Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Maria Raevskaia-Ivanova

2024-10-29T20:28:09Z

Solomialevlev:

{{Short description|Ukrainian artist (1840–1912)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maria Raevskaia-Ivanova
| image = Self-portrait of Maria Raevskaia-Ivanova.png
| caption = Self-portrait (1866)
| native_name = Раєвська-Іванова Марія Дмитрівна
| native_name_lang = uk
| birth_date = 1840
| birth_place = [[Izyumsky Uyezd]], [[Kharkov Governorate]]
| death_date = October 1912
| death_place = [[Kharkiv|Kharkov]]
| known_for = Painter, art teacher, first woman in the Russian Empire awarded the title of "Free Artist"
}}
[[File:Raevskaia1.jpg|thumb|325px|Rural Landscape (date unknown)]]
'''Maria Dmitriyvna Raevska-Ivanova''' (Ukrainian: Марія Дмитрівна Раєвська-Іванова; 1840, near Gavrilovka, [[Izyumsky Uyezd]], [[Kharkov Governorate]] – October 1912, in [[Kharkiv|Kharkov]]) was a Ukrainian painter and art teacher. In 1868, she became the first woman in the [[Russian Empire]] to be awarded the title of "Free Artist" by the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]].<ref name="B">[http://bibliomiste4ko.kharkiv.ua/publ/tvoe_misto/vidatni_ljudi_barvinkivshhini/40 Brief biography from "Famous People from Barvinkove"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716065215/http://bibliomiste4ko.kharkiv.ua/publ/tvoe_misto/vidatni_ljudi_barvinkivshhini/40 |date=2015-07-16 }} @ The Village Library.</ref>

== Biography ==
She was born to a family of landowners and was educated at home. Then, she studied abroad for five years in France, Italy and [[Dresden]], attending courses in [[ethnology]], archaeology, art history and linguistics in addition to her regular art classes.<ref name="B" />

When she returned in 1868, she passed the exam for "Free Artist" at the Imperial Academy and, the following year, settled in Kharkov, where she opened a private drawing and painting school<ref>{{Cite book |last=Natalia |first=Budanova |title=Women Artists to Victims of War – The First Exhibition of the Moscow Union of Women Painters and its Reception by the Contemporary Press |publisher=ARTL@S BULLETIN, Vol. 8, Issue 1 Spring 2019 |year=2019 |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kharkiv State Academy of Design and Fine Arts |url=https://ksada.org/1history-eng.html |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=ksada.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Lozhkina |first=Alisa |title=PERMANENT REVOLUTION - ART IN UKRAINE, THE 20th TO THE EARLY 21st CENTURY |publisher=ArtHuss |year=2020 |pages=55}}</ref> that provided free room and board for the poor. In 1872, Mariya Ivanova Rajevska received the title of Honorary Member of the Academy for the innovative methods she applied in her private studio, which won her pupils prizes at exhibitions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=LEITE |first=Tamires Moura Gonçalves |title=As estampas de Liubov Popova e Varvara Stepanova e o novo modo de vida soviético |publisher=UNIVIERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO ESCOLA DE ARTES, CIÊNCIAS E HUMANIDADES |year=2019 |location= |pages=26}}</ref> The school she founded was in operation for twenty-seven years and taught approximately 900 students, including [[Serhii Vasylkivsky]], [[Alexei Beketov]] and [[Konstantin Pervukhin]].<ref name="B" /><ref name=":0" /> At the All-Russia Exhibition of Drawing Schools, it bested the much more prestigious [[Stroganov Moscow State University of Arts and Industry|Stroganov School]].

In 1896, it became a public facility, operated by the city.<ref name=":1" /> Then, in 1912, it became the "[[Kharkiv State School of Art|Kharkov Art College]]"; a satellite school of the Imperial Academy, under the direction of [[Alexander Lubimov]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Davidich |first=T.F. |title=The significance and stylistic features of eclectic objects in the city of Kharkov |publisher=Technical Transactions, Vol. 4/2019 |pages=5–22}}</ref> During the [[Soviet Era]] it was a technical school and is now known as the "Kharkiv State Academy of Design and Arts".

In addition to her painting and teaching, she was the author of numerous articles and pamphlets on art instruction,<ref name="B" /> as well as a textbook, "The ABCs of Drawing for the Family and the School" (1879).

Her husband, {{ill|Sergei Alexandrovich|ru|Раевский, Сергей Александрович}}, was also a teacher and served on the Kharkov City Council. Her son, {{ill|Alexander Sergeyevich|ru|Раевский, Александр Сергеевич}}, was a technical engineer who helped design several familiar types of Russian locomotives.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Maria Raevskaia-Ivanova}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raevskaia-Ivanova, Maria}}
[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1912 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kharkiv Oblast]]
[[Category:People from Izyumsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Painters from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century Ukrainian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Ukrainian painters]]
[[Category:19th-century women artists from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Women painters from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century women painters]]
[[Category:19th-century women painters]]

Alexei Beketov

2024-10-29T20:26:34Z

Solomialevlev:

{{one source|date=September 2021}}
[[File:Beketov A.N. 2 1900th.jpg|thumb|200px|Alexei Beketov (1890s)]]
'''Oleksiy Mykolaovych Beketov''' ({{lang-uk|Олексій Миколайович Бекетов}}; 3 March 1862, [[Kharkiv]], [[Russian Empire]] — 23 November 1941, [[Kharkiv]], [[Ukrainian SSR]]) was a ukrainian architect, Honored Artist of [[Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Monument to a famous architect unveiled in Kharkiv |url=https://thekharkivtimes.com/2016/08/31/monument-to-a-famous-architect-unveiled-in-kharkiv/ |website=thekharkivtimes.com |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref> in the [[Classicism|Classical]] style. He was an honorary Professor at the [[Imperial Academy of Arts|St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts]] from 1894.

== Biography ==
Beketov was of [[Russian people|Russian ancestry]]; on his father's side he came from a Russian noble family with roots from the [[Penza Governorate]]. His mother Elena Beketova was born in [[St. Petersburg]]. Alexei Beketov was the son of [[Nikolay Beketov]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=БЕКЕТОВ ОЛЕКСІЙ МИКОЛАЙОВИЧ|url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Beketov_O|website=resource.history.org.ua|accessdate=2019-09-28|archive-date=29 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829133209/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Beketov_O}}</ref> a noted Professor of chemistry at the [[National University of Kharkiv|Imperial University of Kharkov]]. He studied at the local [[realschule]] and a private art school, operated by [[Maria Raevskaia-Ivanova]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1862 - народився Олексій Бекетов, архітектор |url=https://uinp.gov.ua/istorychnyy-kalendar/berezen/3/1862-narodyvsya-oleksiy-beketov-arhitektor |website=uinp.gov.ua |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref> In 1882, he enrolled in the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]], where he studied with [[David Grimm (architect)|David Grimm]] and {{ill|Кракау, Александр Иванович|ru|lt=Alexander Krakau}}; graduating in 1888 with a degree in architecture.
[[File:Beketow u wyszywanci.jpg|thumb|200px|Alexei Beketov in [[vyshyvanka]] (1900s)]]
During that same period, he worked with [[Maximilian Messmacher]] on several projects, including the palace of [[Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia|Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich]]. From 1890, he taught at the {{ill|Харьковский практический технологический институт|ru|lt=Kharkiv Practical Technological Institute}}.<ref name="давидович">T. F. Davidovich; [http://www.raasn.ru/public/academia_2018_2.pdf "Архитектор А. Н. Бекетов. Жизнь и творчество"] (Life and Works), In: ''Academia. Architecture and Construction'', 2018</ref> In 1894, he was awarded the title of "Academician" for his work on what is now known as the [[Kharkiv Korolenko State Scientific Library]].

He designed over one hundred buildings throughout the region, including approximately forty in Kharkhiv. Several large projects, including an opera house, were never realized due to [[World War I]] and the [[Russian Civil War]]. In addition to his architectural designs, he was an amateur artist. Many of his landscape paintings are in private collections. [[Alexey Dushkin]], {{ill|Лихтенберг, Яков Григорьевич|ru|lt=Yakov Lichtenberg}}, and [[Vasyl Krychevsky]] are some of his best-known students. He was married to Anna Alchevska (1868-1931), daughter of the industrialist, [[Aleksey Alchevsky]] and his wife, [[Khrystyna Alchevska|Khrystyna]], an advocate for national education.

