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Nikos Christodoulides

2024-05-23T18:18:15Z

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{{short description|President of Cyprus since 2023}}
{{Redirect|Christodoulides|the Cypriot judoka|Christodoulos Christodoulides}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nikos Christodoulides
| native_name = {{Nobold|{{Lang|el|Νίκος Χριστοδουλίδης}}}}
| image = President Christodoulides (cropped).jpg
| caption = Christodoulides in 2023
| office = 8th [[President of Cyprus]]
| term_start = 28 February 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Nicos Anastasiades]]
| successor =
| deputy minister = Irene Piki
| office1 = [[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| president1 = Nicos Anastasiades
| term_start1 = 1 March 2018
| term_end1 = 11 January 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Ioannis Kasoulidis]]
| successor1 = Ioannis Kasoulidis
| office2 = Spokesman of the Government
| term_start2 = 14 April 2014
| term_end2 = 28 February 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Christos Stylianides]]
| successor2 = Prodromos Prodromou
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|12|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Geroskipou]], Cyprus
| party = [[Democratic Rally]] (before 2023) [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2023–present)
| spouse = Philippa Karsera
| children = 4
| education = {{ubl|[[Queens College, City University of New York|Queens College, CUNY]]|[[New York University]]|[[University of Malta]]|[[University of Athens]]}}
| awards = [[Order of Makarios III]] ([[Grand master (order)|Grand Master]]) Order of Merit of the Republic of Cyprus
| signature = Signature of Nikos Christodoulides.png
| vicepresident = [[Irene Piki]]
}}
'''Nikos Christodoulides''' ({{lang-el|Νίκος Χριστοδουλίδης}}; born 6 December 1973) is a Greek-Cypriot politician, former diplomat, and academic who has been the 8th and current [[President of Cyprus]] since 2023. He previously served as [[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] from 2018 to 2022 and Government Spokesman from 2014 to 2018, both under [[Nicos Anastasiades]]. A former member of the [[Democratic Rally]], he has been an [[Independent politician|independent]] since the party ejected him in 2023 for entering [[2023 Cypriot presidential election|the presidential race]] against their chosen candidate.

Christodoulides started his career as a diplomat in 1999, also working as a lecturer and researcher at the [[University of Cyprus]] from 2007 to 2010. He then served in the [[second Anastasiades government]] until resigning in January 2022 in order to run in the presidential election, where he defeated [[Andreas Mavroyiannis]] in the run-off and assumed office on 28 February 2023. He is the first Cypriot leader to be born in an [[London and Zürich Agreements|independent Cyprus]].

== Early life ==
Christodoulides was born in [[Geroskipou]] on 6 December 1973.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thessalonikisummit.gr/speaker/christodoulides-nikos/ | title=Christodoulides Nikos – Thessaloniki Summit }}</ref> His mother is also from Geroskipou, while his father is from [[Choulou]]. He graduated from the [[Archbishop Makarios III Lyceum]] in [[Paphos]] in 1991,<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.philenews.com/eidiseis/article/1256687/nikos-christodoulidis-o-thiasotis-tou-orthologismou/ | publisher = ΦΙΛΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΟΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ ΛΙΜΙΤΕΔ | website = philenews.com | title = Νίκος Χριστοδουλίδης, ο θιασώτης του ορθολογισμού | language = el | date = 13 February 2023 | accessdate = 17 November 2023 }}</ref> and completed his compulsory two-year military service in the [[Cypriot National Guard]] in 1993. He attended [[Queens College, City University of New York|Queens College]] in [[New York City]], majoring in political science, economics, and Byzantine and Modern Greek studies before graduating in 1997. He then pursued postgraduate studies in political science at [[New York University]] and diplomatic studies at the [[University of Malta]]'s Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies.<ref name="concordia">{{cite web |title=Director, Diplomatic Office of the President of the Republic of Cyprus |url=https://www.concordia.net/community/nikos-christodoulides/ |access-date=7 October 2018 |website=concordia.net}}</ref> He earned a [[PhD]] in political science and public administration from the [[University of Athens]] in 2003.<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-CV">{{cite web |title=Minister, Curriculum Vitae |url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2016.nsf/All/277ED5DD99EFEB25C2257F9C00209CFF?OpenDocument |access-date=7 October 2018 |publisher=Foreign Ministry of the [[Republic of Cyprus]]}}</ref>

== Pre-presidency work ==
=== Academia ===
Christodoulides lectured and worked as a non-tenure track research associate at the [[University of Cyprus]]' History and Archeology Department, teaching the history of the post-war world.<ref name="concordia" />

=== Diplomacy ===
Christodoulides entered [[diplomatic service]] in 1999. He held various posts, including Director of the Office of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], Spokesman of the Cyprus Presidency to the [[Council of the European Union]] in [[Brussels]], Deputy Chief of Mission at the [[List of diplomatic missions of Cyprus|Embassy of Cyprus to Greece]], Director of the Office of the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Consul-General of the [[List of diplomatic missions of Cyprus|High Commission of the Republic of Cyprus to the United Kingdom]]. Between 2013 and 2018, he served as Director of the Diplomatic Office of the [[President of Cyprus]].<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-CV" />

=== Government Spokesman ===
Christodoulides was appointed Government Spokesman on 14 April 2014. He stepped down upon the conclusion of [[Nicos Anastasiades]]' first term on 28 February 2018.

=== Minister of Foreign Affairs ===
[[File:Reuven Rivlin at a meeting with Nikos Christodoulides, March 2018 (5835).jpg|thumb|Christodoulides with Israeli President [[Reuven Rivlin]] in March 2018]]

[[File:Secretary Pompeo Greets Cypriot Foreign Minister Christodoulides (45757277611).jpg|thumb|Christodoulides with U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] in November 2018]]

On 1 March 2018, after Anastasiades' re-election, Christodoulides was appointed to [[Anastasiades government|Anastasiades' cabinet]] as Minister of Foreign Affairs.<ref name="2018 cabinet">{{cite news |date=13 February 2018 |title=New cabinet announced |work=[[Cyprus Mail]] |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/02/13/new-cabinet-announced/ |access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref> On 6 March 2018, he stated that [[Nicosia]] would not be swayed by Turkey's incursions into the [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of Cyprus. During a meeting on Greek-Cypriot cooperation with Greek Prime Minister [[Alexis Tsipras]], he said that the [[Cyprus problem|reunification of Cyprus]] was their primary goal.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 March 2018 |title=Provocations in EEZ dominate Christodoulides' contacts in Athens |publisher=[[Cyprus Mail]] |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/03/06/provocations-eez-dominate-christodoulides-contacts-athens/ |access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>

In May 2018, Christodoulides officially asked the United Nations to prepare for a speedy resumption of the reunification process. After meeting Greek Foreign Minister [[Nikos Kotzias]] on 7 May 2018, he praised United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] for despatching a [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General|UN Special Representative]] to sound out the atmosphere for resuming talks.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2018 |title=Zypern bittet UN um sofortige Hilfe bei Wiedervereinigungsbemühungen |language=de |trans-title=Cyprus asks UN for immediate help in re-union endeavor |publisher=[[Handelsblatt]] |url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/geteilte-insel-zypern-bittet-un-um-sofortige-hilfe-bei-wiedervereinigungsbemuehungen/21253990.html |access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>

In June 2018, Christodoulides visited Israel and met with Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and President [[Reuven Rivlin]]. They discussed regional developments and the strengthening of bilateral ties in energy and emergency situations. They also discussed Turkish incursions and strategic cooperation on the planned [[EastMed pipeline]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/03/22/netanyahu-christodoulides-discuss-regional-developments/|title=Netanyahu and Christodoulides discuss regional developments|work=Cyprus Mail|date=22 March 2018|access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref> In June 2018, Christodoulides welcomed an announcement by [[ExxonMobil]] executives to speed up their schedule to begin drilling operations in Block 10 of the Exclusive Economic Zone. Operations were planned to begin in the fourth quarter of 2018 but did not begin until 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/06/10/christodoulides-welcomes-exxons-intention-to-speed-up-drilling-plans/|title=Christodoulides welcomes Exxon's intention to speed up drilling plans|publisher=[[Cyprus Mail]]|date=10 June 2018|access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>

On 17 July 2018, Christodoulides met EU High Representative [[Federica Mogherini]] in Brussels. They discussed the potential role of the EU in resuming stalled peace talks with Turkey. During his visit, he stated that Cyprus does "not have the luxury of a new talks' failure" and that "Turkey has to comply with European standards and international law".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/07/17/christodoulides-and-mogherini-discuss-eu-role-in-efforts-to-resume-cyprus-talks/|title=Christodoulides and Mogherini discuss EU role in efforts to resume Cyprus talks|publisher=[[Cyprus Mail]]|date=17 July 2018|access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>

On 15 July 2020, Christodoulides commented on the [[2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes]], condemning the "ceasefire violation by Azerbaijan" and calling for "restraint of the parties to de-escalate the tension in the region".<ref>{{cite web|last=Christodoulides|first=Nikos|author-link=Nikos Christodoulides |date=15 July 2020 |title=Statement of the Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/press-releases-article.html?id=14759#flat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715123322/https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/press-releases-article.html?id=14759 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |website=www.pio.gov.cy |publisher=The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus}}</ref>

Christodoulides was made a [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre|Knight of the Holy Sepulchre]] in 2018 and was awarded the [[Order of the Serbian Flag]] on 5 April 2021 by President [[Aleksandar Vučić]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/4321767/vucic-orden-kipar-nikos-hristodulidis.html|title=Vučić uručio orden šefu kiparske diplomatije Hristodulidisu|date=5 April 2021|publisher=RTS|website=rts.rs|language=Serbian}}</ref>

== 2023 presidential election ==
[[File:Isaac Herzog in Beit HaNassi, May 2023 (HZ0 8017).jpg|thumb|Christodoulides with Israeli President [[Isaac Herzog]] in May 2023]]
After months of speculation on whether he would run for president in the [[2023 Cypriot presidential election|2023 election]], Christodoulides expressed his interest at a press conference held at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 9 January.<ref>{{cite web |title=Κύπρος – Παραιτήθηκε ο Νίκος Χριστοδουλίδης από υπουργός Εξωτερικών |url=https://www.ot.gr/2022/01/09/epikairothta/kypros-paraitithike-o-nikos-xristodoulidis-apo-ypourgos-eksoterikon/ |date=9 January 2022}}</ref> The next day, he resigned as Minister and was replaced by [[Ioannis Kasoulides]] soon after.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister – MFA |url=https://mfa.gov.cy/the-minister/}}</ref>

In June 2022, Christodoulides formally announced his candidacy as an independent candidate despite being a member of the [[Democratic Rally]], which fielded [[Averof Neofytou]] as its presidential nominee. On 5 January 2023, following the official filing of his candidacy, he was formally ejected from the party.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Christodoulides struck from DISY party register |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/01/05/christodoulides-struck-from-disy-party-register/ |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=cyprus-mail.com}}</ref> He gathered support from smaller parties, including the [[Democratic Party (Cyprus)|Democratic Party]], the [[Movement for Social Democracy]], and the [[Democratic Alignment (Cyprus)|Democratic Alignment]],<ref name="2018 cabinet" /> while also managing to sway a large portion of his former party's supporters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mavroudis |first=Christodoulos |title=New poll shows Christodoulides ahead in presidential race |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2022/07/06/new-poll-shows-christodoulides-ahead-in-presidential-race/ |website=Cyprus Mail |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref>

Christodoulides won the first round of the election with 32.04% of the vote, and was thereafter backed by incumbent president Anastasiades.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=12 February 2023 |title=Ex-minister Christoulides wins Cyprus presidential election |url=https://apnews.com/article/cyprus-government-united-states-8f85f71fe4584c1a1638fb4240dd673a |access-date=12 February 2023 |publisher=AP News}}</ref> After winning the second round with 51.92% of the vote (against the 48.08% of fellow independent candidate [[Andreas Mavroyiannis]], who was backed by the [[Progressive Party of Working People]]) Christodoulides was declared president-elect.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=Kambas |first=Michele |date=12 February 2023 |title=Former Cyprus foreign minister wins presidential election |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cypriot-diplomats-face-off-cliffhanger-presidential-vote-2023-02-12/ |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>

== Presidency ==
{{Further|Christodoulides government}}

=== Cyprus problem ===
Christodoulides was inaugurated as president on 28 February 2023. He declared that his primary focus was finding a solution to the [[Cyprus problem]].<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2023 |title='Cyprus problem' top priority for island's new president |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/nikos-christodoulides-new-cyprus-president-sworn-2023-02-28/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228110212/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/nikos-christodoulides-new-cyprus-president-sworn-2023-02-28/ |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=Reuters |location=[[Nicosia]]}}</ref> In order to restart the negotiations between the two sides, he requested the appointment of a [[United Nations|UN]] special envoy. His proposal was accepted by [[António Guterres]], who appointed Colombian diplomat [[María Ángela Holguín]] with the aim of facilitating the diplomatic process. Cuellar arrived in Cyprus in January 2024, having already met with Colin Stewart (Cyprus' permanent UN representative in New York) and is planning visits to the guarantor power countries Greece, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=UN envoy has already begun Cyprus contacts {{!}} Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/01/13/un-envoy-has-already-begun-cyprus-contacts/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=cyprus-mail.com/ |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Solutions |first=BDigital Web |title=UN's new special envoy heads to Cyprus in early February |url=https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/un-s-new-special-envoy-heads-to-cyprus-in-early-february |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=knews.com.cy}}</ref>

=== Amalthea Initiative ===
{{See also|Gaza floating pier}}
[[File:President Christodoulides- “no border changes will stem from violence and war” - 52978444055.jpg|thumb|President Christodoulides with the President of the European Parliament [[Roberta Metsola]] during the "This is Europe" debates]]
At a [[European Council]] summit on 26 October 2023<ref name=cbn-20231027>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbn.com.cy/article/2023/10/27/739604/cyprus-proposes-maritime-humanitarian-corridor-for-gaza/ |title=Cyprus proposes maritime humanitarian corridor for Gaza |agency=CNA |website=Cyprus Business News |date=27 October 2023 |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref> and at the 2023 [[Paris Peace Forum]], organized by French President [[Emmanuel Macron]], Christodoulides presented his initiative to open a maritime corridor between Cyprus and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], intending to deliver aid to Gaza during the [[2023 Israel–Hamas war|ongoing Israel–Hamas war]]. Due to the small distance between Cyprus and the conflict zone, Christodoulides suggested utilizing [[Larnaca]]'s port for shipping significant amounts of humanitarian relief to Gaza by sea. The aid would be collected, inspected, and stored in Cyprus; after daily checks by a joint committee, including Israel, the aid would be sent to Gaza. The vessels would be accompanied by warships and would arrive at a designated neutral area on the coast of Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |title=EU throws weight behind Cypriot plan to ship aid to Gaza |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/cyprus-humanitarian-aid-gaza-european-union-israel-hamas-shipments/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 9, 2023 |title=Cyprus outlines plan for maritime corridor to get aid to Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cyprus-outlines-plan-maritime-corridor-get-aid-gaza-2023-11-09/}}</ref>

Christodoulides visited Egyptian President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] and [[Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah of Jordan]] to inform them about his proposed humanitarian corridor, while also discussing it with German Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]] over the phone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 4, 2023 |title=Cyprus pushes Gaza corridor idea; leader to visit Egypt, Jordan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/cyprus-pushes-gaza-corridor-idea-leader-visit-egypt-jordan-2023-12-04/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Cyprus, France launch diplomatic marathon for Gaza humanitarian corridor initiative |url=https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/local/cyprus-france-launch-diplomatic-marathon-for-gaza-humanitarian-corridor-initiative/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=in-cyprus.philenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The initiative received positive recognition from the international community and gained approval from the [[Israeli government response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|Israeli government]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=Cyprus’ aid corridor to Gaza opens (updated) {{!}} Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/12/18/cyprus-aid-corridor-to-gaza-opens/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=cyprus-mail.com/ |language=en-GB}}</ref> The first step was completed on 1 January 2024, when Cyprus and the United Kingdom collaborated to successfully send 87 tonnes of aid to Gaza through [[Port Said]] in Egypt. The aid was then transferred through the [[Rafah Border Crossing|Rafah border]] without security checks in Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kambas |first=Michele |date=January 2, 2024 |title=Screened in Cyprus, British and Cypriot aid heads to Gaza via Egypt |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/screened-cyprus-british-cypriot-aid-heads-gaza-via-egypt-2024-01-02/}}</ref>

On 4 March 2024, [[Ursula von der Leyen]] declared the European Commission's support for Cyprus' humanitarian corridor initiative,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=Επικοινωνία ΠτΔ με Φον ντερ Λάιεν – Στο επίκεντρο ανθρωπιστικός διάδρομος και μεταναστευτικό |url=https://cyprustimes.com/politiki/epikoinonia-ptd-me-fon-nter-laien-sto-epikentro-anthropistikos-diadromos-kai-metanasteftiko/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=cyprustimes.com |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Αγκαστινιώτης |first=Γιώργος |date=2024-03-04 |title=Ούρσουλα φον ντερ Λάιεν: Η Κομισιόν θα στηρίξει εφαρμογή θαλάσσιου διαδρόμου για Γάζα |url=https://www.philenews.com/politiki/article/1445304/oursoula-fon-nter-laien-i-komision-tha-stirixi-efarmogi-thalassiou-diadromou-gia-gaza/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Φιλελεύθερος {{!}} Philenews |language=el}}</ref> scheduling a visit to Cyprus on 8 March to assess the infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hummel |first=Tassilo |date=March 6, 2024 |title=EU working on creating maritime humanitarian corridor to support people in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/eu-working-creating-maritime-humanitarian-corridor-support-people-gaza-2024-03-06/ |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="cyprus-mail.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Von der Leyen visiting Cyprus to discuss sea corridor (Update 2) {{!}} Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/03/06/von-der-leyen-expected-in-cyprus-to-discuss-sea-corridor/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=cyprus-mail.com/ |language=en-GB}}</ref> The initiative also gained support by the United States, with President [[Joe Biden]] announcing on 8 March that the [[United States Armed Forces]] will establish a temporary port in Gaza to enhance sea-based humanitarian aid delivery. The port will handle large vessels carrying food, medicine, and water, with initial shipments arriving via Cyprus. The United States will collaborate on security and coordinate with [[United Nations System|UN agencies]] and humanitarian operations on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Προχωρούν με λιμάνι οι ΗΠΑ στη Γάζα για υλοποίηση του θαλάσσιου διαδρόμου από την Κύπρο |url=https://reporter.com.cy/article/2024/3/7/763048/prokhoroun-me-limani-oi-epa-ste-gaza-gia-ulopoiese-tou-thalassiou-diadromou-apo-ten-kupro/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Προχωρούν με λιμάνι οι ΗΠΑ στη Γάζα για υλοποίηση του θαλάσσιου διαδρόμου από την Κύπρο |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ο Μπάιντεν ανακοινώνει κατασκευή λιμανιού στη Γάζα για τον ανθρωπιστικό διάδρομο {{!}} AlphaNews.Live |url=https://www.alphanews.live/international/o-mpainten-anakoinonei-kataskeyi-limanioy-sti-gaza-gia-ton-anthropistiko-diadromo |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.alphanews.live |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Explainer: Will Biden’s temporary port plan stop famine in Gaza? |url=https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/international/explainer-will-bidens-temporary-port-plan-stop-famine-in-gaza/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=in-cyprus.philenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The corridor is backed by aid from the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ενεργοποιείται ο ανθρωπιστικός διάδρομος-Ανάβει πράσινο το Ισραήλ, έρχεται στην Κύπρο η Φον ντερ Λάιεν |url=https://reporter.com.cy/article/2024/3/6/762630/energopoieitai-o-anthropistikos-diadromos-anabei-prasino-to-israel-erkhetai-sten-kupro-e-phon-nter-laien/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Ενεργοποιείται ο ανθρωπιστικός διάδρομος-Ανάβει πράσινο το Ισραήλ, έρχεται στην Κύπρο η Φον ντερ Λάιεν |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cyprus-mail.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=EC President to inspect Gaza aid corridor infrastructure in Cyprus |url=https://www.stockwatch.com.cy/en/article/diethni/ec-president-inspect-gaza-aid-corridor-infrastructure-cyprus |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Stockwatch - All about the economy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=EC President travelling to Cyprus to discuss Gaza aid corridor |url=https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/local/ec-president-travelling-to-cyprus-to-discuss-gaza-aid-corridor/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=in-cyprus.philenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Solutions |first=BDigital Web |title=Cyprus opens sea corridor to Gaza with EU and US support |url=https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/cyprus-opens-sea-corridor-to-gaza-with-eu-and-us-support |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=knews.com.cy}}</ref>

