Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

User:TE Villoda/sandbox

2024-08-09T07:11:04Z

TE Villoda:

{{User sandbox}}


The '''Alto del Totumo''' is a mountain formation located in the municipality of Justo Briceño in the [[Mérida (state)|State of Mérida]]. At an altitude of 4,075 altitude<ref name=peakery>Peakery.com [http://peakery.com/alto-del-totumo-venezuela/ Alto del Totumo] Accessed on August 15, 2015.</ref> the Alto del Totumo is one of the highest mountains in Venezuela.

== Location ==
The Alto del Totumo is located east of the Mucumposito páramo and north of the [[Cerro El Potro]], on the side of the Collado El Condor-Piñango road that connects trunk 7 to the Pan-American Highway. At this level and on the west side of the same road is the Páramo El Turmero. Alto del Totumo is the eastern boundary of the páramo. Further east is the Andean hamlet "La Venta". Slightly to the north of the road to Piñango is the Hato El Atico and the El Becerro stream.

User:TE Villoda/sandbox

2024-08-09T07:10:46Z

TE Villoda: ←Created page with '{{User sandbox}}  The '''Alto del Totumo''' is a mountain formation located in the municipality of Justo Briceño in the State of Mérida. At an altitude of 4,075 altitude<ref name=peakery>Peakery.com [http://peakery.com/alto-del-totumo-venezuela/ Alto del Totumo] Accessed on August 15, 2015.</ref> the Alto del Totumo is one of the highest mountains in Venezuela. == Location =='

HMS Tamarisk (K216)

2024-08-09T07:08:56Z

TE Villoda: MS Tamarisk

{|{{Infobox ship begin
|Name = ''Tamarisk'' / ''Tombazis''
|Original name = Tamarisk (K216) / Τομπάζης
|Image = HMS Tamarisk.jpg
|Caption =
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Class and type = [[Flower-class corvette]]
|Flag = {{flag|United Kingdom|navy}} {{flag|Greece|navy-1935}}
|Homeport =
|Builder = ''[[Fleming and Ferguson]]'', [[Northern Ireland]]
|Ordered = [[24 October]] [[1940]]
|Laid down = [[10 February]] [[1941]]
|Launched = [[28 July]] [[1941]]
|Commissioned = [[26 December]] [[1941]]
|Decommissioned = [[1952]]
|Fate = scrapped on [[20 March]] [[1952]]
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Displacement = 940 t
|Length = 62.48 m
|Beam = 10.06 m
|Height =
|Draught = 3.51 m
|Armour =
|Propulsion = triple expansion steam engine
|Power = 2750 [[Horsepower|hp]]
|Propeller =
|Speed = 16 [[Knot (unit)|knots]]
|Range = 3500 nautical miles (6482 km) at 12 knots (22.2 km/h), fuel oil — 230 t
|Endurance =
|Complement = 85 people
}}
|}

'''''Tombazis''''' ({{lang-el|ΒΠ Τομπάζης}}), formerly '''HMS Tamarisk''', was a Greek [[corvette]] of the [[Flower-class corvette|Flower class]], originally the British HMS ''Tamarisk''. One of four corvettes of this type transferred to Greece during [[World War II]].

Named after [[Iakovos Tombazis|Iakovos Tombazis]] ({{lang-el|Ιάκωβος Τομπάζης}}, 1782–1829), a notable merchant and shipowner, the first commander of the revolutionary fleet during the [[Greek War of Independence]] (1821–1829).

== Service ==
In November 1943, the command of the corvette was assumed by [[commander]] Georgios Panayotopoulos. ''Tombazis'' provided convoy escort in the Atlantic and participated in the [[Normandy landings]] alongside the Greek Flower-class corvette ''[[Kriezis (corvette)|Kriezis]]''. During the first 20 days of the landings, ''Tombazis'' escorted seven convoys from [[Portsmouth (England)|Portsmouth]] to Normandy.

From 25 June to 7 July [[1944]], ''Tombazis'' escorted seven convoys along the route from [[Wales]] to the [[Cornwall]] peninsula, and from then until 10 August, she escorted nine more convoys from Portsmouth to Normandy<ref>[taneatismikrospilias24.weebly.com/…/]</ref>.

''Tombazis'' also participated in landing operations in southern France<ref>Στοιχεία από το βιβλίο της ΜΠΥ Αικατερίνης Φακάλου ‘’Τα πλοία του Πολεμικού Ναυτικού 1828—2000</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120216140650/https://geetha.mil.gr/media/1940/12-YPHRESIA-ISTORIAS-NAYTIKOY/istorika-ploion.pdf Hellenic Navy Historical Service — Ship histories] {{dead link|date=August 11, 2013|url=https://geetha.mil.gr/media/1940/12-YPHRESIA-ISTORIAS-NAYTIKOY/istorika-ploion.pdf|id=20110616}}</ref>.

In 1952, it was returned to the United Kingdom and scrapped in the same year.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Corvettes of Greece|Tombazis]]
[[Category:Flower-class corvettes|Tamarisk]]

Alex Elias

2024-08-09T07:05:34Z

TE Villoda:

'''Alex Elias''' is the founder and CEO of [[Qloo]], an AI company that discovers users` tastes and cultural preferences.

== Early life and education ==
Alex Elias graduated from the [[University of Southern California]], where he received the prestigious Renaissance Scholarship, with two Bachelor of Arts degrees, one in Mathematical Finance and another in Philosophy. He earned his Doctor of Law (J.D.) degree from [[New York University School of Law]]. His thesis was on Internet Privacy Law, "Evaluating the Proposed Federal CPBR (Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights)" and an "Empirical Study of Click-Wrap Efficacy During User Authentication".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Cindy |title=Qloo Leading AI Advances Culture And Taste Intelligence |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cindygordon/2024/02/19/qloo-leading-ai-advances-culture-and-taste-intelligence/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2012, while completing his J.D. at NYU Law School, Alex Elias co-founded Qloo with Jay Alger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qloo, the Leading Artificial Intelligence Platform for Culture and Taste, Acquires TasteDive |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/qloo-the-leading-artificial-intelligence-platform-for-culture-and-taste-acquires-tastedive-1027949626 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=markets.businessinsider.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolodny |first=Lora |date=2013-11-14 |title=Qloo Raises $1.6M, Gets Celebrity Support For Cultural Recommendations App |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/DJFVW00020131114e9bean64m |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naziri |first=Jessica |date=2013-03-17 |title=Start-up Sunday: Qloo, a 'cultural discovery' search engine |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-qloo-inspiration-engine-20130317-story.html |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=A. B. C. |title=Strategies: South By Southwest isn't for every entrepreneur |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/strategies-south-southwest-entrepreneur/story?id=15933647 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>

Alex wanted a system to predict and understand personal tastes without using identity-based data. This idea was created by his interest in culture and experience with data management limitations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TODAY |first=Jon Swartz, USA |title=Getting a Qloo on where to find similar tastes |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2012/11/08/qloo-amazon-pandora-netflix/1684053/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Using AI to Figure Out What’s Hot in Pop Culture |date=2017-08-22 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2017-08-22/using-ai-to-figure-out-what-s-hot-in-pop-culture-video |access-date=2024-08-09 |language=en}}</ref>

Today, Alex is the CEO of Qloo, an AI company that analyzes global consumer tastes and preferences. Qloo has a large database of over 575 million notable people, places, things, and interests, along with over 10 trillion unique behavioral and sentiment signals—none of which contain any personally identifiable information.<ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=Bryan |title=Could Chiefs be 'America's team'? Data company says Swift may give team edge over Cowboys |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2023/12/17/swift-could-help-chiefs-become-americas-team-data-firm-finds/71921921007/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiggers |first=Kyle |date=2024-02-21 |title=Qloo raises $25M to predict your favorite movies, TV shows and more |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/02/21/2661267/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Since its start, Qloo's technology has helped companies like [[Netflix]], [[Starbucks]], [[JCDecaux]], and [[Michelin]] create personalized customer experiences and improve marketing strategies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beltran |first=Luisa |date=2024-07-02 |title=Exclusive: Leonardo DiCaprio-backed AI startup Qloo clinches $20 million investment from Bluestone Equity Partners |url=https://www.aol.com/finance/exclusive-leonardo-dicaprio-backed-ai-110000079.html |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Aol.}}</ref>

From 2019, Alex Elias also chairs [[TasteDive]], a discovery platform with over 7.5 million users that helps consumers find entertainment based on personal taste.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=2019-02-13 |title=Qloo acquires cultural recommendation service TasteDive |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/13/qloo-acquires-tastedive/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> TasteDive allows users to discover what to watch, read, listen to, and play based on their preferences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=Alex Elias – The AI Journal |url=https://aijourn.com/author/alexelias/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=aijourn.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Stephanie |date=2020-12-05 |title=Quarantine culture report: Louis Armstrong is trending. Billie Eilish is not |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Fast Company}}</ref>

Alex Elias serves on the [[New York University School of Law|NYU School]] of Law Entrepreneurship Advisory Board, contributing his expertise to guide and support entrepreneurial initiatives at the law school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advisory Jury {{!}} NYU School of Law |url=https://www.law.nyu.edu/alumni/evc/advisory-jury |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=www.law.nyu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Cindy |title=Qloo Leading AI Advances Culture And Taste Intelligence |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cindygordon/2024/02/19/qloo-leading-ai-advances-culture-and-taste-intelligence/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Alex Elias

2024-08-09T07:03:51Z

TE Villoda:

Alex Elias

2024-08-09T07:03:37Z

TE Villoda: page article

User:TE Villoda

2024-08-09T07:03:08Z

TE Villoda: ←Created page with 'TE Villoda user page'

TE Villoda user page

Syniukha

2023-12-20T19:43:03Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox river
| name = Syniukha River
| image =
| image_caption =
| source1 = Confluence of [[Tikych]] and [[Velyka Vys]]
| source1_location = [[Kirovohrad Oblast]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|48|44|45|N|30|53|30|E|region:UA_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-etwiki|display=inline}}
| mouth_location = [[Southern Bug]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|48.0423|30.8491|region:UA_type:river|display=it}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ukraine]]
| length = {{convert|111|km|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = {{convert|16,725 |km2|abbr=on}}
| progression = {{RSouthern Bug}}
}}

The '''Syniukha''' ({{Lang-uk|Синюха}}) is a [[river]] in [[Ukraine]], a [[left tributary]] of the [[Southern Bug]], the basin of [[Black Sea]]. Its name means blue or of blue shade. It is {{convert|111|km|mi|0}} long with a {{convert|16700|km2|sqmi|0}} basin area.<ref name="bse">[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article102528.html Синюха (река)], [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]</ref> It is formed at the confluence of its source rivers the [[Tikych]] (itself formed at the confluence of the [[Hnyly Tikych]] and the [[Hirskyi Tikych]]) and the [[Velyka Vys]]. It flows into the Southern Bug at [[Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast|Pervomaisk]].<ref name=bse/>

It is believed that in the mid-14th century one of the major battles between the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] and the [[Ulus Jochi]], the [[Battle of Blue Waters]], took place here.<ref>Shabuldo, F. ''[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Synovodska_bytva_1362 The 1362 battle at Blue Waters (СИНЄВОДСЬКА БИТВА 1362)]''. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine.</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category|Synjucha}}
{{Reflist}}
* Географічна енциклопедія України: в 3-х томах / Редколегія: О. М. Маринич (відпов. ред.) та ін. — К.: «Українська радянська енциклопедія» імені М. П. Бажана, 1989.

{{Authority control}}
{{Rivers of Ukraine}}

{{Ukraine-river-stub}}

[[Category:Rivers of Kirovohrad Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Mykolaiv Oblast]]

Kodyma (river)

2023-12-20T19:43:02Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox river
| name = Kodyma
| image = Kodyma River.jpg
| source1_location =
| mouth = [[Southern Bug]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|48.0070|30.8093|region:UA|display=it}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ukraine]]
| length = {{convert|149|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|165|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = {{convert|2,470|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| progression = {{RSouthern Bug}}
}}
The '''Kodyma''' ({{lang-uk|Кодима}}) is a [[right tributary]] of the [[Southern Bug]] river of [[Ukraine]]. Originating from springs in a boggy valley near the village of Budei ([[:uk:Будеї]]), [[Podilsk Raion]], [[Odesa Oblast]], it flows within the Odesa Oblast and [[Mykolaiv Oblast]] and joins Southern Buh about 199 km away from its mouth, near [[Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast|Pervomaisk]].

Settlements by the river include [[Balta, Ukraine|Balta]] town, Holma village ([[:uk:Гольма]]), [[Bobrik Pershy]] ("Bobrik the First", [[:uk:Бобрик Перший]]), and [[Kryve Ozero]] [[urban-type settlement]] ("Crooked Lake").

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Odesa Oblast]]

{{Ukraine-river-stub}}

[[nn:Kodyma]]

Shchara

2023-12-20T19:39:23Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox river
| name = Shchara
| image = Шчара.JPG
| image_caption =
| source1_location = [[Grodno Region]]
| mouth = [[Neman]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|53.4402|N|24.7388|E|display=it|region:LT_type:river_source:kolossus-dewiki}}
| progression = {{RNeman}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Belarus]]
| length = {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=statistics>{{cite web |url = http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/237-main-characteristics-of-the-largest-rivers.html |title = Main characteristics of the largest rivers of Belarus |publisher = Data of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus. |year = 2011 |website = Land of Ancestors |accessdate= 27 September 2013 }}</ref>
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|31|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| basin_size = {{convert|6730|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=statistics />
}}

The '''Shchara''' ({{lang-be|Шчара|Ščara}}, {{IPA-be|ˈʂtʂara|pron}}; {{lang-ru|Щара}}) is a [[river]] in [[Belarus]], and a left [[tributary]] of the [[Neman]]. It is {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}} in length, its catchment area being {{convert|6730|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. The Shchara is the 5th longest river in Belarus.<ref name=statistics />

It flows through [[Slonim]].

== Main tributaries ==
'''Right''': Lipnyanka, Myshanka, Lakhazva, [[Isa (river)|Isa]], Padyavarka.

'''Left''': Vedma, Grivda, Lukonitsa, Sipa.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tributaries of the Neman}}

[[Category:Rivers of Brest Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Grodno Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Belarus]]

{{Belarus-river-stub}}

Oginski Canal

2023-12-20T19:37:55Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox canal
|name = Oginski Canal {{lang-be|Агінскі канал}}
|image = Oginski canal.jpg
|image_caption = Oginski Canal near the Highway P6
|original_owner =
|engineer =
|other_engineer =
|date_act =
|date_began = 1765
|date_use =
|date_completed =
|date_extended =
|date_closed =
|date_restored =
|length_km = 54
|start_point = [[Yaselda River]], Belarus
|end_point = [[Shchara River]], Belarus
|connects_to =
|locks =
|original_num_locks =
|lock_note =
|elev =
|elev_note =
|status = Open
|navigation_authority =
}}
The '''Oginski Canal''' is a [[canal]] in [[Belarus]] which connects the [[Yaselda River|Yaselda]] and [[Shchara River|Shchara]] rivers. Its length is 54 km. Its construction was started in 1765 by prince [[Michał Kazimierz Ogiński]].<ref name=radzima>[http://www.radzima.org/pub/pomnik.php?lang=ru&nazva_id=brivciel03 Канал Огинского] (Oginski Canal) {{in lang|ru}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|52|16|13.1|N|25|55|49.4|E|region:BY-BR_type:waterbody_source:svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Canals in Belarus]]
[[Category:Canals opened in 1783]]

{{Belarus-geo-stub}}
{{Belarus-transport-stub}}

Sluch (Ukraine)

2023-12-20T19:31:21Z

TE Villoda:

{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Sluch
| native_name = {{native name|uk|Случ}}
| image =Hubkiv Castle 1 RB.jpg
| map = Dnieper Basin River Town Polski.png
| image_caption =Sluch River near Hubkiv
| map_caption = Sluch River (shown crossing light purple region)
| source1_location = [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]
| mouth = [[Horyn]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|51.6376|N|26.6457|E|source:kolossus-dewiki|display=it}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ukraine]]
| length = {{convert|451|km|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = {{convert|13,800|km2|abbr=on}}
| progression = {{RHoryn}}
}}

The '''Sluch''' or '''Southern Sluch''' ({{Lang-uk|Случ}}; {{Lang-ru|Случь, Южная Случь}}; {{Lang-pl|Słucz}}; {{Lang-cz|Sluč, Jižní Sluč}}) is a river in [[Ukraine]]. It is a right [[tributary]] of the [[Horyn]]. It has a length of {{convert|451|km}} and a drainage basin of {{convert|13,800|km2}}.<ref name="BSE">{{cite web|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article103401.html|title=Случь (река, приток р. Горынь)|publisher=Большая Советская Энциклопедия|accessdate=2019-04-20|language=ru}}</ref> The Sluch takes its source in the Ukrainian oblast of [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi]]. It then flows through the [[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]] and [[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]] oblasts, and briefly along the Ukrainian-[[Belarus]]ian border before finally emptying into the Horyn.<ref name="Izsak">{{cite book|url=http://www.kmf.uz.ua/hun114/images/konyvek/Izsak_Tibor_Ukrajna%20termeszeti_foldrajza.pdf|title=Ukrajna természeti földrajza|format=pdf |pages=95| author=Izsák Tibor|publisher=II. Rákóczi Ferenc Kárpátaljai Magyar Főiskola|year=2007|accessdate=2019-04-20|language=hu}}</ref><ref name="névj">{{cite web|url=http://okt.kmf.uz.ua/ftt/oktat-ftt/Foldrajz_szak/Ukrajna_termeszeti_fodrajza/szotarukrfoldr.pdf|title=NÉVJEGYZÉK-SZÓTÁR az UKRAJNA TERMÉSZETI FÖLDRAJZA tantárgyhoz|publisher=II. Rákóczi Ferenc Kárpátaljai Magyar Főiskola|accessdate=2019-04-20|format=pdf|language=hu}}</ref><ref name="BSE"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CL%5CSluchRiver.htm|title=Sluch River|publisher=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|accessdate=2019-04-23}}</ref>

Cities and towns located on the Sluch river include: [[Zviahel]], [[Berezne]], and [[Sarny]].

==Geography==
Slugs near Gubkov
Starts in the [[Podolian Upland]]; it flows from a small lake near the village of Chervony Sluch of Galchynetska village council of Theophyll district of the [[Khmelnytsky]] region. In the lower reaches in the Polis lowland.
First, it flows east, then gradually returns to the north, then to the northwest, and from the city of [[Sarny]] - again to the north. Falls to [[Horyn]], south of Velyun village.

Large settlements on the Cases: Krasilov, Starokonstantinov, Lyubar, Miropol, Pershotravensk, Baranovka, Rogachev, Zviahel, Berezne, Sarny.

===Tributaries===
The main tributaries are
* Left: [[Ikopot]], [[Osyra]], [[Khomora]], [[Smilka]], [[Tserem]], [[Korchyk]], [[Stavy]], [[Serehivka]], [[Yazvynka]], [[Mykhailivka River|Mykhailivka]]
* Right: [[Rudnia River|Rudnia]] (Lubianka), [[Tnia]], [[Tiukelivka]], [[Popivka]], [[Bober River (Horyn)|Bober]], [[Polychna River|Polychna]], [[Tustal]].

==Ichthyofauna==
The Ichthyofauna of the river is represented by 37 species of cyclostomes and fish, the largest number of species occurs near the village Marinin of Bereznovsky district (36 species). According to the [[Red Data Book]] of [[Ukraine]], the conservation status of the [[ichthyofauna]] of the river is ordinary Leuciscus leuciscus, Linnaeus, Carassius carassius, Linnaeus and Lota lota, Linnaeus in the vulnerable category, as well as [[Russia]]n albino (Alburnoides rossicus, Berg, 1924), lobster gulls (Eupallasella percnurus, Pallas, 1814), Drenier's Marsh (Barbus borysthenicus, Dybowski, 1862), Gymnochepus acerinus, [[Gueldenstaedt]], 1774, Ukrainian Minogue (Eudontomyzon mariae, Berg, 1931) in the category fading The most numerous species are pike, gossip, redhead, verkhovka, ploskryk, beetle, wild boar, perch.

==Interesting Facts==
Along the river bank in [[Zhytomyr oblast]], on the 120th kilometer, there is the Novograd-Volynskyi "[[Stalin Line]]", built in 1932–1939. The most famous place of this church is the Gul Mine, located in the village of Gulsk.
In April 2012, the [[List of minor planets: 251001–252000|small planet No. 251001]] was named Sluch in honor of the river.

==Ecological catastrophe==
April 14, 2016, in connection with the catastrophic environmental situation - the pollution of an unknown substance of the Khomor and Sluch rivers, which led to the mass death of living organisms: fish, crayfish and others - was banned the use of water from rivers, watering cattle, discharge to the rivers of the feathered bird, fish and crayfish. [2]

==See also==
*[[Sluch (Belarus)]], or Northern Sluch

==Notes==
Top ↑ Goryev LM, Peleshenko VI, Khilchevsky V.K. Hydrochemistry of Ukraine. K .: Higher school, 1995. - 307 pp. {{ISBN|5-11-004522-4}}
Top ↑ http://baranivkarda.org.ua/index.php/novyny/2800-uvaha-zabrudnena-voda

==Sources==
* Geographical Encyclopedia of Ukraine: 3 t. / Editorial Board: O. M. Marinych (repl. Ed.) And others. - K.: "Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia" by them. M.P. Bazhana, 1989.
*Ichthyofauna cadastre of the Rivne region / Grohovskaya Yu.R., Volovik G.P., Konontsev S.V. and others; Ed. Moshinsky V. S. and Grohovskaya Yu. R. - Rivne: Doka-center, 2012. - 200 p

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Sluch River (tributary of Horyn)}}

{{Rivers of Ukraine}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Khmelnytskyi Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Rivne Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Zhytomyr Oblast]]

Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus

2023-12-20T19:30:17Z

TE Villoda:

{{Short description|Trade union confederation in Belarus}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=October 2013}}
{{Expand Belarusian}}
}}

{{Infobox organization
|name = FPB/FTUB
|location_country= [[Belarus]]
|affiliation = [[World Federation of Trade Unions|WFTU]], [[GCTU]]
|members =
|full_name = Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus
|native_name =
|image =
|founded =
|dissolved =
|merged =
|headquarters =
|key_people = [[Mikhail Orda]], president
|website = [http://www.fpb.by fpb.by]
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus''' ({{lang-be|Федэрацыя прафсаюзаў Беларусі}}; {{lang-ru|Федерация профсоюзов Беларуси}}) is a [[trade union]] centre in [[Belarus]]. It has evolved from the [[Trade unions in the Soviet Union|Soviet-era official unions]]. In recent years, it has been in conflict with the government over issues such as living standards and union interference.

==References==
{{Portal|Organized labour}}
*{{cite book
| year = 2005
| title = Trade Unions of the World
| editor = ICTUR
| editor-link = International Centre for Trade Union Rights
|display-editors=etal
| edition = 6th
| publisher = John Harper Publishing
| location = London, UK
| isbn = 0-9543811-5-7
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:General Confederation of Trade Unions]]
[[Category:National trade union centers of Belarus]]
[[Category:World Federation of Trade Unions]]

{{Europe-trade-union-stub}}

Battle of the Stuhna River

2023-12-20T19:27:38Z

TE Villoda:

{{Short description|1093 battle between Kievan Rus' and Cumans}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|image=
|caption=
|conflict=Battle of the Stuhna River
|partof=
|date= 26 May 1093
|place= [[Stuhna]] near [[Trypillia]]
|result= Cuman victory
|combatant1= {{flag|Kievan Rus'}}
* {{flagicon image|Tryzub.svg|border=no}} [[Principality of Chernihiv|Chernihiv]]
* {{flagicon image|Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky coat of arms.svg|border=no}} [[Principality of Pereyaslavl|Pereyaslavl]]
* {{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Smolensk (1430s).svg|border=no}} [[Principality of Smolensk|Smolensk]]
* {{flagicon image|Iziaslav of Polock Seal avers.svg|border=no}} [[Principality of Polotsk|Polatsk]]
* {{flagicon image|Symbol Duchy of Ryazan.svg|border=no}} [[Principality of Ryazan|Ryazan]]
* {{flagicon image|Banner of the Principality of Halych.svg|border=no}} [[Principality of Halych|Halych]]
|combatant2= {{flagicon image|Kazakh Tamga 19.svg|border=no}} [[Cumania|Cuman–Kipchak Confederation]]
|commander1= [[Sviatopolk II of Kiev]] [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] of Chernigov [[Rostislav Vsevolodovich]] of Pereyaslavl
|commander2= unknown
|strength1= unknown
|strength2= unknown
|casualties1= [[Rostislav Vsevolodovich]]{{KIA}} unknown troops
|casualties2=unknown
}}
The '''Battle of the Stuhna River''' (sometimes written as '''Stugna River'''; 26 May 1093) was fought between the princes of [[Kievan Rus']], [[Sviatopolk II of Kiev]], [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] of [[Chernigov]], and [[Rostislav Vsevolodovich]] of Pereyaslavl against the nomadic [[Cumans]]. The Kievan forces were defeated.

