbaum_ade150.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; at the 2009 [[Modern Language Association|MLA convention]] in Philadelphia, where digital humanists made &quot;some of the liveliest and most visible contributions&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| issn = 0009-5982| last = Howard| first = Jennifer| title = The MLA Convention in Translation| work = The Chronicle of Higher Education | accessdate = 2012-05-31| date = 2009-12-31| url = http://chronicle.com/article/The-MLA-Convention-in/63379/}}&lt;/ref&gt; and had their field hailed as &quot;the first 'next big thing' in a long time.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;pannapacker-mla&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| last = Pannapacker| first = William| title = The MLA and the Digital Humanities| work = Brainstorm| format = The Chronicle of Higher Education| accessdate = 2012-05-30| date = 2009-12-28| url = http://chronicle.com/blogPost/The-MLAthe-Digital/19468/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Values and methods ==<br /> Although digital humanities projects and initiatives are diverse, they often reflect common values and methods.&lt;ref name=&quot;Northwestern University Library&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Honn|first1=Josh|title=A Guide to Digital Humanities: Values Methods|url=http://sites.northwestern.edu/guidetodh/values-methods/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919224700/http://sites.northwestern.edu/guidetodh/values-methods/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=19 September 2015|publisher=Northwestern University Library|accessdate=19 September 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; These can help in understanding this hard-to-define field.&lt;ref&gt;Find accessible, brief descriptions of each at [https://web.archive.org/web/20150919224700/http://sites.northwestern.edu/guidetodh/values-methods/ A Guide to Digital Humanities archived site].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Values'''<br /> * Critical &amp; Theoretical<br /> * Iterative &amp; Experimental<br /> * Collaborative &amp; Distributed<br /> * Multimodal &amp; Performative<br /> * Open &amp; Accessible<br /> '''Methods'''<br /> * Enhanced Critical Curation<br /> * Augmented Editions and Fluid Textuality<br /> * Scale: The Law of Large Numbers<br /> * Distant/Close, Macro/Micro, Surface/Depth<br /> * Cultural Analytics, Aggregation, and Data-Mining<br /> * Visualization and Data Design<br /> * Locative Investigation and Thick Mapping<br /> * The Animated Archive<br /> * Distributed Knowledge Production and Performative Access<br /> * Humanities Gaming<br /> * Code, Software, and Platform Studies<br /> * Database Documentaries<br /> * Repurposable Content and Remix Culture<br /> * Pervasive Infrastructure<br /> * Ubiquitous Scholarship.&lt;ref name=&quot;Northwestern University Library&quot;/&gt; <br /> In keeping with the value of being open and accessible, many digital humanities projects and journals are [[open access]] and/or under Creative Commons licensing, showing the field's &quot;commitment to [[open standards]] and [[Open-source model|open source]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Collaborative Research in the Digital Humanities|last=Bradley|first=John|publisher=Ashgate|year=2012|isbn=9781409410683|editors=Marilyn Deegan and Willard McCarty (eds.)|location=Farnham and Burlington|pages=11–26 [14]|chapter=No job for techies: Technical contributions to research in digital humanities}}&lt;/ref&gt; Open access is designed to enable anyone with an internet-enabled device and internet connection to view a website or read an article without having to pay, as well as share content with the appropriate permissions.<br /> <br /> Digital humanities scholars use computational methods either to answer existing research questions or to challenge existing theoretical paradigms, generating new questions and pioneering new approaches. One goal is to systematically integrate computer technology into the activities of humanities scholars,&lt;ref name=&quot;neh-odh-grant-opportunities&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.neh.gov/ODH/Grant|title=Grant Opportunities|work=National Endowment for the Humanities, Office of Digital Humanities Grant Opportunities|accessdate=25 January 2012}}{{dead link|date=December 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; as is done in contemporary empirical [[social sciences]]. Yet despite the significant trend in digital humanities towards networked and multimodal forms of knowledge, a substantial amount of digital humanities focuses on documents and text in ways that differentiate the field's work from digital research in [[media studies]], [[information studies]], [[communication studies]], and [[sociology]]. Another goal of digital humanities is to create scholarship that transcends textual sources. This includes the integration of [[multimedia]], [[metadata]], and dynamic environments (see [[The Valley of the Shadow]] project at the [[University of Virginia]], the [[Vectors Journal of Culture and Technology in a Dynamic Vernacular]] at [[University of Southern California]], or Digital Pioneers projects at Harvard&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pioneers.darthcrimson.org/|title=Harvard University Arts &amp; Humanities Research Computing – Harvard University Arts &amp; Humanities Research Computing|website=Harvard University Arts &amp; Humanities Research Computing}}&lt;/ref&gt;). A growing number of researchers in digital humanities are using computational methods for the analysis of large cultural data sets such as the [[Google Books]] corpus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roth 2014&quot;&gt;Roth, S. (2014), &quot;Fashionable functions. A Google n-gram view of trends in functional differentiation (1800-2000)&quot;, ''International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction'', Band 10, Nr. 2, S. 34-58 (online: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2491422).&lt;/ref&gt; Examples of such projects were highlighted by the Humanities High Performance Computing competition sponsored by the Office of Digital Humanities in 2008,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.neh.gov/divisions/odh/grant-news/grant-announcement-humanities-high-performance-computing-program|title=Grant Announcement for Humanities High Performance Computing Program|last=Bobley|first=Brett|date=December 1, 2008|work=National Endowment for the Humanities|accessdate=May 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926041822/http://www.neh.gov/divisions/odh/grant-news/grant-announcement-humanities-high-performance-computing-program|archive-date=September 26, 2012|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also by the Digging Into Data challenge organized in 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.diggingintodata.org/Home/AwardRecipients2009/tabid/175/Default.aspx|title=Awardees of 2009 Digging into Data Challenge|work=Digging into Data|year=2009|accessdate=May 1, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517011354/http://www.diggingintodata.org/Home/AwardRecipients2009/tabid/175/Default.aspx|archivedate=May 17, 2012|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.neh.gov/news/press-release/2012-01-03|title=NEH Announces Winners of 2011 Digging Into Data Challenge|date=January 3, 2012|work=National Endowment for the Humanities|accessdate=May 1, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; by NEH in collaboration with NSF,&lt;ref name=&quot;cohen-embrace&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/arts/17digital.html?pagewanted=all|title=Humanities Scholars Embrace Digital Technology|last=Cohen|first=Patricia|date=2010-11-16|work=The New York Times|location=New York|issn=0362-4331|accessdate=2012-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in partnership with [[Joint Information Systems Committee|JISC]] in the UK, and [[Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council|SSHRC]] in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub151|title=Computationally Intensive Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences: A Report on the Experiences of First Respondents to the Digging Into Data Challenge|last=Williford|first=Christa|date=June 2012|work=Council on Library and Information Resources|last2=Henry|first2=Charles|ISBN=978-1-932326-40-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to books, historical newspapers can also be analyzed with big data methods. The analysis of vast quantities of historical newspaper content has showed how periodic structures can be automatically discovered, and a similar analysis was performed on social media.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dzogang|first=Fabon|last2=Lansdall-Welfare|first2=Thomas|last3=Team|first3=FindMyPast Newspaper|last4=Cristianini|first4=Nello|date=2016-11-08|title=Discovering Periodic Patterns in Historical News|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=11|pages=e0165736|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165736|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5100883|pmid=27824911}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Seasonal Fluctuations in Collective Mood Revealed by Wikipedia Searches and Twitter Posts<br /> F Dzogang, T Lansdall-Welfare, N Cristianini – 2016 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, Workshop on ''Data Mining'' in Human Activity Analysis<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; As part of the big data revolution, [[Gender bias]], [[readability]], content similarity, reader preferences, and even mood have been analyzed based on [[text mining]] methods over millions of documents&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Flaounas | first1 = I. | last2 = Turchi | first2 = M. | last3 = Ali | first3 = O. | last4 = Fyson | first4 = N. | last5 = Bie | first5 = T. De | last6 = Mosdell | first6 = N. | last7 = Lewis | first7 = J. | last8 = Cristianini | first8 = N. | year = 2010 | title = The Structure of EU Mediasphere | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 12| page = e14243 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0014243 | pmid=21170383 | pmc=2999531}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Lampos | first1 = V | last2 = Cristianini | first2 = N | year = 2012| title = Nowcasting Events from the Social Web with Statistical Learning | doi = 10.1145/2337542.2337557 | journal = ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST) | volume = 3 | issue = 4| page = 72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;NOAM: news outlets analysis and monitoring system; I Flaounas, O Ali, M Turchi, T Snowsill, F Nicart, T De Bie, N Cristianini Proc. of the 2011 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Automatic discovery of patterns in media content, N Cristianini, Combinatorial Pattern Matching, 2-13, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lansdall-Welfare 201606380&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lansdall-Welfare|first=Thomas|last2=Sudhahar|first2=Saatviga|last3=Thompson|first3=James|last4=Lewis|first4=Justin|last5=Team|first5=FindMyPast Newspaper|last6=Cristianini|first6=Nello|date=2017-01-09|title=Content analysis of 150 years of British periodicals|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/01/03/1606380114|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=4|language=en|pages=E457–E465|doi=10.1073/pnas.1606380114|issn=0027-8424|pmid=28069962|pmc=5278459}}&lt;/ref&gt; and historical documents written in literary Chinese.&lt;ref name=&quot;PKBOL 2015&quot;&gt;Bol, P. K., C.-L. Liu, and H. Wang. (2015) &quot;Mining and discovering biographical information in Difangzhi with a language-model-based approach&quot;, ''Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Digital Humanities''. (https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.02148)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Digital humanities is also involved in the creation of software, providing &quot;environments and tools for producing, curating, and interacting with knowledge that is 'born digital' and lives in various digital contexts.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://cnx.org/content/m34246/latest/|title=Digital Humanities 2.0: A Report on Knowledge|last=Presner|first=Todd|work=Connexions|year=2010|accessdate=2012-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this context, the field is sometimes known as computational humanities.[[File:Tripletsnew2012.png|thumb|right|Narrative network of US Elections 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Automated analysis of the US presidential elections using Big Data and network analysis; S Sudhahar, GA Veltri, N Cristianini; Big Data &amp; Society 2 (1), 1-28, 2015&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> Digital humanities scholars use a variety of digital tools for their research, which may take place in an environment as small as a mobile device or as large as a [[virtual reality]] lab. Environments for &quot;creating, publishing and working with digital scholarship include everything from personal equipment to institutes and software to cyberspace.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gardiner, Eileen and Ronald G. Musto. (2015). [http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/general/digital-humanities-primer-students-and-scholars?format=PB ''The Digital Humanities: A Primer for Students and Scholars.''] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 83.&lt;/ref&gt; Some scholars use advanced programming languages and databases, while others use less complex tools, depending on their needs. DiRT (Digital Research Tools Directory&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dirtdirectory.org/|title=Welcome // - DiRT Directory|website=dirtdirectory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;) offers a registry of digital research tools for scholars. TAPoR (Text Analysis Portal for Research&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tapor-test.artsrn.ualberta.ca/home|archive-url=https://archive.is/20170929202656/http://tapor-test.artsrn.ualberta.ca/home|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2017-09-29|title=TAPoR|website=tapor-test.artsrn.ualberta.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is a gateway to text analysis and retrieval tools. An accessible, free example of an online textual analysis program is [[Voyant Tools]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://voyant-tools.org/|title=Voyant Tools|website=voyant-tools.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; which only requires the user to copy and paste either a body of text or a URL and then click the 'reveal' button to run the program. There is also an online list&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dhresourcesforprojectbuilding.pbworks.com/w/page/69244319/Digital|title=dhresourcesforprojectbuilding [licensed for non-commercial use only] / Digital Humanities Tools|website=dhresourcesforprojectbuilding.pbworks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; of online or downloadable Digital Humanities tools that are largely free, aimed toward helping students and others who lack access to funding or institutional servers. Free, open source web publishing platforms like [[WordPress]] and [[Omeka]] are also popular tools.<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> Digital humanities projects are more likely than traditional humanities work to involve a team or a lab, which may be composed of faculty, staff, graduate or undergraduate students, information technology specialists, and partners in galleries, libraries, archives, and museums. Credit and authorship are often given to multiple people to reflect this collaborative nature, which is different from the sole authorship model in the traditional humanities (and more like the natural sciences).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> There are thousands of digital humanities projects, ranging from small-scale ones with limited or no funding to large-scale ones with multi-year financial support. Some are continually updated while others may not be due to loss of support or interest, though they may still remain online in either a [[beta version]] or a finished form. The following are a few examples of the variety of projects in the field:&lt;ref&gt;See [https://wiki.commons.gc.cuny.edu/Sample_Projects/ CUNY Academic Commons Wiki Archive] for more.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Digital archives===<br /> <br /> The [[Women Writers Project]] (begun in 1988) is a long-term research project to make pre-Victorian women writers more accessible through an electronic collection of rare texts. The Walt Whitman Archive&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.whitmanarchive.org/|title=The Walt Whitman Archive|website=www.whitmanarchive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; (begun in the 1990s) sought to create a hypertext and scholarly edition of [[Walt Whitman|Whitman]]'s works and now includes photographs, sounds, and the only comprehensive current bibliography of Whitman criticism. The Emily Dickinson Archive (begun in 2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/dickinson/|title=Emily Dickinson, From Fascicle to Open Access {{!}} Harvard University Press|website=www.hup.harvard.edu|access-date=2016-12-26}}. See [http://www.edickinson.org/ Emily Dickinson Archive website]&lt;/ref&gt; is a collection of high-resolution images of [[Emily Dickinson|Dickinson]]'s poetry manuscripts as well as a searchable lexicon of over 9,000 words that appear in the poems. [[File:Humanités Numériques.JPG|thumb|300px|Example of [[social network analysis|network analysis]] as an archival tool at the League of Nations.&lt;ref&gt;League of Nations archives, United Nations Office in Geneva. Network visualization and analysis published in {{Cite journal | volume = 10| issue = 3| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = La connaissance est un réseau| journal =Les Cahiers du Numérique| accessdate = 2014-10-15| date = 2014| pages = 37–54| url = http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=LCN_103_0037| doi=10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> The Slave Societies Digital Archive&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanderbilt.edu/esss/|title=Homepage|website=Slave Societies Digital Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; (formerly Ecclesiastical and Secular Sources for Slave Societies), directed by Jane Landers&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://as.vanderbilt.edu/history/bio/jane-landers/|title=People|website=Department of History}}&lt;/ref&gt; and hosted at Vanderbilt University, preserves endangered ecclesiastical and secular documents related to Africans and African-descended peoples in slave societies. This Digital Archive currently holds 500,000 unique images, dating from the 16th to the 20th centuries, and documents the history of between 6 and 8 million individuals. They are the most extensive serial records for the history of Africans in the Atlantic World and also include valuable information on the indigenous, European, and Asian populations who lived alongside them. <br /> <br /> The involvement of librarians and archivists plays an important part in digital humanities projects because of the recent expansion of their role so that it now covers [[digital curation]], which is critical in the preservation, promotion, and access to digital collections, as well as the application of scholarly orientation to digital humanities projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Digital Curation in the Digital Humanities: Preserving and Promoting Archival and Special Collections|last=Sabharwal|first=Arjun|publisher=Elsevier|year=2015|isbn=9780081001431|location=Waltham, MA|pages=27}}&lt;/ref&gt; A specific example involves the case of initiatives where archivists help scholars and academics build their projects through their experience in evaluating, implementing, and customizing metadata schemas for library collections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Supporting Digital Humanities for Knowledge Acquisition in Modern Libraries|last=Sacco|first=Kathleen|publisher=IGI Global|year=2015|isbn=9781466684447|location=Hershey, PA|pages=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The initiatives at the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] is another example of a digital humanities project. These include the digitization of 17th-century manuscripts, an electronic corpus of Mexican history from the 16th to 19th century, and the visualization of pre-Hispanic archaeological sites in [[3D computer graphics|3-D]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Digital Humanities in Practice|last=Warwick|first=Claire|last2=Terras|first2=Melissa|last3=Nyhan|publisher=Facet Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781856047661|location=London|pages=203}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Cultural analytics===<br /> <br /> &quot;Cultural analytics&quot; refers to the use of computational method for exploration and analysis of large visual collections and also contemporary digital media. The concept was developed in 2005 by [[Lev Manovich]] who then established the Cultural Analytics Lab in 2007 at Qualcomm Institute at California Institute for Telecommunication and Information (Calit2). The lab has been using methods from the field of computer science called Computer Vision many types of both historical and contemporary visual media—for example, all covers of ''Time'' magazine published between 1923 and 2009,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lab.culturalanalytics.info/2016/04/timeline-4535-time-magazine-covers-1923.html|title=Timeline: 4535 Time Magazine Covers, 1923-2009|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 20,000 historical art photographs from the collection in Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lab.culturalanalytics.info/2016/04/exploratory-visualizations-of-thomas.html|title=A View from Above: Exploratory Visualizations of MoMA Photography Collection|last=|first=|authorlink=Nadav Hochman and Lev Manovich|date=|website=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; one million pages from Manga books,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lab.culturalanalytics.info/2010/11/one-million-manga-pages_14.html|title=Exploring One Million Manga Pages with Supercomputers and HIPerSpace|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 16 million images shared on Instagram in 17 global cities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://manovich.net/index.php/projects/instagram-and-contemporary-image|title=Instagram and Contemporary Image|last=Manovich|first=Lev|publisher=|year=2017|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cultural analytics also includes using methods from media design and data visualization to create interactive visual interfaces for exploration of large visual collections e.g., Selfiecity and On Broadway.<br /> <br /> Cultural Analytics research is also addressing a number of theoretical questions. How can we &quot;observe&quot; giant cultural universes of both user-generated and professional media content created today, without reducing them to averages, outliers, or pre-existing categories? How can work with large cultural data help us question our stereotypes and assumptions about cultures? What new theoretical cultural concepts and models are required for studying global digital culture with its new mega-scale, speed, and connectivity? <br /> <br /> The term &quot;cultural analytics&quot; (or &quot;culture analytics&quot;) is now used by many other researchers, as exemplified by two academic symposiums,&lt;ref&gt;[http://neubauercollegium.uchicago.edu/events/uc/cultural_analytics/ &quot;Cultural Analytics: Computational Approaches to the Study of Culture&quot;], the University of Chicago, May 2015 and [https://sites.google.com/nd.edu/ca2017/home &quot;Cultural Analytics symposium&quot;], Notre Dame University, May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; a four-month long research program at UCLA that brought together 120 leading researchers from university and industry labs,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ipam.ucla.edu/programs/long-programs/culture-analytics/ &quot;Culture Analytics program&quot;], Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IPAM), UCLA, March 7–June 10, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; an academic peer-review ''Journal of Cultural Analytics: CA'' established in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://culturalanalytics.org/about/|title=Journal of Cultural Analytics: CA|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and academic job listings.<br /> <br /> ===Textual mining, analysis, and visualization===<br /> <br /> WordHoard (begun in 2004) is a free application that enables scholarly but non-technical users to read and analyze, in new ways, deeply-tagged texts, including the canon of Early Greek epic, [[Chaucer]], [[Shakespeare]], and [[Edmund Spenser|Spenser]]. The Republic of Letters (begun in 2008)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/novemberdecember/feature/mapping-the-republic-letters|title=Mapping the Republic of Letters|website=National Endowment for the Humanities|access-date=2016-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; seeks to visualize the social network of Enlightenment writers through an interactive map and visualization tools. Network analysis and data visualization is also used for reflections on the field itself – researchers may produce network maps of social media interactions or infographics from data on digital humanities scholars and projects.[[File:Digital Humanities on Twitter.png|thumb|Network analysis: graph of Digital Humanities Twitter users]]<br /> <br /> ===Analysis of macroscopic trends in cultural change===<br /> <br /> [[Culturomics]] is a form of [[computational lexicology]] that studies [[human behavior]] and [[cultural trends]] through the [[Statistics|quantitative analysis]] of digitized texts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | first=Patricia | last=Cohen | title=In 500 Billion Words, New Window on Culture | newspaper=New York Times | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/17/books/17words.html | date=16 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first=Brian|last=Hayes|url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/id.12418,y.2011,no.3,content.true,page.1,css.print/issue.aspx|title=Bit Lit|journal=[[American Scientist]]|volume=99|issue=3|page=190|doi=10.1511/2011.90.190|date=May–June 2011|access-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018204747/http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/id.12418,y.2011,no.3,content.true,page.1,css.print/issue.aspx|archive-date=2016-10-18|dead-url=yes|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers [[data mining|data mine]] large [[digital archive]]s to investigate cultural phenomena reflected in language and word usage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=http://www.amhighed.com/documents/charleston2011/AIHE2011_Proceedings.pdf#page=228 | first=David W. |last=Letcher | title=Cultoromics: A New Way to See Temporal Changes in the Prevalence of Words and Phrases | journal=American Institute of Higher Education 6th International Conference Proceedings | volume=4 | issue=1 | page=228 | date=April 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term is an American [[neologism]] first described in a 2010 ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' article called ''Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books'', co-authored by Harvard researchers Jean-Baptiste Michel and [[Erez Lieberman Aiden]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | first1=Jean-Baptiste | last1=Michel | first2=Erez | last2=Liberman Aiden | title=Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books | journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | date=16 December 2010 | doi=10.1126/science.1199644 | pmid=21163965 | volume=331 | issue=6014 | pmc=3279742 | pages=176–82}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A 2017 study&lt;ref name=&quot;Lansdall-Welfare 201606380&quot;/&gt; published in the [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] compared the trajectory of n-grams over time in both digitised books from the 2010 [[Science (journal)|Science]] article&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean&quot; /&gt; with those found in a large corpus of regional newspapers from the United Kingdom over the course of 150 years. The study further went on to use more advanced [[Natural language processing]] techniques to discover macroscopic trends in history and culture, including gender bias, geographical focus, technology, and politics, along with accurate dates for specific events.<br /> <br /> ===Online publishing===<br /> <br /> The [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] (begun in 1995) is a dynamic reference work of terms, concepts, and people from philosophy maintained by scholars in the field. MLA Commons&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mla.hcommons.org/|title=MLA Commons – An online community for MLA members|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; offers an open peer-review site (where anyone can comment) for their ongoing curated collection of teaching artifacts in ''Digital Pedagogy in the Humanities: Concepts, Models, and Experiments'' (2016).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://digitalpedagogy.mla.hcommons.org/|title=Digital Pedagogy in the Humanities - MLA Commons|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Debates in the Digital Humanities'' platform contains volumes of the open-access book of the same title (2012 and 2016 editions) and allows readers to interact with material by marking sentences as interesting or adding terms to a crowdsourced index.<br /> <br /> ==Criticism==<br /> Lauren F. Klein and Matthew K. Gold have identified a range of criticisms in the digital humanities field: &quot;'a lack of attention to issues of race, class, gender, and sexuality; a preference for research-driven projects over pedagogical ones; an absence of political commitment; an inadequate level of diversity among its practitioners; an inability to address texts under copyright; and an institutional concentration in well-funded research universities&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/debates/|title=Debates in the Digital Humanities|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly Berry and Fagerjord have argued that a digital humanities should &quot;focus on the need to think critically about the implications of computational imaginaries, and raise some questions in this regard. This is also to foreground the importance of the politics and norms that are embedded in digital technology, algorithms and software. We need to explore how to negotiate between close and distant readings of texts and how micro-analysis and macro-analysis can be usefully reconciled in humanist work.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Digital Humanities: Knowledge and Critique in a Digital Age|last=Berry|first=David M.|last2=Fagerjord|publisher=Polity|year=2017|isbn=9780745697666|location=UK|pages=137}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alan Liu has argued, &quot;while digital humanists develop tools, data, and metadata critically, therefore (e.g., debating the 'ordered hierarchy of content objects' principle; disputing whether computation is best used for truth finding or, as Lisa Samuels and Jerome McGann put it, 'deformance'; and so on) rarely do they extend their critique to the full register of society, economics, politics, or culture.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Alan|url=http://liu.english.ucsb.edu/where-is-cultural-criticism-in-the-digital-humanities/|publisher=UCSB|accessdate=14 May 2016|title=Where is Cultural Criticism in the Digital Humanities?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these concerns have given rise to the emergent subfield of Critical Digital Humanities (CDH): &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Some key questions include: how do we make the invisible become visible in the study of software? How is knowledge transformed when mediated through code and software? What are the critical approaches to Big Data, visualization, digital methods, etc.? How does computation create new disciplinary boundaries and gate-keeping functions? What are the new hegemonic representations of the digital – 'geons', 'pixels', 'waves', visualization, visual rhetorics, etc.? How do media changes create epistemic changes, and how can we look behind the 'screen essentialism' of computational interfaces? Here we might also reflect on the way in which the practice of making-visible also entails the making-invisible – computation involves making choices about what is to be captured. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Negative publicity===<br /> <br /> Klein and Gold note that many appearances of the digital humanities in public media are often in a critical fashion. Armand Leroi, writing in ''[[The New York Times]]'', discusses the contrast between the algorithmic analysis of themes in literary texts and the work of Harold Bloom, who qualitatively and phenomenologically analyzes the themes of literature over time. Leroi questions whether or not the digital humanities can provide a truly robust analysis of literature and social phenomenon or offer a novel alternative perspective on them. The literary theorist [[Stanley Fish]] claims that the digital humanities pursue a revolutionary agenda and thereby undermine the conventional standards of &quot;pre-eminence, authority and disciplinary power.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;fish-mortality&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/09/the-digital-humanities-and-the-transcending-of-mortality/|title=The Digital Humanities and the Transcending of Mortality|last=Fish|first=Stanley|date=2012-01-09|work=The New York Times|location=New York|accessdate=2012-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, digital humanities scholars note that &quot;Digital Humanities is an extension of traditional knowledge skills and methods, not a replacement for them. Its distinctive contributions do not obliterate the insights of the past, but add and supplement the humanities' long-standing commitment to scholarly interpretation, informed research, structured argument, and dialogue within communities of practice&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Some have hailed the digital humanities as a solution to the apparent problems within the humanities, namely a decline in funding, a repeat of debates, and a fading set of theoretical claims and methodological arguments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Leroi|first1=Armand|title=Digitizing the Humanities|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/14/opinion/digitizing-the-humanities.html|website=The New York Times Online|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adam Kirsch, writing in the ''New Republic'', calls this the &quot;False Promise&quot; of the digital humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Kirsch|first1=Adam|title=Technology Is Taking Over English Departments|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/117428/limits-digital-humanities-adam-kirsch|website=The New Republic|publisher=The New Republic|accessdate=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the rest of humanities and many social science departments are seeing a decline in funding or prestige, the digital humanities has been seeing increasing funding and prestige. Burdened with the problems of novelty, the digital humanities is discussed as either a revolutionary alternative to the humanities as it is usually conceived or as simply new wine in old bottles. Kirsch believes that digital humanities practitioners suffer from problems of being marketers rather than scholars, who attest to the grand capacity of their research more than actually performing new analysis and when they do so, only performing trivial parlor tricks of research. This form of criticism has been repeated by others, such as in Carl Staumshein, writing in ''Inside Higher Education'', who calls it a &quot;Digital Humanities Bubble&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Straumshein|first1=Carl|title=Digital Humanities Bubble|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/05/08/digital-humanities-wont-save-humanities-digital-humanists-say|publisher=Inside Higher Education|accessdate=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in the same publication, Straumshein alleges that the digital humanities is a 'Corporatist Restructuring' of the Humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Straumshein|first1=Carl|title=Digital Humanities as 'Corporatist Restructuring'|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/05/06/article-criticizes-impact-digital-humanities-colleges|website=Inside Higher Education|publisher=Inside Higher Education|accessdate=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some see the alliance of the digital humanities with business to be a positive turn that causes the business world to pay more attention, thus bringing needed funding and attention to the humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Carlson|first1=Tracy|title=Humanities and business go hand in hand|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2016/04/24/humanities-and-business-hand-hand/9nG9n04SSF1Ko0MRJjguxK/story.html|publisher=The Boston Globe|accessdate=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; If it were not burdened by the title of digital humanities, it could escape the allegations that it is elitist and unfairly funded.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pannapacker|first1=William|title=Stop Calling It 'Digital Humanities'|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Stop-Calling-It-Digital/137325/|publisher=Chronicle of Higher Education|accessdate=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Black box===<br /> <br /> There has also been critique of the use of digital humanities tools by scholars who do not fully understand what happens to the data they input and place too much trust in the &quot;black box&quot; of software that cannot be sufficiently examined for errors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last= Dobson|first=James E.|title=Can an Algorithm be Disturbed? Machine Learning, Intrinsic Criticism, and the Digital Humanities|year=2015|periodical=College Literature |volume=42|issue=4 |pages= 543–564}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Johanna Drucker]], a professor at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] Department of Information Studies, has criticized the &quot;epistemological fallacies&quot; prevalent in popular visualization tools and technologies (such as [[Google]]'s n-gram graph) used by digital humanities scholars and the general public, calling some network diagramming and topic modeling tools &quot;just too crude for humanistic work.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;vimeo.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/140307034|title=Johanna Drucker (UCLA) Lecture, &quot;Should Humanists Visualize Knowledge?&quot;|website=Vimeo|access-date=2016-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lack of transparency in these programs obscures the subjective nature of the data and its processing, she argues, as these programs &quot;generate standard diagrams based on conventional algorithms for screen display...mak[ing] it very difficult for the semantics of the data processing to be made evident.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;vimeo.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Diversity===<br /> <br /> There has also been some recent controversy among practitioners of digital humanities around the role that race and/or [[identity politics]] plays. Tara McPherson attributes some of the lack of racial diversity in digital humanities to the modality of [[Unix|UNIX]] and computers themselves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/debates/text/29|title=Debates in the Digital Humanities|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An open thread on DHpoco.org recently garnered well over 100 comments on the issue of race in digital humanities, with scholars arguing about the amount that racial (and other) biases affect the tools and texts available for digital humanities research.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dhpoco.org/blog/2013/05/10/open-thread-the-digital-humanities-as-a-historical-refuge-from-raceclassgendersexualitydisability/|title=Open Thread: The Digital Humanities as a Historical &quot;Refuge&quot; from Race/Class/Gender/Sexuality/Disability?|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021953/http://dhpoco.org/blog/2013/05/10/open-thread-the-digital-humanities-as-a-historical-refuge-from-raceclassgendersexualitydisability/|archivedate=2013-12-03|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; McPherson posits that there needs to be an understanding and theorizing of the implications of digital technology and race, even when the subject for analysis appears not to be about race.<br /> <br /> Amy E. Earhart criticizes what has become the new digital humanities &quot;canon&quot; in the shift from websites using simple [[HTML]] to the usage of the [[Text Encoding Initiative|TEI]] and visuals in textual recovery projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/debates/text/16|title=Debates in the Digital Humanities|website=dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Works that has been previously lost or excluded were afforded a new home on the internet, but much of the same marginalizing practices found in traditional humanities also took place digitally. According to Earhart, there is a &quot;need to examine the canon that we, as digital humanists, are constructing, a canon that skews toward traditional texts and excludes crucial work by women, people of color, and the LGBTQ community.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Issues of access===<br /> <br /> Practitioners in digital humanities are also failing to meet the needs of users with disabilities. George H. Williams argues that universal design is imperative for practitioners to increase usability because &quot;many of the otherwise most valuable digital resources are useless for people who are—for example—deaf or hard of hearing, as well as for people who are blind, have low vision, or have difficulty distinguishing particular colors.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/debates/text/44|title=Disability, Universal Design, and the Digital Humanities|work=Debates in the Digital Humanities |author=George H. Williams}}&lt;/ref&gt; In order to provide accessibility successfully, and productive universal design, it is important to understand why and how users with disabilities are using the digital resources while remembering that all users approach their informational needs differently.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Cultural criticism===<br /> <br /> Digital humanities have been criticized for not only ignoring traditional questions of lineage and history in the humanities, but lacking the fundamental cultural criticism that defines the humanities. However, it remains to be seen whether or not the humanities have to be tied to cultural criticism, per se, in order to be the humanities.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=berryandfagerjord/&gt; The sciences{{vague|date=June 2017}} might imagine the Digital Humanities as a welcome improvement over the non-quantitative methods of the humanities and social sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Poetry in Motion|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v474/n7352/full/474420b.html|website=Nature|publisher=Nature|accessdate=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Kirschenbaum|first1=Matthew|url=https://mkirschenbaum.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/dhterriblethingskirschenbaum.pdf|website=Wordpress|publisher=Matthew Kirschenbaum|accessdate=14 May 2016|title=What Is &quot;Digital Humanities,&quot; and Why Are They Saying Such Terrible Things about It?}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Difficulty of evaluation===<br /> <br /> As the field matures, there has been a recognition that the standard model of academic peer-review of work may not be adequate for digital humanities projects, which often involve website components, databases, and other non-print objects. Evaluation of quality and impact thus require a combination of old and new methods of peer review.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; One response has been the creation of the ''DHCommons Journal''. This accepts non-traditional submissions, especially mid-stage digital projects, and provides an innovative model of peer review more suited for the multimedia, transdisciplinary, and milestone-driven nature of Digital Humanities projects. Other professional humanities organizations, such as the [[American Historical Association]] and the [[Modern Language Association]], have developed guidelines for evaluating academic digital scholarship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mla.org/About-Us/Governance/Committees/Committee-Listings/Professional-Issues/Committee-on-Information-Technology/Guidelines-for-Evaluating-Work-in-Digital-Humanities-and-Digital-Media|title=Guidelines for Evaluating Work in Digital Humanities and Digital...|website=Modern Language Association|language=en|access-date=2017-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/digital-history-resources/evaluation-of-digital-scholarship-in-history/guidelines-for-the-professional-evaluation-of-digital-scholarship-by-historians|title=Guidelines for the Professional Evaluation of Digital Scholarship by Historians {{!}} AHA|website=www.historians.org|language=en|access-date=2017-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Lack of focus on pedagogy===<br /> <br /> The 2012 edition of ''Debates in the Digital Humanities'' recognized the fact that pedagogy was the &quot;neglected 'stepchild' of DH&quot; and included an entire section on teaching the digital humanities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Part of the reason is that grants in the humanities are geared more toward research with quantifiable results rather than teaching innovations, which are harder to measure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; In recognition of a need for more scholarship on the area of teaching, ''Digital Humanities Pedagogy'' was published and offered case studies and strategies to address how to teach digital humanities methods in various disciplines.<br /> <br /> ==Organizations==<br /> <br /> The [[Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations]] (ADHO) is an umbrella organization that supports digital research and teaching as a consultative and advisory force for its constituent organizations. Its governance was approved in 2005 and it has overseen the annual [[Digital Humanities conference]] since 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://adho.org/about|title=About {{!}} ADHO|website=adho.org|access-date=2016-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; The current members of ADHO are:<br /> * [[Association for Computers and the Humanities]] (ACH), founded ADHO in 2005<br /> * [[The European Association for Digital Humanities]] (EADH), founded ADHO in 2005<br /> * [[Society for Digital Humanities|Canadian Society for Digital Humanities / Société canadienne des humanités numériques]] (CSDH/SCHN), in ADHO since 2007<br /> * [[Australasian Association for Digital Humanities]] (aaDH), in ADHO since 2012<br /> * [[centerNet]], an international network of digital humanities centers, in ADHO since 2012<br /> * [[Japanese Association for Digital Humanities]] (JADH), in ADHO since 2013<br /> * [[Humanistica]], l'association francophone des humanités numériques (Humanistica), in ADHO since 2016<br /> * [[Digital Humanities Association of Southern Africa]] (DHASA), in ADHO since 2018<br /> * [[Taiwanese Association for Digital Humanities]] (TADH), in ADHO since 2018<br /> * [[Red de Humanidades Digitales]] (RedHD), in ADHO since 2019<br /> <br /> ADHO funds a number of projects such as the ''[[Digital Humanities Quarterly]]'' journal and the ''[[Literary and Linguistic Computing|Digital Scholarship in the Humanities]]'' (DSH) journal, supports the [[Text Encoding Initiative]], and sponsors workshops and conferences, as well as funding small projects, awards, and bursaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/llc/fqr002| volume = 26| issue = 1| pages = 3–4| last = Vanhoutte| first = Edward| title = Editorial| journal = Literary and Linguistic Computing| accessdate = 2011-07-11| date = 2011-04-01| url = http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/1/3.short}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[HASTAC]] (Humanities, Arts, Science, and Technology Alliance and Collaboratory) is a free and open access virtual, interdisciplinary community focused on changing teaching and learning through the sharing of news, tools, methods, and pedagogy, including digital humanities scholarship.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hastac.org/about-hastac|title=About HASTAC|newspaper=HASTAC|access-date=2016-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is reputed to be the world's first and oldest academic social network.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Centers and institutes===<br /> &lt;!-- This list should only include centers that have (or should have) Wikipedia articles. --&gt;<br /> * Centre for Digital Humanities &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= University of Gothenburg - Centre for Digital Humanities |url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg&lt;/ref&gt; ([[University of Gothenburg]], Sweden)<br /> *[[Department of Digital Humanities]] ([[King's College London]], UK)<br /> *[[Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities]] (ACDH) ([[Austrian Academy of Sciences]] in Vienna, Austria)<br /> *[[Humanities Advanced Technology and Information Institute]] ([[University of Glasgow]], Scotland)<br /> *[[Sussex Humanities Lab]] ([[University of Sussex]], UK)<br /> *Digital Humanities Hub &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lancaster University - Digital Humanities Hub |url=http://wp.lancs.ac.uk/dighum/ |accessdate=13 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lancaster University]], UK)<br /> *[[HUMlab|Humlab, Umeå University]] (Sweden)<br /> *[[Digital Humanities Summer Institute]] (DHSI) ([[University of Victoria]], Canada)<br /> *Forensic Computational Geometry Laboratory (FCGL)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=FCGL – Forensic Computational Geometry Laboratory |url=https://www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/groups/forensicgl |accessdate=12 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing|IWR]], [[Heidelberg University]], Germany)<br /> *Heidelberg Centre for Digital Humanities ([[Heidelberg University]], Germany)<br /> *[[The European Summer University in Digital Humanities]] ([[Leipzig University]], Germany)<br /> *[[Cultural Analytics Lab]] ([[Graduate Center, CUNY|The Graduate Center]], [[City University of New York]], USA, and [[Qualcomm Institute]], USA)<br /> *[[Center for Digital Research in the Humanities]] ([[University of Nebraska-Lincoln]], USA)<br /> *[[Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities]] ([[University of Virginia]], USA)<br /> *[[Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities]] ([[University of Maryland]], USA)<br /> *[[Center for History and New Media|Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media]] ([[George Mason University]], Virginia, USA)<br /> *[[The Walter J. Ong, S.J. Center for Digital Humanities]] ([[Saint Louis University]], St. Louis, MO, USA<br /> *[[UCL Centre for Digital Humanities]] ([[University College London]], UK)<br /> *[[Center for Public History and Digital Humanities]] ([[Cleveland State University]], USA)<br /> *[[Center for Digital Scholarship and Curation]] ([[Washington State University]], USA)<br /> *[[Scholars' Lab]] (University of Virginia, USA)<br /> *Centre for Digital Humanities Research ([[Australian National University]], AU)<br /> *Helsinki Centre for Digital Humanities (HELDIG) ([[University of Helsinki]], Finland)<br /> *[[Laboratory for digital cultures and humanities of the University of Lausanne]] (LaDHUL) (University of Lausanne, Switzerland)<br /> *[[Centre for Information-Modeling]], Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities (ZIM-ACDH) ([[University of Graz]], Austria)<br /> *[[mainzed]], Mainz Centre for Digitality in the Humanities and Cultural Studies ([[Mainz]], Germany)<br /> <br /> === Conferences ===<br /> * [[Digital Humanities conference]]<br /> * THATCamp<br /> * [[Text Encoding Initiative]] (TEI) conference<br /> <br /> === Journals and publications ===<br /> * ''[[Digital Humanities Quarterly]]'' (DHQ) {{open access}}<br /> * ''[[DHCommons]]''<br /> * ''[[Digital Literary Studies]]''<br /> * ''[[Digital Medievalist]]''<br /> * ''[[Literary and Linguistic Computing|Digital Scholarship in the Humanities]]'' (DSH) (formerly ''Literary and Linguistic Computing'')<br /> * ''[[Digital Studies / Le champ numérique]]'' (DS/CN) {{open access}}<br /> * ''[[Humanités numériques]]'' (Humanistica) {{open access}}<br /> * ''[[International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing]]''<br /> * ''[[Journal of Digital Archives and Digital Humanities]]''<br /> * ''[[Journal of Digital and Media Literacy]]''<br /> * ''[[Journal of Digital Humanities]]'' (JDH)<br /> * ''[[Journal of Interactive Technology and Pedagogy]]''<br /> * ''[[Journal of the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities]]'' (JJADH)<br /> * ''[[Journal of the Text Encoding Initiative]]''<br /> * ''[[Kairos (journal)|Kairos]]''<br /> * ''[[Southern Spaces]]''<br /> * ''[[Umanistica Digitale]]'' (AIUCD) {{open access}}<br /> * ''[[Revista de Humanidades Digitales]]'' (RHD) {{open access}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * {{Portal-inline|size=tiny|Digital humanities}}<br /> * [[Cyborg anthropology]]<br /> * [[Digital anthropology]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{Refbegin|60em}}<br /> * Beagle, Donald, (2014). ''[http://acrl.ala.org/dh/2014/01/30/digital-humanities-in-the-research-commons-precedents-prospects-3/ Digital Humanities in the Research Commons: Precedents &amp; Prospects]'', Association of College &amp; Research Libraries: dh+lib.<br /> * {{cite journal | last1 = Benzon | first1 = William | authorlink2 = David G. Hays | last2 = Hays | first2 = David | year = 1976 | title = Computational Linguistics and the Humanist | url = https://www.academia.edu/1334653 | journal = Computers and the Humanities | volume = 10 | issue = 5| pages = 265–274 | doi=10.1007/bf02420060}}<br /> * Berry, D. M., ed. (2012). ''[http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9780230292642 Understanding Digital Humanities]'', Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.<br /> * Berry, D. M., Fagerjord, A. (2017). ''[http://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9780745697659 Digital Humanities: Knowledge and Critique in a Digital Age]'', London: Polity.<br /> * Burdick, Anne, Johanna Drucker, Peter Lunenfeld, Todd Presner, &amp; Jeffrey Schnap (2012). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20131023012128/http://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/9780262018470_Open_Access_Edition.pdf Digital_Humanities]'', The MIT Press<br /> * Busa, Roberto (1980). 'The Annals of Humanities Computing: The Index Thomisticus', in Computers and the Humanities vol. 14, pp.&amp;nbsp;83–90. Computers and the Humanities (1966-2004)<br /> * Celentano, A., Cortesi, A. &amp; Mastandrea, P. (2004). Informatica Umanistica: una disciplina di confine, Mondo Digitale, vol. 4, pp.&amp;nbsp;44–55.<br /> * Classen, Christoph, Kinnebrock, Susanne, &amp; Löblich, Maria, eds. (2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130606061117/http://www.gesis.org/hsr/aktuelle-ausgaben/aktuelle-hefte-2010-2012/374-the-economie-des-conventions/ Towards Web History: Sources, Methods, and Challenges in the Digital Age]. ''[[Historical Social Research]], ''37 (4), 97-188.<br /> * Condron Frances, Fraser, Michael &amp; Sutherland, Stuart, eds. (2001). ''[http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ctitext2/resguide2000/contents.shtml Oxford University Computing Services Guide to Digital Resources for the Humanities]'', West Virginia University Press.<br /> *Fitzpatrick, Kathleen (2011). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110820165207/http://nyupress.org/books/book-details.aspx?bookId=4998 Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy]''. New York; NYU Press. {{ISBN|9780814727874}}<br /> * Gardiner, Eileen and Ronald G. Musto. (2015). [http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/general/digital-humanities-primer-students-and-scholars?format=PB ''The Digital Humanities: A Primer for Students and Scholars.''] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br /> * Gold, Matthew K., ed. (2012). ''[http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/debates-in-the-digital-humanities Debates In the Digital Humanities]''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.<br /> * {{Cite journal | volume = 3| issue = 1| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community| journal = Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities| date = 2016| pages = 1171458| doi=10.1080/23311983.2016.1171458}}<br /> * {{cite journal | last1 = Hancock | first1 = B. | last2 = Giarlo | first2 = M.J. | year = 2001 | title = Moving to XML: Latin texts XML conversion project at the Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities | doi = 10.1108/07378830110405139 | journal = Library Hi Tech | volume = 19 | issue = 3| pages = 257–264 }}<br /> * Heftberger, Adelheid (2016). ''Kollision der Kader. Dziga Vertovs Filme, die Visualisierung ihrer Strukturen und die Digital Humanities''. Munich: edition text + kritik.<br /> * Hockey, Susan (2001). ''Electronic Text in the Humanities: Principles and Practice'', Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br /> * {{cite journal | last1 = Honing | first1 = Henkjan | year = 2008 | title = The role of ICT in music research: A bridge too far? | url = http://www.mcg.uva.nl/abstracts/honing-2007b.html | journal = [[International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing]] | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 67–75 | doi = 10.3366/E1753854808000104 }}<br /> * Inman James, Reed, Cheryl, &amp; Sands, Peter, eds. (2003). ''Electronic Collaboration in the Humanities: Issues and Options'', Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.<br /> * Kenna, Stephanie &amp; Ross, Seamus, eds. (1995). ''Networking in the humanities: Proceedings of the Second Conference on Scholarship and Technology in the Humanities held at Elvetham Hall, Hampshire, UK 13–16 April 1994''. London: Bowker-Saur.<br /> * Kirschenbaum, Matthew (2008). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120609161059/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&amp;tid=11336 Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination]''. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.<br /> * Manovich, Lev (2013). 'Software Takes Command. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic.<br /> * McCarty, Willard (2005). ''Humanities Computing'', Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.<br /> * Moretti, Franco (2007). ''[http://www.versobooks.com/books/261-graphs-maps-trees Graphs, Maps, Trees: Abstract Models for Literary History]''. New York: Verso.<br /> * Mullings, Christine, Kenna, Stephanie, Deegan, Marilyn, &amp; Ross, Seamus, eds. (1996). ''New Technologies for the Humanities'' London: Bowker-Saur.<br /> * Newell, William H., ed. (1998). ''Interdisciplinarity: Essays from the Literature.'' New York: College Entrance Examination Board.<br /> * Ramsay, Steve (2011). ''[http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/75tms2pw9780252036415.html Reading Machines: Toward an Algorithmic Criticism]''. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.<br /> * Schreibman, Susan, Siemens, Ray &amp; Unsworth, John, eds. (2004). ''[http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/ A Companion To Digital Humanities]'' Blackwell Publishers.<br /> * Selfridge-Field, Eleanor, ed. (1997). Beyond MIDI: The Handbook of Musical Codes. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.<br /> * {{cite journal|last1=Thaller |first1=Manfred |year=2012 |title=Controversies around the Digital Humanities |url=http://www.gesis.org/en/hsr/aktuelle-ausgaben/aktuelle-hefte-2010-2012/373-digital-humanities/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130717083310/http://www.gesis.org/en/hsr/aktuelle-ausgaben/aktuelle-hefte-2010-2012/373-digital-humanities/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-07-17 |journal=[[Historical Social Research]] |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=7–229 }}<br /> * Swirski, Peter. (2013). ''[http://www.mqup.ca/from-literature-to-biterature-products-9780773542952.php?page_id=73&amp; From Literature to Biterature: Lem, Turing, Darwin, and Explorations in Computer Literature, Philosophy of Mind, and Cultural Evolution]'', MQUP.<br /> * Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven (2013). Digital Humanities and the Study of Intermediality in Comparative Cultural Studies. Ed. Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek. West Lafayette: Purdue Scholarly Publishing Services.<br /> * Unsworth, John (2005). ''[http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/~jmu2m/Kings.5-00/primitives.html Scholarly Primitives: What methods do humanities researchers have in common, and how might our tools reflect this?]''<br /> *{{cite journal | pmid = 28069962 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1606380114 | title=Content analysis of 150 years of British periodicals | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume=114 | issue=4 | last1 = Lansdall-Welfare | first1 = T | last2 = Sudhahar | first2 = S | last3 = Thompson | first3 = J | last4 = Lewis | first4 = J | last5 = Cristianini | first5 = N | page=201606380| year=2017 }}.<br /> * Warwick C., Terras, M., &amp; Nyhan, J., eds. (2012). ''Digital Humanities in Practice'', Facet Publishing<br /> * YOSHIDA,Yukihiko,&quot;Leni Riefenstahl and German Expressionism: A Study of Visual Cultural Studies Using Transdisciplinary Semantic Space of Specialized Dictionaries&quot;,Technoetic Arts: a journal of speculative research (Editor Roy Ascott),Volume 8, Issue3,intellect,2008<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> '''Introductory guides'''<br /> * [http://dh101.humanities.ucla.edu/ Intro to Digital Humanities] by UCLA Center for Digital Humanities <br /> * [https://wiki.commons.gc.cuny.edu/The_CUNY_Digital_Humanities_Resource_Guide/ CUNY Digital Humanities Resource Guide] by CUNY Digital Humanities Initiative<br /> * [http://dhresourcesforprojectbuilding.pbworks.com/w/page/69244275/Guides DH Toychest: Guides and Introductions] curated by DH scholar Alan Liu <br /> * [http://miriamposner.com/blog/how-did-they-make-that/ How did they make that?] by DH scholar Miriam Posner<br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhu_CQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=The+Digital+Humanities+A+Primer+for+Students+and+Scholars The Digital Humanities: A Primer for Students and Scholars]'' (2015) <br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hla3uAAACAAJ&amp;dq=Digital+Humanities+in+practice Digital Humanities in Practice]'' (2012)<br /> <br /> {{commons}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Digital humanities}}<br /> {{Humanities}}<br /> {{Semantic Web}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Digital humanities| ]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_humanities&diff=895515412 Digital humanities 2019-05-04T20:03:28Z <p>SlvrKy: /* Organizations */ new org. joined in 2018</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Pride and Prejudice in Voyant Tools.png|thumb|300px|Example of a textual analysis program being used to study a novel, with Jane Austen's ''Pride and Prejudice'' in [[Voyant Tools]] ]]<br /> <br /> '''Digital humanities''' ('''DH''') is an area of scholarly activity at the intersection of [[computing]] or [[Information technology|digital technologies]] and the disciplines of the [[humanities]]. It includes the systematic use of digital resources in the [[humanities]], as well as the reflection on their application.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dh101.humanities.ucla.edu/?page_id=13|title=Intro to Digital Humanities: Introduction|last=Drucker|first=Johanna|date=September 2013|website=UCLA Center for Digital Humanities|publisher=|access-date=December 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/infostudies/melissa-terras/DigitalHumanitiesInfographic.pdf|title=Quantifying Digital Humanities|last=Terras|first=Melissa|date=December 2011|website=UCL Centre for Digital Humanities|publisher=|access-date=December 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; DH can be defined as new ways of doing scholarship that involve collaborative, transdisciplinary, and computationally engaged research, teaching, and publishing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/9780262018470_Open_Access_Edition.pdf|title=Digital_Humanities|last=Burdick|first=Anne|last2=Drucker|first2=Johanna|last3=Lunenfeld|first3=Peter|last4=Presner|first4=Todd|last5=Schnapp|first5=Jeffrey|publisher=MIT Press|year=November 2012|isbn=9780262312097|location=Open Access eBook|quote=|via=|access-date=2016-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026210950/https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/9780262018470_Open_Access_Edition.pdf|archive-date=2016-10-26|dead-url=yes|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; It brings digital tools and methods to the study of the humanities with the recognition that the printed word is no longer the main medium for knowledge production and distribution.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> By producing and using new applications and techniques, DH makes new kinds of teaching and research possible, while at the same time studying and critiquing how these impact cultural heritage and digital culture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Thus, a distinctive feature of DH is its cultivation of a two-way relationship between the humanities and the digital: the field both employs technology in the pursuit of humanities research and subjects technology to humanistic questioning and interrogation, often simultaneously.<br /> <br /> ==Definition==<br /> The definition of the digital humanities is being continually formulated by scholars and practitioners. Since the field is constantly growing and changing, specific definitions can quickly become outdated or unnecessarily limit future potential.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hla3uAAACAAJ&amp;dq=Digital+Humanities+in+practice|title=Digital Humanities in Practice|last=Warwick|first=Claire|last2=Terras|first2=Melissa|last3=Nyhan|first3=Julianne|date=2012-10-09|publisher=Facet Publishing|isbn=9781856047661|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second volume of ''Debates in the Digital Humanities'' (2016) acknowledges the difficulty in defining the field: &quot;Along with the digital archives, quantitative analyses, and tool-building projects that once characterized the field, DH now encompasses a wide range of methods and practices: visualizations of large image sets, 3D modeling of historical artifacts, 'born digital' dissertations, [[hashtag activism]] and the analysis thereof, [[alternate reality game]]s, mobile makerspaces, and more. In what has been called 'big tent' DH, it can at times be difficult to determine with any specificity what, precisely, digital humanities work entails.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/debates/2|title=Debates in the Digital Humanities|website=dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu|access-date=2016-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Historically, the digital humanities developed out of humanities computing and has become associated with other fields, such as humanistic computing, social computing, and media studies. In concrete terms, the digital humanities embraces a variety of topics, from curating online collections of primary sources (primarily textual) to the [[data mining]] of large cultural data sets to [[topic modeling]]. Digital humanities incorporates both digitized (remediated) and [[born-digital]] materials and combines the methodologies from traditional humanities disciplines (such as [[rhetoric]], [[history]], [[philosophy]], [[linguistics]], [[literature]], [[art]], [[archaeology]], [[music]], and [[cultural studies]]) and social sciences,&lt;ref name=&quot;digital-humanities-network&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Digital Humanities Network|url=http://www.digitalhumanities.cam.ac.uk/|work=University of Cambridge|accessdate=27 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; with tools provided by [[computing]] (such as [[hypertext]], [[hypermedia]], [[data visualisation]], [[information retrieval]], data mining, [[statistics]], [[text mining]], [[digital mapping]]), and [[electronic publication|digital publishing]]. Related subfields of digital humanities have emerged like [[software studies]], platform studies, and [[critical code studies]]. Fields that parallel the digital humanities include [[new media studies]] and [[information science]] as well as [[media theory of composition]], [[game studies]], particularly in areas related to digital humanities project design and production, and [[cultural analytics]].<br /> <br /> [[File:Digital Humanities Stack (from Berry and Fagerjord 2017- 18).jpg|thumb|The Digital Humanities Stack (from Berry and Fagerjord, ''Digital Humanities: Knowledge and Critique in a Digital Age'')]]<br /> <br /> Berry and Fagerjord have suggested that a way to reconceptualise digital humanities could be through a &quot;digital humanities stack&quot;. They argue that &quot;this type of diagram is common in computation and computer science to show how technologies are 'stacked' on top of each other in increasing levels of abstraction. Here, [they] use the method in a more illustrative and creative sense of showing the range of activities, practices, skills, technologies and structures that could be said to make up the digital humanities, with the aim of providing a high-level map.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Digital Humanities: Knowledge and Critique in a Digital Age|last=Berry|first=David M.|last2=Fagerjord|publisher=Polity|year=2017|isbn=9780745697666|location=UK|pages=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, the &quot;diagram can be read as the bottom levels indicating some of the fundamental elements of the digital humanities stack, such as computational thinking and knowledge representation, and then other elements that later build on these. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Digital Humanities: Knowledge and Critique in a Digital Age|last=Berry|first=David M.|last2=Fagerjord|publisher=Polity|year=2017|isbn=9780745697666|location=UK|pages=19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> Digital humanities descends from the field of humanities computing, whose origins reach back to the 1930s and 1940s in the pioneering work of English professor [[Josephine Miles]] and Jesuit scholar [[Roberto Busa]] and the women they employed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Heffernan|first1=Laura|last2=Sagner Buurma|first2=Rachel|date=2018-04-11|title=Search and Replace: Josephine Miles and the Origins of Distant Reading|url=https://modernismmodernity.org/forums/posts/search-and-replace|journal=Modernism / Modernity Print+|volume=3|issue=1|accessdate=2018-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=svensson&gt;{{Cite journal| issn = 1938-4122| volume = 3| issue = 3| last = Svensson| first = Patrik| title = Humanities Computing as Digital Humanities| journal = Digital Humanities Quarterly| accessdate = 2012-05-30| year = 2009| url = http://digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/3/3/000065/000065.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hockney&gt;{{Cite book| publisher = Blackwell| isbn = 978-1405103213| editors = Susan Schreibman, Ray Siemens, John Unsworth (eds.)| last = Hockney| first = Susan| title = Companion to Digital Humanities| chapter = The History of Humanities Computing| location = Oxford| series = Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture| year = 2004| chapter-url=http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/view?docId=blackwell/9781405103213/9781405103213.xml&amp;chunk.id=ss1-2-1&amp;toc.depth=1&amp;toc.id=ss1-2-1&amp;brand=9781405103213_brand}}&lt;/ref&gt; In collaboration with [[IBM]], they created a computer-generated concordance to [[Thomas Aquinas]]' writings known as the ''Index Thomisticus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Other scholars began using mainframe computers to automate tasks like word-searching, sorting, and counting, which was much faster than processing information from texts with handwritten or typed index cards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In the decades which followed archaeologists, classicists, historians, literary scholars, and a broad array of humanities researchers in other disciplines applied emerging computational methods to transform humanities scholarship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| last1 = Feeney| first1 = Mary| last2 = Ross| first2 = Seamus| lastauthoramp = yes| title = Information Technology in Humanities Scholarship, British Achievements, Prospects, and Barriers | journal = Historical Social Research| volume = 19| issue = 1 (69)| year = 1994| pages = 3–59| jstor=20755828}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=berryandfagerjord&gt;{{Cite book| publisher = Polity| isbn = 978-0-7456-9765-9 | last1 = Berry| first1 = David M. | last2 = Fagerjord| first2 = Anders | title = Digital Humanities: Knowledge and Critique in a Digital Age | location = Cambridge | year = 2017 | url=http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0745697658,subjectCd-CO30.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As Tara McPherson has pointed out, the digital humanities also inherit practices and perspectives developed through many artistic and theoretical engagements with electronic screen culture beginning the late 1960s and 1970s. These range from research developed by organizations such as [[SIGGRAPH]] to creations by artists such as [[Charles and Ray Eames]] and the members of [[Experiments in Art and Technology|E.A.T.]] (Experiments in Art and Technology). The Eames and E.A.T. explored nascent computer culture and intermediality in creative works that dovetailed technological innovation with art.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson, Tara. &quot;DH by Design: Feminism, aesthetics + the digital.&quot; Congress of the Social Science and Humanities. University of Calgary, 2016-05-31. Keynote.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first specialized journal in the digital humanities was ''Computers and the Humanities'', which debuted in 1966. The Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing (ALLC) and the Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH) were then founded in 1977 and 1978, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Soon, there was a need for a standardized protocol for tagging digital texts, and the [[Text Encoding Initiative]] (TEI) was developed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The TEI project was launched in 1987 and published the first full version of the ''TEI Guidelines'' in May 1994.&lt;ref name=hockney /&gt; TEI helped shape the field of electronic textual scholarship and led to [[Extensible Markup Language]] (XML), which is a tag scheme for digital editing. Researchers also began experimenting with databases and hypertextual editing, which are structured around links and nodes, as opposed to the standard linear convention of print.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In the nineties, major digital text and image archives emerged at centers of humanities computing in the U.S. (e.g. the ''[[Women Writers Project]]'', the ''Rossetti Archive'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation| publisher = Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, University of Virginia| editor = Jerome J. McGann | title = Rossetti Archive| accessdate = 2012-06-16| date =| url = http://www.rossettiarchive.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''[[The William Blake Archive]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation| publisher = | editors = Morris Eaves, Robert Essick, and Joseph Viscomi| title = The William Blake Archive| accessdate = 2012-06-16| date =| url = http://www.blakearchive.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;), which demonstrated the sophistication and robustness of text-encoding for literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| issn = 0093-1896| volume = 31| issue = 1| pages = 49–84| last = Liu| first = Alan| title = Transcendental Data: Toward a Cultural History and Aesthetics of the New Encoded Discourse| journal = Critical Inquiry| year = 2004| jstor = 10.1086/427302| doi=10.1086/427302}}&lt;/ref&gt; The advent of personal computing and the World Wide Web meant that Digital Humanities work could become less centered on text and more on design. The multimedia nature of the internet has allowed Digital Humanities work to incorporate audio, video, and other components in addition to text.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The terminological change from &quot;humanities computing&quot; to &quot;digital humanities&quot; has been attributed to [[John Unsworth]], Susan Schreibman, and Ray Siemens who, as editors of the anthology ''A Companion to Digital Humanities'' (2004), tried to prevent the field from being viewed as &quot;mere digitization.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;fitzpatrick&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| last = Fitzpatrick| first = Kathleen| title = The humanities, done digitally| work = The Chronicle of Higher Education| accessdate = 2011-07-10| date = 2011-05-08| url = http://chronicle.com/article/The-Humanities-Done-Digitally/127382/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Consequently, the hybrid term has created an overlap between fields like rhetoric and composition, which use &quot;the methods of contemporary humanities in studying digital objects,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;fitzpatrick&quot;/&gt; and digital humanities, which uses &quot;digital technology in studying traditional humanities objects&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;fitzpatrick&quot; /&gt; The use of computational systems and the study of computational media within the arts and humanities more generally has been termed the 'computational turn'.&lt;ref name=&quot;berry&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| last = Berry| first = David| title = The Computational Turn: Thinking About the Digital Humanities| work = Culture Machine| accessdate = 2012-01-31| date = 2011-06-01| url = http://culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/viewDownloadInterstitial/440/470}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2006 the [[National Endowment for the Humanities]] (NEH) launched the Digital Humanities Initiative (renamed Office of Digital Humanities in 2008), which made widespread adoption of the term &quot;digital humanities&quot; all but irreversible in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;kirschenbaum-dept&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Digital humanities emerged from its former niche status and became &quot;big news&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;kirschenbaum-dept&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| volume =| issue = 150| last = Kirschenbaum| first = Matthew G. | title = What is Digital Humanities and What's it Doing in English Departments?| work = ADE Bulletin| accessdate = | year = 2010| url = http://mkirschenbaum.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/kirschenbaum_ade150.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; at the 2009 [[Modern Language Association|MLA convention]] in Philadelphia, where digital humanists made &quot;some of the liveliest and most visible contributions&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| issn = 0009-5982| last = Howard| first = Jennifer| title = The MLA Convention in Translation| work = The Chronicle of Higher Education | accessdate = 2012-05-31| date = 2009-12-31| url = http://chronicle.com/article/The-MLA-Convention-in/63379/}}&lt;/ref&gt; and had their field hailed as &quot;the first 'next big thing' in a long time.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;pannapacker-mla&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| last = Pannapacker| first = William| title = The MLA and the Digital Humanities| work = Brainstorm| format = The Chronicle of Higher Education| accessdate = 2012-05-30| date = 2009-12-28| url = http://chronicle.com/blogPost/The-MLAthe-Digital/19468/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Values and methods ==<br /> Although digital humanities projects and initiatives are diverse, they often reflect common values and methods.&lt;ref name=&quot;Northwestern University Library&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Honn|first1=Josh|title=A Guide to Digital Humanities: Values Methods|url=http://sites.northwestern.edu/guidetodh/values-methods/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919224700/http://sites.northwestern.edu/guidetodh/values-methods/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=19 September 2015|publisher=Northwestern University Library|accessdate=19 September 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; These can help in understanding this hard-to-define field.&lt;ref&gt;Find accessible, brief descriptions of each at [https://web.archive.org/web/20150919224700/http://sites.northwestern.edu/guidetodh/values-methods/ A Guide to Digital Humanities archived site].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Values'''<br /> * Critical &amp; Theoretical<br /> * Iterative &amp; Experimental<br /> * Collaborative &amp; Distributed<br /> * Multimodal &amp; Performative<br /> * Open &amp; Accessible<br /> '''Methods'''<br /> * Enhanced Critical Curation<br /> * Augmented Editions and Fluid Textuality<br /> * Scale: The Law of Large Numbers<br /> * Distant/Close, Macro/Micro, Surface/Depth<br /> * Cultural Analytics, Aggregation, and Data-Mining<br /> * Visualization and Data Design<br /> * Locative Investigation and Thick Mapping<br /> * The Animated Archive<br /> * Distributed Knowledge Production and Performative Access<br /> * Humanities Gaming<br /> * Code, Software, and Platform Studies<br /> * Database Documentaries<br /> * Repurposable Content and Remix Culture<br /> * Pervasive Infrastructure<br /> * Ubiquitous Scholarship.&lt;ref name=&quot;Northwestern University Library&quot;/&gt; <br /> In keeping with the value of being open and accessible, many digital humanities projects and journals are [[open access]] and/or under Creative Commons licensing, showing the field's &quot;commitment to [[open standards]] and [[Open-source model|open source]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Collaborative Research in the Digital Humanities|last=Bradley|first=John|publisher=Ashgate|year=2012|isbn=9781409410683|editors=Marilyn Deegan and Willard McCarty (eds.)|location=Farnham and Burlington|pages=11–26 [14]|chapter=No job for techies: Technical contributions to research in digital humanities}}&lt;/ref&gt; Open access is designed to enable anyone with an internet-enabled device and internet connection to view a website or read an article without having to pay, as well as share content with the appropriate permissions.<br /> <br /> Digital humanities scholars use computational methods either to answer existing research questions or to challenge existing theoretical paradigms, generating new questions and pioneering new approaches. One goal is to systematically integrate computer technology into the activities of humanities scholars,&lt;ref name=&quot;neh-odh-grant-opportunities&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.neh.gov/ODH/Grant|title=Grant Opportunities|work=National Endowment for the Humanities, Office of Digital Humanities Grant Opportunities|accessdate=25 January 2012}}{{dead link|date=December 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; as is done in contemporary empirical [[social sciences]]. Yet despite the significant trend in digital humanities towards networked and multimodal forms of knowledge, a substantial amount of digital humanities focuses on documents and text in ways that differentiate the field's work from digital research in [[media studies]], [[information studies]], [[communication studies]], and [[sociology]]. Another goal of digital humanities is to create scholarship that transcends textual sources. This includes the integration of [[multimedia]], [[metadata]], and dynamic environments (see [[The Valley of the Shadow]] project at the [[University of Virginia]], the [[Vectors Journal of Culture and Technology in a Dynamic Vernacular]] at [[University of Southern California]], or Digital Pioneers projects at Harvard&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pioneers.darthcrimson.org/|title=Harvard University Arts &amp; Humanities Research Computing – Harvard University Arts &amp; Humanities Research Computing|website=Harvard University Arts &amp; Humanities Research Computing}}&lt;/ref&gt;). A growing number of researchers in digital humanities are using computational methods for the analysis of large cultural data sets such as the [[Google Books]] corpus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roth 2014&quot;&gt;Roth, S. (2014), &quot;Fashionable functions. A Google n-gram view of trends in functional differentiation (1800-2000)&quot;, ''International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction'', Band 10, Nr. 2, S. 34-58 (online: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2491422).&lt;/ref&gt; Examples of such projects were highlighted by the Humanities High Performance Computing competition sponsored by the Office of Digital Humanities in 2008,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.neh.gov/divisions/odh/grant-news/grant-announcement-humanities-high-performance-computing-program|title=Grant Announcement for Humanities High Performance Computing Program|last=Bobley|first=Brett|date=December 1, 2008|work=National Endowment for the Humanities|accessdate=May 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926041822/http://www.neh.gov/divisions/odh/grant-news/grant-announcement-humanities-high-performance-computing-program|archive-date=September 26, 2012|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also by the Digging Into Data challenge organized in 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.diggingintodata.org/Home/AwardRecipients2009/tabid/175/Default.aspx|title=Awardees of 2009 Digging into Data Challenge|work=Digging into Data|year=2009|accessdate=May 1, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517011354/http://www.diggingintodata.org/Home/AwardRecipients2009/tabid/175/Default.aspx|archivedate=May 17, 2012|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.neh.gov/news/press-release/2012-01-03|title=NEH Announces Winners of 2011 Digging Into Data Challenge|date=January 3, 2012|work=National Endowment for the Humanities|accessdate=May 1, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; by NEH in collaboration with NSF,&lt;ref name=&quot;cohen-embrace&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/arts/17digital.html?pagewanted=all|title=Humanities Scholars Embrace Digital Technology|last=Cohen|first=Patricia|date=2010-11-16|work=The New York Times|location=New York|issn=0362-4331|accessdate=2012-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in partnership with [[Joint Information Systems Committee|JISC]] in the UK, and [[Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council|SSHRC]] in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub151|title=Computationally Intensive Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences: A Report on the Experiences of First Respondents to the Digging Into Data Challenge|last=Williford|first=Christa|date=June 2012|work=Council on Library and Information Resources|last2=Henry|first2=Charles|ISBN=978-1-932326-40-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to books, historical newspapers can also be analyzed with big data methods. The analysis of vast quantities of historical newspaper content has showed how periodic structures can be automatically discovered, and a similar analysis was performed on social media.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dzogang|first=Fabon|last2=Lansdall-Welfare|first2=Thomas|last3=Team|first3=FindMyPast Newspaper|last4=Cristianini|first4=Nello|date=2016-11-08|title=Discovering Periodic Patterns in Historical News|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=11|pages=e0165736|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165736|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5100883|pmid=27824911}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Seasonal Fluctuations in Collective Mood Revealed by Wikipedia Searches and Twitter Posts<br /> F Dzogang, T Lansdall-Welfare, N Cristianini – 2016 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, Workshop on ''Data Mining'' in Human Activity Analysis<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; As part of the big data revolution, [[Gender bias]], [[readability]], content similarity, reader preferences, and even mood have been analyzed based on [[text mining]] methods over millions of documents&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Flaounas | first1 = I. | last2 = Turchi | first2 = M. | last3 = Ali | first3 = O. | last4 = Fyson | first4 = N. | last5 = Bie | first5 = T. De | last6 = Mosdell | first6 = N. | last7 = Lewis | first7 = J. | last8 = Cristianini | first8 = N. | year = 2010 | title = The Structure of EU Mediasphere | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 12| page = e14243 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0014243 | pmid=21170383 | pmc=2999531}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Lampos | first1 = V | last2 = Cristianini | first2 = N | year = 2012| title = Nowcasting Events from the Social Web with Statistical Learning | doi = 10.1145/2337542.2337557 | journal = ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST) | volume = 3 | issue = 4| page = 72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;NOAM: news outlets analysis and monitoring system; I Flaounas, O Ali, M Turchi, T Snowsill, F Nicart, T De Bie, N Cristianini Proc. of the 2011 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Automatic discovery of patterns in media content, N Cristianini, Combinatorial Pattern Matching, 2-13, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lansdall-Welfare 201606380&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lansdall-Welfare|first=Thomas|last2=Sudhahar|first2=Saatviga|last3=Thompson|first3=James|last4=Lewis|first4=Justin|last5=Team|first5=FindMyPast Newspaper|last6=Cristianini|first6=Nello|date=2017-01-09|title=Content analysis of 150 years of British periodicals|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/01/03/1606380114|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=4|language=en|pages=E457–E465|doi=10.1073/pnas.1606380114|issn=0027-8424|pmid=28069962|pmc=5278459}}&lt;/ref&gt; and historical documents written in literary Chinese.&lt;ref name=&quot;PKBOL 2015&quot;&gt;Bol, P. K., C.-L. Liu, and H. Wang. (2015) &quot;Mining and discovering biographical information in Difangzhi with a language-model-based approach&quot;, ''Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Digital Humanities''. (https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.02148)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Digital humanities is also involved in the creation of software, providing &quot;environments and tools for producing, curating, and interacting with knowledge that is 'born digital' and lives in various digital contexts.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://cnx.org/content/m34246/latest/|title=Digital Humanities 2.0: A Report on Knowledge|last=Presner|first=Todd|work=Connexions|year=2010|accessdate=2012-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this context, the field is sometimes known as computational humanities.[[File:Tripletsnew2012.png|thumb|right|Narrative network of US Elections 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Automated analysis of the US presidential elections using Big Data and network analysis; S Sudhahar, GA Veltri, N Cristianini; Big Data &amp; Society 2 (1), 1-28, 2015&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> Digital humanities scholars use a variety of digital tools for their research, which may take place in an environment as small as a mobile device or as large as a [[virtual reality]] lab. Environments for &quot;creating, publishing and working with digital scholarship include everything from personal equipment to institutes and software to cyberspace.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gardiner, Eileen and Ronald G. Musto. (2015). [http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/general/digital-humanities-primer-students-and-scholars?format=PB ''The Digital Humanities: A Primer for Students and Scholars.''] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 83.&lt;/ref&gt; Some scholars use advanced programming languages and databases, while others use less complex tools, depending on their needs. DiRT (Digital Research Tools Directory&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dirtdirectory.org/|title=Welcome // - DiRT Directory|website=dirtdirectory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;) offers a registry of digital research tools for scholars. TAPoR (Text Analysis Portal for Research&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tapor-test.artsrn.ualberta.ca/home|archive-url=https://archive.is/20170929202656/http://tapor-test.artsrn.ualberta.ca/home|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2017-09-29|title=TAPoR|website=tapor-test.artsrn.ualberta.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is a gateway to text analysis and retrieval tools. An accessible, free example of an online textual analysis program is [[Voyant Tools]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://voyant-tools.org/|title=Voyant Tools|website=voyant-tools.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; which only requires the user to copy and paste either a body of text or a URL and then click the 'reveal' button to run the program. There is also an online list&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dhresourcesforprojectbuilding.pbworks.com/w/page/69244319/Digital|title=dhresourcesforprojectbuilding [licensed for non-commercial use only] / Digital Humanities Tools|website=dhresourcesforprojectbuilding.pbworks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; of online or downloadable Digital Humanities tools that are largely free, aimed toward helping students and others who lack access to funding or institutional servers. Free, open source web publishing platforms like [[WordPress]] and [[Omeka]] are also popular tools.<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> Digital humanities projects are more likely than traditional humanities work to involve a team or a lab, which may be composed of faculty, staff, graduate or undergraduate students, information technology specialists, and partners in galleries, libraries, archives, and museums. Credit and authorship are often given to multiple people to reflect this collaborative nature, which is different from the sole authorship model in the traditional humanities (and more like the natural sciences).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> There are thousands of digital humanities projects, ranging from small-scale ones with limited or no funding to large-scale ones with multi-year financial support. Some are continually updated while others may not be due to loss of support or interest, though they may still remain online in either a [[beta version]] or a finished form. The following are a few examples of the variety of projects in the field:&lt;ref&gt;See [https://wiki.commons.gc.cuny.edu/Sample_Projects/ CUNY Academic Commons Wiki Archive] for more.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Digital archives===<br /> <br /> The [[Women Writers Project]] (begun in 1988) is a long-term research project to make pre-Victorian women writers more accessible through an electronic collection of rare texts. The Walt Whitman Archive&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.whitmanarchive.org/|title=The Walt Whitman Archive|website=www.whitmanarchive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; (begun in the 1990s) sought to create a hypertext and scholarly edition of [[Walt Whitman|Whitman]]'s works and now includes photographs, sounds, and the only comprehensive current bibliography of Whitman criticism. The Emily Dickinson Archive (begun in 2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/dickinson/|title=Emily Dickinson, From Fascicle to Open Access {{!}} Harvard University Press|website=www.hup.harvard.edu|access-date=2016-12-26}}. See [http://www.edickinson.org/ Emily Dickinson Archive website]&lt;/ref&gt; is a collection of high-resolution images of [[Emily Dickinson|Dickinson]]'s poetry manuscripts as well as a searchable lexicon of over 9,000 words that appear in the poems. [[File:Humanités Numériques.JPG|thumb|300px|Example of [[social network analysis|network analysis]] as an archival tool at the League of Nations.&lt;ref&gt;League of Nations archives, United Nations Office in Geneva. Network visualization and analysis published in {{Cite journal | volume = 10| issue = 3| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = La connaissance est un réseau| journal =Les Cahiers du Numérique| accessdate = 2014-10-15| date = 2014| pages = 37–54| url = http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=LCN_103_0037| doi=10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> The Slave Societies Digital Archive&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanderbilt.edu/esss/|title=Homepage|website=Slave Societies Digital Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; (formerly Ecclesiastical and Secular Sources for Slave Societies), directed by Jane Landers&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://as.vanderbilt.edu/history/bio/jane-landers/|title=People|website=Department of History}}&lt;/ref&gt; and hosted at Vanderbilt University, preserves endangered ecclesiastical and secular documents related to Africans and African-descended peoples in slave societies. This Digital Archive currently holds 500,000 unique images, dating from the 16th to the 20th centuries, and documents the history of between 6 and 8 million individuals. They are the most extensive serial records for the history of Africans in the Atlantic World and also include valuable information on the indigenous, European, and Asian populations who lived alongside them. <br /> <br /> The involvement of librarians and archivists plays an important part in digital humanities projects because of the recent expansion of their role so that it now covers [[digital curation]], which is critical in the preservation, promotion, and access to digital collections, as well as the application of scholarly orientation to digital humanities projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Digital Curation in the Digital Humanities: Preserving and Promoting Archival and Special Collections|last=Sabharwal|first=Arjun|publisher=Elsevier|year=2015|isbn=9780081001431|location=Waltham, MA|pages=27}}&lt;/ref&gt; A specific example involves the case of initiatives where archivists help scholars and academics build their projects through their experience in evaluating, implementing, and customizing metadata schemas for library collections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Supporting Digital Humanities for Knowledge Acquisition in Modern Libraries|last=Sacco|first=Kathleen|publisher=IGI Global|year=2015|isbn=9781466684447|location=Hershey, PA|pages=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The initiatives at the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] is another example of a digital humanities project. These include the digitization of 17th-century manuscripts, an electronic corpus of Mexican history from the 16th to 19th century, and the visualization of pre-Hispanic archaeological sites in [[3D computer graphics|3-D]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Digital Humanities in Practice|last=Warwick|first=Claire|last2=Terras|first2=Melissa|last3=Nyhan|publisher=Facet Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781856047661|location=London|pages=203}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Cultural analytics===<br /> <br /> &quot;Cultural analytics&quot; refers to the use of computational method for exploration and analysis of large visual collections and also contemporary digital media. The concept was developed in 2005 by [[Lev Manovich]] who then established the Cultural Analytics Lab in 2007 at Qualcomm Institute at California Institute for Telecommunication and Information (Calit2). The lab has been using methods from the field of computer science called Computer Vision many types of both historical and contemporary visual media—for example, all covers of ''Time'' magazine published between 1923 and 2009,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lab.culturalanalytics.info/2016/04/timeline-4535-time-magazine-covers-1923.html|title=Timeline: 4535 Time Magazine Covers, 1923-2009|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 20,000 historical art photographs from the collection in Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lab.culturalanalytics.info/2016/04/exploratory-visualizations-of-thomas.html|title=A View from Above: Exploratory Visualizations of MoMA Photography Collection|last=|first=|authorlink=Nadav Hochman and Lev Manovich|date=|website=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; one million pages from Manga books,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lab.culturalanalytics.info/2010/11/one-million-manga-pages_14.html|title=Exploring One Million Manga Pages with Supercomputers and HIPerSpace|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 16 million images shared on Instagram in 17 global cities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://manovich.net/index.php/projects/instagram-and-contemporary-image|title=Instagram and Contemporary Image|last=Manovich|first=Lev|publisher=|year=2017|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cultural analytics also includes using methods from media design and data visualization to create interactive visual interfaces for exploration of large visual collections e.g., Selfiecity and On Broadway.<br /> <br /> Cultural Analytics research is also addressing a number of theoretical questions. How can we &quot;observe&quot; giant cultural universes of both user-generated and professional media content created today, without reducing them to averages, outliers, or pre-existing categories? How can work with large cultural data help us question our stereotypes and assumptions about cultures? What new theoretical cultural concepts and models are required for studying global digital culture with its new mega-scale, speed, and connectivity? <br /> <br /> The term &quot;cultural analytics&quot; (or &quot;culture analytics&quot;) is now used by many other researchers, as exemplified by two academic symposiums,&lt;ref&gt;[http://neubauercollegium.uchicago.edu/events/uc/cultural_analytics/ &quot;Cultural Analytics: Computational Approaches to the Study of Culture&quot;], the University of Chicago, May 2015 and [https://sites.google.com/nd.edu/ca2017/home &quot;Cultural Analytics symposium&quot;], Notre Dame University, May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; a four-month long research program at UCLA that brought together 120 leading researchers from university and industry labs,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ipam.ucla.edu/programs/long-programs/culture-analytics/ &quot;Culture Analytics program&quot;], Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IPAM), UCLA, March 7–June 10, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; an academic peer-review ''Journal of Cultural Analytics: CA'' established in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://culturalanalytics.org/about/|title=Journal of Cultural Analytics: CA|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and academic job listings.<br /> <br /> ===Textual mining, analysis, and visualization===<br /> <br /> WordHoard (begun in 2004) is a free application that enables scholarly but non-technical users to read and analyze, in new ways, deeply-tagged texts, including the canon of Early Greek epic, [[Chaucer]], [[Shakespeare]], and [[Edmund Spenser|Spenser]]. The Republic of Letters (begun in 2008)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/novemberdecember/feature/mapping-the-republic-letters|title=Mapping the Republic of Letters|website=National Endowment for the Humanities|access-date=2016-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; seeks to visualize the social network of Enlightenment writers through an interactive map and visualization tools. Network analysis and data visualization is also used for reflections on the field itself – researchers may produce network maps of social media interactions or infographics from data on digital humanities scholars and projects.[[File:Digital Humanities on Twitter.png|thumb|Network analysis: graph of Digital Humanities Twitter users]]<br /> <br /> ===Analysis of macroscopic trends in cultural change===<br /> <br /> [[Culturomics]] is a form of [[computational lexicology]] that studies [[human behavior]] and [[cultural trends]] through the [[Statistics|quantitative analysis]] of digitized texts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | first=Patricia | last=Cohen | title=In 500 Billion Words, New Window on Culture | newspaper=New York Times | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/17/books/17words.html | date=16 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first=Brian|last=Hayes|url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/id.12418,y.2011,no.3,content.true,page.1,css.print/issue.aspx|title=Bit Lit|journal=[[American Scientist]]|volume=99|issue=3|page=190|doi=10.1511/2011.90.190|date=May–June 2011|access-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018204747/http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/id.12418,y.2011,no.3,content.true,page.1,css.print/issue.aspx|archive-date=2016-10-18|dead-url=yes|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers [[data mining|data mine]] large [[digital archive]]s to investigate cultural phenomena reflected in language and word usage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=http://www.amhighed.com/documents/charleston2011/AIHE2011_Proceedings.pdf#page=228 | first=David W. |last=Letcher | title=Cultoromics: A New Way to See Temporal Changes in the Prevalence of Words and Phrases | journal=American Institute of Higher Education 6th International Conference Proceedings | volume=4 | issue=1 | page=228 | date=April 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term is an American [[neologism]] first described in a 2010 ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' article called ''Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books'', co-authored by Harvard researchers Jean-Baptiste Michel and [[Erez Lieberman Aiden]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | first1=Jean-Baptiste | last1=Michel | first2=Erez | last2=Liberman Aiden | title=Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books | journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | date=16 December 2010 | doi=10.1126/science.1199644 | pmid=21163965 | volume=331 | issue=6014 | pmc=3279742 | pages=176–82}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A 2017 study&lt;ref name=&quot;Lansdall-Welfare 201606380&quot;/&gt; published in the [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] compared the trajectory of n-grams over time in both digitised books from the 2010 [[Science (journal)|Science]] article&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean&quot; /&gt; with those found in a large corpus of regional newspapers from the United Kingdom over the course of 150 years. The study further went on to use more advanced [[Natural language processing]] techniques to discover macroscopic trends in history and culture, including gender bias, geographical focus, technology, and politics, along with accurate dates for specific events.<br /> <br /> ===Online publishing===<br /> <br /> The [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] (begun in 1995) is a dynamic reference work of terms, concepts, and people from philosophy maintained by scholars in the field. MLA Commons&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mla.hcommons.org/|title=MLA Commons – An online community for MLA members|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; offers an open peer-review site (where anyone can comment) for their ongoing curated collection of teaching artifacts in ''Digital Pedagogy in the Humanities: Concepts, Models, and Experiments'' (2016).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://digitalpedagogy.mla.hcommons.org/|title=Digital Pedagogy in the Humanities - MLA Commons|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Debates in the Digital Humanities'' platform contains volumes of the open-access book of the same title (2012 and 2016 editions) and allows readers to interact with material by marking sentences as interesting or adding terms to a crowdsourced index.<br /> <br /> ==Criticism==<br /> Lauren F. Klein and Matthew K. Gold have identified a range of criticisms in the digital humanities field: &quot;'a lack of attention to issues of race, class, gender, and sexuality; a preference for research-driven projects over pedagogical ones; an absence of political commitment; an inadequate level of diversity among its practitioners; an inability to address texts under copyright; and an institutional concentration in well-funded research universities&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/debates/|title=Debates in the Digital Humanities|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly Berry and Fagerjord have argued that a digital humanities should &quot;focus on the need to think critically about the implications of computational imaginaries, and raise some questions in this regard. This is also to foreground the importance of the politics and norms that are embedded in digital technology, algorithms and software. We need to explore how to negotiate between close and distant readings of texts and how micro-analysis and macro-analysis can be usefully reconciled in humanist work.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Digital Humanities: Knowledge and Critique in a Digital Age|last=Berry|first=David M.|last2=Fagerjord|publisher=Polity|year=2017|isbn=9780745697666|location=UK|pages=137}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alan Liu has argued, &quot;while digital humanists develop tools, data, and metadata critically, therefore (e.g., debating the 'ordered hierarchy of content objects' principle; disputing whether computation is best used for truth finding or, as Lisa Samuels and Jerome McGann put it, 'deformance'; and so on) rarely do they extend their critique to the full register of society, economics, politics, or culture.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Alan|url=http://liu.english.ucsb.edu/where-is-cultural-criticism-in-the-digital-humanities/|publisher=UCSB|accessdate=14 May 2016|title=Where is Cultural Criticism in the Digital Humanities?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these concerns have given rise to the emergent subfield of Critical Digital Humanities (CDH): &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Some key questions include: how do we make the invisible become visible in the study of software? How is knowledge transformed when mediated through code and software? What are the critical approaches to Big Data, visualization, digital methods, etc.? How does computation create new disciplinary boundaries and gate-keeping functions? What are the new hegemonic representations of the digital – 'geons', 'pixels', 'waves', visualization, visual rhetorics, etc.? How do media changes create epistemic changes, and how can we look behind the 'screen essentialism' of computational interfaces? Here we might also reflect on the way in which the practice of making-visible also entails the making-invisible – computation involves making choices about what is to be captured. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Negative publicity===<br /> <br /> Klein and Gold note that many appearances of the digital humanities in public media are often in a critical fashion. Armand Leroi, writing in ''[[The New York Times]]'', discusses the contrast between the algorithmic analysis of themes in literary texts and the work of Harold Bloom, who qualitatively and phenomenologically analyzes the themes of literature over time. Leroi questions whether or not the digital humanities can provide a truly robust analysis of literature and social phenomenon or offer a novel alternative perspective on them. The literary theorist [[Stanley Fish]] claims that the digital humanities pursue a revolutionary agenda and thereby undermine the conventional standards of &quot;pre-eminence, authority and disciplinary power.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;fish-mortality&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/09/the-digital-humanities-and-the-transcending-of-mortality/|title=The Digital Humanities and the Transcending of Mortality|last=Fish|first=Stanley|date=2012-01-09|work=The New York Times|location=New York|accessdate=2012-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, digital humanities scholars note that &quot;Digital Humanities is an extension of traditional knowledge skills and methods, not a replacement for them. Its distinctive contributions do not obliterate the insights of the past, but add and supplement the humanities' long-standing commitment to scholarly interpretation, informed research, structured argument, and dialogue within communities of practice&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Some have hailed the digital humanities as a solution to the apparent problems within the humanities, namely a decline in funding, a repeat of debates, and a fading set of theoretical claims and methodological arguments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Leroi|first1=Armand|title=Digitizing the Humanities|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/14/opinion/digitizing-the-humanities.html|website=The New York Times Online|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adam Kirsch, writing in the ''New Republic'', calls this the &quot;False Promise&quot; of the digital humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Kirsch|first1=Adam|title=Technology Is Taking Over English Departments|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/117428/limits-digital-humanities-adam-kirsch|website=The New Republic|publisher=The New Republic|accessdate=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the rest of humanities and many social science departments are seeing a decline in funding or prestige, the digital humanities has been seeing increasing funding and prestige. Burdened with the problems of novelty, the digital humanities is discussed as either a revolutionary alternative to the humanities as it is usually conceived or as simply new wine in old bottles. Kirsch believes that digital humanities practitioners suffer from problems of being marketers rather than scholars, who attest to the grand capacity of their research more than actually performing new analysis and when they do so, only performing trivial parlor tricks of research. This form of criticism has been repeated by others, such as in Carl Staumshein, writing in ''Inside Higher Education'', who calls it a &quot;Digital Humanities Bubble&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Straumshein|first1=Carl|title=Digital Humanities Bubble|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/05/08/digital-humanities-wont-save-humanities-digital-humanists-say|publisher=Inside Higher Education|accessdate=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in the same publication, Straumshein alleges that the digital humanities is a 'Corporatist Restructuring' of the Humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Straumshein|first1=Carl|title=Digital Humanities as 'Corporatist Restructuring'|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/05/06/article-criticizes-impact-digital-humanities-colleges|website=Inside Higher Education|publisher=Inside Higher Education|accessdate=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some see the alliance of the digital humanities with business to be a positive turn that causes the business world to pay more attention, thus bringing needed funding and attention to the humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Carlson|first1=Tracy|title=Humanities and business go hand in hand|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2016/04/24/humanities-and-business-hand-hand/9nG9n04SSF1Ko0MRJjguxK/story.html|publisher=The Boston Globe|accessdate=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; If it were not burdened by the title of digital humanities, it could escape the allegations that it is elitist and unfairly funded.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pannapacker|first1=William|title=Stop Calling It 'Digital Humanities'|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Stop-Calling-It-Digital/137325/|publisher=Chronicle of Higher Education|accessdate=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Black box===<br /> <br /> There has also been critique of the use of digital humanities tools by scholars who do not fully understand what happens to the data they input and place too much trust in the &quot;black box&quot; of software that cannot be sufficiently examined for errors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last= Dobson|first=James E.