On 12 March 2024, the Spanish NGO's [[salvage vessel]] Open Arms departed from the port of [[Larnaca]] to deliver humanitarian aid to Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyprus-Gaza aid corridor: Some relief, but no end to crisis – DW – 03/13/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cyprus-gaza-aid-corridor-some-relief-but-no-end-to-crisis/a-68506839 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> The ship towed a barge loaded with supplies provided by the American charity [[World Central Kitchen]] and funded by the United Arab Emirates. The aid included 200 tonnes of food staples such as rice, flour, and cans of tuna. The ship reached an undisclosed location off the coast of Gaza, navigating a newly opened shipping route.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aid ship testing sea corridor from Cyprus to Gaza sets sail |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/12/first-aid-ship-to-gaza-leaves-cyprus-port |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kourtoglou |first=Yiannis |date=March 9, 2024 |title=Charity loads food aid on to barge in Cyprus headed for Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/aid-ship-gaza-expected-depart-cyprus-this-weekend-2024-03-09/ |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-09 |title=Gaza aid ship expected to set sail from Cyprus |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68518918 |access-date=2024-03-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The mission faced several technical challenges, including capacity and weather concerns. Construction of a makeshift jetty in Gaza facilitated unloading, overcoming Israel's restrictions on contact with Gaza's population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hierro |first=Luis de Vega, Lola |date=2024-03-13 |title=Operation Safeena: The thousand and one obstacles to bringing aid to Gaza by sea |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-03-13/operation-safeena-the-thousand-and-one-obstacles-to-bringing-aid-to-gaza-by-sea.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en-us}}</ref>

On 21 March 2024, technocrats from 36 countries convened at the Zenon Coordination Center in Larnaca to discuss bolstering the plan, coinciding with the imminent departure of a second ship from Larnaca to transport 500 tons of aid to Gaza. Efforts are underway to secure funding for the long-term operation of the Amalthea Plan, with Dutch Prime Minister [[Mark Rutte]] announcing a €10 million contribution and the EU pledging €70 million in funding.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Γιγαντώνεται" η Αμάλθεια, στο επίκεντρο ευρωπαϊκού ενδιαφέροντος η Κύπρος {{!}} AlphaNews.Live |url=https://www.alphanews.live/politics/gigantonetai-i-amaltheia-sto-epikentro-eyropaikoy-endiaferontos-i-kypros |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.alphanews.live |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Στο λιμάνι Λάρνακας το δεύτερο πλοίο για ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια στη Γάζα (ΒΙΝΤΕΟ) {{!}} AlphaNews.Live |url=https://www.alphanews.live/politics/sto-limani-larnakas-deytero-ploio-gia-anthropistiki-boitheia-sti-gaza-binteo |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.alphanews.live |language=el}}</ref>

=== Economy ===
On 20 December 2023, Labor Minister Yiannis Panayiotou announced a [[minimum wage]] increase from €940 to €1,000 per month. Employers initially opposed the raise and then proposed an increase to €970, while unions sought €1,020. The government's decision to increase the minimum wage to €1,000 was met with varying reactions from stakeholders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Minimum wage increased to €1,000 a month (Updated) {{!}} Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/12/20/minimum-wage-increased-to-e1000-a-month/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=cyprus-mail.com/ |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=fm |date=2023-12-20 |title=Minimum wage hiked to €1,000 |url=https://www.financialmirror.com/2023/12/20/minimum-wage-hiked-to-e1000/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Financial Mirror |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Digital transformation ===
In October 2023, Christodoulides' government unveiled its ambitious plans for [[digital transformation]], securing €282 million in EU funding for the realisation of the "Strategic Plan 2024{{endash}}2026". This comprehensive plan encompasses diverse initiatives, including the integration of [[artificial intelligence]], the promotion of [[Ultra Network Technologies|ultra-high-speed network connectivity]], the intensification of digital skills through education, support for research and innovation, encouragement of [[Startup company|start-up entrepreneurship]], and the reinforcement of defense mechanisms against [[Cyber attack|cyber threats]]. The Deputy Ministry of Innovation plays a pivotal role in implementing these initiatives, focusing on three key pillars: the digital transformation of Cyprus, the development of a sustainable innovative economy, and the protection of the country's infrastructure. The transformation aims to enhance efficiency in services, automate processes, increase governance transparency, and stimulate innovation, ultimately fostering economic development and job creation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ψύλλου |first=Δέσποινα |date=2023-10-29 |title=Xρηματοδότηση μαμούθ €282 εκατ. για την ψηφιακή Κύπρο |url=https://www.philenews.com/kipros/koinonia/article/1401265/xrimatodotisi-mamouth-e282-ekat-gia-tin-psifiaki-kipro/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Φιλελεύθερος {{!}} Philenews |language=el}}</ref> In his role as Christodoulides' Deputy Minister of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy, Philippos Hadjizacharias highlighted the government's goal of turning Cyprus into a leading technology hub.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solutions |first=BDigital Web |title=Υφ. Έρευνας: Προσπάθεια να μετατραπεί η Κύπρος σε κόμβο τεχνολογίας |url=https://www.kathimerini.com.cy/gr/geek/geek-nea/yf-ereynas-prospatheia-na-metatrapei-i-kypros-se-kombo-texnologias |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Kathimerini.com.cy |language=el}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In January 2024, Christodoulides came under scrutiny by the public and media in both Cyprus and Greece for removing his Minister of Defense Michalis Giorgallas, reportedly after pressure from the Greek government, who disagreed with Giorgallas' stance on a joint defense doctrine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Καφετζή |first=Αλεξία |date=2024-01-13 |title=Η Αθήνα "έφαγε" τον Γιωργάλλα (ΕΙΚΟΝΑ) – 24h.com.cy |url=https://24h.com.cy/i-athina-efage-ton-giorgalla-eikona/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Καρατόμηση του Κύπριου Υπουργού Άμυνας κατόπιν αιτήσεως των Αθηνών! |url=https://www.newsbreak.gr/parapolitika/551547/karatomisi-toy-kyprioy-ypoyrgoy-amynas-katopin-aitiseos-ton-athinon/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=12 January 2024 |title=ΕΣΤΙΑ: Η Αθήνα "αποκεφάλισε" τον Γιωργάλλα–Επέμενε για Ενιαίο Αμυντικό Δόγμα |url=https://www.sigmalive.com/news/politics/1181309/estia-i-athina-apokefalise-ton-giorgallaepemene-gia-eniaio-amyntiko-dogma |website=sigmalive.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Christodoulides has four children with his wife, Philippa Karsera, a Greek-Cypriot diplomat from [[Dora, Cyprus|Dora]]. They met in 1999 as newly appointed diplomatic [[attaché]]s in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. She served at the Cypriot High Commission to the United Kingdom in [[London]] and then at the Cypriot Embassy in [[Athens]] and the [[Cyprus in the European Union|Permanent Representation of Cyprus to the European Union]] in [[Brussels]]. She was then promoted to Deputy Director of the President's Diplomatic Office at Cyprus' [[Presidential Palace, Nicosia|Presidential Palace]]. From February 2022, she led the crisis management [[Ministry (government department)|directorate]] in the Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs.<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-CV" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippa Karsera: The career diplomat, she now holds the title of Minister Plenipotentiary, who will also be Cyprus' new First Lady from March 1 2023. (PHOTO) |url=https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/news/local/philippa-karsera-the-career-diplomat-who-is-cyprus-new-first-lady-photo/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=in-cyprus.philenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Writing ==
Christodoulides has contributed to domestic and international [[academic journal]]s and is the author of two books: ''Plans for Solution of the Cyprus Problem 1948–1978'' (2009)<ref>{{cite book|script-title=el:Τα σχέδια λύσης του κυπριακού, 1948–1978|trans-title=Plans for Solution of the Cyprus Problem 1948–1978|language=el|last=Christodoulides|first=Nikos|location=Athens|publisher=Ekdoseis Kastaniōtē|year=2009|isbn=9789600349948}}</ref> and ''Relations between Athens and Nicosia and the Cyprus Problem 1977–1988'' (2013).<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-CV" /><ref>{{cite book|script-title=el:Οι σχέσεις Αθηνών-Λευκωσίας και το Κυπριακό, 1977-1988|trans-title=Relations Between Athens and Nicosia and the Cyprus Problem, 1977–1988|language=el|last=Christodoulides|first=Nikos|location=Athens|publisher=I. Siderēs|year=2013|isbn=9789600806007}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
===National honours===
*{{flag|Cyprus}}: Grand Master and Grand Collar of the [[Order of Makarios III]] (28 February 2023)
*{{flag|Cyprus}}: Grand Master of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Cyprus (28 February 2023)

===Foreign Honours===
* {{flag|Germany}}: Grand Cross Special Class of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] (12 February 2024)<ref>https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/gallery.html?galAlbum=5637#gallery-20/</ref>
* [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Orthodox Crusaders of the Holy Sepulchre (22 March 2018)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/press-releases-article.html?id=882#flat | title=Visit of the Minister of Foreign Affairs to the State of Israel }}</ref>
* {{flag|Greece}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Redeemer]] (13 March 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philenews.com/eidiseis/politiki/article/1676264/parasimoforise-ton-ptd-i-sakelaropoyloy-eikones-binteo|title=Παρασημοφόρησε τον ΠτΔ η Σακελαροπούλου (εικόνες & βίντεο)|last=|first=|date=2023-03-13|website=www.philenews.com|publisher=}}</ref>
*{{flag|Italy}}: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] (26 February 2024)<ref>https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/gallery.html?galAlbum=5674#gallery-28/</ref>
* {{flag|Poland}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]] (4 October 2021)<ref>[https://www.infor.pl/akt-prawny/MPO.2022.027.0000097,postanowienie-prezydenta-rzeczypospolitej-polskiej-o-nadaniu-orderow.html Infor]</ref><ref>[https://cypr24.eu/cypr-ma-nowego-prezydenta/ Cypr24]</ref>
* {{flag|Serbia}}: [[Order of the Serbian Flag]], First Class (4 May 2021)<ref>[https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/476396/Politika/Vucic-urucio-orden-sefu-kiparske-diplomatije-Hristodulidisu Politika]</ref><ref>[https://www.parikiaki.com/2021/04/cyprus-fm-to-receive-order-of-the-serbian-flag-first-class-during-working-visit-to-belgrade-on-monday/ Parikiaki]</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Ioannis Kasoulidis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=2018–2022}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ioannis Kasoulidis]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nicos Anastasiades]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Cyprus]]|years=2023–present}}
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{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of Cyprus}}
{{Heads of state of republics}}
{{Heads of state of the European Union member states}}
{{European Council}}
{{Commonwealth heads of government}}
{{Current Cyprus Cabinet}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Christodoulides, Nikos}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Paphos District]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Cypriot diplomats]]
[[Category:Cyprus Ministers of Foreign Affairs]]
[[Category:Greek Cypriot politicians]]
[[Category:Greek Cypriots]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:Queens College, City University of New York alumni]]
[[Category:University of Cyprus alumni]]
[[Category:University of Malta alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of Cyprus]]
[[Category:21st-century presidents of Cyprus]]

Nikos Christodoulides

2024-05-23T18:13:53Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{short description|President of Cyprus since 2023}}
{{Redirect|Christodoulides|the Cypriot judoka|Christodoulos Christodoulides}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nikos Christodoulides
| native_name = {{Nobold|{{Lang|el|Νίκος Χριστοδουλίδης}}}}
| image = President Christodoulides (cropped).jpg
| caption = Christodoulides in 2023
| office = 8th [[President of Cyprus]]
| term_start = 28 February 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Nicos Anastasiades]]
| successor =
| deputy minister = Irene Piki
| office1 = [[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| president1 = Nicos Anastasiades
| term_start1 = 1 March 2018
| term_end1 = 11 January 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Ioannis Kasoulidis]]
| successor1 = Ioannis Kasoulidis
| office2 = Spokesman of the Government
| term_start2 = 14 April 2014
| term_end2 = 28 February 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Christos Stylianides]]
| successor2 = Prodromos Prodromou
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|12|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Geroskipou]], Cyprus
| party = [[Democratic Rally]] (before 2023) [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2023–present)
| spouse = Philippa Karsera
| children = 4
| education = {{ubl|[[Queens College, City University of New York|Queens College, CUNY]]|[[New York University]]|[[University of Malta]]|[[University of Athens]]}}
| awards = [[Order of Makarios III]] ([[Grand master (order)|Grand Master]]) Order of Merit of the Republic of Cyprus
| signature = Signature of Nikos Christodoulides.png
| vicepresident = Irene Piki
}}
'''Nikos Christodoulides''' ({{lang-el|Νίκος Χριστοδουλίδης}}; born 6 December 1973) is a Greek-Cypriot politician, former diplomat, and academic who has been the 8th and current [[President of Cyprus]] since 2023. He previously served as [[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] from 2018 to 2022 and Government Spokesman from 2014 to 2018, both under [[Nicos Anastasiades]]. A former member of the [[Democratic Rally]], he has been an [[Independent politician|independent]] since the party ejected him in 2023 for entering [[2023 Cypriot presidential election|the presidential race]] against their chosen candidate.

Christodoulides started his career as a diplomat in 1999, also working as a lecturer and researcher at the [[University of Cyprus]] from 2007 to 2010. He then served in the [[second Anastasiades government]] until resigning in January 2022 in order to run in the presidential election, where he defeated [[Andreas Mavroyiannis]] in the run-off and assumed office on 28 February 2023. He is the first Cypriot leader to be born in an [[London and Zürich Agreements|independent Cyprus]].

== Early life ==
Christodoulides was born in [[Geroskipou]] on 6 December 1973.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thessalonikisummit.gr/speaker/christodoulides-nikos/ | title=Christodoulides Nikos – Thessaloniki Summit }}</ref> His mother is also from Geroskipou, while his father is from [[Choulou]]. He graduated from the [[Archbishop Makarios III Lyceum]] in [[Paphos]] in 1991,<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.philenews.com/eidiseis/article/1256687/nikos-christodoulidis-o-thiasotis-tou-orthologismou/ | publisher = ΦΙΛΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΟΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ ΛΙΜΙΤΕΔ | website = philenews.com | title = Νίκος Χριστοδουλίδης, ο θιασώτης του ορθολογισμού | language = el | date = 13 February 2023 | accessdate = 17 November 2023 }}</ref> and completed his compulsory two-year military service in the [[Cypriot National Guard]] in 1993. He attended [[Queens College, City University of New York|Queens College]] in [[New York City]], majoring in political science, economics, and Byzantine and Modern Greek studies before graduating in 1997. He then pursued postgraduate studies in political science at [[New York University]] and diplomatic studies at the [[University of Malta]]'s Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies.<ref name="concordia">{{cite web |title=Director, Diplomatic Office of the President of the Republic of Cyprus |url=https://www.concordia.net/community/nikos-christodoulides/ |access-date=7 October 2018 |website=concordia.net}}</ref> He earned a [[PhD]] in political science and public administration from the [[University of Athens]] in 2003.<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-CV">{{cite web |title=Minister, Curriculum Vitae |url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2016.nsf/All/277ED5DD99EFEB25C2257F9C00209CFF?OpenDocument |access-date=7 October 2018 |publisher=Foreign Ministry of the [[Republic of Cyprus]]}}</ref>

== Pre-presidency work ==
=== Academia ===
Christodoulides lectured and worked as a non-tenure track research associate at the [[University of Cyprus]]' History and Archeology Department, teaching the history of the post-war world.<ref name="concordia" />

=== Diplomacy ===
Christodoulides entered [[diplomatic service]] in 1999. He held various posts, including Director of the Office of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], Spokesman of the Cyprus Presidency to the [[Council of the European Union]] in [[Brussels]], Deputy Chief of Mission at the [[List of diplomatic missions of Cyprus|Embassy of Cyprus to Greece]], Director of the Office of the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Consul-General of the [[List of diplomatic missions of Cyprus|High Commission of the Republic of Cyprus to the United Kingdom]]. Between 2013 and 2018, he served as Director of the Diplomatic Office of the [[President of Cyprus]].<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-CV" />

=== Government Spokesman ===
Christodoulides was appointed Government Spokesman on 14 April 2014. He stepped down upon the conclusion of [[Nicos Anastasiades]]' first term on 28 February 2018.

=== Minister of Foreign Affairs ===
[[File:Reuven Rivlin at a meeting with Nikos Christodoulides, March 2018 (5835).jpg|thumb|Christodoulides with Israeli President [[Reuven Rivlin]] in March 2018]]

[[File:Secretary Pompeo Greets Cypriot Foreign Minister Christodoulides (45757277611).jpg|thumb|Christodoulides with U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] in November 2018]]

On 1 March 2018, after Anastasiades' re-election, Christodoulides was appointed to [[Anastasiades government|Anastasiades' cabinet]] as Minister of Foreign Affairs.<ref name="2018 cabinet">{{cite news |date=13 February 2018 |title=New cabinet announced |work=[[Cyprus Mail]] |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/02/13/new-cabinet-announced/ |access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref> On 6 March 2018, he stated that [[Nicosia]] would not be swayed by Turkey's incursions into the [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of Cyprus. During a meeting on Greek-Cypriot cooperation with Greek Prime Minister [[Alexis Tsipras]], he said that the [[Cyprus problem|reunification of Cyprus]] was their primary goal.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 March 2018 |title=Provocations in EEZ dominate Christodoulides' contacts in Athens |publisher=[[Cyprus Mail]] |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/03/06/provocations-eez-dominate-christodoulides-contacts-athens/ |access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>

In May 2018, Christodoulides officially asked the United Nations to prepare for a speedy resumption of the reunification process. After meeting Greek Foreign Minister [[Nikos Kotzias]] on 7 May 2018, he praised United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] for despatching a [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General|UN Special Representative]] to sound out the atmosphere for resuming talks.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2018 |title=Zypern bittet UN um sofortige Hilfe bei Wiedervereinigungsbemühungen |language=de |trans-title=Cyprus asks UN for immediate help in re-union endeavor |publisher=[[Handelsblatt]] |url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/geteilte-insel-zypern-bittet-un-um-sofortige-hilfe-bei-wiedervereinigungsbemuehungen/21253990.html |access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>

In June 2018, Christodoulides visited Israel and met with Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and President [[Reuven Rivlin]]. They discussed regional developments and the strengthening of bilateral ties in energy and emergency situations. They also discussed Turkish incursions and strategic cooperation on the planned [[EastMed pipeline]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/03/22/netanyahu-christodoulides-discuss-regional-developments/|title=Netanyahu and Christodoulides discuss regional developments|work=Cyprus Mail|date=22 March 2018|access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref> In June 2018, Christodoulides welcomed an announcement by [[ExxonMobil]] executives to speed up their schedule to begin drilling operations in Block 10 of the Exclusive Economic Zone. Operations were planned to begin in the fourth quarter of 2018 but did not begin until 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/06/10/christodoulides-welcomes-exxons-intention-to-speed-up-drilling-plans/|title=Christodoulides welcomes Exxon's intention to speed up drilling plans|publisher=[[Cyprus Mail]]|date=10 June 2018|access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>

On 17 July 2018, Christodoulides met EU High Representative [[Federica Mogherini]] in Brussels. They discussed the potential role of the EU in resuming stalled peace talks with Turkey. During his visit, he stated that Cyprus does "not have the luxury of a new talks' failure" and that "Turkey has to comply with European standards and international law".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/07/17/christodoulides-and-mogherini-discuss-eu-role-in-efforts-to-resume-cyprus-talks/|title=Christodoulides and Mogherini discuss EU role in efforts to resume Cyprus talks|publisher=[[Cyprus Mail]]|date=17 July 2018|access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>

On 15 July 2020, Christodoulides commented on the [[2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes]], condemning the "ceasefire violation by Azerbaijan" and calling for "restraint of the parties to de-escalate the tension in the region".<ref>{{cite web|last=Christodoulides|first=Nikos|author-link=Nikos Christodoulides |date=15 July 2020 |title=Statement of the Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/press-releases-article.html?id=14759#flat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715123322/https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/press-releases-article.html?id=14759 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |website=www.pio.gov.cy |publisher=The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus}}</ref>

Christodoulides was made a [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre|Knight of the Holy Sepulchre]] in 2018 and was awarded the [[Order of the Serbian Flag]] on 5 April 2021 by President [[Aleksandar Vučić]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/4321767/vucic-orden-kipar-nikos-hristodulidis.html|title=Vučić uručio orden šefu kiparske diplomatije Hristodulidisu|date=5 April 2021|publisher=RTS|website=rts.rs|language=Serbian}}</ref>