In 1939, he was named an {{ill|Заслужений діяч мистецтв України|uk|lt=Honored Artist of Ukraine}}. He died in 1941, during the German occupation, aged seventy-nine. Streets in Kharkiv and [[Salavat, Russia|Salavat]] have been named after him. In 1995, a new subway station on the [[Kharkiv Metro]] was named the [[Arkhitektora Beketova (Kharkiv Metro)|Arkhitektora Beketova]]. Two monuments have been dedicated to him; at the {{ill|Харьковский национальный университет строительства и архитектуры|ru|lt=Kharkiv National University of Construction and Architecture}} (2007), and at the [[Kharkiv National Academy of Urban Economy]] (2016). His [[dacha]] in [[Alushta]] is now a museum.

==Selected buildings==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="175">
File:Mechnikov medical institute.jpg|{{ill|Інститут мікробіології і імунології імені І. І. Мечникова НАМН України|uk|lt=Mechnikov Medical Institute}}
File:Radiotehnikum (Kharkiv).jpg|{{ill|Харківський державний автотранспортний коледж|uk|lt=Kharkiv State Motor Transport College}}
File:Україна, Харків, пл. Конституції, 24 фото 1.JPG|{{ill|Харківський державний академічний театр ляльок імені В. А. Афанасьєва|uk|lt=Kharkhiv State Puppet Theatre}}
File:Жіноча гімназія, вул. Дарвіна, 13, Харків.JPG|Women's [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]]
</gallery>

==Legacy==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="175">
File:Platforma Beketova.jpg|Station [[Arkhitektora Beketova (Kharkiv Metro)|Arkhitektora Beketova]] on [[Kharkiv Metro]]
File:Kharkiv National University of Urban Economy after Russian rocket strike, 2023-02-05 (70).jpg|Monument to Beketov in Kharkiv unveiled in 2016. Kharkiv National University of Urban Economy after [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian rocket strike]], February 5, 2023
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080925155645/http://www.archvestnik.ru/ru/magazine/957 "The 145th Anniversary of the Birth of A. N. Beketov"] by Darya Dudushkina @ '' Архитектурный вестник'' (The Architectural Bulletin), 2007
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070819161840/http://kh.ura-inform.com/06.03.2007/448.html Detailed biography] by L. Rozvadovskaya @ URA-Inform
* [http://www.vecherniy.kharkov.ua/news/10082/ Biography] by D. Petrenko @ Вечерний Харьков
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130105122951/http://kharkovskij.ru/bankovskie-zdaniya-arxitektora-beketova/ Biography and photographs] by N. Khorobrykh @ Our Kharkhiv

==External links==
{{commons category|Alexei Beketov}}
* [http://kharkov.vbelous.net/famous/fam-art/beketov.htm "Архитектор Бекетов"], a brief biography and list of buildings @ the Kharkiv website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070404143830/http://alushta.crimea.ua/history/beketov.php "ДОМ-МУЗЕЙ АКАДЕМИКА АРХИТЕКТУРЫ А. Н. БЕКЕТОВА"] (The Beketov Museum) @ the Alushta website
* [[:ru:Файл:Архитектору Бекетову, памятник Харьков.jpg|Monument to Beketov]]© at the University of Construction and Architecture

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beketov, Alexei}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Ukrainian architects]]
[[Category:Soviet architects]]
[[Category:Imperial Academy of Arts alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kharkiv]]
[[Category:Architects from the Russian Empire]]

Aleksey Alchevsky

2024-10-29T20:20:11Z

Solomialevlev:

{{Short description|Ukrainian entrepreneur, philanthropist, and industrialist}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Алчевський Олексій Кирилович.jpg|thumb|Photo of Oleksiy Alchevsky in Kharkiv, 1901 by [[Alfred Fedetsky]]]]
[[File:Родина Алчевських 1880-ті.jpg|thumb|Alchevsky family]]
'''Oleksiy Kirillovich Alchevsky''' [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Олексій Кирилович Алчевський, [[Romanization of Ukrainian|romanized]]: ''Oleksii Kyrylovych Alchevskyi''; 1835, [[Sumy]], [[Russian Empire]] – 1901, [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]]) was a Ukrainian entrepreneur, philanthropist, and industrialist during the Russian empire. He was a pioneer in establishing the first finance group in [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and creator of several banks and industrial societies in [[Sloboda Ukraine]]. His role in the development of Russian industry was so important that in 1903 the city [[Alchevsk]] in [[Donbas]] (eastern [[Ukraine]]) was named in his honor.

==Biography==
Born in [[Sumy]], [[Kharkov Governorate]] ([[Sloboda Ukraine]]) in a family of small grocery merchant held of [[Sloboda Ukraine]] cossacks, Alchevsky graduated the [[Sumy County School]] and in 1862 moved to [[Kharkiv]]. During his young age, he was interested in left populist ideas, poetry of [[Taras Shevchenko]] and belonged to [[Hromada (secret society)|Hromada]] movement. While keeping own tea store, Alchevsky continued self-education.

During the so-called banking fever in Russia at the end of 1860s and beginning of 1870s, Alchevsky became initiator in creating the Kharkov Mutual Society (1866). Later in 1868 as a merchant of the 2nd Guild he became one of the founders of the Kharkov Trade Bank with principal capital of 500,000 rubles becoming the third commerce bank in Russia after the [[Saint Petersburg Private Commerce Bank]] and the [[Moscow Merchant Bank]]. In 1871 Alchevsky as a merchant of the 1st Guild became one of founders (along with [[Ivan Vernadsky]], a father of [[Vladimir Vernadsky|Volodymyr Vernadsky]]) of the first in the country mortgage lending bank, the Kharkov Land Bank with principal capital of 1,000,000 rubles. Alchevsky was a chairman of the bank until his death in 1901.

In 1879 Alchevsky established the [[Alekseyevskoye Mining Society]] (principal capital 2,000,000 rubles) that possessed the richest deposits of [[anthracite]] coal in Slovianoserbsk county ([[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]]). In 1900 the company extracted some 45 million [[pood]]s of coal becoming the third company in [[Donbas]] for coal extraction by volume. Alchevsky also initiated construction of metallurgical factories of the Donets-Yuryevka Metallurgical Society (1895, principal capital 8 million rubles) near train station Yuryevka (today [[Komunarsk]] train station in [[Alchevsk]], [[Alchevsk Metallurgical Complex]])<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAlchevskMetallurgicalComplex.htm Alchevsk Metallurgical Complex] at the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]</ref> and the Russian Providence Society near [[Mariupol]] (today part of [[Illich Steel and Iron Works]]). By 1900 his fortune was reaching 30 million rubles.

In 1899 along with his wife [[Khrystyna Zhuravlyova]] he built the first monument to [[Taras Shevchenko]], however due to the anti-Ukrainian Russian policy the monument-[[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] was established at a backyard of their personal mansion (built by [[Alexei Beketov]]) on Mironosytsky provulok (today vulytsia Zhon Myronosyts') in [[Kharkiv]]. The monument was created out of white marble by the Russian sculptor [[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Beklemishev|Vladimir Beklemishev]]. After the death of Aleksey Alchevsky the mansion was sold out and the fate of the monument is unknown.

After failing to obtain financial help from the Ministry of Finance during the 1899-1902 economic crisis, Alchevsky [[rail suicide|jumped under a train]] on 20 May 1901 at the [[Tsarskoselsky railway station]] in [[Saint Petersburg]].