|title=Can an Algorithm be Disturbed? Machine Learning, Intrinsic Criticism, and the Digital Humanities|year=2015|periodical=College Literature |volume=42|issue=4 |pages= 543–564}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Johanna Drucker]], a professor at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] Department of Information Studies, has criticized the &quot;epistemological fallacies&quot; prevalent in popular visualization tools and technologies (such as [[Google]]'s n-gram graph) used by digital humanities scholars and the general public, calling some network diagramming and topic modeling tools &quot;just too crude for humanistic work.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;vimeo.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/140307034|title=Johanna Drucker (UCLA) Lecture, &quot;Should Humanists Visualize Knowledge?&quot;|website=Vimeo|access-date=2016-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lack of transparency in these programs obscures the subjective nature of the data and its processing, she argues, as these programs &quot;generate standard diagrams based on conventional algorithms for screen display...mak[ing] it very difficult for the semantics of the data processing to be made evident.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;vimeo.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Diversity===<br /> <br /> There has also been some recent controversy among practitioners of digital humanities around the role that race and/or [[identity politics]] plays. Tara McPherson attributes some of the lack of racial diversity in digital humanities to the modality of [[Unix|UNIX]] and computers themselves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/debates/text/29|title=Debates in the Digital Humanities|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An open thread on DHpoco.org recently garnered well over 100 comments on the issue of race in digital humanities, with scholars arguing about the amount that racial (and other) biases affect the tools and texts available for digital humanities research.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dhpoco.org/blog/2013/05/10/open-thread-the-digital-humanities-as-a-historical-refuge-from-raceclassgendersexualitydisability/|title=Open Thread: The Digital Humanities as a Historical &quot;Refuge&quot; from Race/Class/Gender/Sexuality/Disability?|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021953/http://dhpoco.org/blog/2013/05/10/open-thread-the-digital-humanities-as-a-historical-refuge-from-raceclassgendersexualitydisability/|archivedate=2013-12-03|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; McPherson posits that there needs to be an understanding and theorizing of the implications of digital technology and race, even when the subject for analysis appears not to be about race.<br /> <br /> Amy E. Earhart criticizes what has become the new digital humanities &quot;canon&quot; in the shift from websites using simple [[HTML]] to the usage of the [[Text Encoding Initiative|TEI]] and visuals in textual recovery projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/debates/text/16|title=Debates in the Digital Humanities|website=dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Works that has been previously lost or excluded were afforded a new home on the internet, but much of the same marginalizing practices found in traditional humanities also took place digitally. According to Earhart, there is a &quot;need to examine the canon that we, as digital humanists, are constructing, a canon that skews toward traditional texts and excludes crucial work by women, people of color, and the LGBTQ community.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Issues of access===<br /> <br /> Practitioners in digital humanities are also failing to meet the needs of users with disabilities. George H. Williams argues that universal design is imperative for practitioners to increase usability because &quot;many of the otherwise most valuable digital resources are useless for people who are—for example—deaf or hard of hearing, as well as for people who are blind, have low vision, or have difficulty distinguishing particular colors.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/debates/text/44|title=Disability, Universal Design, and the Digital Humanities|work=Debates in the Digital Humanities |author=George H. Williams}}&lt;/ref&gt; In order to provide accessibility successfully, and productive universal design, it is important to understand why and how users with disabilities are using the digital resources while remembering that all users approach their informational needs differently.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Cultural criticism===<br /> <br /> Digital humanities have been criticized for not only ignoring traditional questions of lineage and history in the humanities, but lacking the fundamental cultural criticism that defines the humanities. However, it remains to be seen whether or not the humanities have to be tied to cultural criticism, per se, in order to be the humanities.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=berryandfagerjord/&gt; The sciences{{vague|date=June 2017}} might imagine the Digital Humanities as a welcome improvement over the non-quantitative methods of the humanities and social sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Poetry in Motion|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v474/n7352/full/474420b.html|website=Nature|publisher=Nature|accessdate=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Kirschenbaum|first1=Matthew|url=https://mkirschenbaum.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/dhterriblethingskirschenbaum.pdf|website=Wordpress|publisher=Matthew Kirschenbaum|accessdate=14 May 2016|title=What Is &quot;Digital Humanities,&quot; and Why Are They Saying Such Terrible Things about It?}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Difficulty of evaluation===<br /> <br /> As the field matures, there has been a recognition that the standard model of academic peer-review of work may not be adequate for digital humanities projects, which often involve website components, databases, and other non-print objects. Evaluation of quality and impact thus require a combination of old and new methods of peer review.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; One response has been the creation of the ''DHCommons Journal''. This accepts non-traditional submissions, especially mid-stage digital projects, and provides an innovative model of peer review more suited for the multimedia, transdisciplinary, and milestone-driven nature of Digital Humanities projects. Other professional humanities organizations, such as the [[American Historical Association]] and the [[Modern Language Association]], have developed guidelines for evaluating academic digital scholarship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mla.org/About-Us/Governance/Committees/Committee-Listings/Professional-Issues/Committee-on-Information-Technology/Guidelines-for-Evaluating-Work-in-Digital-Humanities-and-Digital-Media|title=Guidelines for Evaluating Work in Digital Humanities and Digital...|website=Modern Language Association|language=en|access-date=2017-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/digital-history-resources/evaluation-of-digital-scholarship-in-history/guidelines-for-the-professional-evaluation-of-digital-scholarship-by-historians|title=Guidelines for the Professional Evaluation of Digital Scholarship by Historians {{!}} AHA|website=www.historians.org|language=en|access-date=2017-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Lack of focus on pedagogy===<br /> <br /> The 2012 edition of ''Debates in the Digital Humanities'' recognized the fact that pedagogy was the &quot;neglected 'stepchild' of DH&quot; and included an entire section on teaching the digital humanities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Part of the reason is that grants in the humanities are geared more toward research with quantifiable results rather than teaching innovations, which are harder to measure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; In recognition of a need for more scholarship on the area of teaching, ''Digital Humanities Pedagogy'' was published and offered case studies and strategies to address how to teach digital humanities methods in various disciplines.<br /> <br /> ==Organizations==<br /> <br /> The [[Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations]] (ADHO) is an umbrella organization that supports digital research and teaching as a consultative and advisory force for its constituent organizations. Its governance was approved in 2005 and it has overseen the annual [[Digital Humanities conference]] since 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://adho.org/about|title=About {{!}} ADHO|website=adho.org|access-date=2016-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; The current members of ADHO are:<br /> * [[Association for Computers and the Humanities]] (ACH)<br /> * [[Australasian Association for Digital Humanities]] (aaDH)<br /> * [[Society for Digital Humanities|Canadian Society for Digital Humanities / Société canadienne des humanités numériques]] (CSDH/SCHN)<br /> * [[centerNet]], an international network of digital humanities centers<br /> * [[Digital Humanities Association of Southern Africa]] (DHASA)<br /> * [[The European Association for Digital Humanities]] (EADH)<br /> * [[Humanistica]], L'association francophone des humanités numériques (Humanistica)<br /> * [[Japanese Association for Digital Humanities]] (JADH)<br /> * [[Red de Humanidades Digitales]] (RedHD)<br /> * [[Taiwanese Association for Digital Humanities]] (TADH)<br /> <br /> ADHO funds a number of projects such as the ''[[Digital Humanities Quarterly]]'' journal and the ''[[Literary and Linguistic Computing|Digital Scholarship in the Humanities]]'' (DSH) journal, supports the [[Text Encoding Initiative]], and sponsors workshops and conferences, as well as funding small projects, awards, and bursaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/llc/fqr002| volume = 26| issue = 1| pages = 3–4| last = Vanhoutte| first = Edward| title = Editorial| journal = Literary and Linguistic Computing| accessdate = 2011-07-11| date = 2011-04-01| url = http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/1/3.short}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[HASTAC]] (Humanities, Arts, Science, and Technology Alliance and Collaboratory) is a free and open access virtual, interdisciplinary community focused on changing teaching and learning through the sharing of news, tools, methods, and pedagogy, including digital humanities scholarship.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hastac.org/about-hastac|title=About HASTAC|newspaper=HASTAC|access-date=2016-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is reputed to be the world's first and oldest academic social network.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Centers and institutes===<br /> &lt;!-- This list should only include centers that have (or should have) Wikipedia articles. --&gt;<br /> * Centre for Digital Humanities &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= University of Gothenburg - Centre for Digital Humanities |url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg&lt;/ref&gt; ([[University of Gothenburg]], Sweden)<br /> *[[Department of Digital Humanities]] ([[King's College London]], UK)<br /> *[[Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities]] (ACDH) ([[Austrian Academy of Sciences]] in Vienna, Austria)<br /> *[[Humanities Advanced Technology and Information Institute]] ([[University of Glasgow]], Scotland)<br /> *[[Sussex Humanities Lab]] ([[University of Sussex]], UK)<br /> *Digital Humanities Hub &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lancaster University - Digital Humanities Hub |url=http://wp.lancs.ac.uk/dighum/ |accessdate=13 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lancaster University]], UK)<br /> *[[HUMlab|Humlab, Umeå University]] (Sweden)<br /> *[[Digital Humanities Summer Institute]] (DHSI) ([[University of Victoria]], Canada)<br /> *Forensic Computational Geometry Laboratory (FCGL)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=FCGL – Forensic Computational Geometry Laboratory |url=https://www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/groups/forensicgl |accessdate=12 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing|IWR]], [[Heidelberg University]], Germany)<br /> *Heidelberg Centre for Digital Humanities ([[Heidelberg University]], Germany)<br /> *[[The European Summer University in Digital Humanities]] ([[Leipzig University]], Germany)<br /> *[[Cultural Analytics Lab]] ([[Graduate Center, CUNY|The Graduate Center]], [[City University of New York]], USA, and [[Qualcomm Institute]], USA)<br /> *[[Center for Digital Research in the Humanities]] ([[University of Nebraska-Lincoln]], USA)<br /> *[[Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities]] ([[University of Virginia]], USA)<br /> *[[Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities]] ([[University of Maryland]], USA)<br /> *[[Center for History and New Media|Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media]] ([[George Mason University]], Virginia, USA)<br /> *[[The Walter J. Ong, S.J. Center for Digital Humanities]] ([[Saint Louis University]], St. Louis, MO, USA<br /> *[[UCL Centre for Digital Humanities]] ([[University College London]], UK)<br /> *[[Center for Public History and Digital Humanities]] ([[Cleveland State University]], USA)<br /> *[[Center for Digital Scholarship and Curation]] ([[Washington State University]], USA)<br /> *[[Scholars' Lab]] (University of Virginia, USA)<br /> *Centre for Digital Humanities Research ([[Australian National University]], AU)<br /> *Helsinki Centre for Digital Humanities (HELDIG) ([[University of Helsinki]], Finland)<br /> *[[Laboratory for digital cultures and humanities of the University of Lausanne]] (LaDHUL) (University of Lausanne, Switzerland)<br /> *[[Centre for Information-Modeling]], Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities (ZIM-ACDH) ([[University of Graz]], Austria)<br /> *[[mainzed]], Mainz Centre for Digitality in the Humanities and Cultural Studies ([[Mainz]], Germany)<br /> <br /> === Conferences ===<br /> * [[Digital Humanities conference]]<br /> * THATCamp<br /> * [[Text Encoding Initiative]] (TEI) conference<br /> <br /> === Journals and publications ===<br /> * ''[[Digital Humanities Quarterly]]'' (DHQ) {{open access}}<br /> * ''[[DHCommons]]''<br /> * ''[[Digital Literary Studies]]''<br /> * ''[[Digital Medievalist]]''<br /> * ''[[Literary and Linguistic Computing|Digital Scholarship in the Humanities]]'' (DSH) (formerly ''Literary and Linguistic Computing'')<br /> * ''[[Digital Studies / Le champ numérique]]'' (DS/CN) {{open access}}<br /> * ''[[Humanités numériques]]'' (Humanistica) {{open access}}<br /> * ''[[International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing]]''<br /> * ''[[Journal of Digital Archives and Digital Humanities]]''<br /> * ''[[Journal of Digital and Media Literacy]]''<br /> * ''[[Journal of Digital Humanities]]'' (JDH)<br /> * ''[[Journal of Interactive Technology and Pedagogy]]''<br /> * ''[[Journal of the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities]]'' (JJADH)<br /> * ''[[Journal of the Text Encoding Initiative]]''<br /> * ''[[Kairos (journal)|Kairos]]''<br /> * ''[[Southern Spaces]]''<br /> * ''[[Umanistica Digitale]]'' (AIUCD) {{open access}}<br /> * ''[[Revista de Humanidades Digitales]]'' (RHD) {{open access}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * {{Portal-inline|size=tiny|Digital humanities}}<br /> * [[Cyborg anthropology]]<br /> * [[Digital anthropology]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{Refbegin|60em}}<br /> * Beagle, Donald, (2014). ''[http://acrl.ala.org/dh/2014/01/30/digital-humanities-in-the-research-commons-precedents-prospects-3/ Digital Humanities in the Research Commons: Precedents &amp; Prospects]'', Association of College &amp; Research Libraries: dh+lib.<br /> * {{cite journal | last1 = Benzon | first1 = William | authorlink2 = David G. Hays | last2 = Hays | first2 = David | year = 1976 | title = Computational Linguistics and the Humanist | url = https://www.academia.edu/1334653 | journal = Computers and the Humanities | volume = 10 | issue = 5| pages = 265–274 | doi=10.1007/bf02420060}}<br /> * Berry, D. M., ed. (2012). ''[http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9780230292642 Understanding Digital Humanities]'', Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.<br /> * Berry, D. M., Fagerjord, A. (2017). ''[http://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9780745697659 Digital Humanities: Knowledge and Critique in a Digital Age]'', London: Polity.<br /> * Burdick, Anne, Johanna Drucker, Peter Lunenfeld, Todd Presner, &amp; Jeffrey Schnap (2012). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20131023012128/http://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/9780262018470_Open_Access_Edition.pdf Digital_Humanities]'', The MIT Press<br /> * Busa, Roberto (1980). 'The Annals of Humanities Computing: The Index Thomisticus', in Computers and the Humanities vol. 14, pp.&amp;nbsp;83–90. Computers and the Humanities (1966-2004)<br /> * Celentano, A., Cortesi, A. &amp; Mastandrea, P. (2004). Informatica Umanistica: una disciplina di confine, Mondo Digitale, vol. 4, pp.&amp;nbsp;44–55.<br /> * Classen, Christoph, Kinnebrock, Susanne, &amp; Löblich, Maria, eds. (2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130606061117/http://www.gesis.org/hsr/aktuelle-ausgaben/aktuelle-hefte-2010-2012/374-the-economie-des-conventions/ Towards Web History: Sources, Methods, and Challenges in the Digital Age]. ''[[Historical Social Research]], ''37 (4), 97-188.<br /> * Condron Frances, Fraser, Michael &amp; Sutherland, Stuart, eds. (2001). ''[http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ctitext2/resguide2000/contents.shtml Oxford University Computing Services Guide to Digital Resources for the Humanities]'', West Virginia University Press.<br /> *Fitzpatrick, Kathleen (2011). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110820165207/http://nyupress.org/books/book-details.aspx?bookId=4998 Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy]''. New York; NYU Press. {{ISBN|9780814727874}}<br /> * Gardiner, Eileen and Ronald G. Musto. (2015). [http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/general/digital-humanities-primer-students-and-scholars?format=PB ''The Digital Humanities: A Primer for Students and Scholars.''] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br /> * Gold, Matthew K., ed. (2012). ''[http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/debates-in-the-digital-humanities Debates In the Digital Humanities]''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.<br /> * {{Cite journal | volume = 3| issue = 1| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community| journal = Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities| date = 2016| pages = 1171458| doi=10.1080/23311983.2016.1171458}}<br /> * {{cite journal | last1 = Hancock | first1 = B. | last2 = Giarlo | first2 = M.J. | year = 2001 | title = Moving to XML: Latin texts XML conversion project at the Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities | doi = 10.1108/07378830110405139 | journal = Library Hi Tech | volume = 19 | issue = 3| pages = 257–264 }}<br /> * Heftberger, Adelheid (2016). ''Kollision der Kader. Dziga Vertovs Filme, die Visualisierung ihrer Strukturen und die Digital Humanities''. Munich: edition text + kritik.<br /> * Hockey, Susan (2001). ''Electronic Text in the Humanities: Principles and Practice'', Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br /> * {{cite journal | last1 = Honing | first1 = Henkjan | year = 2008 | title = The role of ICT in music research: A bridge too far? | url = http://www.mcg.uva.nl/abstracts/honing-2007b.html | journal = [[International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing]] | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 67–75 | doi = 10.3366/E1753854808000104 }}<br /> * Inman James, Reed, Cheryl, &amp; Sands, Peter, eds. (2003). ''Electronic Collaboration in the Humanities: Issues and Options'', Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.<br /> * Kenna, Stephanie &amp; Ross, Seamus, eds. (1995). ''Networking in the humanities: Proceedings of the Second Conference on Scholarship and Technology in the Humanities held at Elvetham Hall, Hampshire, UK 13–16 April 1994''. London: Bowker-Saur.<br /> * Kirschenbaum, Matthew (2008). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120609161059/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&amp;tid=11336 Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination]''. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.<br /> * Manovich, Lev (2013). 'Software Takes Command. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic.<br /> * McCarty, Willard (2005). ''Humanities Computing'', Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.<br /> * Moretti, Franco (2007). ''[http://www.versobooks.com/books/261-graphs-maps-trees Graphs, Maps, Trees: Abstract Models for Literary History]''. New York: Verso.<br /> * Mullings, Christine, Kenna, Stephanie, Deegan, Marilyn, &amp; Ross, Seamus, eds. (1996). ''New Technologies for the Humanities'' London: Bowker-Saur.<br /> * Newell, William H., ed. (1998). ''Interdisciplinarity: Essays from the Literature.'' New York: College Entrance Examination Board.<br /> * Ramsay, Steve (2011). ''[http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/75tms2pw9780252036415.html Reading Machines: Toward an Algorithmic Criticism]''. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.<br /> * Schreibman, Susan, Siemens, Ray &amp; Unsworth, John, eds. (2004). ''[http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/ A Companion To Digital Humanities]'' Blackwell Publishers.<br /> * Selfridge-Field, Eleanor, ed. (1997). Beyond MIDI: The Handbook of Musical Codes. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.<br /> * {{cite journal|last1=Thaller |first1=Manfred |year=2012 |title=Controversies around the Digital Humanities |url=http://www.gesis.org/en/hsr/aktuelle-ausgaben/aktuelle-hefte-2010-2012/373-digital-humanities/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130717083310/http://www.gesis.org/en/hsr/aktuelle-ausgaben/aktuelle-hefte-2010-2012/373-digital-humanities/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-07-17 |journal=[[Historical Social Research]] |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=7–229 }}<br /> * Swirski, Peter. (2013). ''[http://www.mqup.ca/from-literature-to-biterature-products-9780773542952.php?page_id=73&amp; From Literature to Biterature: Lem, Turing, Darwin, and Explorations in Computer Literature, Philosophy of Mind, and Cultural Evolution]'', MQUP.<br /> * Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven (2013). Digital Humanities and the Study of Intermediality in Comparative Cultural Studies. Ed. Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek. West Lafayette: Purdue Scholarly Publishing Services.<br /> * Unsworth, John (2005). ''[http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/~jmu2m/Kings.5-00/primitives.html Scholarly Primitives: What methods do humanities researchers have in common, and how might our tools reflect this?]''<br /> *{{cite journal | pmid = 28069962 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1606380114 | title=Content analysis of 150 years of British periodicals | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume=114 | issue=4 | last1 = Lansdall-Welfare | first1 = T | last2 = Sudhahar | first2 = S | last3 = Thompson | first3 = J | last4 = Lewis | first4 = J | last5 = Cristianini | first5 = N | page=201606380| year=2017 }}.<br /> * Warwick C., Terras, M., &amp; Nyhan, J., eds. (2012). ''Digital Humanities in Practice'', Facet Publishing<br /> * YOSHIDA,Yukihiko,&quot;Leni Riefenstahl and German Expressionism: A Study of Visual Cultural Studies Using Transdisciplinary Semantic Space of Specialized Dictionaries&quot;,Technoetic Arts: a journal of speculative research (Editor Roy Ascott),Volume 8, Issue3,intellect,2008<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> '''Introductory guides'''<br /> * [http://dh101.humanities.ucla.edu/ Intro to Digital Humanities] by UCLA Center for Digital Humanities <br /> * [https://wiki.commons.gc.cuny.edu/The_CUNY_Digital_Humanities_Resource_Guide/ CUNY Digital Humanities Resource Guide] by CUNY Digital Humanities Initiative<br /> * [http://dhresourcesforprojectbuilding.pbworks.com/w/page/69244275/Guides DH Toychest: Guides and Introductions] curated by DH scholar Alan Liu <br /> * [http://miriamposner.com/blog/how-did-they-make-that/ How did they make that?] by DH scholar Miriam Posner<br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhu_CQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=The+Digital+Humanities+A+Primer+for+Students+and+Scholars The Digital Humanities: A Primer for Students and Scholars]'' (2015) <br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hla3uAAACAAJ&amp;dq=Digital+Humanities+in+practice Digital Humanities in Practice]'' (2012)<br /> <br /> {{commons}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Digital humanities}}<br /> {{Humanities}}<br /> {{Semantic Web}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Digital humanities| ]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=894365961 Fête des Vignerons 2019-04-27T12:18:06Z <p>SlvrKy: /* 20th century */</p> <hr /> <div>{{coord|46|28|N|6|51|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox intangible heritage<br /> | Image = [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1905.jpg|200px]]<br /> | Caption = Fête des Vignerons poster, 1905<br /> | ICH = Fête des Vignerons<br /> | State Party = Switzerland<br /> | Domains = <br /> | Criteria = <br /> | ID = 01201<br /> | Region = Europe<br /> | Year = 2016<br /> | Session = <br /> | List = Representative<br /> | Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winegrowers-festival-in-vevey-01201<br /> | Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]]<br /> | Note = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Fête des Vignerons''' (Winegrowers’ Festival) is a traditional festival which takes place in [[Vevey]], in [[Switzerland]].<br /> <br /> It has been organised by the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers) in Vevey since 1797. The organising committee is free to choose how often the festival takes place, but the maximum number of times is five times in a century. Up to now, the interval between two festivals has varied between 14 and 28 years. The next festival will take place in 2019, which will be 20 years after the preceding one (1999).<br /> <br /> The festival features a show celebrating the world of [[winemaking]]; many performances take place in the [[marketplace]] near the shore of [[Lake Geneva|Lac Léman]], and festivities also take place in the town itself. Since 2016, the Fête des Vignerons has been included in [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}} See also: {{cite web|title=UNESCO Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 11.COM 10.B.32|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions/11.COM/10.B.32|website=UNESCO|access-date=26 April 2019|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins ===<br /> The oldest object attesting to the existence of the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers), a cup, dates from 1618. The Abbots-Presidents (presidents of the Council of the Brotherhood) are most often notables, members of the City Councils, lawyers, notaries or judges.<br /> <br /> At the end of the 18th century, the Brotherhood, which was then composed of bourgeois landowners, decided to reward the work of the most deserving winegrowers. While at that time it was more common to reprimand negligent and lazy people, they decided to value the efforts made to improve farming methods. Experts of the Brotherhood note, judge and classify the winegrowers. Thus was to be born a ceremony of coronation of the best workers who is at the origin of the celebration. It then took place in the form of a [[procession]]. <br /> <br /> In 1797, on the Place du Marché in [[Vevey]], a platform with two thousand seats was erected. Under the chairmanship of Abbot-President Louis Levade, this first show was held on August 9, 1797.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/1797-fete-succede-parade/story/24509569&lt;/ref&gt; In order to enhance the ceremony, a show is created consisting of a procession and a theatrical performance divided into four seasons presided over by the pagan deities, [[Pales]], [[Bacchus]] and [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]].<br /> <br /> === 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1889.jpg|thumb|Poster of the 1889 Fête des Vignerons]]<br /> Due to the unrest of the [[Canton_of_Vaud#History|Vaudoise Revolution]], then the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the following years did not allow for a new celebration. It would take twenty-two years, in 1819, for a new celebration to be organized. The cycle is now created. The 1819 celebration took place from August 5 to 6 under the chairmanship of the same Abbot-President as the previous one. About 730 actors and performers participated in a 2000-seat arena. As the [[canton of Vaud]] recently joined the [[Swiss Confederation|Confederation]], the theme of this first 19th century celebration glorifies tradition and patriotism (the &quot;[[Ranz des vaches]]&quot; is sung for the first time).<br /> <br /> The third Fête des vignerons took place from 8 to 9 August 1833 under the direction of Abbot-President Vincent Doret. About 780 actors and performers participated in a 4000-seat arena under the direction of dance master David Constantin, on a music written by Samuel Glady (in addition to songs from the traditional repertoire, this edition is the first to feature an original composition) and in costumes designed by Theophile Steinlen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=8 - 9 août 1833 : La Fête pour une nouveau public|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1833-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1851, the fourth Fête des vignerons was held from 7 to 8 August under the direction of the Abbot-President François Déjoux. It is the first celebration whose music is entirely composed for the occasion (by François Grast) and thus forms a stylistic unity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=7 - 8 août 1851 : Une partition originale pour la Fête des vignerons|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1851-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 900 actors and performers participate in an 8,000-seat arena under the direction of the director Benjamin Archinard. This is the first time that the ''Ancients Swiss'' troop, previously intended to supervise the procession, marched.<br /> <br /> It is also François Grast who composed the music for the next Fête des vignerons, which took place from 26 to 27 July 1865 and was conducted by the Abbot-President Louis Bonjour. About 1200 actors and performers participated in a 10,500-seat arena under the direction of the dancing master Benjamin Archinard, as at the previous festival, and Pierre Lacaze (costumes and staging). As the celebration grew, it was in deficit and had to rely on a public subscription for one third of its budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=26 - 27 juillet 1865 : Un financement de plus en plus difficile|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1865-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From August 5 to 9, 1889, the sixth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President (and former [[President of the Confederation]]) [[Paul Ceresole]]. On this occasion, the show is staged by Ernest Burnat on the music of Hugo de Senger and brings together 1379 actors and performers in a 12,000 seat arena. This is the first time that the [[Ranz des vaches]] has been performed by a soloist, Placid Curtat, and not by a choir of ''armaillis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=5, 6, 8 et 9 août 1889: L'Alpe au centre de la cité|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1889-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The highly acclaimed performance of the soloist shows the symbolic function of this song in the festival and establishes the close link between [[Vevey]] and the heights of the [[Veveyse District]] and the [[Gruyère District]].<br /> <br /> === 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - Cent Suisses.jpg|thumb|''Ancient Swiss'' costume, 1999]]<br /> The seventh Fête des vignerons took place from August 4 to 9, 1905. Under the direction of the Abbot-President, the radical national councillor Emile Gaudard, it was directed by [[René Morax]] (also author of the libretto) on music composed by [[Gustave Doret]]. It is the first celebration to owe its booklet to only one person and is distinguished from the previous ones by the fact that the procession becomes a secondary element. It is also the first celebration not to restrict the participation of women and girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=4, 5, 7, 8 et 9 août 1905: Un jeu unifié|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1905-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1,800 actors and performers participated in an arena with 12,500 seats.<br /> <br /> From August 1 to 9, 1927, the eighth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the same Abbot-President as the previous one, Emile Gaudard, then [[Switzerland]]'s delegate to the [[League of Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Patrie et festival|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=swo-001:1927:0::1204|website=The Swiss Observer|date=3 September 1927|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production is directed by Edouard Vierne ([[René Morax]] declined the invitation), replaced by A. Durec a few weeks before the event, while the music is composed as at the previous celebration by [[Gustave Doret]] and the libretto by Pierre Girard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1er - 9 août 1927: Le repli esthétique|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1927-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 2,000 performers participated, gathered in a 14,000-seat arena inspired by a medieval city surrounded by a wall and towers.<br /> <br /> In 1955, the Fête des vignerons took place from August 1 to 15 under the direction of the Abbot-President David Dénéréaz. In a context of increasing entertainment possibilities, barely a decade after the end of the [[Second World War]], the organisation became more professional: it was the first festival to have an international focus,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1er - 14 août 1955 : Le légendaire messager conquiert la Suisse|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1955-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; more than doubling its capacity compared to the previous one (the first performances were not entirely complete, but additional ones were organised following their success). The show was directed by Oscar Eberlé on a music by Carlo Hemmerling and a libretto by Géo H. Blanc. 3,850 performers participated in a 16,000-seat arena. The 1955 edition was the first to organize night performances.<br /> <br /> From July 30 to August 14, 1977, the tenth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President Philippe Dénéréaz. It was directed by Charles Apothéloz on a music by [[Jean Balissat]] and a libretto by Henri Debluë. The sets and costumes were designed by Jean Monod. 4,250 performers participated in a 15,776-seat arena organized around a large solar clock with four cardinal points indicating the four seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=30 juillet - 14 août 1977: La symbolique chrétienne|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1977-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1999 Winegrowers' Festival took place from July 29 to August 15. Presided over by the Abbot-President Marc-Henri Chaudet, it was directed by François Rochaix on a music by [[Jean-François Bovard]], [[Michel Hostettler]] and [[Jost Meier]]. The booklet was signed by François Debluë while Jean-Claude Maret directed the scenography and Catherine Zuber the costumes. The show featured &quot;Arlevin&quot;, a winemaker representing the crowned winemakers (the coronation only took place during the first performance).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1999: &quot;Amour et joie&quot; sur la Grande place et dans la ville|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1999-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5,050 performers (including 670 squires) participated in a 16,000-seat arena. On August 11, the audience was able to see, during the show, the only [[Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999|total solar eclipse]] of the decade.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Models of amphitheatres from the second half of the 20th century&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1955.JPG|1955<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1977.JPG|1977<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1999.JPG|1999<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> On December 1st, 2016, the Fête des Vignerons is added to [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]]. It is the first Swiss tradition to be included.<br /> <br /> From July 18 to August 11, 2019, takes place the twelfth Fête des vignerons. It is presided by Abbot-President François Margot&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/L-equipe-de-la-Fete-des-Vignerons-2019-est-connue/story/19580269 L'équipe de la Fête des Vignerons 2019 est connue], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; and is directed by [[Daniele Finzi Pasca]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://laliberte.ch/l-info-regionale/le-concepteur-de-la-fete-des-vignerons-2019-a-ete-designe Le concepteur de la Fête des Vignerons a été designé], on LaLiberte.ch&lt;/ref&gt; The music is composed by [[Jérôme Berney]], [[Maria Bonzanigo]] and [[Valentin Villard]], while the libretto is the work of Stéphane Blok and Blaise Hofmann. The scenography is directed by Hugo Gargiulo,&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/Une-arene-digne-des-jeux-du-cirque-pour-la-Fete-des-Vignerons/story/24990896 Un nouveau scénographe annoncé lors de la présentation de l'arène], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; the choreography is provided by Bryn Walters and the costumes designed by Giovanna Buzzi. Among the approximately 6,000 actors and performers, there are nearly 1,000 singers (local choirs, choir-percussionists, children)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/fete-des-vignerons/supplements/supplement-6/churs-voix-vigne/story/12275854 Les chœurs, voix de la vigne], on 24heures.ch, Octobre 12, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; conducted by Caroline Meyer and Céline Grandjean&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/Le-Choeur-de-la-Fete-bat-deux-fois-au-feminin/story/13688378 Fête des Vignerons: Le Chœur de la Fête bat deux fois au féminin], on 24heures.ch, March 28, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; in an arena of 20,000 seats.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rts.ch/info/regions/vaud/8485066-la-future-fete-des-vignerons-de-2019-devoile-son-arene-de-20-000-places.html La future Fête des vignerons de 2019 dévoile son arène de 20 000 places], on rts.ch.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Commons|Category:Fête_des_vignerons|Fête des Vignerons}}<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fete Des Vignerons}}<br /> [[Category:Vevey]]<br /> [[Category:1797 establishments in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century establishments in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Swiss wine]]<br /> [[Category:Wine-related events]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Vaud]]<br /> [[Category:Food and drink festivals in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Wine festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals established in 1797]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=894365683 Fête des Vignerons 2019-04-27T12:15:25Z <p>SlvrKy: wikilinks</p> <hr /> <div>{{coord|46|28|N|6|51|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox intangible heritage<br /> | Image = [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1905.jpg|200px]]<br /> | Caption = Fête des Vignerons poster, 1905<br /> | ICH = Fête des Vignerons<br /> | State Party = Switzerland<br /> | Domains = <br /> | Criteria = <br /> | ID = 01201<br /> | Region = Europe<br /> | Year = 2016<br /> | Session = <br /> | List = Representative<br /> | Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winegrowers-festival-in-vevey-01201<br /> | Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]]<br /> | Note = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Fête des Vignerons''' (Winegrowers’ Festival) is a traditional festival which takes place in [[Vevey]], in [[Switzerland]].<br /> <br /> It has been organised by the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers) in Vevey since 1797. The organising committee is free to choose how often the festival takes place, but the maximum number of times is five times in a century. Up to now, the interval between two festivals has varied between 14 and 28 years. The next festival will take place in 2019, which will be 20 years after the preceding one (1999).<br /> <br /> The festival features a show celebrating the world of [[winemaking]]; many performances take place in the [[marketplace]] near the shore of [[Lake Geneva|Lac Léman]], and festivities also take place in the town itself. Since 2016, the Fête des Vignerons has been included in [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}} See also: {{cite web|title=UNESCO Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 11.COM 10.B.32|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions/11.COM/10.B.32|website=UNESCO|access-date=26 April 2019|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins ===<br /> The oldest object attesting to the existence of the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers), a cup, dates from 1618. The Abbots-Presidents (presidents of the Council of the Brotherhood) are most often notables, members of the City Councils, lawyers, notaries or judges.<br /> <br /> At the end of the 18th century, the Brotherhood, which was then composed of bourgeois landowners, decided to reward the work of the most deserving winegrowers. While at that time it was more common to reprimand negligent and lazy people, they decided to value the efforts made to improve farming methods. Experts of the Brotherhood note, judge and classify the winegrowers. Thus was to be born a ceremony of coronation of the best workers who is at the origin of the celebration. It then took place in the form of a [[procession]]. <br /> <br /> In 1797, on the Place du Marché in [[Vevey]], a platform with two thousand seats was erected. Under the chairmanship of Abbot-President Louis Levade, this first show was held on August 9, 1797.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/1797-fete-succede-parade/story/24509569&lt;/ref&gt; In order to enhance the ceremony, a show is created consisting of a procession and a theatrical performance divided into four seasons presided over by the pagan deities, [[Pales]], [[Bacchus]] and [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]].<br /> <br /> === 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1889.jpg|thumb|Poster of the 1889 Fête des Vignerons]]<br /> Due to the unrest of the [[Canton_of_Vaud#History|Vaudoise Revolution]], then the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the following years did not allow for a new celebration. It would take twenty-two years, in 1819, for a new celebration to be organized. The cycle is now created. The 1819 celebration took place from August 5 to 6 under the chairmanship of the same Abbot-President as the previous one. About 730 actors and performers participated in a 2000-seat arena. As the [[canton of Vaud]] recently joined the [[Swiss Confederation|Confederation]], the theme of this first 19th century celebration glorifies tradition and patriotism (the &quot;[[Ranz des vaches]]&quot; is sung for the first time).<br /> <br /> The third Fête des vignerons took place from 8 to 9 August 1833 under the direction of Abbot-President Vincent Doret. About 780 actors and performers participated in a 4000-seat arena under the direction of dance master David Constantin, on a music written by Samuel Glady (in addition to songs from the traditional repertoire, this edition is the first to feature an original composition) and in costumes designed by Theophile Steinlen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=8 - 9 août 1833 : La Fête pour une nouveau public|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1833-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1851, the fourth Fête des vignerons was held from 7 to 8 August under the direction of the Abbot-President François Déjoux. It is the first celebration whose music is entirely composed for the occasion (by François Grast) and thus forms a stylistic unity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=7 - 8 août 1851 : Une partition originale pour la Fête des vignerons|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1851-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 900 actors and performers participate in an 8,000-seat arena under the direction of the director Benjamin Archinard. This is the first time that the ''Ancients Swiss'' troop, previously intended to supervise the procession, marched.<br /> <br /> It is also François Grast who composed the music for the next Fête des vignerons, which took place from 26 to 27 July 1865 and was conducted by the Abbot-President Louis Bonjour. About 1200 actors and performers participated in a 10,500-seat arena under the direction of the dancing master Benjamin Archinard, as at the previous festival, and Pierre Lacaze (costumes and staging). As the celebration grew, it was in deficit and had to rely on a public subscription for one third of its budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=26 - 27 juillet 1865 : Un financement de plus en plus difficile|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1865-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From August 5 to 9, 1889, the sixth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President (and former [[President of the Confederation]]) [[Paul Ceresole]]. On this occasion, the show is staged by Ernest Burnat on the music of Hugo de Senger and brings together 1379 actors and performers in a 12,000 seat arena. This is the first time that the [[Ranz des vaches]] has been performed by a soloist, Placid Curtat, and not by a choir of ''armaillis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=5, 6, 8 et 9 août 1889: L'Alpe au centre de la cité|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1889-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The highly acclaimed performance of the soloist shows the symbolic function of this song in the festival and establishes the close link between [[Vevey]] and the heights of the [[Veveyse District]] and the [[Gruyère District]].<br /> <br /> === 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> The seventh Fête des vignerons took place from August 4 to 9, 1905. Under the direction of the Abbot-President, the radical national councillor Emile Gaudard, it was directed by [[René Morax]] (also author of the libretto) on music composed by [[Gustave Doret]]. It is the first celebration to owe its booklet to only one person and is distinguished from the previous ones by the fact that the procession becomes a secondary element. It is also the first celebration not to restrict the participation of women and girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=4, 5, 7, 8 et 9 août 1905: Un jeu unifié|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1905-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1,800 actors and performers participated in an arena with 12,500 seats.<br /> <br /> From August 1 to 9, 1927, the eighth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the same Abbot-President as the previous one, Emile Gaudard, then [[Switzerland]]'s delegate to the [[League of Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Patrie et festival|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=swo-001:1927:0::1204|website=The Swiss Observer|date=3 September 1927|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production is directed by Edouard Vierne ([[René Morax]] declined the invitation), replaced by A. Durec a few weeks before the event, while the music is composed as at the previous celebration by [[Gustave Doret]] and the libretto by Pierre Girard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1er - 9 août 1927: Le repli esthétique|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1927-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 2,000 performers participated, gathered in a 14,000-seat arena inspired by a medieval city surrounded by a wall and towers.<br /> <br /> In 1955, the Fête des vignerons took place from August 1 to 15 under the direction of the Abbot-President David Dénéréaz. In a context of increasing entertainment possibilities, barely a decade after the end of the [[Second World War]], the organisation became more professional: it was the first festival to have an international focus,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1er - 14 août 1955 : Le légendaire messager conquiert la Suisse|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1955-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; more than doubling its capacity compared to the previous one (the first performances were not entirely complete, but additional ones were organised following their success). The show was directed by Oscar Eberlé on a music by Carlo Hemmerling and a libretto by Géo H. Blanc. 3,850 performers participated in a 16,000-seat arena. The 1955 edition was the first to organize night performances.<br /> <br /> From July 30 to August 14, 1977, the tenth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President Philippe Dénéréaz. It was directed by Charles Apothéloz on a music by [[Jean Balissat]] and a libretto by Henri Debluë. The sets and costumes were designed by Jean Monod. 4,250 performers participated in a 15,776-seat arena organized around a large solar clock with four cardinal points indicating the four seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=30 juillet - 14 août 1977: La symbolique chrétienne|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1977-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1999 Winegrowers' Festival took place from July 29 to August 15. Presided over by the Abbot-President Marc-Henri Chaudet, it was directed by François Rochaix on a music by [[Jean-François Bovard]], [[Michel Hostettler]] and [[Jost Meier]]. The booklet was signed by François Debluë while Jean-Claude Maret directed the scenography and Catherine Zuber the costumes. The show featured &quot;Arlevin&quot;, a winemaker representing the crowned winemakers (the coronation only took place during the first performance).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1999: &quot;Amour et joie&quot; sur la Grande place et dans la ville|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1999-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5,050 performers (including 670 squires) participated in a 16,000-seat arena. On August 11, the audience was able to see, during the show, the only [[Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999|total solar eclipse]] of the decade.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Models of amphitheatres from the second half of the 20th century&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1955.JPG|1955<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1977.JPG|1977<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1999.JPG|1999<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> On December 1st, 2016, the Fête des Vignerons is added to [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]]. It is the first Swiss tradition to be included.<br /> <br /> From July 18 to August 11, 2019, takes place the twelfth Fête des vignerons. It is presided by Abbot-President François Margot&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/L-equipe-de-la-Fete-des-Vignerons-2019-est-connue/story/19580269 L'équipe de la Fête des Vignerons 2019 est connue], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; and is directed by [[Daniele Finzi Pasca]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://laliberte.ch/l-info-regionale/le-concepteur-de-la-fete-des-vignerons-2019-a-ete-designe Le concepteur de la Fête des Vignerons a été designé], on LaLiberte.ch&lt;/ref&gt; The music is composed by [[Jérôme Berney]], [[Maria Bonzanigo]] and [[Valentin Villard]], while the libretto is the work of Stéphane Blok and Blaise Hofmann. The scenography is directed by Hugo Gargiulo,&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/Une-arene-digne-des-jeux-du-cirque-pour-la-Fete-des-Vignerons/story/24990896 Un nouveau scénographe annoncé lors de la présentation de l'arène], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; the choreography is provided by Bryn Walters and the costumes designed by Giovanna Buzzi. Among the approximately 6,000 actors and performers, there are nearly 1,000 singers (local choirs, choir-percussionists, children)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/fete-des-vignerons/supplements/supplement-6/churs-voix-vigne/story/12275854 Les chœurs, voix de la vigne], on 24heures.ch, Octobre 12, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; conducted by Caroline Meyer and Céline Grandjean&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/Le-Choeur-de-la-Fete-bat-deux-fois-au-feminin/story/13688378 Fête des Vignerons: Le Chœur de la Fête bat deux fois au féminin], on 24heures.ch, March 28, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; in an arena of 20,000 seats.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rts.ch/info/regions/vaud/8485066-la-future-fete-des-vignerons-de-2019-devoile-son-arene-de-20-000-places.html La future Fête des vignerons de 2019 dévoile son arène de 20 000 places], on rts.ch.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Commons|Category:Fête_des_vignerons|Fête des Vignerons}}<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fete Des Vignerons}}<br /> [[Category:Vevey]]<br /> [[Category:1797 establishments in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century establishments in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Swiss wine]]<br /> [[Category:Wine-related events]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Vaud]]<br /> [[Category:Food and drink festivals in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Wine festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals established in 1797]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=894364082 Fête des Vignerons 2019-04-27T11:58:22Z <p>SlvrKy: /* 20th century */ right, no page yet</p> <hr /> <div>{{coord|46|28|N|6|51|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox intangible heritage<br /> | Image = [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1905.jpg|200px]]<br /> | Caption = Fête des Vignerons poster, 1905<br /> | ICH = Fête des Vignerons<br /> | State Party = Switzerland<br /> | Domains = <br /> | Criteria = <br /> | ID = 01201<br /> | Region = Europe<br /> | Year = 2016<br /> | Session = <br /> | List = Representative<br /> | Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winegrowers-festival-in-vevey-01201<br /> | Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]]<br /> | Note = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Fête des Vignerons''' (Winegrowers’ Festival) is a traditional festival which takes place in [[Vevey]], in [[Switzerland]].<br /> <br /> It has been organised by the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers) in Vevey since 1797. The organising committee is free to choose how often the festival takes place, but the maximum number of times is five times in a century. Up to now, the interval between two festivals has varied between 14 and 28 years. The next festival will take place in 2019, which will be 20 years after the preceding one (1999).<br /> <br /> The festival features a show celebrating the world of winemaking; many performances take place in the market place near the shore of [[Lake Geneva]], and festivities also take place in the town itself. Since 2016, the Fête des Vignerons has been included in [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}} See also: {{cite web|title=UNESCO Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 11.COM 10.B.32|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions/11.COM/10.B.32|website=UNESCO|access-date=26 April 2019|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins ===<br /> The oldest object attesting to the existence of the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers), a cup, dates from 1618. The Abbots (presidents of the Council of the Brotherhood) are most often notables, members of the City Councils, lawyers, notaries or judges.<br /> <br /> At the end of the 18th century, the Brotherhood, which was then composed of bourgeois landowners, decided to reward the work of the most deserving winegrowers. While at that time it was more common to reprimand negligent and lazy people, they decided to value the efforts made to improve farming methods. Experts of the Brotherhood note, judge and classify the winegrowers. Thus was to be born a ceremony of coronation of the best workers who is at the origin of the celebration. It then took place in the form of a procession. <br /> <br /> In 1797, on the Place du Marché in [[Vevey]], a platform with two thousand seats was erected. Under the chairmanship of Abbot-President Louis Levade, this first show was held on August 9, 1797.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/1797-fete-succede-parade/story/24509569&lt;/ref&gt; In order to enhance the ceremony, a show is created consisting of a procession and a theatrical performance divided into four seasons presided over by the pagan deities, [[Pales]], [[Bacchus]] and [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]].<br /> <br /> === 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1889.jpg|thumb|Poster of the 1889 Fête des Vignerons]]<br /> Due to the unrest of the [[Canton_of_Vaud#History|Vaudoise Revolution]], then the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the following years did not allow for a new celebration. It would take twenty-two years, in 1819, for a new celebration to be organized. The cycle is now created. The 1819 celebration took place from August 5 to 6 under the chairmanship of the same Abbot-President as the previous one. About 730 actors and performers participated in a 2000-seat arena. As the [[canton of Vaud]] recently joined the [[Swiss Confederation|Confederation]], the theme of this first 19th century celebration glorifies tradition and patriotism (the &quot;[[Ranz des vaches]]&quot; is sung for the first time).