==Background==
The Cumans raided Rus' soon after the death of [[Vsevolod I of Kiev|Vsevolod]] and sought to buy peace with the new great prince, Sviatopolk. However, Sviatopolk incarcerated the Cumans' ambassadors, and the Cumans came in force to attack Kiev. Facing an enemy army of eight thousand, Sviatopolk took the advice of counsel and called for help from Vladimir Monomakh, prince of Chernigov. Vladimir came with his troops and also called upon his only brother, Rostislav of [[Pereiaslav|Pereyaslav]].

[[File:Monomachos at Uvetichi.jpg|thumb|250px|Princes of Rus' deliberate their actions against the Cumans. 1910 painting]]

==Battle==
A union of Kievan princes against Cumans was achieved, and Sviatopolk released the ambassadors of Cumans. The troops of the three princes joined and set out for the city of [[Trypillia]]. Approaching the river [[Stuhna]], the princes were undecided, so they stopped to have a council, while the Cumans were across the river facing them. Vladimir, whose wife was a Cuman princess, continued to demand that they sue for peace, but the Kievan troops wanted battle.<ref name="Dmytryshyn60">Basil Dmytryshyn, ''Medieval Russia: A sourcebook 850-1700'', (Academic International Press, 2000), 60.</ref> They crossed the river and met the Cumans in a valley at the rampart of Trepol'. Sviatopolk deployed on the right, Rostislav in the center, and Vladimir on the left.<ref name="Dmytryshyn60" />

As the Kievan troops reached the rampart, the Cumans bowmen attacked Sviatopolk's men, and after a bloody engagement his troops broke. Sviatapolk attempted to make a stand, but the impact of his retreating men carried him back.<ref name="Dmytryshyn60" /> Then Vladimir's force was attacked and after a fierce confrontation all the Kievan troops were in retreat.<ref name="Dmytryshyn60" /> Sviatapolk took cover in Trepol', but Rostislav and Vladimir attempted to swim the Stuhna River. Rostislav, in heavy chain armour, drowned.<ref name="Dmytryshyn60" /> Vladimir retreated to [[Chernigov]] and Sviatapolk retreated at night to [[Kiev]].

The Kievan-Pechersky Paterick ascribed Rostislav's death to his own haughtiness. It is said that he refused to enter the church and pray for the battle's outcome. The young prince's death is also recalled in the ''[[Tale of Igor's Campaign]]'':

<blockquote>Not like that is the river Stuhna - endowed with a meager stream, having fed therefore on other rills and runners, she rent between bushes a youth, prince Rostislav, imprisoning him. On the Dnieper's dark bank Rostislav's mother weeps the youth. Pined away have the flowers with condolement, and the tree has been bent to the ground with sorrow.</blockquote>

==See also==
*[[Cumania]]
*[[Battle of the Kalka River]]
*[[Koten]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Basil Dmytryshyn, ''Medieval Russia: A sourcebook 850-1700'', Academic International Press, 2000.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719045100/http://www.xenophongi.org/rushistory/rulers/svyatopolk2.htm Svyatopolk biography]. Includes description of events.

{{coord missing|Ukraine}}

[[Category:Battles involving Kievan Rus'|Stugna River 1093]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1093]]
[[Category:1093 in Europe]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Cumans|Stugna]]
[[Category:11th century in Kievan Rus']]

Siege of Ryazan

2023-12-20T19:18:11Z

TE Villoda:

{{Short description|1237 Mongol invasion of the Principality of Ryazan}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|image=Rejection Tatars Peace.jpeg
|image_size=250px
|caption=Ryazan's prince rejects the Mongols' tribute demand.
|conflict=Siege of Ryazan
|partof= the [[Mongol Invasion of Rus]]
|date=December 16–21, 1237
|place=Staraya Ryazan (Old Ryazan), close to [[Spassk-Ryazansky]]
|coordinates = {{coord|54|24|19|N|40|25|27|E}}
|result=Mongol victory; Ryazan burned to the ground<ref name="Dmytryshyn">Basil Dmytryshyn, ''Medieval Russia:A source book, 850-1700'', (Academic International Press, 2000), 147.</ref>
|combatant1=[[Mongol Empire]]
|combatant2=[[Principality of Ryazan]]
|commander1=[[Batu Khan]]
|commander2=[[Yuriy Igorevich]]{{KIA}}<ref name="Dmytryshyn" />
|strength1=Unknown; probably large
|strength2=Unknown
|casualties1=Unknown; not very heavy
|casualties2=Nearly the entire population of Ryazan
}}
{{Campaignbox Mongol invasion of Rus'}}

[[Ryazan]], capital of the [[Principality of Ryazan]], was the first [[Rus' people|Russian]] city to be [[siege|besieged]] by the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] invaders under [[Batu Khan]].

== Prelude ==
In the autumn of 1237, the Mongol Horde led by Batu Khan invaded the Rus' [[principality of Ryazan]]. The Prince of Ryazan, [[Yuri of Ryazan|Yuriy Igorevich]], asked [[Yuri II of Vladimir|Yuriy Vsevolodovich]], the prince of Vladimir, for help, but did not receive any.<ref name="Dymtryshyn2">Basil Dmytryshyn, ''Medieval Russia: A source book, 850–1700'', 146.{{ISBN?}}</ref>

== Siege ==
The Mongols defeated the vanguard of the Ryazan army at the [[Battle of Voronezh River|Voronezh River]]<ref name="Dymtryshyn2" /> and on December 16,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://krotov.info/acts/12/pvl/novg07.htm|title=Новгородская летопись|website=krotov.info|access-date=2018-02-24}}</ref> 1237 besieged the capital of the principality (this site is now known as Old Ryazan, ''Staraya Ryazan'', and is situated some 50 km from the modern city of [[Ryazan]]).<ref name="Dmytryshyn" /> The townspeople repelled the first Mongol attacks. The Mongols then used [[catapult]]s to destroy the city's [[fortification]]s. On December 21, Batu Khan's troops stormed the walls, plundered Ryazan, killed Prince Yuriy and his wife, executed nearly all of the city's inhabitants, and burned the city to the ground.<ref name="Dmytryshyn" /> "But God saved the Bishop, for he had departed the same moment when the troops invested the town."<ref name="Novgorod">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofnovgo00michrich|title=The chronicle of Novgorod, 1016–1471|last=Michell|first=Robert|last2=Shakhmaton|first2=A. A.|last3=Forbes|first3=Nevill|last4=Beazley|first4=C. Raymond (Charles Raymond)|date=1914|publisher=London, Offices of the society|others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>

== Casualties ==
The population of Ryazan in the 13th century is hard to estimate. Archaeological excavations on the site of Old Ryazan in 1915 and 1979 uncovered 97 severed heads on the site of the former church, and 143 bodies in several mass graves, all of whom had met violent deaths during the sack of the city.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Putešestvie v drevnûû Râzanʹ zapiski arheologa|last=Petrovič|first=Darkevič, Vladislav|last2=Петрович|first2=Даркевич, Владислав|date=1993|publisher=Novoe vremâ|isbn=5854320088|location=Râzanʹ|oclc=489730332}}{{page needed|date=December 2022}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The writer of the [[Rus' chronicle]] described the aftermath of the battle with the words "''There was none left to groan and cry''".{{citation needed|reason=Where, in which Rus' chronicle?|date=July 2023}} The city of Old Ryazan was completely destroyed and was never rebuilt,<ref>{{cite book |last=Kolchin |first=Boris Aleksandrovich |date=1974 |title=Metallurgy and metalworking in ancient Russia |url=https://archive.org/details/metallurgymetalw0000unse/page/8/mode/2up?q=%22Staraya+Ryazan%22 |access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref> though archeologist M. W. Thompson wrote "Life was soon renewed. The churches and fortifications were restored and new houses built. In the fourteenth century, however, the capital of the princedom was for several reasons, including repeated raids by Tartars because of its proximity to the steppe, transferred to Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky (renamed Ryazan in 1778). The old town gradually became deserted."<ref>{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=M.W. |date=1961 |title=Archaelogy in The USSR |publisher=Penguin Books | url=https://archive.org/details/archaelogyinussr0000mwth/page/304/mode/2up?q=Ryazan |access-date=July 9, 2023}}</ref>

After the destruction of Ryazan, Batu Khan's horde pushed on into the principality of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]].<ref name="Novgorod" />

==See also==
* [[The Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan#The Tale of Batu’s Capture of Ryazan|The Tale of Batu’s Capture of Ryazan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [[Full Collection of Russian Chronicles]], St.Petersburg, 1908, reprinted Moscow, 2001, {{ISBN|5944570113}}.

[[Category:Battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Ryazan]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Mongol Empire|Ryazan]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1237]]
[[Category:1237 in Europe]]
[[Category:History of Ryazan Oblast]]
[[Category:13th century in Russia]]
[[Category:1237 in the Mongol Empire]]

Sit (river)

2023-12-20T19:14:08Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox river
| name = Sit
| name_native = {{native name|ru|Сить}}
| image = Стела. д. Лопатино.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_caption = The memorial on the Sit' battlefield
| map = Rybinsk vdhr eng.svg
| map_caption = Map of the [[Rybinsk Reservoir]] basin. The Sit is shown on the map.
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Russia]]
| length = {{convert|113|km|abbr=on}}
| source1_location =
| source1_elevation =
| source1_coordinates =
| mouth = [[Rybinsk Reservoir]]
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|58|18|41|N|37|52|53|E|display=it|region:RU-ARK_type:river_source:dewiki}}
| discharge1_avg =
| progression = [[Rybinsk Reservoir]]→ {{RVolga}}
| basin_size = {{convert|2370|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
}}
The '''Sit''' (Сить) is a tributary of the [[Rybinsk Reservoir]] (nominally, of the [[Mologa (river)|Mologa]]).<ref name="bse">[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article102677.html Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]</ref> The river flows for {{convert|159|km|mi}} through [[Sonkovsky District]] of [[Tver Oblast]] and [[Nekouzsky District|Nekouzsky]] and [[Breytovsky District]]s of [[Yaroslavl Oblast]]s of [[Russia]] before entering the Rybinsk Reservoir near the large village of [[Breitovo]]. Its average width varies from {{convert|40|to|50|m|ft}} The river mouth is about {{convert|1500|m|ft}} wide. The [[drainage basin]] occupies some {{convert|1900|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="bse"/> The river is {{convert|159|km|mi}} long.<ref name="register">{{cite web|url=http://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=175657|script-title=ru:Река Сить|publisher=State Water Register of Russia|language=Russian|accessdate=24 August 2013}}</ref>

The name of river is associated with the bloody [[Battle of the Sit River]] (1238). In the [[Middle Ages]] the valley of the Sit belonged to a branch of the princely [[Yaroslavl Principality|House of Yaroslavl]]. The princes of the Sit', or [[Sitsky]], joined the service of the Grand Dukes of [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]] in the 15th century. The family survived into the 17th century and was closely related by blood to the [[Romanovs]].<ref>[http://www.biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=118380 Russian Biographical Dictionary]</ref>

The source of the Sit is in the north of Sonkovsky District, close to the village of [[Saburovo, Sonkovsky District, Tver Oblast|Saburovo]]. The river flows northeast, enters Yaroslavl Oblast, and turns south. By the [[Village#Russia|selo]] of [[Voznesenskoye, Nekouzsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast|Voznesenskoye]] it turns east and eventually north. The mouth of the Sit is in the selo of [[Breytovo]]. Before the Rybinsk Reservoir was filled, the Sit was a tributary of the Mologa River.

The drainage basin of the sit includes the eastern part of [[Krasnokholmsky District]] of Tver Oblast, the eastern part of Sonkovsky District, the western part of Nekouzsky District, and some areas in Breytovsky District. The district centers [[Sonkovo]] and Breytovo lie in the drainage basin of the Sit.

In the early 20th century the valley of the Sit River was home to the ''[[Sitskari]]'' ([[:ru:сицкари|ru]]), an ethnic group of short fair-haired people speaking a [[Northern Russian dialects|Northern dialect]] of the [[Russian language]]. It is thought that they had a mixture of [[Lithuania]]n or some other [[Balts|Baltic]] ancestry.<ref>[http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/rus/sian/6.htm Институт этнологии и антропологии РАН: Этнографические группы русского народа]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Volga River}}

[[Category:Rivers of Yaroslavl Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tver Oblast]]

Battle of the Sit River

2023-12-20T19:12:36Z

TE Villoda:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=tt|otherarticle=Сит бәрелеше|date=June 2019}}
{{Expand Russian|topic=mil|date=June 2019}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2019}}
}}
{{short description|Battle between the invading Mongol Empire and the defending Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image = 27 History of the Russian state in the image of its sovereign rulers - fragment.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = Bishop Cyril finds headless body of Grand Duke Yuri on the field of battle of the Sit River.
| conflict = Battle of the Sit River
| partof = [[Mongol invasion of Rus]]
| date = March 4, 1238
| place = Modern day [[Yaroslavl Oblast]]
| result = Mongol victory
| combatant1 = [[Mongol Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Vladimir-Suzdal]]
| commander1 = [[Burundai]]
| commander2 = [[Yuri II]]{{KIA}}
| strength1 = At least one tumen (10,000) of nomadic cavalry
| strength2 = More than 3,000, mostly infantry
| casualties1 = Light<ref>[http://wordweb.ru/2007/12/12/tajjna-bitvy-na-reke-sit.html Sergei Ershov. Taina Bitva na reke Sit']</ref>
| casualties2 = Nearly Entire Force|
}}
{{Campaignbox Mongol invasion of Rus'}}
The '''Battle of the [[Sit River]]''' was fought in the northern part of the present-day [[Sonkovsky District]] of [[Tver Oblast]] of [[Russia]], close to the [[Village#Russia|selo]] of ''Bozhonka'', on March 4, 1238 between the Mongol Hordes of [[Batu Khan]] and the Rus' under Grand Prince [[Yuri II]] of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] during the [[Mongol invasion of Rus]].

== Battle ==
After the Mongols sacked his capital of [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]], Yuri fled across the [[Volga]] northward, to [[Yaroslavl]], where he hastily mustered an army.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge history of Russia|editor=Maureen Perrie |editor-link=Maureen Perrie|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521812276|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521812276|oclc=77011698}}</ref> He and his brothers then turned back toward Vladimir in hopes of relieving the city before the Mongols took it, but they were too late. Yuri sent out a force of 3,000 men under Dorozh to scout out where the Mongols were; whereupon Dorozh returned saying that Yuri and his force was already surrounded. As he tried to muster his forces, he was attacked by the Mongol force under [[Burundai]] and fled but was overtaken on the Sit River and died there along with his nephew, Prince Vsevolod of Yaroslavl.<ref>Robert Michell and Neville Forbes, eds. ''The Chronicle of Novgorod'' (London: Camden Society, 1914), 83; Janet Martin, ''Medieval Russia 980–1584'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 138–139.</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The battle marked the end of unified resistance against the Mongols and inaugurated two centuries of the Mongol domination of [[Russia]].

==References==
{{efron|wstitle=Битва на реке Сити}}
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|58|04|07|N|37|51|07|E|region:RU-YAR_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Sit]]
[[Category:Vladimir-Suzdal|Sit]]
[[Category:1238 in Europe]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1238|the Sit River]]
[[Category:13th century in Russia]]
[[Category:1238 in the Mongol Empire|Sit River]]

{{Russia-battle-stub}}
{{East-Slavic-hist-stub}}

Horyn

2023-12-20T19:09:07Z

TE Villoda:

{{Other uses|Horyn}}
{{Cleanup|reason=needs gutting of incomprehensible waffle, dry facts without context, needs proper referencing etc. Looks like a copy-paste jobbie from somewhere else (another wikipedia?).|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Horyn
| other_name = Haryn
| native_name = {{native name list |tag1=uk|name1=Горинь |tag2=be|name2=Гарынь}}
| image = Horyn.png
| image_caption = A map shown with the Horyn River flowing through Ukraine and Belarus.
| source1_location = [[Ternopil Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]
| mouth = [[Pripyat (river)|Pripyat]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|52.1437|N|27.2826|E|source:wikidata|display=it}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]]
| length = {{convert|659|km|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = {{convert|27,700|km2|abbr=on}}
| progression = {{RPripyat}}
}}
The '''Horyn''' or '''Haryn''' ({{lang-uk|Горинь}} {{IPA-uk|ɦoˈrɪnʲ|IPA}}; {{lang-be|Гарынь}} {{IPA-be|ɣaˈrɨnʲ|IPA}}; {{lang-ru|Горы́нь|Goryn}}; {{lang-pl|Horyń}}) is a [[tributary]] of the [[Pripyat (river)|Pripyat]], which flows through [[Ukraine]] and [[Belarus]]. The Horyn is {{convert|659|km}} long, and has a drainage basin of {{convert|27700|km2}}.<ref name=bse>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article012027.html Горынь], [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]</ref> It has a maximum width of 80 m, and a maximum depth of 16 m. An important tributary of the Horyn River is the [[Sluch (Ukraine)|Sluch]].<ref name=bse/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CO%5CHorynRiver.htm|title=Horyn River|publisher=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|access-date=2019-04-19|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Izsak">{{cite book|url=http://www.kmf.uz.ua/hun114/images/konyvek/Izsak_Tibor_Ukrajna%20termeszeti_foldrajza.pdf|title=Ukrajna természeti földrajza|format=pdf |pages=95| author=Izsák Tibor|publisher=II. Rákóczi Ferenc Kárpátaljai Magyar Főiskola|year=2007|access-date=2019-04-19|language=hu}}</ref>

The Horyn takes its source in the [[Ternopil Oblast]] of Ukraine, south of the city of [[Kremenets]], located north of the administrative center of the Ternopil Oblast, [[Ternopil]]. The river then flows north, where it makes s-shaped formations, through the Ukrainian oblasts of [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnitsky]] and [[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]]. The river then flows northeast into the Belarusian [[Brest Region]], where it finally flows into the [[Pripyat (river)|Pripyat]].

The [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]] atomic power plant, located near the city of [[Netishyn]], uses water from the Horyn for its cooling processes.

Before the river was [[dam]]med, which created pollution, it was used for irrigation and fishing. A clean-up effort in September 1996 was a step towards the river's restoration.<ref>[http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1997/129725.shtml Ukrweekly.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230035518/http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1997/129725.shtml |date=2005-12-30 }} URL archive accessed on July 28, 2006</ref>

Cities and towns located on the river include [[Iziaslav, Ukraine|Iziaslav]], [[Slavuta]], [[Netishyn]], [[Ostroh]], [[Dubrovytsia]], [[Rechytsa]], and [[Stolin]].

== Description and geography ==
The length is 659 km (within Ukraine - 577 km), the water intake area is 27,700 km2. The general fall of the river is 218 m. The average inclination of the river is 0.33 ‰.
The Horyn River originates from a spring overlooking the daily surface north-west of Volytsia village. In general, it flows from southwest to northeast and flows into the [[Pripyat (river)|Pripyat]] from the right bank at 412 km from its mouth, 14 km below the city of [[David-Gorodok]], at an altitude of 127 m above sea level. Within 28 km from the mouth, the river splits into two branches, of which the main is right; the left 26-mile long branch flows into the Pripyat at 417 km.
The Horyn basin borders on the west with the Sturo basins, on the east with the Uborti and Svvi basins, and in the south with the [[Dniester]] basin.

The outcrop area has an incorrect pear-like shape; its length is 300 km, the average width is 92 km, the greatest width in the middle part is 200 km, the bottom - sharply decreases to 10 km.
The upper part of the basin before the confluence of the river {{ill|Ustia (Horyn)|lt=Ustia|uk|Устя (притока Горині)}} is located on the Volyn-Podilskyi hill and is a plateau with altitudes 385.5–215 m, strongly dissected by valleys of rivers and beams (the density of the narrow-girder network, according to S. Sobolev, is 1-1.25 km per 1 km2 surface). The middle and lower parts of the wastewater lie in the region of a significantly marshy lowland plain of Polissya, characterized by a flat relief with sandy hills.

Within the plateau, Cretaceous sands, marls, limestone and chalk occur in the form of protrusions in the valleys of rivers, lined with ancient crystalline rocks, mostly granite, and covered with a thick layer of tertiary sands, clay, marl and shellfish. Quaternary formations are represented by fluvioglacial sands and loams, as well as forests in which fertile gray forest soils and black earths are developed.

Within the Polissya, moraine deposits are commonly found, usually loams with different composition of boulders, fluvioglacial sands and forest-like loams with surface cover of sod-podzolic soils; large areas are occupied by peatlands. Groundwater belongs to Devonian and Cretaceous deposits, and within the crystalline massif they are bound to cracks in crystalline rocks. Within the limits of Polissya, the depth of groundwater is insignificant.

Most of the surface of the pool is plowed; Forests covering 1950 km2 (18%) are prevalent in the lower reaches and consist of pine trees with oak impurities; In the upper reaches are broadleaved forests (oak, hornbeam, maple, ash), preserved along the slopes of river valleys and beams. In the lower reaches a considerable area is occupied by low-lying reed beds and shallow bogs, the total area of which is 1700 km2 (6%). Somewhere there are lands covered with meadow vegetation. The lakes in the basin are very small (0.1%).

The river network is well developed, thanks to the climatic conditions and the nature of the soil. The density of the river network without taking into account the rivers, up to 10 km long, is 0.26, and the latter account is 0.46. Sloping and moderately steep slopes are usually planted, steep - covered or covered with mixed forest and shrub. In the lower reaches are marshy meadows.

In the upper reaches, the slopes are composed of limestone and chalky rocks, covered with sandy loam and loam, often exposed to the appearance of ancient crystalline rocks; in other areas they are mostly sandy and sandy. In the upper and middle streams of the river on both slopes (alternating along the banks) at a height of 3–8 m above the river are located terraces, wide from 0.3 to 4 km, with a steep ledge, a height of 5–10 m. Their surface is predominantly smooth, plowed, rarely covered with pine or mixed forests.

In the upper reaches of the river at the foot of the slopes there are leaks of groundwater.

In the upper reaches of the river, the floodplain is waterlogged, is covered mostly with meadow-bog vegetation, less often with shrubs and individual trees. In other areas, it is mostly dry, meadow, strongly overwhelmed by elders, gullies and lakes, along the banks of which there are thick thickets of cane and shrub (willow, weeping willow). There are sandy ridges and separate hills, with a height of 1 to 8 m. At the slopes, the lower part of it is marshy and is a [[wet meadow]]. Soils are muddy-sandy and clay, in wetlands peaty.

Annually in the period of spring water and rain floods the floodplain is flooded to a depth of 0.5 to 3.3 m for 1–2 weeks; In reduced areas, water is contained within 1–3 months

==Tributaries==
*Left: [[Horynka]], [[Trostianka]], [[Ustia (Horyn)|Ustia]], [[Vyrka]], [[Viliya (Horyn)|Viliya]], [[Stubazka]], [[Zarnivka]], [[Melnytsia]], [[Chakva (river)|Chakva]], [[Berezhanka]], [[Syren (river)|Syren]], [[Lepekha]], [[Soshen]].
*Right: [[Zhyrak]], [[Kalynka]], [[Polkva]], [[Vydava]], [[Lubiakhivka]], [[Ponora]], [[Ocheretynka]], [[Tsvitokha]], [[Bohushivka]], [[Hnylyi Riv]], [[Zhylzhanka]], [[Borkova]], [[Zamchysko]], [[Kosma (river)|Kosma]], [[Zulnia]], [[Sluch (Ukraine)|Sluch]], [[Hlyboka Dolyna]].

==Populated points==
Cities:
[[Lanivtsi]], [[Izyaslav]], [[Slavuta]], [[Netishyn]], [[Ostroh]], [[Dubrovytsia]], [[Stolin]], [[David-Gorodok]].
Urban-type settlements:
[[Vyshnivets]], [[Yampil, Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Yampil]], [[Bilohiria]], [[Hoshcha]], [[Orzhiv]], [[Stepan]], Rychytsya, Oleksandria, and Derazhne.
The river flows through the Kremenets, Zbarazh and Lanovetsky districts of the [[Ternopil region]], Bilogirsky, Izyaslavsky and Slavutsky districts of the [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi region]], as well as Ostroh, Goshcha, Rivne, Kostopil, Sarny, Volodymyrets and Dubrovytsia districts of the [[Rivne region]].