==Family==
Alchevsky was married to an educator and [[pedagogue]] [[Khrystyna Zhuravlyova]]. They had several children.{{cn|date=May 2022}}
* [[Grigory Alchevsky]], a composer
* [[Khrystyna Alchevska]]
* [[Ivan Alchevsky]]
* Anna Alchevskaya
* Dmitry Alchevsky, a victim of [[Red Terror]] in Crimea
* Nikolay Alchevsky

==Legacy==
On petition of workers, in 1903 the Yuryevka train station and the workers settlement next to it were renamed into Alchevske (today's city of [[Alchevsk]]).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\A\L\AlchevskyOleksii.htm Oleksiy Alchevsky] at the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alchevsky, Oleksiy}}
[[Category:1835 births]]
[[Category:1901 suicides]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sumy]]
[[Category:People from Sumsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Hromada (society) members]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Bankers from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Alchevsk]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century philanthropists]]
[[Category:Suicides by train]]
[[Category:Suicides in the Russian Empire]]

Kharkov Governorate

2024-10-29T20:12:23Z

Solomialevlev:

{{Short description|1765–1925 unit of Russia in present day Ukraine}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2012}}
{{For|the division of Ukraine 1918–25|Kharkiv Governorate}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kharkov Governorate Sloboda Ukraine Governorate (1765–80, 1796–1835)
| native_name = Харьковская губерния Слободско-Украинская губерния
| native_name_lang = ru
| settlement_type = [[Governorate (Russia)|Governorate]]
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Kharkov Governorate 1887.svg
| image_map = Kharkov in Russian Empire (1914).svg
| mapsize = 225px
| map_caption = Location in the Russian Empire
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Russian Empire]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1835
| extinct_title = Abolished
| extinct_date = 1925
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Kharkiv|Kharkov]]
| area_total_km2 = 54493
| population_as_of = 1897
| population_total = 2,492,316
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 14.74%
| population_rural = 85.26%
| total_type = Total
}}
'''Kharkiv Governorate'''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ru|Харьковская губерния, [[Reforms of Russian orthography#Post-revolution reform|pre-1918]]: Харьковская губернія, [[Romanization of Russian|romanized:]] Khar'kovskaya guberniya}}|{{Langx|uk|Харківська губернія|Kharkivsʼka huberniia}}}}}} was an administrative-territorial unit (''[[guberniya]]'') of the [[Russian Empire]] founded in 1835. It embraced the historical region of [[Sloboda Ukraine]]. From 1765 to 1780 and from 1796 to 1835 the governorate was called '''Sloboda Ukraine Governorate'''. In 1780–1796 there existed the '''Kharkov Vicegerency''' ({{langx|uk|намісництво|namisnytstvo}}; {{langx|ru|намесничество|namestnichestvo}}).<ref name="z737">{{cite web |title=Vicegerency |work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CI%5CVicegerency.htm |access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref>

From 1765 to 1780, the Sloboda Ukraine Governorate existed. In 1780, the Kharkov Viceroyalty was established and lasted until 1796. In 1835, the Viceroyalty was again reorganized into the Sloboda-Ukrainian Governorate, and from 1835 onwards, the Kharkov Governorate was formed, which existed until 1925. With each reorganization, the boundaries and administrative structure change significantly. The main state tax implementation, processing, and publishing of statistical information for the Kharkov governorate was the Kharkov Governorate Statistical Committee.

[[File:Kharkov Governorate (1913).png|thumb|Kharkov Governorate administrative divisions in 1913]]

== History ==

=== Sloboda Ukraine Governorate (1765–1780) ===

After the [[abolition of the Cossack system in Sloboda Ukraine]], '''Sloboda Ukraine Governorate''' was set up in 1765 on the former territory of the Sloboda Cossack regiments, with its capital in [[Kharkiv]] (historically known as Kharkov). The dissolved regiments were [[Kharkiv Regiment]], [[Sumy Regiment]], [[Okhtyrka Regiment]], [[Izium Regiment]], and [[Ostrogozhsk Regiment]].<ref name="eou sloboda">{{Cite web |title=Slobidska Ukraine gubernia |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CL%5CSlobidskaUkrainegubernia.htm |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref>

=== Kharkov Viceroyalty (1780–1796) ===

In 1780, Sloboda Ukraine Governorate was dissolved and reorganized into the '''Kharkov Viceroyalty'''<ref name="eou sloboda"/> in accordance with an April 25, 1780 decree signed by [[Catherine the Great]]. It was formed of the uezds of [[Akhtyrsky Uyezd]], [[Belopolsky Uyezd|Belopolsky]], [[Bogodukhovsky Uyezd]], [[Valkovsky Uyezd|Valkovsky]], [[Volchansky Uyezd]], [[Zolochevsky Uyezd|Zolochevsky]], [[Izyumsky Uyezd]], [[Krasnokutsky Uyezd|Krasnokutsky]], [[Lebedinsky Uyezd]], [[Miropolsky Uyezd|Miropolsky]], [[Nedrigailov Uyezd|Nedrigailovsky]], [[Sumsky Uyezd]], [[Kharkovsky Uyezd]], [[Khotmyzhsky Uyezd|Khotmyzhsky]], and [[Chuguevsky Uyezd|Chuguevsky]].

=== Sloboda Ukraine Governorate (1796–1835) ===

All [[viceroyalties of the Russian Empire]] were abolished in 1797, and replaced again by governorates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicegerency |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CI%5CVicegerency.htm |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref> As part of this reform, the Kharkov Viceroyalty was abolished in 1797, and the Sloboda Ukraine Governorate was re-established. It contained the former Kharkov Viceroyalty's territory, as well as several [[uyezd]]s from [[Voronezh Governorate]].<ref name="eou sloboda"/> It was divided into 10 uezds: [[Akhtyrsky Uyezd]], [[Bogodukhov uyezd|Bogodukhovsky]], [[Valkovsky Uyezd|Valkovsky]], [[Volchansky Uyezd]], [[Zmiev uyezd|Zmievsky]], [[Izyumsky Uyezd]], [[Kupyansky Uyezd]], [[Lebedinsky Uyezd]], [[Sumsky Uyezd]], and [[Kharkovsky Uyezd]].

=== Kharkov Governorate (1835–1917) ===
[[File:Kharkov guberniya.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Map of Kharkov Governorate in between 1890 and 1906]]

In 1835, Sloboda Ukraine Governorate was renamed to '''Kharkov Governorate'''. It consisted of [[Kharkov_Governorate#Uyezds_of_Kharkov_Governorate|eleven uyezds]].<ref name="eou kharkov_gub">{{Cite web |title=Kharkiv gubernia |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKharkivgubernia.htm |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref> In the same year, the Kharkov Governorate was incorporated to the [[Little Russian Governor-General]]. The Governor-residence General was originally in Poltava but has been in [[Kharkiv|Kharkov]] since 1837. By 1856, the governorate had grown to 13 counties, and the final administrative division had been established. Kharkov was the seat of the Orthodox [[Kharkov Diocese]] and the [[Kharkov Educational District]], as well as the judicial authority for the governorates of Kharkov, Kursk, Voronezh, Oryol, Yekaterinoslav, and Tambov, and the [[Kharkov Military District]] administration from 1864 to 1888.{{cn|date=October 2023}} The governorate's territory was excluded from the [[Pale of Settlement]]. Nevertheless, Jews were permitted to visit Kharkov during the fairs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eleven.co.il/article/14679 |title=Pales of Settlement |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia}}</ref>

The newspaper ''[[Kharkovskie Gubernskie Vedomosti]]'' was first published in 1838. The ''[[Zemstvo]]'' was founded as part of the Zemstvo reform. On {{OldStyleDate|February 21|1879|February 9}}, the terrorist [[Grigory Goldenberg]] assassinated Governor [[Dimitry Kropotkin|D. N. Kropotkin]]. General [[Mikhail Loris–Melikov|M. T. Loris-Melikov]] was appointed temporary governor-general of the Kharkov Governorate on April 7, 1879, and commanding officer of the Kharkov Military District on April 17, the same year.