<br /> <br /> The third Fête des vignerons took place from 8 to 9 August 1833 under the direction of Abbot-President Vincent Doret. About 780 actors and performers participated in a 4000-seat arena under the direction of dance master David Constantin, on a music written by Samuel Glady (in addition to songs from the traditional repertoire, this edition is the first to feature an original composition) and in costumes designed by Theophile Steinlen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=8 - 9 août 1833 : La Fête pour une nouveau public|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1833-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1851, the fourth Fête des vignerons was held from 7 to 8 August under the direction of the Abbot-President François Déjoux. It is the first celebration whose music is entirely composed for the occasion (by François Grast) and thus forms a stylistic unity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=7 - 8 août 1851 : Une partition originale pour la Fête des vignerons|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1851-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 900 actors and performers participate in an 8,000-seat arena under the direction of the director Benjamin Archinard. This is the first time that the ''Ancients Swiss'' troop, previously intended to supervise the procession, marched.<br /> <br /> It is also François Grast who composed the music for the next Fête des vignerons, which took place from 26 to 27 July 1865 and was conducted by the Abbot-President Louis Bonjour. About 1200 actors and performers participated in a 10,500-seat arena under the direction of the dancing master Benjamin Archinard, as at the previous festival, and Pierre Lacaze (costumes and staging). As the celebration grew, it was in deficit and had to rely on a public subscription for one third of its budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=26 - 27 juillet 1865 : Un financement de plus en plus difficile|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1865-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From August 5 to 9, 1889, the sixth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President (and former [[President of the Confederation]]) [[Paul Ceresole]]. On this occasion, the show is staged by Ernest Burnat on the music of Hugo de Senger and brings together 1379 actors and performers in a 12,000 seat arena. This is the first time that the [[Ranz des vaches]] has been performed by a soloist, Placid Curtat, and not by a choir of ''armaillis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=5, 6, 8 et 9 août 1889: L'Alpe au centre de la cité|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1889-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The highly acclaimed performance of the soloist shows the symbolic function of this song in the festival and establishes the close link between [[Vevey]] and the heights of the [[Veveyse District]] and the [[Gruyère District]].<br /> <br /> === 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> The seventh Fête des vignerons took place from August 4 to 9, 1905. Under the direction of the Abbot-President, the radical national councillor Emile Gaudard, it was directed by René Morax (also author of the libretto) on music composed by [[Gustave Doret]]. It is the first celebration to owe its booklet to only one person and is distinguished from the previous ones by the fact that the procession becomes a secondary element. It is also the first celebration not to restrict the participation of women and girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=4, 5, 7, 8 et 9 août 1905: Un jeu unifié|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1905-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1,800 actors and performers participated in an arena with 12,500 seats.<br /> <br /> From August 1 to 9, 1927, the eighth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the same Abbot-President as the previous one, Emile Gaudard, then Switzerland's delegate to the [[League of Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Patrie et festival|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=swo-001:1927:0::1204|website=The Swiss Observer|date=3 September 1927|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production is directed by Edouard Vierne (René Morax declined the invitation), replaced by A. Durec a few weeks before the event, while the music is composed as at the previous celebration by [[Gustave Doret]] and the libretto by Pierre Girard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1er - 9 août 1927: Le repli esthétique|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1927-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 2,000 performers participated, gathered in a 14,000-seat arena inspired by a medieval city surrounded by a wall and towers.<br /> <br /> In 1955, the Fête des vignerons took place from August 1 to 15 under the direction of the Abbot-President David Dénéréaz. In a context of increasing entertainment possibilities, barely a decade after the end of the [[Second World War]], the organisation became more professional: it was the first festival to have an international focus,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1er - 14 août 1955 : Le légendaire messager conquiert la Suisse|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1955-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; more than doubling its capacity compared to the previous one (the first performances were not entirely complete, but additional ones were organised following their success). The show was directed by Oscar Eberlé on a music by Carlo Hemmerling and a libretto by Géo H. Blanc. 3,850 performers participated in a 16,000-seat arena. The 1955 edition was the first to organize night performances.<br /> <br /> From July 30 to August 14, 1977, the tenth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President Philippe Dénéréaz. It was directed by Charles Apothéloz on a music by Jean Balissat and a libretto by Henri Debluë. The sets and costumes were designed by Jean Monod. 4,250 performers participated in a 15,776-seat arena organized around a large solar clock with four cardinal points indicating the four seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=30 juillet - 14 août 1977: La symbolique chrétienne|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1977-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1999 Winegrowers' Festival took place from July 29 to August 15. Presided over by the Abbot-President Marc-Henri Chaudet, it was directed by François Rochaix on a music by Jean-François Bovard, Michel Hostettler and Jost Meier. The booklet was signed by François Debluë while Jean-Claude Maret directed the scenography and Catherine Zuber the costumes. The show featured &quot;Arlevin&quot;, a winemaker representing the crowned winemakers (the coronation only took place during the first performance).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1999: &quot;Amour et joie&quot; sur la Grande place et dans la ville|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1999-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5,050 performers (including 670 squires) participated in a 16,000-seat arena. On August 11, the audience was able to see, during the show, the only [[Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999|total solar eclipse]] of the decade.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Models of amphitheatres from the second half of the 20th century&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1955.JPG|1955<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1977.JPG|1977<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1999.JPG|1999<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> On December 1st, 2016, the Fête des Vignerons is added to [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]]. It is the first Swiss tradition to be included.<br /> <br /> From July 18 to August 11, 2019, takes place the twelfth Fête des vignerons. It is presided by President-Abbot François Margot&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/L-equipe-de-la-Fete-des-Vignerons-2019-est-connue/story/19580269 L'équipe de la Fête des Vignerons 2019 est connue], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; and is directed by [[Daniele Finzi Pasca]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://laliberte.ch/l-info-regionale/le-concepteur-de-la-fete-des-vignerons-2019-a-ete-designe Le concepteur de la Fête des Vignerons a été designé], on LaLiberte.ch&lt;/ref&gt; The music is composed by Jérôme Berney, Maria Bonzanigo and Valentin Villard, while the libretto is the work of Stéphane Blok and Blaise Hofmann. The scenography is directed by Hugo Gargiulo,&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/Une-arene-digne-des-jeux-du-cirque-pour-la-Fete-des-Vignerons/story/24990896 Un nouveau scénographe annoncé lors de la présentation de l'arène], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; the choreography is provided by Bryn Walters and the costumes designed by Giovanna Buzzi. Among the approximately 6,000 actors and performers, there are nearly 1,000 singers (local choirs, choir-percussionists, children)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/fete-des-vignerons/supplements/supplement-6/churs-voix-vigne/story/12275854 Les chœurs, voix de la vigne], on 24heures.ch, Octobre 12, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; conducted by Caroline Meyer and Céline Grandjean&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/Le-Choeur-de-la-Fete-bat-deux-fois-au-feminin/story/13688378 Fête des Vignerons: Le Chœur de la Fête bat deux fois au féminin], on 24heures.ch, March 28, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; in an arena of 20,000 seats.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rts.ch/info/regions/vaud/8485066-la-future-fete-des-vignerons-de-2019-devoile-son-arene-de-20-000-places.html La future Fête des vignerons de 2019 dévoile son arène de 20 000 places], on rts.ch.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Commons|Category:Fête_des_vignerons|Fête des Vignerons}}<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fete Des Vignerons}}<br /> [[Category:Vevey]]<br /> [[Category:1797 establishments in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century establishments in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Swiss wine]]<br /> [[Category:Wine-related events]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Vaud]]<br /> [[Category:Food and drink festivals in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Wine festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals established in 1797]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimena_Canales&diff=894288032 Jimena Canales 2019-04-26T21:38:56Z <p>SlvrKy: /* Awards */ Not the recipient of the award</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox writer <br /> | name = Jimena Canales<br /> | pseudonym =<br /> | birth_name = Jimena Canales<br /> | birth_date =<br /> | birth_place = [[Mexico City]], Mexico<br /> | death_date =<br /> | death_place =<br /> | occupation = Writer <br /> | notableworks = ''A Tenth of a Second: A History'' and ''The Physicist and The Philosopher: Einstein, Bergson, and the Debate that Changed Our Understanding of Time'' <br /> | website= {{url|www.jimenacanales.org}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jimena Canales''' is a Mexican-American historian of science and author with a background in physics and engineering.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> <br /> Jimena Canales is the author of the award-winning ''The Physicist and the Philosopher: Einstein, Bergson and the Debate that Changed Our Understanding of Time'' (2015)&lt;ref name=&quot;princeton&quot;&gt;''The Physicist and the Philosopher: Einstein, Bergson and the Debate that Changed Our Understanding of Time'', Princeton 2015 [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10445.html]&lt;/ref&gt; and ''A Tenth of a Second: A History'' (2009) &lt;ref name=&quot;uchicago.edu&quot;&gt;[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/T/bo6922088.html ''A Tenth of a Second: A History'', U. of Chicago Press 2009]&lt;/ref&gt; as well as numerous articles on the history of modernity; specializing in art, science and technology (appearing in Artforum, Aperture, WIRED, The New Yorker,&lt;ref&gt;http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/albert-einsteins-sci-fi-stories&lt;/ref&gt; The Atlantic,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/04/atom-bomb-pr/523413/&lt;/ref&gt; NPR,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/01/09/575072389/siri-cortana-and-alexa-carry-the-marks-of-their-human-makers, https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/01/15/575072170/darwin-s-shopping-list, https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/03/13/593140019/an-ode-to-insignificance-buttons-touchscreens-and-other-dangerous-technologies&lt;/ref&gt; among others).<br /> Canales obtained a B.S. in engineering physics at the [[Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey]] in 1995, a master's degree in History of Science at the [[Harvard University]] and a PhD in History Science at the same university in 2003. In 2004 she worked as an assistant professor in the Department of History of Science at [[Harvard University]] and in 2013 she was promoted to associate professor.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2004/5/12/history-of-science-reinvents-tutorials-the/. http://www.thecrimson.com/column/bargain-hunting-fall-2010/article/2010/9/5/class-science-title-professors/. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2010/11/2/music-sound-timbre-sheldon/&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012 she was senior fellow at the [[Internationales Kolleg für Kulturtechnikforschung und Medienphilosophie]] and in the summer she worked as a visiting professor at the Summer School for Media Studies at [[Princeton University]] in the German department.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ikkm-weimar.de/en/fellows/former-fellows/jimena-canales/. http://german.princeton.edu/ssms/academic-staff-2/academic-staff-2012/jimena-canales/&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013 she was recruited to the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] as the Thomas M.Siebel Chair in the History of Science, which she held until 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/siebel-chair-history-science-illinois-203000632.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-01-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141743/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/siebel-chair-history-science-illinois-203000632.html |archivedate=2015-04-02 |df= }}. http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141030006706/en/Siebel-Chair-History-Science-Illinois-Named#.VQ4gSMaRk7A. {{cite web |url=http://www.history.illinois.edu/news/newsletters/documents/HistoryNewsletter2014.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-05-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402174642/http://www.history.illinois.edu/news/newsletters/documents/HistoryNewsletter2014.pdf |archivedate=2015-04-02 |df= }}. http://www.trustees.uillinois.edu/trustees/agenda/November-14-2013/003-nov-Appointments.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jimena Canales has collaborated with the philosopher [[Bruno Latour]], the artist [[Olafur Eliasson]] and the cosmologist [[Lee Smolin]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.e-flux.com/journal/some-experiments-in-art-and-politics/. {{cite web |url=http://futurenows.net/entry/institut-fur-raumexperimente/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-05-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20150324074646/http://futurenows.net/entry/institut-fur-raumexperimente/ |archivedate=2015-03-24 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her presentations on art and science has been featured at the [[Centre Georges Pompidou]],&lt;ref&gt;http://www.e-flux.com/journal/23/67790/some-experiments-in-art-and-politics/&lt;/ref&gt; [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]] (SFMOMA),&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sfmoma.org/read/photographic-event-2016/&lt;/ref&gt; the 11th [[Shanghai Biennale]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.e-flux.com/announcements/61969/why-not-ask-again-arguments-counter-arguments-and-stories/&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston]] (ICA).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.icaboston.org/events/artist%E2%80%99s-voice-trevor-paglen-and-jimena-canales&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> Source:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.illinois.edu/news/newsletters/documents/HistoryNewsletter2014.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-05-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402174642/http://www.history.illinois.edu/news/newsletters/documents/HistoryNewsletter2014.pdf |archivedate=2015-04-02 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jimenacanales.org/lectures-and-awards/|title=Lectures and Awards|work=jimenacanales.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The Guardian's Top 10 Books About Time&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jan/10/top-10-books-about-time&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Books of the Year 2016&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thetablet.co.uk/books/10/9279/books-of-the-year&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 25 Top Intellectuals&lt;ref&gt;https://www.esglobal.org/los-25-intelectuales-estan-redefiniendo-pensamiento-iberoamericano/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Best Science Books for 2015&lt;ref&gt;https://www.brainpickings.org/2015/12/09/the-physicist-and-the-philosopher-einstein-bergson-jimena-canales/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Independent’s Top Reads of 2015&lt;ref&gt;http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/books/book-reviews/irish-writers-pick-their-top-reads-of-2015-34308841.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Science Friday’s Best Science Books of 2015&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/the-best-science-books-of-2015/&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Charles A. Ryskamp Award from the [[American Council of Learned Societies]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.acls.org/research/fellow.aspx?cid=56478196-578d-e111-bd9e-000c293a51f7&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * University of Chicago Press Bevington Prize (2008)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/list/bevingtonFund.html|title=Books Supported by the Bevington Fund|date=5 May 2015|work=uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Prize for Young Scholars (2005), awarded by the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, History of Science &lt;ref&gt;http://www.icohtec.org/publications/newsletter/2012-02-icohtec-newsletter.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Books and Selected Articles==<br /> * ''A Tenth of a Second: A History'' http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/T/bo6922088.html/<br /> * ''The Physicist and the Philosopher: Einstein, Bergson and the Debate that Changed Our Understanding of Time'' https://press.princeton.edu/titles/10445.html/<br /> * '&quot;The Secret PR Push That Shaped the Atomic Bomb's Origin Story&quot;' at https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/04/atom-bomb-pr/523413/<br /> * '&quot;Albert Einstein’s Sci-Fi Stories&quot;' at https://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/albert-einsteins-sci-fi-stories<br /> * '&quot;Buttons, Touchscreens and Other Dangerous Technologies&quot;' at https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/03/13/593140019/an-ode-to-insignificance-buttons-touchscreens-and-other-dangerous-technologies<br /> * '&quot;Siri, Cortana, And Alexa Carry The Marks Of Their Human Makers&quot;' at https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/01/09/575072389/siri-cortana-and-alexa-carry-the-marks-of-their-human-makers<br /> * '&quot;This Philosopher Helped Ensure There Was No Nobel for Relativity&quot;' at http://nautil.us/issue/35/boundaries/this-philosopher-helped-ensure-there-was-no-nobel-for-relativity<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://www.jimenacanales.org Personal Website]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Canales, Jimena}}<br /> [[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Harvard University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Mexican writers]]<br /> [[Category:Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists&diff=894287064 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists 2019-04-26T21:29:26Z <p>SlvrKy: /* Representative list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity */</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Wikimedia list article}}<br /> [[File:Map of UNESCO Intangible cultural heritage (en).png|thumb|400px|Distribution by country]]<br /> [[UNESCO]] established its '''Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage''' with the aim of ensuring better protection of important [[intangible cultural heritage]]s worldwide and the awareness of their significance.&lt;ref name=convention&gt;Compare: {{cite web| title= Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003<br /> |url= http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=17716&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |publisher= UNESCO |accessdate= 2009-09-05<br /> | quote = In order to ensure better visibility of the intangible cultural heritage and awareness of its significance, and to encourage dialogue which respects cultural diversity, the Committee, upon the proposal of the States Parties concerned, shall establish, keep up to date and publish a Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; This list is published by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, the members of which are elected by State Parties meeting in a General Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Functions of the General Assembly of the States Parties to the 2003 Convention |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/functions-00710 |accessdate=30 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Through a compendium of the different oral and intangible treasures of humankind worldwide, the programme aims to draw attention to the importance of safeguarding intangible heritage, which UNESCO has identified as an essential component and as a repository of [[cultural diversity]] and of creative expression.&lt;ref name=2001_proclamation&gt;{{cite web| title=UNESCO ISSUES FIRST EVER PROCLAMATION OF MASTERPIECES OF THE ORAL AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE|url= http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2001/01-71e.shtml |publisher=UNESCO Press |date=2001-05-18 |accessdate=2009-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=2005_proclamation&gt;{{cite web| title=The Samba of Roda and the Ramlila proclaimed Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|url= http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30973&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |publisher=UNESCO Press |date=2005-11-25 |accessdate=2009-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The list was established in 2008 when the 2003 [[Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage]] took effect.<br /> <br /> {{As of | 2010}} the programme compiles two lists. The longer, '''Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity,''' comprises cultural &quot;practices and expressions [that] help demonstrate the diversity of this heritage and raise awareness about its importance.&quot; The shorter, '''List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding,''' is composed of those cultural elements that concerned communities and countries consider require urgent measures to keep them alive.&lt;ref name=&quot;pg=00011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011 |title=Intangible Heritage Lists |date= |work= |publisher=[[UNESCO]] Press |accessdate=2010-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00174 |title=Criteria and timetable of inscription on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding |date= |work= |publisher=[[UNESCO]] Press |accessdate=2010-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013 four elements were inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, which helps States Parties mobilize international cooperation and assistance to ensure the transmission of this heritage with the participation of the concerned communities. The Urgent Safeguarding List now numbers 35 elements.<br /> The Committee{{which|date=June 2015}} also inscribed 25 elements on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, which serves to raise awareness of intangible heritage and provide recognition to communities’ traditions and know-how that reflect their cultural diversity. The List does not attribute or recognize any standard of excellence or exclusivity. The list totaled 508 elements corresponding to 122 countries {{As of | 2018 | lc = on}}.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists Browse the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Register of good safeguarding practices]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Elements inscribed in the lists are deemed as significant bastions of humanity's intangible heritage, the highest honour for intangible heritage in the world stage.<br /> <br /> ==Representative list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity==<br /> The '''Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity''' contains intangible cultural heritage elements that &quot;help demonstrate the diversity of [cultural] heritage and raise awareness about its importance&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Purp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Purpose of the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and of the Register of Best Safeguarding Practices - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/purpose-of-the-lists-00807 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Expand list|date=December 2015}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 1em 0 0; font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;150px&quot;|Member state<br /> ! Element{{ref|1|[A]}} &lt;!-- Use the exact name given by UNESCO. Order by year proclaimed/inscribed, then alphabetically. Add inscribed items only, not nominations. Don't list multi-country nominations separately under each country. --&gt;<br /> ! Year proclaimed{{ref|2|[B]}} &lt;!-- 2001, 2003 or 2005 only --&gt;<br /> ! Year inscribed{{ref|3|[C]}}<br /> ! Region{{ref|4|[D]}} &lt;!-- Use the region given for the country by UNESCO --&gt;<br /> ! Reference<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Albania}}<br /> | [[Albanian folk iso-polyphony]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Alba&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Albanian folk iso-polyphony - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/albanian-folk-iso-polyphony-00155 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| {{flag|Algeria}}<br /> | [[Ahellil|Ahellil of Gourara]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Ahel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Ahellil of Gourara - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/ahellil-of-gourara-00121 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Rites and craftsmanship associated with the [[wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Rite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Rites and craftsmanship associated with the wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/rites-and-craftsmanship-associated-with-the-wedding-costume-tradition-of-tlemcen-00668 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Annual pilgrimage to the [[mausoleum of Sidi 'Abd el-Qader Ben Mohammed]] (Sidi Cheikh)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Annu1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Annual pilgrimage to the mausoleum of Sidi ‘Abd el-Qader Ben Mohammed (Sidi Cheikh) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/annual-pilgrimage-to-the-mausoleum-of-sidi-abd-el-qader-ben-mohammed-sidi-cheikh-00660 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | Ritual and ceremonies of [[Sebeïba]] in the oasis of [[Djanet]], Algeria<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Ritu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Ritual and ceremonies of Sebeïba in the oasis of Djanet, Algeria - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/ritual-and-ceremonies-of-sebeiba-in-the-oasis-of-djanet-algeria-00665 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sbuâ]], annual pilgrimage to the [[zawiya of Sidi El Hadj Belkacem]] in [[Gourara]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Sbuâ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Sbuâ, annual pilgrimage to the zawiya of Sidi El Hadj Belkacem in Gourara - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/sbua-annual-pilgrimage-to-the-zawiya-of-sidi-el-hadj-belkacem-in-gourara-00667 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Algeria}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Mali}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Niger}}<br /> | Practices and knowledge linked to the [[Imzad]] of the [[Tuareg]] communities of Algeria, Mali and Niger<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR, AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Prac&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Practices and knowledge linked to the Imzad of the Tuareg communities of Algeria, Mali and Niger - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/practices-and-knowledge-linked-to-the-imzad-of-the-tuareg-communities-of-algeria-mali-and-niger-00891 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Andorra}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Spain}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|France}}<br /> | [[Summer solstice fire festivals]] in the [[Pyrenees]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Summer solstice fire festivals in the Pyrenees<br /> | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-24 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/summer-solstice-fire-festivals-in-the-pyrenees-01073}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Argentina}}<br /> | [[Fileteado|Filete porteño]] in [[Buenos Aires]], a traditional painting technique<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Filete porteño in Buenos Aires, a traditional painting technique| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-23 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/filete-porteno-in-buenos-aires-a-traditional-painting-technique-01069}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Argentina}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Uruguay}}<br /> | [[Tango]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Tang&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Tango - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/tango-00258 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| {{flag|Armenia}}<br /> | [[Duduk]] and its music<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Dudu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Duduk and its music - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/duduk-and-its-music-00092 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of [[Khachkars]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Arme&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/armenian-cross-stones-art-symbolism-and-craftsmanship-of-khachkars-00434 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Performance of the Armenian epic of '[[Daredevils of Sassoun]]' or 'David of Sassoun'<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Perf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Performance of the Armenian epic of 'Daredevils of Sassoun' or 'David of Sassoun' - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/performance-of-the-armenian-epic-of-daredevils-of-sassoun-or-david-of-sassoun-00743 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Lavash]], the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Lava&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/lavash-the-preparation-meaning-and-appearance-of-traditional-bread-as-an-expression-of-culture-in-armenia-00985 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kochari]], traditional group dance<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Kochari&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Kochari, traditional group dance | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kochari-traditional-group-dance-01295 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Austria}}<br /> | [[Schemenlaufen]], the carnival of [[Imst, Austria]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Sche&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Schemenlaufen, the carnival of Imst, Austria - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/schemenlaufen-the-carnival-of-imst-austria-00726 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Classical horsemanship and the High School of the [[Spanish Riding School Vienna]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Clas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Classical horsemanship and the High School of the Spanish Riding School Vienna - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/classical-horsemanship-and-the-high-school-of-the-spanish-riding-school-vienna-01106 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Austria}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Czech Republic}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Germany}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Hungary}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Slovakia}}<br /> |Blaudruck/Modrotisk/Kékfestés/Modrotlač, resist block printing and indigo dyeing in Europe<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/intangible-heritage-nine-elements-inscribed-representative-list|title=Intangible Heritage: Nine elements inscribed on Representative List|last=|first=|date=|website=UNESCO|language=en|archive-url=https://en.unesco.org/news/intangible-heritage-nine-elements-inscribed-representative-list|archive-date=2018-11-29|dead-url=|access-date=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br /> | Azerbaijani [[Mugham]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Azer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Azerbaijani Mugham - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/azerbaijani-mugham-00039 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Art of [[Ashiqs of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani Ashiq]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Arto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Art of Azerbaijani Ashiq - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/art-of-azerbaijani-ashiq-00253 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional art of [[Azerbaijani carpet weaving]] in the Republic of Azerbaijan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Trad4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving in the Republic of Azerbaijan - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/traditional-art-of-azerbaijani-carpet-weaving-in-the-republic-of-azerbaijan-00389 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Craftsmanship and performance art of the [[Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)|Tar]], a long-necked string musical instrument<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Craf1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Craftsmanship and performance art of the Tar, a long-necked string musical instrument - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/craftsmanship-and-performance-art-of-the-tar-a-long-necked-string-musical-instrument-00671 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional art and symbolism of [[Kelaghayi]], making and wearing women's silk headscarves<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Trad5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional art and symbolism of Kelaghayi, making and wearing women’s silk headscarves - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/traditional-art-and-symbolism-of-kelaghayi-making-and-wearing-womens-silk-headscarves-00669 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Copper craftsmanship of Lahij]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Copp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Copper craftsmanship of Lahij - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/copper-craftsmanship-of-lahij-00675 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Dolma]] making and sharing tradition, a marker of cultural identity<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_dolma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Dolma making and sharing tradition, a marker of cultural identity - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2017-12-06| url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/dolma-making-and-sharing-tradition-a-marker-of-cultural-identity-01188 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Azerbaijan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Iran}}<br /> | Art of crafting and playing with [[Kamancheh|Kamantcheh/Kamancha]], a bowed string musical instrument<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Kamancheh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha, a bowed string musical instrument | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-crafting-and-playing-with-kamantcheh-kamancha-a-bowed-string-musical-instrument-01286 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Afghanistan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Azerbaijan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|India}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Iran}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Iraq}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Kazakhstan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Pakistan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Tajikistan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Turkey}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Turkmenistan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br /> | [[Nowruz|Nawrouz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Novr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Nawrouz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/novruz-nowrouz-nooruz-navruz-nauroz-nevruz-00282 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Iran}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Turkey}}<br /> |[[Flatbread]] making and sharing culture: [[Lavash]], [[Katyrma]], [[Jupka]], [[Yufka]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Flatbread making and sharing culture: Lavash, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/flatbread-making-and-sharing-culture-lavash-katyrma-jupka-yufka-01181 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Turkey}}<br /> |Heritage of Dede Qorqud/Korkyt Ata/Dede Korkut, epic culture, folk tales and music<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Heritage of Dede Qorqud/Korkyt Ata/Dede Korkut, epic culture, folk tales and music|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/heritage-of-dede-qorqud-korkyt-ata-dede-korkut-epic-culture-folk-tales-and-music-01399 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br /> | [[Baul|Baul songs]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Baul&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Baul songs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/baul-songs-00107 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional art of [[Jamdani]] weaving<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Trad6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional art of Jamdani weaving - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/traditional-art-of-jamdani-weaving-00879 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mangal Shobhajatra]] on [[Pahela Baishakh]] <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/mangal-shobhajatra-on-pahela-baishakh-01091|title=Mangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional art of [[Shital Pati]] weaving of [[Sylhet]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Shital&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional art of Shital Pati weaving of Sylhet | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-art-of-shital-pati-weaving-of-sylhet-01112 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Austria}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Belgium}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Czech Republic}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Germany}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|France}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Hungary}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Italy}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Kazakhstan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Republic of Korea}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Mongolia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Morocco}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Pakistan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Portugal}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Qatar}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Spain}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Syrian Arab Republic}}<br /> | [[Falconry]], a living human heritage<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR, APA, AST, ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Falc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Falconry, a living human heritage - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2016-12-01 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/falconry-a-living-human-heritage-01209| quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Oman}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Qatar}}<br /> | [[Majlis]], a cultural and social space<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ARB<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;majlis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Majlis, a cultural and social space - intangible heritage - Culture Sector | author = | work = unesco.org | date= | accessdate = 2017-05-23 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/majlis-a-cultural-and-social-space-01076 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arabic coffee]], a symbol of generosity<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ARB<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;coffee&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Arabic coffee, a symbol of generosity | author = | work = unesco.org | date= | accessdate = 2017-05-23 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/arabic-coffee-a-symbol-of-generosity-01074 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Oman}}<br /> | Al-Taghrooda, traditional Bedouin chanted poetry<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ARB<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Al-Taghrooda, traditional Bedouin chanted poetry in the United Arab Emirates and the Sultanate of Oman |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/al-taghrooda-traditional-bedouin-chanted-poetry-in-the-united-arab-emirates-and-the-sultanate-of-oman-00744 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2012-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Al-Razfa, a traditional performing art<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ARB<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Al-Razfa, a traditional performing art| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-04 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/al-razfa-a-traditional-performing-art-01078}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Belarus}}<br /> |[[:be:Будслаўскі фэст|Budslaŭ fest]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/celebration-in-honor-of-the-budslau-icon-of-our-lady-budslau-fest-01387|title=Celebration in honor of the Budslaŭ icon of Our Lady (Budslaŭ fest)|work=[[ЮНЕСКА]]|date=2018|accessdate=2018-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot;|{{flag|Belgium}}<br /> | [[Carnival of Binche]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Carn1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Carnival of Binche - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/carnival-of-binche-00033 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Procession of the Holy Blood]] in [[Bruges]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Proc2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Procession of the Holy Blood in Bruges - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/procession-of-the-holy-blood-in-bruges-00263 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Aalst carnival]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Aals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Aalst carnival - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/aalst-carnival-00402 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Houtem Jaarmarkt]], annual winter fair and livestock market at [[Sint-Lievens-Houtem]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Hout&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Houtem Jaarmarkt, annual winter fair and livestock market at Sint-Lievens-Houtem - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/houtem-jaarmarkt-annual-winter-fair-and-livestock-market-at-sint-lievens-houtem-00403 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Krakelingen and Tonnekensbrand]], end-of-winter bread and fire feast at [[Geraardsbergen]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Krak&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Krakelingen and Tonnekensbrand, end-of-winter bread and fire feast at Geraardsbergen - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/krakelingen-and-tonnekensbrand-end-of-winter-bread-and-fire-feast-at-geraardsbergen-00401 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Leuven age set ritual repertoire]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Leuv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Leuven age set ritual repertoire - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/leuven-age-set-ritual-repertoire-00404 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Marches of Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Marc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Marches of Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/marches-of-entre-sambre-et-meuse-00670 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Shrimp fishing on horseback in Oostduinkerke]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Shri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Shrimp fishing on horseback in Oostduinkerke - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/shrimp-fishing-on-horseback-in-oostduinkerke-00673 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Beer in Belgium|Beer culture in Belgium]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Beer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Beer culture in Belgium | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2016-11-30 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/beer-culture-in-belgium-01062 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Belgium}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|France}}<br /> | [[Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Proc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/processional-giants-and-dragons-in-belgium-and-france-00153 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Belize}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Guatemala}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Honduras}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Nicaragua}}<br /> | [[Garifuna culture|Language, dance and music]] of the [[Garifuna]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Lang&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Language, dance and music of the Garifuna - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/language-dance-and-music-of-the-garifuna-00001 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Benin}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Nigeria}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Togo}}<br /> | Oral heritage of [[Gelede]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Oral1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Oral heritage of Gelede - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/oral-heritage-of-gelede-00002 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bhutan}}<br /> | [[Drametse Ngacham|Mask dance of the drums from Drametse]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Mask&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Mask dance of the drums from Drametse - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/mask-dance-of-the-drums-from-drametse-00161 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|{{flag|Bolivia}}<br /> | Andean cosmovision of the [[Kallawaya]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Ande&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Andean cosmovision of the Kallawaya - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/andean-cosmovision-of-the-kallawaya-00048 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Carnival of Oruro]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Carn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Carnival of Oruro - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/carnival-of-oruro-00003 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ichapekene Piesta]], the biggest festival of [[San Ignacio de Moxos]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Icha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Ichapekene Piesta, the biggest festival of San Ignacio de Moxos - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/ichapekene-piesta-the-biggest-festival-of-san-ignacio-de-moxos-00627 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Pujllay]] and [[Ayarichi]], music and dances of the [[Yampara culture]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Pujl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Pujllay and Ayarichi, music and dances of the Yampara culture - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/pujllay-and-ayarichi-music-and-dances-of-the-yampara-culture-00630 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Ritual journeys in [[La Paz]] during [[Alasita]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Alasita&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Ritual journeys in La Paz during Alasita | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ritual-journeys-in-la-paz-during-alasita-01182 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<br /> | [[Zmijanje embroidery]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Zmij&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Zmijanje embroidery - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/zmijanje-embroidery-00990 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Konjic woodcarving]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Konjic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Konjic woodcarving | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/konjic-woodcarving-01288 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Picking of iva grass on Ozren mountain<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|{{flag|Brazil}}<br /> | Oral and graphic expressions of the [[Wajapi]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Oral&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Oral and graphic expressions of the Wajapi - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/oral-and-graphic-expressions-of-the-wajapi-00049 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Samba de Roda]] of the [[Recôncavo of Bahia]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Samb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Samba de Roda of the Recôncavo of Bahia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/samba-de-roda-of-the-reconcavo-of-bahia-00101 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Frevo]], performing arts of the [[Carnival of Recife]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Frev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Frevo, performing arts of the Carnival of Recife - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/frevo-performing-arts-of-the-carnival-of-recife-00603 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Círio de Nazaré]] (The Taper of Our Lady of Nazareth) in the city of [[Belém, Pará]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Círi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Círio de Nazaré (The Taper of Our Lady of Nazareth) in the city of Belém, Pará - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/cirio-de-nazare-the-taper-of-our-lady-of-nazareth-in-the-city-of-belem-para-00602 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Capoeira|Capoeira circle]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Capo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Capoeira circle - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/capoeira-circle-00892 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|{{flag|Bulgaria}}<br /> | [[Bistritsa Babi]], archaic polyphony, dances and rituals from the [[Shoplouk region]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Bist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Bistritsa Babi, archaic polyphony, dances and rituals from the Shoplouk region - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/bistritsa-babi-archaic-polyphony-dances-and-rituals-from-the-shoplouk-region-00095 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nestinarstvo]], messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Nest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Nestinarstvo, messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/nestinarstvo-messages-from-the-past-the-panagyr-of-saints-constantine-and-helena-in-the-village-of-bulgari-00191 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chiprovtsi carpet|The tradition of carpet-making in Chiprovtsi]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Thet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = The tradition of carpet-making in Chiprovtsi - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/the-tradition-of-carpet-making-in-chiprovtsi-00965 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Surva folk feast]] in [[Pernik region]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Suro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Surva folk feast in Pernik region - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/surova-folk-feast-in-pernik-region-00968 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bulgaria}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Macedonia}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Moldova}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Romania}}<br /> | [[Martenitsa|Cultural practices]] associated with 1 March<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_1March&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Cultural practices associated to the 1st of March | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-practices-associated-to-the-1st-of-march-01287 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Burkina Faso}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Mali}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}<br /> | Cultural practices and expressions linked to the [[balafon]] of the [[Senufo people|Senufo communities]] of Mali, Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Cultural practices and expressions linked to the balafon of the Senufo communities of Mali, Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire| author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-15 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/cultural-practices-and-expressions-linked-to-the-balafon-of-the-senufo-communities-of-mali-burkina-faso-and-cote-d-ivoire-00849 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Burundi}}<br /> | [[Ritual dance of the royal drum]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Ritual dance of the royal drum | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/ritual-dance-of-the-royal-drum-00989 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{flag|Cambodia}}<br /> | [[Royal ballet of Cambodia]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Roya&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Royal ballet of Cambodia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/royal-ballet-of-cambodia-00060 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sbek Thom]], Khmer shadow theatre<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Sbek&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Sbek Thom, Khmer shadow theatre - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/sbek-thom-khmer-shadow-theatre-00108 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cambodia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Philippines}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Republic of Korea}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Viet Nam}}<br /> | [[Tug of war|Tugging rituals and games]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Tugg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Tugging rituals and games - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/tugging-rituals-and-games-01080 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Central African Republic}}<br /> | [[Aka people#Music|Polyphonic singing of the Aka Pygmies of Central Africa]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Poly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Polyphonic singing of the Aka Pygmies of Central Africa - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/polyphonic-singing-of-the-aka-pygmies-of-central-africa-00082 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Chile}}<br /> | [[Baile Chino]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Baile Chino| author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-23 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/baile-chino-00988 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;30&quot; |{{flag|China}}<br /> | [[Kun Qu opera]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_KunQ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Kun Qu opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/kun-qu-opera-00004 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Guqin]] and its music<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Guqi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Guqin and its music - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/guqin-and-its-music-00061 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Muqam|Uyghur Muqam]] of [[Xinjiang]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| &lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Uygh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Uyghur Muqam of Xinjiang - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/uyghur-muqam-of-xinjiang-00109 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Art of Chinese [[seal engraving]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| &lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Arto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Art