== 2023 presidential election ==
[[File:Isaac Herzog in Beit HaNassi, May 2023 (HZ0 8017).jpg|thumb|Christodoulides with Israeli President [[Isaac Herzog]] in May 2023]]
After months of speculation on whether he would run for president in the [[2023 Cypriot presidential election|2023 election]], Christodoulides expressed his interest at a press conference held at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 9 January.<ref>{{cite web |title=Κύπρος – Παραιτήθηκε ο Νίκος Χριστοδουλίδης από υπουργός Εξωτερικών |url=https://www.ot.gr/2022/01/09/epikairothta/kypros-paraitithike-o-nikos-xristodoulidis-apo-ypourgos-eksoterikon/ |date=9 January 2022}}</ref> The next day, he resigned as Minister and was replaced by [[Ioannis Kasoulides]] soon after.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister – MFA |url=https://mfa.gov.cy/the-minister/}}</ref>

In June 2022, Christodoulides formally announced his candidacy as an independent candidate despite being a member of the [[Democratic Rally]], which fielded [[Averof Neofytou]] as its presidential nominee. On 5 January 2023, following the official filing of his candidacy, he was formally ejected from the party.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Christodoulides struck from DISY party register |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/01/05/christodoulides-struck-from-disy-party-register/ |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=cyprus-mail.com}}</ref> He gathered support from smaller parties, including the [[Democratic Party (Cyprus)|Democratic Party]], the [[Movement for Social Democracy]], and the [[Democratic Alignment (Cyprus)|Democratic Alignment]],<ref name="2018 cabinet" /> while also managing to sway a large portion of his former party's supporters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mavroudis |first=Christodoulos |title=New poll shows Christodoulides ahead in presidential race |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2022/07/06/new-poll-shows-christodoulides-ahead-in-presidential-race/ |website=Cyprus Mail |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref>

Christodoulides won the first round of the election with 32.04% of the vote, and was thereafter backed by incumbent president Anastasiades.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=12 February 2023 |title=Ex-minister Christoulides wins Cyprus presidential election |url=https://apnews.com/article/cyprus-government-united-states-8f85f71fe4584c1a1638fb4240dd673a |access-date=12 February 2023 |publisher=AP News}}</ref> After winning the second round with 51.92% of the vote (against the 48.08% of fellow independent candidate [[Andreas Mavroyiannis]], who was backed by the [[Progressive Party of Working People]]) Christodoulides was declared president-elect.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=Kambas |first=Michele |date=12 February 2023 |title=Former Cyprus foreign minister wins presidential election |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cypriot-diplomats-face-off-cliffhanger-presidential-vote-2023-02-12/ |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>

== Presidency ==
{{Further|Christodoulides government}}

=== Cyprus problem ===
Christodoulides was inaugurated as president on 28 February 2023. He declared that his primary focus was finding a solution to the [[Cyprus problem]].<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2023 |title='Cyprus problem' top priority for island's new president |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/nikos-christodoulides-new-cyprus-president-sworn-2023-02-28/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228110212/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/nikos-christodoulides-new-cyprus-president-sworn-2023-02-28/ |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=Reuters |location=[[Nicosia]]}}</ref> In order to restart the negotiations between the two sides, he requested the appointment of a [[United Nations|UN]] special envoy. His proposal was accepted by [[António Guterres]], who appointed Colombian diplomat [[María Ángela Holguín]] with the aim of facilitating the diplomatic process. Cuellar arrived in Cyprus in January 2024, having already met with Colin Stewart (Cyprus' permanent UN representative in New York) and is planning visits to the guarantor power countries Greece, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=UN envoy has already begun Cyprus contacts {{!}} Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/01/13/un-envoy-has-already-begun-cyprus-contacts/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=cyprus-mail.com/ |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Solutions |first=BDigital Web |title=UN's new special envoy heads to Cyprus in early February |url=https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/un-s-new-special-envoy-heads-to-cyprus-in-early-february |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=knews.com.cy}}</ref>

=== Amalthea Initiative ===
{{See also|Gaza floating pier}}
[[File:President Christodoulides- “no border changes will stem from violence and war” - 52978444055.jpg|thumb|President Christodoulides with the President of the European Parliament [[Roberta Metsola]] during the "This is Europe" debates]]
At a [[European Council]] summit on 26 October 2023<ref name=cbn-20231027>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbn.com.cy/article/2023/10/27/739604/cyprus-proposes-maritime-humanitarian-corridor-for-gaza/ |title=Cyprus proposes maritime humanitarian corridor for Gaza |agency=CNA |website=Cyprus Business News |date=27 October 2023 |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref> and at the 2023 [[Paris Peace Forum]], organized by French President [[Emmanuel Macron]], Christodoulides presented his initiative to open a maritime corridor between Cyprus and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], intending to deliver aid to Gaza during the [[2023 Israel–Hamas war|ongoing Israel–Hamas war]]. Due to the small distance between Cyprus and the conflict zone, Christodoulides suggested utilizing [[Larnaca]]'s port for shipping significant amounts of humanitarian relief to Gaza by sea. The aid would be collected, inspected, and stored in Cyprus; after daily checks by a joint committee, including Israel, the aid would be sent to Gaza. The vessels would be accompanied by warships and would arrive at a designated neutral area on the coast of Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |title=EU throws weight behind Cypriot plan to ship aid to Gaza |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/cyprus-humanitarian-aid-gaza-european-union-israel-hamas-shipments/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 9, 2023 |title=Cyprus outlines plan for maritime corridor to get aid to Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cyprus-outlines-plan-maritime-corridor-get-aid-gaza-2023-11-09/}}</ref>

Christodoulides visited Egyptian President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] and [[Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah of Jordan]] to inform them about his proposed humanitarian corridor, while also discussing it with German Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]] over the phone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 4, 2023 |title=Cyprus pushes Gaza corridor idea; leader to visit Egypt, Jordan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/cyprus-pushes-gaza-corridor-idea-leader-visit-egypt-jordan-2023-12-04/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Cyprus, France launch diplomatic marathon for Gaza humanitarian corridor initiative |url=https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/local/cyprus-france-launch-diplomatic-marathon-for-gaza-humanitarian-corridor-initiative/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=in-cyprus.philenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The initiative received positive recognition from the international community and gained approval from the [[Israeli government response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|Israeli government]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=Cyprus’ aid corridor to Gaza opens (updated) {{!}} Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/12/18/cyprus-aid-corridor-to-gaza-opens/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=cyprus-mail.com/ |language=en-GB}}</ref> The first step was completed on 1 January 2024, when Cyprus and the United Kingdom collaborated to successfully send 87 tonnes of aid to Gaza through [[Port Said]] in Egypt. The aid was then transferred through the [[Rafah Border Crossing|Rafah border]] without security checks in Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kambas |first=Michele |date=January 2, 2024 |title=Screened in Cyprus, British and Cypriot aid heads to Gaza via Egypt |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/screened-cyprus-british-cypriot-aid-heads-gaza-via-egypt-2024-01-02/}}</ref>

On 4 March 2024, [[Ursula von der Leyen]] declared the European Commission's support for Cyprus' humanitarian corridor initiative,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=Επικοινωνία ΠτΔ με Φον ντερ Λάιεν – Στο επίκεντρο ανθρωπιστικός διάδρομος και μεταναστευτικό |url=https://cyprustimes.com/politiki/epikoinonia-ptd-me-fon-nter-laien-sto-epikentro-anthropistikos-diadromos-kai-metanasteftiko/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=cyprustimes.com |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Αγκαστινιώτης |first=Γιώργος |date=2024-03-04 |title=Ούρσουλα φον ντερ Λάιεν: Η Κομισιόν θα στηρίξει εφαρμογή θαλάσσιου διαδρόμου για Γάζα |url=https://www.philenews.com/politiki/article/1445304/oursoula-fon-nter-laien-i-komision-tha-stirixi-efarmogi-thalassiou-diadromou-gia-gaza/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Φιλελεύθερος {{!}} Philenews |language=el}}</ref> scheduling a visit to Cyprus on 8 March to assess the infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hummel |first=Tassilo |date=March 6, 2024 |title=EU working on creating maritime humanitarian corridor to support people in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/eu-working-creating-maritime-humanitarian-corridor-support-people-gaza-2024-03-06/ |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="cyprus-mail.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Von der Leyen visiting Cyprus to discuss sea corridor (Update 2) {{!}} Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/03/06/von-der-leyen-expected-in-cyprus-to-discuss-sea-corridor/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=cyprus-mail.com/ |language=en-GB}}</ref> The initiative also gained support by the United States, with President [[Joe Biden]] announcing on 8 March that the [[United States Armed Forces]] will establish a temporary port in Gaza to enhance sea-based humanitarian aid delivery. The port will handle large vessels carrying food, medicine, and water, with initial shipments arriving via Cyprus. The United States will collaborate on security and coordinate with [[United Nations System|UN agencies]] and humanitarian operations on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Προχωρούν με λιμάνι οι ΗΠΑ στη Γάζα για υλοποίηση του θαλάσσιου διαδρόμου από την Κύπρο |url=https://reporter.com.cy/article/2024/3/7/763048/prokhoroun-me-limani-oi-epa-ste-gaza-gia-ulopoiese-tou-thalassiou-diadromou-apo-ten-kupro/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Προχωρούν με λιμάνι οι ΗΠΑ στη Γάζα για υλοποίηση του θαλάσσιου διαδρόμου από την Κύπρο |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ο Μπάιντεν ανακοινώνει κατασκευή λιμανιού στη Γάζα για τον ανθρωπιστικό διάδρομο {{!}} AlphaNews.Live |url=https://www.alphanews.live/international/o-mpainten-anakoinonei-kataskeyi-limanioy-sti-gaza-gia-ton-anthropistiko-diadromo |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.alphanews.live |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Explainer: Will Biden’s temporary port plan stop famine in Gaza? |url=https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/international/explainer-will-bidens-temporary-port-plan-stop-famine-in-gaza/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=in-cyprus.philenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The corridor is backed by aid from the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ενεργοποιείται ο ανθρωπιστικός διάδρομος-Ανάβει πράσινο το Ισραήλ, έρχεται στην Κύπρο η Φον ντερ Λάιεν |url=https://reporter.com.cy/article/2024/3/6/762630/energopoieitai-o-anthropistikos-diadromos-anabei-prasino-to-israel-erkhetai-sten-kupro-e-phon-nter-laien/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Ενεργοποιείται ο ανθρωπιστικός διάδρομος-Ανάβει πράσινο το Ισραήλ, έρχεται στην Κύπρο η Φον ντερ Λάιεν |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cyprus-mail.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=EC President to inspect Gaza aid corridor infrastructure in Cyprus |url=https://www.stockwatch.com.cy/en/article/diethni/ec-president-inspect-gaza-aid-corridor-infrastructure-cyprus |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Stockwatch - All about the economy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=EC President travelling to Cyprus to discuss Gaza aid corridor |url=https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/local/ec-president-travelling-to-cyprus-to-discuss-gaza-aid-corridor/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=in-cyprus.philenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Solutions |first=BDigital Web |title=Cyprus opens sea corridor to Gaza with EU and US support |url=https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/cyprus-opens-sea-corridor-to-gaza-with-eu-and-us-support |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=knews.com.cy}}</ref>

On 12 March 2024, the Spanish NGO's [[salvage vessel]] Open Arms departed from the port of [[Larnaca]] to deliver humanitarian aid to Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyprus-Gaza aid corridor: Some relief, but no end to crisis – DW – 03/13/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cyprus-gaza-aid-corridor-some-relief-but-no-end-to-crisis/a-68506839 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> The ship towed a barge loaded with supplies provided by the American charity [[World Central Kitchen]] and funded by the United Arab Emirates. The aid included 200 tonnes of food staples such as rice, flour, and cans of tuna. The ship reached an undisclosed location off the coast of Gaza, navigating a newly opened shipping route.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aid ship testing sea corridor from Cyprus to Gaza sets sail |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/12/first-aid-ship-to-gaza-leaves-cyprus-port |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kourtoglou |first=Yiannis |date=March 9, 2024 |title=Charity loads food aid on to barge in Cyprus headed for Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/aid-ship-gaza-expected-depart-cyprus-this-weekend-2024-03-09/ |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-09 |title=Gaza aid ship expected to set sail from Cyprus |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68518918 |access-date=2024-03-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The mission faced several technical challenges, including capacity and weather concerns. Construction of a makeshift jetty in Gaza facilitated unloading, overcoming Israel's restrictions on contact with Gaza's population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hierro |first=Luis de Vega, Lola |date=2024-03-13 |title=Operation Safeena: The thousand and one obstacles to bringing aid to Gaza by sea |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-03-13/operation-safeena-the-thousand-and-one-obstacles-to-bringing-aid-to-gaza-by-sea.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en-us}}</ref>

On 21 March 2024, technocrats from 36 countries convened at the Zenon Coordination Center in Larnaca to discuss bolstering the plan, coinciding with the imminent departure of a second ship from Larnaca to transport 500 tons of aid to Gaza. Efforts are underway to secure funding for the long-term operation of the Amalthea Plan, with Dutch Prime Minister [[Mark Rutte]] announcing a €10 million contribution and the EU pledging €70 million in funding.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Γιγαντώνεται" η Αμάλθεια, στο επίκεντρο ευρωπαϊκού ενδιαφέροντος η Κύπρος {{!}} AlphaNews.Live |url=https://www.alphanews.live/politics/gigantonetai-i-amaltheia-sto-epikentro-eyropaikoy-endiaferontos-i-kypros |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.alphanews.live |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Στο λιμάνι Λάρνακας το δεύτερο πλοίο για ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια στη Γάζα (ΒΙΝΤΕΟ) {{!}} AlphaNews.Live |url=https://www.alphanews.live/politics/sto-limani-larnakas-deytero-ploio-gia-anthropistiki-boitheia-sti-gaza-binteo |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.alphanews.live |language=el}}</ref>

=== Economy ===
On 20 December 2023, Labor Minister Yiannis Panayiotou announced a [[minimum wage]] increase from €940 to €1,000 per month. Employers initially opposed the raise and then proposed an increase to €970, while unions sought €1,020. The government's decision to increase the minimum wage to €1,000 was met with varying reactions from stakeholders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Minimum wage increased to €1,000 a month (Updated) {{!}} Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/12/20/minimum-wage-increased-to-e1000-a-month/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=cyprus-mail.com/ |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=fm |date=2023-12-20 |title=Minimum wage hiked to €1,000 |url=https://www.financialmirror.com/2023/12/20/minimum-wage-hiked-to-e1000/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Financial Mirror |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Digital transformation ===
In October 2023, Christodoulides' government unveiled its ambitious plans for [[digital transformation]], securing €282 million in EU funding for the realisation of the "Strategic Plan 2024{{endash}}2026". This comprehensive plan encompasses diverse initiatives, including the integration of [[artificial intelligence]], the promotion of [[Ultra Network Technologies|ultra-high-speed network connectivity]], the intensification of digital skills through education, support for research and innovation, encouragement of [[Startup company|start-up entrepreneurship]], and the reinforcement of defense mechanisms against [[Cyber attack|cyber threats]]. The Deputy Ministry of Innovation plays a pivotal role in implementing these initiatives, focusing on three key pillars: the digital transformation of Cyprus, the development of a sustainable innovative economy, and the protection of the country's infrastructure. The transformation aims to enhance efficiency in services, automate processes, increase governance transparency, and stimulate innovation, ultimately fostering economic development and job creation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ψύλλου |first=Δέσποινα |date=2023-10-29 |title=Xρηματοδότηση μαμούθ €282 εκατ. για την ψηφιακή Κύπρο |url=https://www.philenews.com/kipros/koinonia/article/1401265/xrimatodotisi-mamouth-e282-ekat-gia-tin-psifiaki-kipro/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Φιλελεύθερος {{!}} Philenews |language=el}}</ref> In his role as Christodoulides' Deputy Minister of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy, Philippos Hadjizacharias highlighted the government's goal of turning Cyprus into a leading technology hub.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solutions |first=BDigital Web |title=Υφ. Έρευνας: Προσπάθεια να μετατραπεί η Κύπρος σε κόμβο τεχνολογίας |url=https://www.kathimerini.com.cy/gr/geek/geek-nea/yf-ereynas-prospatheia-na-metatrapei-i-kypros-se-kombo-texnologias |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Kathimerini.com.cy |language=el}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In January 2024, Christodoulides came under scrutiny by the public and media in both Cyprus and Greece for removing his Minister of Defense Michalis Giorgallas, reportedly after pressure from the Greek government, who disagreed with Giorgallas' stance on a joint defense doctrine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Καφετζή |first=Αλεξία |date=2024-01-13 |title=Η Αθήνα "έφαγε" τον Γιωργάλλα (ΕΙΚΟΝΑ) – 24h.com.cy |url=https://24h.com.cy/i-athina-efage-ton-giorgalla-eikona/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Καρατόμηση του Κύπριου Υπουργού Άμυνας κατόπιν αιτήσεως των Αθηνών! |url=https://www.newsbreak.gr/parapolitika/551547/karatomisi-toy-kyprioy-ypoyrgoy-amynas-katopin-aitiseos-ton-athinon/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=12 January 2024 |title=ΕΣΤΙΑ: Η Αθήνα "αποκεφάλισε" τον Γιωργάλλα–Επέμενε για Ενιαίο Αμυντικό Δόγμα |url=https://www.sigmalive.com/news/politics/1181309/estia-i-athina-apokefalise-ton-giorgallaepemene-gia-eniaio-amyntiko-dogma |website=sigmalive.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Christodoulides has four children with his wife, Philippa Karsera, a Greek-Cypriot diplomat from [[Dora, Cyprus|Dora]]. They met in 1999 as newly appointed diplomatic [[attaché]]s in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. She served at the Cypriot High Commission to the United Kingdom in [[London]] and then at the Cypriot Embassy in [[Athens]] and the [[Cyprus in the European Union|Permanent Representation of Cyprus to the European Union]] in [[Brussels]]. She was then promoted to Deputy Director of the President's Diplomatic Office at Cyprus' [[Presidential Palace, Nicosia|Presidential Palace]]. From February 2022, she led the crisis management [[Ministry (government department)|directorate]] in the Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs.<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-CV" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippa Karsera: The career diplomat, she now holds the title of Minister Plenipotentiary, who will also be Cyprus' new First Lady from March 1 2023. (PHOTO) |url=https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/news/local/philippa-karsera-the-career-diplomat-who-is-cyprus-new-first-lady-photo/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=in-cyprus.philenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Writing ==
Christodoulides has contributed to domestic and international [[academic journal]]s and is the author of two books: ''Plans for Solution of the Cyprus Problem 1948–1978'' (2009)<ref>{{cite book|script-title=el:Τα σχέδια λύσης του κυπριακού, 1948–1978|trans-title=Plans for Solution of the Cyprus Problem 1948–1978|language=el|last=Christodoulides|first=Nikos|location=Athens|publisher=Ekdoseis Kastaniōtē|year=2009|isbn=9789600349948}}</ref> and ''Relations between Athens and Nicosia and the Cyprus Problem 1977–1988'' (2013).<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-CV" /><ref>{{cite book|script-title=el:Οι σχέσεις Αθηνών-Λευκωσίας και το Κυπριακό, 1977-1988|trans-title=Relations Between Athens and Nicosia and the Cyprus Problem, 1977–1988|language=el|last=Christodoulides|first=Nikos|location=Athens|publisher=I. Siderēs|year=2013|isbn=9789600806007}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
===National honours===
*{{flag|Cyprus}}: Grand Master and Grand Collar of the [[Order of Makarios III]] (28 February 2023)
*{{flag|Cyprus}}: Grand Master of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Cyprus (28 February 2023)