==Ecology==
Due to economic activity in the basin, there are crisis situations. The first of these is the placement of the [[Khmelnitsky]] NPP in the upper reaches (on the border of the Khmelnytsky and Rivne regions). Due to the unsolved problem of technical water supply from the [[Southern Bug]] River, the NPP relieves the peak flood values, leaving only the minimum runoff in the channels of the channel. This leads to the development of channel erosion, siltation of wintering pits, channeling channels. As a result, during the years there was no observed flood in the upper and middle flows, there is no energy exchange between the channel and the [[floodplain]], the phenomena of stagnation have developed. From the aquatic ecosystem, a group of macrophytes disappears, first of all rhest, ai, and jugs.

The second of these problems is the processes of extended depression of groundwater formed in the Cretaceous-Marl region (the Goshchansk-Ostrozhsky region) due to the groundless collection of underground water for drinking water supply in the city of Rivne. The intense infiltration in the groundwater aquifers of the [[surface runoff]] enhances the channeling of the channel and degradation of the river ecosystem.
Supplements the formation of the crisis situation in the Gorin River pollution of industrial and stormwater from the chemical association "Azot" below the city of Rivne and discharges of sewage from the Orzhiv wood-processing plant below the mouth of the Ustya River.
In general, the formation of the quality of river basin waters is determined by the salt background (chlorides), nutrient-phosphate compounds, channel erosion, toxic impurities (copper).

According to the complex ecological index, the river in the mouth part can be attributed to the class of moderately polluted rivers and transitional to the contaminated.

The quality of river waters worsen periodic discharges (emergency) of sewage from sugar factories (Ostrozky, Babino-Tomahovsky, Mizotsky).

==Hydrology==
The Horyn hill in the upper part of the current is moderately vorticular, in the middle and lower, it is strongly winding (the radius of curvature of the gentes in places reaches 20–40 m), mostly unbranched. The width of the river to the mouth of the Polkva River is 3–10 m, below - 25–60 m, the largest - 19 m (the outskirts of the village of Vorona), the smallest - 0.5 m (village Mala Goryanka). Depths are distributed unevenly; on the plains 1.4-2.5 m, in places up to 5–11 m, on rolls down to 0.3–1 m. The velocities of the flow on the valleys are insignificant (0.1-0.3 m/s), on rocks are increasing to 0.5-1.3 m/s.

The river Horyn basin on the hydrographic map of [[Ukraine]]
The bed is slightly overgrown with reeds, sedges and algae, mostly offshore, with a strip of 3–5 m; in the lower reaches, littered with sunken logs, rags and trees that fell from the shores.

The bottom is mostly sandy, on rolls sometimes covered with pebbles, on the plains are silted; in the upper reaches on separate stony areas. Shore a height of 1 to 6 m, mostly steep or steep, on alternating places alternating with flat and very flat, in the upper part they are often peaty, hermetic, less rocky or loamy, on other segments sand or sandy-clay, washed out by water and, collapse, collapse into the river, along with shrubs that grow on them, and separate trees. In many places, they merge with the slopes of the valley.
The river is mostly snowy with a significant participation of rain and earth.

In the course of the year, high spring floods, low summer currents, disturbed by short-term rain floods, autumn and winter rise of water are allocated. The rise in the spring often begins in March, and rarely in February, it occurs intensively (up to 0.5-1.0 m/day) and in the middle or second half of March the highest level reaches for the normal full-length 0.8-4.6 m, with exceptionally high - 1.2-5.8 m. As a rule, a full-blooded animal passes one peak and very rarely two. The recession is slow, within one to two months, and of course, at the end of May–June, there are setbacks.

Rains that fall almost year-round cause floods to grow at an average of 0.5-1.5 m, and rarely reaching the level of spring full-bird.
In October, the rise of the water level, which lasts until the ice age begins; after freezing the level is reduced, but remains above the summer. In winter, when flooding occurs, there are floods, a height of 0.5-2.5 m.
The most abundant river is in the spring (III-IV), when it passes 42-54% of annual drain, for the summer and autumn (VI-XI) it accounts for 31-39%, for the winter (XII-II) - 15-21%.

The largest water consumption of the water-rich 1932 near the village. Voloshka was 1108 m3/s, near the village. Antonovka 1610 m3/sec, corresponding to drainage modules 162 and 142 dm3/s with 1 km2. The lowest runoff modules in summer and winter do not exceed 0.4-1.2 dm3/s with 1 km2. The average annual drainage module is multi-yearly near the village. [[Voloshki]] - 3.96 L/s with 1 km2, near the village. [[Antonivka]] - 3.81 L/s with 1 km2 in the village. [[Gorin]] - 3.56 dm3/s with 1 km2.

The mineralization of the water of the Horyn River in the vicinity of the Khmelnitsky NPP is as follows: spring flood - 502 mg/dm3; summer-autumn measurements - 455 mg/dm3; Winter Meadows - 567 mg/dm3. The mineralization of the water of the reservoir-cooler of Khmelnitsky NPP is: spring flood - 396 mg/dm3; summer-autumn measurements - 401 mg/dm3; winter barges - 405 mg/dm3. Type of water - hydrocarbonate-calcium. [2]

The ice is most likely to come in the middle of December, on the rolls often left the holes that are stored in places throughout the winter. The river is crumbling in the upper reaches at the end of February - beginning of March, in the middle and lower reaches 1–2 weeks later.
The upper river is used as a source of [[hydropower]] and for fish breeding.

Most of the basin is plowed (over 60%), forests occupy 18% of the basin, marshes - shallow cane and shrubland - were drained by 6%. Floodplain meadows are partially sown, cultivated or under grazing, which leads to their degradation, as well as flushing at high water in the river bed of significant impurities - organic, bacterial and solid runoff.

==Navigation==
During the occupation of the Second [[Rzeczpospolita]] on the [[territory]] of [[Ukraine]], the navigable Horyn was only a few weeks in the spring of 1937–1938, that is, at medium-high levels of water. The river was officially considered suitable for navigation from the mouth to Dubrovitsa, the rest was fused.

During the Soviet occupation, the Styr-Horynsky River Transport Administration was created (by the middle of the 1960s the administration was called the [Styr-Horynsky River Transport Agency; in general, in the 1970-1980's, there were three ports: [[Lutsk]], [[Zarichne, Rivne Oblast|Zarichne]] and [[Dubrovitsia]], where worked in different years about 260-280 workers and transported 300-350 thousand cargoes a year). This management existed until the collapse of the USSR. At that time the river was mainly basalt and rubble from the [[Klesiv]] quarry to the [[Volyn region]]. Transportation was carried out with the help of tugs (BC - tugboat, serviceman - two people: captain and motorist, as a rule, graduates of the Kyiv River School), to which they hugged for 2-3 barges. There were also auxiliary boats "Hawk" and "Glukhar". In addition, almost every year the Goryna river was deepened with the help of dredgers in troubled areas. There was even a ship with a serviceman, which lifted oaks from the Goryn river, which fell to the river after the beach washed out. Such an appearance was BC (towing boats).

In the places of Horyn, where there were ferry crossings (near the villages of Velyun and Vysotsk Dubrovitsky district), the servicing of the towing boat was preceded by an acoustic signal. so that a ferry cable could be lowered to the bottom of the river by ferry crossing. After passing the tug, the cable was raised and the ferry could be continued. Due to the fact that Gorin is a relatively not very wide river and that the barges do not carry the tug, either on the shallow or close to the shore, a certain cargo was attached to the last barga, i.e. "Dragons", which stretched the bottom of Gorin. Of course, this had a negative impact on river [[flora]] and [[fauna]], especially during [[spawning]].
From the city of [[David-Gorodok]] to the mouth of the river navigable

==See also==
Rivers of the Ternopil region
Rivers of Khmelnitsky region
Rivers of Rivne region

== Notes ==
Top ↑ Gorbunov E. Yu., Matulevskaya T. The origin of the names of the largest rivers of Ukraine // Language culture of a specialist in the context of modernity / Collection of materials of the III Interuniversity student's scientific and practical conference. - Donetsk: DonNTU, 2010. - C. 92–93.
Up ↑ Hydroecological state of the Goryn basin in the Khmelnitsky NPP area: Monograph [Electronic resource] / Ed. VK Khilchevsky. - K.: Nika-center, 2011. - 176 p. - {{ISBN|978-966-521-551-6}}.
Top ↑ I. B. Horyn // Chronicle of Volyn. - 1956. - No. 3. - p. 83

==Sources==
Hydroecological state of the Goryn basin in the Khmelnitsky NPP area: Monograph [Electronic resource] / Ed. VK Khilchevsky. - K.: Nika-center, 2011. - 176 p. - {{ISBN|978-966-521-551-6}}.
Ichthyofauna cadastre of the Rivne region / Grohovskaya Yu.R., Volovik G.P., Konontsev S.V. and others; Ed. Moshinsky V. S. and Grohovskaya Yu. R. - Rivne: Doka-center, 2012. - 200 p.
Romanchuk O. River Goryn: Past and Present.
Horyń // Geographical Commonwealth of the Poles in the Polish and Slavic countries. - Warszawa: Filip Sulimierski i Władysław Walewski, 1882. - T. III: The Hague - Kępy. (floor) - S. 157–159. (floor)

==Link==
The wikiservice has multimedia data on the subject: Goryn (river)
National Nature Park "Podilsky Tovtry".
Inland waters of the Ternopil region.
Fishing in the Rivne region.
Rare species of roundworms and fish of the Rivne region.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rivers of Ukraine}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:International rivers of Europe]]
[[Category:Rivers of Belarus]]
[[Category:Rivers of Brest Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Khmelnytskyi Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Rivne Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ternopil Oblast]]

Drut (river)

2023-12-20T19:07:57Z

TE Villoda:

{{Short description|River in Belarus}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Drut, Druts
| image = Drut River.jpg
| source1_location =
| mouth = [[Dnieper]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|53|03|25|N|30|01|46|E|region:BY_type:river_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=it}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Belarus]]
| length = {{convert|295|km|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|30|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| basin_size = {{convert|5,020|km2|abbr=on}}
| map = Drut-Aslik-Vabich-Greza Друць-Аслік-Вабіч-Грэза.png
| progression = {{RDnieper}}
}}
The '''Drut''', '''Druts''' or '''Druć'''<ref>[[Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script|official transliteration]]</ref> ({{Lang-be|Друць}}, {{IPA-be|drut͡sʲ|}}; {{Lang-ru|Друть}}, {{IPA-ru|drutʲ|}}) is a river in [[Belarus]], a [[right tributary]] of [[Dnieper]]. It originates in the [[Orsha Upland]] in the [[Belarusian Ridge]] and flows through the [[Vitsebsk Voblast|Vitebsk]], [[Mogilev Oblast|Mogilev]] and [[Homiel Voblast|Homiel]] provinces of Belarus. It is {{convert|295|km}} long, and has a {{convert|5020|km2}} drainage basin.<ref>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article033904.html Друть], [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]</ref>

The cities of [[Tolochin]] and [[Rogachev]] are located on the Drut.

The [[Chihirin Reservoir, Drut|Chihirin Reservoir]] on the Drut river has an area of {{convert|21.1|km2|sp=us}}.

{{Dnieper}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rivers of Gomel Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Mogilev Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Vitebsk Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Belarus]]

{{Belarus-river-stub}}

Yaselda

2023-12-20T19:06:45Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox river
| name = Yaselda
| name_native =
| name_native_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = Yaselda_river_spring_flood.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Yaselda river
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Belarus]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Brest Region|Brest]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length = {{convert|242|km|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Pripyat (river)|Pripyat]]
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|52.0934|26.4334|region:BY_type:river|display=it}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression = {{RPripyat}}
| basin_size = {{convert|5430|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
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}}
The '''Yaselda''' ({{Lang-be|Ясельда}}, alternative transliteration ''Jasieĺda'', {{IPA-be|ˈjasʲelʲda|}}, {{Lang-pl|Jasiołda}}) is a [[river]] in [[Brest Region]] in south-west [[Belarus]]. It is linked via the [[Dnieper–Bug Canal]] to the city of [[Pinsk]]. It is a left tributary of the [[Pripyat (river)|Pripyat]]. The Yaselda is connected to the [[Oginski Canal]]. It is {{convert|242|km}} long, with a {{convert|5430|km2}} drainage basin.<ref>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article128576.html Ясельда], [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]</ref>

== Yaselda in literature ==

* [[The Slaughterman’s Daughter|The Slaughterman's Daughter]] by [[Yaniv Iczkovits]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Brest Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Grodno Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Belarus]]

{{Belarus-river-stub}}

Babruyka

2023-12-20T19:04:03Z

TE Villoda:

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Babruyka
| native_name ={{native name|be|Бабруйка}}
| image =
| image_caption =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Belarus]]
| length =
| source1_location =
| source1_elevation =
| source1_coordinates =
| mouth = [[Berezina]]
| mouth_elevation =
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|53.114|29.2608|region:BY|display=it}}
| discharge1_avg =
| progression = {{RBerezina}}
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
}}
The '''Babruyka''' ({{Lang-be|Бабруйка}} {{IPA-be|baˈbrujkə|}}) is a small river in [[Belarus]], a [[tributary]] to the [[Berezina]] (Biarezina). It flows through the eponymous city of [[Babruysk]] and is named after the [[Eurasian beaver|beavers]] which used to inhabit it. Due to industrial [[pollution]], there are no more animals inhabiting the river and its flow has been reduced to a fraction of its former self.

[[Category:Babruysk]]
[[Category:Rivers of Mogilev Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Belarus]]

{{Belarus-river-stub}}

Kurapaty

2023-12-20T19:02:48Z

TE Villoda:

{{Short description|Mass killing site in Belarus}}
{{Expand Polish|Kuropaty|fa=yes|date=January 2011}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2016}}
[[File:Kurapaty.jpg|thumb|Kurapaty forest graves]]

'''Kurapaty''' ({{lang-be|Курапаты}}, {{IPA-be|kuraˈpatɨ|IPA}}) is a wooded area on the outskirts of [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]], where a vast number of people were executed between 1937 and 1941 during the [[Great Purge]] by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[secret police]], the [[NKVD]].<ref name="Giedrius">{{cite web |last1=Gaidamavičius |first1=Giedrius |title=Belarus had a chance to follow Lithuania's footsteps. What happened? |url=https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1378173/belarus-had-a-chance-to-follow-lithuania-s-footsteps-what-happened |website=[[Lrt.lt]] |access-date=5 April 2021 |language=en |date=4 April 2021}}</ref>

The exact count of victims is uncertain, as [[NKVD]] archives are classified in Belarus.<ref name="svaboda-daviednik">[http://www.svaboda.org/content/transcript/1863328.html Памяць і забыцьцё Курапатаў] // [[RFE/RL]], 28.10.2009</ref> According to various sources, the number of people who perished in Kurapaty is estimated to be at least 30,000 (according to the Attorney General of BSSR Tarnaŭski), up to 100,000 people (according to "Belarus" reference book),<ref name="svaboda-daviednik" /><ref name="bielarus">Даведнік «Беларусь». – Мн.: «Беларуская энцыкляпэдыя», 1995.</ref> from 102,000 to 250,000 people (according to the article by [[Zianon Pazniak]] in the "Litaratura i Mastactva" newspaper),<ref name="pazniak">З. Пазьняк, Я. Шмыгалёў, М. Крывальцэвіч, А. Іоў. [http://www.zianonpazniak.de/publications/creation/kurapaty.htm Курапаты]. – Мн.: Тэхналогія, 1994.</ref><ref>Kurapaty // [[Jan Zaprudnik|Zaprudnik, Jan]]. Historical Dictionary of Belarus. — Lamham. — London: Scarecrow Press, 1998. p. 139.</ref> 250,000 people (according to Polish historian and professor of [[University of Wrocław]] {{ill|Zdzisław Julian Winnicki|pl}}),<ref name="winnicki">Zdzisław J. Winnicki. ''Szkice kojdanowskie.'' – Wrocław: Wydawnictwo GAJT, 2005. {{ISBN|8388178261}}. — С. 77—78.</ref> and more (according to the British historian [[Norman Davies]]).<ref name="Davies">Norman Davies. ''Powstanie '44''. – Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak, 2004. {{ISBN|8324004599}}. – С. 195</ref> Most of the victims were the Belarusian [[intelligentsia]].<ref name="Giedrius"/>

In 2004, Kurapaty [[mass graves]] were included in the register of the [[Cultural Properties of Belarus]] as a first-category [[cultural heritage]].<ref>Постановлениe Министерства культуры № 15 «О зонах охраны материальной недвижимой историко-культурной ценности «Место уничтожения жертв политических репрессий 30-40-х годов XX века в урочище Куропаты» (2004)/ref

Читать полностью: http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2012/10/25/ic_articles_116_179689/</ref>

==Discovery and remembrance==
[[File:Kurapaty 1989 meeting.jpg|thumb|Meeting in Kurapaty, 1989]]

The discovery by historian [[Zianon Paźniak]] and [[exhumation]] of the remains in 1988 gave added momentum to the pro-[[democracy]] and pro-[[independence]] movement in Belarus in the last years of the Soviet Union before it was [[dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]]. There have been investigations by both the Soviet, and Belarusian governments, which have been conclusive as to the perpetrators were Soviet NKVD. This is based on former NKVD members' confessions and the eyewitness testimonies of 55 villagers, from villages such as [[Cna]], [[Cna-Yodkava]], [[Drazdova (Belarus)|Drazdova]], [[Padbaloccie]] and others, who gave evidence that NKVD brought people in trucks and executed them during 1937–1941.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

[[President of the United States]] [[Bill Clinton]] visited Kurapaty forest in 1994, when he came to [[Belarus]] with a "thank you" visit after Belarus agreed to transfer their post-Soviet [[nuclear weapons]] to [[Russia]]. Clinton gifted a small granite monument "To Belarusians from the American people", perhaps the first post-Soviet cultural artifact from the U.S. on the Belarusian soil. The monument was damaged three times by unidentified vandals, but subsequently restored.<ref>{{Cite web|title=US President Bill Clinton Visited Minsk 24 Years Ago|url=https://charter97.org/en/news/2018/1/15/275919/|access-date=2020-09-04|website=charter97.org|language=en}}</ref>

In 2001, when the Kurapaty site was threatened by a planned widening of the [[MKAD (Minsk)|Minsk Ring Road]], youth from the [[Belarusian Popular Front]], [[Zubr (political organization)|Zubr]], and smaller organizations occupied the site and sat out a bitter winter in tents, trying to halt the road construction, however with no success.

On October 29, 2004, the [[Jew]]ish community of Belarus installed a monument in memory of the Jews and other nationals who were murdered in Kurapaty forest. The brown granite stone has two inscriptions, in [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] and in [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]: "To our fellow-believers—Jews, Christians and the Muslims—the victims of [[Stalinism]] from the Belarusian Jews."

Each year in November, on [[Dziady]] (the All Saints or the day when Belarusians commemorate their deceased forefathers), hundreds of people visit this site of crimes of Soviet [[political repression]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Kurapaty_1989_Sportcomplex.jpg|Kurapaty 1989 (Kalinowski street)
File:Kurapaty_1989_victim.jpg|Kurapaty, 1989
File:MKAD reconstruction.jpg|Minsk ring road under construction through the Kurapaty massacre site (2001)
File:KURAPATY2.JPG|Protesters' tent (2001)
File:KURAPATY3.JPG|Police watch over protesters (2001)
File:KURAPATY4.JPG|Crosses and 1989 memorial stone at center of site (2001)
File:KURAPATY5.JPG|Close-up of memorial stone (2001)
File:KURAPATY6.JPG|Remnant of a memorial placed by US President Bill Clinton, later destroyed (2001)
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Bykivnia]]
* [[Dem'ianiv Laz]]
* [[Great Purge]]
* [[Katyn massacre]]
* [[NKVD massacres of prisoners]]
* [[Vinnytsia massacre]]
==References==
{{More footnotes|date=April 2009}}
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* ''Kuropaty: The Investigation of a Stalinist Historical Controversy'' by David R. Marples - ''[[Slavic Review]]'' Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer, 1994), pp. 513–523
* 'Kurapaty The Road of Death' {{ISBN|5857001498}}

==External links==
* [https://knihi.com/Zianon_Pazniak/Kurapaty_-_the_road_of_death-eng.html Kurapaty – The Road of Death]
* {{Find a Grave cemetery|2358253|Kurapaty Forest}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128081546/https://belarusdigest.com/story/kurapaty-memorial-in-danger-business-versus-historical-memory/ |title=Kurapaty memorial in danger: business versus historical memory}} Belarus Digest
* [http://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/kurapaty-1937-1941-nkvd-mass-killings-soviet-belarus Kurapaty (1937–1941): NKVD Mass Killings in Soviet Belarus]

{{Joseph Stalin}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|53|57.93|N|27|36.68|E|display=title}}

[[Category:1937 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1939 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1941 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1937]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1939]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1941]]
[[Category:Forests of Belarus]]
[[Category:Mass graves]]
[[Category:Massacres in Belarus]]
[[Category:Massacres in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Geography of Minsk]]
[[Category:Parks in Minsk]]
[[Category:History of Minsk]]
[[Category:NKVD]]
[[Category:Political repression in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Politics of Belarus]]
[[Category:Communist repression]]
[[Category:Execution sites]]

Pinsk Marshes

2023-12-20T18:59:51Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pinsk Marshes Pripet Marshes
| native_name = Пінскія балоты / Прыпяцкія балоты
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = Natural region
| image_skyline = Prypiat.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of the marshy areas bounding the [[Pripyat River]]
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| image_map = Pinsk Marshes-.JPG
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| map_caption = The Pinsk Marshes ''(Marais de Pinsk)'' in an 1888 French map by [[:fr:Pierre Foncin|Pierre Foncin]].
| pushpin_map = Belarus#Ukraine
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = The Pinsk Marshes bring together Belarus and Ukraine.
| pushpin_relief = y
| coordinates = {{coord|52|N|27|E|type:landmark_dim:500000|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
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| subdivision_type = Countries
| subdivision_name = [[Belarus]] and [[Ukraine]]
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}}
__NOTOC__
[[File:Polonia Et Ungaria XX Nova Tabula.jpg|thumb|A 1552 map by [[Sebastian Münster]] showing the Pinsk Marshes (''Sarmatica palus'') next to [[Pinsk]].]]
The '''Pinsk Marshes''' ({{lang-be|Пінскія балоты|Pinskiya baloty}}), also known as the '''Pripet Marshes''' ({{lang-be|Прыпяцкія балоты|Prypiackija baloty}}), the '''Polesie Marshes''', and the '''Rokitno Marshes''', are a vast [[natural region]] of [[wetlands]] in [[Polesia]], along the forested basin of the [[Pripyat River]] and its tributaries from [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] to the west, [[Mogilev]] in the northeast, and [[Kyiv]] to the southeast. Most of the region is in [[Belarus]], and part is in [[Ukraine]]. The Pinsk Marshes constitute one of the largest wetland areas in [[Europe]].

==Overview==
The Pinsk Marshes mostly lie within the [[Polesian Lowland]], hence '''Polesie Marshes''' (Woodland Marshes), and occupy most of the southern part of [[Belarus]] and the north-west of [[Ukraine]]. They cover roughly {{convert|104000|sqmi|km2|-2|order=flip}} surrounding the sandy lowlands of the dense network of rivers and rivulets forming on both sides of the Pripyat River, one of the main tributaries of the [[Dnieper]].<ref name="eb">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Pripet-Marshes Pripet Marshes] [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref> Dense woods are interspersed with numerous [[marshes]], [[Moorland|moors]], [[pond]]s and [[stream]]s extending {{convert|300|mi|km|-1|order=flip}} west to east and {{convert|140|mi|km|0|order=flip}} north to south. The marshes undergo substantial changes in size during the year, with melting snows in springtime and autumn [[rainfall]] causing extensive [[Flood|flooding]] as the river overflows.

== Flora ==
The Pinsk swamps are home to 827 species of [[vascular plant]]s, of which 18 are listed as endangered in the [[:be:Чырвоная кніга Рэспублікі Беларусь|Red Book of Belarus]].
For the Pinsk swamps' typical alternation of open sedge-reed spaces with almost impenetrable shrub [[thicket]]s. During the spring flood the swamps are almost completely covered with water, so the local population often has to cross through them in boats.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1192178/p1ch5b.html Main laws of the geographical distribution of marshes]</ref> On dry "islands" there are areas of [[deciduous]] or [[Pine trees|pine forest]]s.