of Chinese seal engraving - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/art-of-chinese-seal-engraving-00217 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | China engraved [[Woodblock printing|block printing]] technique<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Chin1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = China engraved block printing technique - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/china-engraved-block-printing-technique-00229 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chinese calligraphy]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Chin2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Chinese calligraphy - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/chinese-calligraphy-00216 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chinese paper-cut]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Chin3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Chinese paper-cut - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/chinese-paper-cut-00219 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ancient Chinese wooden architecture#Timber frame|Chinese traditional architectural craftsmanship for timber-framed structures]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Chin4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Chinese traditional architectural craftsmanship for timber-framed structures - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/chinese-traditional-architectural-craftsmanship-for-timber-framed-structures-00223 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Craftsmanship of [[Nanjing Yunjin brocade]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Craf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Craftsmanship of Nanjing Yunjin brocade - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/craftsmanship-of-nanjing-yunjin-brocade-00200 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Dragon Boat festival]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Drag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Dragon Boat festival - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/dragon-boat-festival-00225 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Pungmul|Farmers' dance of China’s Korean ethnic group]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Farm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Farmers’ dance of China’s Korean ethnic group - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/farmers-dance-of-chinas-korean-ethnic-group-00213 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Epic of King Gesar|Gesar epic tradition]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Gesa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Gesar epic tradition - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/gesar-epic-tradition-00204 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kam Grand Choir|Grand song of the Dong ethnic group]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Gran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Grand song of the Dong ethnic group - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/grand-song-of-the-dong-ethnic-group-00202 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hua'er]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Hua’&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Hua’er - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/huaer-00211 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Epic of Manas|Manas]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Mana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Manas - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/manas-00209 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mazu (goddess)|Mazu belief and customs]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Mazu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Mazu belief and customs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/mazu-belief-and-customs-00227 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nanguan music|Nanyin]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Nany&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Nanyin - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/nanyin-00199 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Regong arts]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Rego&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Regong arts - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/regong-arts-00207 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Silk industry in China|Sericulture and silk craftsmanship of China]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Seri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Sericulture and silk craftsmanship of China - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/sericulture-and-silk-craftsmanship-of-china-00197 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tibetan opera]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Tibe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Tibetan opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/tibetan-opera-00208 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional firing technology of [[Longquan celadon]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Trad1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional firing technology of Longquan celadon - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/traditional-firing-technology-of-longquan-celadon-00205 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional handicrafts of making [[Xuan paper]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Trad2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional handicrafts of making Xuan paper - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/traditional-handicrafts-of-making-xuan-paper-00201 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Xi'an ensemble|Xi'an wind and percussion ensemble]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Xi’a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Xi’an wind and percussion ensemble - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/xian-wind-and-percussion-ensemble-00212 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cantonese opera|Yueju opera]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Yuej&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Yueju opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/yueju-opera-00203 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Acupuncture and moxibustion|Acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Acup&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/acupuncture-and-moxibustion-of-traditional-chinese-medicine-00425 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Peking opera]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Peki&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Peking opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/peking-opera-00418 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chinese shadow puppetry]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Chin5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Chinese shadow puppetry - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/chinese-shadow-puppetry-00421 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chinese Zhusuan]], knowledge and practices of mathematical calculation through the abacus<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Chin6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Chinese Zhusuan, knowledge and practices of mathematical calculation through the abacus - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/chinese-zhusuan-knowledge-and-practices-of-mathematical-calculation-through-the-abacus-00853 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[solar term|The Twenty-Four Solar Terms]], knowledge of time and practices developed in China through observation of the sun’s annual motion<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;olar_term&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = The Twenty-Four Solar Terms, knowledge of time and practices developed in China through observation of the sun’s annual motion - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2016-11-28 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/the-twenty-four-solar-terms-knowledge-of-time-and-practices-developed-in-china-through-observation-of-the-suns-annual-motion-00647 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Traditional Tibetan medicine|Lum medicinal bathing of Sowa Rigpa]], knowledge and practices concerning life, health and illness prevention and treatment among the Tibetan people in China<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_TheT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Lum medicinal bathing of Sowa Rigpa, knowledge and practices concerning life, health and illness prevention and treatment among the Tibetan people in China | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2016-11-28 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/lum-medicinal-bathing-of-sowa-rigpa-knowledge-and-practices-concerning-life-health-and-illness-prevention-and-treatment-among-the-tibetan-people-in-china-01386 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|China}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Mongolia}}<br /> | [[Mongol]]ian Urtiin Duu – Traditional Folk [[Long Song]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Urti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Urtiin Duu, traditional folk long song - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/urtiin-duu-traditional-folk-long-song-00115 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| {{flag|Colombia}}<br /> | [[Carnival of Barranquilla]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Carnival of Barranquilla| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/carnival-of-barranquilla-00051?RL=00051}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Cultural space of [[Palenque de San Basilio]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Cultural space of Palenque de San Basilio | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/cultural-space-of-palenque-de-san-basilio-00102?RL=00102}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Carnaval de Negros y Blancos]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Carnaval de Negros y Blancos| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/carnaval-de-negros-y-blancos-00287}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Holy Week in Popayán|Holy Week processions]] in [[Popayán]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Holy Week processions in Popayán | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/holy-week-processions-in-popayan-00259}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wayuu]] normative system, applied by the [[Pütchipü’üi]] (palabrero)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Wayuu normative system, applied by the Pütchipü’üi (palabrero) | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/wayuu-normative-system-applied-by-the-putchipuui-palabrero-00435?RL=00435}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional knowledge of the [[jaguar shamans of Yuruparí]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional knowledge of the jaguar shamans of Yuruparí| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/traditional-knowledge-of-the-jaguar-shamans-of-yurupari-00574}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Festival of Saint Francis of Assisi]], [[Quibdó]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Festival of Saint Francis of Assisi, Quibdó| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/festival-of-saint-francis-of-assisi-quibdo-00640}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Colombia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Ecuador}}<br /> | [[Marimba]] music, traditional chants and dances from the [[Nariño Department|Colombia South Pacific region]] and [[Esmeraldas Province]] of Ecuador <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Marimba music, traditional chants and dances from the Colombia South Pacific region and Esmeraldas Province of Ecuador | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/marimba-music-traditional-chants-and-dances-from-the-colombia-south-pacific-region-and-esmeraldas-province-of-ecuador-01099}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Costa Rica}}<br /> | [[Bullock cart#Costa Rica|Oxherding and oxcart traditions in Costa Rica]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Oxhe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Oxherding and oxcart traditions in Costa Rica - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/oxherding-and-oxcart-traditions-in-costa-rica-00103 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}<br /> | [[Gbofe of Afounkaha]], the music of the transverse trumps of the [[Tagbana people|Tagbana community]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Gbof&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Gbofe of Afounkaha, the music of the transverse trumps of the Tagbana community - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/gbofe-of-afounkaha-the-music-of-the-transverse-trumps-of-the-tagbana-community-00005 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zaouli]], popular music and dance of the [[Guro language|Guro]] communities in Côte d'Ivoire<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Zaouli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Zaouli, popular music and dance of the Guro communities in Côte d’Ivoire | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/zaouli-popular-music-and-dance-of-the-guro-communities-in-cote-divoire-01255 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | {{flag|Croatia}}<br /> | [[Zvončari]] Annual [[carnival bell ringers' pageant]] from the [[Kastav]] area<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Annu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Annual carnival bell ringers’ pageant from the Kastav area - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/annual-carnival-bell-ringers-pageant-from-the-kastav-area-00243 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Festivity of Saint Blaise, the patron of Dubrovnik]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Fest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Festivity of Saint Blaise, the patron of Dubrovnik - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/festivity-of-saint-blaise-the-patron-of-dubrovnik-00232 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Lacemaking in Croatia]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Lace&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Lacemaking in Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/lacemaking-in-croatia-00245 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Procession [[Za križen|Za Krizen]] ('following the cross') on the island of [[Hvar]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Proc1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Procession Za Krizen (‘following the cross’) on the island of Hvar - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/procession-za-krizen-following-the-cross-on-the-island-of-hvar-00242 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Spring procession of Ljelje/Kraljice]] (queens) from [[Gorjani]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Spri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Spring procession of Ljelje/Kraljice (queens) from Gorjani - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/spring-procession-of-ljelje-kraljice-queens-from-gorjani-00235 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional manufacturing of [[Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje|children’s wooden toys]] in [[Hrvatsko Zagorje]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Trad3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional manufacturing of children’s wooden toys in Hrvatsko Zagorje - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/traditional-manufacturing-of-childrens-wooden-toys-in-hrvatsko-zagorje-00233 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Two-part singing and playing in the [[Istrian scale]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Two-&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Two-part singing and playing in the Istrian scale - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/two-part-singing-and-playing-in-the-istrian-scale-00231 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Licitar|Gingerbread craft from Northern Croatia]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Ging&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Gingerbread craft from Northern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/gingerbread-craft-from-northern-croatia-00356 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sinjska alka]], a knights’ tournament in [[Sinj]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Sinjska Alka, a knights’ tournament in Sinj - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-23 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/sinjska-alka-a-knights-tournament-in-sinj-00357 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bećarac|Bećarac singing and playing]] from Eastern Croatia<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Beća&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Bećarac singing and playing from Eastern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/becarac-singing-and-playing-from-eastern-croatia-00358 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nijemo Kolo]], silent circle dance of the [[Dalmatian hinterland]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Nije&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Nijemo Kolo, silent circle dance of the Dalmatian hinterland - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/nijemo-kolo-silent-circle-dance-of-the-dalmatian-hinterland-00359 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Klapa]] multipart singing of Dalmatia, southern Croatia<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Klap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Klapa multipart singing of Dalmatia, southern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/klapa-multipart-singing-of-dalmatia-southern-croatia-00746 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Međimurska popevka, a folksong from [[Međimurje County|Međimurje]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Međimurska popevka, a folksong from Međimurje|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/meimurska-popevka-a-folksong-from-meimurje-013963 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Croatia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Cyprus}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|France}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Greece}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Italy}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Slovenia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Spain}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Switzerland}}<br /> | Art of [[dry stone]] walling, knowledge and techniques<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Art of dry stone walling, knowledge and techniques |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-dry-stone-walling-knowledge-and-techniques-01393 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{flag|Cuba}}<br /> |[[La Tumba Francesa]], a secular Afro-Cuban genre of dance, song, and drumming<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_LaTu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = La Tumba Francesa - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = |work = unesco.org | date = |accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/la-tumba-francesa-00052 | quote =}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cuban rumba|Rumba in Cuba]], a festive combination of music and dances and all the practices associated<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Rumba in Cuba, a festive combination of music and dances and all the practices associated|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rumba-in-cuba-a-festive-combination-of-music-and-dances-and-all-the-practices-associated-01185 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Punto guajiro|Punto]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Punto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Punto | author = |work = unesco.org | date = |accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/punto-01297 | quote =}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Festivity of Las Parrandas in the centre of Cuba<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Cyprus}}<br /> | [[Lefkara lace|Lefkara laces or Lefkaritika]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Lefk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Lefkara laces or Lefkaritika - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = |work = unesco.org | date = |accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/lefkara-laces-or-lefkaritika-00255 | quote = Lefkara laces or Lefkaritika }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tsiattista poetic duelling]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Tsia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Tsiattista poetic duelling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = |work = unesco.org | date = |accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/tsiattista-poetic-duelling-00536 | quote =}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| {{flag|Czech Republic}}<br /> | [[Slovácko Verbuňk]], recruit dances<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Slov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Slovácko Verbuňk, recruit dances - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = |work = unesco.org | date = |accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/slovacko-verbunk-recruit-dances-00147 | quote =}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Shrovetide door-to-door processions and masks]] in the villages of the [[Hlinsko|Hlinecko]] area<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Shro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Shrovetide door-to-door processions and masks in the villages of the Hlinecko area - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = |work = unesco.org | date = |accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/shrovetide-door-to-door-processions-and-masks-in-the-villages-of-the-hlinecko-area-00397 | quote =}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ride of the Kings]] in the south-east of the Czech Republic<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Ride&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Ride of the Kings in the south-east of the Czech Republic - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = |work = unesco.org | date = |accessdate = 2015-12-18 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/ride-of-the-kings-in-the-south-east-of-the-czech-republic-00564 | quote =}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Czech Republic}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Slovakia}}<br /> | Puppetry in Slovakia and Czechia<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Puppetry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Puppetry in Slovakia and Czechia | author = |work = unesco.org | date = |accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/puppetry-in-slovakia-and-czechia-01202 | quote =}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Democratic People's Republic of Korea}}<br /> | [[Mass games]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Arirang folk song in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00914 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Tradition of [[kimchi]]-making in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Tradition of kimchi-making in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/tradition-of-kimchi-making-in-the-democratic-people-s-republic-of-korea-01063 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Democratic People's Republic of Korea}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Republic of Korea}}<br /> | [[Ssireum|Traditional Korean wrestling (Ssirum/Ssireum)]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Traditional Korean wrestling (Ssirum/Ssireum)|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-korean-wrestling-ssirum-ssireum-01533 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| {{flag|Dominican Republic}}<br /> | Cultural Space of the [[Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=villa_mella&gt;{{cite web| title= Cultural Space of the Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/cultural-space-of-the-brotherhood-of-the-holy-spirit-of-the-congos-of-villa-mella-00006 |publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2015-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cocolo (dance)|Cocolo]] Dance Drama Tradition<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=cocolo&gt;{{cite web| title= Cocolo Dance Drama Tradition |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/cocolo-dance-drama-tradition-00104|publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2015-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Merengue music|Music]] and [[Merengue (dance)|dance]] of the merengue<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Music and dance of the merengue in the Dominican Republic|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/music-and-dance-of-the-merengue-in-the-dominican-republic-01162 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ecuador}}<br /> | Traditional weaving of the Ecuadorian [[Panama hat|toquilla straw hat]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;toquilla straw hat&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= Traditional weaving of the Ecuadorian toquilla straw hat |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/traditional-weaving-of-the-ecuadorian-toquilla-straw-hat-00729|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2012-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ecuador}}&lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Peru}}<br /> | Oral heritage and cultural manifestations of the [[Záparo people|Zápara people]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=zapara&gt;{{cite web| title= Oral heritage and cultural manifestations of the Zápara people |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/oral-heritage-and-cultural-manifestations-of-the-zapara-people-00007|publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2015-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Egypt}}<br /> | [[Al-Sirah Al-Hilaliyyah|The Al-Sirah]] [[Hilali epic|Al-Hilaliyyah Epic]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=al_sirah&gt;{{cite web| title= The Al-Sirah Al-Hilaliyyah Epic |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/al-sirah-al-hilaliyyah-epic-00075 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tahtib|Tahteeb]], stick game<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Tahteeb, stick game&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= Tahteeb, stick game |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tahteeb-stick-game-01189 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| {{flag|Estonia}}<br /> | [[Kihnu]] cultural space<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=kihnu&gt;{{cite web| title= Kihnu cultural space |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/kihnu-cultural-space-00042 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2014-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Seto Leelo]], [[Setos|Seto]] polyphonic singing tradition<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;seto_leelo&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= Seto Leelo, Seto polyphonic singing tradition |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/seto-leelo-seto-polyphonic-singing-tradition-00173 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2014-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Smoke sauna tradition in [[Võru County|Võromaa]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;voromaa&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= Smoke sauna tradition in Võromaa |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/smoke-sauna-tradition-in-voromaa-00951 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2014-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | {{flag|Estonia}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Latvia}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Lithuania}}<br /> | [[Baltic states|Baltic]] ([[Estonian Song Festival|Estonian]], [[Latvian Song and Dance Festival|Latvian]] and [[Lithuanian Song Festival|Lithuanian]]) song and dance celebrations<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=baltic_song&gt;{{cite web| title= Baltic song and dance celebrations |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/baltic-song-and-dance-celebrations-00087 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2014-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| {{flag|Ethiopia}}<br /> | [[Meskel|Commemoration feast of the finding of the True Holy Cross of Christ]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Commemoration feast of the finding of the True Holy Cross of Christ|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/commemoration-feast-of-the-finding-of-the-true-holy-cross-of-christ-00858 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Fichee-Chambalaalla, New Year festival]] of the [[Sidama people]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Fichee-Chambalaalla, New Year festival of the Sidama people|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/fichee-chambalaalla-new-year-festival-of-the-sidama-people-01054 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gada system]], an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the [[Oromo people|Oromo]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gada-system-an-indigenous-democratic-socio-political-system-of-the-oromo-01164 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2017-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot;| {{flag|France}}<br /> | [[Aubusson tapestry]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/aubusson-tapestry-00250|title= Aubusson tapestry |publisher= unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2015-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maloya]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/maloya-00249 |title= Maloya|publisher=unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2015-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Coping (joinery)|Scribing tradition]] in [[Timber framing#French tradition|French timber framing]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/scribing-tradition-in-french-timber-framing-00251|title= Scribing tradition in French timber framing|publisher=unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2015-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Compagnons du Tour de France|Compagnonnage]], network for on-the-job transmission of knowledge and identities<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/compagnonnage-network-for-on-the-job-transmission-of-knowledge-and-identities-00441|title= Compagnonnage, network for on-the-job transmission of knowledge and identities|publisher=unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2015-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Craftsmanship]] of [[Alençon]] needle lace-making<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/craftsmanship-of-alencon-needle-lace-making-00438 |title= Craftsmanship of Alençon needle lace-making|publisher=unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2015-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[French cuisine|Gastronomic meal of the French]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/gastronomic-meal-of-the-french-00437 |title= Gastronomic meal of the French|publisher=unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2015-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Equitation]] in the French tradition<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/equitation-in-the-french-tradition-00440 |title= Equitation in the French tradition |publisher=unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2015-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Fest Noz|Fest-Noz]], festive gathering based on the collective practice of traditional dances of [[Brittany]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/fest-noz-festive-gathering-based-on-the-collective-practice-of-traditional-dances-of-brittany-00707|title= Fest-Noz, festive gathering based on the collective practice of traditional dances of Brittany |publisher=unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2011-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Limousin septennial ostensions]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/limousin-septennial-ostensions-00885 |title= Limousin septennial ostensions|publisher=unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2015-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gwo ka|Gwoka]]: music, song, dance and cultural practice representative of [[Guadeloupe]]an identity<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/gwoka-music-song-dance-and-cultural-practice-representative-of-guadeloupean-identity-00991 |title= Gwoka: music, song, dance and cultural practice representative of Guadeloupean identity|publisher=unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2015-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Carnival of [[Granville, Manche|Granville]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Carnival of Granville |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/carnival-of-granville-01077 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | The skills related to perfume in Pays de Grasse: the cultivation of perfume plants, the knowledge and processing of natural raw materials, and the art of perfume composition<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=perfume_in_Pays_de_Grasse&gt;{{cite web|title=The skills related to perfume in Pays de Grasse: the cultivation of perfume plants, the knowledge and processing of natural raw materials, and the art of perfume composition |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-skills-related-to-perfume-in-pays-de-grasse-the-cultivation-of-perfume-plants-the-knowledge-and-processing-of-natural-raw-materials-and-the-art-of-perfume-composition-01207 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Gambia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Senegal}}<br /> | [[Mandinka people#Rites of passage|Kankurang]], Manding initiatory rite<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=kankurang&gt;{{cite web| title= Kankurang, Manding initiatory rite |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/kankurang-manding-initiatory-rite-00143|publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2015-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| {{flag|Georgia}}<br /> | [[Music of Georgia#Traditional vocal polyphony|Georgian polyphonic singing]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=georgia_poly&gt;{{cite web| title= Georgian polyphonic singing |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/georgian-polyphonic-singing-00008|publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2015-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Ancient Georgian traditional [[Kvevri|Qvevri]] [[Georgian wine|wine]]-making method<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=georgian_wine&gt;{{cite web| title= Ancient Georgian traditional Qvevri wine-making method |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/ancient-georgian-traditional-qvevri-wine-making-method-00870|publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2015-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Living culture of three writing systems of the [[Georgian scripts|Georgian alphabet]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=chidaoba&gt;{{cite web| title= Chidaoba, wrestling in Georgia |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chidaoba-wrestling-in-georgia-01371|publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Chidaoba'', wrestling in Georgia<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=georgian_scripts&gt;{{cite web| title= Living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/living-culture-of-three-writing-systems-of-the-georgian-alphabet-01205|publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{flag|Germany}}<br /> | Idea and practice of organizing shared interests in [[History of credit unions|cooperatives]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=germany_coop&gt;{{cite web| title= Idea and practice of organizing shared interests in cooperatives |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/idea-and-practice-of-organizing-shared-interests-in-cooperatives-01200|publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Organ (music)|Organ]] craftsmanship and music<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=germany_organ&gt;{{cite web| title= Organ craftsmanship and music |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/organ-craftsmanship-and-music-01277 |publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|{{flag|Greece}}<br /> | Know-how of [[Mastic (plant resin)#Cultivation|cultivating mastic]] on the [[Chios|island of Chios]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;chios&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Know-how of cultivating mastic on the island of Chios|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/know-how-of-cultivating-mastic-on-the-island-of-chios-00993|publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2015-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tinos|Tinian]] [[marble]] craftsmanship<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Tinian marble craftsmanship|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/tinian-marble-craftsmanship-01103|publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2015-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Momoeria]], New Year's celebration in eight villages of [[Kozani]] area, West Macedonia, Greece<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Momoeria, New Year's celebration in eight villages of Kozani area, West Macedonia, Greece|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/momoeria-new-year-s-celebration-in-eight-villages-of-kozani-area-west-macedonia-greece-01184|accessdate=2017-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rebetiko]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Rebetiko |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rebetiko-01291 |publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Greece}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Italy}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Spain}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Morocco}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Portugal}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Croatia}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Cyprus}}<br /> | [[Mediterranean diet]]<br /> (In 2010, Italy, Spain, Greece and Morocco were the first to be recognised, but on 4 December 2013, Portugal, Cyprus and Croatia were also recognised by UNESCO.)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA, AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=med_diet&gt;{{cite web| title= Mediterranean Diet |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/mediterranean-diet-00884|publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2015-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guatemala}}<br /> | [[Rabinal Achí]] dance drama tradition<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=rabinal&gt;{{cite web| title= Rabinal Achí dance drama tradition|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/rabinal-achi-dance-drama-tradition-00144 |publisher=unesco.org |accessdate=2015-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guinea}}<br /> | Cultural space of [[Sosso-Bala]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=sosso_bala&gt;{{cite web| title= Cultural space of Sosso-Bala |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/cultural-space-of-sosso-bala-00009|publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2015-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Hungary}}<br /> | [[Busójárás|Busó festivities at Mohács]]: masked end-of-winter carnival custom<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Busó festivities at Mohács: masked end-of-winter carnival custom |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/buso-festivities-at-mohacs-masked-end-of-winter-carnival-custom-00252|publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2015-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matyó embroidery|Folk art of the Matyó]], embroidery of a traditional community<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Folk art of the Matyó, embroidery of a traditional community |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/folk-art-of-the-matyo-embroidery-of-a-traditional-community-00633|publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | {{flag|India}}<br /> | [[Koodiyattam]], [[Sanskrit drama|Sanskrit Theatre]], [[Kerala]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=kutti&gt;{{cite web|title=Kutiyattam, Sanskrit Theatre |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=36 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628215901/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=36 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mudiyett]]: a ritual theatre of Kerala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Mudiyett&gt;{{cite web| title= Mudiyettu, ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00345 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | The Tradition of [[Vedic chant|Vedic Chanting]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=vedic&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tradition of Vedic Chanting |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=37 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628222637/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=37 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ramlila]] – the Traditional Performance of the [[Ramayana]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=ramlila&gt;{{cite web|title=Ramlila – the Traditional Performance of the Ramayana |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=38 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628204843/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=38 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ramman (festival)|Ramman]]: religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=ramman&gt;{{cite web| title= Ramman, religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas, India |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00281 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kalbelia]]: folk songs and dances of Rajasthan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Kalbelia&gt;{{cite web| title= Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00340 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chhau dance]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Chhau dance| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2010-11-18 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chhau-dance-00337}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ladakh chanting|Buddhist chanting of Ladakh]]: recitation of sacred Buddhist texts in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh region, Jammu and Kashmir, India<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Buddhist chantings of Ladakh&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= Buddhist chanting of Ladakh: recitation of sacred Buddhist texts in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh region, Jammu and Kashmir, India |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00839 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Manipuri Sankirtana|Sankirtana]], ritual singing, drumming and dancing of [[Manipur]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title= Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur | url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00843 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2015-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the [[Thathera]]s of [[Jandiala Guru]], Punjab<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title= Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab | url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00845 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2015-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Yoga]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Yoga&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title= Yoga | url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/yoga-01163 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kumbh Mela]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumbh Mela&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title= Kumbh Mela | url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kumbh-mela-01258 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nowruz]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists|title=UNESCO - Nawrouz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz|website=ich.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2019-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| {{flag|Indonesia}}<br /> | [[Wayang]] [[Shadow play|puppet theatre]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=wayang&gt;{{cite web| title= Wayang Puppet Theatre |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;RL=00063 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2015-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Indonesian [[Kris]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=kris&gt;{{cite web| title= Indonesian Kris |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;RL=00112 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2015-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Indonesian [[Batik]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=batik&gt;{{cite web| title= Indonesian Batik |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00170 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Indonesian [[Angklung]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=angklung&gt;{{cite web| title= Indonesian Angklung |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00393 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2010-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Three genres of traditional dance in Bali<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Three genres of traditional dance in Bali&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=Three genres of traditional dance in Bali |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/three-genres-of-traditional-dance-in-bali-00617 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Pinisi]], art of boatbuilding in South Sulawesi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=pinisi&gt;{{cite web| title= Pinisi, art of boatbuilding in South Sulawesi |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/pinisi-art-of-boatbuilding-in-south-sulawesi-01197 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot;| {{flag|Iran}}<br /> | [[Radif (music)|Radif]] of [[Persian traditional music|Iranian music]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=radif&gt;{{cite web| title= The Radif of Iranian music |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00279 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional skills of [[Kashan rug|carpet weaving in Kashan]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=kashan&gt;{{cite web| title= Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Kashan |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00383 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2012-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional skills of [[Shiraz rug|carpet weaving in Fars]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=fars&gt;{{cite web| title= Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Fars|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00382 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2012-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Ritual dramatic art of [[Ta'zieh|Ta‘zīye]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=tazieh&gt;{{cite web| title= Ritual dramatic art of Ta‘zīye |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00377 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2012-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Varzesh-e Bastani|Pahlevani and Zoorkhanei rituals]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=pahlevani&gt;{{cite web| title= Pahlevani and Zoorkhanei rituals |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00378 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2012-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Music of Iran#Khorasan|Music of the Bakhshis of Khorasan]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=khorasanmusic&gt;{{cite web| title= Music of the Bakhshis of Khorasan |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00381 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2012-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mashhad-e Ardahal#Carpet Washing Ceremony|Qālišuyān rituals of Mašhad-e Ardehāl]] in [[Kashan|Kāšān]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=qalishuyan&gt;{{cite web| title= Qālišuyān rituals of Mašhad-e Ardehāl in Kāšān |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00580 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chogān]], a horse-riding game accompanied by music and storytelling<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=chogan&gt;{{cite web| title= Chogān, a horse-riding game accompanied by music and storytelling |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chogan-a-horse-riding-game-accompanied-by-music-and-storytelling-01282 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Iraq}}<br /> | The [[Maqam al-iraqi|Iraqi Maqam]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=iraqi_maqam&gt;{{cite web|title=The Iraqi Maqam |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=41 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827091418/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=41 |archivedate=August 27, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{flag|Ireland}}<br /> | [[Uilleann pipes|Uilleann piping]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=ireland_uilleann&gt;{{cite web|title=Uilleann piping |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/uilleann-piping-01264 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Camogie]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;ich.unesco.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/hurling-01263|title=Hurling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=ich.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hurling]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;ich.unesco.org&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| {{flag|Italy}}<br /> | [[Opera dei Pupi]], Sicilian Puppet Theatre<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=sicilian_puppet&gt;{{cite web|title=Opera dei Pupi, Sicilian Puppet Theatre |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=42 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628204014/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=42 |archivedate=June 28, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cantu a tenore|Canto a tenore]], [[Music of Sardinia|Sardinian]] Pastoral Songs<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=canto_tenore&gt;{{cite web|title=Canto a tenore, Sardinian Pastoral Songs |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=43 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628202622/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=43 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=violini_cremona&gt;{{cite web| title= Traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/traditional-violin-craftsmanship-in-cremona-00719 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Celebrations of big shoulder-borne processional structures<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=processional_structures&gt;{{cite web| title= Celebrations of big shoulder-borne processional structures |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00721 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2014-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional agricultural practice of cultivating the &quot;vite ad alberello&quot; (head-trained bush vines) of the community of [[Pantelleria]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;vite ad alberello&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= Traditional agricultural practice of cultivating the ‘vite ad alberello’ (head-trained bush vines) of the community of Pantelleria |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00011&amp;RL=00720 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2015-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Art of [[Naples|Neapolitan]] ‘Pizzaiuolo’<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;pizzaiuolo&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= Art of Neapolitan ‘Pizzaiuolo’ |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-neapolitan-pizzaiuolo-00722 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Jamaica}}<br /> | The [[Jamaican Maroons|Maroon Heritage]] of Moore Town<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=moore_town&gt;{{cite web|title=The Maroon Heritage of Moore Town |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=44 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628183149/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=44 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Reggae|Reggae music of Jamaica]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=reggae&gt;{{cite web|title=Reggae music of Jamaica |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/reggae-music-of-jamaica-01398 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=28 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;24&quot;| {{flag|Japan}}<br /> | [[Noh|Nôgaku Theatre]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=nogaku&gt;{{cite web| title= Nôgaku Theatre |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00012 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bunraku|Ningyo Johruri Bunraku Puppet Theatre]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=ningyo&gt;{{cite web| title= Ningyo Johruri Bunraku Puppet Theatre |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00064 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kabuki|Kabuki Theatre]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=kabuki&gt;{{cite web| title= Kabuki Theatre |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00163 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Akiu no Taue Odori]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=akiu&gt;{{cite web| title= Akiu no Taue Odori |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00405 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chakkirako]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Chakkirako&gt;{{cite web| title= Chakkirako |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00274 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Daimokutate]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Daimokutate&gt;{{cite web| title= Daimokutate |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00276 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Dainichido Bugaku]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Dainichido&gt;{{cite web| title= Dainichido Bugaku |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00275 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gagaku]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Gagaku&gt;{{cite web| title= Gagaku |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00265 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hayachine Kagura]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Hayachine&gt;{{cite web| title= Hayachine Kagura |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00272 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hitachi Furyumono]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Hitachi&gt;{{cite web| title= Hitachi Furyumono |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00268 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Koshikijima no Toshidon]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Koshikijima&gt;{{cite web| title= Koshikijima no Toshidon |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00270 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ojiya-chijimi]], [[Echigo jofu]]: techniques of making [[ramie]] fabric in [[Uonuma, Niigata|Uonuma region]], [[Niigata Prefecture]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Ojiya-chijimi&gt;{{cite web| title= Ojiya-chijimi, Echigo-jofu |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00266 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Oku-noto no Aenokoto]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Aenokoto&gt;{{cite web| title= Oku-noto no Aenokoto |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00271 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ainu music|Traditional Ainu dance]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Ainu&gt;{{cite web| title= Traditional Ainu dance |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00278 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Yamahoko]], the float ceremony of the [[Gion Matsuri|Kyoto Gion festival]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Yamahoko&gt;{{cite web| title= Yamahoko, the float ceremony of the Kyoto Gion festival |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00269 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kumiodori]], traditional Okinawan musical theatre<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=kumiodori&gt;{{cite web| title= Kumiodori |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00405 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Yūki-tsumugi|Yuki tsumugi]], silk fabric production technique<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Yuki-tsumugi&gt;{{cite web| title=Yuki-tsumugi |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00406 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mibu no Hana Taue]], ritual of transplanting rice in [[Kitahiroshima, Hiroshima|Mibu]], [[Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Mibu&gt;{{cite web| title=Mibu no Hana Taue |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00411 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2012-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sada Shin Noh]], sacred dancing at [[Sada Jinja|Sada shrine]], [[Shimane Prefecture|Shimane]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Sada Shin Noh&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=Sada Shin Noh |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00412 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2012-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nachi no Dengaku]], a religious performing art held at the [[Kumano Nachi Taisha|Nachi fire festival]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Nachi no Dengaku&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=Nachi no Dengaku |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00413 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Japanese cuisine|Washoku]], traditional dietary cultures of the Japanese, notably for the celebration of New Year<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Washoku&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=Washoku |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00869 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Washi]], craftsmanship of traditional Japanese hand-made paper&lt;ref&gt;Until 2014, there was an item titled &amp;quot;[[Sekishu-Banshi]]: papermaking in the [[Iwami, Shimane|Iwami region]] of [[Shimane Prefecture]].