===Foreign Honours===
* {{flag|Germany}}: Grand Cross Special Class of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] (12 February 2024)<ref>https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/gallery.html?galAlbum=5637#gallery-20/</ref>
* [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Orthodox Crusaders of the Holy Sepulchre (22 March 2018)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/press-releases-article.html?id=882#flat | title=Visit of the Minister of Foreign Affairs to the State of Israel }}</ref>
* {{flag|Greece}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Redeemer]] (13 March 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philenews.com/eidiseis/politiki/article/1676264/parasimoforise-ton-ptd-i-sakelaropoyloy-eikones-binteo|title=Παρασημοφόρησε τον ΠτΔ η Σακελαροπούλου (εικόνες & βίντεο)|last=|first=|date=2023-03-13|website=www.philenews.com|publisher=}}</ref>
*{{flag|Italy}}: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] (26 February 2024)<ref>https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/gallery.html?galAlbum=5674#gallery-28/</ref>
* {{flag|Poland}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]] (4 October 2021)<ref>[https://www.infor.pl/akt-prawny/MPO.2022.027.0000097,postanowienie-prezydenta-rzeczypospolitej-polskiej-o-nadaniu-orderow.html Infor]</ref><ref>[https://cypr24.eu/cypr-ma-nowego-prezydenta/ Cypr24]</ref>
* {{flag|Serbia}}: [[Order of the Serbian Flag]], First Class (4 May 2021)<ref>[https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/476396/Politika/Vucic-urucio-orden-sefu-kiparske-diplomatije-Hristodulidisu Politika]</ref><ref>[https://www.parikiaki.com/2021/04/cyprus-fm-to-receive-order-of-the-serbian-flag-first-class-during-working-visit-to-belgrade-on-monday/ Parikiaki]</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ioannis Kasoulidis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=2018–2022}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ioannis Kasoulidis]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nicos Anastasiades]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Cyprus]]|years=2023–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of Cyprus}}
{{Heads of state of republics}}
{{Heads of state of the European Union member states}}
{{European Council}}
{{Commonwealth heads of government}}
{{Current Cyprus Cabinet}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Christodoulides, Nikos}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Paphos District]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Cypriot diplomats]]
[[Category:Cyprus Ministers of Foreign Affairs]]
[[Category:Greek Cypriot politicians]]
[[Category:Greek Cypriots]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:Queens College, City University of New York alumni]]
[[Category:University of Cyprus alumni]]
[[Category:University of Malta alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of Cyprus]]
[[Category:21st-century presidents of Cyprus]]

Nikos Christodoulides

2024-05-23T18:11:43Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{short description|President of Cyprus since 2023}}
{{Redirect|Christodoulides|the Cypriot judoka|Christodoulos Christodoulides}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nikos Christodoulides
| native_name = {{Nobold|{{Lang|el|Νίκος Χριστοδουλίδης}}}}
| image = President Christodoulides (cropped).jpg
| caption = Christodoulides in 2023
| office = 8th [[President of Cyprus]]
| term_start = 28 February 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Nicos Anastasiades]]
| successor =
| deputy minister = Irene Piki
| office1 = [[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| president1 = Nicos Anastasiades
| term_start1 = 1 March 2018
| term_end1 = 11 January 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Ioannis Kasoulidis]]
| successor1 = Ioannis Kasoulidis
| office2 = Spokesman of the Government
| term_start2 = 14 April 2014
| term_end2 = 28 February 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Christos Stylianides]]
| successor2 = Prodromos Prodromou
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|12|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Geroskipou]], Cyprus
| party = [[Democratic Rally]] (before 2023) [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2023–present)
| spouse = Philippa Karsera
| children = 4
| education = {{ubl|[[Queens College, City University of New York|Queens College, CUNY]]|[[New York University]]|[[University of Malta]]|[[University of Athens]]}}
| awards = [[Order of Makarios III]] ([[Grand master (order)|Grand Master]]) Order of Merit of the Republic of Cyprus
| signature = Signature of Nikos Christodoulides.png
| deputy minister president = Irene Piki
}}
'''Nikos Christodoulides''' ({{lang-el|Νίκος Χριστοδουλίδης}}; born 6 December 1973) is a Greek-Cypriot politician, former diplomat, and academic who has been the 8th and current [[President of Cyprus]] since 2023. He previously served as [[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] from 2018 to 2022 and Government Spokesman from 2014 to 2018, both under [[Nicos Anastasiades]]. A former member of the [[Democratic Rally]], he has been an [[Independent politician|independent]] since the party ejected him in 2023 for entering [[2023 Cypriot presidential election|the presidential race]] against their chosen candidate.

Christodoulides started his career as a diplomat in 1999, also working as a lecturer and researcher at the [[University of Cyprus]] from 2007 to 2010. He then served in the [[second Anastasiades government]] until resigning in January 2022 in order to run in the presidential election, where he defeated [[Andreas Mavroyiannis]] in the run-off and assumed office on 28 February 2023. He is the first Cypriot leader to be born in an [[London and Zürich Agreements|independent Cyprus]].

== Early life ==
Christodoulides was born in [[Geroskipou]] on 6 December 1973.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thessalonikisummit.gr/speaker/christodoulides-nikos/ | title=Christodoulides Nikos – Thessaloniki Summit }}</ref> His mother is also from Geroskipou, while his father is from [[Choulou]]. He graduated from the [[Archbishop Makarios III Lyceum]] in [[Paphos]] in 1991,<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.philenews.com/eidiseis/article/1256687/nikos-christodoulidis-o-thiasotis-tou-orthologismou/ | publisher = ΦΙΛΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΟΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ ΛΙΜΙΤΕΔ | website = philenews.com | title = Νίκος Χριστοδουλίδης, ο θιασώτης του ορθολογισμού | language = el | date = 13 February 2023 | accessdate = 17 November 2023 }}</ref> and completed his compulsory two-year military service in the [[Cypriot National Guard]] in 1993. He attended [[Queens College, City University of New York|Queens College]] in [[New York City]], majoring in political science, economics, and Byzantine and Modern Greek studies before graduating in 1997. He then pursued postgraduate studies in political science at [[New York University]] and diplomatic studies at the [[University of Malta]]'s Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies.<ref name="concordia">{{cite web |title=Director, Diplomatic Office of the President of the Republic of Cyprus |url=https://www.concordia.net/community/nikos-christodoulides/ |access-date=7 October 2018 |website=concordia.net}}</ref> He earned a [[PhD]] in political science and public administration from the [[University of Athens]] in 2003.<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-CV">{{cite web |title=Minister, Curriculum Vitae |url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2016.nsf/All/277ED5DD99EFEB25C2257F9C00209CFF?OpenDocument |access-date=7 October 2018 |publisher=Foreign Ministry of the [[Republic of Cyprus]]}}</ref>

== Pre-presidency work ==
=== Academia ===
Christodoulides lectured and worked as a non-tenure track research associate at the [[University of Cyprus]]' History and Archeology Department, teaching the history of the post-war world.<ref name="concordia" />

=== Diplomacy ===
Christodoulides entered [[diplomatic service]] in 1999. He held various posts, including Director of the Office of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], Spokesman of the Cyprus Presidency to the [[Council of the European Union]] in [[Brussels]], Deputy Chief of Mission at the [[List of diplomatic missions of Cyprus|Embassy of Cyprus to Greece]], Director of the Office of the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Consul-General of the [[List of diplomatic missions of Cyprus|High Commission of the Republic of Cyprus to the United Kingdom]]. Between 2013 and 2018, he served as Director of the Diplomatic Office of the [[President of Cyprus]].<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-CV" />

=== Government Spokesman ===
Christodoulides was appointed Government Spokesman on 14 April 2014. He stepped down upon the conclusion of [[Nicos Anastasiades]]' first term on 28 February 2018.

=== Minister of Foreign Affairs ===
[[File:Reuven Rivlin at a meeting with Nikos Christodoulides, March 2018 (5835).jpg|thumb|Christodoulides with Israeli President [[Reuven Rivlin]] in March 2018]]

[[File:Secretary Pompeo Greets Cypriot Foreign Minister Christodoulides (45757277611).jpg|thumb|Christodoulides with U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] in November 2018]]

On 1 March 2018, after Anastasiades' re-election, Christodoulides was appointed to [[Anastasiades government|Anastasiades' cabinet]] as Minister of Foreign Affairs.<ref name="2018 cabinet">{{cite news |date=13 February 2018 |title=New cabinet announced |work=[[Cyprus Mail]] |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/02/13/new-cabinet-announced/ |access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref> On 6 March 2018, he stated that [[Nicosia]] would not be swayed by Turkey's incursions into the [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of Cyprus. During a meeting on Greek-Cypriot cooperation with Greek Prime Minister [[Alexis Tsipras]], he said that the [[Cyprus problem|reunification of Cyprus]] was their primary goal.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 March 2018 |title=Provocations in EEZ dominate Christodoulides' contacts in Athens |publisher=[[Cyprus Mail]] |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/03/06/provocations-eez-dominate-christodoulides-contacts-athens/ |access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>

In May 2018, Christodoulides officially asked the United Nations to prepare for a speedy resumption of the reunification process. After meeting Greek Foreign Minister [[Nikos Kotzias]] on 7 May 2018, he praised United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] for despatching a [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General|UN Special Representative]] to sound out the atmosphere for resuming talks.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2018 |title=Zypern bittet UN um sofortige Hilfe bei Wiedervereinigungsbemühungen |language=de |trans-title=Cyprus asks UN for immediate help in re-union endeavor |publisher=[[Handelsblatt]] |url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/geteilte-insel-zypern-bittet-un-um-sofortige-hilfe-bei-wiedervereinigungsbemuehungen/21253990.html |access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>

In June 2018, Christodoulides visited Israel and met with Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and President [[Reuven Rivlin]]. They discussed regional developments and the strengthening of bilateral ties in energy and emergency situations. They also discussed Turkish incursions and strategic cooperation on the planned [[EastMed pipeline]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/03/22/netanyahu-christodoulides-discuss-regional-developments/|title=Netanyahu and Christodoulides discuss regional developments|work=Cyprus Mail|date=22 March 2018|access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref> In June 2018, Christodoulides welcomed an announcement by [[ExxonMobil]] executives to speed up their schedule to begin drilling operations in Block 10 of the Exclusive Economic Zone. Operations were planned to begin in the fourth quarter of 2018 but did not begin until 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/06/10/christodoulides-welcomes-exxons-intention-to-speed-up-drilling-plans/|title=Christodoulides welcomes Exxon's intention to speed up drilling plans|publisher=[[Cyprus Mail]]|date=10 June 2018|access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>

On 17 July 2018, Christodoulides met EU High Representative [[Federica Mogherini]] in Brussels. They discussed the potential role of the EU in resuming stalled peace talks with Turkey. During his visit, he stated that Cyprus does "not have the luxury of a new talks' failure" and that "Turkey has to comply with European standards and international law".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/07/17/christodoulides-and-mogherini-discuss-eu-role-in-efforts-to-resume-cyprus-talks/|title=Christodoulides and Mogherini discuss EU role in efforts to resume Cyprus talks|publisher=[[Cyprus Mail]]|date=17 July 2018|access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>

On 15 July 2020, Christodoulides commented on the [[2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes]], condemning the "ceasefire violation by Azerbaijan" and calling for "restraint of the parties to de-escalate the tension in the region".<ref>{{cite web|last=Christodoulides|first=Nikos|author-link=Nikos Christodoulides |date=15 July 2020 |title=Statement of the Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/press-releases-article.html?id=14759#flat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715123322/https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/press-releases-article.html?id=14759 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |website=www.pio.gov.cy |publisher=The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus}}</ref>

Christodoulides was made a [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre|Knight of the Holy Sepulchre]] in 2018 and was awarded the [[Order of the Serbian Flag]] on 5 April 2021 by President [[Aleksandar Vučić]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/4321767/vucic-orden-kipar-nikos-hristodulidis.html|title=Vučić uručio orden šefu kiparske diplomatije Hristodulidisu|date=5 April 2021|publisher=RTS|website=rts.rs|language=Serbian}}</ref>

== 2023 presidential election ==
[[File:Isaac Herzog in Beit HaNassi, May 2023 (HZ0 8017).jpg|thumb|Christodoulides with Israeli President [[Isaac Herzog]] in May 2023]]
After months of speculation on whether he would run for president in the [[2023 Cypriot presidential election|2023 election]], Christodoulides expressed his interest at a press conference held at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 9 January.<ref>{{cite web |title=Κύπρος – Παραιτήθηκε ο Νίκος Χριστοδουλίδης από υπουργός Εξωτερικών |url=https://www.ot.gr/2022/01/09/epikairothta/kypros-paraitithike-o-nikos-xristodoulidis-apo-ypourgos-eksoterikon/ |date=9 January 2022}}</ref> The next day, he resigned as Minister and was replaced by [[Ioannis Kasoulides]] soon after.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister – MFA |url=https://mfa.gov.cy/the-minister/}}</ref>

In June 2022, Christodoulides formally announced his candidacy as an independent candidate despite being a member of the [[Democratic Rally]], which fielded [[Averof Neofytou]] as its presidential nominee. On 5 January 2023, following the official filing of his candidacy, he was formally ejected from the party.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Christodoulides struck from DISY party register |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/01/05/christodoulides-struck-from-disy-party-register/ |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=cyprus-mail.com}}</ref> He gathered support from smaller parties, including the [[Democratic Party (Cyprus)|Democratic Party]], the [[Movement for Social Democracy]], and the [[Democratic Alignment (Cyprus)|Democratic Alignment]],<ref name="2018 cabinet" /> while also managing to sway a large portion of his former party's supporters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mavroudis |first=Christodoulos |title=New poll shows Christodoulides ahead in presidential race |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2022/07/06/new-poll-shows-christodoulides-ahead-in-presidential-race/ |website=Cyprus Mail |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref>

Christodoulides won the first round of the election with 32.04% of the vote, and was thereafter backed by incumbent president Anastasiades.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=12 February 2023 |title=Ex-minister Christoulides wins Cyprus presidential election |url=https://apnews.com/article/cyprus-government-united-states-8f85f71fe4584c1a1638fb4240dd673a |access-date=12 February 2023 |publisher=AP News}}</ref> After winning the second round with 51.92% of the vote (against the 48.08% of fellow independent candidate [[Andreas Mavroyiannis]], who was backed by the [[Progressive Party of Working People]]) Christodoulides was declared president-elect.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=Kambas |first=Michele |date=12 February 2023 |title=Former Cyprus foreign minister wins presidential election |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cypriot-diplomats-face-off-cliffhanger-presidential-vote-2023-02-12/ |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>

== Presidency ==
{{Further|Christodoulides government}}

=== Cyprus problem ===
Christodoulides was inaugurated as president on 28 February 2023. He declared that his primary focus was finding a solution to the [[Cyprus problem]].<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2023 |title='Cyprus problem' top priority for island's new president |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/nikos-christodoulides-new-cyprus-president-sworn-2023-02-28/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228110212/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/nikos-christodoulides-new-cyprus-president-sworn-2023-02-28/ |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=Reuters |location=[[Nicosia]]}}</ref> In order to restart the negotiations between the two sides, he requested the appointment of a [[United Nations|UN]] special envoy. His proposal was accepted by [[António Guterres]], who appointed Colombian diplomat [[María Ángela Holguín]] with the aim of facilitating the diplomatic process. Cuellar arrived in Cyprus in January 2024, having already met with Colin Stewart (Cyprus' permanent UN representative in New York) and is planning visits to the guarantor power countries Greece, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=UN envoy has already begun Cyprus contacts {{!}} Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/01/13/un-envoy-has-already-begun-cyprus-contacts/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=cyprus-mail.com/ |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Solutions |first=BDigital Web |title=UN's new special envoy heads to Cyprus in early February |url=https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/un-s-new-special-envoy-heads-to-cyprus-in-early-february |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=knews.com.cy}}</ref>

=== Amalthea Initiative ===
{{See also|Gaza floating pier}}
[[File:President Christodoulides- “no border changes will stem from violence and war” - 52978444055.jpg|thumb|President Christodoulides with the President of the European Parliament [[Roberta Metsola]] during the "This is Europe" debates]]
At a [[European Council]] summit on 26 October 2023<ref name=cbn-20231027>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbn.com.cy/article/2023/10/27/739604/cyprus-proposes-maritime-humanitarian-corridor-for-gaza/ |title=Cyprus proposes maritime humanitarian corridor for Gaza |agency=CNA |website=Cyprus Business News |date=27 October 2023 |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref> and at the 2023 [[Paris Peace Forum]], organized by French President [[Emmanuel Macron]], Christodoulides presented his initiative to open a maritime corridor between Cyprus and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], intending to deliver aid to Gaza during the [[2023 Israel–Hamas war|ongoing Israel–Hamas war]]. Due to the small distance between Cyprus and the conflict zone, Christodoulides suggested utilizing [[Larnaca]]'s port for shipping significant amounts of humanitarian relief to Gaza by sea. The aid would be collected, inspected, and stored in Cyprus; after daily checks by a joint committee, including Israel, the aid would be sent to Gaza. The vessels would be accompanied by warships and would arrive at a designated neutral area on the coast of Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |title=EU throws weight behind Cypriot plan to ship aid to Gaza |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/cyprus-humanitarian-aid-gaza-european-union-israel-hamas-shipments/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 9, 2023 |title=Cyprus outlines plan for maritime corridor to get aid to Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cyprus-outlines-plan-maritime-corridor-get-aid-gaza-2023-11-09/}}</ref>

Christodoulides visited Egyptian President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] and [[Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah of Jordan]] to inform them about his proposed humanitarian corridor, while also discussing it with German Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]] over the phone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 4, 2023 |title=Cyprus pushes Gaza corridor idea; leader to visit Egypt, Jordan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/cyprus-pushes-gaza-corridor-idea-leader-visit-egypt-jordan-2023-12-04/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Cyprus, France launch diplomatic marathon for Gaza humanitarian corridor initiative |url=https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/local/cyprus-france-launch-diplomatic-marathon-for-gaza-humanitarian-corridor-initiative/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=in-cyprus.philenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The initiative received positive recognition from the international community and gained approval from the [[Israeli government response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|Israeli government]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=Cyprus’ aid corridor to Gaza opens (updated) {{!}} Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/12/18/cyprus-aid-corridor-to-gaza-opens/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=cyprus-mail.com/ |language=en-GB}}</ref> The first step was completed on 1 January 2024, when Cyprus and the United Kingdom collaborated to successfully send 87 tonnes of aid to Gaza through [[Port Said]] in Egypt. The aid was then transferred through the [[Rafah Border Crossing|Rafah border]] without security checks in Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kambas |first=Michele |date=January 2, 2024 |title=Screened in Cyprus, British and Cypriot aid heads to Gaza via Egypt |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/screened-cyprus-british-cypriot-aid-heads-gaza-via-egypt-2024-01-02/}}</ref>

On 4 March 2024, [[Ursula von der Leyen]] declared the European Commission's support for Cyprus' humanitarian corridor initiative,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=Επικοινωνία ΠτΔ με Φον ντερ Λάιεν – Στο επίκεντρο ανθρωπιστικός διάδρομος και μεταναστευτικό |url=https://cyprustimes.com/politiki/epikoinonia-ptd-me-fon-nter-laien-sto-epikentro-anthropistikos-diadromos-kai-metanasteftiko/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=cyprustimes.com |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Αγκαστινιώτης |first=Γιώργος |date=2024-03-04 |title=Ούρσουλα φον ντερ Λάιεν: Η Κομισιόν θα στηρίξει εφαρμογή θαλάσσιου διαδρόμου για Γάζα |url=https://www.philenews.com/politiki/article/1445304/oursoula-fon-nter-laien-i-komision-tha-stirixi-efarmogi-thalassiou-diadromou-gia-gaza/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Φιλελεύθερος {{!}} Philenews |language=el}}</ref> scheduling a visit to Cyprus on 8 March to assess the infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hummel |first=Tassilo |date=March 6, 2024 |title=EU working on creating maritime humanitarian corridor to support people in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/eu-working-creating-maritime-humanitarian-corridor-support-people-gaza-2024-03-06/ |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="cyprus-mail.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Von der Leyen visiting Cyprus to discuss sea corridor (Update 2) {{!}} Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/03/06/von-der-leyen-expected-in-cyprus-to-discuss-sea-corridor/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=cyprus-mail.com/ |language=en-GB}}</ref> The initiative also gained support by the United States, with President [[Joe Biden]] announcing on 8 March that the [[United States Armed Forces]] will establish a temporary port in Gaza to enhance sea-based humanitarian aid delivery. The port will handle large vessels carrying food, medicine, and water, with initial shipments arriving via Cyprus. The United States will collaborate on security and coordinate with [[United Nations System|UN agencies]] and humanitarian operations on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Προχωρούν με λιμάνι οι ΗΠΑ στη Γάζα για υλοποίηση του θαλάσσιου διαδρόμου από την Κύπρο |url=https://reporter.com.cy/article/2024/3/7/763048/prokhoroun-me-limani-oi-epa-ste-gaza-gia-ulopoiese-tou-thalassiou-diadromou-apo-ten-kupro/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Προχωρούν με λιμάνι οι ΗΠΑ στη Γάζα για υλοποίηση του θαλάσσιου διαδρόμου από την Κύπρο |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ο Μπάιντεν ανακοινώνει κατασκευή λιμανιού στη Γάζα για τον ανθρωπιστικό διάδρομο {{!}} AlphaNews.Live |url=https://www.alphanews.live/international/o-mpainten-anakoinonei-kataskeyi-limanioy-sti-gaza-gia-ton-anthropistiko-diadromo |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.alphanews.live |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Explainer: Will Biden’s temporary port plan stop famine in Gaza? |url=https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/international/explainer-will-bidens-temporary-port-plan-stop-famine-in-gaza/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=in-cyprus.philenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The corridor is backed by aid from the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ενεργοποιείται ο ανθρωπιστικός διάδρομος-Ανάβει πράσινο το Ισραήλ, έρχεται στην Κύπρο η Φον ντερ Λάιεν |url=https://reporter.com.cy/article/2024/3/6/762630/energopoieitai-o-anthropistikos-diadromos-anabei-prasino-to-israel-erkhetai-sten-kupro-e-phon-nter-laien/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Ενεργοποιείται ο ανθρωπιστικός διάδρομος-Ανάβει πράσινο το Ισραήλ, έρχεται στην Κύπρο η Φον ντερ Λάιεν |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cyprus-mail.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=EC President to inspect Gaza aid corridor infrastructure in Cyprus |url=https://www.stockwatch.com.cy/en/article/diethni/ec-president-inspect-gaza-aid-corridor-infrastructure-cyprus |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Stockwatch - All about the economy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=EC President travelling to Cyprus to discuss Gaza aid corridor |url=https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/local/ec-president-travelling-to-cyprus-to-discuss-gaza-aid-corridor/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=in-cyprus.philenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Solutions |first=BDigital Web |title=Cyprus opens sea corridor to Gaza with EU and US support |url=https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/cyprus-opens-sea-corridor-to-gaza-with-eu-and-us-support |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=knews.com.cy}}</ref>