[[File:Хар губ 1917 карта.jpg|270px|thumb|right|Kharkov Governorate in 1917]]

===Kharkiv Governorate (1918–1925)===
'''Kharkiv Governorate''' ({{langx|uk|Харківська губернія|translit=Kharkivska huberniia}}) was a governorate of Ukraine from 1918 to 1925. The region was re-established in 1918 as the Kharkov Governorate plus southern regions of [[Kursk Governorate]] and [[Voronezh Governorate]]. The governorate had international borders with the [[Don Republic]] to the east and the [[Soviet Russia]] to the north. During occupation by the [[Volunteer Army]] in 1919–1920, it was transformed into the Kharkov Oblast and expanded including several governorates. According to [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] historians, in 1920–1921, 57 [[Anti-Sovietism|anti-Bolshevik]] insurgent detachments operated on the territory of the governorate, the number of some of them reaching several hundreds.<ref name="vecherniy4023KG">{{in lang|ru}} [https://vecherniy.kharkov.ua/news/4023/ THE CITY OF THE REBELLIOUS], [[Vecherniy Kharkov]] (15 May 2006)</ref>

The Izyumsky and Starobelsky uezds of Kharkov Governorate were transferred to the newly established [[Donets Governorate|Donetsk Governorate]] in 1920. [[Zmiev uyezd|Zmiev uezd]] was split into Zmiev and [[Chuguev uyezd|Chuguevsky uezds]] in December 1919. The government of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] adopted a new system of administrative division of the republic's territory on March 7, 1923, by Decree of the Presidium of the [[All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee]] No. 315 of March 7, 1923. Okrugs and raions replaced uyezds and volosts. Instead of 10 uezds, the governorate was divided into 5 okrugs, as well as 227 volosts divided into 77 raions. Kharkov Governorate was divided into okrugs, according to the new administrative-territorial division system, [[Raion]]–[[Okrug]]–[[Governorate (Russia)|Governorate]]–Capital: [[Kharkov Okrug|Kharkov]] (24 raions), [[Bogodukhov Okrug|Bogodukhovsky]] (12 raions), [[Izyum Okrug|Izyumsky]] (11 raions), [[Kupyansk Okrug|Kupyansky]] (12 raions), and [[Sumy Okrug|Sumy]] (16 raions).

In 1924, it had a population of 2,728,400, of whom 20% lived in cities, and only 55% were [[Ukrainians]].<ref name="eou kharkov_gub"/>

=== Abolition (1925) ===
All of the Ukrainian SSR's governorates, including Kharkov, were abolished in June 1925, and the governorate's okrugs were transferred to the Ukrainian SSR's direct subordination (with its capital in Kharkiv). Based on a decision of the [[9th All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets]], the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee signed a decree on June 3, 1925, establishing a new territorial division throughout the Ukrainian SSR based on the principle of a three-stage system of government (without governorates): [[Okrug]]–[[Raion]]–Capital.<ref name="avtossylka1">{{cite book| author = | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = История Харьковской епархии (1850-2013) | orig-year = | agency = | edition = 2-е |location= Харьков |date = 2020 |publisher= "Константа", ФЛП Панов |volume= | pages = 23| series = | isbn = 978-617-77-22-81-5| ref = История Харьковской епархии 2020}} прот. Матвеенко М </ref> [[Kharkiv Oblast]], which contains most of the territory of the former governorate, was formed in 1932.<ref name="eou kharkov_gub"/>

==Demographics==

===1897 Russian Census===
*By the Imperial census of 1897.<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php?reg=47 Language Statistics of 1897] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622080736/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php?reg=47 |date=2011-06-22 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref> In '''bold''' are languages spoken by more people than the state language.

{| align="center" class="wikitable plainlinks TablePager"
|+
! |Language
! |Number
! |percentage (%)
! |males
! |females
|-----
|'''[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]'''
|2 009 411
|80.62
|1 004 372
|1 005 039
|-----
|[[Russian language|Russian]]
|440 936
|17.69
|225 803
|215 133
|-----
|[[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]
|12 650
|0.5
|7 007
|5 643
|-----
|[[Belarusian language|White Russian]]
|10 258
|0.41
|4 936
|5 322
|-----
|[[German language|German]]
|9 080
|0.36
|4 504
|4 576
|-----
|[[Polish language|Polish]]
|5 910
|0.23
|4 056
|1 854
|-----
|[[Tatar language|Tatar]]
|1 358
|>0.1
|1 221
|137
|-----
|Persons that didn't name their native language
|44
|>0.01
|23
|21
|-----
|Other{{efn|Languages, number of speakers which in all gubernia were less than 1000}}
|2 669
|0.1
|1 700
|969
|-----
|Total
|2 492 316
|100
|1 253 759
|1 238 557
|+
|}

==Uyezds of Kharkov Governorate==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan=2| [[Uezd|County]] !! rowspan=2| County Town !! rowspan=2| Arms of County Town !! rowspan=2| Area !! rowspan=2| Population ([[Russian Empire Census|1897 census]])
|-
! [[Romanization of Russian|Transliteration name]] !! Russian Cyrillic
|-
| [[Akhtyrsky Uyezd|Akhtyrsky]] || Ахтырский || [[Okhtyrka|Akhtyrka]] || [[File:Akhtyrka COA (Kharkov Governorate) (1781).png|42px|center]] || {{convert|2778.69|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 161,243
|-
| [[Bogodukhovsky Uyezd|Bogodukhovsky]] || Богодуховский || [[Bohodukhiv|Bogodukhov]] || [[File:Bogodukhov COA (Kharkov Governorate) (1781).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|3224.32|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 159,806
|-
| [[Valkovsky Uyezd|Valkovsky]] || Валковский || [[Valky|Valki]] || [[File:Герб города Валки (1781).png|42px|center]] || {{convert|2842.87|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 144,322
|-
| [[Volchansky Uyezd|Volchansky]] || Волчанский || [[Vovchansk|Volchansk]] || [[File:Volchansk COA (Kharkov Governorate) (1781).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|3961.59|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 166,787
|-
| [[Zmiev Uyezd|Zmiev]] || Змиевской || [[Zmiiv|Zmiev]] || [[File:Герб Змиева (1803).png|42px|center]] || {{convert|5690.31|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 231,491
|-
| [[Izyumsky Uyezd|Izyumsky]] || Изюмский || [[Izium|Izyum]] || [[File:Герб Изюма.png|42px|center]] || {{convert|7315.16|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 280,474
|-
| [[Kupyansky Uyezd|Kupyansky]] || Купянский || [[Kupiansk|Kupyansk]] || [[File:Kupyansk COA (Kharkov Governorate) (1781).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|6908.03|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 234,182
|-
| [[Lebedinsky Uyezd|Lebedinsky]] || Лебединский || [[Lebedyn|Lebedin]] || [[File:Lebedyn-COA.PNG|42px|center]] || {{convert|3098.94|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 178,144
|-
| [[Starobelsky Uyezd|Starobelsky]] || Старобельский || [[Starobilsk|Starobelsk]] || [[File:Starobel 1804.gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|12343.65|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 359,285
|-
| [[Sumsky Uyezd|Sumsky]] || Сумской || [[Sumy]] || [[File:Sumy COA (Kharkov Governorate) (1781).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|3187.71|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 228,094
|-
| [[Kharkovsky Uyezd|Kharkovsky]] || Харьковский || [[Kharkiv|Kharkov]] || [[File:Kharkov COA (Kharkov Governorate) (1781).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|3306.07|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 348,488
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation |publisher = Russian Outlook |author=William Henry Beable |publication-date = 1919 |publication-place = London |title = Russian Gazetteer and Guide |via=Open Library |chapter= Governments or provinces of the Former Russian Empire: Kharkov |year=1919 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/russiangazetteer00beabiala#page/24/mode/2up }}

==External links==
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKharkivgubernia.htm Kharkiv Governorate] at the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]

{{Subdivisions of the Russian Empire}}
{{Okruhas of Ukraine}}
{{Governorates of Ukraine 1917-1921}}
{{Ukrainian historical regions}}

{{coord|50.0000|N|36.2292|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kharkov Governorate| ]]
[[Category:Governorates of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Governorates of Ukraine]]
[[Category:History of Kharkiv Oblast]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1780]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1918]]
[[Category:1780 establishments in the Russian Empire]]

{{Russia-hist-stub}}
{{Ukraine-hist-stub}}

Aleksey Alchevsky

2024-10-29T20:11:31Z

Solomialevlev:

{{Short description|Ukrainian entrepreneur, philanthropist, and industrialist}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Алчевський Олексій Кирилович.jpg|thumb|Photo of Oleksiy Alchevsky in Kharkiv, 1901 by [[Alfred Fedetsky]]]]
[[File:Родина Алчевських 1880-ті.jpg|thumb|Alchevsky family]]
'''Oleksiy Kirillovich Alchevsky''' [Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Олексій Кирилович Алчевський, [[Romanization of Ukrainian|romanized]]: ''Oleksyi Kyrylovych Alchevskyi''; 1835, [[Sumy]], [[Russian Empire]] – 1901, [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]]) was a Ukrainian entrepreneur, philanthropist, and industrialist during the Russian empire. He was a pioneer in establishing the first finance group in [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and creator of several banks and industrial societies in [[Sloboda Ukraine]]. His role in the development of Russian industry was so important that in 1903 the city [[Alchevsk]] in [[Donbas]] (eastern [[Ukraine]]) was named in his honor.