&amp;quot; It was merged with the current item due to the expansion of the range of elements.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Washi&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=Washi, craftsmanship of traditional Japanese hand-made paper |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/01001 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2014-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Yama, Hoko, Yatai, float festivals<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Yama, Hoko, Yatai, float festivals in Japan |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/yama-hoko-yatai-float-festivals-in-japan-01059 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Raiho-shin, ritual visits of deities in masks and costumes<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Raiho-shin&gt;{{cite web| title= Raiho-shin, ritual visits of deities in masks and costumes |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/raiho-shin-ritual-visits-of-deities-in-masks-and-costumes-01271 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Jordan}}<br /> | The Cultural Space of the [[Bedu]] in [[Petra]] and [[Wadi Rum]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=bedu&gt;{{cite web| title= The Cultural Space of the Bedu in Petra and Wadi Rum |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00122 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2015-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |As-Samer in Jordan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=As-Samer in Jordan |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/as-samer-in-jordan-01301 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br /> | Kazakh traditional art of [[Dombra]] Kuy<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Kazakh traditional art of Dombra Kuy| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2014-11-28 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kazakh-traditional-art-of-dombra-kuy-00996}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Kazakh traditional [[Shagai|Assyk]] games<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Assyk&gt;{{cite web| title= Kazakh traditional Assyk games |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kazakh-traditional-assyk-games-01086 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional spring festive rites of the Kazakh horse breeders<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Kazakh_horse_breeders&gt;{{cite web|title=Traditional spring festive rites of the Kazakh horse breeders |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-spring-festive-rites-of-the-kazakh-horse-breeders-01402 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> | Traditional knowledge and skills in making Kyrgyz and Kazakh [[yurt]]s <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional knowledge and skills in making Kyrgyz and Kazakh yurts (Turkic nomadic dwellings)| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2014-11-28 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-knowledge-and-skills-in-making-kyrgyz-and-kazakh-yurts-turkic-nomadic-dwellings-00998}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aytysh|Aitysh/Aitys]], art of improvisation<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Aitysh/Aitys, art of improvisation| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-04 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/aitysh-aitys-art-of-improvisation-00997}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> | The Art of [[Akyn]]s, Kyrgyz Epic Tellers<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=akyns&gt;{{cite web|title=The Art of Akyns, Kyrgyz Epic Tellers |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=49 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628214933/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=49 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Epic of Manas|Kyrgyz epic trilogy: Manas, Semetey, Seytek]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kyrgyz epic trilogy: Manas, Semetey, Seytek |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kyrgyz-epic-trilogy-manas-semetey-seytek-00876 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Buzkashi|Kok boru]], traditional horse game<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=kokboru&gt;{{cite web|title=Kok boru, traditional horse game |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kok-boru-traditional-horse-game-01294 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Laos}}<br /> | [[Khene|Khaen music]] of the Lao people<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=khaen&gt;{{cite web |title=Khaen music of the Lao people |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/khaen-music-of-the-lao-people-01296 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Lebanon}}<br /> | [[Zajal]], recited or sung poetry<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=zajal&gt;{{cite web |title=Al-Zajal, Recited or Sung Poetry |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/al-zajal-recited-or-sung-poetry-01000 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2014-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209014654/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/al-zajal-recited-or-sung-poetry-01000 |archivedate=December 9, 2015 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Lithuania}}<br /> | [[Kryždirbystė|Cross-crafting]] and its Symbolism<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=cross_crafting&gt;{{cite web|title=Cross-crafting and its Symbolism |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=51 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006223607/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=51 |archivedate=October 6, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sutartinės]], Lithuanian multipart songs<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;sutartinės&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= Sutartinės, Lithuanian multipart songs |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00433 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Luxembourg}}<br /> | [[Dancing procession of Echternach|Hopping procession of Echternach]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Dancing_procession_of_Echternach&gt;{{cite web| title= Hopping procession of Echternach |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00392 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2014-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{flag|Macedonia}}<br /> | Feast of the [[Forty Martyrs of Sebaste|Holy Forty Martyrs]] in [[Štip]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Feast of the Holy Forty Martyrs in Štip|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/feast-of-the-holy-forty-martyrs-in-stip-00734 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kopačka (folk dance)|Kopachkata]], a social dance from the village of Dramche, Pijanec<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Kopachkata, a social dance from the village of Dramche, Pijanec |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/kopachkata-a-social-dance-from-the-village-of-dramche-pijanec-00995 |publisher= unesco.org |accessdate=2014-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Macedonia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Turkey}}<br /> | Spring celebration, [[Hıdrellez]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Spring celebration, Hıdrellez|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/spring-celebration-hdrellez-01284 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Madagascar}}<br /> | The Woodcrafting Knowledge of the [[Zafimaniry]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=zafi&gt;{{cite web|title=The Woodcrafting Knowledge of the Zafimaniry |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=52 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628212532/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=52 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|{{flag|Malawi}}<br /> | The [[Vimbuza dance|Vimbuza Healing Dance]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=vimbuza&gt;{{cite web| title= The Vimbuza Healing Dance |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00158 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=March 2, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tchopa]], sacrificial dance of the [[Lhomwe people]] of southern Malawi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Tchopa, sacrificial dance of the Lhomwe people of southern Malawi| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2014-11-28 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tchopa-sacrificial-dance-of-the-lhomwe-people-of-southern-malawi-00999}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nshima|Nsima]], culinary tradition of Malawi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=nsima&gt;{{cite web| title= Nsima, culinary tradition of Malawi |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nsima-culinary-tradition-of-malawi-01292 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Mwinoghe, joyous dance<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Mwinoghe&gt;{{cite web| title= Mwinoghe, joyous dance |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mwinoghe-joyous-dance-01293 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Malawi}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Mozambique}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Zambia}}<br /> | The [[Nyau#Dances|Gule Wamkulu]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=gule&gt;{{cite web|title=The Gule Wamkulu |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=54 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628191418/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=54 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Malaysia}}<br /> | [[Mak Yong|Mak Yong Theatre]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=mak_yong&gt;{{cite web|title=Mak Yong Theatre |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=55 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007130759/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=55 |archivedate=October 7, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Dondang Sayang]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=dondang_sayang&gt;{{cite web|title=Dondang Sayang |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/dondang-sayang-01410 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| {{flag|Mali}}<br /> | The [[Fula people#Herding|Cultural Space of the Yaaral and Degal]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=yaaral&gt;{{cite web|title=The Cultural Space of the Yaaral and Degal |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=56 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628201735/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=56 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[The Manden Charter]], proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2009-10-01 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/manden-charter-proclaimed-in-kurukan-fuga-00290}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | The septennial re-roofing ceremony of the [[Kamablon]], sacred house of Kangaba<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Septennial re-roofing ceremony of the Kamablon, sacred house of Kangaba| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2009-10-01 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/septennial-re-roofing-ceremony-of-the-kamablon-sacred-house-of-kangaba-00190}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Coming forth of the masks and puppets in Markala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Coming forth of the masks and puppets in Markala| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2014-11-28 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/coming-forth-of-the-masks-and-puppets-in-markala-01004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| {{flag|Mauritius}}<br /> | Traditional Mauritian Sega<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Sega&gt;{{cite web|title=Traditional Mauritian Sega |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-mauritian-sega-01003 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Bhojpuri folk songs in Mauritius, Geet-Gawai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Bhojpuri&gt;{{cite web|title=Bhojpuri folk songs in Mauritius, Geet-Gawai |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/bhojpuri-folk-songs-in-mauritius-geet-gawai-01178 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=segatambour&gt;{{cite web|title=Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sega-tambour-of-rodrigues-island-01257 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| {{flag|Mexico}}<br /> | The [[Day of the Dead|Indigenous Festivity dedicated to the Dead]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=indigenous&gt;{{cite web|title=The Indigenous Festivity dedicated to the Dead |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=57 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628212739/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=57 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Places of memory and living traditions of the [[Otomi people|Otomí-Chichimecas]] people of Tolimán: the [[Peña de Bernal]], guardian of a sacred territory<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Otomi_Toliman&gt;{{cite web| title= Places of memory and living traditions of the Otomí-Chichimecas people of Tolimán: the Peña de Bernal, guardian of a sacred territory |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00174 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Danza de los Voladores|Ritual ceremony of the Voladores: Papantla, El Tajín]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=voladores&gt;{{cite web| title= Ritual ceremony of the Voladores: Papantla, El Tajín |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00175 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional [[Mexican cuisine]] – ancestral, ongoing community culture, the [[Michoacán]] paradigm<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Unesco_trad_Mex_cuisine&gt;{{cite web| title= Traditional Mexican cuisine – ancestral, ongoing community culture, the Michoacán paradigm |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00400 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Parachico]]s in the traditional January feast of [[Chiapa de Corzo (Mesoamerican site)|Chiapa de Corzo]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=parachico&gt;{{cite web| title=Parachicos in the traditional January feast of Chiapa de Corzo|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00399 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Pirekua]], traditional song of the [[Purépecha people|Purépecha]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Pirekua&gt;{{cite web| title= Pirekua, traditional song of the P'urhépecha |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00398 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mariachi]], string music, song and trumpet<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Mariachi&gt;{{cite web| title= Mariachi, string music, song and trumpet |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00575 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2014-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Charrería]], equestrian tradition in Mexico<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Charrería&gt;{{cite web|title=Charrería, equestrian tradition in Mexico|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/charreria-equestrian-tradition-in-mexico-01108?RL=01108|website=www.unesco.org|accessdate=4 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Romería|La Romería]]: ritual cycle of 'La llevada' of the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Zapopan|Virgin of Zapopan]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt; name=La_Romería{{cite web|title=La Romería (the pilgrimage): ritual cycle of 'La llevada' (the carrying) of the Virgin of Zapopan|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/la-romeria-the-pilgrimage-ritual-cycle-of-la-llevada-the-carrying-of-the-virgin-of-zapopan-01400||publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Moldova}} &lt;br /&gt; {{flag|Romania}}<br /> | The [[Colindă|Christmas carols]] in masculine horde <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Men’s group Colindat, Christmas-time ritual |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mens-group-colindat-christmas-time-ritual-00865 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2013-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional wall-carpet craftsmanship<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Traditional wall-carpet craftsmanship in Romania and the Republic of Moldova |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-wall-carpet-craftsmanship-in-romania-and-the-republic-of-moldova-01167 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| {{flag|Mongolia}}<br /> | The Traditional Music of the [[Morin khuur|Morin Khuur]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional music of the Morin Khuur| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2009-09-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-music-of-the-morin-khuur-00068}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mongol]]ian art of singing: [[Music of Mongolia#Throat singing|Khoomei]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Mongolian traditional art of Khöömei| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2010-11-18 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mongolian-traditional-art-of-khoomei-00396}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | The Traditional [[Naadam]] festival<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=naadam&gt;{{cite web | title = Naadam, Mongolian traditional festival | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00395 | publisher = UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate = 2011-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional craftsmanship of the Mongol [[Yurt|Ger]] and its associated customs<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional craftsmanship of the Mongol Ger and its associated customs| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2013-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-craftsmanship-of-the-mongol-ger-and-its-associated-customs-00872}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Mongolian knuckle-bone shooting<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Mongolian knuckle-bone shooting| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2014-11-28 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mongolian-knuckle-bone-shooting-00959}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| {{flag|Morocco}}<br /> | The Cultural Space of [[Jamaa el Fna|Jemaa el-Fna Square]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=jemaa&gt;{{cite web|title=The Cultural Space of Jemaa el-Fna Square |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=60 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827090901/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=60 |archivedate=August 27, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tan-Tan Moussem|The Moussem of Tan-Tan]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=moussem&gt;{{cite web|title=The Moussem of Tan-Tan |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=61 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827090906/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=61 |archivedate=August 27, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cherry festival in Sefrou]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Cherry festival in Sefrou&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Cherry festival in Sefrou |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists?display=default&amp;text=&amp;inscription=0&amp;country=00137&amp;multinational=3&amp;type=0&amp;domain=0&amp;display1=inscriptionID#tabs |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2012-08-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Argan]], practices and know-how concerning the argan tree<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Argan, practices and know-how concerning the argan tree |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/argan-practices-and-know-how-concerning-the-argan-tree-00955 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2014-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mozambique}}<br /> | The [[Chopi people|Chopi]] [[Timbila]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=chopi&gt;{{cite web|title=The Chopi Timbila |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=62 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628192743/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=62 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Namibia}}<br /> | [[Oshituthi shomagongo, marula fruit festival]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=marula&gt;{{cite web|title=Oshituthi shomagongo, marula fruit festival |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/oshituthi-shomagongo-marula-fruit-festival-01089 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2015-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Netherlands}}<br /> | Craft of the miller operating windmills and watermills<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=windmills&gt;{{cite web|title=Craft of the miller operating windmills and watermills |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craft-of-the-miller-operating-windmills-and-watermills-01265 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Niger}}<br /> | Practices and expressions of joking relationships in Niger<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=gueguense&gt;{{cite web|title=El Güegüense |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=63 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628214213/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=63 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Nicaragua}}<br /> | [[El Güegüense]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;gueguense&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| {{flag|Nigeria}}<br /> | The [[Ifá|Ifá Divination System]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=ifa&gt;{{cite web|title=The Ifa Divination System |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=64 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628222841/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=64 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ijele Masquerade|Ijele masquerade]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| &lt;ref name= Ijele &gt;{{cite web|title=Ijele masquerade|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ijele-masquerade-00194 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | The [[Argungu international fishing and cultural festival]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name= Argungu &gt;{{cite web|title=Argungu international fishing and cultural festival|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists?display=default&amp;text=&amp;inscription=0&amp;country=00156&amp;multinational=3&amp;type=0&amp;domain=0&amp;display1=inscriptionID#tabs |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Oman}}<br /> | Al ‘azi, elegy, processional march and poetry<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ARB<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Al ‘azi, elegy, processional march and poetry |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/al-azi-elegy-processional-march-and-poetry-00850 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2012-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Horse and camel Ardhah<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ARB<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=ardhah&gt;{{cite web|title=Horse and camel Ardhah |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/horse-and-camel-ardhah-01359 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Oman}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> | [[Al Ayala dance|Al-Ayyala]], a traditional performing art of the Sultanate of Oman and the United Arab Emirates <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ARB<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Al-Ayyala, a traditional performing art of the Sultanate of Oman and the United Arab Emirates| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2014-11-28 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/al-ayyala-a-traditional-performing-art-of-the-sultanate-of-oman-and-the-united-arab-emirates-01012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Palestine}}<br /> | The [[Palestinian Hikaye]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=hikaye&gt;{{cite web|title=The Palestinian Hikaye |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=65 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628222547/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=65 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Panama}}<br /> | Artisanal processes and plant fibers techniques for talcos, crinejas and pintas weaving of the pinta’o hat<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=panama&gt;{{cite web|title=Artisanal processes and plant fibers techniques for talcos, crinejas and pintas weaving of the pinta’o hat |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/artisanal-processes-and-plant-fibers-techniques-for-talcos-crinejas-and-pintas-weaving-of-the-pintao-hat-01272 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Ritual and festive expressions of the Congo culture<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Congo_culture&gt;{{cite web| title= Ritual and festive expressions of the Congo culture |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ritual-and-festive-expressions-of-the-congo-culture-01383 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot;| {{flag|Peru}}<br /> | [[Taquile Island|Taquile and its Textile Art]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Taquile&gt;{{cite web|title=Taquile and its Textile Art |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=66 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628203716/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=66 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Huaconada]], ritual dance of [[Mito, Concepción|Mito]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Huaconada&gt;{{cite web| title= Huaconada, ritual dance of Mito |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00390 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Danza de tijeras|The scissors dance]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Scissors&gt;{{cite web| title= The scissors dance |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00391 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Qoyllur Rit'i|Pilgrimage to the sanctuary of the Lord of Qoyllurit'i]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Qoyllurit&gt;{{cite web| title= Pilgrimage to the sanctuary of the Lord of Qoyllurit'i |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00567|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2012-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Victoriano Arizapana|Knowledge, skills and rituals related to the annual renewal]] of the [[Inca rope bridge|Q’eswachaka bridge]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Knowledge, skills and rituals related to the annual renewal of the Q’eswachaka bridge| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2013-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/knowledge-skills-and-rituals-related-to-the-annual-renewal-of-the-qeswachaka-bridge-00594}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Virgen de la Candelaria]], [[Harákmbut]] sung prayers of Peru's [[Huachipaire|Huachipaire people]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;virgen de la candelaria&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= candelaria |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/RL/00956 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Wititi dance of the Colca Valley<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Wititi dance of the Colca Valley| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-04 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/wititi-dance-of-the-colca-valley-01056}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional system of Corongo’s water judges<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Corongo&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= Traditional system of Corongo’s water judges |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-system-of-corongos-water-judges-01155 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Philippines}}<br /> | The [[Philippine epic poetry#Ifugao epic poetry|Hudhud Chants]] of the [[Ifugao people|Ifugao]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=hudhud&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=67 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628220524/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=67 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | The [[Philippine epic poetry#Mindanao epic poetry|Darangen Epic]] of the [[Maranao|Maranao People]] of [[Lake Lanao]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=darangen&gt;{{cite web|title=The Darangen Epic of the Maranao People of Lake Lanao |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=68 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628201620/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=68 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Poland}}<br /> | [[Kraków szopka|Nativity scene (szopka)]] tradition in [[Krakow]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Kraków_szopka&gt;{{cite web| title= Nativity scene (szopka) tradition in Krakow |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nativity-scene-szopka-tradition-in-krakow-01362 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| {{flag|Portugal}}<br /> | The [[Fado]], urban popular song of Portugal, performance genre incorporating music and poetry widely practised in the country and among emigrant communities<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=fado&gt;{{cite web| title= Fado, urban popular song of Portugal |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00563 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2011-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | The [[Cante Alentejano]], polyphonic singing from [[Alentejo]], southern [[Portugal]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=cante&gt;{{cite web| title= Cante Alentejano, polyphonic singing from Alentejo, southern Portugal |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=01007 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2014-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Craftmanship of Estremoz clay figures<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=clay&gt;{{cite web| title= Craftmanship of Estremoz clay figures |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craftmanship-of-estremoz-clay-figures-01279 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;17&quot;| {{flag|Republic of Korea}}<br /> | [[Jongmyo jerye|Royal Ancestral Ritual]] in the [[Jongmyo|Jongmyo Shrine]] and its Music<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=jongmyo&gt;{{cite web| title= The Royal Ancestral Ritual in the Jongmyo Shrine and its Music |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/royal-ancestral-ritual-in-the-jongmyo-shrine-and-its-music-00016|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Pansori]] Epic Chant<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=pansori&gt;{{cite web| title= The Pansori Epic Chant |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/pansori-epic-chant-00070 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gangneung#Culture|Gangneung Danoje Festival]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=gangneung&gt;{{cite web| title= The Gangneung Danoje Festival |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/gangneung-danoje-festival-00114 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cheoyongmu]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=cheoyongmu&gt;{{cite web| title= Cheoyongmu |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/cheoyongmu-00189 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ganggangsullae]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=ganggangsullae&gt;{{cite web| title= Ganggangsullae |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/ganggangsullae-00188 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=jeju&gt;{{cite web| title= Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/jeju-chilmeoridang-yeongdeunggut-00187 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Namsadang Nori]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=namsadang&gt;{{cite web| title= Namsadang Nori |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/namsadang-nori-00184 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Yeongsanjae]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=yeongsanjae&gt;{{cite web| title= Yeongsanjae |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/yeongsanjae-00186 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Daemokjang]], traditional wooden [[Korean architecture|architecture]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=daemokjang&gt;{{cite web| title= Daemokjang, traditional wooden architecture |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/daemokjang-traditional-wooden-architecture-00461 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gagok]], lyric song cycles accompanied by an orchestra<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=gagok&gt;{{cite web| title= Gagok, lyric song cycles accompanied by an orchestra |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/gagok-lyric-song-cycles-accompanied-by-an-orchestra-00444 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jultagi]], tightrope walking<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=jultagi&gt;{{cite web| title= Jultagi, tightrope walking |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/jultagi-tightrope-walking-00448|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Taekkyeon]], a traditional Korean martial art<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=taekkyeon&gt;{{cite web| title=Taekkyeon, a traditional Korean martial art |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/taekkyeon-a-traditional-korean-martial-art-00452|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Weaving of Mosi (fine [[ramie]]) in the [[Seocheon|Hansan region]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Mosi&gt;{{cite web| title= Weaving of Mosi (fine ramie) in the Hansan region |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/weaving-of-mosi-fine-ramie-in-the-hansan-region-00453|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arirang]], lyrical folk song in the Republic of Korea<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Arirang&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Arirang, lyrical folk song in the Republic of Korea|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/arirang-lyrical-folk-song-in-the-republic-of-korea-00445|accessdate=2016-12-01|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector|date=2012-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gimjang|Kimjang]], making and sharing [[Kimchi]] in the Republic of Korea<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Kimjang&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Kimjang, making and sharing kimchi in the Republic of Korea|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/kimjang-making-and-sharing-kimchi-in-the-republic-of-korea-00881|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector|date=2013-12-06|accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Pungmul|Nongak]], community band music, dance and rituals in the Republic of Korea<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Nongak&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nongak, community band music, dance and rituals in the Republic of Korea|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/nongak-community-band-music-dance-and-rituals-in-the-republic-of-korea-00717|accessdate=19 December 2014|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector|date=November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Culture of Jeju [[Haenyeo]] (women divers)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Haenyeo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Culture of Jeju Haenyeo (women divers)|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/culture-of-jeju-haenyeo-women-divers-01068|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector|accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| {{flag|Romania}}<br /> | The [[Călușari|Căluș]] tradition<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=calus&gt;{{cite web|title=The Căluş tradition |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=72 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628214119/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=72 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Doina]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Doina| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2009-10-01 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/doina-00192}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Horezu ceramics|The Horezu ceramics]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Craftsmanship of Horezu ceramics |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craftsmanship-of-horezu-ceramics-00610 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2012-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Lad's dances<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/lad-s-dances-in-romania-01092 |title=Lad's dances in Romania |work=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Russia}}<br /> | The Cultural Space and Oral Culture of the [[Semeiskie]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=semeiskie&gt;{{cite web|title=The Cultural Space and Oral Culture of the Semeiskie |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=73 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628214823/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=73 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | The [[Olonkho]], [[Yakuts|Yakut]] Heroic Epos<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=olonkho&gt;{{cite web|title=The Olonkho, Yakut Heroic Epos |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=74 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628212009/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=74 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> | [[Ardah|Alardah Alnajdiyah]], dance, drumming and poetry in Saudi Arabia<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ARB<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=alardah&gt;{{cite web|title=Alardah Alnajdiyah, dance, drumming and poetry in Saudi Arabia |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/alardah-alnajdiyah-dance-drumming-and-poetry-in-saudi-arabia-01196 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-05-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Almezmar in Saudi Arabia|Almezmar]], drumming and dancing with sticks<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ARB<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Almezmar, drumming and dancing with sticks |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/almezmar-drumming-and-dancing-with-sticks-01011|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-05-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Al-Qatt Al-Asiri]], female traditional interior wall decoration in Asir, Saudi Arabia<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ARB<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Al-Qatt Al-Asiri, female traditional interior wall decoration in Asir, Saudi Arabia |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/al-qatt-al-asiri-female-traditional-interior-wall-decoration-in-asir-saudi-arabia-01261|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Senegal}}<br /> | [[Xooy]], a divination ceremony among the Serer of Senegal <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name= Xooy &gt;{{cite web|title=Xooy, a divination ceremony among the Serer of Senegal |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/xooy-a-divination-ceremony-among-the-serer-of-senegal-00878 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate= 2013-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| {{flag|Serbia}}<br /> | [[Slava]], celebration of family saint patron’s day<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Slava&gt;{{cite web| title= Slava, celebration of family saint patron’s day |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=01010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[kolo (dance)|Kolo]], traditional folk dance<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=kolo&gt;{{cite web| title= Kolo, traditional folk dance |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kolo-traditional-folk-dance-01270}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Singing to the accompaniment of the [[Gusle]] <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=gusle&gt;{{cite web| title= Singing to the accompaniment of the Gusle |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/singing-to-the-accompaniment-of-the-gusle-01377 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| {{flag|Slovakia}}<br /> | [[Fujara]] and its music<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=fujara&gt;{{cite web|title=Fujara and its music|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=76 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628183559/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=76 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Music of Terchová<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=terchova&gt;{{cite web|title=Music of Terchová |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/music-of-terchova-00877 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bagpipe]] culture<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=bagpipe&gt;{{cite web|title=Bagpipe culture |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/bagpipe-culture-01075 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Multipart singing of Horehronie<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=horehronie&gt;{{cite web|title=Multipart singing of Horehronie |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/multipart-singing-of-horehronie-01266 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| {{flag|Slovenia}}<br /> | [[Škofja Loka Passion Play|Škofja Loka passion play]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=loka&gt;{{cite web|title=Škofja Loka passion play|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/skofja-loka-passion-play-01203 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Door-to-door rounds of Kurenti<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=kurenti&gt;{{cite web|title=Door-to-door rounds of Kurenti|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/door-to-door-rounds-of-kurenti-01278 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bobbin lace|Bobbin lacemaking]] in Slovenia<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Bobbin_lacemaking&gt;{{cite web|title=Bobbin lacemaking in Slovenia|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/bobbin-lacemaking-in-slovenia-01378 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;11&quot; | {{flag|Spain}}<br /> | The [[Mistery play of Elche|Mystery Play]] of [[Elche]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=elche&gt;{{cite web|title=The Mystery Play of Elche |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=77 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628201321/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=77 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | The [[La Patum|Patum]] of [[Berga]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=patum&gt;{{cite web|title=The Patum of Berga |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=78 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628224252/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=78 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Irrigators' tribunals of the Spanish Mediterranean coast: the [[Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia]] and the [[Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Irrigators’ tribunals of the Spanish Mediterranean coast: the Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia and the Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2009-10-01 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/irrigators-tribunals-of-the-spanish-mediterranean-coast-the-council-of-wise-men-of-the-plain-of-murcia-and-the-water-tribunal-of-the-plain-of-valencia-00171}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Silbo Gomero language|Whistled language]] of the island of [[La Gomera]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> | [[Castell|Human towers]] <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Human towers| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2010-11-18 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/human-towers-00364}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Flamenco]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Flamenco| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2010-11-18 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/flamenco-00363}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[The Song of the Sibyl|Chant of the Sybil on Majorca]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Chant of the Sybil on Majorca| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2010-11-18 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chant-of-the-sybil-on-majorca-00360}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival|Festivity of 'la Mare de Déu de la Salut']] of Algemesí<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=M.D.D.Salut&gt;{{cite web| title= Festivity of 'la Mare de Déu de la Salut' of Algemesí |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00576 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2012-02-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Fiesta of the patios in [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoba]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/fiesta-of-the-patios-in-cordova-00846|title=Fiesta of the patios in Cordova - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=ich.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Valencia]] [[Falles]] festivity<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Valencia Fallas festivity |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/valencia-fallas-festivity-00859 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Tamboradas drum-playing rituals<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=tamboradas&gt;{{cite web| title= Tamboradas drum-playing rituals |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tamboradas-drum-playing-rituals-01208 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br /> | Rūkada Nātya, traditional string puppet drama in Sri Lanka<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Rūkada_Nātya&gt;{{cite web| title= Rūkada Nātya, traditional string puppet drama in Sri Lanka |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rukada-natya-traditional-string-puppet-drama-in-sri-lanka-01370 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{flag|Switzerland}}<br /> | [[Fête_des_Vignerons|Winegrowers’ Festival in Vevey]] (Fête des Vignerons)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=vevey&gt;{{cite web|title=Winegrowers’ Festival in Vevey |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winegrowers-festival-in-vevey-01201 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Carnival of Basel|Basel Carnival]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=basel&gt;{{cite web|title=Basel Carnival |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/basel-carnival-01262 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Switzerland}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Austria}}<br /> | [[Avalanche]] risk management<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Avalanche risk management|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/avalanche-risk-management-01380 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Tajikistan}}<br /> | [[Pilaf|Oshi Palav]], a traditional meal and its social and cultural contexts<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Oshi Palav, a traditional meal and its social and cultural contexts in Tajikistan|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/oshi-palav-a-traditional-meal-and-its-social-and-cultural-contexts-in-tajikistan-01191 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Chakan, embroidery art<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=chakan&gt;{{cite web| title= Chakan, embroidery art in the Republic of Tajikistan |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chakan-embroidery-art-in-the-republic-of-tajikistan-01397 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Thailand}}<br /> | [[Khon]], masked dance drama in Thailand<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=khon&gt;{{cite web|title=Khon, masked dance drama in Thailand |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/khon-masked-dance-drama-in-thailand-01385 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tonga}}<br /> | The [[Lakalaka]], Dances and Sung Speeches of Tonga<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=lakalaka&gt;{{cite web|title=The Lakalaka, Dances and Sung Speeches of Tonga |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=79 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628210120/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=79 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tunisia}}<br /> | Pottery skills of the women of Sejnane<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=pottery_skills&gt;{{cite web| title= Pottery skills of the women of Sejnane |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/pottery-skills-of-the-women-of-sejnane-01406 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot;|{{flag|Turkey}}<br /> | The Arts of the [[Culture of the Ottoman Empire#Meddah (one person show)|Meddah]], Public Storytellers<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=meddah&gt;{{cite web| title= The Arts of the Meddah, Public Storytellers |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00037 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | The [[Mevlevi Order|Mevlevi]] [[Sema|Sema Ceremony]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Mevlevi Sema Ceremony&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= Mevlevi Sema Ceremony |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00100 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | The [[Mevlevi Order|Mevlevi]] [[Sema|Sema Ceremony]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Mevlevi Sema Ceremony&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Romi's Smile]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=mevlevi&gt;{{cite web| title= Karagöz and Hacivat |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00180 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ashik|Âşıklık]] tradition<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Âşıklık (minstrelsy) tradition |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00179 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Traditional Sohbet meetings]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Traditional Sohbet meetings|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00385 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kırkpınar]] oil wrestling festival<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Kırkpınar oil wrestling festival|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00386 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jem (Alevism)|Semah, Alevi-Bektaşi]] ritual<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Semah, Alevi-Bektaşi ritual|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00384 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Keşkek|Ceremonial Keşkek]] tradition<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Ceremonial Keşkek tradition|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00388 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mesir macunu|Mesir Macunu]] festival<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Mesir Macunu festival|url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00642 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Turkish coffee]] culture and tradition<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Turkish coffee culture and tradition |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00645 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Paper marbling|Ebru]], Turkish art of marbling<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Ebru, Turkish art of marbling |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00644 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2014-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional craftsmanship of [[İznik pottery|Çini-making]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Traditional craftsmanship of Çini-making|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/traditional-craftsmanship-of-cini-making-01058 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2016-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br /> | Epic art of Gorogly<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=gorogly&gt;{{cite web| title=Epic art of Gorogly |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/epic-art-of-gorogly-01028 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Kushtdepdi rite of singing and dancing<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=kushtdepdi&gt;{{cite web| title=Kushtdepdi rite of singing and dancing |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kushtdepdi-rite-of-singing-and-dancing-01259 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Uganda}}<br /> | [[Ugandan barkcloth|Barkcloth Making in Uganda]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=barkcloth&gt;{{cite web|title=Barkcloth Making in Uganda |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=82 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628203256/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=82 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Ukraine}}<br /> | [[Petrykivsky Painting|Petrykivka decorative painting]] as a phenomenon of the Ukrainian ornamental folk art<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Petrykivsky_Painting&gt;{{cite web| title= Petrykivka decorative painting as a phenomenon of the Ukrainian ornamental folk art |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/RL/00893 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2014-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cossack’s songs of Dnipropetrovsk Region]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Cossack’s_songs_of_Dnipropetrovsk_Region&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= Cossack’s songs of Dnipropetrovsk Region |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/cossacks-songs-of-dnipropetrovsk-region-01194 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Uruguay}}<br /> | The [[Candombe]] and its socio-cultural space: a community practice<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Candombe and its socio-cultural space: a community practice|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/candombe-and-its-socio-cultural-space-a-community-practice-00182|website=unesco.org|accessdate=1 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br /> | The Cultural Space of the [[Boysun District]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=boysun&gt;{{cite web|title=The Cultural Space of the Boysun District |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=83 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628195459/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=83 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Katta Ashula]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Katta Ashula| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2009-10-01 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/katta-ashula-00288}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Askiya, the art of wit<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Askiya, the art of wit| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2014-11-28 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/askiya-the-art-of-wit-00971}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Palov]] culture and tradition<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Palov culture and tradition|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/palov-culture-and-tradition-01166 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Uzbekistan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Tajikistan}}<br /> | [[Shashmaqam|Shashmaqom Music]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=shashmaqom&gt;{{cite web|title=Shashmaqom Music |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=84 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628192653/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=84 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Vanuatu}}<br /> | [[Sand drawing|Vanuatu Sand Drawings]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=sand_drawings&gt;{{cite web|title=Vanuatu Sand Drawings |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=85 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628195543/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=85 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| {{flag|Venezuela}}<br /> | [[Dancing Devils of Yare|Dancing Devils of Corpus Christi]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=dancing_devils&gt;{{cite web| title= Venezuela's Dancing Devils of Corpus Christi |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00639 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2013-08-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | La Parranda de San Pedro de Guarenas y Guatire<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = La Parranda de San Pedro de Guarenas y Guatire| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2013-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/la-parranda-de-san-pedro-de-guarenas-y-guatire-00907}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional knowledge and technologies relating to the growing and processing of the curagua<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional knowledge and technologies relating to the growing and processing of the curagua| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-04 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-knowledge-and-technologies-relating-to-the-growing-and-processing-of-the-curagua-01094}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Carnival of [[El Callao (Venezuela)|El Callao]], a festive representation of a memory and cultural identity<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Carnival of El Callao, a festive representation of a memory and cultural identity |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/carnival-of-el-callao-a-festive-representation-of-a-memory-and-cultural-identity-01198 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| {{flag|Vietnam}}<br /> | [[Space of gong culture]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=gong&gt;{{cite web| title= Space of gong culture |url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/space-of-gong-culture-00120 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nhã nhạc]], Vietnamese court music<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=nha_nhac&gt;{{cite web| title= Nhã nhạc, Vietnamese court music |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00074 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2015-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Quan họ|Quan Họ Bắc Ninh folk songs]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=quan_ho&gt;{{cite web| title= Quan Họ Bắc Ninh folk songs |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00183 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2015-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Giong Festival|Gióng Festival]] of [[Phù Đổng temple|Phù Đổng]] and [[Sóc temple|Sóc]] Temples<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=giong_festival&gt;{{cite web| title= Gióng festival of Phù Ðông and Sóc temples |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00443 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2015-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Worship of [[Hùng Kings]] in [[Phú Thọ]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=hung_kings&gt;{{cite web| title= Worship of Hùng kings in Phú Thọm |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00735 |accessdate=2015-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Art of [[Đờn ca tài tử]] music and song in southern Việt Nam<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=don_ca&gt;{{cite web| title= Art of Đờn ca tài tử music and song in southern Viet Nam |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00733 |accessdate=2015-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ví and Giặm]] folk songs of [[Nghệ Tĩnh]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=vi_dam&gt;{{cite web| title= Ví and Giặm folk songs of Nghệ Tĩnh |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=01008 |accessdate=2015-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Practices related to the Viet beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=vi_mother&gt;{{cite web| title=Practices related to the Viet beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/practices-related-to-the-viet-beliefs-in-the-mother-goddesses-of-three-realms-01064 |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | The art of [[Bài chòi]] in Central Viet Nam<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=vi_bai&gt;{{cite web| title=The art of Bài Chòi in Central Viet Nam |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-art-of-bai-choi-in-central-viet-nam-01222 |accessdate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Yemen}}<br /> | [[Song of Sana'a]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=sanaa&gt;{{cite web|title=The Song of Sana'a |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=88 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628204941/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=88 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Zambia}}<br /> | The [[Balovale#The Zambian Makishi Festival|Makishi Masquerade]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=makishi&gt;{{cite web|title=The Makishi Masquerade |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=89 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628212214/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=89 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Mooba dance of the Lenje ethnic group<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=mooba_dance&gt;{{cite web|title=Mooba dance of the Lenje ethnic group of Central Province of Zambia |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mooba-dance-of-the-lenje-ethnic-group-of-central-province-of-zambia-01372 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2018-11-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Zimbabwe}}<br /> | The [[Dance in Zimbabwe|Mbende Jerusarema Dance]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2005<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2008<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=mbende&gt;{{cite web|title=The Mbende Jerusarema Dance |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=90 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |accessdate=2009-09-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628223550/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=90 |archivedate=June 28, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding==<br /> The '''List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding''' contains intangible cultural heritage elements &quot;that concerned communities and States Parties consider require urgent measures to keep them alive&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Purp&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{Complete list|date=November 2018}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 1em 0 0; font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Member state<br /> ! Element{{ref|1|[A]}} &lt;!