On 12 March 2024, the Spanish NGO's [[salvage vessel]] Open Arms departed from the port of [[Larnaca]] to deliver humanitarian aid to Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyprus-Gaza aid corridor: Some relief, but no end to crisis – DW – 03/13/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cyprus-gaza-aid-corridor-some-relief-but-no-end-to-crisis/a-68506839 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> The ship towed a barge loaded with supplies provided by the American charity [[World Central Kitchen]] and funded by the United Arab Emirates. The aid included 200 tonnes of food staples such as rice, flour, and cans of tuna. The ship reached an undisclosed location off the coast of Gaza, navigating a newly opened shipping route.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aid ship testing sea corridor from Cyprus to Gaza sets sail |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/12/first-aid-ship-to-gaza-leaves-cyprus-port |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kourtoglou |first=Yiannis |date=March 9, 2024 |title=Charity loads food aid on to barge in Cyprus headed for Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/aid-ship-gaza-expected-depart-cyprus-this-weekend-2024-03-09/ |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-09 |title=Gaza aid ship expected to set sail from Cyprus |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68518918 |access-date=2024-03-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The mission faced several technical challenges, including capacity and weather concerns. Construction of a makeshift jetty in Gaza facilitated unloading, overcoming Israel's restrictions on contact with Gaza's population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hierro |first=Luis de Vega, Lola |date=2024-03-13 |title=Operation Safeena: The thousand and one obstacles to bringing aid to Gaza by sea |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-03-13/operation-safeena-the-thousand-and-one-obstacles-to-bringing-aid-to-gaza-by-sea.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en-us}}</ref>

On 21 March 2024, technocrats from 36 countries convened at the Zenon Coordination Center in Larnaca to discuss bolstering the plan, coinciding with the imminent departure of a second ship from Larnaca to transport 500 tons of aid to Gaza. Efforts are underway to secure funding for the long-term operation of the Amalthea Plan, with Dutch Prime Minister [[Mark Rutte]] announcing a €10 million contribution and the EU pledging €70 million in funding.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Γιγαντώνεται" η Αμάλθεια, στο επίκεντρο ευρωπαϊκού ενδιαφέροντος η Κύπρος {{!}} AlphaNews.Live |url=https://www.alphanews.live/politics/gigantonetai-i-amaltheia-sto-epikentro-eyropaikoy-endiaferontos-i-kypros |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.alphanews.live |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Στο λιμάνι Λάρνακας το δεύτερο πλοίο για ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια στη Γάζα (ΒΙΝΤΕΟ) {{!}} AlphaNews.Live |url=https://www.alphanews.live/politics/sto-limani-larnakas-deytero-ploio-gia-anthropistiki-boitheia-sti-gaza-binteo |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.alphanews.live |language=el}}</ref>

=== Economy ===
On 20 December 2023, Labor Minister Yiannis Panayiotou announced a [[minimum wage]] increase from €940 to €1,000 per month. Employers initially opposed the raise and then proposed an increase to €970, while unions sought €1,020. The government's decision to increase the minimum wage to €1,000 was met with varying reactions from stakeholders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Minimum wage increased to €1,000 a month (Updated) {{!}} Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/12/20/minimum-wage-increased-to-e1000-a-month/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=cyprus-mail.com/ |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=fm |date=2023-12-20 |title=Minimum wage hiked to €1,000 |url=https://www.financialmirror.com/2023/12/20/minimum-wage-hiked-to-e1000/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Financial Mirror |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Digital transformation ===
In October 2023, Christodoulides' government unveiled its ambitious plans for [[digital transformation]], securing €282 million in EU funding for the realisation of the "Strategic Plan 2024{{endash}}2026". This comprehensive plan encompasses diverse initiatives, including the integration of [[artificial intelligence]], the promotion of [[Ultra Network Technologies|ultra-high-speed network connectivity]], the intensification of digital skills through education, support for research and innovation, encouragement of [[Startup company|start-up entrepreneurship]], and the reinforcement of defense mechanisms against [[Cyber attack|cyber threats]]. The Deputy Ministry of Innovation plays a pivotal role in implementing these initiatives, focusing on three key pillars: the digital transformation of Cyprus, the development of a sustainable innovative economy, and the protection of the country's infrastructure. The transformation aims to enhance efficiency in services, automate processes, increase governance transparency, and stimulate innovation, ultimately fostering economic development and job creation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ψύλλου |first=Δέσποινα |date=2023-10-29 |title=Xρηματοδότηση μαμούθ €282 εκατ. για την ψηφιακή Κύπρο |url=https://www.philenews.com/kipros/koinonia/article/1401265/xrimatodotisi-mamouth-e282-ekat-gia-tin-psifiaki-kipro/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Φιλελεύθερος {{!}} Philenews |language=el}}</ref> In his role as Christodoulides' Deputy Minister of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy, Philippos Hadjizacharias highlighted the government's goal of turning Cyprus into a leading technology hub.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solutions |first=BDigital Web |title=Υφ. Έρευνας: Προσπάθεια να μετατραπεί η Κύπρος σε κόμβο τεχνολογίας |url=https://www.kathimerini.com.cy/gr/geek/geek-nea/yf-ereynas-prospatheia-na-metatrapei-i-kypros-se-kombo-texnologias |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Kathimerini.com.cy |language=el}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In January 2024, Christodoulides came under scrutiny by the public and media in both Cyprus and Greece for removing his Minister of Defense Michalis Giorgallas, reportedly after pressure from the Greek government, who disagreed with Giorgallas' stance on a joint defense doctrine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Καφετζή |first=Αλεξία |date=2024-01-13 |title=Η Αθήνα "έφαγε" τον Γιωργάλλα (ΕΙΚΟΝΑ) – 24h.com.cy |url=https://24h.com.cy/i-athina-efage-ton-giorgalla-eikona/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Καρατόμηση του Κύπριου Υπουργού Άμυνας κατόπιν αιτήσεως των Αθηνών! |url=https://www.newsbreak.gr/parapolitika/551547/karatomisi-toy-kyprioy-ypoyrgoy-amynas-katopin-aitiseos-ton-athinon/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=12 January 2024 |title=ΕΣΤΙΑ: Η Αθήνα "αποκεφάλισε" τον Γιωργάλλα–Επέμενε για Ενιαίο Αμυντικό Δόγμα |url=https://www.sigmalive.com/news/politics/1181309/estia-i-athina-apokefalise-ton-giorgallaepemene-gia-eniaio-amyntiko-dogma |website=sigmalive.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Christodoulides has four children with his wife, Philippa Karsera, a Greek-Cypriot diplomat from [[Dora, Cyprus|Dora]]. They met in 1999 as newly appointed diplomatic [[attaché]]s in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. She served at the Cypriot High Commission to the United Kingdom in [[London]] and then at the Cypriot Embassy in [[Athens]] and the [[Cyprus in the European Union|Permanent Representation of Cyprus to the European Union]] in [[Brussels]]. She was then promoted to Deputy Director of the President's Diplomatic Office at Cyprus' [[Presidential Palace, Nicosia|Presidential Palace]]. From February 2022, she led the crisis management [[Ministry (government department)|directorate]] in the Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs.<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-CV" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippa Karsera: The career diplomat, she now holds the title of Minister Plenipotentiary, who will also be Cyprus' new First Lady from March 1 2023. (PHOTO) |url=https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/news/local/philippa-karsera-the-career-diplomat-who-is-cyprus-new-first-lady-photo/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=in-cyprus.philenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Writing ==
Christodoulides has contributed to domestic and international [[academic journal]]s and is the author of two books: ''Plans for Solution of the Cyprus Problem 1948–1978'' (2009)<ref>{{cite book|script-title=el:Τα σχέδια λύσης του κυπριακού, 1948–1978|trans-title=Plans for Solution of the Cyprus Problem 1948–1978|language=el|last=Christodoulides|first=Nikos|location=Athens|publisher=Ekdoseis Kastaniōtē|year=2009|isbn=9789600349948}}</ref> and ''Relations between Athens and Nicosia and the Cyprus Problem 1977–1988'' (2013).<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-CV" /><ref>{{cite book|script-title=el:Οι σχέσεις Αθηνών-Λευκωσίας και το Κυπριακό, 1977-1988|trans-title=Relations Between Athens and Nicosia and the Cyprus Problem, 1977–1988|language=el|last=Christodoulides|first=Nikos|location=Athens|publisher=I. Siderēs|year=2013|isbn=9789600806007}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
===National honours===
*{{flag|Cyprus}}: Grand Master and Grand Collar of the [[Order of Makarios III]] (28 February 2023)
*{{flag|Cyprus}}: Grand Master of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Cyprus (28 February 2023)

===Foreign Honours===
* {{flag|Germany}}: Grand Cross Special Class of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] (12 February 2024)<ref>https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/gallery.html?galAlbum=5637#gallery-20/</ref>
* [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Orthodox Crusaders of the Holy Sepulchre (22 March 2018)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/press-releases-article.html?id=882#flat | title=Visit of the Minister of Foreign Affairs to the State of Israel }}</ref>
* {{flag|Greece}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Redeemer]] (13 March 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philenews.com/eidiseis/politiki/article/1676264/parasimoforise-ton-ptd-i-sakelaropoyloy-eikones-binteo|title=Παρασημοφόρησε τον ΠτΔ η Σακελαροπούλου (εικόνες & βίντεο)|last=|first=|date=2023-03-13|website=www.philenews.com|publisher=}}</ref>
*{{flag|Italy}}: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] (26 February 2024)<ref>https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/gallery.html?galAlbum=5674#gallery-28/</ref>
* {{flag|Poland}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]] (4 October 2021)<ref>[https://www.infor.pl/akt-prawny/MPO.2022.027.0000097,postanowienie-prezydenta-rzeczypospolitej-polskiej-o-nadaniu-orderow.html Infor]</ref><ref>[https://cypr24.eu/cypr-ma-nowego-prezydenta/ Cypr24]</ref>
* {{flag|Serbia}}: [[Order of the Serbian Flag]], First Class (4 May 2021)<ref>[https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/476396/Politika/Vucic-urucio-orden-sefu-kiparske-diplomatije-Hristodulidisu Politika]</ref><ref>[https://www.parikiaki.com/2021/04/cyprus-fm-to-receive-order-of-the-serbian-flag-first-class-during-working-visit-to-belgrade-on-monday/ Parikiaki]</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Ioannis Kasoulidis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=2018–2022}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ioannis Kasoulidis]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nicos Anastasiades]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Cyprus]]|years=2023–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of Cyprus}}
{{Heads of state of republics}}
{{Heads of state of the European Union member states}}
{{European Council}}
{{Commonwealth heads of government}}
{{Current Cyprus Cabinet}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Christodoulides, Nikos}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Paphos District]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Cypriot diplomats]]
[[Category:Cyprus Ministers of Foreign Affairs]]
[[Category:Greek Cypriot politicians]]
[[Category:Greek Cypriots]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:Queens College, City University of New York alumni]]
[[Category:University of Cyprus alumni]]
[[Category:University of Malta alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of Cyprus]]
[[Category:21st-century presidents of Cyprus]]

President of Cyprus

2024-05-23T18:00:53Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Head of state and head of government of the Republic of Cyprus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = President
| body = the Republic of Cyprus
| native_name = {{small|{{native name|el|Πρόεδρος της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας}} {{native name|tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanı}} }}
| insignia =
| insigniasize = 100px
| insigniacaption = [[Coat of arms of Cyprus|Emblem of the Republic of Cyprus]]
| flag = Presidential Standard of Cyprus.svg
| flagsize = 120px
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = Presidential standard of Cyprus
| image = President Christodoulides (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| incumbent = [[Nikos Christodoulides]]
| incumbentsince = 28 February 2023
| acting =
| department = [[Politics_of_Cyprus#Executive_branch|Executive branch of the Government of Cyprus]]
| style = [[Mr. President (title)|Mr President]] (informal) [[Excellency|His Excellency]] (diplomatic)
| type =
| status = [[Head of state]] [[Head of government]] [[Commander-in-chief]]

| abbreviation =
| member_of = [[European Council]]
| reports_to =
| residence = [[Presidential Palace, Nicosia|Presidential Palace]]
| seat = [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]]
| nominator =
| appointer = [[Direct election|Popular vote]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = Five years, renewable once consecutively
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Cyprus|Cypriot Constitution]]
| precursor =
| formation = {{start date and age|df=y|1960|8|16}}
| first = [[Makarios III]]
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy = [[Vice President of Cyprus]] {{small|(de jure)}} [[Deputy Minister to the President]] {{small|(de facto)}}
| salary = 119,000 EUR annually<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=Γενικό Λογιστήριο της Δημοκρατίας Απολαβές Αξιωματούχων |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526133517/http://www.treasury.gov.cy/treasury/treasurynew.nsf/All/1E8B47684F0AE39FC2258598001E8217?OpenDocument# |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=treasury.gov.cy}}</ref>
| website = {{url|www.presidency.gov.cy}}
}}
{{Politics of Cyprus}}

The '''President of Cyprus''', officially the '''President of the Republic of Cyprus''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{lang-gr|Πρόεδρος της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας|Próedros tis Kypriakís Dimokratías}}|{{lang-tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanı|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanı}}}}}} is the [[head of state]] and the [[head of government]] of [[Cyprus]], as well as the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Cypriot National Guard]]. The office was established by the [[Constitution of Cyprus|Constitution of 1960]], after Cyprus gained its independence from the [[United Kingdom]].

The combination of the role of head of state and that of government is unique among [[Member state of the European Union|member states]] of the [[European Union]], making Cyprus the only EU state with a full [[presidential system]] of government.

The [[Constitution of Cyprus|constitution]], which was negotiated during the [[London and Zürich Agreements]] that divided power between the [[Greek Cypriot|Greek Cypriot community]] and [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot community]], requires the president to be a Greek Cypriot. Other requirements are that the officeholder must be over the age of thirty-five and elected [[Direct election|directly]] in a [[two-round system]]. The president's term lasts for five years, and in accordance with the thirteenth amendment to the constitution, no person can serve more than two consecutive terms.

[[Nikos Christodoulides]] is the eighth and current president of Cyprus, having assumed office on 28 February 2023.

== Powers and limitations ==
According to the Constitution, the president of the Republic is the head of state, and is elected for a five year term through direct, universal and secret ballot.

Among the most important powers granted to the president of the Republic by the Constitution, are the power to put into effect laws passed by the [[House of Representatives (Cyprus)|House of Representatives]] or the right of [[veto]] to prevent legislation passed by the House from being enacted, if a given law concerns issues of the external policy, security and defence of the Republic, the right to refer such legislation back to the legislative body, as well as the right to refer it to the [[Supreme Court of Cyprus|Supreme Court]] for the purposes of checking its constitutionality.

In addition, the president convenes the meetings of the Council of Ministers and draws up their agenda, while maintaining the right of veto for council meetings as well, provided that they concern issues of external policy, security and defence of the Republic, as well as the right to refer them back to the aforementioned body.

Today, under the [[doctrine of necessity]], the president appoints eleven ministers, who constitute the country's Cabinet, and with the exception of the powers reserved by the constitution explicitly for the president and vice president of the Republic, exercise the executive authority of the state.

Furthermore, the Constitution grants the president the power to unilaterally appoint independent state officials and Supreme Court judges.

There are two ways for the president of the Republic to be removed from office. In the first case, they must be convicted by the Supreme Court for high treason, following prosecution by the prosecutor general and the deputy prosecutor general, which has to be approved by a resolution of at least three-quarters of members of parliament. In the second case, they must be convicted of a dishonorable offense or an offense of moral turpitude, following prosecution by the prosecutor general and the deputy prosecutor general, which has to be approved by the president of the Supreme Court.