== Fauna ==
[[File:TriturusCristatus.jpg|thumb|The [[Northern crested newt]], a [[salamander]] of the marsh of Pripiat.]]
The Pinsk swamps are home to thousands of birds from different [[biotope]]s of the [[Earth]] (Europe, Asia, Africa, Mediterranean), some of which come to nest here during migrations, and also swamps are a wintering area for many species of migratory birds nesting in parts of [[Northern Europe]], such as [[Scandinavia]], [[Finland]], the [[Baltic states]] and [[Russia]].
Of the 246 species of birds which has been observed on this territory, 66 species are listed in the [[:be:Чырвоная кніга Рэспублікі Беларусь|Red Book of Belarus]]. The park nestles a significant number of species that are globally threatened with extinction: [[Ferruginous duck]] (''Aythya nyroca''), [[White-tailed eagle]] (''Haliaeetus albicilla'') (just 2-3 pairs have been observed), [[Greater spotted eagle]] (''Aquila clanga'') (4-6 pairs), [[Corn crake]] (''Crex crex''), [[Great snipe]] (''Gallinago media''). The presence of so many birds of national and international significance underscores the importance of this territory for the conservation of biodiversity of [[Polesia|Polesie]], Belarus and Europe as a whole.

==History==
[[File:Marsh. Polissia.jpg|thumb|The marshes in [[1890]] in a painting by [[Ivan Shishkin]].]]

Historically, for most of the year, the marshes were virtually impassable to major military forces, which influenced strategic planning of all military operations in the region.
Like most other wetlands in Europe, the Pinsk Marshes were once seen as an unhealthy area and a focus of sickness. [[Land reclamation]] projects of the eastern part of the wetlands were started in [[1872]] and by the late [[19th century]] drainage of the marshes recovered 1.5 million hectares of wetlands for use as pasture and farmland.<ref>''Wetlands Under Threat.'' [[World Wide Fund For Nature]] Living Waters Campaign. [http://assets.panda.org/downloads/WETTHREATSENG.doc Issues Brief 1], p. 1</ref>

=== First and Second World War ===
At the start of [[World War I]], the marshes separated the [[4th Army (Austria-Hungary)|Austro-Hungarian Fourth Army]] from the XII corps; the few roads that traversed the region were narrow and largely unimproved. That
left a wide gap, and the [[3rd Army Corps (Russian Empire)|Third Army Corps]] of the [[Imperial Russian Army]] poured in before the [[2nd Army (Austria-Hungary)|Austro-Hungarian Second Army]]'s transfer from [[Serbia]] was complete. The Russians soon captured the valuable railhead at Lemberg (now [[Lviv]]), then in the far east of [[Austria-Hungary]] (now part of the western [[Ukraine]]), as a result. Throughout the rest of the war, the wetlands remained one of the principal geographic obstacles of the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]].

The marshes divided the central and southern theatres of operation during [[World War II]], and they served as a hideout for both [[Soviet partisans|Soviet]] and [[Home Army|Polish partisans]]. At one stage during the war, the [[Nazi Germany|German]] administration planned to drain the marshes, '[[Ethnic cleansing|cleanse]]' them of their 'degenerate' inhabitants and [[Generalplan Ost|repopulate]] the area with German colonists. [[Konrad Meyer]] was the leader in command of the 'Pripet plan'. [[Hitler]] scuttled the project late in 1941, as he believed that it might entail [[Dust Bowl]] conditions.<ref>[[David Blackbourn|Blackbourn, David]], (2006). ''The Conquest of Nature: Water, Landscape and the Making of Modern Germany''. Jonathan Cape.</ref>

In 1942, after an uprising, approximately 1,000 Jews escaped from the [[Łachwa Ghetto]], of whom about 600 were able to take refuge in the Pinsk Marshes.

Known as ''Pripjet-Sümpfe'' by the Germans, the wetlands were dreaded by the [[Wehrmacht]] troops. During the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]], the [[Third Reich]] armies skirted the wetlands, passing through the north or south of it. However, after the debacle of the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] in 1944, many retreating units such as the [[7th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|7th]], [[35th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|35th]], [[134th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|134th]] and [[292nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|292nd Infantry Division]]s had to cut across the marshy areas. They often needed to build tracks with logs, over which they could pull light loads in horse-drawn vehicles.<ref>[http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks11/1100731h/V1_5/v3.html Pictorial History Of The Second World War; Volume III - Fighting on the Pripet Marshes]</ref>

=== Proposed drainage in the 1950s ===
There was a plan to drain the wetlands during 1952, when the area of the marshes was under [[Soviet]] administration.<ref>Karakov, G. (George), ''1952 plan for the draining of the Pripet Marshes.'' New York, N.Y. : Research Program on the U.S.S.R., 1953 (OCoLC)623960881.</ref>

=== Chernobyl nuclear disaster ===
In 1986, the region became world-famous because of the [[Chernobyl disaster]]; however, the Pripet Marshes should not be confused with the [[ghost town|ghost city]] of [[Pripyat]]; the area within which the [[Chernobyl Exclusion Zone]] is located. It is approximately {{convert|356|km|mi|abbr=on}} east-southeast of the geographic centre of the Pinsk Marshes area.

== See also ==
*[[Pripyatsky National Park]]
*[[Geography of Belarus]]
*[[Geography of Ukraine]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/science-team-plunges-into-pripyat-marshes-930.html Science team plunges into Pripyat Marshes - Kyiv Post]

{{Wetlands of Ukraine}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Marshes of Belarus]]
[[Category:Marshes of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Pinsk|Marshes]]
[[Category:Natural regions of Europe]]
[[Category:Belarus–Ukraine border]]

Vetka Island

2023-12-20T18:58:38Z

TE Villoda:

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
'''Vetka Island''' is an island in the [[Sozh River]] near the [[Belarus]] town of [[Vetka]]. The island is known for a large [[Old Believers]] community which lived there in the 18th and 19th centuries. After that time the community was destroyed by the Russian state, however, and the [[Old Believers]] had to move further to the West, into [[Moldova]], [[Romania]] and [[Austria]], to avoid interference from the Russian authorities.

{{coord|52|13|40|N|32|22|36|E|source:kolossus-eswiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Islands of Belarus]]
[[Category:Old Believer communities]]
[[Category:Russian diaspora in Europe]]
[[Category:River islands of Europe]]

{{Belarus-geo-stub}}

Logoisk crater

2023-12-20T18:56:43Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox terrestrial impact site
| name = Logoisk crater
| other_name =
| photo =
| photo_size =
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption =
| location =
| map = Belarus
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of the crater in Belarus
| map_size =
| label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|54|12|N|27|48|E|scale:100000|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| confidence = Confirmed
| diameter = {{convert|15|km|mi|0}}
| age = [[Middle Eocene]] 42.3 ± 1.1 Ma
| exposed = No
| drilled = Yes
| bolide =
| topo =
| access =
| country = [[Belarus]]
| state =
| province =
| district =
| municipality = [[Lahojsk]]
}}
'''Logoisk crater''' is a [[meteorite]] [[impact crater]] in [[Belarus]] near the city of [[Lahojsk]].

It is {{convert|15|km|sp=us}} in diameter and is estimated to be 42.3 ± 1.1 million years old ([[Eocene]]). The crater is not exposed at the surface.<ref>{{cite Earth Impact DB | name = Logoisk| accessdate = 2009-08-19}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Sherlock, S. C., Kelley, S. P. , Glazovkaya, L., A New Age for the Logoisk Impact Structure, Berlarus and Implications for the Late Eocene Comet Shower, First International Conference on Impact Cratering in the Solar System. 2006
* Glazovskaya, L. I., Impact transformation of the crystalline basement in the Logoisk astrobleme, Meteorite Impacts in Precambrian Shields. Programme and Abstracts, the 4th Workshop of the European Science Foundation IMpact Programme, Lappajarvi-Karikkoselka-Saaksjarvi, Finland, May 24–28, 2000. ed. J. Plado and L.J. Pesonen. 2000
* Masaitis V. L. et al., The Logoysk Astrobleme, 1984

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160611124206/http://www.en.krateris.eu/dobele-crater.html Information about meteorite impact craters, Logoisk crater]

{{Impact cratering on Earth}}

[[Category:Impact craters of Belarus]]
[[Category:Eocene impact craters]]
[[Category:Lutetian Stage]]

{{Belarus-geo-stub}}

Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions

2023-12-20T18:53:22Z

TE Villoda:

{{Short description|Trade union confederation in Belarus}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = BKDP
| full_name = Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions
| location_country = [[Belarus]]
| affiliation = [[International Trade Union Confederation|ITUC]]
| members = 15,000
| native_name = Беларускі кангрэс дэмакратычных прафсаюзаў
| image =
| founded = 1993
| dissolved = 2022
| merged =
| headquarters = [[Minsk]]
| key_people = [[Aliaksandr Yarashuk]], President [[Siarhei Antusevich]], Vice-President
| website = http://www.bkdp.org/
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions''' ({{Lang-be|Беларускі кангрэс дэмакратычных прафсаюзаў|translit=Byelaruski kanhres demakratychnyh prafsayuzaw}}, {{Lang-ru|Белорусский Конгресс демократических профсоюзов}}) was a confederation and center of [[trade union|trade unions]] in [[Belarus]]. It had 15,000 members in 4 affiliated unions and its headquarters were located in [[Minsk]].<ref>{{cite book| year = 2005 | title = Trade Unions of the World | editor = ICTUR | editor-link = International Centre for Trade Union Rights |display-editors=etal | edition = 6th | publisher = John Harper Publishing | location = London, UK| isbn = 0-9543811-5-7}}</ref>

==Affiliates==

The following trade unions are currently affiliated to BKDP:

* {{Interlanguage link|Belarusian Independent Trade Union|lt=|be|Беларускі Незалежны прафсаюз}}
* [[Belarus Free Trade Union]]
* {{Interlanguage link|Free Metal Workers' Trade Union|be|Свабодны прафсаюз металістаў}}
* {{Interlanguage link|Belarusian Radio-Electrical Manufacturing Workers' Trade Union|be|Беларускі прафсаюз работнікаў радыёэлектроннай прамысловасці}}

==History==

BKDP was founded in 1993.<ref name="csometer">{{cite press release|url=https://csometer.info/updates/belarus-trade-union-declared-extremist-formation|title=Belarus: trade union is declared an "extremist formation"|date=2022-04-21}}</ref>

In September 2020, during the [[2020–2021 Belarusian protests]], the Belarusian government arrested workers striking at [[Belaruskali]]. Some of the workers were members of BKDP-affiliate [[Belarusian Independent Trade Union]], including its vice-president.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.ituc-csi.org/belarus-suppress-strikes?lang=en|title=Belarus: Government steps up effort to suppress strikes|publisher=[[International Trade Union Confederation|ITUC]]|date=2020-09-17}}</ref>

On April 7, 2022, the [[State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus|KGB]] declared the BKDP affiliate [[Belarusian Radio-Electrical Manufacturing Workers' Trade Union]] to be an extremist formation. This was the first time that Belarusian authorities had designated a registered trade union as extremist. On April 19, law enforcement agencies raided the offices of BKDP and several affiliated unions. They confiscated computers, paperwork and union flags. BKDP president [[Aliaksandr Yarashuk]], vice-president [[Siarhei Antusevich]] and other officials from BKDP and affiliated unions were also arrested.<ref name="csometer"/> The [[European Trade Union Confederation]] and the [[International Labour Organization]] condemned the arrests of the officials and demanded their release.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.etuc.org/en/pressrelease/free-belarus-trade-unionists|title=Free the Belarus trade unionists|publisher=[[European Trade Union Confederation|ETUC]]|date=2022-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_842821/lang--en/index.htm|title=ILO Director-General calls for the release of Belarusian trade union leaders|publisher=[[International Labour Organization|ILO]]|date=2022-04-21}}</ref>

In July 2022, the Supreme Court of Belarus dissolved all the affiliated unions and the Congress itself, ostensibly for involvement in 'destructive activity' and 'disseminating extremist content'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.interfax.ru/world/852832|title=В Белоруссии запретили независимые профсоюзы|work=[[Interfax]]|date=July 19, 2022|accessdate=2023-04-02|language=ru}}</ref>

In late 2022 and early 2023, Belarusian courts sentenced the leaders of the independent unions to several years in prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.industriall-union.org/belarus-must-release-imprisoned-union-leaders-and-activists|title=Belarus must release imprisoned union leaders and activists|work=[[IndustriALL Global Union]]|date=January 19, 2023|accessdate=2023-04-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Europe-trade-union-stub}}
{{Portal bar|Organized labour}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:International Trade Union Confederation]]
[[Category:National trade union centers of Belarus]]

Belarus Free Trade Union

2023-12-20T18:51:26Z

TE Villoda:

{{Short description|Trade union confederation in Belarus}}
{{Infobox union
|name = SPB
|location_country= [[Belarus]]
|affiliation =
|members =
|full_name = Belarus Free Trade Union
|native_name =
|image =
|founded = 1991
|dissolved = 2022
|merged =
|headquarters = [[Minsk]], Belarus
|key_people = [[Gennady Bykov]], president
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Belarus Free Trade Union''' (SPB) was a [[trade union]] centre in [[Belarus]].<ref name="ICTUR_Belarus" /> Its headquarters are located in [[Minsk]]. In October 2020, during the [[2020 Belarusian protests]], SPB was classified as "independent" of the government by Marina Vorobei of ''ProfSoyuz Online'', a working group for independent trade union organising supported by the [[Coordination Council (Belarus)|Coordination Council]]<ref name="MarketingBy_ProfSoyuz" /> aiming at a transition of political power from [[Aleksander Lukashenko]].

In July 2022, the Supreme Court of Belarus dissolved all the affiliated unions of the [[Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions]], including the SPB, and the Congress itself, ostensibly for involvement in 'destructive activity' and 'disseminating extremist content'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.interfax.ru/world/852832|title=В Белоруссии запретили независимые профсоюзы|work=[[Interfax]]|date=July 19, 2022|accessdate=2023-04-02|language=ru}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="MarketingBy_ProfSoyuz">{{cite web | language =ru | title= В Беларуси работает платформа "Профсоюз онлайн". Через нее можно создать независимый профсоюз |trans-title = The platform 'Trade Union Online' is active in Belarus. You can create an independent trade union using it. | website= Marketing.by |date =2020-10-19 | url = https://marketing.by/novosti-rynka/v-belarusi-rabotaet-platforma-profsoyuz-onlayn-cherez-nee-mozhno-sozdat-nezavisimyy-profsoyuz/ | accessdate = 2020-10-22 |archiveurl= https://archive.today/20201022004937/https://marketing.by/novosti-rynka/v-belarusi-rabotaet-platforma-profsoyuz-onlayn-cherez-nee-mozhno-sozdat-nezavisimyy-profsoyuz/ |archivedate= 2020-10-22 |url-status=live |url-access = }}</ref>

<ref name="ICTUR_Belarus">{{cite web | title= Belarus | website= [[International Centre for Trade Union Rights]] |year = 2018 | url = http://www.ictur.org/Profile_Belarus.html | accessdate = 2020-10-22 |archiveurl= https://archive.today/20201022005407/http://www.ictur.org/Profile_Belarus.html |archivedate= 2020-10-22 |url-status=live |url-access = }}</ref>

}}

===Other===
*{{cite book
| year = 2005
| title = Trade Unions of the World
| editor = ICTUR
| editor-link = International Centre for Trade Union Rights
|display-editors=etal
| edition = 6th
| publisher = John Harper Publishing
| location = London, UK
| isbn = 0-9543811-5-7
}}

{{Portal|Organized labour}}

[[Category:1991 establishments in Belarus]]
[[Category:2022 disestablishments in Belarus]]
[[Category:National trade union centers of Belarus]]
[[Category:Trade unions established in 1991]]

{{Europe-trade-union-stub}}

Ciechanowiec

2023-12-20T18:44:11Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ciechanowiec
| image_skyline = Ciechanowiec - kościół pw. Trójcy Przenajświętszej.JPG
| imagesize = 250px
| image_caption = Holy Trinity Church
| image_flag = POL Ciechanowiec flag.svg
| image_shield = Ciechanowiec herb.svg
| pushpin_map = Poland
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag| Podlaskie Voivodeship |name= Podlaskie}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of Polish counties|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wysokie Mazowieckie County|Wysokie Mazowieckie]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gmina Ciechanowiec|Ciechanowiec]]
| established_title = City rights
| established_date = 1413
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Eugeniusz Święcki
| area_total_km2 = 26.01
| population_as_of = 31 December 2021<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=2022-07-12|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Data for territorial unit 2013024.</ref>
| population_total = 4511
| population_density_km2 = auto
| coordinates = {{coord|52|41|N|22|30|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 18-230
| area_code = +48 86
| blank_name = [[Vehicle registration plates of Poland|Car plates]]
| blank_info = BWM
| website = http://www.ciechanowiec.pl
}}
'''Ciechanowiec''' ({{IPA-pl|t͡ɕɛxaˈnɔvʲɛt͡s}}; {{lang-yi|טשעכֿאַנאָװיץ}}, {{lang-de|Rudelstadt}})<ref>[http://data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~shtetm~-497464 JewishGen Locality Page - Ciechanowiec, Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315132910/http://data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~shtetm~-497464 |date=2012-03-15 }}, from [[Museum of Jewish Heritage]].</ref> is a small town in [[Gmina Ciechanowiec]], [[Wysokie Mazowieckie County]], [[Podlaskie Voivodeship]], eastern [[Poland]]. In December 2021, the town had a population of 4,511.<ref name = population />

==History==
From the 5th century BC until the 10th century, [[Yotvingians]], a [[Baltic tribe]] close to the [[Lithuanians]], lived in the areas around Ciechanowiec. From the 13th–14th centuries until 1513, the lands belonged to the [[Trakai Voivodeship]] of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. Then, they were part of the [[Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795)|Podlaskie Voivodeship]] from 1513 until 1795 (1513–1569 as part of Lithuania and 1569–1795 as part of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]).

In 1429, the [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] [[Vytautas the Great]] granted Ciechanowiec the settlement [[Magdeburg rights]] and its coat of arms. In the 16th century, the city belonged to the [[Kiszka family]]. In the mid-16th century Castellan of [[Trakai]], [[Piotr Kiszka]] built a castle on the right bank of the river [[Nurzec]], northeast of the town. Between 1617–1642, Mikołaj Kiszka ordered to build heavy defensive walls around the fortress, but soon the castle burned down during the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]], and the surviving buildings with the newly-built residence for the Ossoliński family were later blown up and destroyed by the [[Imperial Russian Army]] during [[World War I]] (1915). To this day only the foundations and the moat still exist.

The forthcoming owners of the city were: The Bremmer, Ossoliński, Szczukow and Ciecierski families. In particular, the Ossoliński family in the second half of the seventeenth century invested in the development of the city.
[[File:Ciechanowiec - zalew, przystań.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Paddle boats are a popular tourist attraction]]
In 1736–1739, a brick church of the Holy Trinity and the Sisters of Mercy hospital was built, according to the draft of Warmia's architect Jan Adrian Kluk. His son, Fr. [[Jan Krzysztof Kluk]] (1739–1796), the local parish priest, devoted to natural history, became one of the most important Polish naturalists of the Enlightenment. He is the author of the first comprehensive textbook in the [[Polish language]] on agriculture, as well as other pioneering scientific topics, as well as school textbooks written on request of the [[Commission of National Education]]. The scope of the research included both [[botany]] and [[zoology]], and natural pharmaceuticals.

In the era of the partitions, Ciechanowiec was passed onto Prussia, and after the [[Congress of Vienna]] to the Russian Empire. Later the city was divided into two parts: right bank (called New Town or "Polish section"), was part of the Polish Kingdom and the left bank Old Town ("Rus section") in Russia. As a result of the [[November Uprising|November]] and [[January Uprising]]s, the right bank of Ciechanowiec lost the city rights in 1870. At the end of the nineteenth century, the textile industry rapidly developed in the city. Ciechanowiec was also very popular for various horse fairs. Significant damage from the times of [[World War I]] and the [[Polish–Soviet War]] were slowly repaired in the interwar period.

Before the beginning of [[World War II]], 55% of the town's inhabitants were [[Jews]]. At that time the city was known to a large number of workshops, mainly Jewish. In 1938, the left bank of Ciechanowiec (then located in the district of Bielsko) was attached to the right part of the town (on the status of the settlement), previously located in the district of Wysokomazowieckie (in the municipality of Klukowo).

During [[World War II]], the city was badly destroyed, as a result of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], first by the soldiers of the Red Army, and after June 1941 by the [[Wehrmacht|German Army]]. The Jewish population was almost completely exterminated at the [[Treblinka extermination camp]]. After the war, reconstruction lasted a long time and the city has not regained its former importance and population that it once had.

Jewish family names like ''Ciechanowiec, Ciechanowiecki, [[Ciechanowicz]], [[Ciechanowski]]'' and ''Chechanover'' originated from this town.

==Geography==
Ciechanowiec is located in eastern Poland about {{convert|130|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast from [[Warsaw]] and around {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=on}} west from the [[Białowieża Forest]] in the Territory of Preserved Landscape of the Valley of the Bug and Nurzec Rivers. The [[Nurzec River]] divides the town into two parts: the Left Side and the Right Side.

==Demographics==
According to the 1921 census, the village was inhabited by 3.291 people, among whom 1.568 were Roman Catholic, 39 Orthodox, 34 Evangelical and 1.649 Mosaic. At the same time, 1.653 inhabitants declared Polish nationality, 11 Belarusian, 21 German and 1.693 Jewish. There were 361 residential buildings in the village.<ref>''Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej: opracowany na podstawie wyników pierwszego powszechnego spisu ludności z dn. 30 września 1921 r. i innych źródeł urzędowych.'', t. T. 5, województwo białostockie, 1924, s. 19.</ref>

Detailed data as of 31 December 2021:<ref name = population />
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:right;"
!Description|| colspan=2|All || colspan=2|Women || colspan=2|Men
|-
|Unit || person || percentage || person || percentage || person || percentage
|--
|Population || '''4511'''|| 100 || 2271 || 50.3% || 2240 || 49.7%
|--
|Population density || colspan=2| 173.4|| colspan=2| 87.3|| colspan=2| 86.1
|}

==Monuments==
* The Holy Trinity Church
* The monastery-hospital complex
* The Lord's Ascension Orthodox Church
* The Mansion-Park Complex
* Mazowiecko-Podlaski Open-Air Museum of Agriculture

== Notable people ==
{{Category see also|People from Ciechanowiec}}
{{Category see also|People from Wysokie Mazowieckie County}}
* [[Alexander Chizhevsky]]
* [[Jan Krzysztof Kluk]]
*[[Benjamin Mazar]] (1906-1995), Israeli historian and archeologist; President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
* [[Ivan Solonevich]]
* {{Interlanguage link|Ignacy Tłoczek|pl}} (not native)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ciechanowiec.info/ Ciechanowiec Online]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120315132910/http://data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~shtetm~-497464 JewishGen Locality Page - Ciechanowiec, Poland] from [[Museum of Jewish Heritage]].
{{See also|Ciechanów (disambiguation)|Ciechanowice}}
{{Gmina Ciechanowiec}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ciechanowiec| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Podlaskie Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Wysokie Mazowieckie County]]
[[Category:Belsky Uyezd (Grodno Governorate)]]
[[Category:Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)]]
[[Category:Belastok Region]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Poland]]
[[Category:Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust]]

Bug Landscape Park

2023-12-20T18:42:43Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Bug Landscape Park
| alt_name = Nadbużański Park Krajobrazowy
| iucn_category = V
| photo = Bug Nur.jpg
| photo_caption = [[Bug River]] near [[Nur, Poland|Nur]]
| location = [[Masovian Voivodeship]]
| area = 741,36 km²
| established = 1993
| governing_body = [[Masovian Governor]]
}}

'''Bug Landscape Park''' (''Nadbużański Park Krajobrazowy'') is a [[protected area]] ([[Landscape Park (Poland)|Landscape Park]]) in east-central [[Poland]], and one of [[List of Landscape Parks of Poland|over a hundred]] Polish [[Landscape Park (protected area)|Landscape Parks]]. The park lies within [[Masovian Voivodeship]], on the [[Bug River]]. It includes part of three Polish historical regions: [[Kurpie]], [[Masovia]] and [[Podlasie]].

The park covers an area of 741.36 square kilometres plus 395,35 square kilometres of protection zone. Within the Bug Landscape Park, fourteen [[nature reserves]] have been established with a further three planned. Included within those reserves are seven forests, three [[bird reserve]]s, and two flower reserves. The name of the Bug River is derived from an old Slavic word for “wetland”.