-- Use the exact name given by UNESCO --&gt;<br /> ! Year inscribed{{ref|3|[C]}}<br /> ! Region{{ref|4|[D]}}<br /> ! Reference<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Algeria}}<br /> |Knowledge and skills of the water measurers of the foggaras or water bailiffs of Touat and Tidikelt<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/intangible-heritage-seven-elements-inscribed-list-need-urgent-safeguarding|title=Intangible Heritage: Seven elements inscribed on the List in Need of Urgent Safeguarding|last=|first=|date=|website=UNESCO|language=en|archive-url=https://en.unesco.org/news/intangible-heritage-seven-elements-inscribed-list-need-urgent-safeguarding|archive-date=2018-11-29|dead-url=|access-date=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br /> |[[Chovqan]], a traditional [[Karabakh]] horse-riding game in the Republic of Azerbaijan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2013<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Chovqan, a traditional Karabakh horse-riding game in the Republic of Azerbaijan - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/chovqan-a-traditional-karabakh-horse-riding-game-in-the-republic-of-azerbaijan-00905}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Yalli (Kochari, Tenzere), traditional group dances of [[Nakhchivan (city)|Nakhchivan]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Belarus}}<br /> | Rite of the [[Kalyady Tsars]] (Christmas Tsars)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Rite of the Kalyady Tsars (Christmas Tsars) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/rite-of-the-kalyady-tsars-christmas-tsars-00308}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Botswana}}<br /> | [[Earthenware]] pottery-making skills in Botswana's [[Kgatleng District]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Earthenware pottery-making skills in Botswana's Kgatleng District - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/earthenware-pottery-making-skills-in-botswanas-kgatleng-district-00753}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Dikopelo folk music of Bakgatla ba Kgafela in Kgatleng District<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Dikopelo folk music of Bakgatla ba Kgafela in Kgatleng District | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/dikopelo-folk-music-of-bakgatla-ba-kgafela-in-kgatleng-district-01290}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Brazil}}<br /> | [[Yaokwa]], the [[Enawene Nawe people]]'s ritual for the maintenance of social and cosmic order<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Yaokwa, the Enawene Nawe people's ritual for the maintenance of social and cosmic order - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/yaokwa-the-enawene-nawe-people-s-ritual-for-the-maintenance-of-social-and-cosmic-order-00521}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Cambodia}}<br /> |[[Lkhon Khol]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| {{flag|China}}<br /> | Traditional design and practices for building [[Chinese wooden arch bridges]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional design and practices for building Chinese wooden arch bridges - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/traditional-design-and-practices-for-building-chinese-wooden-arch-bridges-00303}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional [[Li people|Li]] textile techniques: spinning, dyeing, weaving and embroidering<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional Li textile techniques: spinning, dyeing, weaving and embroidering - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/traditional-li-textile-techniques-spinning-dyeing-weaving-and-embroidering-00302 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Qiang New Year festival]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Qiang New Year festival - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/qiang-new-year-festival-00305}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Meshrep]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Meshrep - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/meshrep-00304}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bulkhead (partition)|Watertight-bulkhead]] technology of Chinese [[Junk (ship)|junks]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Watertight-bulkhead technology of Chinese junks - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/watertight-bulkhead-technology-of-chinese-junks-00321}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Movable type#Wooden movable type|Wooden movable-type printing]] of China<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Wooden movable-type printing of China - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/wooden-movable-type-printing-of-china-00322}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hezhen]] [[Yimakan|Yimakan storytelling]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Hezhen Yimakan storytelling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/hezhen-yimakan-storytelling-00530}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Colombia}}<br /> | Traditional [[Vallenato]] music of the [[Magdalena Department|Greater Magdalena region]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional Vallenato music of the Greater Magdalena region - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/traditional-vallenato-music-of-the-greater-magdalena-region-01095}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Colombia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Venezuela}}<br /> | Colombian-Venezuelan [[Los Llanos (South America)|llano]] work songs<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title =Colombian-Venezuelan llano work songs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO| work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/colombian-venezuelan-llano-work-songs-01285}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Croatia}}<br /> | [[Ojkanje singing]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Ojkanje singing - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/ojkanje-singing-00320}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Egypt}}<br /> |Traditional Hand Puppetry—Al-Aragoz<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|France}}<br /> | [[Cantu in paghjella]], a secular and liturgical oral tradition of Corsica<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Cantu in paghjella, a secular and liturgical oral tradition of Corsica - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/cantu-in-paghjella-a-secular-and-liturgical-oral-tradition-of-corsica-00315}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guatemala}}<br /> | [[Nan Pa'ch ceremony]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Nan Pa'ch ceremony - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/nan-pach-ceremony-00863}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Indonesia}}<br /> | [[Saman dance]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Saman dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/saman-dance-00509}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Noken]] multifunctional knotted or woven bag, handcraft of the [[Papuan people|people of Papua]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Noken multifunctional knotted or woven bag, handcraft of the people of Papua - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/noken-multifunctional-knotted-or-woven-bag-handcraft-of-the-people-of-papua-00619 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Iran}}<br /> | [[Naqqāli]], Iranian dramatic story-telling<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Naqqāli, Iranian dramatic story-telling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/naqqali-iranian-dramatic-story-telling-00535}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Traditional skills of building and sailing Iranian [[Lenj boat]]s in the Persian Gulf<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditional skills of building and sailing Iranian Lenj boats in the Persian Gulf - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/traditional-skills-of-building-and-sailing-iranian-lenj-boats-in-the-persian-gulf-00534}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{flag|Kenya}}<br /> | Traditions and practices associated with the [[Kaya (Mijikenda)|Kayas in the sacred forests]] of the [[Mijikenda peoples|Mijikenda]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Traditions and practices associated with the Kayas in the sacred forests of the Mijikenda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/traditions-and-practices-associated-with-the-kayas-in-the-sacred-forests-of-the-mijikenda-00313}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isukuti dance]] of [[Isukha]] and [[Idakho|Idakho communities]] of [[Western Kenya]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Isukuti dance of Isukha and Idakho communities of Western Kenya - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/isukuti-dance-of-isukha-and-idakho-communities-of-western-kenya-00981}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Enkipaata, Eunoto and Olng'esherr, three male rites of passage of the Maasai community<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> | [[Ala-kiyiz]] and [[Shyrdak]], art of Kyrgyz traditional felt carpets<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Ala-kiyiz and Shyrdak, art of Kyrgyz traditional felt carpets - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/ala-kiyiz-and-shyrdak-art-of-kyrgyz-traditional-felt-carpets-00693}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Latvia}}<br /> | [[Suiti cultural space]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Suiti cultural space - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/suiti-cultural-space-00314}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Macedonia}}<br /> | [[Glasoechko]], male two-part singing in Dolni Polog<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Glasoechko, male two-part singing in Dolni Polog - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/glasoechko-male-two-part-singing-in-dolni-polog-01104}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Mali}}<br /> | [[Sanké mon]], collective fishing rite of the Sanké<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Sanké mon, collective fishing rite of the Sanké - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/sanke-mon-collective-fishing-rite-of-the-sanke-00289}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Secret society of the Kôrêdugaw]], the rite of wisdom in Mali<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Secret society of the Kôrêdugaw, the rite of wisdom in Mali - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/secret-society-of-the-koredugaw-the-rite-of-wisdom-in-mali-00520}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mauritania}}<br /> | Moorish epic [[T'heydinn]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Moorish epic T'heydinn - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/moorish-epic-theydinn-00524}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| {{flag|Mongolia}}<br /> | [[Biyelgee|Mongol Biyelgee]], Mongolian traditional folk dance<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Mongol Biyelgee, Mongolian traditional folk dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/mongol-biyelgee-mongolian-traditional-folk-dance-00311}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tsuur]] [[end-blown flute]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| <br /> |-<br /> | [[Mongol Tuuli]], Mongolian epic<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Mongol Tuuli, Mongolian epic - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/mongol-tuuli-mongolian-epic-00310 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Folk [[long song]] performance technique of [[Limbe (instrument)|Limbe]] performances - circular breathing<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Folk long song performance technique of Limbe performances - circular breathing - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/folk-long-song-performance-technique-of-limbe-performances-circular-breathing-00543}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mongolian calligraphy]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Mongolian calligraphy - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/mongolian-calligraphy-00873}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Coaxing ritual for camels]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Coaxing ritual for camels - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/coaxing-ritual-for-camels-01061}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Mongolian traditional practices of worshipping the sacred sites<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Mongolian traditional practices of worshipping the sacred sites | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/mongolian-traditional-practices-of-worshipping-the-sacred-sites-00871}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| {{flag|Morocco}}<br /> | [[Taskiwin]], martial dance of the western High Atlas<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Taskiwin, martial dance of the western High Atlas | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/taskiwin-martial-dance-of-the-western-high-atlas-01256}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Pakistan}}<br /> |Suri Jagek (observing the sun)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Peru}}<br /> | [[Eshuva]], [[Harákmbut]] sung prayers of Peru's [[Huachipaeri people|Huachipaire people]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Eshuva, Harákmbut sung prayers of Peru's Huachipaire people - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/eshuva-harakmbut-sung-prayers-of-perus-huachipaire-people-00531}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Portugal}}<br /> | [[Manufacture of cowbells]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Manufacture of cowbells - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/manufacture-of-cowbells-01065}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Bisalhães black pottery manufacturing process<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Bisalhães black pottery manufacturing process | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/bisalhaes-black-pottery-manufacturing-process-01199}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Syrian Arab Republic}}<br /> |[[Shadow play]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Shadow play|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/shadow-play-01368 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| {{flag|Turkey}}<br /> | Whistled language<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Whistled language | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/whistled-language-00658}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| {{flag|Uganda}}<br /> | [[Bigwala]], gourd trumpet music and dance of the [[Busoga Kingdom]] in Uganda<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Bigwala, gourd trumpet music and dance of the Busoga Kingdom in Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/bigwala-gourd-trumpet-music-and-dance-of-the-busoga-kingdom-in-uganda-00749}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Empaako tradition]] of the [[Batooro]], [[Banyoro]], [[Batuku people|Batuku]], [[Batagwenda]] and [[Banyabindi]] of western Uganda<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Empaako tradition of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda and Banyabindi of western Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/empaako-tradition-of-the-batooro-banyoro-batuku-batagwenda-and-banyabindi-of-western-uganda-00904}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Male-child cleansing ceremony]] of the [[Lango people|Lango]] of central northern Uganda<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Male-child cleansing ceremony of the Lango of central northern Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/male-child-cleansing-ceremony-of-the-lango-of-central-northern-uganda-00982}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Koogere oral tradition]] of the [[Basongora]], [[Banyabindi]] and [[Batooro people]]s<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;unes_Koog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Koogere oral tradition of the Basongora, Banyabindi and Batooro peoples - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/koogere-oral-tradition-of-the-basongora-banyabindi-and-batooro-peoples-00911}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ma'di bowl lyre music and dance]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AFR<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma'di&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Ma'di bowl lyre music and dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/ma-di-bowl-lyre-music-and-dance-01187}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> | [[Al Sadu]] traditional weaving skills in the United Arab Emirates<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Al Sadu, traditional weaving skills in the United Arab Emirates - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/al-sadu-traditional-weaving-skills-in-the-united-arab-emirates-00517}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Al Azi]], art of performing praise, pride and fortitude poetry<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| AST<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Al Azi, art of performing praise, pride and fortitude poetry | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2017-12-07 | url = https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/al-azi-art-of-performing-praise-pride-and-fortitude-poetry-01268}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Venezuela}}<br /> | [[Mapoyo people|Mapoyo]] oral tradition and its symbolic reference points within their ancestral territory<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Mapoyo oral tradition and its symbolic reference points within their ancestral territory - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/mapoyo-oral-tradition-and-its-symbolic-reference-points-within-their-ancestral-territory-00983}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{flag|Viet Nam}}<br /> | [[Ca trù singing]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Ca trù singing - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/ca-tru-singing-00309 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Xoan singing]] of [[Phú Thọ Province]], Vietnam<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Xoan singing of Phú Thọ Province, Viet Nam - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | work = unesco.org | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/xoan-singing-of-phu-tho-province-viet-nam-00538}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Register of Good Safeguarding Practices ==<br /> The '''Register for Good Safeguarding Practices''' allows States Parties, communities and other stakeholders to &quot;share successful safeguarding experiences and examples of how they surmounted challenges faced in the transmission of their living heritage, its practice and knowledge to the future generation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/register|title=Best Safeguarding Practices - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 1em 0 0; font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Member state<br /> ! Projects and Activities{{ref|1|[A]}} &lt;!-- Use the exact name given by UNESCO --&gt;<br /> ! Year Inscribed{{ref|3|[C]}}<br /> ! Region{{ref|4|[D]}}<br /> ! Reference<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Austria}}<br /> | Regional Centres for Craftsmanship: a strategy for safeguarding the cultural heritage of traditional handicraft<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/regional-centres-for-craftsmanship-a-strategy-for-safeguarding-the-cultural-heritage-of-traditional-handicraft-01169|title=Regional Centres for Craftsmanship: a strategy for safeguarding the cultural heritage of traditional handicraft - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Belgium}}<br /> | Programme of cultivating ludodiversity: safeguarding traditional games in Flanders<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/programme-of-cultivating-ludodiversity-safeguarding-traditional-games-in-flanders-00513|title=Programme of cultivating ludodiversity: safeguarding traditional games in Flanders - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Safeguarding the [[carillon]] culture: preservation, transmission, exchange and awareness-raising<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2014<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/safeguarding-the-carillon-culture-preservation-transmission-exchange-and-awareness-raising-01017|title=Safeguarding the carillon culture: preservation, transmission, exchange and awareness-raising - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bolivia}} &lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Chile}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Peru}}<br /> |Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage of [[Aymara people|Aymara communities]] in Bolivia, Chile and Peru<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/safeguarding-intangible-cultural-heritage-of-aymara-communities-in-bolivia-chile-and-peru-00299|title=Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage of Aymara communities in Bolivia, Chile and Peru - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Brazil}}<br /> | Call for projects of the National Programme of Intangible Heritage<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/call-for-projects-of-the-national-programme-of-intangible-heritage-00504|title=Call for projects of the National Programme of Intangible Heritage - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Fandango|Fandango's]] Living Museum<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/fandango-s-living-museum-00502|title=Fandango's Living Museum - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bulgaria}}<br /> | Festival of folklore in [[Koprivshtitsa]]: a system of practices for heritage presentation and transmission<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/festival-of-folklore-in-koprivshtitsa-a-system-of-practices-for-heritage-presentation-and-transmission-00970|title=Festival of folklore in Koprivshtitsa: a system of practices for heritage presentation and transmission - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|China}}<br /> | [[Glove puppetry|Strategy for training coming generations of Fujian puppetry practitioners]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/strategy-for-training-coming-generations-of-fujian-puppetry-practitioners-00624|title=Strategy for training coming generations of Fujian puppetry practitioners - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Croatia}}<br /> | Community project of safeguarding the living culture of [[Rovinj|Rovinj/Rovigno]]: the Batana [[Ecomuseum]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/community-project-of-safeguarding-the-living-culture-of-rovinj-rovigno-the-batana-ecomuseum-01098|title=Community project of safeguarding the living culture of Rovinj/Rovigno: the Batana Ecomuseum - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Hungary}}<br /> |[[Táncház|Táncház method: a Hungarian model for the transmission of intangible cultural heritage]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/tanchaz-method-a-hungarian-model-for-the-transmission-of-intangible-cultural-heritage-00515|title=Táncház method: a Hungarian model for the transmission of intangible cultural heritage - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Safeguarding of the folk music heritage by the [[Kodály method|Kodály concept]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/safeguarding-of-the-folk-music-heritage-by-the-kodaly-concept-01177|title=Safeguarding of the folk music heritage by the Kodály concept - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | {{flag|Indonesia}}<br /> | Education and training in Indonesian [[Batik]] intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students, in collaboration with the Batik Museum in [[Pekalongan]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | APA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/education-and-training-in-indonesian-batik-intangible-cultural-heritage-for-elementary-junior-senior-vocational-school-and-polytechnic-students-in-collaboration-with-the-batik-museum-in-pekalongan-00318|title=Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students, in collaboration with the Batik Museum in Pekalongan - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mexico}}<br /> | Xtaxkgakget Makgkaxtlawana: the Centre for Indigenous Arts and its contribution to safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage of the [[Totonac people]] of [[Veracruz|Veracruz, Mexico]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2012<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | LAC<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/xtaxkgakget-makgkaxtlawana-the-centre-for-indigenous-arts-and-its-contribution-to-safeguarding-the-intangible-cultural-heritage-of-the-totonac-people-of-veracruz-mexico-00666|title=Xtaxkgakget Makgkaxtlawana: the Centre for Indigenous Arts and its contribution to safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage of the Totonac people of Veracruz, Mexico - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Norway}}<br /> | [[Oselvar|Oselvar boat]] - reframing a traditional learning process of building and use to a modern context<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2016<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/oselvar-boat-reframing-a-traditional-learning-process-of-building-and-use-to-a-modern-context-01156|title=Oselvar boat - reframing a traditional learning process of building and use to a modern context - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{flag|Spain}}<br /> |Centre for traditional culture – school museum of Pusol pedagogic project<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2009<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/centre-for-traditional-culture-school-museum-of-pusol-pedagogic-project-00306|title=Centre for traditional culture – school museum of Pusol pedagogic project - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Revitalization of the traditional craftsmanship of [[Lime (material)#Production|lime-making]] in [[Morón de la Frontera|Morón de la Frontera, Seville, Andalusia]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2011<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/revitalization-of-the-traditional-craftsmanship-of-lime-making-in-moron-de-la-frontera-seville-andalusia-00511|title=Revitalization of the traditional craftsmanship of lime-making in Morón de la Frontera, Seville, Andalusia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Methodology for inventorying intangible cultural heritage in biosphere reserves: the experience of [[Montseny]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2013<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/BSP/methodology-for-inventorying-intangible-cultural-heritage-in-biosphere-reserves-the-experience-of-montseny-00648|title=Methodology for inventorying intangible cultural heritage in biosphere reserves: the experience of Montseny - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Sweden}}<br /> |Land-of-Legends programme, for promoting and revitalizing the art of storytelling in [[Kronoberg County|Kronoberg Region]] (South-Sweden)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ENA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=Land-of-Legends programme, for promoting and revitalizing the art of storytelling in Kronoberg Region (South-Sweden)|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/land-of-legends-programme-for-promoting-and-revitalizing-the-art-of-storytelling-in-kronoberg-region-south-sweden-01392 |publisher= unesco.org|accessdate=2018-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Statistics==<br /> <br /> ===Ratification===<br /> <br /> States that ratified the Convention, by region:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 1em 0 0; font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;<br /> ! Proclamation<br /> ! UNESCO Member States<br /> ! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;| States Parties to the Convention<br /> ! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;| % States Parties – UNESCO Member States by region<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Western Europe and North America<br /> | 27<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 19<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 70%<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Eastern Europe<br /> | 25<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 24<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 96%<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Latin America and Caribbean<br /> | 33<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 29<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 88%<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Asia and Pacific<br /> | 44<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 31<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 75%<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Africa<br /> | 47<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 39<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 79%<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Arab States<br /> | 19<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 16<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 84%<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| TOTAL<br /> | 195<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 158<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 80%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Elements inscribed in 2008–2013===<br /> <br /> Total of inscriptions to date: 337, of which 18 are multinational<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 1em 0 0; font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;<br /> ! Region<br /> ! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;| Elements / programmes<br /> ! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;| Submitting States<br /> |-<br /> | Africa<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 27<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 20<br /> |-<br /> | Arab States<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 19<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 13<br /> |-<br /> | Asia and the Pacific<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 132<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 17<br /> |-<br /> | Europe and North America<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 19<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 17{{ref|5|[E]}}<br /> |-<br /> | Latin America and the Caribbean<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 48<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 18<br /> |-<br /> | Eastern Europe<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 55<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 20<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot;| '''Total'''<br /> ! 337<br /> ! 98<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Proclaimed masterpieces==<br /> The Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage were established in 2008, when the [[Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage]] took effect.&lt;ref name=convention2&gt;{{cite web|title=Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN |accessdate=2009-09-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716023040/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN |archivedate=July 16, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to this, a project known as the [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] has already been active in recognizing the value of intangibles such as tradition, custom and cultural spaces and the local actors who sustain these forms of cultural expressions through a Proclamation.&lt;ref name=2001_proclamation /&gt; Identification of the Masterpieces also entails the commitment of states to promote and safeguard these treasures, while UNESCO finances plans for their conservation.&lt;ref name=2001_proclamation /&gt; Started in 2001 and held biennially until 2005, a total of three Proclamations occurred, encompassing 90 forms of intangible heritage around the world.&lt;ref name=2005_proclamation /&gt;<br /> <br /> The 90 previously proclaimed Masterpieces have been incorporated into the ''Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity'' as its first entries, to be known as ''elements''.&lt;ref name=convention /&gt;&lt;ref name=rep_list&gt;{{cite web | title = Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN&amp;pg=00173|accessdate=2009-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequent elements will be added following the assessment of nominations submitted by national governments acceding to the UNESCO Convention, termed as member states, who are each allowed to submit a single candidature file, in addition to multi-national candidatures. A panel of experts in intangible heritage and an appointed body, known as the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, then examine each of the nominations before officially inscribing the candidates as elements on the List.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00009 |accessdate=2009-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Culture|United Nations}}<br /> *[[List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Eastern Europe]]<br /> *[[List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Northern Europe]]<br /> *[[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]]<br /> *[[World Heritage Site]]<br /> *[[Memory of the World Programme]]<br /> *[[Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Philippines]]<br /> *[[Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea]]<br /> *[[Intangible Cultural Properties of Japan]]<br /> *[[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in Azerbaijan]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes and references==<br /> <br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> {{note|1}}A. Names and spellings used for the elements were based on the official List as published.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{note|2}}B. A total of three Proclamations of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity were made in 2001, 2003 and 2005. The proclamation was superseded in 2008 when the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity was established.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Proclamation of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity (2001-2005) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO | author = | work = unesco.org | date = | accessdate = 2015-12-09 | url = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/proclamation-of-masterpieces-00103 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{note|3}}C. The 90 elements that were previously proclaimed as Masterpieces have been inscribed onto the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity as per the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{note|4}}D. Grouping of member states by region is based on the official List as published. Abbreviations were used for convenience:<br /> *AFR: Africa<br /> *AST: Arab States<br /> *APA: Asia and the Pacific<br /> *ENA: Europe and North America<br /> *LAC: Latin America and the Caribbean<br /> {{note|5}}E. The Transcaucasian States of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, and Russian Federation are included in the Europe and North America Region.<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> {{Reflist|3}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons and category|Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity|Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity}}<br /> {{Wikivoyage|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage}}<br /> *{{Official website|http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/lists}}<br /> <br /> {{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity}}<br /> {{UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding}}<br /> {{Tourism country lists}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity| ]]<br /> [[Category:Tourism-related lists]]<br /> [[Category:Traditional knowledge]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=894286180 Talk:Fête des Vignerons 2019-04-26T21:20:49Z <p>SlvrKy: /* Translated from the French */ (with template)</p> <hr /> <div>{{WikiProject Switzerland|class=start|importance=low}}<br /> {{WikiProject Wine|class=start|importance=low}}<br /> <br /> == Translated from the French ==<br /> {{translated page|fr|Fête des Vignerons|version=158486470|insertversion=894284899}} The content of this page has been almost integrally translated today from the French Wikipedia ([https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fête_des_Vignerons&amp;oldid=158486470 v. April 26, 2019]). All editorial corrections welcome. [[User:SlvrKy|SlvrKy]] ([[User talk:SlvrKy|talk]]) 21:12, 26 April 2019 (UTC)</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation&diff=894285560 Talk:International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation 2019-04-26T21:14:23Z <p>SlvrKy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{WikiProject International relations|class=start|importance=low|un=yes}}<br /> <br /> ==Image copyright problem with Image:Unesco.jpg==<br /> The image [[:Image:Unesco.jpg]] is used in this article under a claim of [[WP:NFC|fair use]], but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the [[WP:NFCC|requirements for such images]] when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an [[Wikipedia:Non-free use rationale guideline|explanation]] linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check<br /> <br /> :* That there is a [[Wikipedia:Non-free use rationale guideline|non-free use rationale]] on the image's description page for the use in this article.<br /> :* That this article is linked to from the image description page.<br /> &lt;!-- Additional 10c list header goes here --&gt;<br /> <br /> This is an automated notice by [[User:FairuseBot|FairuseBot]]. For assistance on the image use policy, see [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions]]. --01:50, 4 November 2008 (UTC)</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=894285311 Talk:Fête des Vignerons 2019-04-26T21:12:00Z <p>SlvrKy: /* Translated from the French */ new section</p> <hr /> <div>{{WikiProject Switzerland|class=start|importance=low}}<br /> {{WikiProject Wine|class=start|importance=low}}<br /> <br /> == Translated from the French ==<br /> <br /> The content of this page has been almost integrally translated from the French Wikipedia ([https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fête_des_Vignerons&amp;oldid=158486470 v. April 26, 2019]). All editorial corrections welcome. [[User:SlvrKy|SlvrKy]] ([[User talk:SlvrKy|talk]]) 21:12, 26 April 2019 (UTC)</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=894285018 Talk:Fête des Vignerons 2019-04-26T21:09:09Z <p>SlvrKy: stub-&gt;start</p> <hr /> <div>{{WikiProject Switzerland|class=start|importance=low}}<br /> {{WikiProject Wine|class=start|importance=low}}</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=894284899 Fête des Vignerons 2019-04-26T21:07:53Z <p>SlvrKy: commons</p> <hr /> <div>{{coord|46|28|N|6|51|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox intangible heritage<br /> | Image = [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1905.jpg|200px]]<br /> | Caption = Fête des Vignerons poster, 1905<br /> | ICH = Fête des Vignerons<br /> | State Party = Switzerland<br /> | Domains = <br /> | Criteria = <br /> | ID = 01201<br /> | Region = Europe<br /> | Year = 2016<br /> | Session = <br /> | List = Representative<br /> | Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winegrowers-festival-in-vevey-01201<br /> | Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]]<br /> | Note = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Fête des Vignerons''' (Winegrowers’ Festival) is a traditional festival which takes place in [[Vevey]], in [[Switzerland]].<br /> <br /> It has been organised by the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers) in Vevey since 1797. The organising committee is free to choose how often the festival takes place, but the maximum number of times is five times in a century. Up to now, the interval between two festivals has varied between 14 and 28 years. The next festival will take place in 2019, which will be 20 years after the preceding one (1999).<br /> <br /> The festival features a show celebrating the world of winemaking; many performances take place in the market place near the shore of [[Lake Geneva]], and festivities also take place in the town itself. Since 2016, the Fête des Vignerons has been included in [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}} See also: {{cite web|title=UNESCO Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 11.COM 10.B.32|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions/11.COM/10.B.32|website=UNESCO|access-date=26 April 2019|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins ===<br /> The oldest object attesting to the existence of the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers), a cup, dates from 1618. The Abbots (presidents of the Council of the Brotherhood) are most often notables, members of the City Councils, lawyers, notaries or judges.<br /> <br /> At the end of the 18th century, the Brotherhood, which was then composed of bourgeois landowners, decided to reward the work of the most deserving winegrowers. While at that time it was more common to reprimand negligent and lazy people, they decided to value the efforts made to improve farming methods. Experts of the Brotherhood note, judge and classify the winegrowers. Thus was to be born a ceremony of coronation of the best workers who is at the origin of the celebration. It then took place in the form of a procession. <br /> <br /> In 1797, on the Place du Marché in [[Vevey]], a platform with two thousand seats was erected. Under the chairmanship of Abbot-President Louis Levade, this first show was held on August 9, 1797.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/1797-fete-succede-parade/story/24509569&lt;/ref&gt; In order to enhance the ceremony, a show is created consisting of a procession and a theatrical performance divided into four seasons presided over by the pagan deities, [[Pales]], [[Bacchus]] and [[Ceres]].<br /> <br /> === 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1889.jpg|thumb|Poster of the 1889 Fête des Vignerons]]<br /> Due to the unrest of the [[Canton_of_Vaud#History|Vaudoise Revolution]], then the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the following years did not allow for a new celebration. It would take twenty-two years, in 1819, for a new celebration to be organized. The cycle is now created. The 1819 celebration took place from August 5 to 6 under the chairmanship of the same Abbot-President as the previous one. About 730 actors and performers participated in a 2000-seat arena. As the [[canton of Vaud]] recently joined the [[Swiss Confederation|Confederation]], the theme of this first 19th century celebration glorifies tradition and patriotism (the &quot;[[Ranz des vaches]]&quot; is sung for the first time).<br /> <br /> The third Fête des vignerons took place from 8 to 9 August 1833 under the direction of Abbot-President Vincent Doret. About 780 actors and performers participated in a 4000-seat arena under the direction of dance master David Constantin, on a music written by Samuel Glady (in addition to songs from the traditional repertoire, this edition is the first to feature an original composition) and in costumes designed by Theophile Steinlen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=8 - 9 août 1833 : La Fête pour une nouveau public|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1833-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1851, the fourth Fête des vignerons was held from 7 to 8 August under the direction of the Abbot-President François Déjoux. It is the first celebration whose music is entirely composed for the occasion (by François Grast) and thus forms a stylistic unity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=7 - 8 août 1851 : Une partition originale pour la Fête des vignerons|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1851-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 900 actors and performers participate in an 8,000-seat arena under the direction of the director Benjamin Archinard. This is the first time that the ''Ancients Swiss'' troop, previously intended to supervise the procession, marched.<br /> <br /> It is also François Grast who composed the music for the next Fête des vignerons, which took place from 26 to 27 July 1865 and was conducted by the Abbot-President Louis Bonjour. About 1200 actors and performers participated in a 10,500-seat arena under the direction of the dancing master Benjamin Archinard, as at the previous festival, and Pierre Lacaze (costumes and staging). As the celebration grew, it was in deficit and had to rely on a public subscription for one third of its budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=26 - 27 juillet 1865 : Un financement de plus en plus difficile|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1865-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From August 5 to 9, 1889, the sixth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President (and former [[President of the Confederation]]) [[Paul Ceresole]]. On this occasion, the show is staged by Ernest Burnat on the music of Hugo de Senger and brings together 1379 actors and performers in a 12,000 seat arena. This is the first time that the [[Ranz des vaches]] has been performed by a soloist, Placid Curtat, and not by a choir of ''armaillis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=5, 6, 8 et 9 août 1889: L'Alpe au centre de la cité|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1889-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The highly acclaimed performance of the soloist shows the symbolic function of this song in the festival and establishes the close link between [[Vevey]] and the heights of the [[Veveyse District]] and the [[Gruyère District]].<br /> <br /> === 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> The seventh Fête des vignerons took place from August 4 to 9, 1905. Under the direction of the Abbot-President, the radical national councillor Emile Gaudard, it was directed by René Morax (also author of the libretto) on music composed by [[Gustave Doret]]. It is the first celebration to owe its booklet to only one person and is distinguished from the previous ones by the fact that the procession becomes a secondary element. It is also the first celebration not to restrict the participation of women and girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=4, 5, 7, 8 et 9 août 1905: Un jeu unifié|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1905-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1,800 actors and performers participated in an arena with 12,500 seats.<br /> <br /> From August 1 to 9, 1927, the eighth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the same Abbot-President as the previous one, Emile Gaudard, then Switzerland's delegate to the [[League of Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=Patrie et festival|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=swo-001:1927:0::1204|site=The Swiss Observer|périodique=|date=3 septembre 1927|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production is directed by Edouard Vierne (René Morax declined the invitation), replaced by A. Durec a few weeks before the event, while the music is composed as at the previous celebration by [[Gustave Doret]] and the libretto by [[Pierre Girard]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1er - 9 août 1927: Le repli esthétique|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1927-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 2,000 performers participated, gathered in a 14,000-seat arena inspired by a medieval city surrounded by a wall and towers.<br /> <br /> In 1955, the Fête des vignerons took place from August 1 to 15 under the direction of the Abbot-President David Dénéréaz. In a context of increasing entertainment possibilities, barely a decade after the end of the [[Second World War]], the organisation became more professional: it was the first festival to have an international focus,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1er - 14 août 1955 : Le légendaire messager conquiert la Suisse|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1955-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; more than doubling its capacity compared to the previous one (the first performances were not entirely complete, but additional ones were organised following their success). The show was directed by Oscar Eberlé on a music by Carlo Hemmerling and a libretto by Géo H. Blanc. 3,850 performers participated in a 16,000-seat arena. The 1955 edition was the first to organize night performances.<br /> <br /> From July 30 to August 14, 1977, the tenth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President Philippe Dénéréaz. It was directed by Charles Apothéloz on a music by Jean Balissat and a libretto by Henri Debluë. The sets and costumes were designed by Jean Monod. 4,250 performers participated in a 15,776-seat arena organized around a large solar clock with four cardinal points indicating the four seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=30 juillet - 14 août 1977: La symbolique chrétienne|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1977-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1999 Winegrowers' Festival took place from July 29 to August 15. Presided over by the Abbot-President Marc-Henri Chaudet, it was directed by François Rochaix on a music by Jean-François Bovard, Michel Hostettler and Jost Meier. The booklet was signed by François Debluë while Jean-Claude Maret directed the scenography and Catherine Zuber the costumes. The show featured &quot;Arlevin&quot;, a winemaker representing the crowned winemakers (the coronation only took place during the first performance).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1999: &quot;Amour et joie&quot; sur la Grande place et dans la ville|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1999-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5,050 performers (including 670 squires) participated in a 16,000-seat arena. On August 11, the audience was able to see, during the show, the only [[Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999|total solar eclipse]] of the decade.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Models of amphitheatres from the second half of the 20th century&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1955.JPG|1955<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1977.JPG|1977<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1999.JPG|1999<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> On December 1st, 2016, the Fête des Vignerons is added to [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]]. It is the first Swiss tradition to be included.<br /> <br /> From July 18 to August 11, 2019, takes place the twelfth Fête des vignerons. It is presided by President-Abbot François Margot&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/L-equipe-de-la-Fete-des-Vignerons-2019-est-connue/story/19580269 L'équipe de la Fête des Vignerons 2019 est connue], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; and is directed by [[Daniele Finzi Pasca]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://laliberte.ch/l-info-regionale/le-concepteur-de-la-fete-des-vignerons-2019-a-ete-designe Le concepteur de la Fête des Vignerons a été designé], on LaLiberte.ch&lt;/ref&gt; The music is composed by Jérôme Berney, Maria Bonzanigo and Valentin Villard, while the libretto is the work of Stéphane Blok and Blaise Hofmann. The scenography is directed by Hugo Gargiulo,&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/Une-arene-digne-des-jeux-du-cirque-pour-la-Fete-des-Vignerons/story/24990896 Un nouveau scénographe annoncé lors de la présentation de l'arène], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; the choreography is provided by Bryn Walters and the costumes designed by Giovanna Buzzi. Among the approximately 6,000 actors and performers, there are nearly 1,000 singers (local choirs, choir-percussionists, children)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/fete-des-vignerons/supplements/supplement-6/churs-voix-vigne/story/12275854 Les chœurs, voix de la vigne], on 24heures.ch, Octobre 12, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; conducted by Caroline Meyer and Céline Grandjean&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/Le-Choeur-de-la-Fete-bat-deux-fois-au-feminin/story/13688378 Fête des Vignerons: Le Chœur de la Fête bat deux fois au féminin], on 24heures.ch, March 28, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; in an arena of 20,000 seats.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rts.ch/info/regions/vaud/8485066-la-future-fete-des-vignerons-de-2019-devoile-son-arene-de-20-000-places.html La future Fête des vignerons de 2019 dévoile son arène de 20 000 places], on rts.ch.