==List==
;Key
{{note label|§|§|§}} Elected unopposed 
† Died in office

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2| {{abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan=2| Portrait
! rowspan=2| Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan=3| Term
! rowspan=2| Political Party
! rowspan=2| Elected
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 1
| image = Makarios III and Robert F. Wagner NYWTS cropped.jpg |bSize = 100
| military_rank = [[List of archbishops of Cyprus|Archbishop]]
| officeholder = [[Makarios III]]
| born_year = 1913
| died_year = 1977
| term_start = 16 August 1960
| term_end = 15 July 1974 {{small|([[1974 Cypriot coup d'état|deposed]])}}
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1960|08|16|1974|07|15}}
| alt_party = Independent politician
| election = [[1959 Cypriot presidential election|1959]] [[1968 Cypriot presidential election|1968]] {{small|[[1973 Cypriot presidential election|1973]]{{ref label|§|§|§}}}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = –
| image =
| officeholder = [[Nikos Sampson]]
| born_year = 1935
| died_year = 2001
| term_start = 15 July 1974
| term_end = 23 July 1974
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1974|07|15|1974|07|23}} (De facto, Acting)
| acting =
| alt_party = Progressive Front
| election = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = –
| image = Kliridis.jpg |bSize = 100
| officeholder = [[Glafcos Clerides]]
| born_year = 1919
| died_year = 2013
| term_start = 23 July 1974
| term_end = 7 December 1974
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1974|07|23|1974|12|07}} (Acting)
| acting =
| alt_party = Eniaion
| election = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = {{small|(1)}}
| image = Makarios III and Robert F. Wagner NYWTS cropped.jpg |bSize = 100
| military_rank = [[List of archbishops of Cyprus|Archbishop]]
| officeholder = [[Makarios III]]
| born_year = 1913
| died_year = 1977
| died =
| term_start = 7 December 1974 {{small|(restored)}}
| term_end = 3 August 1977 †
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1974|12|07|1977|08|03}}
| alt_party = Independent politician
| election = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 2
| image = Spyros Kyprianou UN (cropped).jpg |bSize = 100
| officeholder = [[Spyros Kyprianou]]
| born_year = 1932
| died_year = 2002
| term_start = 3 August 1977
| term_end = 28 February 1988
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1977|08|03|1988|02|28}} (Acting for first 209 days)
| alt_party = Democratic Party (Cyprus)
| election = {{small|[[1978 Cypriot presidential election|1978]]{{ref label|§|§|§}}}} [[1983 Cypriot presidential election|1983]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 3
| image = George Vassiliou.jpg |bSize = 100
| officeholder = [[George Vassiliou]]
| born_year = 1931
| died_year =
| term_start = 28 February 1988
| term_end = 28 February 1993
| timeinoffice = 5 years
| alt_party = Independent politician
| alt_party_note =
| election = [[1988 Cypriot presidential election|1988]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 4
| image = Kliridis.jpg |bSize = 100
| officeholder = [[Glafcos Clerides]]
| born_year = 1919
| died_year = 2013
| term_start = 28 February 1993
| term_end = 28 February 2003
| timeinoffice = 10 years
| alt_party = Democratic Rally
| election = [[1993 Cypriot presidential election|1993]] [[1998 Cypriot presidential election|1998]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 5
| image = Tassos Papadopoulos.jpg |bSize = 100
| officeholder = [[Tassos Papadopoulos]]
| born_year = 1934
| died_year = 2008
| term_start = 28 February 2003
| term_end = 28 February 2008
| timeinoffice = 5 years
| alt_party = Democratic Party (Cyprus)
| alt_party_note =
| election = [[2003 Cypriot presidential election|2003]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 6
| image = Demetris Christofias in February 2011.jpg |bSize = 100
| officeholder = [[Demetris Christofias]]
| born_year = 1946
| died_year = 2019
| term_start = 28 February 2008
| term_end = 28 February 2013
| timeinoffice = 5 years
| alt_party = Progressive Party of Working People
| election = [[2008 Cypriot presidential election|2008]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 7
| image = Nicos Anastasiades, November 2022 (ABG GPO1).jpeg |bSize = 100
| officeholder = [[Nicos Anastasiades]]
| born_year = 1946
| died_year =
| term_start = 28 February 2013
| term_end = 28 February 2023
| timeinoffice = 10 years
| alt_party = Democratic Rally
| election = [[2013 Cypriot presidential election|2013]] [[2018 Cypriot presidential election|2018]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 8
| image = Níkos Christodoulídis, 23.03.23.jpg|bSize = 100
| officeholder = [[Nikos Christodoulides]]
| born_year = 1973
| died_year =
| term_start = 28 February 2023
| term_end = Incumbent
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2023|02|28}}
| alt_party = Independent politician
| alt_party_note =
| election = [[2023 Cypriot presidential election|2023]]
}}
|}

==Timeline==
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:15
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = late

Colors =

id:ind value:gray(0.8) legend:Independent
id:diko value:rgb(1,0.49,0) legend:Democratic_Party_(DIKO)
id:disy value:rgb(0.08,0.41,0.78) legend:Democratic_Rally_(DISY)
id:akel value:rgb(0.7,0.10,0.10) legend:Progressive_Party_of_Working_People_(AKEL)
id:gray1 value:gray(0.8)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.9)

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1960 till:31/03/2023
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1960
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1960
Legend = columns:1 left:205 top:35 columnwidth:75

TextData =
pos:(25,30) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text:"Political parties:"

BarData =
bar:Makarios
bar:Kyprianou
bar:Vasiliou
bar:Clerides
bar:Papadopoulos
bar:Christofias
bar:Anastasiades
bar:Christodoulides

PlotData=
width:8 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
bar:Makarios
from: 16/08/1960 till: 15/07/1974 color:ind
from: 07/12/1974 till: 03/08/1977 color:ind text:"[[Makarios III]]" fontsize:10
bar:Kyprianou
from: 03/09/1977 till: 28/02/1988 color:diko text:"[[Spyros Kyprianou|Kyprianou]]" fontsize:10
bar:Vasiliou
from: 28/02/1988 till: 28/02/1993 color:ind text:"[[George Vasiliou|Vasiliou]]" fontsize:10
bar:Clerides
from: 28/02/1993 till: 28/02/2003 color:disy text:"[[Glafcos Clerides|Clerides]]" fontsize:10
bar:Papadopoulos
from: 28/02/2003 till: 28/02/2008 color:diko text:"[[Tassos Papadopoulos|Papadopoulos]]" fontsize:10
bar:Christofias
from: 28/02/2008 till: 28/02/2013 color:akel text:"[[Demetris Christofias|Christofias]]" fontsize:10
bar:Anastasiades
from: 28/02/2013 till: 28/02/2023 color:disy text:"[[Nicos Anastasiades|Anastasiades]]" fontsize:10
bar:Christodoulides
from: 28/02/2023 till: end color:ind text:"[[Nikos Christodoulides|Christodoulides]]" fontsize:10
</timeline>

==Latest election==
{{main|2023 Cypriot presidential election}}
{{#section-h:2023 Cypriot presidential election|Results}}

==Statistics==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=""
|-
!#
!President
!Date of birth
!Age at inauguration (first term)
!Time in office (total)
!Age at retirement (last term)
!Date of death
!Longevity
|-
| align="center" | 1
| Mouskos, Michail[[Makarios III]]
| 1913081313 August 1913(13 August 1913)
| 47 00347 years, 3 days
| 16 32016 years, 211 days
| 65 17663 years, 355 days
| 197708033 August 1977
| {{Age in days nts|1913|8|13|1977|8|3}}63 years, 355 days
|-
| align="center" | 2
| Kyprianou, Spyros[[Spyros Kyprianou]]
| 1932102828 October 1932(28 October 1932)
| 44 31044 years, 310 days
| 10 17810 years, 178 days
| 55 12355 years, 123 days
| 2002031212 March 2002
| {{Age in days nts|1932|10|28|2002|3|12}}69 years, 135 days
|-
| align="center" | 3
| Vassiliou, Georgios[[George Vasiliou|Georgios Vassiliou]]
| 1931052020 May 1931(20 May 1931)
| 56 28456 years, 284 days
| 05 0005 years, 0 days
| 61 28461 years, 284 days
| Living
| {{Age in days nts|1931|5|20}}{{ayd|1931|5|20}} (Living)
|-
| align="center" | 4
| Clerides, Glafcos[[Glafcos Clerides]]
| 1919042424 April 1919(24 April 1919)
| 73 31073 years, 310 days
| 10 00010 years, 0 days
| 83 31083 years, 310 days
| 2013111515 November 2013
| {{Age in days nts|1919|4|24|2013|11|15}}94 years, 205 days
|-
| align="center" | 5
| Papadopoulos, Tassos[[Tassos Papadopoulos]]
| 193401077 January 1934(7 January 1934)
| 69 05269 years, 52 days
| 05 0005 years, 0 days
| 74 05274 years, 52 days
| 2008121212 December 2008
| {{Age in days nts|1934|1|7|2008|12|12}}74 years, 340 days
|-
| align="center" | 6
| Christofias, Demetris[[Demetris Christofias]]
| 1946082929 August 1946(29 August 1946)
| 61 18361 years, 183 days
| 05 0005 years, 0 days
| 66 18366 years, 183 days
| 2019062121 June 2019
| {{Age in days nts|1946|8|29|2019|6|21}}72 years, 296 days
|-
| align="center" | 7
| Anastasiades, Nicos[[Nicos Anastasiades]]
| 1946092727 September 1946(27 September 1946)
| 66 15466 years, 154 days
| 01 199 {{Age in days|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}|2|28}}{{ayd|2013|2|28|2023|2|28}}
| 76 15476 years, 154 days
| Living
| {{Age in days nts|1946|9|27}}{{ayd|1946|9|27}} (Living)
|-
| align="center" | 8
|[[Nikos Christodoulides]]
|6 December 1973
|49 years, 85 days
| 01 199 {{Age in days|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}|2|28}}{{ayd|2023|2|28}} (Ongoing)
|Incumbent
|Living
| {{Age in days nts|1973|6|12}}{{ayd|1973|12|6}} (Living)
|}

==See also==
* [[President of Northern Cyprus]]
*[[List of colonial governors and administrators of British Cyprus]]
*[[Politics of Cyprus]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.presidency.gov.cy/ Presidency of Cyprus]

{{Cyprus topics}}
{{Presidents of Cyprus}}
{{Heads of state of the European Union member states}}
{{European Council}}
{{Heads of state and government of Europe}}

[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in Cyprus]]
[[Category:Presidents of Cyprus| ]]
[[Category:Politics of Cyprus]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Cyprus]]

Kamarulzaman Mat Salleh

2023-12-20T16:53:06Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Malaysian civil servant}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berbahagia Datuk Haji]]
| name = Kamarulzaman Mat Salleh
| honorific-suffix = [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Malaysian states and federal territories#Federal Territories|PMW AMW]] AMN
| image = [[File:Kamarulzaman Mat Salleh1.jpg|200px]]
| order = 14th
| office = Mayor of Kuala Lumpur
| term_start = 17 April 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Mahadi Che Ngah]]
| successor =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1964}} {{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of Technology Malaysia]] ([[Bachelor's degree]] in Surveying (Property Management))
| website =
| occupation = [[Civil servant]]
}}
[[Malay styles and titles|Datuk]] '''Kamarulzaman bin Mat Salleh''' is a [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]] [[civil servant]] who has served as the 14th [[Mayor of Kuala Lumpur]] since April 2023. He was the executive director (Project Management) of the [[Kuala Lumpur City Hall]] (DBKL) prior to his promotion to the Mayor of Kuala Lumpur. He has worked with DBKL since 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/04/13/kamarulzaman-mat-salleh-named-new-kl-mayor-effective-april-17|title=Kamarulzaman Mat Salleh named new KL mayor effective April 17|website=The Star|date=13 April 2023|accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2023/04/13/kamarulzaman-mat-salleh-new-kl-mayor/|title=Kamarulzaman Mat Salleh New KL Mayor|work=Free Malaysia Today|date=13 April 2023}}</ref>

==Honours==
* {{Flag|Malaysia}} :
** [[File:MY_Darjah_Yang_Mulia_Pangkuan_Negara_(Defender_of_the_Realm)_-_SMN.svg|50px]] Member of the [[Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (AMN) (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.istiadat.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/9-AMN-2015.pdf|title=Senarai Penerima Ahli Mangku Negara Tahun 2015|website=www.istiadat.gov.my}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Federal Territory (Malaysia)}} :
** [[File:MY-FED_Darjah_Mahkota_Wilayah_-_Medal_-_PPW.svg|50px]] Member of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Malaysian states and federal territories#Federal Territories|Order of the Territorial Crown]] (AMW) (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jwp.gov.my//storage/article/Penerima-2018.pdf|title=Senarai Penerima DKBPWP Tahun 2018|website=www.jwp.gov.my}}</ref>
** [[File:MY-FED_Darjah_Mahkota_Wilayah_-_Knight_Commander_-_PMW.svg|50px]] Commander of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Malaysian states and federal territories#Federal Territories|Order of the Territorial Crown]] (PMW) – '''Datuk''' (2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jwp.gov.my//storage/Penerima_2021_latest.pdf|title=Senarai Penerima DKBPWP Tahun 2021|website=www.pingat.jwp.gov.my}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mayors of capital cities of ASEAN member states}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamarulzaman Mat Salleh}}
[[Category:Mayors of Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Defender of the Realm]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

{{Malaysia-politician-stub}}

Zaliha Mustafa

2023-12-12T03:37:33Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Short description|Malaysian politician and doctor}}
{{Malay name|Zaliha|Mustafa|note=on}}
{{Infobox officeholder

| image = Dr Zaliha Mustafa 2023 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Zaliha in 2023

| office = [[Minister in the Prime Minister's Department]] {{small|(Federal Territory)}}
| term_start = 12 December 2023
| term_end =
| monarch = [[Abdullah of Pahang|Abdullah]]
| primeminister = [[Anwar Ibrahim]]
| predecessor = [[Indera Noridah Abdul Rahim]] (Head Director Department Federal Territory)
| successor =
| deputy =
| constituency = [[Sekijang (federal_constituency)|Sekijang]]

| office1 = [[Minister of Health (Malaysia)|Minister of Health]]
| term_start1 = 2 December 2022
| term_end1 = 12 December 2022
| primeminister1 = [[Anwar Ibrahim]]
| predecessor1 = [[Khairy Jamaluddin]]
| successor1 = [[Dzulkefly Ahmad]]
| deputy1 = [[Lukanisman Awang Sauni]]
| constituency1 = [[Sekijang (federal_constituency)|Sekijang]]

| constituency_MP2 = [[Sekijang (federal_constituency)|Sekijang]]
| parliament2 = Malaysian
| term_start2 = 19 November 2022
| term_end2 =
| majority2 = 1,734 ([[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]])
| predecessor2 = [[Natrah Ismail]] ([[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]–[[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]])
| successor2 =

| name = Zaliha Mustafa
| native_name = {{lang|ms-arab|{{Script|Arab|زاليحة مصطفى}}}}
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|6|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Johor Bahru]], Johor, Malaysia
| alongside =
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Doctor
| spouse = Ahmad Azlan
| children = 4
| party = [[People's Justice_Party (Malaysia)|People's Justice Party]] (PKR)
| otherparty = [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH)
| honorific_prefix = [[Malay titles#Honorary style|Yang Berhormat]] Puan [[Medical doctor|Dr.]]
| education = MD (UKM)
| alma_mater = [[National University of Malaysia]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
}}

'''Zaliha binti Mustafa''' ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms-arab|زاليحة بنت مصطفى}}; born 8 June 1964) is a Malaysian politician and doctor who has served as the [[Dewan Rakyat|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Sekijang (federal constituency)|Sekijang]] since November 2022. She served as the [[Minister of Health (Malaysia)|Minister of Health]] in the PH administration under Prime Minister [[Anwar Ibrahim]] from December 2022 to December 2023. She is a member of the [[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|People's Justice Party]] (PKR), a component party of the PH coalition. She is also the Chairperson of the Party Elections Committee (JPP) of PKR.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2022 |title=Senarai penuh Kabinet Kerajaan Perpaduan |language=ms |work=Berita Harian |url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2022/12/1034510/senarai-penuh-kabinet-kerajaan-perpaduan |access-date=2022-12-02}}</ref> She is also the first female Minister of Health in the [[history of Malaysia]].

== Political career ==
=== Minister of Health (2022–2023) ===
On 2 December 2022, Zaliha was announced as the new Minister of Health by Prime Minister Anwar to serve in [[Anwar Ibrahim cabinet|his cabinet]]. She created history as the first female Minister of Health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.utusan.com.my/nasional/2022/12/dr-zaliha-jadi-menteri-kesihatan/|title=Dr. Zaliha jadi Menteri Kesihatan|website=Utusan Malaysia|date=2 December 2022|accessdate=4 December 2022|language=ms}}</ref> Her predecessor [[Khairy Jamaluddin]] openly congratulated her on her appointment to the position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/12/02/khairy-congratulates-newly-appointed-successor-hopes-she-will-uphold-excellent-public-health-system|title=Khairy congratulates newly-appointed successor, hopes she will uphold excellent public health system|website=The Star|date=2 December 2022|accessdate=4 December 2022}}</ref> The following day on 3 December 2022, she officially took office after being sworn in.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/12/03/health-minister-to-oversee-public-health-issues-healthcare-services-and-facilities|title=Health Minister to oversee public health issues, healthcare services and facilities|website=The Star|date=3 December 2022|accessdate=4 December 2022}}</ref>

== Election results ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ '''[[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament of Malaysia]]'''
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
| [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]
|'''P162 [[Gelang Patah (federal constituency)|Gelang Patah]]'''
| {{Party shading/PKR}} |
| Zaliha Mustafa ([[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]])
| align="right" |24,779
| 42.42%
| {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
| '''Tan Ah Eng''' ('''[[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]''')
| align="right" |'''33,630'''
| '''57.58%'''
| 58,407
| 8,851
| 77.19%
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]]
| rowspan="4" |'''P141 [[Sekijang (federal constituency)|Sekijang]]'''
| rowspan="4" {{Party shading/PH}} |
| rowspan="4" | '''Zaliha Mustafa''' ('''[[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]]''')
| rowspan="4" align="right" |'''18,941'''
| rowspan="4" |'''39.27%'''
| {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
| Md Salleheen Mohamad ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| align="right" |17,207
| 35.67%
| rowspan="4" |48,237
| rowspan="4" |1,734
| rowspan="4" |75.39%
|-
|{{Party shading/Perikatan Nasional}} |
|Uzzair Ismail ([[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]])
|align="right" |11,612
|24.07%
|-
|{{Party shading/Sabah Heritage Party}} |
|Mohd Zohar Ahmad ([[Heritage Party (Malaysia)|WARISAN]])
|align="right" |339
|0.70%
|-
| bgcolor="{{Party of Homeland's Fighters/meta/shading}}" |
|Mohd Saiful Faizal Abdul Halim ([[Homeland Fighters Party|PEJUANG]])
|align="right" |138
|0.29%
|}

== References ==
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

{{commons category}}
{{Malaysia 15th FedRep}}

[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Johor Bahru]]
[[Category:21st-century Malaysian women politicians]]
[[Category:People's Justice Party (Malaysia) politicians]]

Dzulkefly Ahmad

2023-12-12T03:34:09Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{short description|Malaysian politician}}
{{about|the Malaysian Minister of Health|the Member of the [[Johor State Legislative Assembly]]|Dzulkefly Ahmad (politician)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Malay name|Dzulkefly|Ahmad}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Malay titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berhormat]] [[Malay titles#Datuk Sri|Datuk Seri]] [[Doctor of Philosophy|Dr.]]
| name = Dzulkefly Ahmad
| native_name = {{lang|ms|{{Script|Arab|ذوالكفل أحمد}}}}
| honorific_suffix = [[List of post-nominal letters (Malacca)|DGSM]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| image = DS_Dr_Dzulkefly_Ahmad.jpg
| caption =

| office = [[Minister of Health (Malaysia)|Minister of Health]]
| monarch = [[Abdullah of Pahang|Abdullah]]
| primeminister = [[Anwar Ibrahim]]
| deputy =
| term_start = 12 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Zaliha Mustafa]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Kuala Selangor]]
| monarch1 = [[Muhammad V of Kelantan|Muhammad V]] {{small|(2018–2019)}} [[Abdullah of Pahang|Abdullah]] {{small|(2019–2020)}}
| primeminister1 = [[Mahathir Mohamad]]
| deputy1 = [[Lee Boon Chye]]
| term_start1 = 21 May 2018
| term_end1 = 24 February 2020
| predecessor1 = [[Subramaniam Sathasivam]]
| successor1 = [[Adham Baba]]
| constituency1 = [[Kuala Selangor (federal constituency)|Kuala Selangor]]

| constituency_MP2 = [[Kuala Selangor (federal constituency)|Kuala Selangor]]
| parliament2 = Malaysian
| term_start2 = 9 May 2018
| term_end2 =
| majority2 = 8,498 ([[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]]) 1,002 ([[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]])
| predecessor2 = [[Irmohizam Ibrahim]] ([[Barisan Nasional|BN]]–[[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| successor2 =

| term_start3 = 8 March 2008
| term_end3 = 5 May 2013
| majority3 = 862 ([[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]])
| predecessor3 = Mohd Daud Tarihep (BN–UMNO)
| successor3 = [[Irmohizam Ibrahim]] (BN–UMNO)
| birth_name = Dzulkefly bin Ahmad
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rembau District|Rembau]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Federation of Malaya]] (now Malaysia)
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS) (until 2015) [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)]] (AMANAH) (2015–present)
| otherparty = [[Barisan Alternatif]] (BA) (1999-2004) [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR) (2008-2015) [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH) (2015-present)
| occupation = Politician
| relations =
| spouse = Azlin Hezri
| children = 7
| alma_mater = [[University of Birmingham]] [[University of Surrey]] [[Imperial College London]]
| footnotes = {{facebook|Drdzulfanpage}} {{pom|3619}}
}}
[[Malay styles and titles#Datuk Seri|Datuk Seri]] [[Physician|Dr.]] '''Dzulkefly bin Ahmad''' ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: ذوالكفل بن أحمد; born 1 January 1956) is a [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]] [[politician]] who has served as the [[Dewan Rakyat|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Kuala Selangor (federal constituency)|Kuala Selangor]] since May 2018 and from March 2008 to May 2013. He served as the [[Minister of Health (Malaysia)|Minister of Health]] in the [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH) administration under former Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] from May 2018 to his resignation and the collapse of the PH administration in February 2020. He is a member the [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]] (AMANAH), a component party of PH coalition and was a member of the [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS), a former component party of the former [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR) and [[Barisan Alternatif]] (BA) opposition coalitions.