==Biography==
Born in [[Sumy]], [[Kharkiv Governorate]] ([[Sloboda Ukraine]]) in a family of small grocery merchant held of [[Sloboda Ukraine]] cossacks, Alchevsky graduated the [[Sumy County School]] and in 1862 moved to [[Kharkiv]]. During his young age, he was interested in left populist ideas, poetry of [[Taras Shevchenko]] and belonged to [[Hromada (secret society)|Hromada]] movement. While keeping own tea store, Alchevsky continued self-education.

During the so-called banking fever in Russia at the end of 1860s and beginning of 1870s, Alchevsky became initiator in creating the Kharkiv Mutual Society (1866). Later in 1868 as a merchant of the 2nd Guild he became one of the founders of the Kharkiv Trade Bank with principal capital of 500,000 rubles becoming the third commerce bank in Russia after the [[Saint Petersburg Private Commerce Bank]] and the [[Moscow Merchant Bank]]. In 1871 Alchevsky as a merchant of the 1st Guild became one of founders (along with [[Ivan Vernadsky]], a father of [[Vladimir Vernadsky|Volodymyr Vernadsky]]) of the first in the country mortgage lending bank, the Kharkiv Land Bank with principal capital of 1,000,000 rubles. Alchevsky was a chairman of the bank until his death in 1901.

In 1879 Alchevsky established the [[Alekseyevskoye Mining Society]] (principal capital 2,000,000 rubles) that possessed the richest deposits of [[anthracite]] coal in Slovianoserbsk county ([[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]]). In 1900 the company extracted some 45 million [[pood]]s of coal becoming the third company in [[Donbas]] for coal extraction by volume. Alchevsky also initiated construction of metallurgical factories of the Donets-Yuryevka Metallurgical Society (1895, principal capital 8 million rubles) near train station Yuryevka (today [[Komunarsk]] train station in [[Alchevsk]], [[Alchevsk Metallurgical Complex]])<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAlchevskMetallurgicalComplex.htm Alchevsk Metallurgical Complex] at the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]</ref> and the Russian Providence Society near [[Mariupol]] (today part of [[Illich Steel and Iron Works]]). By 1900 his fortune was reaching 30 million rubles.

In 1899 along with his wife [[Khrystyna Zhuravlyova]] he built the first monument to [[Taras Shevchenko]], however due to the anti-Ukrainian Russian policy the monument-[[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] was established at a backyard of their personal mansion (built by [[Olexyi Beketov]]) on Mironosytsky provulok (today vulytsya Zhon Myronosyts') in [[Kharkiv]]. The monument was created out of white marble by the Russian sculptor [[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Beklemishev|Vladimir Beklemishev]]. After the death of Oleksiy Alchevsky the mansion was sold out and the fate of the monument is unknown.

After failing to obtain financial help from the Ministry of Finance during the 1899-1902 economic crisis, Alchevsky [[rail suicide|jumped under a train]] on 20 May 1901 at the [[Tsarskoselsky railway station]] in [[Saint Petersburg]].

==Family==
Alchevsky was married to an educator and [[pedagogue]] [[Khrystyna Zhuravlyova]]. They had several children.{{cn|date=May 2022}}
* [[Grigory Alchevsky]], a composer
* [[Khrystyna Alchevska]]
* [[Ivan Alchevsky]]
* Anna Alchevskaya
* Dmitry Alchevsky, a victim of [[Red Terror]] in Crimea
* Nikolay Alchevsky

==Legacy==
On petition of workers, in 1903 the Yuryevka train station and the workers settlement next to it were renamed into Alchevske (today's city of [[Alchevsk]]).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\A\L\AlchevskyOleksii.htm Oleksiy Alchevsky] at the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alchevsky, Oleksiy}}
[[Category:1835 births]]
[[Category:1901 suicides]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sumy]]
[[Category:People from Sumsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Hromada (society) members]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Bankers from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Alchevsk]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century philanthropists]]
[[Category:Suicides by train]]
[[Category:Suicides in the Russian Empire]]

Aleksey Alchevsky

2024-10-29T20:09:33Z

Solomialevlev:

{{Short description|Ukrainian entrepreneur, philanthropist, and industrialist}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Алчевський Олексій Кирилович.jpg|thumb|Photo of Oleksiy Alchevsky in Kharkiv, 1901 by [[Alfred Fedetsky]]]]
[[File:Родина Алчевських 1880-ті.jpg|thumb|Alchevsky family]]
'''Oleksiy Kirillovich Alchevsky''' [Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Олексій Кирилович Алчевський, [[Romanization of Ukrainian|romanized]]: ''Oleksii Kyrylovych Alchevskyi''; 1835, [[Sumy]], [[Russian Empire]] – 1901, [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]]) was a Ukrainian entrepreneur, philanthropist, and industrialist during the Russian empire. He was a pioneer in establishing the first finance group in [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and creator of several banks and industrial societies in [[Sloboda Ukraine]]. His role in the development of Russian industry was so important that in 1903 the city [[Alchevsk]] in [[Donbas]] (eastern [[Ukraine]]) was named in his honor.

==Biography==
Born in [[Sumy]], [[Kharkiv Governorate]] ([[Sloboda Ukraine]]) in a family of small grocery merchant held of [[Sloboda Ukraine]] cossacks, Alchevsky graduated the [[Sumy County School]] and in 1862 moved to [[Kharkiv]]. During his young age, he was interested in left populist ideas, poetry of [[Taras Shevchenko]] and belonged to [[Hromada (secret society)|Hromada]] movement. While keeping own tea store, Alchevsky continued self-education.

During the so-called banking fever in Russia at the end of 1860s and beginning of 1870s, Alchevsky became initiator in creating the Kharkiv Mutual Society (1866). Later in 1868 as a merchant of the 2nd Guild he became one of the founders of the Kharkiv Trade Bank with principal capital of 500,000 rubles becoming the third commerce bank in Russia after the [[Saint Petersburg Private Commerce Bank]] and the [[Moscow Merchant Bank]]. In 1871 Alchevsky as a merchant of the 1st Guild became one of founders (along with [[Ivan Vernadsky]], a father of [[Vladimir Vernadsky|Volodymyr Vernadsky]]) of the first in the country mortgage lending bank, the Kharkiv Land Bank with principal capital of 1,000,000 rubles. Alchevsky was a chairman of the bank until his death in 1901.

In 1879 Alchevsky established the [[Alekseyevskoye Mining Society]] (principal capital 2,000,000 rubles) that possessed the richest deposits of [[anthracite]] coal in Slovianoserbsk county ([[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]]). In 1900 the company extracted some 45 million [[pood]]s of coal becoming the third company in [[Donbas]] for coal extraction by volume. Alchevsky also initiated construction of metallurgical factories of the Donets-Yuryevka Metallurgical Society (1895, principal capital 8 million rubles) near train station Yuryevka (today [[Komunarsk]] train station in [[Alchevsk]], [[Alchevsk Metallurgical Complex]])<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAlchevskMetallurgicalComplex.htm Alchevsk Metallurgical Complex] at the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]</ref> and the Russian Providence Society near [[Mariupol]] (today part of [[Illich Steel and Iron Works]]). By 1900 his fortune was reaching 30 million rubles.