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Commons|Category:Fête_des_vignerons|Fête des Vignerons}}<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fete Des Vignerons}}<br /> [[Category:Vevey]]<br /> [[Category:1797 establishments in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century establishments in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Swiss wine]]<br /> [[Category:Wine-related events]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Vaud]]<br /> [[Category:Food and drink festivals in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Wine festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals established in 1797]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=894284173 Fête des Vignerons 2019-04-26T21:01:20Z <p>SlvrKy: /* 19th century */</p> <hr /> <div>{{coord|46|28|N|6|51|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox intangible heritage<br /> | Image = [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1905.jpg|200px]]<br /> | Caption = Fête des Vignerons poster, 1905<br /> | ICH = Fête des Vignerons<br /> | State Party = Switzerland<br /> | Domains = <br /> | Criteria = <br /> | ID = 01201<br /> | Region = Europe<br /> | Year = 2016<br /> | Session = <br /> | List = Representative<br /> | Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winegrowers-festival-in-vevey-01201<br /> | Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]]<br /> | Note = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Fête des Vignerons''' (Winegrowers’ Festival) is a traditional festival which takes place in [[Vevey]], in [[Switzerland]].<br /> <br /> It has been organised by the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers) in Vevey since 1797. The organising committee is free to choose how often the festival takes place, but the maximum number of times is five times in a century. Up to now, the interval between two festivals has varied between 14 and 28 years. The next festival will take place in 2019, which will be 20 years after the preceding one (1999).<br /> <br /> The festival features a show celebrating the world of winemaking; many performances take place in the market place near the shore of [[Lake Geneva]], and festivities also take place in the town itself. Since 2016, the Fête des Vignerons has been included in [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}} See also: {{cite web|title=UNESCO Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 11.COM 10.B.32|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions/11.COM/10.B.32|website=UNESCO|access-date=26 April 2019|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins ===<br /> The oldest object attesting to the existence of the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers), a cup, dates from 1618. The Abbots (presidents of the Council of the Brotherhood) are most often notables, members of the City Councils, lawyers, notaries or judges.<br /> <br /> At the end of the 18th century, the Brotherhood, which was then composed of bourgeois landowners, decided to reward the work of the most deserving winegrowers. While at that time it was more common to reprimand negligent and lazy people, they decided to value the efforts made to improve farming methods. Experts of the Brotherhood note, judge and classify the winegrowers. Thus was to be born a ceremony of coronation of the best workers who is at the origin of the celebration. It then took place in the form of a procession. <br /> <br /> In 1797, on the Place du Marché in [[Vevey]], a platform with two thousand seats was erected. Under the chairmanship of Abbot-President Louis Levade, this first show was held on August 9, 1797.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/1797-fete-succede-parade/story/24509569&lt;/ref&gt; In order to enhance the ceremony, a show is created consisting of a procession and a theatrical performance divided into four seasons presided over by the pagan deities, [[Pales]], [[Bacchus]] and [[Ceres]].<br /> <br /> === 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1889.jpg|thumb|Poster of the 1889 Fête des Vignerons]]<br /> Due to the unrest of the [[Canton_of_Vaud#History|Vaudoise Revolution]], then the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the following years did not allow for a new celebration. It would take twenty-two years, in 1819, for a new celebration to be organized. The cycle is now created. The 1819 celebration took place from August 5 to 6 under the chairmanship of the same Abbot-President as the previous one. About 730 actors and performers participated in a 2000-seat arena. As the [[canton of Vaud]] recently joined the [[Swiss Confederation|Confederation]], the theme of this first 19th century celebration glorifies tradition and patriotism (the &quot;[[Ranz des vaches]]&quot; is sung for the first time).<br /> <br /> The third Fête des vignerons took place from 8 to 9 August 1833 under the direction of Abbot-President Vincent Doret. About 780 actors and performers participated in a 4000-seat arena under the direction of dance master David Constantin, on a music written by Samuel Glady (in addition to songs from the traditional repertoire, this edition is the first to feature an original composition) and in costumes designed by Theophile Steinlen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=8 - 9 août 1833 : La Fête pour une nouveau public|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1833-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1851, the fourth Fête des vignerons was held from 7 to 8 August under the direction of the Abbot-President François Déjoux. It is the first celebration whose music is entirely composed for the occasion (by François Grast) and thus forms a stylistic unity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=7 - 8 août 1851 : Une partition originale pour la Fête des vignerons|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1851-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 900 actors and performers participate in an 8,000-seat arena under the direction of the director Benjamin Archinard. This is the first time that the ''Ancients Swiss'' troop, previously intended to supervise the procession, marched.<br /> <br /> It is also François Grast who composed the music for the next Fête des vignerons, which took place from 26 to 27 July 1865 and was conducted by the Abbot-President Louis Bonjour. About 1200 actors and performers participated in a 10,500-seat arena under the direction of the dancing master Benjamin Archinard, as at the previous festival, and Pierre Lacaze (costumes and staging). As the celebration grew, it was in deficit and had to rely on a public subscription for one third of its budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=26 - 27 juillet 1865 : Un financement de plus en plus difficile|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1865-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From August 5 to 9, 1889, the sixth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President (and former [[President of the Confederation]]) [[Paul Ceresole]]. On this occasion, the show is staged by Ernest Burnat on the music of Hugo de Senger and brings together 1379 actors and performers in a 12,000 seat arena. This is the first time that the [[Ranz des vaches]] has been performed by a soloist, Placid Curtat, and not by a choir of ''armaillis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=5, 6, 8 et 9 août 1889: L'Alpe au centre de la cité|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1889-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The highly acclaimed performance of the soloist shows the symbolic function of this song in the festival and establishes the close link between [[Vevey]] and the heights of the [[Veveyse District]] and the [[Gruyère District]].<br /> <br /> === 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> The seventh Fête des vignerons took place from August 4 to 9, 1905. Under the direction of the Abbot-President, the radical national councillor Emile Gaudard, it was directed by René Morax (also author of the libretto) on music composed by [[Gustave Doret]]. It is the first celebration to owe its booklet to only one person and is distinguished from the previous ones by the fact that the procession becomes a secondary element. It is also the first celebration not to restrict the participation of women and girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=4, 5, 7, 8 et 9 août 1905: Un jeu unifié|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1905-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1,800 actors and performers participated in an arena with 12,500 seats.<br /> <br /> From August 1 to 9, 1927, the eighth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the same Abbot-President as the previous one, Emile Gaudard, then Switzerland's delegate to the [[League of Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=Patrie et festival|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=swo-001:1927:0::1204|site=The Swiss Observer|périodique=|date=3 septembre 1927|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production is directed by Edouard Vierne (René Morax declined the invitation), replaced by A. Durec a few weeks before the event, while the music is composed as at the previous celebration by [[Gustave Doret]] and the libretto by [[Pierre Girard]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1er - 9 août 1927: Le repli esthétique|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1927-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 2,000 performers participated, gathered in a 14,000-seat arena inspired by a medieval city surrounded by a wall and towers.<br /> <br /> In 1955, the Fête des vignerons took place from August 1 to 15 under the direction of the Abbot-President David Dénéréaz. In a context of increasing entertainment possibilities, barely a decade after the end of the [[Second World War]], the organisation became more professional: it was the first festival to have an international focus,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1er - 14 août 1955 : Le légendaire messager conquiert la Suisse|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1955-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; more than doubling its capacity compared to the previous one (the first performances were not entirely complete, but additional ones were organised following their success). The show was directed by Oscar Eberlé on a music by Carlo Hemmerling and a libretto by Géo H. Blanc. 3,850 performers participated in a 16,000-seat arena. The 1955 edition was the first to organize night performances.<br /> <br /> From July 30 to August 14, 1977, the tenth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President Philippe Dénéréaz. It was directed by Charles Apothéloz on a music by Jean Balissat and a libretto by Henri Debluë. The sets and costumes were designed by Jean Monod. 4,250 performers participated in a 15,776-seat arena organized around a large solar clock with four cardinal points indicating the four seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=30 juillet - 14 août 1977: La symbolique chrétienne|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1977-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1999 Winegrowers' Festival took place from July 29 to August 15. Presided over by the Abbot-President Marc-Henri Chaudet, it was directed by François Rochaix on a music by Jean-François Bovard, Michel Hostettler and Jost Meier. The booklet was signed by François Debluë while Jean-Claude Maret directed the scenography and Catherine Zuber the costumes. The show featured &quot;Arlevin&quot;, a winemaker representing the crowned winemakers (the coronation only took place during the first performance).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1999: &quot;Amour et joie&quot; sur la Grande place et dans la ville|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1999-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5,050 performers (including 670 squires) participated in a 16,000-seat arena. On August 11, the audience was able to see, during the show, the only [[Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999|total solar eclipse]] of the decade.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Models of amphitheatres from the second half of the 20th century&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1955.JPG|1955<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1977.JPG|1977<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1999.JPG|1999<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> On December 1st, 2016, the Fête des Vignerons is added to [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]]. It is the first Swiss tradition to be included.<br /> <br /> From July 18 to August 11, 2019, takes place the twelfth Fête des vignerons. It is presided by President-Abbot François Margot&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/L-equipe-de-la-Fete-des-Vignerons-2019-est-connue/story/19580269 L'équipe de la Fête des Vignerons 2019 est connue], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; and is directed by [[Daniele Finzi Pasca]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://laliberte.ch/l-info-regionale/le-concepteur-de-la-fete-des-vignerons-2019-a-ete-designe Le concepteur de la Fête des Vignerons a été designé], on LaLiberte.ch&lt;/ref&gt; The music is composed by Jérôme Berney, Maria Bonzanigo and Valentin Villard, while the libretto is the work of Stéphane Blok and Blaise Hofmann. The scenography is directed by Hugo Gargiulo,&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/Une-arene-digne-des-jeux-du-cirque-pour-la-Fete-des-Vignerons/story/24990896 Un nouveau scénographe annoncé lors de la présentation de l'arène], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; the choreography is provided by Bryn Walters and the costumes designed by Giovanna Buzzi. Among the approximately 6,000 actors and performers, there are nearly 1,000 singers (local choirs, choir-percussionists, children)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/fete-des-vignerons/supplements/supplement-6/churs-voix-vigne/story/12275854 Les chœurs, voix de la vigne], on 24heures.ch, Octobre 12, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; conducted by Caroline Meyer and Céline Grandjean&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/Le-Choeur-de-la-Fete-bat-deux-fois-au-feminin/story/13688378 Fête des Vignerons: Le Chœur de la Fête bat deux fois au féminin], on 24heures.ch, March 28, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; in an arena of 20,000 seats.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rts.ch/info/regions/vaud/8485066-la-future-fete-des-vignerons-de-2019-devoile-son-arene-de-20-000-places.html La future Fête des vignerons de 2019 dévoile son arène de 20 000 places], on rts.ch.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fete Des Vignerons}}<br /> [[Category:Vevey]]<br /> [[Category:1797 establishments in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century establishments in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Swiss wine]]<br /> [[Category:Wine-related events]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Vaud]]<br /> [[Category:Food and drink festivals in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Wine festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals established in 1797]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=894283993 Fête des Vignerons 2019-04-26T20:59:55Z <p>SlvrKy: /* 20th century */</p> <hr /> <div>{{coord|46|28|N|6|51|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox intangible heritage<br /> | Image = [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1905.jpg|200px]]<br /> | Caption = Fête des Vignerons poster, 1905<br /> | ICH = Fête des Vignerons<br /> | State Party = Switzerland<br /> | Domains = <br /> | Criteria = <br /> | ID = 01201<br /> | Region = Europe<br /> | Year = 2016<br /> | Session = <br /> | List = Representative<br /> | Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winegrowers-festival-in-vevey-01201<br /> | Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]]<br /> | Note = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Fête des Vignerons''' (Winegrowers’ Festival) is a traditional festival which takes place in [[Vevey]], in [[Switzerland]].<br /> <br /> It has been organised by the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers) in Vevey since 1797. The organising committee is free to choose how often the festival takes place, but the maximum number of times is five times in a century. Up to now, the interval between two festivals has varied between 14 and 28 years. The next festival will take place in 2019, which will be 20 years after the preceding one (1999).<br /> <br /> The festival features a show celebrating the world of winemaking; many performances take place in the market place near the shore of [[Lake Geneva]], and festivities also take place in the town itself. Since 2016, the Fête des Vignerons has been included in [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}} See also: {{cite web|title=UNESCO Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 11.COM 10.B.32|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions/11.COM/10.B.32|website=UNESCO|access-date=26 April 2019|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins ===<br /> The oldest object attesting to the existence of the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers), a cup, dates from 1618. The Abbots (presidents of the Council of the Brotherhood) are most often notables, members of the City Councils, lawyers, notaries or judges.<br /> <br /> At the end of the 18th century, the Brotherhood, which was then composed of bourgeois landowners, decided to reward the work of the most deserving winegrowers. While at that time it was more common to reprimand negligent and lazy people, they decided to value the efforts made to improve farming methods. Experts of the Brotherhood note, judge and classify the winegrowers. Thus was to be born a ceremony of coronation of the best workers who is at the origin of the celebration. It then took place in the form of a procession. <br /> <br /> In 1797, on the Place du Marché in [[Vevey]], a platform with two thousand seats was erected. Under the chairmanship of Abbot-President Louis Levade, this first show was held on August 9, 1797.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/1797-fete-succede-parade/story/24509569&lt;/ref&gt; In order to enhance the ceremony, a show is created consisting of a procession and a theatrical performance divided into four seasons presided over by the pagan deities, [[Pales]], [[Bacchus]] and [[Ceres]].<br /> <br /> === 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> Due to the unrest of the [[Canton_of_Vaud#History|Vaudoise Revolution]], then the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the following years did not allow for a new celebration. It would take twenty-two years, in 1819, for a new celebration to be organized. The cycle is now created. The 1819 celebration took place from August 5 to 6 under the chairmanship of the same Abbot-President as the previous one. About 730 actors and performers participated in a 2000-seat arena. As the [[canton of Vaud]] recently joined the [[Swiss Confederation|Confederation]], the theme of this first 19th century celebration glorifies tradition and patriotism (the &quot;[[Ranz des vaches]]&quot; is sung for the first time).<br /> <br /> The third Fête des vignerons took place from 8 to 9 August 1833 under the direction of Abbot-President Vincent Doret. About 780 actors and performers participated in a 4000-seat arena under the direction of dance master David Constantin, on a music written by Samuel Glady (in addition to songs from the traditional repertoire, this edition is the first to feature an original composition) and in costumes designed by Theophile Steinlen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=8 - 9 août 1833 : La Fête pour une nouveau public|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1833-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1851, the fourth Fête des vignerons was held from 7 to 8 August under the direction of the Abbot-President François Déjoux. It is the first celebration whose music is entirely composed for the occasion (by François Grast) and thus forms a stylistic unity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=7 - 8 août 1851 : Une partition originale pour la Fête des vignerons|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1851-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 900 actors and performers participate in an 8,000-seat arena under the direction of the director Benjamin Archinard. This is the first time that the ''Ancients Swiss'' troop, previously intended to supervise the procession, marched.<br /> <br /> It is also François Grast who composed the music for the next Fête des vignerons, which took place from 26 to 27 July 1865 and was conducted by the Abbot-President Louis Bonjour. About 1200 actors and performers participated in a 10,500-seat arena under the direction of the dancing master Benjamin Archinard, as at the previous festival, and Pierre Lacaze (costumes and staging). As the celebration grew, it was in deficit and had to rely on a public subscription for one third of its budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=26 - 27 juillet 1865 : Un financement de plus en plus difficile|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1865-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From August 5 to 9, 1889, the sixth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President (and former [[President of the Confederation]]) [[Paul Ceresole]]. On this occasion, the show is staged by Ernest Burnat on the music of Hugo de Senger and brings together 1379 actors and performers in a 12,000 seat arena. This is the first time that the [[Ranz des vaches]] has been performed by a soloist, Placid Curtat, and not by a choir of ''armaillis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=5, 6, 8 et 9 août 1889: L'Alpe au centre de la cité|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1889-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The highly acclaimed performance of the soloist shows the symbolic function of this song in the festival and establishes the close link between [[Vevey]] and the heights of the [[Veveyse District]] and the [[Gruyère District]].<br /> <br /> === 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> The seventh Fête des vignerons took place from August 4 to 9, 1905. Under the direction of the Abbot-President, the radical national councillor Emile Gaudard, it was directed by René Morax (also author of the libretto) on music composed by [[Gustave Doret]]. It is the first celebration to owe its booklet to only one person and is distinguished from the previous ones by the fact that the procession becomes a secondary element. It is also the first celebration not to restrict the participation of women and girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=4, 5, 7, 8 et 9 août 1905: Un jeu unifié|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1905-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1,800 actors and performers participated in an arena with 12,500 seats.<br /> <br /> From August 1 to 9, 1927, the eighth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the same Abbot-President as the previous one, Emile Gaudard, then Switzerland's delegate to the [[League of Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=Patrie et festival|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=swo-001:1927:0::1204|site=The Swiss Observer|périodique=|date=3 septembre 1927|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production is directed by Edouard Vierne (René Morax declined the invitation), replaced by A. Durec a few weeks before the event, while the music is composed as at the previous celebration by [[Gustave Doret]] and the libretto by [[Pierre Girard]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1er - 9 août 1927: Le repli esthétique|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1927-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 2,000 performers participated, gathered in a 14,000-seat arena inspired by a medieval city surrounded by a wall and towers.<br /> <br /> In 1955, the Fête des vignerons took place from August 1 to 15 under the direction of the Abbot-President David Dénéréaz. In a context of increasing entertainment possibilities, barely a decade after the end of the [[Second World War]], the organisation became more professional: it was the first festival to have an international focus,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1er - 14 août 1955 : Le légendaire messager conquiert la Suisse|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1955-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; more than doubling its capacity compared to the previous one (the first performances were not entirely complete, but additional ones were organised following their success). The show was directed by Oscar Eberlé on a music by Carlo Hemmerling and a libretto by Géo H. Blanc. 3,850 performers participated in a 16,000-seat arena. The 1955 edition was the first to organize night performances.<br /> <br /> From July 30 to August 14, 1977, the tenth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President Philippe Dénéréaz. It was directed by Charles Apothéloz on a music by Jean Balissat and a libretto by Henri Debluë. The sets and costumes were designed by Jean Monod. 4,250 performers participated in a 15,776-seat arena organized around a large solar clock with four cardinal points indicating the four seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=30 juillet - 14 août 1977: La symbolique chrétienne|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1977-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1999 Winegrowers' Festival took place from July 29 to August 15. Presided over by the Abbot-President Marc-Henri Chaudet, it was directed by François Rochaix on a music by Jean-François Bovard, Michel Hostettler and Jost Meier. The booklet was signed by François Debluë while Jean-Claude Maret directed the scenography and Catherine Zuber the costumes. The show featured &quot;Arlevin&quot;, a winemaker representing the crowned winemakers (the coronation only took place during the first performance).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1999: &quot;Amour et joie&quot; sur la Grande place et dans la ville|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1999-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5,050 performers (including 670 squires) participated in a 16,000-seat arena. On August 11, the audience was able to see, during the show, the only [[Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999|total solar eclipse]] of the decade.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Models of amphitheatres from the second half of the 20th century&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1955.JPG|1955<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1977.JPG|1977<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1999.JPG|1999<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> On December 1st, 2016, the Fête des Vignerons is added to [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]]. It is the first Swiss tradition to be included.<br /> <br /> From July 18 to August 11, 2019, takes place the twelfth Fête des vignerons. It is presided by President-Abbot François Margot&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/L-equipe-de-la-Fete-des-Vignerons-2019-est-connue/story/19580269 L'équipe de la Fête des Vignerons 2019 est connue], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; and is directed by [[Daniele Finzi Pasca]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://laliberte.ch/l-info-regionale/le-concepteur-de-la-fete-des-vignerons-2019-a-ete-designe Le concepteur de la Fête des Vignerons a été designé], on LaLiberte.ch&lt;/ref&gt; The music is composed by Jérôme Berney, Maria Bonzanigo and Valentin Villard, while the libretto is the work of Stéphane Blok and Blaise Hofmann. The scenography is directed by Hugo Gargiulo,&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/Une-arene-digne-des-jeux-du-cirque-pour-la-Fete-des-Vignerons/story/24990896 Un nouveau scénographe annoncé lors de la présentation de l'arène], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; the choreography is provided by Bryn Walters and the costumes designed by Giovanna Buzzi. Among the approximately 6,000 actors and performers, there are nearly 1,000 singers (local choirs, choir-percussionists, children)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/fete-des-vignerons/supplements/supplement-6/churs-voix-vigne/story/12275854 Les chœurs, voix de la vigne], on 24heures.ch, Octobre 12, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; conducted by Caroline Meyer and Céline Grandjean&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/Le-Choeur-de-la-Fete-bat-deux-fois-au-feminin/story/13688378 Fête des Vignerons: Le Chœur de la Fête bat deux fois au féminin], on 24heures.ch, March 28, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; in an arena of 20,000 seats.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rts.ch/info/regions/vaud/8485066-la-future-fete-des-vignerons-de-2019-devoile-son-arene-de-20-000-places.html La future Fête des vignerons de 2019 dévoile son arène de 20 000 places], on rts.ch.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fete Des Vignerons}}<br /> [[Category:Vevey]]<br /> [[Category:1797 establishments in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century establishments in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Swiss wine]]<br /> [[Category:Wine-related events]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Vaud]]<br /> [[Category:Food and drink festivals in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Wine festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals established in 1797]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=894283856 Fête des Vignerons 2019-04-26T20:58:41Z <p>SlvrKy: /* 20th century */</p> <hr /> <div>{{coord|46|28|N|6|51|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox intangible heritage<br /> | Image = [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1905.jpg|200px]]<br /> | Caption = Fête des Vignerons poster, 1905<br /> | ICH = Fête des Vignerons<br /> | State Party = Switzerland<br /> | Domains = <br /> | Criteria = <br /> | ID = 01201<br /> | Region = Europe<br /> | Year = 2016<br /> | Session = <br /> | List = Representative<br /> | Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winegrowers-festival-in-vevey-01201<br /> | Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]]<br /> | Note = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Fête des Vignerons''' (Winegrowers’ Festival) is a traditional festival which takes place in [[Vevey]], in [[Switzerland]].<br /> <br /> It has been organised by the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers) in Vevey since 1797. The organising committee is free to choose how often the festival takes place, but the maximum number of times is five times in a century. Up to now, the interval between two festivals has varied between 14 and 28 years. The next festival will take place in 2019, which will be 20 years after the preceding one (1999).<br /> <br /> The festival features a show celebrating the world of winemaking; many performances take place in the market place near the shore of [[Lake Geneva]], and festivities also take place in the town itself. Since 2016, the Fête des Vignerons has been included in [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}} See also: {{cite web|title=UNESCO Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 11.COM 10.B.32|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions/11.COM/10.B.32|website=UNESCO|access-date=26 April 2019|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins ===<br /> The oldest object attesting to the existence of the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers), a cup, dates from 1618. The Abbots (presidents of the Council of the Brotherhood) are most often notables, members of the City Councils, lawyers, notaries or judges.<br /> <br /> At the end of the 18th century, the Brotherhood, which was then composed of bourgeois landowners, decided to reward the work of the most deserving winegrowers. While at that time it was more common to reprimand negligent and lazy people, they decided to value the efforts made to improve farming methods. Experts of the Brotherhood note, judge and classify the winegrowers. Thus was to be born a ceremony of coronation of the best workers who is at the origin of the celebration. It then took place in the form of a procession. <br /> <br /> In 1797, on the Place du Marché in [[Vevey]], a platform with two thousand seats was erected. Under the chairmanship of Abbot-President Louis Levade, this first show was held on August 9, 1797.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/1797-fete-succede-parade/story/24509569&lt;/ref&gt; In order to enhance the ceremony, a show is created consisting of a procession and a theatrical performance divided into four seasons presided over by the pagan deities, [[Pales]], [[Bacchus]] and [[Ceres]].<br /> <br /> === 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> Due to the unrest of the [[Canton_of_Vaud#History|Vaudoise Revolution]], then the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the following years did not allow for a new celebration. It would take twenty-two years, in 1819, for a new celebration to be organized. The cycle is now created. The 1819 celebration took place from August 5 to 6 under the chairmanship of the same Abbot-President as the previous one. About 730 actors and performers participated in a 2000-seat arena. As the [[canton of Vaud]] recently joined the [[Swiss Confederation|Confederation]], the theme of this first 19th century celebration glorifies tradition and patriotism (the &quot;[[Ranz des vaches]]&quot; is sung for the first time).<br /> <br /> The third Fête des vignerons took place from 8 to 9 August 1833 under the direction of Abbot-President Vincent Doret. About 780 actors and performers participated in a 4000-seat arena under the direction of dance master David Constantin, on a music written by Samuel Glady (in addition to songs from the traditional repertoire, this edition is the first to feature an original composition) and in costumes designed by Theophile Steinlen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=8 - 9 août 1833 : La Fête pour une nouveau public|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1833-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1851, the fourth Fête des vignerons was held from 7 to 8 August under the direction of the Abbot-President François Déjoux. It is the first celebration whose music is entirely composed for the occasion (by François Grast) and thus forms a stylistic unity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=7 - 8 août 1851 : Une partition originale pour la Fête des vignerons|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1851-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 900 actors and performers participate in an 8,000-seat arena under the direction of the director Benjamin Archinard. This is the first time that the ''Ancients Swiss'' troop, previously intended to supervise the procession, marched.<br /> <br /> It is also François Grast who composed the music for the next Fête des vignerons, which took place from 26 to 27 July 1865 and was conducted by the Abbot-President Louis Bonjour. About 1200 actors and performers participated in a 10,500-seat arena under the direction of the dancing master Benjamin Archinard, as at the previous festival, and Pierre Lacaze (costumes and staging). As the celebration grew, it was in deficit and had to rely on a public subscription for one third of its budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=26 - 27 juillet 1865 : Un financement de plus en plus difficile|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1865-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From August 5 to 9, 1889, the sixth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President (and former [[President of the Confederation]]) [[Paul Ceresole]]. On this occasion, the show is staged by Ernest Burnat on the music of Hugo de Senger and brings together 1379 actors and performers in a 12,000 seat arena. This is the first time that the [[Ranz des vaches]] has been performed by a soloist, Placid Curtat, and not by a choir of ''armaillis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=5, 6, 8 et 9 août 1889: L'Alpe au centre de la cité|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1889-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The highly acclaimed performance of the soloist shows the symbolic function of this song in the festival and establishes the close link between [[Vevey]] and the heights of the [[Veveyse District]] and the [[Gruyère District]].<br /> <br /> === 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> The seventh Fête des vignerons took place from August 4 to 9, 1905. Under the direction of the Abbot-President, the radical national councillor Emile Gaudard, it was directed by René Morax (also author of the libretto) on music composed by [[Gustave Doret]]. It is the first celebration to owe its booklet to only one person and is distinguished from the previous ones by the fact that the procession becomes a secondary element. It is also the first celebration not to restrict the participation of women and girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=4, 5, 7, 8 et 9 août 1905: Un jeu unifié|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1905-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1,800 actors and performers participated in an arena with 12,500 seats.<br /> <br /> From August 1 to 9, 1927, the eighth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the same Abbot-President as the previous one, Emile Gaudard, then Switzerland's delegate to the [[League of Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=Patrie et festival|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=swo-001:1927:0::1204|site=The Swiss Observer|périodique=|date=3 septembre 1927|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production is directed by Edouard Vierne (René Morax declined the invitation), replaced by A. Durec a few weeks before the event, while the music is composed as at the previous celebration by [[Gustave Doret]] and the libretto by [[Pierre Girard]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1er - 9 août 1927: Le repli esthétique|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1927-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 2,000 performers participated, gathered in a 14,000-seat arena inspired by a medieval city surrounded by a wall and towers.<br /> <br /> In 1955, the Fête des vignerons took place from August 1 to 15 under the direction of the Abbot-President David Dénéréaz. In a context of increasing entertainment possibilities, barely a decade after the end of the [[Second World War]], the organisation became more professional: it was the first festival to have an international focus,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1er - 14 août 1955 : Le légendaire messager conquiert la Suisse|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1955-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; more than doubling its capacity compared to the previous one (the first performances were not entirely complete, but additional ones were organised following their success). The show was directed by Oscar Eberlé on a music by Carlo Hemmerling and a libretto by Géo H. Blanc. 3,850 performers participated in a 16,000-seat arena. The 1955 edition was the first to organize night performances.<br /> <br /> From July 30 to August 14, 1977, the tenth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President Philippe Dénéréaz. It was directed by Charles Apothéloz on a music by Jean Balissat and a libretto by Henri Debluë. The sets and costumes were designed by Jean Monod. 4,250 performers participated in a 15,776-seat arena organized around a large solar clock with four cardinal points indicating the four seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=30 juillet - 14 août 1977: La symbolique chrétienne|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1977-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1999 Winegrowers' Festival took place from July 29 to August 15. Presided over by the Abbot-President Marc-Henri Chaudet, it was directed by François Rochaix on a music by Jean-François Bovard, Michel Hostettler and Jost Meier. The booklet was signed by François Debluë while Jean-Claude Maret directed the scenography and Catherine Zuber the costumes. The show featured &quot;Arlevin&quot;, a winemaker representing the crowned winemakers (the coronation only took place during the first performance).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1999: &quot;Amour et joie&quot; sur la Grande place et dans la ville|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1999-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5,050 performers (including 670 squires) participated in a 16,000-seat arena. On August 11, the audience was able to see, during the show, the only [[Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999|total solar eclipse]] of the decade.<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180&quot; caption=&quot;Models of amphitheatres from the second half of the 20th century&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1955.JPG|1955<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1977.JPG|1977<br /> File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - maquette de l'amphithéâtre de 1999.JPG|1999<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> On December 1st, 2016, the Fête des Vignerons is added to [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]]. It is the first Swiss tradition to be included.<br /> <br /> From July 18 to August 11, 2019, takes place the twelfth Fête des vignerons. It is presided by President-Abbot François Margot&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/L-equipe-de-la-Fete-des-Vignerons-2019-est-connue/story/19580269 L'équipe de la Fête des Vignerons 2019 est connue], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; and is directed by [[Daniele Finzi Pasca]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://laliberte.ch/l-info-regionale/le-concepteur-de-la-fete-des-vignerons-2019-a-ete-designe Le concepteur de la Fête des Vignerons a été designé], on LaLiberte.ch&lt;/ref&gt; The music is composed by Jérôme Berney, Maria Bonzanigo and Valentin Villard, while the libretto is the work of Stéphane Blok and Blaise Hofmann. The scenography is directed by Hugo Gargiulo,&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/Une-arene-digne-des-jeux-du-cirque-pour-la-Fete-des-Vignerons/story/24990896 Un nouveau scénographe annoncé lors de la présentation de l'arène], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; the choreography is provided by Bryn Walters and the costumes designed by Giovanna Buzzi. Among the approximately 6,000 actors and performers, there are nearly 1,000 singers (local choirs, choir-percussionists, children)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/fete-des-vignerons/supplements/supplement-6/churs-voix-vigne/story/12275854 Les chœurs, voix de la vigne], on 24heures.ch, Octobre 12, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; conducted by Caroline Meyer and Céline Grandjean&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/Le-Choeur-de-la-Fete-bat-deux-fois-au-feminin/story/13688378 Fête des Vignerons: Le Chœur de la Fête bat deux fois au féminin], on 24heures.ch, March 28, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; in an arena of 20,000 seats.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rts.ch/info/regions/vaud/8485066-la-future-fete-des-vignerons-de-2019-devoile-son-arene-de-20-000-places.html La future Fête des vignerons de 2019 dévoile son arène de 20 000 places], on rts.ch.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fete Des Vignerons}}<br /> [[Category:Vevey]]<br /> [[Category:1797 establishments in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century establishments in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Swiss wine]]<br /> [[Category:Wine-related events]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Vaud]]<br /> [[Category:Food and drink festivals in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Wine festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals established in 1797]]</div> SlvrKy https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%AAte_des_Vignerons&diff=894283346 Fête des Vignerons 2019-04-26T20:54:17Z <p>SlvrKy: /* 21st century */</p> <hr /> <div>{{coord|46|28|N|6|51|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox intangible heritage<br /> | Image = [[File:Vevey - fête des vignerons - affiche de 1905.jpg|200px]]<br /> | Caption = Fête des Vignerons poster, 1905<br /> | ICH = Fête des Vignerons<br /> | State Party = Switzerland<br /> | Domains = <br /> | Criteria = <br /> | ID = 01201<br /> | Region = Europe<br /> | Year = 2016<br /> | Session = <br /> | List = Representative<br /> | Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winegrowers-festival-in-vevey-01201<br /> | Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]]<br /> | Note = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Fête des Vignerons''' (Winegrowers’ Festival) is a traditional festival which takes place in [[Vevey]], in [[Switzerland]].<br /> <br /> It has been organised by the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers) in Vevey since 1797. The organising committee is free to choose how often the festival takes place, but the maximum number of times is five times in a century. Up to now, the interval between two festivals has varied between 14 and 28 years. The next festival will take place in 2019, which will be 20 years after the preceding one (1999).<br /> <br /> The festival features a show celebrating the world of winemaking; many performances take place in the market place near the shore of [[Lake Geneva]], and festivities also take place in the town itself. Since 2016, the Fête des Vignerons has been included in [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La Fête des vignerons de Vevey (UNESCO description)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-fete-des-vignerons-de-vevey-01201|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 November 2017|publication-date=}} See also: {{cite web|title=UNESCO Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 11.COM 10.B.32|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions/11.COM/10.B.32|website=UNESCO|access-date=26 April 2019|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Origins ===<br /> The oldest object attesting to the existence of the Confrérie des Vignerons (Brotherhood of Winegrowers), a cup, dates from 1618. The Abbots (presidents of the Council of the Brotherhood) are most often notables, members of the City Councils, lawyers, notaries or judges.<br /> <br /> At the end of the 18th century, the Brotherhood, which was then composed of bourgeois landowners, decided to reward the work of the most deserving winegrowers. While at that time it was more common to reprimand negligent and lazy people, they decided to value the efforts made to improve farming methods. Experts of the Brotherhood note, judge and classify the winegrowers. Thus was to be born a ceremony of coronation of the best workers who is at the origin of the celebration. It then took place in the form of a procession. <br /> <br /> In 1797, on the Place du Marché in [[Vevey]], a platform with two thousand seats was erected. Under the chairmanship of Abbot-President Louis Levade, this first show was held on August 9, 1797.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/1797-fete-succede-parade/story/24509569&lt;/ref&gt; In order to enhance the ceremony, a show is created consisting of a procession and a theatrical performance divided into four seasons presided over by the pagan deities, [[Pales]], [[Bacchus]] and [[Ceres]].<br /> <br /> === 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> Due to the unrest of the [[Canton_of_Vaud#History|Vaudoise Revolution]], then the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the following years did not allow for a new celebration. It would take twenty-two years, in 1819, for a new celebration to be organized. The cycle is now created. The 1819 celebration took place from August 5 to 6 under the chairmanship of the same Abbot-President as the previous one. About 730 actors and performers participated in a 2000-seat arena. As the [[canton of Vaud]] recently joined the [[Swiss Confederation|Confederation]], the theme of this first 19th century celebration glorifies tradition and patriotism (the &quot;[[Ranz des vaches]]&quot; is sung for the first time).<br /> <br /> The third Fête des vignerons took place from 8 to 9 August 1833 under the direction of Abbot-President Vincent Doret. About 780 actors and performers participated in a 4000-seat arena under the direction of dance master David Constantin, on a music written by Samuel Glady (in addition to songs from the traditional repertoire, this edition is the first to feature an original composition) and in costumes designed by Theophile Steinlen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=8 - 9 août 1833 : La Fête pour une nouveau public|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1833-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1851, the fourth Fête des vignerons was held from 7 to 8 August under the direction of the Abbot-President François Déjoux. It is the first celebration whose music is entirely composed for the occasion (by François Grast) and thus forms a stylistic unity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=7 - 8 août 1851 : Une partition originale pour la Fête des vignerons|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1851-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 900 actors and performers participate in an 8,000-seat arena under the direction of the director Benjamin Archinard. This is the first time that the ''Ancients Swiss'' troop, previously intended to supervise the procession, marched.<br /> <br /> It is also François Grast who composed the music for the next Fête des vignerons, which took place from 26 to 27 July 1865 and was conducted by the Abbot-President Louis Bonjour. About 1200 actors and performers participated in a 10,500-seat arena under the direction of the dancing master Benjamin Archinard, as at the previous festival, and Pierre Lacaze (costumes and staging). As the celebration grew, it was in deficit and had to rely on a public subscription for one third of its budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=26 - 27 juillet 1865 : Un financement de plus en plus difficile|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1865-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From August 5 to 9, 1889, the sixth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President (and former [[President of the Confederation]]) [[Paul Ceresole]]. On this occasion, the show is staged by Ernest Burnat on the music of Hugo de Senger and brings together 1379 actors and performers in a 12,000 seat arena. This is the first time that the [[Ranz des vaches]] has been performed by a soloist, Placid Curtat, and not by a choir of ''armaillis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=5, 6, 8 et 9 août 1889: L'Alpe au centre de la cité|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1889-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The highly acclaimed performance of the soloist shows the symbolic function of this song in the festival and establishes the close link between [[Vevey]] and the heights of the [[Veveyse District]] and the [[Gruyère District]].<br /> <br /> === 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> The seventh Fête des vignerons took place from August 4 to 9, 1905. Under the direction of the Abbot-President, the radical national councillor Emile Gaudard, it was directed by René Morax (also author of the libretto) on music composed by [[Gustave Doret]]. It is the first celebration to owe its booklet to only one person and is distinguished from the previous ones by the fact that the procession becomes a secondary element. It is also the first celebration not to restrict the participation of women and girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=4, 5, 7, 8 et 9 août 1905: Un jeu unifié|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1905-2/|website=Confrérie des Vignerons|publication-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1,800 actors and performers participated in an arena with 12,500 seats.<br /> <br /> From August 1 to 9, 1927, the eighth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the same Abbot-President as the previous one, Emile Gaudard, then Switzerland's delegate to the [[League of Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=Patrie et festival|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=swo-001:1927:0::1204|site=The Swiss Observer|périodique=|date=3 septembre 1927|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production is directed by Edouard Vierne (René Morax declined the invitation), replaced by A. Durec a few weeks before the event, while the music is composed as at the previous celebration by [[Gustave Doret]] and the libretto by [[Pierre Girard]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1er - 9 août 1927: Le repli esthétique|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1927-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 2,000 performers participated, gathered in a 14,000-seat arena inspired by a medieval city surrounded by a wall and towers.<br /> <br /> In 1955, the Fête des vignerons took place from August 1 to 15 under the direction of the Abbot-President David Dénéréaz. In a context of increasing entertainment possibilities, barely a decade after the end of the [[Second World War]], the organisation became more professional: it was the first festival to have an international focus,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1er - 14 août 1955 : Le légendaire messager conquiert la Suisse|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1955-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; more than doubling its capacity compared to the previous one (the first performances were not entirely complete, but additional ones were organised following their success). The show was directed by Oscar Eberlé on a music by Carlo Hemmerling and a libretto by Géo H. Blanc. 3,850 performers participated in a 16,000-seat arena. The 1955 edition was the first to organize night performances.<br /> <br /> From July 30 to August 14, 1977, the tenth Fête des vignerons was held under the direction of the Abbot-President Philippe Dénéréaz. It was directed by Charles Apothéloz on a music by Jean Balissat and a libretto by Henri Debluë. The sets and costumes were designed by Jean Monod. 4,250 performers participated in a 15,776-seat arena organized around a large solar clock with four cardinal points indicating the four seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=30 juillet - 14 août 1977: La symbolique chrétienne|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1977-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1999 Winegrowers' Festival took place from July 29 to August 15. Presided over by the Abbot-President Marc-Henri Chaudet, it was directed by François Rochaix on a music by Jean-François Bovard, Michel Hostettler and Jost Meier. The booklet was signed by François Debluë while Jean-Claude Maret directed the scenography and Catherine Zuber the costumes. The show featured &quot;Arlevin&quot;, a winemaker representing the crowned winemakers (the coronation only took place during the first performance).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=|titre=1999: &quot;Amour et joie&quot; sur la Grande place et dans la ville|url=https://www.confreriedesvignerons.ch/les-fetes/du-xviiie-a-nos-jours/1999-2/|site=Confrérie des Vignerons|périodique=|date=|consulté le=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5,050 performers (including 670 squires) participated in a 16,000-seat arena. On August 11, the audience was able to see, during the show, the only [[Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999|total solar eclipse]] of the decade.<br /> <br /> === 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century ===<br /> <br /> On December 1st, 2016, the Fête des Vignerons is added to [[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]]. It is the first Swiss tradition to be included.<br /> <br /> From July 18 to August 11, 2019, takes place the twelfth Fête des vignerons. It is presided by President-Abbot François Margot&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/L-equipe-de-la-Fete-des-Vignerons-2019-est-connue/story/19580269 L'équipe de la Fête des Vignerons 2019 est connue], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; and is directed by [[Daniele Finzi Pasca]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://laliberte.ch/l-info-regionale/le-concepteur-de-la-fete-des-vignerons-2019-a-ete-designe Le concepteur de la Fête des Vignerons a été designé], on LaLiberte.ch&lt;/ref&gt; The music is composed by Jérôme Berney, Maria Bonzanigo and Valentin Villard, while the libretto is the work of Stéphane Blok and Blaise Hofmann. The scenography is directed by Hugo Gargiulo,&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/Une-arene-digne-des-jeux-du-cirque-pour-la-Fete-des-Vignerons/story/24990896 Un nouveau scénographe annoncé lors de la présentation de l'arène], on 24heures.ch&lt;/ref&gt; the choreography is provided by Bryn Walters and the costumes designed by Giovanna Buzzi. Among the approximately 6,000 actors and performers, there are nearly 1,000 singers (local choirs, choir-percussionists, children)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/fete-des-vignerons/supplements/supplement-6/churs-voix-vigne/story/12275854 Les chœurs, voix de la vigne], on 24heures.ch, Octobre 12, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; conducted by Caroline Meyer and Céline Grandjean&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.24heures.ch/vaud-regions/riviera-chablais/Le-Choeur-de-la-Fete-bat-deux-fois-au-feminin/story/13688378 Fête des Vignerons: Le Chœur de la Fête bat deux fois au féminin], on 24heures.ch, March 28, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; in an arena of 20,000 seats.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rts.ch/info/regions/vaud/8485066-la-future-fete-des-vignerons-de-2019-devoile-son-arene-de-20-000-places.html La future Fête des vignerons de 2019 dévoile son arène de 20 000 places], on rts.ch.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fete Des Vignerons}}<br /> [[Category:Vevey]]<br /> [[Category:1797 establishments in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century establishments in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Swiss wine]]<br /> [[Category:Wine-related events]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Vaud]]<br /> [[Category:Food and drink festivals in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Wine festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals established in 1797]]</div> SlvrKy