==Climate and wildlife==
Low-intensive human activity makes the park more natural and unique. The park includes a large variety of landscapes but the two most predominant are the forest complexes, composed mainly of pine, and Bug River valley. [[Flora]] of Bug Landscape Park counts about 1,300 species, among them there are 39 species of trees and 59 of shrubs. The park contains many protected plants, such as: ''[[silene dichotoma]]'', ''[[saxifraga tridactylites]]'', ''[[medicago minima]]'', [[Turk's cap lily]], [[twinflower]] and the variety of [[willow]] known as ''Salix starkeana''

The valley of [[Bug River]] with its wetlands provides the habitat to many endangered [[bird]]s including the [[black stork]], the [[common sandpiper]], the [[common snipe]], the [[Eurasian curlew]], the [[grey heron]], the [[Ruff (bird)|ruff]]. Migrating birds use the park for feeding and rest.
The park also has 37 mammal species including [[beaver]]s, [[moose]] and [[otter]]s, as well as reptiles including [[European pond turtle]]s, and ''[[coronella austriaca]]'' known as the smooth snake. Moreover, 12 species of [[amphibian]]s and 29 species of [[fish]] can be found there.

==Tourist and biodiversity interest==

[[File:Poland Sterdyn.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The Palace in Sterdyń]]

Within the park, there are 251 [[natural monument|monuments of nature]] primarily trees such as [[Fraxinus|ashes]], [[Tilia|limes]], [[oak]]s, [[pine]]s. Other monuments include a colony of [[ant-hill]]s, a [[monadnock]] hill, a subterranean fungus site and a 3 km long avenue of [[oak]]s made up of 442 individual trees with diameters of up to 450 cm.

The populated areas of the park are composed mainly of villages and small cities with [[Sokołów Podlaski]] (pop. 18,000) being the largest. One of the unique characteristics of the park is the continuing presence of Polish rural culture, notably traditional folk music and sculpture. Barns and hay stacks are a typical sight in the Bug River valley, along with historic wooden architecture, roadside crucifixes, old mills and small shrines scattered throughout the many towns and villages, where local fetes are celebrated, such as the Potato Day or Bread Festivals. The park also contains some palaces and stately houses as well as smaller manor houses such as those in [[Korczew, Masovian Voivodeship|Korczew]], [[Starawieś]] and [[Sterdyń]]. There are some large churches in the area, e.g. in [[Kosów Lacki]] and [[Sokołów Podlaski]]. The area also includes monuments of Polish and regional history such as statues, museums, and tombs. One historically significant site is the [[Treblinka extermination camp]], where the [[Nazis]] conducted an extermination program against [[Jews]], [[Romani people|Gypsies]], and other groups considered deviant by the [[Nazi party]].

The park contains a large number of hiking and cycling trails, making it an attractive destination for [[angling]] and [[ecotourism]]. [[Canoeing]] and [[rafting]] are also popular.

==See also==
* [[Bug River]]
* [[Protected areas of Poland]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425123524/http://parkiotwock.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=202&Itemid=180 Official website]
* [http://www.mazowieckie.pl/portal/en/2/2/Mazovia.html The Board of Masovian Landscape Parks]

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|title=Nadbużański Park Krajobrazowy = The Nadbużański Landscape Park|author=H. Kot, Straczewski C.|year=1996|publisher=Wydawnictwo Poligraficzne 'Sprint'|isbn=83-903263-2-9}}
* {{Cite book|title=Parki Krajobrazowe w Polsce: Nadbużański Park Krajobrazowy|author=G. Rąkowski|year=2004|publisher=Institute of Environmental Protection|isbn=83-85805-73-7}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|52.619425|21.846953|format=dms|display=title|type:landmark}}

[[Category:Landscape parks in Poland|Bug]]
[[Category:Parks in Masovian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]

Bronka

2023-12-20T18:38:20Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bronka
| settlement_type = Village
| total_type =  
| image_flag =
| image_shield =
| image_map =
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Podlaskie Voivodeship|Podlaskie]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bielsk County|Bielsk]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gmina Brańsk|Brańsk]]
| pushpin_map = Poland
| coordinates = {{coord|52|45|N|22|56|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| website =
}}
'''Bronka''' {{IPAc-pl|'|b|r|o|N|k|a}} is a [[village]] in the administrative district of [[Gmina Brańsk]], within [[Bielsk County]], [[Podlaskie Voivodeship]], in north-eastern Poland.<ref name="TERYT">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa|title=Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)|date=2008-06-01|language=Polish}}</ref> It lies approximately {{convert|7|km|mi|0}} east of [[Brańsk]], {{convert|19|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of [[Bielsk Podlaski]], and {{convert|44|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} south of the regional capital [[Białystok]].

According to the 1921 census, the village was inhabited by 234 people, among whom 228 were Roman Catholic, and 6 were Mosaic. At the same time, 228 inhabitants declared Polish nationality and 6 declared Jewish nationality. There were 41 residential buildings in the village at the time.<ref>''Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej: opracowany na podstawie wyników pierwszego powszechnego spisu ludności z dn. 30 września 1921 r. i innych źródeł urzędowych.'', t. T. 5, województwo białostockie, 1924, p. 21.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Gmina Brańsk}}

[[Category:Villages in Bielsk County|Bronka]]

{{Bielsk-geo-stub}}

Brańsk

2023-12-20T18:37:03Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Brańsk
| image_skyline = Kościół Wniebowzięcia NMP w Brańsku 1.jpg
| image_caption = Church of the Assumption of Mary in Brańsk
| image_shield = POL Brańsk COA.svg
| image_map = Bielsk County-Bransk(Town).png
| map_caption = Location within [[Bielsk County]]
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Podlaskie Voivodeship|Podlaskie]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bielsk County|Bielsk]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = Brańsk (urban gmina)
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Eugeniusz Tomasz Koczewski
| established_title3 = Town rights
| established_date3 = 18 January 1493
| area_total_km2 = 32.43
| population_as_of = 30 June 2021<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=2022-06-02|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Data for territorial unit 2003021.</ref>
| population_total = 3667
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|52|45|N|22|50|E|region:PL|display=it}}
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 17-120
| area_code = +48 085
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_info = BBI
| blank_name_sec2 = [[National roads in Poland|National roads]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[File:DK66-PL.svg|32px]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Voivodeship road]]s
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[File:DW681-PL.svg|32px]]
| website = http://www.bransk.podlaskie.pl
}}
'''Brańsk''' {{IPAc-pl|b|r|a|ń|s|k}} ({{lang-be|Бранск}}, {{lang-lt|Branskas}}) is a town in eastern [[Poland]]. It is situated within [[Podlaskie Voivodeship]] (province).

==Etymology==
The name of the town comes from the river [[Bronka]], a nearby tributary of the [[Nurzec]] River.

==Geography==


===Location===
Brańsk is located in the geographical region of [[Europe]] known as the ''Wysoczyzny Podlasko–Białoruskie'' (English: Podlaskie and Belarus Plateau) and the mesoregion known as the Bielsk Plain (Polish: ''Równina Bielska''). The [[Nurzec]] River, a tributary of the [[Bug River]], passes through Brańsk. The town covers an area of {{convert|32.43|km2|sqmi|1}}.

It is located approximately:
* {{convert|140|km|mi|1}} northeast of [[Warsaw]], the capital of [[Poland]]
* {{convert|69|km|mi|1}} southwest of [[Białystok]], the capital of the [[Podlaskie Voivodeship]]
* {{convert|25|km|mi|1}} west of [[Bielsk Podlaski]], the seat of [[Bielsk County]]

===Climate===
The region has a [[continental climate]] characterized by high temperatures during summer and long and frosty winters. The average annual rainfall exceeds {{convert|550|mm|in|1}}.


==History==
{{Main|Bielsk_County#History}}

On 23–25 June 1264 the [[Battle of Brańsk]] was fought in the town's vicinity. Polish forced led by Duke [[Boleslaw V the Chaste]] defeated the forces of [[Yotvingia]] led by Komata (''Kumata'').

On 18 January 1493, Brańsk received a city charter based on [[Magdeburg rights]] from the Grand Duke of [[Lithuania]], [[Alexander Jagiellon]]. It was the first city in [[Podlachia]] to receive such a charter.
[[File:Bransk AGE 1804.jpg|thumb|Brańsk on a map from 1804]]

Brańsk was a [[Royal city in Poland|royal town of Poland]], administratively located in the [[Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795)|Podlaskie Voivodeship]] in the [[Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Lesser Poland Province]]. The 3rd Polish National Cavalry Brigade was stationed in Brańsk before the Third Partition of Poland.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gembarzewski|first=Bronisław|title=Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831|year=1925|language=pl|publisher=Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej|location=Warszawa|page=8}}</ref> In 1795, as a result of the [[Third Partition of Poland]], Brańsk was annexed to the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] and administered as a part of the newly formed [[Białystok Department]]. In 1807, as a result of the [[Treaties of Tilsit]], Brańsk was annexed to the [[Russian Empire]] and administered at first as a part of [[Belostok Oblast]] and from 1842 on as a part of [[Grodno Governorate]]. The town was reintegrated with Poland, after the country regained independence following [[World War I]] in 1918.

===World War II===
On September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland and started [[World War II]]. Within days of the war's beginning, Brańsk suffered German bombardment. On September 17, 1939, the [[Soviet Union]] [[Soviet invasion of Poland|attacked Poland]] from the east, and in partnership with [[Nazi Germany]], partitioned Poland under the terms of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact]] of August 23. Brańsk along with all areas of Poland east of the Bug River was then [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied by the Soviet Union]]. All Polish and Jewish businesses of substance were confiscated by the Communist State. Several Poles from Brańsk were murdered by the Russians in the large [[Katyn massacre]] in 1940.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://poranny.pl/drzewka-dla-tych-co-zgineli-w-katyniu/ar/5308152|title=Drzewka dla tych, co zginęli w Katyniu|website=Kurier Poranny|author=Janusz Bakunowicz|access-date=7 November 2021|language=pl}}</ref> The Soviets remained in control of Brańsk until June 1941 when the Germans invaded their erstwhile Soviet allies.

The [[Wehrmacht|German Army]] occupied the town and ordered the Jewish community to build a [[Nazi ghettos|ghetto]] surrounded by barbed wire, to which the Jewish population (some 65% of the town) was confined. On November 8, 1942, the Jews of Brańsk were ordered to report to the town center, forced to march to the nearby town of Bielsk, and then transported by train to Treblinka. Within weeks, the vast majority were murdered by gassing at the [[Treblinka extermination camp]].<ref>Eva Hoffman. ''Shtetl: The Life and Death of a Small Town and the World of Polish Jews''. Houghton Mifflin, 1997.</ref><ref>Zbigniew Romaniuk. ''The Story of Two Shtetls: Brańsk and Ejszyszki'', Part One. The Polish Educational Foundation in North America, 1998.</ref> Several local Jews were hidden and [[Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust|rescued by Poles]] (including the local parish priest) in Brańsk and nearby villages.<ref>{{cite book|last=Datner|first=Szymon|year=1968|title=Las sprawiedliwych|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Książka i Wiedza|pages=55, 58–59, 62}}</ref> Some hiding places in nearby villages were discovered by the Germans, who then murdered captured Jews.<ref name=rfr>{{cite book|author= |title=Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej|year=2014|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|pages=363, 370–371, 378}}</ref> Their Polish rescuers were either also murdered or managed to hide from the Germans until the end of the German occupation.<ref name=rfr/>

On August 1, 1944, the town was captured by Soviet forces. On August 4, 1944, the Russians arrested 12 officers of the Polish underground [[Home Army]] in Brańsk, after they were deceitfully gathered for a supposed formal meeting with the command of the Soviet [[North Western Operational Command|65th Army]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Zwolski|first=Marcin|year=2005|title=Deportacje internowanych Polakow z wojewodztwa białostockiego 1944–1945|magazine=Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=2 (8)|pages=91–92|issn=1427-7476}}</ref> The town was soon restored to Poland.

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the 1921 census, the village was inhabited by 3,739 people, among whom 1,474 were Roman Catholic, 100 Orthodox, and 2,165 Jewish. At the same time, 1,530 inhabitants declared Polish nationality, 32 Belarusian, 2,165 Jewish and 12 Russian. There were 493 residential buildings in the village.<ref>''Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej: opracowany na podstawie wyników pierwszego powszechnego spisu ludności z dn. 30 września 1921 r. i innych źródeł urzędowych.'', t. T. 5, województwo białostockie, 1924, s. 14.</ref>

Detailed data as of 30 June 2021:<ref name = population />
{|class="wikitable"
!  ||colspan=2| Total ||colspan=2| Women ||colspan=2| Men
|-
|Unit || Number || % || Number || % || Number || %
|-
|Population || '''3,667''' || 100 || 1,808 || 49.3 || 1,859 || 50.7
|-
|Population Density (persons/km²) ||colspan=2| 113.1 ||colspan=2| 55.8 ||colspan=2| 57.3
|}

==Municipal government==
It is the seat of [[Gmina Brańsk]], but is not part of [[Gmina Brańsk]].

===Executive branch===
The chief executive of the government is the [[Burmistrz|Mayor]] (Polish: ''Burmistrz'').

===Legislative branch===
The legislative portion of the government is the [[Rada|Council]] (Polish: ''Rada'') composed of the [[Przewodniczšcy|President]] (Polish: ''Przewodniczšcy''), the [[Wiceprzewodniczšcy|Vice President]] (Polish: ''Wiceprzewodniczšcy'') and thirteen councilors.

===Neighbouring political subdivisions===
Brańsk is bordered by Gminy [[Gmina Rudka|Rudka]] and [[Gmina Brańsk|Brańsk]].

==Transport==

===Roads and highways===
Brańsk is at the intersection of a [[National roads in Poland|National Road]] and a [[Voivodeship road|Voivodeship Road]]:

* National Road {{Jct|country=POL|DK|66}} - [[Zambrów]] - Brańsk - [[Bielsk Podlaski]] - [[Kleszczele]] - [[Czeremcha]] - [[Połowce]] Border Crossing (Belarus)
*Voivodeship Road {{Jct|country=POL|DW|681}} - [[Roszki-Wodźki]] - [[Łapy]] - Brańsk - [[Ciechanowiec]]

====Streets====
The major streets (Polish: ''Ulica'') in Brańsk are:

* Rynek
* Armii Krajowej (National Road {{Jct|country=POL|DK|66}})
* Bielska
* Binduga
* Boćkowska
* Błonie
* Jagiellońska
* Jana Pawła II (Voivodeship Road {{Jct|country=POL|DW|681}})
* Kapicy Milewskiego
* Kasztanowa
* Klonowa
* Konopnickiej
* Kościelna
* Kościuszki (Voivodeship Road {{Jct|country=POL|DW|681}})
* Mickiewicza
* Piłsudskiego
* Poniatowskiego
* Senatorska
* Sienkiewicza
* Skłodowskiej-Curie
* Szkolna
* Słowackiego
* Witosa
* Wyszyńskiego
* Ściegiennego

===Public transport===

====Bus service====
Regular bus service is provided by '''Państwowa Komunikacja Samochodowa''' (''State Car Communication'', '''[[Państwowa Komunikacja Samochodowa|PKS]]''') via PKS Bielsk Podlaskie, [http://www.pks.bialystok.pl PKS Białystok] and [http://www.ppks-siemiatycze.pl/ PKS Siemiatycze]

====Rail service====
The closest passenger train service is provided by '''Polskie Koleje Państwowe''' (''Polish State Railways'', '''[[Polish State Railways|PKP]]''') SA from the following stations:
* '''[[Szepietowo]]''' - express and local service to [[Warsaw]] and [[Białystok]] - {{convert|28|km|mi|1}} northwest
* '''[[Bielsk Podlaski]]''' - express and local service to [[Siedlce]] and [[Białystok]] - {{convert|25|km|mi|1}} east

==Economy==
The land-use is as follows:<ref name="BranskGovt">{{cite web |url=http://www.bransk.podlaskie.pl/ |title=Strona Urzędu Miasta Brańsk - Brańsk Government Website |date=2008-06-25 |language=pl |access-date=2007-11-30 |archive-date=2018-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171618/http://www.bransk.podlaskie.pl/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* Agricultural use: 66%
* Forest land: 27%
* City: 2.34%

===Major business===
* Financial:Banking - [http://www.bsbransk.pl/ Bank Spóldzielczy w Brańsku], ul. Kosciuszki 2A, 17-120 Brańsk, Poland
* Manufacturing:Plastics - [http://www.waldgold.pl/ Wald-Gold], ul. M. Konopnickiej 20, 17-120 Brańsk, Poland

== Local attractions ==

===Places of worship===
{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=4 |total_width=460 |header=Churches, chapels and shrines in Brańsk (examples)
| image1=Kościół Wniebowzięcia NMP w Brańsku 3.jpg
| image2=Cerkiew św. Symeona Słupnika w Brańsku 3.jpg
| image3=Kapliczka u zbiegu ulic Bielskiej, Boćkowskiej i Piłsudskiego w Brańsku 2.jpg
| image4=Cmentarz rzymsko-katolicki w Brańsku 13.jpg
| caption1=Church of the Assumption
| caption2=Saint Simeon church
| caption3=Blessed Virgin Mary shrine
| caption4=Saint Scholastica cemetery chapel
}}

* Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary - Roman Catholic. The parish is serving Brańsk, [[Bronka]], [[Brzeźnica, Podlaskie Voivodeship|Brzeźnica]], [[Glinnik, Podlaskie Voivodeship|Glinnik]], [[Jarmarkowszczyzna]], [[Kalnica, Podlaskie Voivodeship|Kalnica]], [[Kiersnówek]], [[Majerowizna]], [[Oleksin, Podlaskie Voivodeship|Oleksin]], [[Otapy]], [[Patoki, Podlaskie Voivodeship|Patoki]], [[Popławy, Podlaskie Voivodeship|Popławy]], [[Świrydy]], [[Załuskie Koronne]], [[Załuskie Kościelne]].<ref name="CatholicChurchBransk">{{cite web |url=http://www.drohiczyn.opoka.org.pl/7/dekanaty/bransk/1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022133215/http://www.drohiczyn.opoka.org.pl/7/dekanaty/bransk/1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 22, 2006 |title=Parafia Wniebowzięcia Nmp w Brańsku |date=2008-08-16 |language=pl }}</ref> It is part of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Drohiczyn]].
* St. Simeon Stylites - Polish Orthodox. It is a mission church of the Church of the Apostles St. Peter and Paul in [[Malesze]],<ref name="POCBielskPodlaski">{{cite web |url=http://www.orthodox.pl/Administracja/die-war-biel/biels.htm |title=Dekanat Bielsk Podlaski |date=2008-08-16 |language=pl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20021028221543/http://www.orthodox.pl/Administracja/die-war-biel/biels.htm |archive-date=2002-10-28 }}</ref> part of the [[Polish Orthodox Diocese of Warsaw-Bielsk]].

== Nearby attractions ==
* [[Hodyzewo|Sanktuarium Matki Bożej Pojedniania w Hodyszewie]] (Our Lady of Hodyszewo Sanctuary) in Hodyzewo - {{convert|12|km|mi|1}} northwest
* [[Ossoliński Palace]] in Rudka - {{convert|7|km|mi|1}} west

==Notable people==
* [[Jan Klemens Branicki]] – Polish nobleman
* [[Cezary Kosiński]] – Polish actor
* [[Ignatius Kapitsa-Milewski]] – archivist and author
* [[Shimon Shkop]] – Jewish scholar and rabbi (1906–1920)
* [[Moshe Rosen (Nezer HaKodesh)]] - Jewish scholar and rabbi (1870–1957)
* [[Zofia Drzewiecka]] – Recipient of the [[Righteous among the Nations]] Medal
* [[Waclawa and Pawel Sobolewski]] – posthumous recipients of the [[Righteous among the Nations]] Medal
* [[Antoni Sobolewski]] – posthumous recipient of the [[Righteous among the Nations]] Medal
* [[Aleksander Sobolewski]] – posthumous recipient of the [[Righteous among the Nations]] Medal

==Miscellanea==
* The [[Righteous among the Nations]] Medal has been granted to 14 current and former residents of Brańsk by [[Yad Vashem]].<ref name="RighteousMedal">{{cite web |url=http://www.polskieradio.pl/thenews/foreign-affairs/?id=85408 |title=''Another Pole added to Righteous among the Nations'' - Polskie Radio |date=2008-06-23 }}</ref>

== External links ==
*[http://www.kirkuty.xip.pl/bransk.htm Jewish cemetery in Brańsk] (in Polish - [http://www.kirkuty.xip.pl/branskang.htm English Text])
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9bwOYeAces Video tour of Brańsk on YouTube]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Bielsk County}}
{{Gmina Brańsk}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bielsk County]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Podlaskie Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Populated riverside places in Poland]]
[[Category:Podlachian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Belsky Uyezd (Grodno Governorate)]]
[[Category:Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)]]
[[Category:Belastok Region]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Poland]]

Boćki

2023-12-20T18:35:37Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Boćki
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Kościół św. Józefa i Antoniego w Boćkach1.JPG
| image_caption = Church of Saints Joseph and Anthony
| image_flag =
| image_shield =
| image_map =
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Podlaskie Voivodeship|Podlaskie]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bielsk County|Bielsk]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gmina Boćki|Boćki]]
| coordinates = {{coord|52|39|N|23|2|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1500
| website =
}}
'''Boćki''' {{IPAc-pl|'|b|o|ć|k|J|i}} is a [[village]] in [[Bielsk County]], [[Podlaskie Voivodeship]], in north-eastern Poland.<ref name="TERYT">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa|title=Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)|date=2008-06-01|language=Polish}}</ref> It is the seat of the [[gmina]] (administrative district) called [[Gmina Boćki]]. It lies approximately {{convert|18|km|mi|0}} south-west of [[Bielsk Podlaski]] and {{convert|53|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} south of the regional capital [[Białystok]].

According to the 1921 census, the village was inhabited by 1,719 people, among whom 744 were Roman Catholic, 239 Orthodox, 11 Evangelical and 725 Mosaic. At the same time, 1,065 inhabitants declared Polish nationality, 44 Belarusian, 2 Russian and 608 Jewish. There were 305 residential buildings in the village at the time.<ref>''Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej: opracowany na podstawie wyników pierwszego powszechnego spisu ludności z dn. 30 września 1921 r. i innych źródeł urzędowych.'', t. T. 5, województwo białostockie, 1924, p. 19.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Gmina Boćki}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Bielsk County]]
[[Category:Podlachian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Belsky Uyezd (Grodno Governorate)]]
[[Category:Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)]]
[[Category:Belastok Region]]

{{Bielsk-geo-stub}}

Lyevaya Lyasnaya

2023-12-20T18:33:06Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox river
| name = Lyevaya Lyasnaya
| image =
| image_caption =
| source1_location = [[Mylnisk]]
| mouth_location = [[Lyasnaya]] near [[Kamyanyets]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|52.4400|N|23.9087|E|source:wikidata|display=it}}
| progression = [[Lyasnaya]]→ {{RBug}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Belarus]]
| length = {{convert|50|km|mi}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = {{convert|750|km2|sqmi}}
}}

The '''Lyevaya Lyasnaya''' ([[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]: ''Левая Лясная'') is a river in western [[Belarus]]. At its confluence with the [[Leśna Prawa|Pravaya Lyasnaya]] near [[Kamyanyets]], the [[Lyasnaya]] is formed. The Lyasnaya is a right-bank tributary of the [[Bug River]] northwest of [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]]. The average [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] at the mouth of 3.6 m3. The average slope of water surface 0.5 ‰.

The Lyevaya Lyasnaya flows through [[Pruzhany Raion]] and [[Kamenets Raion]] areas of [[Brest Voblast]] of [[Belarus]].

The river flows through: [[Mylnisk]], [[Kamyanyets]], [[Vuglyany]].

Tributaries: [[Leśna Prawa]], [[Wishnia]].

== See also ==

* [[Leśna Prawa]]

== Further reading ==
* Блакітная кніга Беларусі: Энцыкл. / БелЭн; Рэдкал.: Н.А. Дзісько і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 1994.
* Ресурсы поверхностных вод СССР. Описание рек и озёр и расчёты основных характеристик их режима. Т. 5. Белоруссия и Верхнее Поднепровье. Ч. 1–2. — Л., 1971.
* Природа Белоруссии: Попул. энцикл./ БелСЭ; Редкол.: И.П. Шамякин (гл.ред.) и др. — Мн.: БелСЭ, 1986. — 599 с., 40 л. ил.