In 1899 along with his wife [[Khrystyna Zhuravlyova]] he built the first monument to [[Taras Shevchenko]], however due to the anti-Ukrainian Russian policy the monument-[[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] was established at a backyard of their personal mansion (built by [[Olexyi Beketov]]) on Mironosytsky provulok (today vulytsya Zhon Myronosyts') in [[Kharkiv]]. The monument was created out of white marble by the Russian sculptor [[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Beklemishev|Vladimir Beklemishev]]. After the death of Oleksiy Alchevsky the mansion was sold out and the fate of the monument is unknown.

After failing to obtain financial help from the Ministry of Finance during the 1899-1902 economic crisis, Alchevsky [[rail suicide|jumped under a train]] on 20 May 1901 at the [[Tsarskoselsky railway station]] in [[Saint Petersburg]].

==Family==
Alchevsky was married to an educator and [[pedagogue]] [[Khrystyna Zhuravlyova]]. They had several children.{{cn|date=May 2022}}
* [[Grigory Alchevsky]], a composer
* [[Khrystyna Alchevska]]
* [[Ivan Alchevsky]]
* Anna Alchevskaya
* Dmitry Alchevsky, a victim of [[Red Terror]] in Crimea
* Nikolay Alchevsky

==Legacy==
On petition of workers, in 1903 the Yuryevka train station and the workers settlement next to it were renamed into Alchevske (today's city of [[Alchevsk]]).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\A\L\AlchevskyOleksii.htm Oleksiy Alchevsky] at the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alchevsky, Oleksiy}}
[[Category:1835 births]]
[[Category:1901 suicides]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sumy]]
[[Category:People from Sumsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Hromada (society) members]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Bankers from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Alchevsk]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century philanthropists]]
[[Category:Suicides by train]]
[[Category:Suicides in the Russian Empire]]

Aleksey Alchevsky

2024-10-29T20:05:40Z

Solomialevlev:

{{Short description|Ukrainian entrepreneur, philanthropist, and industrialist}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Алчевський Олексій Кирилович.jpg|thumb|Photo of Oleksiy Alchevsky in Kharkiv, 1901 by [[Alfred Fedetsky]]]]
[[File:Родина Алчевських 1880-ті.jpg|thumb|Alchevsky family]]
'''Oleksiy Kirillovich Alchevsky''' [Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Олексій Кирилович Алчевський, [[Romanization of Ukrainian|romanized]]: ''Oleksii Kyrylovych Alchevskyi''; 1835, [[Sumy]], [[Russian Empire]] – 1901, [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]]) was a Ukrainian entrepreneur, philanthropist, and industrialist during the Russian empire. He was a pioneer in establishing the first finance group in [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and creator of several banks and industrial societies in [[Sloboda Ukraine]]. His role in the development of Russian industry was so important that in 1903 the city [[Alchevsk]] in [[Donbas]] (eastern [[Ukraine]]) was named in his honor.

==Biography==
Born in [[Sumy]], [[Kharkiv Governorate]] ([[Sloboda Ukraine]]) in a family of small grocery merchant held of [[Sloboda Ukraine]] cossacks, Alchevsky graduated the [[Sumy County School]] and in 1862 moved to [[Kharkiv]]. During his young age, he was interested in left populist ideas, poetry of [[Taras Shevchenko]] and belonged to [[Hromada (secret society)|Hromada]] movement. While keeping own tea store, Alchevsky continued self-education.

During the so-called banking fever in Russia at the end of 1860s and beginning of 1870s, Alchevsky became initiator in creating the Kharkiv Mutual Society (1866). Later in 1868 as a merchant of the 2nd Guild he became one of the founders of the Kharkiv Trade Bank with principal capital of 500,000 rubles becoming the third commerce bank in Russia after the [[Saint Petersburg Private Commerce Bank]] and the [[Moscow Merchant Bank]]. In 1871 Alchevsky as a merchant of the 1st Guild became one of founders (along with [[Ivan Vernadsky]], a father of [[Vladimir Vernadsky|Volodymyr Vernadsky]]) of the first in the country mortgage lending bank, the Kharkiv Land Bank with principal capital of 1,000,000 rubles. Alchevsky was a chairman of the bank until his death in 1901.

In 1879 Alchevsky established the [[Alekseyevskoye Mining Society]] (principal capital 2,000,000 rubles) that possessed the richest deposits of [[anthracite]] coal in Slovianoserbsk county ([[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]]). In 1900 the company extracted some 45 million [[pood]]s of coal becoming the third company in [[Donbas]] for coal extraction by volume. Alchevsky also initiated construction of metallurgical factories of the Donets-Yuryevka Metallurgical Society (1895, principal capital 8 million rubles) near train station Yuryevka (today [[Komunarsk]] train station in [[Alchevsk]], [[Alchevsk Metallurgical Complex]])<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAlchevskMetallurgicalComplex.htm Alchevsk Metallurgical Complex] at the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]</ref> and the Russian Providence Society near [[Mariupol]] (today part of [[Illich Steel and Iron Works]]). By 1900 his fortune was reaching 30 million rubles.

In 1899 along with his wife [[Khrystyna Zhuravlyova]] he built the first monument to [[Taras Shevchenko]], however due to the anti-Ukrainian Russian policy the monument-[[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] was established at a backyard of their personal mansion (built by [[Olexyi Beketov]]) on Mironosytsky provulok (today vulytsia Zhon Myronosyts') in [[Kharkiv]]. The monument was created out of white marble by the Russian sculptor [[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Beklemishev|Vladimir Beklemishev]]. After the death of Aleksey Alchevsky the mansion was sold out and the fate of the monument is unknown.

After failing to obtain financial help from the Ministry of Finance during the 1899-1902 economic crisis, Alchevsky [[rail suicide|jumped under a train]] on 20 May 1901 at the [[Tsarskoselsky railway station]] in [[Saint Petersburg]].

==Family==
Alchevsky was married to an educator and [[pedagogue]] [[Khrystyna Zhuravlyova]]. They had several children.{{cn|date=May 2022}}
* [[Grigory Alchevsky]], a composer
* [[Khrystyna Alchevska]]
* [[Ivan Alchevsky]]
* Anna Alchevskaya
* Dmitry Alchevsky, a victim of [[Red Terror]] in Crimea
* Nikolay Alchevsky

==Legacy==
On petition of workers, in 1903 the Yuryevka train station and the workers settlement next to it were renamed into Alchevske (today's city of [[Alchevsk]]).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\A\L\AlchevskyOleksii.htm Oleksiy Alchevsky] at the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alchevsky, Oleksiy}}
[[Category:1835 births]]
[[Category:1901 suicides]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sumy]]
[[Category:People from Sumsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Hromada (society) members]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Bankers from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Alchevsk]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century philanthropists]]
[[Category:Suicides by train]]
[[Category:Suicides in the Russian Empire]]

Alexei Beketov

2024-10-29T20:00:52Z

Solomialevlev:

{{one source|date=September 2021}}
[[File:Beketov A.N. 2 1900th.jpg|thumb|200px|Alexei Beketov (1890s)]]
'''Olexyy Mykolaovych Beketov''' ({{lang-uk|Олексій Миколайович Бекетов}}; 3 March 1862, [[Kharkov]], [[Russian Empire]] — 23 November 1941, [[Kharkov]], [[Ukrainian SSR]]) was a ukrainian architect, Honored Artist of [[Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Monument to a famous architect unveiled in Kharkiv |url=https://thekharkivtimes.com/2016/08/31/monument-to-a-famous-architect-unveiled-in-kharkiv/ |website=thekharkivtimes.com |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref> in the [[Classicism|Classical]] style. He was an honorary Professor at the [[Imperial Academy of Arts|St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts]] from 1894.