Dzulkefly had held the Kuala Selangor seat the first time from March 2008 to May 2013 but under PAS for one term. He was one of the moderate and progressive [[Gerakan Harapan Baru|G18]] prominent members who were also referred as the "Erdogan" (after the Turkish politician [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]) faction of PAS which was ousted at the [[2015 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party leadership election|2015 PAS Muktamar]].<ref name="FMT">{{cite news|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/08/31/seven-rebel-mps-ditch-pas-for-breakaway-ghb/|title=Seven rebel MPs ditch PAS for breakaway GHB|author=FMT Reporters|date=31 August 2015|work=[[Free Malaysia Today]]|access-date=9 September 2015|archive-date=2 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902230529/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/08/31/seven-rebel-mps-ditch-pas-for-breakaway-ghb/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He together with other G18 leaders led by [[Mohamad Sabu]] had then launched [[Gerakan Harapan Baru]] (GHB) that founded AMANAH in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/tweet-terakhir-saya-sebagai-menteri-kesihatan-terima-kasih-dr-dzulkefly-231544%3famp=1|title='Tweet terakhir saya sebagai Menteri Kesihatan. Terima kasih!' - Dr Dzulkefly|trans-title='My last tweet as Health Minister. Thank you!' - Dr Dzulkefly|date=24 February 2020|work=Astro Awani|language=ms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldofbuzz.com/dzulkefly-ahmad-resigns-as-health-minister-on-twitter-after-making-covid-19-update/|title=Dzulkefly Ahmad Resigns As Health Minister On Twitter After Making Covid-19 Update|work=World of Buzz|first=Sheralyn|last=Tan|date=24 February 2020|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dzulkefly holds a bachelor's degree from the [[University of Birmingham]] and a master's degree from the [[University of Surrey]]. He later completed his doctorate in [[toxicology]] from the [[Imperial College]] (St. Mary's Hospital Medical School) in 1993.<ref name="bdig">{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BjCV5nPlSHL/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BjCV5nPlSHL |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=limited|title=Bernama Radio on Instagram: "Infografik: Profil Menteri Kesihatan #BernamaRadio #semuanyatentanganda #pakatanharapan"|website=[[Instagram]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Career==
Dzulkefly Ahmad was a lecturer at the Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) in Penang (1984-1989) and HUSM, Kelantan (1993-1997). He became a lecturer of Islamic civilization at USM (1987-1997). Dzulkefly is a former member of the British Toxicology Society (BTS) and the former Asia Pacific Association of Medical Toxicology (APAMT).{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

He is also the founder and Chairman of Jaiputra College Management Board, Kelantan (1999-2003), the first IPTS fully accredited by the Ministry of Education which conducts an integrated course of professionalism and religion. He is also a Consultant in an asset management company in Kuala Lumpur (1999-2001), a former Director (2003-2004) of a Public-Listed Company (PLC-Main Board). Senior Advisor of a Saudi-owned real estate company in Kuala Lumpur (2005-2007). International Education Company director, based in Oman (2017- now).{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==Political thinkers and political analysts==
Dzulkefly has been the leader of the Student Movement in the United Kingdom (1970–80s), [[Jamaah Islah Malaysia]] (JIM) 1997–1998), director of Pusat PAS Research Center (1998–2009), Central PAS Work Committee (2004–present), AJK Lujnah Central Politics (2004–2015), AJK Guides for the Clean and Fair Elections (NET, 2006–present).

He has also written and commented on current issues in the print and electronic media and presents work at national and international levels (economic development, racial relations and clash of Western-Western civilization, Political Islam etc.). Since his involvement has resulted in several books in English and Bahasa Malaysia such as ''Blindspot'' (2003), ''Striving For Change'' (2007), Pergelutan Demi Perubahan (2016) and Najibnomiks: Rahmat atau Malapetaka? (2017).

He has led the Pas Research Center and after out of PAS, the Youth of AMANAH, and later assumed the position as Strategy Director of the AMANAH. As part of PAS think tank, he has helped produced ''"Negara Berkebajikan"'' book of PAS. He also produced the ''"Belanjawaan Alternatif"'' every year and Orange Book (''Buku Jingga'') when in [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR).

Members of the Thinking Group in Pakatan Harapan who produced Alternative Belties (2017 and 2018) and the publication of the Pakatan Harapan Manifesto namely "Buku Harapan". He is also active in writing as a columnist in ''[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge]]'' magazine and media portals such as [[Malaysiakini]], The Malaysian Insight, TMI, [[Free Malaysia Today]].

Internationally and nationally, he is often invited to share his thoughts and experiences in 'Political Islam', the socio-economic development agenda and inter-religious issues and between civilizations.

==Politics==
Dzulkefly made his debut in the [[1999 Malaysian general election|1999 general election]], contesting the [[Kapar (federal constituency)|Kapar]] parliamentary seat in Selangor for PAS but lost. In the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 general election]], he contested the [[Rembau (federal constituency)|Rembau]] parliamentary seat in Negeri Sembilan but lost again. He was elected to Parliament in the [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008 general election]], winning the seat of Kuala Selangor, which had been held by the ruling [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) coalition.<ref name="2008 election results">{{Cite web
|title=Malaysia Decides 2008
|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]
|url=http://thestar.com.my/election/
|access-date=11 January 2010
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111075207/http://thestar.com.my/election/
|archive-date=11 January 2010
}} Turnout figures for Kuala Selangor unavailable.</ref>

In January 2010, Dr Dzulkefly publicly supported the controversial [[Malaysia v. The Herald|decision of the Malaysian High Court]] to allow a Catholic publication to use the term "Allah".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/48263-khir-toyo-says-in-mourning-over-allah-ruling|title=Khir Toyo says in mourning over Allah ruling|last=Mustafa Kamal|first=Shazwan|date=1 January 2010|publisher=The Malaysian Insider|access-date=11 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105020716/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/48263-khir-toyo-says-in-mourning-over-allah-ruling|archive-date=5 January 2010}}</ref>

He lost his parliamentary seat in the [[2013 Malaysian general election|2013 general election]], tallying 460 votes fewer than the [[Barisan Nasional]] candidate [[Irmohizam Ibrahim]].<ref name="2008 election results"/> Despite the loss, he was re-elected to the party's central committee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/searealtime/2013/11/24/moderates-hold-sway-in-malaysias-islamic-party-poll/|title=Moderates Hold Sway In Malaysia's Islamic Party Poll|last=Ganghopadhyay|first=Abhrajit|date=24 November 2013|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref> In the [[2018 Malaysian general election|2018 general election]], he was re-elected again to the Parliament but as an AMANAH candidate.

==Legal suits==
On 31 December 2021, Dzulkefly Ahmad has filed a defamation suit against former prime minister [[Najib Razak]] following his allegations of nepotism and cronyism. Dzulkefly filed a statement of claim at Kuala Lumpur High Court, providing an August 24, 2020, Facebook post by Najib together with a Sinar Harian article dated January 28, 2019, as key evidence.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-01|title=Dzulkefly sues Najib over nepotism, cronyism accusations|url=https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/index.php/s/359601|access-date=|website=www.themalaysianinsight.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Election results==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ '''[[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament of Malaysia]]'''<ref name="undiinfo">{{cite web |url= http://undi.info/# | title = Malaysia General Election | work =undiinfo Malaysian Election Data |publisher= [[Malaysiakini]] |access-date= 19 April 2013}} Results only available from the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 election]] (GE11).</ref><ref name="election results">{{cite web|url=http://semak.spr.gov.my/spr/laporan/5_KedudukanAkhir.php|title=Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|access-date=27 May 2010}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="PRU13">{{cite web|url=http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php|title=KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13|work=Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pilihan Raya Umum|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=ms|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314141057/http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php|url-status=dead}}Results only available for the [[2013 Malaysian general election|2013 election]].</ref><ref name ="myundi pru 13">{{cite web |url=http://www.myundi.com.my/pru13/region.aspx |title=my undi : Kawasan & Calon-Calon PRU13 : Keputusan PRU13 (Archived copy) |website=www.myundi.com.my|access-date=9 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331000718/http://www.myundi.com.my/pru13/region.aspx |archive-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Utusan PRU 13 results">{{cite web|url=http://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=PilihanRaya2013&pg=keputusan.htm|title=Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum ke-13|work=[[Utusan Malaysia]]|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321134049/http://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=PilihanRaya2013&pg=keputusan.htm|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GE14 results">{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=ms|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="The Star GE14">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|title=The Star Online GE14|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=24 May 2018}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref>
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]
| rowspan=2| '''P099 [[Kapar (federal constituency)|Kapar]]'''
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
| rowspan=2|Dzulkefly Ahmad ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
| rowspan=2 align="right"| 24,970
| rowspan=2| 45.47%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''Komala Devi M Perumal''' ([[Malaysian Indian Congress|'''MIC''']])
|align="right" | '''27,830'''
|'''50.68%'''
| rowspan=2| 56,060
| rowspan=2| 2,860
| rowspan=2| 75.24%
|-
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |
|N. Tamilarasan @ Kim Chai ([[Independent politician|IND]])
|align="right" |2,112
|align="right" |3.85%
|-
|[[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]]
|'''P131 [[Rembau (federal constituency)|Rembau]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Dzulkefly Ahmad ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |10,008
|25.88%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''Firdaus Muhammad Rom Harun''' ([[United Malays National Organization|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''28,664'''
|'''74.12%'''
|39,866
|18,656
|74.46%
|-
|[[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]
| rowspan="7" | '''P096 [[Kuala Selangor (federal constituency)|Kuala Selangor]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|'''Dzulkefly Ahmad''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''18,796'''
|'''51.17%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Jahaya Ibrahim ([[United Malays National Organization|UMNO]])
|align="right" |17,934
|48.83%
|37,671
|862
|79.81%
|-
|[[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Dzulkefly Ahmad ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |27,040
|49.58%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''[[Irmohizam Ibrahim]]''' ([[United Malays National Organization|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''27,500'''
|'''50.42%'''
|55,592
|460
|89.24%
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Keadilan}} |
| rowspan=2|'''Dzulkefly Ahmad''' ([[Parti Amanah Negara|'''AMANAH''']])
| rowspan=2 align="right"| '''29,842'''
| rowspan=2| '''49.97%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
| [[Irmohizam Ibrahim]] ([[United Malays National Organization|UMNO]])
|align="right" | 21,344
| 35.74%
| rowspan=2| 60,843
| rowspan=2| 8,498
| rowspan=2| 87.70%
|-
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Mohd Fakaruddin Ismail ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" | 8,535
| 14.29%
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]]
|rowspan=4 {{Party shading/PH}} |
| rowspan="3" | '''{{nowrap|Dzulkefly Ahmad}}''' ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|'''AMANAH''']])
| rowspan="3" align="right" |'''31,033'''
| rowspan="3" |'''35.88%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|[[Tengku Zafrul Aziz]] ([[United Malays National Organization|UMNO]])
|align="right" |30,031
|34.73%
| rowspan="3" |86,481
| rowspan="3" |1,002
| rowspan="3" |84.00%
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Perikatan Nasional}} |
| Mohd Noor Mohd Sahar ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |23,639
|27.33%
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Homeland Fighter's Party}} |
|[[Mohd Shaid Rosli]] ([[Homeland Fighter's Party|PEJUANG]])
|align="right" |1,778
|align=right|2.06%
|}

==Honours==
===Honour of Malaysia===
* {{Flag|Malacca}} :
** [[File:MY-MAL Exalted Order of Malacca.svg|50px]] Grand Commander of the [[List of post-nominal letters (Malacca)|Exalted Order of Malacca]] (DGSM) – '''Datuk Seri''' (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malaysiadateline.com/husam-kembali-bergelar-datuk-mujahid-dr-dzul-ahmad-awang-datuk-seri/|title=Husam kembali bergelar 'datuk', Mujahid Dr Dzul Ahmad Awang 'datuk seri'|language=ms|work=MALAYSIADATELINE|date=13 October 2018|access-date=13 October 2018|archive-date=13 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013053853/https://malaysiadateline.com/husam-kembali-bergelar-datuk-mujahid-dr-dzul-ahmad-awang-datuk-seri/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==External links==
* {{facebook|Drdzulfanpage}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Dzulkefly Ahmad}}

{{Malaysia 15th FedRep}}
{{Seventh Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Pakatan Harapan}}
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Biography|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dzulkefly Ahmad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:People from Negeri Sembilan]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malaysian toxicologists]]
[[Category:Former Malaysian Islamic Party politicians]]
[[Category:National Trust Party (Malaysia) politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Johor State Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Members of the Dewan Rakyat]]
[[Category:Health ministers of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Surrey]]
[[Category:21st-century Malaysian politicians]]

2023–24 Bhutanese National Assembly election

2023-11-30T23:29:26Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Fourth general election in Bhutan}}
{{current election}}
{{Infobox legislative election
| country = Bhutan
| ongoing = yes
| previous_election = [[2018 Bhutanese National Assembly election|2018]]| election_date = {{ubl|30 November 2023 (first round)|9 January 2024 (second round)}} | next_election = [[2028 Bhutanese National Assembly election|2028]]
| seats_for_election = All 47 seats in the [[National Assembly of Bhutan|National Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 24



| title = [[Prime Minister of Bhutan|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = [[Lotay Tshering]] | before_party = Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa
}}{{Politics of Bhutan}}

National Assembly elections will be held in [[Bhutan]] on 30 November 2023 and 9 January 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fourth Parliamentary Elections 2023-2024: National Assembly |url=https://www.ecb.bt/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/NotiEng_03112023.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of Bhutan |access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ECB announces National Assembly poll dates |url=https://kuenselonline.com/ecb-announces-national-assembly-poll-dates-2/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Kuensel Online}}</ref>

==Background==
In the [[2018 Bhutanese National Assembly election|2018 elections]], the previously unrepresented [[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]] (DNT) won a majority of seats, with their leader [[Lotay Tshering]] becoming [[Prime Minister of Bhutan|prime minister]].

During the 2018–2023 term, the DNT won four [[by-election]]s, retaining the seat of Monggar<ref>{{cite web |last1=Namgyal |first1=Tshering |title=Mongar : Karma Lhamo wins with DNT |url=https://kuenselonline.com/mongar-karma-lhamo-wins-with-dnt/ |website=Kuensel |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref> and winning the seats of Chhoekhor-Tang,<ref>{{cite web |title=Breaking: Dawa wins Chhoekhor-Tang bye-election |url=https://kuenselonline.com/breaking-dawa-wins-chhoekhor-tang-bye-election/ |website=Kuensel |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref> Nganglam<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wangchuk |first1=Kelzang |title=Nganglam: DNT breaks DPT’s hold in Nganglam |url=https://kuenselonline.com/nganglam-dnt-breaks-dpts-hold-in-nganglam/ |website=Kuensel |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref> and Khamdang-Ramjar<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dolkar |first1=Dechen |title=DNT wins Khamdang Ramjar bye-election |url=https://kuenselonline.com/dnt-wins-khamdang-ramjar-bye-election/ |website=Kuensel |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref> from [[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]] (DPT), the former two being DPT strongholds that the party had never lost before.

In 2022 and 2023 two new parties were registered to compete in the 2023 elections—[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]] and [[Bhutan Tendrel Party]].

In January 2023 [[Bhutan Kuen-Nyam Party]] (BKP) deregistered itself following years of low activity and difficulty with funding and finding a new party president.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dolkar |first1=Dechen |title=BKP deregisters with ECB |url=https://kuenselonline.com/bkp-deregisters-with-ecb/ |website=Kuensel |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref> The BKP had come fourth in the [[2018 Bhutanese National Assembly election|2018 elections]].

==Electoral system==
The 47 members of the [[National Assembly (Bhutan)|National Assembly]] are elected from single-member constituencies. Primary elections are held in which voters cast votes for candidates of the parties. The top two parties are then able to field the same ofndifferent candidates in the main round of voting, in which members are elected using [[first-past-the-post voting]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPU PARLINE database: BHUTAN (Tshogdu), Electoral system|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2035_B.htm|access-date=2021-06-05|website=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref>

==Results==
===First round===
As the top two finishers in the primary round, the [[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]] and [[Bhutan Tendrel Party]] advanced to the second round, where they will contest for the 47 National Assembly seats.
{{Election results
|party1=[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]|votes1=133217|party2=[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]|votes2=61331|sc2=+4|party3=[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]|votes3=46694|sc3=−15|party4=[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]|votes4=41106|sc4=−28|party5=[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]|votes5=30814|sc5=New|color5=#4a85c4
|electorate=496836|turnout=63.03
|source=[http://kuensel.bt/ kuensel.bt]
|seats2=4|seats3=2|seats4=2|seats5=0|seats1=39|sc1=+39}}