[[Category:Rivers of Brest Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Belarus]]

{{Belarus-river-stub}}

Czeremcha, Podlaskie Voivodeship

2023-12-20T18:31:20Z

TE Villoda:

{{see also|Czeremcha, Subcarpathian Voivodeship}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Czeremcha
| settlement_type = Village
| total_type =  
| image_skyline = Poland Czeremcha church.jpg
| image_caption = Czeremcha Roman Catholic church
| image_shield =
| image_map =
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Podlaskie Voivodeship|Podlaskie]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hajnówka County|Hajnówka]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gmina Czeremcha|Czeremcha]]
| coordinates = {{coord|52|31|7|N|23|20|53|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,500
| website = http://www.czeremcha.com.pl
| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=11 |height=300 |width= | stroke-width=1 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}
'''Czeremcha''' {{IPAc-pl|cz|e|'|r|e|m|h|a}} is a village in [[Hajnówka County]], [[Podlaskie Voivodeship]], in eastern Poland, close to the border with [[Belarus]].<ref name="TERYT">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa|title=Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)|date=2008-06-01|language=Polish}}</ref> It is the seat of the [[gmina]] (administrative district) called [[Gmina Czeremcha]]. It lies approximately {{convert|29|km|mi|0}} south-west of [[Hajnówka]] and {{convert|68|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} south of the regional capital [[Białystok]].

It is a rail junction, with connections going westwards to [[Siedlce]], northwards to [[Bielsk Podlaski]] and eastwards to [[Hajnówka]]. At the start of World War II it was the site of aerial bombardment described by journalist Mendel Moses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.jta.org/article/1939/11/09/2848459/saga-of-2-months-of-war-told-by-mozes-left-warsaw-under-hail-of-bombs-bullets|title = Saga of 2 Months of War Told by Mozes; Left Warsaw Under Hail of Bombs, Bullets|date = 9 November 1939}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Gmina Czeremcha}}

[[Category:Villages in Hajnówka County|Czeremcha]]

{{Hajnówka-geo-stub}}

Leszczka (river)

2023-12-20T18:30:15Z

TE Villoda:

{{Expand Polish|Leszczka (rzeka)|topic=geo|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox river
| name =Leszczka
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| source1_location =
| mouth_location = [[Nurzec]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|52.6878|22.9339|type:landmark_region:PL|display=it}}
| progression = [[Nurzec]]→ {{RBug}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Poland]]
| location =
| length =
| source1_elevation =
| mouth_elevation =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size =
| river_system =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
}}
The '''Leszczka''' is a river of [[Poland]], and a tributary of the [[Nurzec]] southeast of [[Brańsk]].

[[Category:Rivers of Poland]]
[[Category:Rivers of Podlaskie Voivodeship]]

{{Poland-river-stub}}

Nurzec

2023-12-20T18:29:02Z

TE Villoda:

{{Other places}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Nurzec
| image = Nurzec (rzeka)-ok Kozarzy.jpg
| image_caption =
| source1_location = [[Poland]]
| mouth_location = near [[Wojtkowice Stare]] on the [[Bug River]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|52.6099|22.4091|format=dms|region:PL|display=it}}
| progression = {{RBug}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Poland]], [[Belarus]]
| length = {{convert|100.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|180|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = {{convert|2,102|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
}}
The '''Nurzec''' {{IPAc-pl|'|n|u|rz|e|c}} is a river in north-eastern [[Poland]], a tributary of the [[Bug River]]. It flows through the geographical region known in Polish as ''Wysoczyzny Podlasko-Bialoruskie'' (the plateau of Podlaskie and Belarus). Administratively, it lies within [[Podlaskie Voivodeship]] and [[Masovian Voivodeship]].

The {{convert|2102|km2|sqmi}} drainage area of the Nurzec is contained within the mezoregions known as ''Równina Bielska'' (the Bielsk Plain) and ''Wysoczyzna Wysokomazowiecka'' (the High Masovian Plateau).

The Nurzec rises in swamps south-east of [[Czeremcha, Podlaskie Voivodeship|Czeremcha]] near [[Stawiszcze]] close to the border with Belarus. Its confluence with the [[Bug River]] is close to the village of [[Wojtkowice Stare]] just south of [[Ciechanowiec]].

The fall of the Nurzec is approximately {{convert|75|m|ft}} from its source elevation of approximately {{convert|180|m|ft}} above sea level, to its discharge elevation of {{convert|105.4|m|ft|1}}.

==Tributaries==
*Left bank: [[Nurczyk (river)|Nurczyk]], [[Leszczka (river)|Leszczka]], [[Czarna (river)|Czarna]], [[Siennica (river)|Siennica]], [[Kukawka (river)|Kukawka]], [[Pełchówka]]
*Right bank: [[Bronka (river)|Bronka]], [[Mień (river)|Mień]] (with Markówka)

==Towns and villages==
Major towns and villages lying on the Nurzec:
*[[Czeremcha, Podlaskie Voivodeship|Czeremcha]]
*[[Kleszczele]]
*[[Boćki]]
*[[Brańsk]]
*[[Ciechanowiec]]

==References==
*[http://nature.poland.pl/regions/wysoczyzny_pb/about_region.htm Description of the Podlasie/Belarus plateau]

[[Category:Rivers of Poland]]
[[Category:Rivers of Podlaskie Voivodeship]]

Chwiszczej

2023-12-20T18:27:05Z

TE Villoda:

{{Expand Polish|topic=geo|date=October 2011|Chwiszczej}}
{{Infobox river
| name =Chwiszczej
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| source1_location =
| mouth_location = [[Leśna Prawa]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|52|40|32|N|23|37|03|E|type:landmark_source:kolossus-plwiki|display=it}}
| progression = [[Leśna Prawa]]→ [[Lyasnaya]]→ {{RBug}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Poland]]
| location =
| length =
| source1_elevation =
| mouth_elevation =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size =
| river_system =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
}}
The '''Chwiszczej''' is a river of [[Poland]], and constitutes a tributary of the [[Leśna Prawa]] in the [[Białowieża Forest]].

[[Category:Rivers of Poland]]
[[Category:Rivers of Podlaskie Voivodeship]]

{{Poland-river-stub}}

Leśna Prawa

2023-12-20T18:26:20Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox river
| name = Leśna Prawa
| name_other = Правая Лясная
| image = Leśna_Prawa_1.JPG
| image_caption = Leśna Prawa in Hajnówka
| source1_location = [[Dubiny]]
| mouth_location = [[Lyasnaya]] near [[Kamyanyets]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|52.4400|N|23.9087|E|source:wikidata|display=it}}
| progression = [[Lyasnaya]]→ {{RBug}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Poland]], [[Belarus]]
| length = {{convert|63|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = {{convert|996|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
}}

The '''Leśna Prawa''' ([[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]: Правая Лясная - ''Pravaja Liasnaja'' or ''Pravaya Lyasnaya'') is a river in north-eastern [[Poland]] and western [[Belarus]]. At its confluence with the [[Lyevaya Lyasnaya]] near [[Kamyanyets]], the [[Lyasnaya]] is formed. The Lyasnaya is a right tributary of the [[Bug River]] northwest of [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]].

The Leśna Prawa flows through the geographical region of [[Europe]] known as the ''Wysoczyzny Podlasko – Bialoruskie'' (English: Podlasie and Belarus Plateau) located within the [[Podlaskie Voivodeship]] of [[Poland]] and the [[Hrodna Voblast]] of [[Belarus]]. Major part of the river flows through [[Białowieża Forest|Puszcza Białowieska]].

River flows through: [[Hajnówka]], [[Topiło]], [[Kamyanyets]].

Tributaries: [[Łuch]], [[Chwiszczej]], [[Perebel]], [[Przewłoka (river)|Przewłoka]], Miedna.

== See also ==

* [[Dąb Car]]

{{commons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lesna Prawa}}
[[Category:Rivers of Brest Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Poland]]
[[Category:Rivers of Podlaskie Voivodeship]]
[[Category:International rivers of Europe]]
[[Category:Rivers of Belarus]]

{{Poland-river-stub}}
{{Belarus-river-stub}}

Luha

2023-12-20T18:25:15Z

TE Villoda:

{{For|the Finnish military eating utensil (LuHa)|Lusikkahaarukka}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Luha / Lug
| image = Річка Луга 05.jpg
| image_caption =
| source1_location = village Kolpytiv, [[Lokachi Raion]]
| mouth = [[Bug (river)|Bug]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|50|52|02|N|24|08|44|E|source:wikidata|display=it}}
| progression = {{RBug}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = {{UKR}}
| length = {{convert|93|km|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = {{convert|1348|km2|abbr=on}}
}}

The '''Luha''' ({{lang-uk|Луга}}, {{lang-pl|Ług}}) is a river in Ukraine and a right tributary of the [[Bug (river)|Bug]]. Its source is located near the village of Kolpytiv in the [[Horokhiv Upland]]. In its upper reaches, the Luha runs mainly in a western, northwestern direction, and later northwards. In its lower stream, it runs mainly in a northwestern direction and enters the Western Bug on northwestern outskirts of the city of [[Ustyluh]].

Biggest tributaries: Luha-Svynoryika, Svynoryika, Rylovytsia (right side); Strypa (left side)

Character of the river is plain as it flows through swampy floodplains.

Major settlements along the river: [[Volodymyr (city)|Volodymyr]], [[Ustyluh]]

In 2000, local hydrological reserve "Luha" was created along the river.<ref>[http://pzf.land.kiev.ua/pzf12-3.html List of local hydrological reserves of Ukraine]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2154597#map=9/50.7304/24.4844 Luha] at the [[OpenStreetMap]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Volyn Oblast]]

{{Ukraine-river-stub}}

Solokiia

2023-12-20T18:22:20Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox river
| name = Solokiia
| name_other = Sołokija
| image = Solokiya Belz Ukraine.jpg
| image_caption = Solokiia in [[Belz]]
| source1_location = North-Eastern slopes of [[Roztocze]], [[Poland]]
| mouth_location = [[Bug (river)|Bug]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|50.3767|N|24.2417|E|source:wikidata|display=it}}
| progression = {{RBug}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = Poland, Ukraine
| length = {{convert|88|km|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = {{convert|939|km2|abbr=on}}
}}
The '''Solokiia''' ({{lang-uk|Солокія}}, {{lang-pl|Sołokija}}) is a river in Poland and Ukraine and a tributary of the [[Bug (river)|Bug]]. Its source is located north of [[Tomaszów Lubelski]]. In its upper reaches, the Solokiia runs mainly in a southeastern direction. Near the crossing of the Polish-Ukrainian border it turns to the east and after passing through [[Uhniv]] and [[Belz]] it flows in [[Chervonohrad]] as a left affluent into the Western Bug.

After substantial coal deposits were discovered in its vicinity, part of the river basin was transferred from Poland to the [[USSR]] in the [[1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange]].<ref>British and Foreign State Papers 1953 -- Page 1171 "... according to the map in .the scale 1 : 500,000 annexed hereto(2) conceding additionally to Poland : (a) Territory situated to the east of the " Curzon Line " up to the river Western Bug and the river Solokiia, the south of the town of Krylov, with ."</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rivers of Ukraine}}

{{Ukraine-river-stub}}
{{Poland-river-stub}}

[[Category:Rivers of Lublin Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Rivers of Lviv Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Poland]]

Liwiec

2023-12-20T18:21:06Z

TE Villoda:

{{For|the village of the same name|Liwiec, West Pomeranian Voivodeship}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Liwiec
| name_other =
| image = Wyszkow_liwiec2.jpg
| image_caption = Liwiec near Kamieńczyk
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates=
| mouth_location = [[Bug River|Bug]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|52|36|04|N|21|33|30|E|region:PL-WP_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=it}}
| progression = {{RBug}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Poland]]
| length = {{convert|142|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|12.1|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| basin_size = {{convert|2763|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
}}
The '''Liwiec''' (or '''Liw''') is a river in [[Poland]], and a tributary of the [[Bug River]].

==Course==
The Liwiec flows in the plains of Southern [[Podlaskie Voivodeship]] and central [[Masovian Voivodeship]]. It is 142 kilometres long and drains 2,763 square kilometres of [[Drainage basin|watershed]].<ref>[http://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/en/defaultaktualnosci/3328/2/17/1/statistical_yearbook_of_the_republic_of_poland_2017.pdf Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2017], [[Central Statistical Office (Poland)|Statistics Poland]], p. 85-86</ref>

The source of the Liwiec is located to the north-west of [[Międzyrzec Podlaski]] near [[Siedlce]] and crosses [[Wyszków]], [[Liw, Poland|Liw]], [[Węgrów]], and [[Stara Wieś, Silesian Voivodeship|Stara Wieś]].

Its lower [[estuary]] and [[confluence]] with the [[Bug River]] is located near the towns of Wyszków and [[Kamieńczyk, Wyszków County|Kamieńczyk]].

It has a [[Natura 2000]] EU [[Special Protection Area]] region.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Liwiec_4.jpg|Liwiec−Liw river.
Image:Liwiec_3.jpg|Liwiec near Kamieńczyk.
Image:Wyszkow_liwiec.jpg|Liwiec near the estuary.
</gallery>

==See also==
*{{C|Rivers of Poland}}
*[[Special Protection Areas in Poland]]
*{{C|Natura 2000 in Poland}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Poland]]
[[Category:Rivers of Masovian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Rivers of Podlaskie Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Natura 2000 in Poland]]

{{Podlasie-geo-stub}}
{{Masovian-geo-stub}}
{{Poland-river-stub}}

Włodawka

2023-12-20T18:18:41Z

TE Villoda:

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Włodawka
| name_other =
| image = Włodawka stream in Włodawa.jpg
| image_caption = Włodawka at Włodawa
| image_size =
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates=
| mouth_location = [[Bug River|Bug]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|51.549102|23.564135|format=dms|display=it|type:landmark}}
| progression = {{RBug}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Poland]]
| length =
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size =
}}
[[File:wlodawka-wlodawa02-04.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Włodawka at Włodawa]]
The '''Włodawka''' is a Polish river passing by the town of [[Włodawa]]. The 31 km long Włodawka flows into the [[Bug River]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wlodawka}}
[[Category:Rivers of Poland]]
[[Category:Rivers of Lublin Voivodeship]]

{{Poland-river-stub}}

Svislach Castle

2023-12-20T18:16:49Z

TE Villoda:

{{Short description|Former castle in Svislach, Belarus}}

'''Svislach Castle''' ({{lang-be|Свіслацкі замак}}) was a [[castle]] that stood in the lands in present-day [[Belarus]] on the right bank of the [[Byarezina River]] where it meets the [[Svislach (Berezina)|Svislach River]]. Initially, the castle was established as the center of the Duchy of Svislach; it later belonged to the Duchy of Minsk, and from the 14th century to the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. The castle came into the possession of the [[Radziwill family]] and one of its prominent owners was [[Bogusław Radziwiłł]].

== Online references ==
* [http://globus.tut.by/svisloch_o/index.htm Svislach Castle at globus.tut.by]
* [http://radzima.org/be/pub/2524_p History of Svislach Castle]

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mogilev Region]]
[[Category:Castles in Belarus]]
[[Category:Castles and palaces of the Radziwiłł family]]
{{Coord|53.431840|N|28.978237|E|source:ruwiki_region:BY_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title}}{{Castles in Belarus}}{{Belarus-struct-stub}}

Pina (river)

2023-12-20T18:15:49Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox river
| name = Pina
| image =
| image_caption =
| source1_location =
| mouth = [[Pripyat (river)|Pripyat]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|52.1175|26.1227|region:BY_type:river|display=it}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Belarus]]
| length = {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|8.6|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| basin_size = {{convert|2460|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| progression = {{RPripyat}}
}}
The '''Pina''' ({{lang-be|Піна}}, {{lang-ru|Пи́на}}) is a river in [[Ivanava Raion|Ivanava]] and [[Pinsk Raion]]s in Belarus. The 40 kilometers long river flows into the city of [[Pinsk]] and is a left tributary of the [[Pripyat (river)|Pripyat]]. The average gradient of the Pina is 0.1 ‰. Its largest tributaries are the Struha and Njaslucha. It forms part of the [[Dnieper-Bug Canal]].

==Books==
*(in Belarusian, Russian and English) T.A.Khvagina (2005) ''POLESYE from the Bug to the Ubort'', Minsk [[Vysheysha shkola]], {{ISBN|985-06-1153-7}},
*(in Russian, English and Polish) Ye.N.Meshechko, A.A.Gorbatsky (2005) ''Belarusian Polesye: Tourist Transeuropean Water Mains'', Minsk, [[Four Quarters]].

[[Category:Rivers of Brest Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Belarus]]

{{Belarus-river-stub}}

Poltva

2023-12-20T18:14:34Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox river
| name = Poltva
| image = Mapa_Pełtwi.jpg
| image_caption = The course of River Poltva within Lviv
| source1_location = [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]
| mouth = [[Bug (river)|Bug]]
| mouth_location = [[Busk, Ukraine|Busk]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|49.9603|24.6077|region:UA|display=it}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ukraine]]
| length = {{convert|60|km|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = {{convert|1,440|km2|abbr=on}}
| progression = {{RBug}}
}}

The '''Poltva''' ({{Lang-uk|Полтва}}; {{lang-pl|Pełtew}}) is a river in the western [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] Oblast of [[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]] and a tributary of the [[Bug (river)|Bug]]. The Poltva valley cuts between the [[Podilian Plateau]] and [[Roztichia]].<ref name="Kubiĭovych1963">{{cite book|last=Kubiĭovych|first=Volodymyr|title=Ukraine, a Concise Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhdKAQAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Ukrainian National Association|page=85}}</ref> The capital of the Lviv Oblast, [[Lviv]], is located on the river, with the river flowing directly beneath Lviv's central street, {{ill|Liberty Avenue (Lviv)|lt=Liberty Avenue|uk|Проспект Свободи (Львів)}}, and the [[Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet]].<ref name="Struk1993">{{cite book|last=Struk|first=Danylo Husar|title=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4UcOAQAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=University of Toronto Press|page=218|isbn=9780802033628}}</ref>

The river once faced significant problems with pollution.<ref name="Nałęcz2012">{{cite book|last=Nałęcz|first=Tomasz|title=Transboundary Aquifers in the Eastern Borders of The European Union: Regional Cooperation for Effective Management of Water Resources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfgKIQKm5_sC&pg=PA67|date=7 April 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-007-3948-2|page=67}}</ref> As a result, the river was covered up and included into the underground sewer system of Lviv, beginning in 1839.<ref name="VoloshchukMinosi︠a︡n1993">{{cite book|last1=Voloshchuk|first1=Mykhaĭlo|last2=Minosi︠a︡n|first2=Maksym|title=Lʹviv: The Undiscovered Jewel : a Comprehensive Guide for the Tourist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfFoAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Kamenyar|isbn=978-5-7745-0578-4|page=27}}</ref> During World War 2, Jews fleeing Nazi violence used the underground river as a hiding place.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-lviv-subterranean-river-nazis-jews/31499264.html | title=The Haunted History of Ukraine's Underground River }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{in lang|pl}} [http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_VII/941 Pełtew] in the [[Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland]] (1886)

{{Authority control}}

{{Rivers of Ukraine}}

{{Lviv-geo-stub}}
{{Ukraine-river-stub}}

[[Category:Rivers of Lviv Oblast]]
[[Category:Subterranean rivers]]

Mukhavets

2023-12-20T18:13:23Z

TE Villoda:

{{short description|River in Belarus}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Mukhavets River
| image = Mukhavets.jpg
| image_caption = The Mukhavets River at [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]], [[Belarus]]
| source1 = Confluence of River Mukha and Viets Canal
| source1_location = [[Pruzhany]], Belarus
| source1_coordinates = {{Coord|52|33|48.96|N|24|27|8.28|E|type:river_region:BY|display=inline}}
| mouth = [[Bug (river)|Bug]]
| mouth_location = [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|52|4|52.11|N|23|39|8.5|E|type:river_region:BY|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Belarus]]
| length = {{convert|113|km|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|33.6|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| basin_size = {{convert|6,600|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| progression = {{RBug}}
}}
__NOTOC__

The '''Mukhavets''' or '''Mukhovets''' ({{lang-be|Мухаве́ц}} (''Muchaviec''), {{IPA-be|muxaˈvʲets|}}, [[BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian|BGN/PCGN romanization]]: ''Mukhavyets''; {{lang-ru|Мухове́ц}} (''Muchovec''), {{lang-pl|Muchawiec}}) is a river in western [[Belarus]].

A tributary of the [[Bug (river)|Bug River]], the Mukhavets rises in [[Pruzhany]], Belarus, where the [[Mukha (river)|Mukha]] river and the {{ill|Vyets (canal)|lt=Vyets|be|Вец}} canal converge, flows through south-western Belarus and merges with the [[Bug River]] in [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]].

The river is 113 km long with a {{convert|6,600|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} basin area.

The Mukhavets is connected with the [[Dnieper]] river by the [[Dnieper–Bug Canal]].

== Cities ==

* [[Pruzhany]]
* [[Kobryn]]
* [[Zhabinka]]
* [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]]

== Tributaries ==

* [[Dakhlowka]]
* [[Zhabinka (river)|Zhabinka]]
* [[Trastsyanitsa]]
* [[Asipowka]]
* [[Ryta]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.city-walk.brest-belarus.org/mukh/mukh.html About the river in Brest]

==Books==
*(in Russian, English and Polish) Ye.N.Meshechko, A.A.Gorbatsky (2005) ''Belarusian Polesye: Tourist Transeuropean Water Mains'', Minsk, [[Four Quarters]]

{{coord|52.0835|N|23.6482|E|source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of Brest Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Belarus]]

{{Belarus-river-stub}}

Dnieper–Bug Canal

2023-12-20T18:10:43Z

TE Villoda:

{{Short description|Inland ship canal in Belarus}}
{{About|the Royal Canal, the original name of the Dnieper–Bug Canal, in Belarus |the Royal Canal, located in Ireland|Royal Canal}}
{{Infobox canal
| name = Dnieper–Bug Canal {{lang-be|Дняпроўска-Бугскі канал}}
| image = Селішча._Дняпроўска-Бугскі_канал._Водападзел_(15).jpg
| image_caption =
| original_owner =
| engineer =
| other_engineer =
| date_act =
| date_began = 1775
| date_use =
| date_completed = 1784
| date_extended =
| date_closed =
| date_restored =
| length_km = 105
| start_point = [[Bug River]] near [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]], [[Belarus]]
| end_point = [[Pripyat River]] near [[Sapotskin]], [[Belarus]]
| connects_to =
| locks = 20
| original_num_locks =
| lock_note =
| elev =
| elev_note =
| status = Open
| navigation_authority =
}}
[[File:UkraineNWpripjat.png|thumb|Dnieper-Bug Canal]]
The '''Dnieper–Bug Canal''' (alternatively the '''Dnepr-Bug Canal'''), or the '''Dneprovsko-Bugsky Canal''' is the longest inland [[ship canal]] in [[Belarus]]. It connects the [[Mukhavets|Mukhavets River]] (a tributary of the [[Bug River]]) and the [[Pina River]] (a tributary of the [[Pripyat River]]). It is managed by [[Dneprobugvodput]].

The canal was originally named the '''Royal Canal''' ({{lang-pl|Kanał Królewski}}), after the [[King of Poland]] [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]] ({{reign | 1764 | 1795}}), who initiated its construction. It forms an important part of the transportation artery linking the [[Baltic Sea]] and the [[Black Sea]]. The total length of the canal system from [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] to [[Pinsk]] is {{convert|196|km|mi|abbr=on}}, including the {{convert|105|km|mi|abbr=on}} long artificial waterway. The canal system comprises:

* the western slope from [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] to [[Kobrin]]
* a {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch of the [[Mukhavets]] River with regulated water-level
* a {{convert|58|km|mi|abbr=on}} summit [[canal pound|pound]]
* the eastern slope, {{convert|47|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch of the canal
* a {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch of the [[Pina River]] with regulated water-level

The [[drainage area]] of the canal system totals {{convert|8,500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="univ_1">{{Citation
| title= Belarusian Polesye: Tourist Transeuropean Water Mains
| last= Meshechko |first= Ye.N.
| last2= Gorbatsky |first2= A.A.
| year= 2005 |publisher=[[Four Quarters]]
| location= Minsk
}}
</ref>

==History==
=== Origins ===
Canal building flourished in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in the late 18th century. Yet many of the early canals are no longer in active service, having been superseded by railroads and highways. The Dnieper–Bug Canal after several enlargements still provides a convenient inland waterway. Until the 18th century there was a [[portage]] between [[Kobrin]] and [[Pinsk]] as it was a part of the important long-distance [[trade route]] from the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Baltic Sea]]. The names of the Voloka River and the village of Mukhovloki near [[Kobrin]] reflect the existence of the ancient portage.<ref name="tat_1">{{Citation|title=POLESYE from the Bug to the Ubort |last=Khvagina |first=T.A. |year=2005 |publisher= [[Vysheysha shkola]] |location=Minsk |isbn=985-06-1153-7}}</ref> People have settled along the [[portage]] route since ancient times due to the importance of the ([[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks]]).