== Biography ==
Beketov was of [[Russian people|Russian ancestry]]; on his father's side he came from a Russian noble family with roots from the [[Penza Governorate]]. His mother Elena Beketova was born in [[St. Petersburg]]. Alexei Beketov was the son of [[Nikolay Beketov]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=БЕКЕТОВ ОЛЕКСІЙ МИКОЛАЙОВИЧ|url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Beketov_O|website=resource.history.org.ua|accessdate=2019-09-28|archive-date=29 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829133209/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Beketov_O}}</ref> a noted Professor of chemistry at the [[National University of Kharkiv|Imperial University of Kharkov]]. He studied at the local [[realschule]] and a private art school, operated by [[Maria Raevskaia-Ivanova]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1862 - народився Олексій Бекетов, архітектор |url=https://uinp.gov.ua/istorychnyy-kalendar/berezen/3/1862-narodyvsya-oleksiy-beketov-arhitektor |website=uinp.gov.ua |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref> In 1882, he enrolled in the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]], where he studied with [[David Grimm (architect)|David Grimm]] and {{ill|Кракау, Александр Иванович|ru|lt=Alexander Krakau}}; graduating in 1888 with a degree in architecture.
[[File:Beketow u wyszywanci.jpg|thumb|200px|Alexei Beketov in [[vyshyvanka]] (1900s)]]
During that same period, he worked with [[Maximilian Messmacher]] on several projects, including the palace of [[Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia|Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich]]. From 1890, he taught at the {{ill|Харьковский практический технологический институт|ru|lt=Kharkiv Practical Technological Institute}}.<ref name="давидович">T. F. Davidovich; [http://www.raasn.ru/public/academia_2018_2.pdf "Архитектор А. Н. Бекетов. Жизнь и творчество"] (Life and Works), In: ''Academia. Architecture and Construction'', 2018</ref> In 1894, he was awarded the title of "Academician" for his work on what is now known as the [[Kharkiv Korolenko State Scientific Library]].

He designed over one hundred buildings throughout the region, including approximately forty in Kharkhiv. Several large projects, including an opera house, were never realized due to [[World War I]] and the [[Russian Civil War]]. In addition to his architectural designs, he was an amateur artist. Many of his landscape paintings are in private collections. [[Alexey Dushkin]], {{ill|Лихтенберг, Яков Григорьевич|ru|lt=Yakov Lichtenberg}}, and [[Vasyl Krychevsky]] are some of his best-known students. He was married to Anna Alchevska (1868-1931), daughter of the industrialist, [[Aleksey Alchevsky]] and his wife, [[Khrystyna Alchevska|Khrystyna]], an advocate for national education.

In 1939, he was named an {{ill|Заслужений діяч мистецтв України|uk|lt=Honored Artist of Ukraine}}. He died in 1941, during the German occupation, aged seventy-nine. Streets in Kharkiv and [[Salavat, Russia|Salavat]] have been named after him. In 1995, a new subway station on the [[Kharkiv Metro]] was named the [[Arkhitektora Beketova (Kharkiv Metro)|Arkhitektora Beketova]]. Two monuments have been dedicated to him; at the {{ill|Харьковский национальный университет строительства и архитектуры|ru|lt=Kharkiv National University of Construction and Architecture}} (2007), and at the [[Kharkiv National Academy of Urban Economy]] (2016). His [[dacha]] in [[Alushta]] is now a museum.

==Selected buildings==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="175">
File:Mechnikov medical institute.jpg|{{ill|Інститут мікробіології і імунології імені І. І. Мечникова НАМН України|uk|lt=Mechnikov Medical Institute}}
File:Radiotehnikum (Kharkiv).jpg|{{ill|Харківський державний автотранспортний коледж|uk|lt=Kharkiv State Motor Transport College}}
File:Україна, Харків, пл. Конституції, 24 фото 1.JPG|{{ill|Харківський державний академічний театр ляльок імені В. А. Афанасьєва|uk|lt=Kharkhiv State Puppet Theatre}}
File:Жіноча гімназія, вул. Дарвіна, 13, Харків.JPG|Women's [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]]
</gallery>

==Legacy==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="175">
File:Platforma Beketova.jpg|Station [[Arkhitektora Beketova (Kharkiv Metro)|Arkhitektora Beketova]] on [[Kharkiv Metro]]
File:Kharkiv National University of Urban Economy after Russian rocket strike, 2023-02-05 (70).jpg|Monument to Beketov in Kharkiv unveiled in 2016. Kharkiv National University of Urban Economy after [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian rocket strike]], February 5, 2023
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080925155645/http://www.archvestnik.ru/ru/magazine/957 "The 145th Anniversary of the Birth of A. N. Beketov"] by Darya Dudushkina @ '' Архитектурный вестник'' (The Architectural Bulletin), 2007
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070819161840/http://kh.ura-inform.com/06.03.2007/448.html Detailed biography] by L. Rozvadovskaya @ URA-Inform
* [http://www.vecherniy.kharkov.ua/news/10082/ Biography] by D. Petrenko @ Вечерний Харьков
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130105122951/http://kharkovskij.ru/bankovskie-zdaniya-arxitektora-beketova/ Biography and photographs] by N. Khorobrykh @ Our Kharkhiv

==External links==
{{commons category|Alexei Beketov}}
* [http://kharkov.vbelous.net/famous/fam-art/beketov.htm "Архитектор Бекетов"], a brief biography and list of buildings @ the Kharkiv website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070404143830/http://alushta.crimea.ua/history/beketov.php "ДОМ-МУЗЕЙ АКАДЕМИКА АРХИТЕКТУРЫ А. Н. БЕКЕТОВА"] (The Beketov Museum) @ the Alushta website
* [[:ru:Файл:Архитектору Бекетову, памятник Харьков.jpg|Monument to Beketov]]© at the University of Construction and Architecture

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beketov, Alexei}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Ukrainian architects]]
[[Category:Soviet architects]]
[[Category:Imperial Academy of Arts alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kharkiv]]
[[Category:Architects from the Russian Empire]]

Nikolai Ge

2024-10-28T21:56:09Z

Solomialevlev:

{{short description|Russian realist painter (1831-1894)}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Nikolai Ge
| native_name = {{nobold|Николай Ге}}
| image = Nikolay Ge selfportrait.jpeg
| caption = Self-portrait, 1892
| birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|27 February|1831|15 February}}
| birth_place = [[Voronezh]], [[Voronezh Governorate]], Russian Empire
| resting_place =
| death_date = {{OldStyleDate|13 June|1894|1 June}} (aged 63)
| death_place = [[Chernigov Governorate]], Russian Empire
| known_for = [[Painting]]
| training = No. 1 [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]]
| movement = [[Russian symbolism]] [[Peredvizhniki]]
| alma_mater = {{Imperial Academy of Arts|Alumni}}{{sfn|Directory of the Imperial Academy of Arts|1915|p=46}}
| awards = {{Imperial Academy of Arts|Medal|1857}}{{sfn|Directory of the Imperial Academy of Arts|1915|p=46}}
| style = Symbolism, history painting
| image_size =
}}

'''Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge''' ({{langx|ru|Николай Николаевич Ге}}; {{OldStyleDate|27 February|1831|15 February}} – {{OldStyleDate|13 June|1894|1 June}}) was a Ukrainian painter who was influential in the development of [[Russian symbolism]]. He was famous for his works on historical and religious subjects.

== Early life ==

Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge was born on {{OldStyleDate|27 February|1831|15 February}} in [[Voronezh]], [[Voronezh Governorate]], to a family in the [[Russian nobility]]. His grandfather, who was a [[French nobility|French nobleman]], immigrated to [[Russian Empire|Russia]] during the 18th century and married a Russian woman. The original French spelling of the surname was ''Gay'', and many French sources use this spelling rather than the Russian transliteration. Ge's mother died of [[cholera]] when he was three months old.<ref name="muzei-mira.com">{{Cite web|url=https://muzei-mira.com/biografia_hudojnikov/2856-nikolaj-nikolaevich-ge-biografija.html|title=Художник Николай Николаевич Ге: биография и картины}}</ref> Ge grew up on a family estate in Popelukhy near [[Mohyliv-Podilskyi]] in [[Podolia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Stech|first=Marko Robert|title=Ge, Mykola|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGeMykola.htm|access-date=2020-06-22|website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref> His grandmother and a [[Serfdom in Russia|serf]] nurse cared for him.<ref name="muzei-mira.com"/> He graduated from the No. 1 [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] in [[Kyiv|Kiev]] where [[Mykola Kostomarov]] was one of his teachers. Then he studied [[physics]] and [[mathematics]] at [[Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv|Kiev University]] and [[Saint Petersburg State University|Saint Petersburg University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
In 1850, Ge gave up his career in science and enrolled in the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]] in [[Saint Petersburg]]. He studied under master painter [[Pyotr Basin]]. In 1857, he graduated from the Academy where he received a gold medal for ''The Witch of Endor Invoking the Spirit of the Prophet [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]''. According to Ge, during that period he was strongly influenced by [[Karl Briullov]].

The gold medal secured a scholarship for Ge to study abroad. He visited Germany, Switzerland and France. In 1860 he settled in Italy where he met [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov]] in Rome. The Russian artist became a strong influence to Ge's future works.

In 1861, Ge painted ''The Last Supper'' using a photograph of [[Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen]] as an image for his central figure of Christ. The photograph was taken by Herzen's cousin, Russian photographer [[Sergei Lvovich Levitsky]].

Ge recounted, "I wanted to go to London to paint [[Alexander Herzen|Herzen's]] portrait [...] and he responded to my request with a large portrait by Mr. Levitsky."{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} The final painting's similarity between the pose of [[Steven Levitsky|Levitsky's]] photo of [[Alexander Herzen|Herzen]] and Ge's pose of the painted Christ led the press of the day to hail the painting as "a triumph of materialism and nihilism."{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

This was the first known occasion where photography was used as the main source for a central character in a painting and speaks to the deep influences that photography would have later on in art and artistic movements like French [[Impressionism]].

The painting (first purchased by [[Tsar]] [[Alexander II of Russia]]) made such a strong impression when it was shown in Saint Petersburg in 1863 that Ge was made a professor of Imperial Academy of Arts.{{sfn|Directory of the Imperial Academy of Arts|1915|p=46}}

In 1864, Ge returned to Florence and painted Herzen's portrait along with the ''Messengers of the Resurrection'' and the first version of ''Christ on the Mount of Olives''. The new paintings were not much of a success and the Imperial Academy refused to exhibit them in its annual exhibition.

In 1870, Ge again returned to Saint Petersburg where he turned to Russian history for subject matter. The painting ''Peter the Great Interrogates Tsarevich Alexey at Peterhof'' (1871) was a great success, but his other historical paintings were met with little to no interest. Ge wrote that a man should live off of farming and art should not be for sale. He bought a small [[khutor]] (farm) in [[Chernigov]] [[gubernia]] (currently [[Ukraine]]) and moved there. Ge became acquainted with [[Leo Tolstoy]] around this time and became a follower of his philosophy.

In the early 1880s, he returned to religious subjects and portraits. He claimed that everyone had the right to have a personal portrait and agreed to work for whatever commission the subject could afford. Among his later portrait subjects were Tolstoy, [[Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin]] and the biblical [[Judas Iscariot|Judas]].

His later paintings on [[New Testament]] subjects were praised by liberal critics like [[Vladimir Stasov]] and criticized by conservatives for illustrating [[Ernest Renan]] rather than the New Testament and were banned by authorities for blasphemy. ''Quid Est Veritas? Christ and Pilate'' (1890) was also banned from an exhibition. ''The Judgment of the Sanhedrin: He is Guilty!'' (1892) was not admitted to the annual Academy of Arts exhibition; ''The Calvary (Golgotha)'' (1893) remained unfinished; ''The Crucifixion'' (1894) was banned by Tsar [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]].{{clear}}

==Legacy==
Ge died on his farm in 1894. The fate of many of his works remains a mystery. Ge had bequeathed all of his works to his Swiss benefactress, Béatrice de Vattville in exchange for a small stipend from her during his lifetime. When she died in 1952, none of Ge's works was found in her castle. His magnum opus painting ''The Crucifixion'' had already been given by his son to the [[Musée du Luxembourg]] in [[Paris]] in 1903, and is now in the [[Musée d'Orsay]].

Ge's drawings were later discovered by art collectors in Swiss second-hand stores as late as 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://krotov.info/spravki/1_history_bio/19_1890/1831ge.htm|script-title=ru:Николай Николаевич Ге: Из 'Библиологического словаря' священника Александра Меня|trans-title=Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge: From the 'Bibliographical Dictionary' of the priest Alexander Men|language=ru|publisher=Krotov.info|access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref> Many "were acquired by a young collector, Christoph Bolman [...] he had no idea of their origin, simply recognizing their value. Only some 15 years later, when he was visited during the Perestroika by Soviet acquaintances, did the attribution become clear. Negotiations for their acquisition and return to Russia – as a full collection, rather than sold off in parts – failed repeatedly during the 1990s. They were only concluded in 2011 after the [[Tretyakov Gallery]] was able to arrange sponsorship from a Russian state bank to purchase them for donation to the gallery's permanent collection."<ref>{{cite web|last=Birchenough|first=Tom|url=http://www.theartsdesk.com/visual-arts/theartsdesk-moscow-nikolai-ge-tretyakov-gallery|title=theartsdesk in Moscow: Nikolai Ge at the Tretyakov Gallery|publisher=Theartsdesk.com|date=6 November 2011|access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref>

==Selected works==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="170">
File:Nikolay Ge 027.jpeg|''Carrara marble
File:Nikolay Ge 043.jpg|''[[Alexander Pushkin]] in the village of Mikhailovsky''
File:Peter the Great Interrogating the Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich.jpg|''[[Peter the Great Interrogating the Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich at Peterhof]]'', 1871
File:Carrara Ge.jpg|''[[Carrara]]''
File:Ge Tolstoy.jpg|''[[Leo Tolstoy]]'', 1882
File:Ge Sophia Tolstaya.jpg|''[[Sophia Tolstaya]]'' (wife of [[Leo Tolstoy]])
File:Nikolaj Nikolajewitsch Ge 003.jpg|''Portrait of [[Alexei Potechin]]''
File:Ge 001 study of John the Evangelist head.jpg|''Study of John the Evangelist's head''
File:Nikolay Ge 021.jpeg|''In the [[Gethsemane|Garden of Gethsemane]]''
File:What-is-truth02.jpg|''What is truth?'' [[Jesus|Christ]] and [[Pilate]], 1890
File:Ge golgofa.jpg|''[[Golgotha]]''
File:Nikolay Ge 041.jpg|[[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]]
File:Ge The last supper 1863.jpg|''[[Last Supper (Ge)|The Last Supper]]'', 1863
File:Nikolaj Nikolajewitsch Ge 002.jpg|''Conscience: [[Judas Iscariot|Judas]]''
File:The Judgment of the Sanhedrin- He is Guilty!.jpg|''The Judgment of the Sanhedrin - He is Guilty!''
File:Nikolay Ge 015.jpeg|''Maria, sister of Lazarus, meets Jesus who is going to their house''
File:Nikolaj Nikolajewitsch Ge 001.jpg|''[[Christ]] praying in [[Gethsemane]]'' (1888)
File:Nikolay Ge 016.jpeg|''Heralds of the [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]]''
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of Russian artists]]

==References==
<references/>

==Sources==
* {{cite book| author = С. Н. Кондаков | url =https://dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01004180464#?page=51 | script-title=ru:Юбилейный справочник Императорской Академии художеств. 1764-1914 |date = 1915 |volume= 2 | page = 46 | language= ru | ref={{sfnref|Directory of the Imperial Academy of Arts|1915}}}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.tretyakovgallerymagazine.com/articles/3-2011-32/nikolai-ge-chronicle-artist-life-and-work|title=Nikolai Ge: A Chronicle of the Artist's Life and Work {{!}} The Tretyakov Gallery Magazine|date=2015-07-15|website=www.tretyakovgallerymagazine.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-30}}
* [http://www.staratel.com/pictures/ruspaint/162.htm Biography] {{in lang|ru}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Nikolay Ge}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Nikolai Ge}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315064721/http://rusart.nm.ru/pages/index_eng.html Peredvizhniki]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ge, Nikolai}}
[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Voronezh]]
[[Category:People from Voronezhsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:People from the Russian Empire of French descent]]
[[Category:19th-century painters from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Russian symbolism]]
[[Category:Male painters from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Peredvizhniki]]
[[Category:19th-century male artists from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni]]
[[Category:Imperial Academy of Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Awarded with a large gold medal of the Academy of Arts]]