=== Proposal and design ===
In the mid-17th century, [[Jerzy Ossoliński]], Crown Court Treasurer of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] was the first to suggest the idea of upgrading the [[portage]] to a [[canal]] with locks.<ref name="univ_1"/> The work started 120 years later. In 1770, the canal was planned by the prominent cartographer [[Franciszek Florian Czaki]].<ref name="tat_1"/>

=== Construction and operation ===
The canal was built in 1775-1784 during the reign of [[Stanislaus II of Poland|Stanisław August Poniatowski]], the last king of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Originally it was named Kanał Królewski ({{lang-en|Royal Canal}}), after the Polish king, since he was the initiator of the project. Additional work was carried out starting in 1837 by the Russian Empire and completed around 1846–1848. To supply the canal system with water, mainly the [[canal pound]], Beloozerski and Orekhovski [[watercourse]]s were started in 1839 and completed in 1843. The number of movable [[weir]]s between [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] and [[Pinsk]] reached 22. As a result, the canal became navigable for bigger vessels, in particular [[steamboat|steamers]], at any time from spring till autumn. In 1847, the Kanał Królewski was renamed the ''Dneprovo-Bugski Canal''.<ref name="univ_1"/>

=== Decline and abandonment ===
After the construction of the railway along the canal in the late 19th century the canal was used mostly for [[timber rafting|rafting]] [[lumber]], exported to western countries. During World War I, the canal was not in use.

=== Reconstruction ===
During the 1920s, it was partly rebuilt anew for the [[Riverine Flotilla of the Polish Navy]] ({{lang-pl|Flotylla Rzeczna Marynarki Wojennej}}), better known as the ''Pinsk Flotilla''. The Flotilla was the inland branch of the [[Polish Navy]] operating in the area of the [[Pinsk Marshes]] between the [[Polish-Bolshevik War]] and [[World War II]]. During the 1920s, two locks were built.

In 1940, the Soviet authorities initiated a large-scale reconstruction of the canal. A {{convert|23|km|mi|abbr=on}} long stretch of the canal was built near [[Kobrin]] to straighten the old canal. Eight locks were built replacing movable [[weir]]s.

Navigation on the Dnieper–Bug Canal is interrupted by [[weir]]s on the rivers [[Mukhavets]] and [[Bug River|Bug]] near [[Brest, Belarus]], the border town. That is the only place that, for the time being, makes the navigation from Western Europe to [[Belarus]] and [[Ukraine]] through inland waterways impossible. The waterways from the German-Polish border ([[Oder|Oder River]], through the [[Warta]], [[Brda (river)|Brda]] and [[Noteć]] rivers, [[Bydgoszcz Canal]], [[Vistula|Vistula River]], [[Narew|Narew River]], [[Bug River]]) once used to link the Belarus and Ukrainian inland waterways via [[Mukhavets River]], Dnieper–Bug Canal, [[Pripyat River]] and [[Dnieper|Dnieper River]]), thus connecting north-western Europe with the Black Sea.

=== Decline and renewal ===
Recently the dam in the Bug, making it impossible for ships to pass, has led to considerable neglect of the most western part of the Mukhavets; some of the locks have been filled in and Brest Harbor can only be reached by vessels approaching from the east.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.noordersoft.com/ | title=NoorderSoft Waterways Database | publisher=NoorderSoft | work=PC-Navigo 2011 | year=2011 | access-date=May 2, 2011}}</ref>

More recently efforts have been undertaken to restore the canal to a class IV inland waterway of international importance. In 2003 the Government of the Republic of Belarus adopted an inland water transport and sea transport development program to rebuild the Dnieper–Bug Canal shipping locks to meet the standards of a class Va European waterway. According to the Belarus government,<ref>[http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/europe/ecmt/waterways/Paris2005/Govorovski.pdf Report regarding rebuilding Canal]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Az4XG5unhXkJ:www.internationaltransportforum.org/europe/ecmt/waterways/Paris2005/Govorovski.pdf+The+Dnieper-Vistula-Oder+Connection&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjVQS1LeIcIRSr0fetRWgjUYE_x8iTlbYVMAHTqSzeV7PAMzn7nxiY5GNR54qNq6Kf4S-ujyrYoGoSZhTnum1T3V2PBtz0e-K6D6u-oipxx7nkQstwiFO8f_WNo2peW7Bble2XO&sig=AHIEtbSYJCQom9IFEyQVSO1JFzXcUC9VGg Archived version]</ref> four sluice dams and one shipping lock have been rebuilt which allow for the passage of vessels {{convert|110|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long, {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} wide with a draught of {{convert|2.2|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}. It is expected that reconstruction will continue over the next few years.{{when|date=December 2022}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Dnieper–Bug Canal}}
* [http://www.osce.org/eea/30481 2008 report on the canal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120320082935/http://www.dneprobug.by/history.html website in Russian of the company that operates the canal]

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|52|03|26|N|25|39|06|E|region:BY-BR_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dnieper-Bug Canal}}
[[Category:Transport in Belarus]]
[[Category:Canals in Belarus]]
[[Category:Canals opened in 1784]]

Narach (river)

2023-12-20T18:08:28Z

TE Villoda:

{{Unreferenced|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Narach
| image = Belarus-Junction_of_Viliya_and_Narach_Rivers-3.jpg
| image_caption = The junction of the Viliya and Narač rivers
| source1_location = [[Lake Narach]], [[Belarus]]
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Belarus]]
| mouth = [[Neris]] (Viliya)
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|54.4395|N|26.6500|E|display=it|source:wikidata_region:LT_type:river}}
| progression = {{RNeris}}
| length = circa {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size =
}}

The '''Narach''' ({{lang-be|Нарач}}, ''Narač'' {{IPA-be|ˈnaratʂ|}}; {{lang-ru|Нарочь}}, {{lang|ru-latn|Naroch'}}; {{lang-lt|Narutis}}) is a river in northwestern [[Belarus]] ([[Miadzieł]] [[raion]], [[Minsk Voblast|Minsk Province]]). It is a tributary of the [[Neris]] (Viliya) into which it flows near [[Maladziečna]].

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Narach River}}

[[Category:Rivers of Minsk Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Belarus]]

{{Belarus-river-stub}}

Svislach (Berezina)

2023-12-20T18:02:49Z

TE Villoda:

{{Infobox river
| name = Svislach
| native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|be|Свіслач}}|{{native name|ru|Свислочь}}}}
| image = MinskFlussSwislatsch.jpg
| image_caption = The Svislach in [[Minsk]]
| source1_location = [[Grodno Region]]
| mouth_location = [[Berezina]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|53.4263|28.9828|format=dms|display=it|type:landmark}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Belarus]]
| length = {{convert|327|km|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|30|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| basin_size = {{convert|5,160|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| progression = {{RBerezina}}
}}
The '''Svislach''' ({{lang-be|Свіслач|Śvislač}},<ref>[[Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script|official transliteration]]</ref> {{IPA-be|ˈsʲvʲisɫatʂ|pron|Be-Свiслач.oga}}) or '''Svisloch''' ({{lang-ru|Свислочь}}) is a river in [[Belarus]]. A right-bank [[tributary]] of the river [[Berezina]], the Svislach is {{convert|327|km}} long, and has a drainage basin of {{convert|5160|km2}}.<ref name=bse>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article100322.html Свислочь (река, приток р. Березины)], [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]</ref>

Its name is derived from the root -''visl''- 'flowing,' of Indo-European origin (compare [[Vistula]]).<ref>E.M. Pospelov, ''Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira'' (Moscow, 1998), p. 372.</ref>

The Svislach flows through [[Minsk]], the capital of Belarus.<ref name=bse/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
SvislochRiver.jpg|Svislach in Minsk
Svislač (Minsk, Belarus) p05.jpg|Svislach in Minsk
Svislač (Minsk, Belarus) p06.jpg|Svislach in Minsk
Svislač river in Minsk (June 2021) 4.jpg|Svislach near Minsk
Svislač river and Minsk WWTP pipes 1.jpg|Svislach near Minsk
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Svislač River}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Mogilev Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Minsk Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Minsk]]
[[Category:Rivers of Belarus]]

{{Belarus-river-stub}}

Vawkavysk

2023-12-20T18:00:01Z

TE Villoda:

{{Short description|Town in Grodno Region, Belarus}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vawkavysk
| official_name =
| native_name = {{native name|be|Ваўкавыск}}
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of cities and largest towns in Belarus|Town]]
| image_skyline = Касьцёл Сьв. Вацлава з агароджай і брамай..jpg
| imagesize = 
| image_caption = St. Wenceslaus Catholic Church
| image_flag = BIA Wołkowysk flag.svg
| flag_size = 150
| shield_size = 75
| image_seal =
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Vaŭkavysk, Belarus.svg
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = Belarus
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|53|10|N|24|28|E|region:BY|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Belarus]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Belarus|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Grodno Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vawkavysk District]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1005
| government_type =
| leader_title = [[Mayor|Chairman of the Executive Committee]]
| leader_name = Mikhail Sitko
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 29
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_sq_mi =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 161
|population_as_of = 2023
|population_footnotes = <ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/publications/izdania/public_bulletin/index_67469/|title=Численность населения на 1 января 2023 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2022 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417144107/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/publications/izdania/public_bulletin/index_67469/|archive-date=17 April 2023|website=belsat.gov.by|access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref>
| population_total = 41,991
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Further-eastern European Time|FET]]
| utc_offset = +3
| timezone_DST = N/A
| utc_offset_DST =
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 231900
| area_code = (+375) 1512
| blank_name = [[Vehicle registration plates of Belarus|Car plates]]
| blank_info = 4
| website = {{URL|http://volkovysk.grodno-region.by}}
}} 
[[File:Old Jewish cemetery in Vawkavysk 1d.jpg|thumb|Remains of the old Jewish cemetery Vaukavysk (outside Mudrenko)]]
'''Vawkavysk'''{{efn|[[BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian|BGN/PCGN romanization]].}} or '''Volkovysk''' ({{lang-be|Ваўкавыск|Vaŭkavysk}};{{efn|[[Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script|Official transliteration]].}} {{lang-ru|Волковыск}}; {{lang-pl|Wołkowysk}}; {{lang-yi|וואלקאוויסק}}) is a town in [[Grodno Region]] of [[Belarus]]. It serves as the administrative center of [[Vawkavysk District]].<ref name="pop"/> It is located on the [[Wolkowyja River]], roughly {{convert|98|km|mi}} from the city of [[Grodno]] and {{convert|271|km|mi}} from [[Minsk]], the national capital. As of 2023, it has a population of 41,991.<ref name="pop"/> It is one of the oldest towns in the region.

Vawkavysk was first unofficially mentioned in the [[Turov, Belarus|Turov]] annals in 1005 and this year is widely accepted as the founding year for Vawkavysk. At that time it was a city-fortress on the border of the Baltic and the Slavic ethnic groups. Since the 12th century, Vawkavysk was the center of a small princedom. The [[Hypatian Codex|Hypatian Chronicle]] mentions the city in 1252.

==Toponymy==
The name is thought to be derived from the local dialect for the phrases for searching for wolves ({{Transliteration|be|wołków isk}}) or the howling of wolves ({{Transliteration|be|wołków wisk}}). Old Belarusian tradition refers to the area surrounding Vawkavysk as once being occupied by vast forestry filled with wolves. The river flowing through the town was named the [[Wołkowyja River]]. This also explains the appearance of a wolf's head or body on the town's coat of arms.<ref name="ziemia">{{cite web|url=http://foto.volkovysk.by/wp-content/uploads/ziemia-1.1.pdf|title=ZIEMIA WOŁKOWYSKA|author=Witold Karpyza |access-date=30 June 2014|language=pl}}</ref>

However, modern scholars have also hypothesized that the name of Vawkavysk was of more recent origin and hence succeeded the original legend. Vawkavysk was mentioned in a manuscript written by the priest [[D. Bułakowski]] at the end of the 16th or beginning of the 17th century. It was stored in the [[Sapieha]] family's library in [[Ruzhany Palace]], where it was translated into Russian in 1881 and published in a [[Vilnius]] gazette. According to the manuscript, in the place where Vawkavysk is now situated, were large swathes of forest, through which flowed the now non-existent Nietupa River, and consisted of winding travel routes on which travelers were frequently attacked. Within this forest, two robbers, named [[Voloko and Visek]], had their hide-out. A prince named [[Vladislav Zabeyko]], upon hearing of these attacks, tracked down the robbers and hung them on trees for the birds to feed upon. A settlement was built in the location of the robbers' hide-out, which was named Volokovysek, and occupied by slaves. At the execution site, a large stone was placed but, according to local tradition, was later broken up to be used to build a temple.<ref name="ziemia"/><ref name="Legends">{{cite web|url=http://volkovysk.name/hist.php?action=legends|language=be|title=Legends}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom XIII | date = 11 July 2014 | page = 876 | url = http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_XIII/876}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Harodnia province, Vaǔkavysk district.svg|thumb|left|Map of [[Vawkavysk District]] within Grodno Region]]

Vawkavysk is located in the valley basin of the Wołkowyja River near its confluence with the [[Ros (river)|Ros River]], which flows, in turn, directly north about {{convert|25|km|mi}} to the [[Neman River]]. The historical core of Vawkavysk lies on the left bank of the river. The town has been expanding to the west and south. The town has an urban area of {{convert|79|km2|sqmi}}, while together with its metropolitan area it covers {{convert|1192|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="AreaFeatures">{{cite web|url=http://volkovysk.grodno-region.by/ru/region/xarakter|language=be|title=Official website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190610/http://volkovysk.grodno-region.by/ru/region/xarakter|archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> Forests occupy an area of {{convert|288.69|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, swamps {{convert|33.42|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and water facilities {{convert|14.36|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Its [[raion]] is bordered by those of [[Masty district|Masty]] to the north, [[Zel’va district|Zel’va]] to the east, [[Pruzhany district|Pruzhany]] of [[Brest Oblast]] to the south, [[Svislach district|Svislach]] to the southwest, and [[Byerastavitsa raion|Byerastavitsa]] to the west.

On the left bank of the Wołkowyja River, the town is surrounded on three sides by hilly terrain,<ref name="ziemia"/> while the highest point of Vawkavysk is [[Shvedskaya Gora]] ('Swedish Mountain'), located on the southeastern outskirts of town, with its height from the base to the top of its defensive wall varying from {{convert|28|to|32.5|m|ft}}. The mountain's base is round with a diameter of about {{convert|350|m|ft}}. The flat top of "the Swedish mountain" is nearly round and is {{convert|55|m|ft}} wide east to west. The perimeter of the flat top is surrounded by a powerful defensive wall broken in the south by the entrance. The mountains of Zamchishche ('Castle Mountain') and Muravelnik ('Mouse Mountain') lie to the west and east of Swedish Mountain, respectively.<ref name="mountain">{{cite web|url=http://www.volkovysk.com/static-volkovyskarheolog.html|language=be|title=Swedish Mountain}}</ref>

===Climate===
Vawkavysk lies in the [[Humid continental climate#Dfb.2FDwb.2FDsb: Mild to warm summer subtype|warm summer continental]] or [[hemiboreal]] (Dfb) [[Köppen climate classification|climate zone]], with four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation. Monthly averages range from -5.0 °C (23 °F) in January to 17.9 °C (64.2 °F) in July. On average, there are 95 days a year when there is snow cover. Vawkavysk receives about {{convert|632|mm|in}} of precipitation a year. The average period of vegetation is 194 days, and it lasts from April to October. The highest officially recorded temperature in Vawkavysk was 36 °C (96.8 °F) in 1959, while on the other end, the lowest temperature was -38 °C (-36.4 °F) in 1950.<ref name="AreaFeatures"/>

{{Weather box
| location = Vawkavysk
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 11.6
| Feb record high C = 17.3
| Mar record high C = 22.3
| Apr record high C = 29.4
| May record high C = 32.2
| Jun record high C = 35.0
| Jul record high C = 37.8
| Aug record high C = 37.3
| Sep record high C = 31.5
| Oct record high C = 28.6
| Nov record high C = 19.9
| Dec record high C = 15.4
| year record high C = 37.8
| Jan high C = -1.4
| Feb high C = -0.3
| Mar high C = 5.1
| Apr high C = 13.4
| May high C = 20.1
| Jun high C = 22.7
| Jul high C = 24.8
| Aug high C = 24.3
| Sep high C = 18.7
| Oct high C = 12.4
| Nov high C = 4.7
| Dec high C = -0.4
| year high C = 12.0
| Jan mean C = -4.1
| Feb mean C = -3.3
| Mar mean C = 1.2
| Apr mean C = 8.3
| May mean C = 14.5
| Jun mean C = 17.4
| Jul mean C = 19.2
| Aug mean C = 18.6
| Sep mean C = 13.4
| Oct mean C = 7.8
| Nov mean C = 1.7
| Dec mean C = -2.8
| year mean C = 7.7
| Jan low C = -6.7
| Feb low C = -6.1
| Mar low C = -2.2
| Apr low C = 3.7
| May low C = 9.1
| Jun low C = 12.3
| Jul low C = 14.1
| Aug low C = 13.4
| Sep low C = 8.9
| Oct low C = 4.0
| Nov low C = -0.8
| Dec low C = -5.2
| year low C = 3.7
| Jan record low C = -35.5
| Feb record low C = -33.6
| Mar record low C = -24.2
| Apr record low C = -12.7
| May record low C = -2.8
| Jun record low C = 2.5
| Jul record low C = 5.2
| Aug record low C = 1.5
| Sep record low C = -4.5
| Oct record low C = -11.4
| Nov record low C = -24.6
| Dec record low C = -27.2
| year record low C = -35.5
| Jan precipitation mm = 29
| Feb precipitation mm = 28
| Mar precipitation mm = 30
| Apr precipitation mm = 45
| May precipitation mm = 50
| Jun precipitation mm = 94
| Jul precipitation mm = 86
| Aug precipitation mm = 67
| Sep precipitation mm = 61
| Oct precipitation mm = 31
| Nov precipitation mm = 38
| Dec precipitation mm = 35
| year precipitation mm = 594
| Jan humidity = 85
| Feb humidity = 83
| Mar humidity = 78
| Apr humidity = 68
| May humidity = 66
| Jun humidity = 72
| Jul humidity = 72
| Aug humidity = 71
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 80
| Nov humidity = 86
| Dec humidity = 88
| year humidity = 77
| Jan precipitation days =
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| Jan sun =
| Feb sun =
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| source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33562.htm
| title = Weather and Climate-The Climate of Vawkavysk
| access-date = 7 July 2014
| language = ru
| publisher = Weather and Climate }}</ref>
| date = July 2013
}}

==History==

===Prehistory===
{{Quote box |width=22em |align=right |bgcolor=#B0C4DE
| title = Historical affiliations
| fontsize = 90% |quote=[[Kievan Rus]] prior to 1084 
[[Balts|Baltic tribes]] 1084-1239 
{{flagicon image|Vilnius district COA.svg}} [[Duchy of Lithuania]] 1239–1254 
{{flag|Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia}} 1254–1269 
{{flagicon image|Alex_K_Grundwald_flags_1410-03.svg}} [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] 1269–1289 
{{flag|Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia}} 1289–1293 
{{flagicon image|Alex_K_Grundwald_flags_1410-03.svg}} [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] 1293–1569 
{{flagicon image|Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg}} [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] 1569–1795 
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Russia.svg}} [[Russian Empire]] 1795–1918 
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Belarus_(1918,_1991-1995).svg}} [[Belarusian People's Republic]] 1918–1919 
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Poland_(1928-1980).svg}} [[Second Polish Republic]] 1919–1939 
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg}} [[Soviet Union]] 1939–1939 
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Byelorussian_SSR.svg}} [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]] 1939–1941 
{{flagicon image|Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg}} [[Nazi Germany]] 1941-1944 
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Byelorussian_SSR.svg}} [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]] 1944–1991 
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Belarus_(1918,_1991-1995).svg}} {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Belarus.svg}} [[Republic of Belarus]] 1991–present
}}

Prior to the 10th century, there were three fortified settlements on the territory of Vawkavysk. Swedish Mountain, along with [[Muravelnike]], and [[Zamchishcha]] are considered the territories of current Vawkavysk. Swedish Mountain is a remnant of one of these fortifications. Gradually, as the settlement grew, the boundaries of the town extended to the neighboring hill of Zamchishcha. Industrical and commercial sites were located at the foot of Swedish Mountain along its northern, eastern, and southern sides. Muravelnike was also inhabited, but was not as populated as Swedish Mountain and Zamchishcha. Due to flooding of the Wołkowyja River, there are no other known archaeological sites.

===Middle Ages===
Vawkavysk is one of the oldest towns in Eastern Europe and has played a role in the political development of medieval Slavic civilization. It is believed that Vawkavysk was founded in the 10th century. The origin of the town is developed by legends, one of which tells about a prince [[Vladislav Zabeyko]], who in 738 found robbers named Voloka and Visek and killed them. In the place of their shelter, 10 huts were built, which expanded into a settlement. According to the legend, the name Vawkavysk is derived from the names of the two robbers.<ref name=Legends/> Another legend states that the town was founded by the King of Lithuania, [[Mindaugas]].

There is little historical evidence pertaining to the period when the town was founded. Archaeological excavations conducted at the site of the ancient town attest that a Slavic settlement had already existed in the area by the late 10th century, based on the dwellings and defensive works which were discovered during the excavation.<ref>[http://belta.by/7days_plus.nsf/All/D799335202633D72422571F000327FEF?OpenDocument For example, if early fortified settlements in Volkovysk (in Russian).] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120525004915/http://belta.by/7days_plus.nsf/All/D799335202633D72422571F000327FEF?OpenDocument |date=2012-05-25 }}</ref> Vawkavysk was first unofficially mentioned in the [[Turov Annals]] in 1005 and this year has been widely accepted as the town's founding year. Vawkavysk turned into a town and became a center of crafts and trades in the early 12th century. In 1224 and 1241, the [[Mongol invasion of Rus]] led by [[Batu Khan]] destroyed Vawkavysk and its fortress.<ref name="Chronology">{{cite web|url=http://volkovysk.name/hist.php?action=hronos|language=be|title=Chronological dates in the history of the Vawkavysk area}}</ref>

Vawkavysk lies in a region formerly referred to as [[Black Ruthenia]] that was subjugated to various invading forces from [[Balts|Baltic]] and [[Slavic people|Slavic]] tribes. At various times, the town was influenced by the [[Principality of Polotsk]] and [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Galicia-Volhynia]]. On the nights of 15 and 16 February 1038, the town was destroyed by a Baltic tribe of [[Yatvingians]].<ref name=Chronology/> Up until 1084, this territory belonged to Slavic [[Kievan Rus]] and later became a dependent vassal state. After Mindaugas conquered the area in 1239, it was incorporated into what would later become the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] and was administered from [[Navahrudak]] from the 1240s to the 1250s.

Vawkavysk's location on the border between Lithuania and neighboring Galicia-Volhynia resulted in frequent fighting over these territories. The [[Hypatian Codex|Ipatiev Chronicle]] mentions Vawkavysk in connection with an invasion of the Galicia-Volhynian prince [[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel Romanovich Galitsky]] and his brother [[Vasilko Romanovich|Vasilko]] in 1252. Power exchanged periodically during the years of 1254-1258 between the princes of these two kingdoms. The chronicle continues with describing that a peace treaty was signed in 1254 where the Grand Duke of Lithuania, [[Vaišvilkas]], transferred Vawkavysk, along with several other towns, to Daniel's son, [[Roman Danylovich|Roman Danylovich Galitsky]].<ref name=el>{{cite encyclopedia | editor=Simas Sužiedėlis | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Lituanica]] | title=Vaišvilkas | year=1970–1978 | publisher=Juozas Kapočius | volume=VI | location=Boston, Massachusetts | pages=29–30| lccn=74-114275 }}</ref> Sometime after this event, in 1255, a prince named Gleb, who acknowledged himself as a vassal of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, became the ruler of Vawkavysk. Prince Gleb participated in a Galicia-Volhynian campaign against the [[Yatvingians]] in 1256.

It was not until 1258, after several years of war, that Vawkavysk and [[Slonim]] settled as vassal states of Lithuania<ref name="ziemia"/> with Vaišvilkas again reigning from Navahrudak as a vassal of Mindaugas. In 1260, Vaišvilkas and another Lithuanian prince, Toth, captured and killed Roman, which resulted in Daniel marching to the upper reaches of the Neman River to recapture Vawkavysk and take Gleb as prisoner. The chronicle fails to explain what ended this particular campaign. Meanwhile, in 1263, Mindaugas of Lithuania was murdered. In the chaos that followed Mindaugas' assassination, the lands of the Grand Duchy were in disarray, with both local and foreign rulers struggling for power. Additionally, in 1264, Daniel died and his son [[Svarn|Svarn Danylovich Galitsky]] received nominal overlordship over all of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia as its duke, including Vawkavysk. Ownership of the town in 1269 belonged to prince Vladimir.<ref name=Chronology/>

Following Svarn's loss of the throne in 1269, his brother [[Lev I of Galicia]] entered into conflict with Lithuania. In 1274–1276 he fought a war with the new Lithuanian ruler [[Traidenis]] but was defeated, and Lithuania annexed the territory of Black Ruthenia with its city of Navahrudak.

During a campaign against the Lithuanians in 1277, the [[Rus' people|Rus]] army and their princes, Mstislav Danylovich, another son of Daniel; Vladimir Vasilkovich; and Yuri Lvovich, stopped for the night in Vawkavysk. The last time Vawkavysk is mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle is when Lithuanian Grand Duke [[Butigeidis]] transferred Vawkavysk to prince Mstislav Danylovich in exchange for peace in 1289.<ref>M. I. Ermolovich . Budikid / / Encyclopedia of History of Belarus . In 6 vols 2 Belitskaya - Anthem / Belarusian. Encyclopedia.; Editorial Board.: BI Sachenko (ed.). Etc..; Mast. EE Zhakevich. - Mn.: BelEn, 1994. S. 113.</ref>

===Grand Duchy of Lithuania===
Vawkavysk came under the rule of Grand Duke [[Vytenis]] and became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1293.<ref name=Chronology/>

It was from a now non-existent castle in Vawkavysk that, in 1385, [[Władysław II Jagiełło|Jogaila]] sent his envoys to [[Kraków]] to ask for the hand of the Queen of Poland, [[Jadwiga of Poland|Jadwiga]]. He declared that [[Union of Krewo|he along with the Lithuanian people was to adopt the Catholic faith]], and received the Polish envoys after a long-awaited decision on 11 January 1386.<ref name="ziemia"/> In 1386 Jogaila was baptized as Władysław II Jagiełło in Kraków and became King of Poland. Jagiełło, while in Vawkavysk in 1387, ordered the destruction of pagan deities.

In 1409 the town was attacked and plundered by the [[Teutonic Knights]] under the command of [[Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights|Hochmeister]] [[Ulrich von Jungingen]] and its residents taken captive. On 16 March 1410, the town was seized again and burnt under the command of [[Teutonic order#Medieval organization of the order|Ordensmarschall]] Frederic von Wallenrode and its residents were murdered. On 15 July 1410, the Vawkavysk banner participated in the [[Battle of Grunwald]] against the [[State of the Teutonic Order|Teutonic Order]]. In 1430 the church of St. Nicholas was built.<ref name=Chronology/> Vawkavysk was included in the composition of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1441 after being under its authority since 1258.

In 1503 Vawkavysk was granted [[Magdeburg rights|Magdeburg city rights]]<ref name="ziemia"/> by Polish king [[Alexander Jagiellon|Alexander I Jagiellon]]. These rights were confirmed by different kings up to 1773.<ref name=Chronology/> The town received its personal coat of arms of a wolf's head on a blue background.<ref>[http://knihi.com/hierb/vauka.html Vawkavysk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006112229/http://knihi.com/hierb/vauka.html |date=2008-10-06 }} // Літаратура/Геральдыка беларускіх места к</ref> In 1507, Vawkavysk became part of the [[Nowogródek Voivodeship (1507–1795)|Nowogródek Voivodeship]]<ref name=Chronology/> and was capital of Wołkowysk [[powiat]] until 1795. By 1513, Vawkavysk had 9 streets.<ref name="evkl">[[Валеры Грынявецкі|Валерый Грынявецкі]]. Ваўкавыск // Літаратура/ЭВКЛ 1к С. 394.</ref> A church was mentioned as having existed since 1536, while a monastery of Jesuits was founded in 1598. From 1566, Vawkavysk was also a venue for [[Sejmik#Types|General Sejmiks]], which provincial delegates and senators attended, that were held for the whole of Lithuania.<ref name="bardach">Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak, ''Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego'' (Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987), p. 217–219</ref><ref name="Jędruch1982-43-45">{{cite book|author=Jacek Jędruch|author-link=Jacek Jędruch|title=Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rmx8QgAACAAJ|access-date=13 August 2011|year=1998|publisher=EJJ Books|isbn=978-0-7818-0637-4|pages=43–45}}</ref> The most prominent nobility of Vawkavysk at this time included the Gołgowski and Piotrowicz families.

===Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth===
The [[Union of Lublin]] was signed July 1, 1569, in [[Lublin]], [[Poland]], and created a single state, the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. It replaced the personal union of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] with a [[real union]] and an [[elective monarchy]], since [[Sigismund II Augustus]], the last of the [[Jagiellons]], remained childless after three marriages. Subsequent to this, Vawkavysk became a town within the Commonwealth.

The 17th century was a very difficult time in the history of Vawkavysk, in particular, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in general. The region became the scene of many wars. It was during this time that the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth entered into a series of mid-17th century campaigns, known as [[The Deluge (Polish history)|The Deluge]], consisting of uprisings, invasions and [[Northern Wars]] with Russia and Sweden. Following the popular uprising led by [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] in [[Ukraine]], the rebellion brought into focus the rivalry between Russia and the Commonwealth for hegemony over Ukraine and over the eastern Slavic lands in general. In October 1653 the Russian [[zemsky sobor]] declared war on the Commonwealth and in June 1654, the forces of Tsar [[Alexis of Russia]] invaded the eastern half of Poland-Lithuania, starting the [[Russo-Polish War (1654–67)|Russo-Polish War of 1654-67]]. During this time, Vawkavysk was captured twice by Russian troops in 1655 and 1662 and left heavily damaged.

At the same time, the [[Swedish Empire]], which technically already was in conflict, although with a cease-fire agreement, with the Commonwealth from the [[Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)|Polish-Swedish War of 1626-29]], invaded in July 1654 and occupied the remaining half of the country. In 1656, after three days of battle, Vawkavysk was destroyed and burned by the army of King [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden]].<ref name=Chronology/> The administrative center of the town was a castle on the river near the road to Izabelin, which was destroyed alongside the town.

During the [[Great Northern War]] in 1706, the Swedes attacked Vawkavysk again, which resulted in the residents demanding large indemnity.<ref name=Chronology/>

In 1736, a Jesuit mission was formed at the expense of a E. Linovskiy, as well as a school in 1747. By the second half of the 18th century, several Jesuit and [[Marianites of Holy Cross|Marianite]] monasteries operated in Vawkavysk. As of 1792, the town had about 1,000 buildings, and a church in which the [[Uniate]]s used as well.

The region participated in the [[Kościuszko Uprising]] in 1794, temporarily freeing the area from under the Russian occupation.

By the end of the 18th century, the town had only 362 houses, where the population consisted of 2,127 people.

===Russian Empire===
Vawkavysk eventually became a part of the [[Russian Empire]] in 1795, following the [[third partition of Poland]]. It was placed under the administration of the [[Grodno Governorate#Slonim Governorate .281795.E2.80.931796.29|Slonim Governorate]] as a province and in 1802 became the capital of its own district within the [[Grodno Governorate#Lithuania-Grodno Governorate .281801.E2.80.931840.29|Lithuania-Grodno Governorate]].<ref name=Chronology/>

During the [[French invasion of Russia]] in 1812, Vawkavysk housed the headquarters of General [[Pyotr Bagration]], commander of the 2nd Russian Army. From 17 June to {{OldStyleDate|15 November|1812|3 November}}, the town housed [[Napoleon]]'s army. On 2–4 November 1812, during a battle between the French and Russian forces, Vawkavysk was burned. Russian General [[Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken]] defeated the [[VII Corps (Grande Armée)|VII Saxon Corps]] of French General [[Jean Reynier]].<ref name=Chronology/> The [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815 confirmed Vawkavysk's belonging to Russia.

In 1844, Vawkavysk had a wooden church and another church, a parish school, two hospitals, and a pharmacy. In 1845, the town received new Russian coat of arms. As of 1860, Vawkavysk had four hundred ninety-two homes, two schools, [[St. Wenceslas church]], seven Jewish prayer houses, a synagogue, a brick factory, two mills, a hospital, and fifty-eight shops.

In 1863, a company from Vawkavysk under the command of [[Gustaw Strawiński]] took part in the [[January Uprising]].

In 1885, the town began construction of what would become an important railway junction between [[Baranovichi]] and [[Białystok]]. The railway station was opened in 1886.

By 1891, Vawkavysk had 19 industrial enterprises. In 1906, the town began construction of a railway line to [[Siedlce]]; once construction was completed in 1907, the town became an important railway junction.

===World War I and the Interbellum===
During the First World War, Vawkavysk was the headquarters of the commander-in-chief of the [[Northwestern Front (Russian Empire)|North-Western Front]]. In the autumn of 1915, the town was occupied by German troops. Following the collapse of Imperial Russia in 1917, the subsequent emergence of the new [[Bolshevik]] government of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]], and the signing of the [[armistice between Russia and the Central Powers]], Vawkavysk and the surrounding area temporarily laid within Russian territory. The signing of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] on 3 March 1918, between Russia and the Central Powers ([[German Empire|Germany]], [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], and [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]]) ended Russia's participation in [[World War I]]. In this peace treaty, Russia renounced all territorial claims in [[Finland]] (which it had already acknowledged), the future [[Baltic state]]s ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]]), [[Belarus]], and [[Ukraine]]. During the negotiations of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Belarus first declared independence under German occupation on 25 March 1918, forming the [[Belarusian People's Republic]].<ref name="birgerson">(Birgerson 2002:105–106)</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Ioffe | first = Grigory | title = Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc | date = 25 February 2008 | page = 57 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=00B6wxgftH8C&q=west+belarus&pg=PA150 | isbn = 978-0-7425-5558-7 }}</ref> Meanwhile, an independent [[Second Polish Republic|Polish state]] was restored in 1918, but its borders were not formally determined.

====Polish–Soviet War====
{{Main|Polish–Soviet War}}
By 1919 Bolsheviks took control over Belarus and forced the country's democratic government into exile. Immediately afterwards, the [[Polish–Soviet War]] ignited, and the territory of Belarus was divided between Poland and Soviet Russia. On 8 February 1919 Vawkavysk was occupied by Polish troops. The town was then captured by the 16th Bolshevik Army on 24 July 1920<ref>{{cite book | last = Wyszczelski | first = Lech | title = Wojna polsko-rosyjska 1919–1920| page = 600| chapter = Odwrót znad Auty i Berezyny| volume = 1}}</ref> and subsequently recaptured on 27 September 1920 by the [[3rd Legions Infantry Division (Poland)|3rd Legions Infantry Division]] under the command of General [[Leon Berbecki]].

====Second Polish Republic====
The [[Treaty of Riga]] was signed in [[Riga]] on 18 March 1921, between [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] (acting also on behalf of [[Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Belarus]]) and [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]]. The treaty ended the Polish-Bolshevik War.<ref>K. Marek. ''Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law''. Librairie Droz 1968. pp. 419-420.</ref> Following this, Vawkavysk became a part of the interwar [[Second Polish Republic]] in the period between 1919 and 1939. [[Wolkowysk County|Wołkowysk powiat]] was part of the [[Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Białystok Voivodeship]] and the seat of [[gmina]] Biskupice.

[[File:Vaŭkavysk. Ваўкавыск (1930).jpg|thumb|left|Vawkavysk prior to 1939.]]

On 8 December 1922 the 3rd [[Regiment]] of Mounted Riflemen entered the town's barracks. In 1924 the 8th Cavalry Brigade [[Command (military formation)|Command]] was created. As of 1939 Vawkavysk contained an iron foundry, two brick factories, two sawmills, and other small businesses. On the outskirts of town was a cement plant, which was considered one of the most powerful companies in Western Belarus.

===World War II===
{{See also|Vaŭkavysk Ghetto}}
Upon the [[Invasion of Poland|invasion]] of the [[Second Republic of Poland|Second Polish Republic]] by [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]], the Wołkowysk Reserve Cavalry Brigade was formed. Vawkavysk came under Soviet occupation on 18 September 1939 as a result of the [[German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation]]. On 2 November 1939, Vawkavysk, along with the rest of Western Belarus, was annexed by the Soviet Union. On November 14, 1939, it was included into the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. Vawkavysk became the regional capital of the [[Belastok Region]] within the Byelorussian SSR on 15 January 1940. The town was a point of detention and deportation of German and Polish prisoners of war, including [[prisoner-of-war camp]] 281 by the [[Red Army]] until 1941.

Vawkavysk was occupied by the [[Wehrmacht|German Army]] on 28 June 1941. At that time, about 7,000 Jews lived in the town, around 40 percent of the population. Around 1,000 people, mostly but not entirely Jews, were killed in the [[Luftwaffe]] bombardment of the town. Upon arrival, the Germans, with some assistance by local [[Polish people|Poles]] and [[Belarusians]], murdered several dozen Jews within the first week; another 200 were murdered in mid July, mostly business and professional men along with those who had handicaps. That summer, the Germans established [[Vaŭkavysk Ghetto|a ghetto]], forcing the town's Jewish population into it. Five to ten families lived in each residence. The Germans conscripted Jews for forced labor of demolishing buildings and constructing new ones.

The ghetto became a transit ghetto for Jews of Kreis Wolkowysk. About 20,000 Jews passed through it; most were sent on to [[Treblinka]] where they were immediately murdered. Others died in the ghetto from typhus or starvation. In December 1942, part of the transit camp was converted to a closed ghetto for about 2,000 Jews, mostly essential male workers who were allowed to leave each day to go to the work sites. As many as 500 Jews were transferred to the [[Bialystok ghetto]], some of them were able to escape into the local forest. Several women cut their hair and dressed as men to pass for male laborers.

In January 1943, the final group of ghetto dwellers was sent to [[Auschwitz]] where most were murdered immediately. About 70 Jews of the original 7,000 Jewish residents survived the war. Some of the survivors had fled to the Soviet Union at the beginning of the war; others fought in the forests as partisans and a few survived Auschwitz.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Megargee |first1=Geoffrey |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos |date=2012 |publisher=University of Indiana Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-253-35599-7 |page=Volume II 974–976}}</ref>

During the [[Belostok Offensive]], on 14 July 1944, the [[2nd Belarusian Front]] of the [[Red Army]] was able to recapture the town. The town became the regional center of [[Grodno Region]] in the BSSR on 20 September 1944.

===After World War II===
Following the conclusion of the European front of World War II in 1945, Vawkavysk came under the authority of the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic]] until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Since 1991, Vawkavysk has belonged to the [[Belarus|Republic of Belarus]].

3 March 1963 it became a town of regional subordination. 12 April 2001 held approval emblem and flag of the city. In 2004 it conducted the Vawkavysk republican festival of rural workers' [[Dozhinki]].{{clarify|date=July 2014}}

==Administration==
Local issues are represented by the locally elected Councils of Deputies. These local councils operate on three levels:
[[Selsoviet|primary]] (villages and towns), [[Urban-type settlements in Belarus|basic]] (towns and regional councils), and regional (oblast) (Regional Council of Deputies). Deputies are elected for four-year terms to deal with local issues and represent the local population in decisions on issues relating to health, education, social welfare, trade, and transport. Local Councils of Deputies make decisions on local issues within the framework of national legislation.<ref name="government">{{cite web|url=http://www.belarus.by/en/government/government|language=be|title=The Government in Belarus}}</ref>

Settlements in the surrounding Vawkavysk region are Izabelin, Ros, [[Mstibovo]], and [[Voŭpa]].

The district includes the townships Krasnosel'skii and Ross, as well as 191 rural settlements.

In Region 2, Township Council - Rossky, Krasnosel'skii and nine village councils: Vereykovsky, Volkovysskii, Volpovsky, Gneznovsky, Elizabethan, Podorossky, Replevsky, Subochsky and Shilovichi.

==Demographics==

{{Historical populations
| state = collapsed
| shading = on
|1840|2992
|1849|2267
|1860|3472
|1889|7071
|1891|8057
|[[Russian Empire Census|1897]]|10323
|1907/8|11200
|1921|11100
|1931|15000
|1939|16700
|1959|18283
|1967|21000
|1970|23266
|1979|29074
|[[Soviet Census (1989)|1989]]|40374
|1991|42000
|1998|43500
|1999|46600
|2002|43100
|2009|44167
|2012|43886
|2013|43839
|2014|43826
| footnote = at 1 January of respective year.<ref name="popstat">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Belarus.html|title=City Population - Population Statistics for Countries, Administrative Areas, Cities and Agglomerations – Interactive Maps – Charts: Belarus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Europe/belarust.htm|title=Belarus: Historical demographical data of the urban centers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webgeo.ru/index.php?r=33|title=Census population of the USSR in 1959, 1970, 1979}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01003542943#page2?page=13|title= Statistitšeskija tablitsy o sostojanii gorodov Rossijskoi imperii. Statistical Tables are the cities of the Russian Empire (1840). Lida publication can be found on page 14/41 title Grodnenskaja Gubernija connection.|language=ru}}</ref>
}}

The town and surrounding area has a population of 74,000, while the urban area of Vawkavysk (with adjacent urban settlements of Ros and Krasnosel'skii included) has about 56,000 inhabitants, and the population of the rural area stands at 18,000 people. The main population groups according to nationality in the town of Vawkavysk are: Belarusians (63.4%), Poles (25%), Russians (8.7%), and other nationalities (2.9%). There are people of a total of 50 nationalities living in the area.<ref name="AreaFeatures"/>

===Religion===
According to the Russian census, the population of Vawkavysk was 10,323 people (5,982 women and 4,341 men) in 1897.<ref name="1897 Russian census">{{cite web|url=http://www.prlib.ru/elfapps/pageturner2d/viewer.aspx?orderdate=02.07.2011&DocUNC_ID=4952&Token=9JopSD8yRZGSC4Pn87joXw==&lang=ru-RU|language=ru|title=Grodno province - Populated places of the Russian Empire in 500 or more inhabitants specifying the total cash in those areas, the number of inhabitants and the prevailing religions, according to the first general census in 1897|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121050609/http://www.prlib.ru/elfapps/pageturner2d/viewer.aspx?orderdate=02.07.2011&DocUNC_ID=4952&Token=9JopSD8yRZGSC4Pn87joXw==&lang=ru-RU|archive-date=2011-11-21}}</ref> The main population groups according to religion were: Jews (5,528),<ref>[http://www.beljews.info/Volkovysk1.htm Jewish population of Volkovysk according to the 1897 Russian Census].</ref> Orthodox (2,716), and Roman Catholic (1,943).<ref name="1897 Russian census"/>

==Economy==
The industrial sections of the city are dominated by the building materials industry (46.4%), and food processing (44%).

Major companies in Vawkavysk (unless otherwise indicated, all are "open joint stock companies"):
* [[Krasnoselskoe-Materials]] – produces sixteen types and brands of cement and asbestos cement sheets from slate, asbestos pipes and fittings, dry mortar, lime and hydrated developer, soft-granular chalk, concrete slabs for pavements, polyethylene shrink film, blocks of cellular concrete.
* Vawkavysk meat processing plant – one of the largest manufacturers of meat and meat products in the Grodno region and Belarus. The company produces more than 330 kinds of products, including the following:
** Beef, pork, horsemeat and offal category 1 and 2;
** Semi-bone, à la carte, fleshy, beef, burgers, dumplings;
** Sausages, fats, dry food, skins and technical products;
** Endocrine-enzyme raw materials.
* Bellakt – the only company in Belarus that produces powdered infant formula and cereals for babies from the first days of life to one year and older. The company produces more than 40 types of powdered infant formula and cereals. The company also produces a wide range of dairy products, such as dried whole and skim milk, butter, whole milk, and a wide range of low-fat dairy products, soft cheeses, and whey products for animal feed.
* Vawkavysk Machine Building Plant – has a monopoly within the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] in the field of casting pan mixers and mixers for abrasive masses. In addition, the company manufactures equipment for the preparation of concrete and mortar, press-forging equipment, farm use (grinding-mixing plants for the preparation of feed, dung conveyors, pumps for liquid manure). The company produces a wide range of consumer good of metal and plastic.
* Vawkavysk factory HMAC – production capacity and structure of primary production is divided into pressing and welding, mechanical and assembly plant located in the main building and allowing to work a closed technological cycle. The company specializes in the production of construction and finishing machines, including:
** Machines for painting works (installations for applying paint formulations, spray guns, tanks & paint injectors);
** Machines for plastering (units plastering, spackling, plastering and painting);
** Mixer.
** Consumer goods (hardware and lock products, rubber products for sanitary devices, hardware tools, gardening tools).<ref name="industry">{{cite web|url=http://volkovysk.grodno-region.by/ru/economy/promyshlennost|language=be|title=Industry in Vawkavysk|access-date=2014-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151348/http://volkovysk.grodno-region.by/ru/economy/promyshlennost|archive-date=2014-07-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Sites of interest ==
The Vawkavysk archaeological complex includes three hills: "the Swedish mountain", Zamchishche, and Muravelnik. "The Swedish mountain" is located in a southeast suburb of modern Vawkavysk. There is a legend that during [[Deluge (history)|The Deluge]], "the Swedish mountain" was created by Swedish soldiers above the tomb of their commander. It is the highest point of associated hills in Vawkavysk.{{clarify|date=August 2011}}

The archaeological study of Vawkavysk begun in 1925 by the director of the [[Grodno Museum of History-Archaeology]], {{Ill|Jozef Jodkowski|be|Юзаф Ядкоўскі|lt|Juzefas Jodkovskis|pl|Józef Jodkowski|ru|Иодковский, Юзеф|uk|Юзеф Ядковський}}, who was the author of several history books about the area as well as travel guides on Grodno and the vicinity, which were popular in the [[Second Polish Republic]].

Other local sights include the [[Roman Catholic Church of St. Wenceslas]] (1846–1848) and the [[Peter Bagration Museum]].

==International relations==
List of Vawkavysk's [[sister cities|twin towns]] and other forms of city cooperation and friendship:
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast|Gusev]], Russia
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Siedlce]], Poland
* {{flagicon|MDA}} [[Șoldănești]], Moldova

==People==
* [[Mikalay Autukhovich]] (born 1963), Belarusian businessman and political dissident, political prisoner<ref>{{cite news |title=Belarusian Businessman Autukhovich, Associates Begin Trial On Terrorism Charges He Rejects |newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/autukhovich-belarus-trial-terrorism/31856827.html |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Ludwik Benoit]] (1920–1992), Polish actor
* [[Benjamin Blumenfeld]] (1884–1947), Russian chess master
* [[Aleksandr Dedyushko]] (1962–2007), Russian television actor, best known for war dramas and the Russian version of "[[Dancing with the Stars]]".
* [[Eliyahu Golomb]] (1893–1945), leader of the Jewish defense effort in [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate Palestine]] and architect of the [[Haganah]] between 1920 and 1948.
* [[Dawid Janowski]] (1868–1927), Jewish-Polish chess player
* [[Paul Khomich]] (1893–1942), Roman Catholic Church priest
* [[Tadeusz Kruczkowski]] (born 1961), historian, president of [[Związek Polaków na Białorusi]] (2000–2005)
* [[Raphael Lemkin]] (1900–1959), known for defining the term ''genocide'' and drafting the [[Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]]
* [[Teresa Torańska]] (1944–2013), Polish journalist, writer, historian
* [[Maksim Vitus]] (born 1989), football player
* [[Zerach Warhaftig]] (1906–2002), Israeli lawyer and politician and a signatory of [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israel's Declaration of Independence]].
* [[Yanina Zhejmo]] (1909–1987), Soviet actress.
*Ida Oranovich Creskoff (1899-1982), Graduate of Temple University (1921) and the University of Pennsylvania Law School (1924). First woman ever appointed Clerk of a U.S. Federal Court of Appeals (1947), and still only woman to hold the position upon her retirement in 1967.

==See also==
{{Commons category|Vaŭkavysk}}
*[[Grodno Governorate]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* [http://www.volkovysk.com/ Portal of Vawkavysk. Photos, articles, history, news, forum, etc.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100927065153/http://volk.by/ Independent, most popular site of Volkovysk and Volkovysk district]
* [http://www.radzima.org/eng/town/vaukavysk.html Photos on Radzima.org]
* [http://volkovysk.clan.su/photo/1-1 Photogallery of Vawkavysk]
* [http://volkovysk.name/hist.php Histori of Vawkavysk in democratic site]
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|1951082|Vawkavysk, Belarus}}

{{Hrodna Voblast}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vawkavysk}}
[[Category:Vawkavysk| ]]
[[Category:Towns in Belarus]]
[[Category:Populated places in Grodno Region]]
[[Category:Nowogródek Voivodeship (1507–1795)]]
[[Category:Volkovyssky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)]]
[[Category:Belastok Region]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Belarus]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Belarus]]
[[Category:Vawkavysk District]]