=== By constituency ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 200px;"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Electorate
! colspan="5" |First round
|-
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Athang-Thedtsho
| rowspan="5"|7,620
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Tandin Wangchuk'''
|3,328
|43.67%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Nim Gyeltshen
|1,565
|20.54%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Ugyen
|990
|12.99%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Kinley Wangchuk
|922
|12.10%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Kinga Kinga
|815
|10.70%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Bardo-Trong
| rowspan="5"|7,579
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Lekey Dorji'''
|3,632
|47.92%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Gyambo Tshering
|1,786
|23.57%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Pema Dakpa
|859
|11.33%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Kezang
|679
|8.96%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Sonam Leki
|623
|8.22%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Bartsham-Shongphu
| rowspan="5"|7,563
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Kinzang Wangdi'''
|2,386
|31.55%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Rinchen Wangdi
|2,355
|31.14%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Pasang Dorji
|1,342
|17.74%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Sonam Kinga
|930
|12.30%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Sonam Phuntsho
|550
|7.27%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Bji-Katsho-Eusu
| rowspan="5"|2,949
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Lhendup Wangdi'''
|1,633
|55.37%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Tshering Dorji
|626
|21.23%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Ugyen Tenzin
|311
|10.55%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Dawa Gyelmo
|220
|7.46%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Nim Dem
|159
|5.39%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Bongo-Chapcha
| rowspan="5"|10,730
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Pempa'''
|6,575
|61.28%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Pema Tenzin
|1,321
|12.31%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Tshewang Lhamo
|1,234
|11.50%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Purna Bahadur Chhetri
|919
|8.56%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Sonam Pelden
|681
|6.35%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Bumdeling-Jamkhar
| rowspan="5"|6,242
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Thinley Wangchuk'''
|2,024
|32.43%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Wangdi
|1,635
|26.19%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Ngawang Tashi
|1,456
|23.33%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Namgay Wangmo
|573
|9.18%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Ugyen Rinzin
|554
|8.88%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Chokhor-Tang
| rowspan="5"|4,638
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Kuenzang Thinley'''
|1,613
|34.78%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Dawa
|1,406
|30.31%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Pema Norbu
|609
|13.13%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Thinley Tshering
|582
|12.55%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Nima Dorji
|428
|9.23%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Chumey-Ura
| rowspan="5"|2,749
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Sonam Rinchen'''
|1,107
|40.27%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Karma Wangchuk
|496
|18.04%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Tshering Lhadon
|471
|17.13%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Sonam Jamtsho
|391
|14.22%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Thinley Gyeltshen
|284
|10.33%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Dewathang-Gomdar
| rowspan="5"|10,647
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Kelzang Phuntsho'''
|3,719
|34.93%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Tshering Penjor
|2,695
|25.31%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Ugyen Dorji
|2,654
|24.93%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Karma Sherab Thobgyal
|818
|7.68%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Chundi Dorji
|761
|7.15%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Dogar-Shaba
| rowspan="5"|6,855
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Gem Tshering'''
|3,131
|45.67%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Namgye Tshering
|2,312
|33.73%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Jigme
|577
|8.42%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Jangchuk Tshomo
|529
|7.72%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Zacko
|306
|4.46%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Dopchuchen-Tading
| rowspan="5"|8,600
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Ugyen Lama'''
|4,857
|56.48%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Deepak Sunwar
|1,442
|16.77%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Loknath Sharma
|1,244
|14.47%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Tara Man Ghalley
|577
|6.71%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Tirtha Man Rai
|480
|5.58%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Dragteng-Langthel
| rowspan="5"|4,341
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Namgay Dorji'''
|1,695
|39.05%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Dorji
|869
|20.02%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Nidup Gyeltshen
|737
|16.98%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Tharchen
|603
|13.89%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Gem Dorji
|437
|10.07%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Drametse-Ngatshang
| rowspan="5"|9,820
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Tobgay Tobgay'''
|3,638
|37.05%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Ugyen Wangdi
|2,497
|25.43%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Kinzang Wangchuk
|2,478
|25.23%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Jigme Dorji
|698
|7.11%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Tenzin Wangchuk
|509
|5.18%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Drujegang-Tseza
| rowspan="5"|9,291
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Sonam Dorji'''
|4,515
|48.60%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Nima Tshering
|1,448
|15.58%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Ganeshman Gurung
|1,159
|12.47%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Chador Wangmo
|1,094
|11.77%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Tashi Penjor
|1,075
|11.57%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Gangzur-Minjey
| rowspan="5"|5,682
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Chimi Dorji'''
|1,731
|30.46%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Loday Tsheten
|1,375
|24.20%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Kinga Penjore
|1,196
|21.05%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Sangay Dorji
|731
|12.87%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Sonam Phuntsho
|649
|11.42%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Gelephu
| rowspan="5"|12,422
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Harka Sign Tamang'''
|5,627
|45.30%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Dechen Lhaden
|2,399
|19.31%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Karma Rinchen
|2,261
|18.20%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Namgay Tashi
|1,353
|10.89%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Karma Jurmin Thinley
|782
|6.30%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Jomotshangkha-Martshala
| rowspan="5"|8,076
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]
|Yonten Phuntsho
|3,112
|38.53%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Norbu Wangzom
|1,675
|20.74%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Jigme Wangchuk
|1,555
|19.25%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Dorji Tshering
|1,044
|12.93%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Tshering Norbu
|690
|8.54%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Kabji-Talo
| rowspan="5"|7,549
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Namgyal Dorji'''
|3,674
|48.67%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Tshering Dorji
|1,471
|19.49%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Tsencho Wangdi
|1,284
|17.01%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Kinzang Thinley
|587
|7.78%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Sangay Phurba
|533
|7.06%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Kanglung-Samkhar-Udzorong
| rowspan="5"|8,008
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|'''[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]'''
|'''Pema Chewang'''
|3,937
|49.16%
|-
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]
|Norbu Wangchuk
|2,479
|30.96%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Tenzin Namgyel
|552
|6.89%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Karma Chhophel
|538
|6.72%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Tshering Dorji
|502
|6.27%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Kengkhar-Weringla
| rowspan="5"|7,796
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Sonam Penjor'''
|2,726
|34.97%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Rinzin Jamtsho
|2,076
|26.63%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Dorji Wangmo
|1,547
|19.84%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Kunzang Drukpa
|736
|9.44%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Ugyen Thinley
|711
|9.12%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Khamaed-Lunana
| rowspan="5"|837
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|'''[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]'''
|'''Dhendup'''
|275
|32.86%
|-
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]
|Pema Drakpa
|271
|32.38%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Yeshey Dem
|154
|18.40%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Sonam Chezom
|95
|11.35%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Kinley Dorji
|42
|5.02%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Khamdang-Ramjar
| rowspan="5"|6,215
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|'''[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]'''
|'''Namgay Dorji'''
|2,463
|39.63%
|-
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]
|Kinley Dorji
|1,695
|27.27%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Tshering Tobgay
|999
|16.07%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Karma Gyeltshen
|724
|11.65%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Phuntsho Wangdi
|334
|5.37%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Khar-Yurung
| rowspan="5"|6,437
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|'''[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]'''
|'''Tshering Choden'''
|2,012
|31.26%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Sangay Thinley
|1,687
|26.21%
|-
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]
|Lekden Zangmo
|1,412
|21.94%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Norbu
|669
|10.39%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Chenga Tshewang
|657
|10.21%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Khatoe-Laya
| rowspan="5"|881
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|'''[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]'''
|'''Tenzin'''
|322
|36.55%
|-
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]
|Lhaba Lhaba
|218
|24.74%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Dorji Khandu
|128
|14.53%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Pema Wangchuk
|123
|13.96%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Ugyen Dem
|90
|10.22%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Kilkhorthang-Mendrelgang
| rowspan="5"|8,264
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Kamal Bahadur Gurung'''
|4,134
|50.02%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Dhan Bdr Tamang
|1,772
|21.44%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Dhan Bahadur Chhetri
|891
|10.78%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Bimal Thapa
|741
|8.97%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Sahadev Thapa
|726
|8.79%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Lamgong-Wangchang
| rowspan="5"|7,316
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]
|'''Sonam Tashi'''
|2,835
|38.75%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Ugyen Tshering
|1,488
|20.34%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Kunzang Dorji
|1,265
|17.29%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Tandin Dorji
|868
|11.86%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Sangay Dorji
|860
|11.76%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Lhamoidzingkha-Tashiding
| rowspan="5"|8,013
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Chandra Bdr Gurung'''
|5,091
|63.53%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Prakash Sharma
|1,058
|13.20%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Bishnulal Bhandari Chhetri
|628
|7.84%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Dorji Phuntsho
|626
|7.81%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Krishna Bahadur Tamang
|610
|7.61%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Lingmukha-Toewang
| rowspan="5"|5,348
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Namgay Wangchuk'''
|1,888
|35.30%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Sonam Wang
|1,548
|28.95%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Dr Tandi Dorji
|1,019
|19.05%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Gyambo Sithey
|632
|11.82%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Tenzin Tshewang
|261
|4.88%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Menbi-Tsenkhar
| rowspan="5"|5,681
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Yeshey Dorji'''
|2,486
|43.76%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Tempa Dorji
|1,352
|23.80%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Choki Gyeltshen
|753
|13.25%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Sonam Dargay
|610
|10.74%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Tshoki Lhamo
|480
|8.45%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Mongar
| rowspan="5"|7,802
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Sonam Dendup'''
|3,030
|38.84%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Naiten Wangchuk
|1,980
|25.38%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Karma Lhamo
|1,081
|13.86%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Ugyen Gyeltshen
|950
|12.18%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Sonam Pelzom
|761
|9.75%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Nanong-Shumar
| rowspan="5"|6,400
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Pema Wangchuk'''
|1,559
|24.36%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Yeshey Jamtsho
|1,536
|24.00%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Lungten Namgyel
|1,386
|21.66%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Sonam Dhendup
|1,129
|17.64%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Wangchuk
|790
|12.34%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Nganglam
| rowspan="5"|5,355
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|'''[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]'''
|'''Rinchen Pelzang'''
|2,494
|46.57%
|-
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]
|Rinchen Khandu
|1,158
|21.62%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Lamdra Wangdi
|923
|17.24%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Karma Dorji
|572
|10.68%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Jambay Yeshey
|208
|3.88%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Nisho-Sephu
| rowspan="5"|8,297
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Kuenga'''
|4,038
|48.67%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Wangchuk Namgyel
|1,383
|16.67%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Tashi Penjor Dorji
|1,179
|14.21%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Karma Dorji
|1,141
|13.75%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Ugyen Tshering
|556
|6.70%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|North Thimphu
| rowspan="5"|4,375
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Tshering'''
|1,602
|36.62%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Sonam M Penjor
|959
|21.92%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Kinga Tshering
|669
|15.29%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Dechen Wangmo
|632
|14.45%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Namgyel Wangdi
|513
|11.73%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Nubi-Tangsibji
| rowspan="5"|3,174
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Phuntsho Dendup'''
|1,049
|33.05%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Zhungchuk
|618
|19.47%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Tashi Samdrup
|556
|17.52%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Yeshi Penjor
|533
|16.79%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Tashi Dorji
|418
|13.17%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Panbang
| rowspan="5"|5,991
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Lungten Dorji'''
|2,628
|43.87%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Dorji Wangdi
|2,104
|35.12%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Dorji Cheten
|623
|10.40%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Tshering Lhendrup
|375
|6.26%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Karma Dema
|261
|4.36%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Phuentsholing
| rowspan="5"|7,950
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Rinzin Dorji'''
|4,619
|58.10%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|JB Rai
|1,372
|17.26%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Maita Raj Rai
|879
|11.06%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Damcho Gyetshen
|592
|7.45%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Natra Ghalley
|488
|6.14%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Phuentshopelri-Samtse
| rowspan="5"|6,979
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''DN Dhungyel'''
|3,863
|55.35%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Pasang Dorji
|1,355
|19.42%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Sonam Lepcha
|665
|9.53%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Ngawang Nidup
|638
|9.14%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Subash Sharma
|458
|6.56%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Radhi-Sakten
| rowspan="5"|6,894
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Sonam Wangchuk'''
|2,388
|34.64%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Tashi Tenzin
|1,523
|22.09%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Tenzin Jamtsho
|1,130
|16.39%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Dorji Tshering
|1,109
|16.09%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Tashi Dorji
|744
|10.79%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Sergithang-Tsirang Toed
| rowspan="5"|7,759
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Lhakpa Tamang'''
|4,206
|54.21%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Gopal Thapa
|1,023
|13.18%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Sarvajit Rai
|954
|12.30%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Garja Man Rai
|890
|11.47%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Kewal Ram Adhikari
|686
|8.84%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Shompangkha
| rowspan="5"|9,175
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Dr Tek Bhadur Rai'''
|4,865
|53.02%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Lachuman Ghalley
|1,586
|17.29%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Tsedrup
|1,065
|11.61%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Tek Bdr Rai
|959
|10.45%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Susan Lama
|700
|7.63%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Somgbaykha
| rowspan="5"|2,778
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Tshering Tobgay'''
|2,133
|76.78%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Ngawang Tobgay
|226
|8.14%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Dorji Wangmo
|153
|5.51%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Jampel Dorji
|136
|4.90%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Sonam Peljore
|130
|4.68%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|South Thimphu
| rowspan="5"|6,223
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|'''[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]'''
|'''Dr Lotay Tshering'''
|2,006
|32.24%
|-
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]
|Tshewang Rinzin
|1,747
|28.07%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Tandin Tshering
|980
|15.75%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Kinlay Dorjee
|835
|13.42%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Sangay Tshering
|655
|10.53%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Tashicholing
| rowspan="5"|8,381
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Sangay Khandu'''
|3,627
|43.28%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Namgay
|1,657
|19.77%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Mani Kumar Ghalay
|1,260
|15.03%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Ritu Raj Chhetri
|931
|11.11%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Amina Gurung
|906
|10.81%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Thrimshing
| rowspan="5"|5,213
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Dorji Choden'''
|2,140
|41.05%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Chenga Tshering
|1,048
|20.10%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Damche Tenzin
|881
|16.90%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Ugyen Dorji
|608
|11.66%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Ugyen Dorji
|536
|10.28%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Ugyentse-Yoeseltse
| rowspan="5"|6,555
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|'''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''
|'''Dimple Thapa'''
|3,523
|53.75%
|-
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
|Pushparaj Humagai
|1,176
|17.94%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Dinish Kumar Pradhan
|747
|11.40%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Deo Raj Ghalley
|576
|8.79%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Bharat Bahadur Pradhan
|533
|8.13%
|-
| rowspan="5" align=left|Wamrong
| rowspan="5"|5,712
|bgcolor=#2B2FA0|
|align=left|'''[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]'''
|'''Lam Dorji'''
|2,076
|36.34%
|-
|bgcolor=#324D7A|
|align=left|[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]
|Yeshey Nidup
|1,810
|31.69%
|-
|bgcolor=#E48400|
|align=left|[[Druk Phuensum Tshogpa]]
|Sonam Tshering
|689
|12.06%
|-
|bgcolor=#F9C6D9|
|align=left|[[Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa]]
|Jigme Wangdi
|605
|10.59%
|-
|bgcolor=#4a85c4|
|align=left|[[Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa]]
|Lhatu
|532
|9.31%
|-
| align=left colspan="7"|Source: [http://kuensel.bt/ kuensel.bt]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhutanese elections}}

[[Category:2023 elections in Asia|Bhutan]]
[[Category:2023 in Bhutan|National Assembly]]
[[Category:2024 elections in Asia|Bhutan]]
[[Category:2024 in Bhutan|National Assembly]]
[[Category:National Assembly elections in Bhutan]]

Dewan Rakyat

2023-11-28T03:41:25Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{short description|Lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = #0000CD
| name = House of Representatives
| native_name = Dewan Rakyat
| native_name_lang = zsm-Latn-MY
| transcription_name =
| legislature = [[Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament|15th Parliament]]
| coa_pic = Dewan Rakyat.svg
| coa_res = 150px
| house_type = Lower house
| body = Parliament of Malaysia
| term_limits =
| leader1_type = [[Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat|Speaker]]
| leader1 = [[Johari Abdul]]
| party1 = [[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]-[[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]]
| election1 = 19 December 2022
| leader2_type = Deputy Speaker I
| leader2 = [[Ramli Mohd Nor]]
| party2 = [[Barisan Nasional|BN]]-[[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]
| election2 = 19 December 2022
| leader3_type = Deputy Speaker II
| leader3 = [[Alice Lau]]
| party3 = [[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]-[[Democratic Action Party|DAP]]
| election3 = 19 December 2022
| leader4_type = [[Secretary of the House of Representatives of Malaysia|Secretary]]
| leader4 = Nizam Mydin Bacha Mydin
| election4 = 13 May 2020
| leader5_type = [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]]
| leader5 = [[Anwar Ibrahim]]
| party5 = [[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]-[[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]]
| election5 = 24 November 2022
| leader6_type = Deputy Prime Minister I
| leader6 = [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]]
| party6 = [[Barisan Nasional|BN]]-[[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]
| election6 = 3 December 2022
| leader7_type = Deputy Prime Minister II
| leader7 = [[Fadillah Yusof]]
| party7 = [[Gabungan Parti Sarawak|GPS]]-[[Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu|PBB]]
| election7 = 3 December 2022
| leader8_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (Malaysia)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader8 = [[Hamzah Zainudin]]
| party8 = [[Perikatan Nasional|PN]]-[[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]]
| election8 = 10 December 2022
| members = 221
| structure1 = December 2022 Dewan Rakyat Composition.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 = (As of 10 November 2023)
'''[[Anwar Ibrahim cabinet|Government]] (147)''' 
{{legend|{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}}|[[Pakatan Harapan|PH]] (81)}}
* {{color box|{{party color|Democratic Action Party}}}} [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|DAP]] (40)
* {{color box|{{party color|People's Justice Party (Malaysia)}}}} [[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]] (31)
* {{color box|{{party color|National Trust Party (Malaysia)}}}} [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]] (8)
* {{color box|{{party color|United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation}}}} [[United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation|UPKO]] (2)
{{legend|{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}|[[Barisan Nasional|BN]] (30)}}
* {{color box|{{party color|United Malays National Organisation}}}} [[United Malay National Organisation|UMNO]] (26)
* {{color box|{{party color|Malaysian Chinese Association}}}} [[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]] (2)
* {{color box|{{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}} [[Malaysian Indian Congress|MIC]] ([[Saravanan Murugan|1]])
* {{color box|{{party color|Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah}}}} [[Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah|PBRS]] ([[Arthur Joseph Kurup|1]])
{{legend|{{party color|Gabungan Parti Sarawak}}|[[Gabungan Parti Sarawak|GPS]] (23)}}
* {{color box|{{party color|Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu}}}} [[Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu|PBB]] (14)
* {{color box|{{party color|Sarawak Peoples' Party}}}} [[Parti Rakyat Sarawak|PRS]] (5)
* {{color box|{{party color|Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)}}}} [[Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)|PDP]] (2)
* {{color box|{{party color|Sarawak United Peoples' Party}}}} [[Sarawak United Peoples' Party|SUPP]] (2)
{{legend|{{party color|Gabungan Rakyat Sabah}}|[[Gabungan Rakyat Sabah|GRS]] (6)}}
* {{color box|{{party color|Gabungan Rakyat Sabah}}}} [[Gabungan Rakyat Sabah|Direct member]] (4)
* {{color box|{{party color|United Sabah Party}}}} [[United Sabah Party|PBS]] ([[Lo Su Fui|1]])
* {{color box|{{party color|Homeland Solidarity Party}}}} [[Homeland Solidarity Party|STAR]] ([[Jeffrey Kitingan|1]])
{{legend|{{party color|Sabah Heritage Party}}|[[Sabah Heritage Party|WARISAN]] (3)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Social Democratic Harmony Party}}|[[Social Democratic Harmony Party|KDM]] (2)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Parti Bangsa Malaysia}}|[[Malaysian Nation Party|PBM]] ([[Larry Sng|1]])}}
{{legend|#D0D0D0|[[Independent politician|Independent]] ([[Verdon Bahanda|1]])}}

'''[[Confidence and supply]] (5)'''
{{legend|#031e61|[[Perikatan Nasional|PN]] (5)}}
* {{color box|#F18A8F}} [[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]] (5)

'''[[Opposition (Malaysia)|Opposition]] (69)''' 
{{legend|#031e61|[[Perikatan Nasional|PN]] (68)}}
* {{color box|{{party color|Malaysian Islamic Party}}}} [[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]] (42)
* {{color box|#F18A8F}} [[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]] (26)
{{legend|#000000|[[Malaysian United Democratic Alliance|MUDA]] ([[Syed Saddiq|1]])}}

'''Vacant (1)'''
* [[2023 Kemaman by-election|(Kemaman)]]

|term_length = Up to 5 years
| committees1 = {{Collapsible list |title = 5 |Committee of Selection|[[Public Accounts Committee (Malaysia)|Public Accounts Committee]]|House Committee|Committee of Privileges|Standing Orders Committee}}
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
| last_election1 = [[2022 Malaysian general election|19 November 2022]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Malaysian general election|By 17 February 2027]]
| session_room = Dewan Rakyat, Parliament of Malaysia.jpg
| session_res = 300px
| meeting_place = Dewan Rakyat chamber [[Malaysian Houses of Parliament]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
| website = {{Official website|http://www.parlimen.gov.my}}
}}
The '''Dewan Rakyat''' ([[English language|English]]: 'House of Representatives'; {{lit|People's [[Divan|Assembly]]}}) is the [[lower house]] of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of Malaysia|Parliament]], the federal [[legislature]] of [[Malaysia]]. The chamber and its powers are established by Article 44 of the [[Constitution of Malaysia]]. The Dewan Rakyat sits in the [[Malaysian Houses of Parliament|Houses of Parliament]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]], along with the [[Dewan Negara]], the [[upper house]].

The Dewan Rakyat is a directly [[Elected government|elected]] body consisting of 222 members known as [[Members of Parliament]] (MPs). Members are elected by [[first-past-the-post voting]] with one member from each [[List of Malaysian electoral districts|federal constituency]]. Members hold their seats until the [[Dissolution of parliament|Dewan Rakyat is dissolved]], the term of which is [[Constitutionally limited government|constitutionally]] limited to five years after an [[Elections in Malaysia|election]]. The number of seats each [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|state or territory]] is entitled to is fixed by Article 46 of the Constitution.

While the concurrence of both chambers of Parliament is normally necessary for legislation to be enacted, the Dewan Rakyat holds significantly more power in practice; the [[Dewan Negara]] very rarely rejects bills that have been passed by the Dewan Rakyat and the [[Dewan Rakyat]] can bypass the Dewan Negara if it refuses to pass a specific law twice, with at least one year in between. The Cabinet is solely responsible to the Dewan Rakyat, and the prime minister only has to maintain the support of the lower house.

== History ==
The history of the Dewan Rakyat can be traced back during the Federal Legislative Council era. At that time, 52 out of the 100-member council were elected directly by the people using first-past-the-post system, returning one representatives from each constituencies. The council was dissolved in 1959, a year ahead of its expiration term to pave the way for a new election for the new Dewan Rakyat, which was to be the lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia.

The voting system was retained from the previous election, and has since taken place in the subsequent elections post-independence. The number of seats increased to 104, abolishing the nominated seats in favour of elected members. The ruling Alliance returned as the Government with a majority of 44 seats. Tunku Abdul Rahman reelected as the Prime Minister, while the new Parliament convened on 2 September 1959.

After the formation of Malaysia, a special autonomy status allowing representatives from Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore to be elected indirectly by the state assemblies. Therefore, in 1964 elections, only 65% of the total seats were contested. The Alliance retained its position with a higher margin.

The 1969 elections marked the first time Alliance failed to win a supermajority and majority popular vote. The racial unrests resulted in the Parliament being suspended until 1971. Upon the reopening of the Parliament, the Alliance returned with a supermajority government after Bornean local parties, PAS and GERAKAN joined the coalition, later to be known as Barisan Nasional.

==Membership==
Members are referred to as "[[Members of Parliament]]" ("MPs") or "{{lang|ms|Ahli Dewan Rakyat}}" ({{lit|member of the Dewan Rakyat}}) in [[Malay language|Malay]]. The term of office is as long as the member wins in the [[elections in Malaysia|elections]].

A member of the [[Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 14th Malaysian Parliament|Dewan Rakyat]] must be at least 18 years of age, which was lowered from 21 when the Dewan Rakyat passed the Bill to amend Article 47<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution (Amendment) Act 2019 |url=https://www.zulrafique.com.my/ckfinder/userfiles/files/legislation%20update/Constitution%20(Amendment)%20Act%202019%20(01813532xA335E).pdf}}</ref> of the Federal Constitution in 2019,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=Trinna LeongMalaysia |date=2019-07-16 |title=Malaysia's MPs approve amendment to lower voting age from 21 to 18 |language=en |work=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-from-21-to-18 |access-date=2023-10-13 |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> and must not concurrently be a member of the Dewan Negara. The presiding officer of the Dewan Rakyat is the [[Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat|Speaker]], who is elected at the beginning of each Parliament or after the vacation of the post, by the MPs. Two Deputy Speakers are also elected, and one of them sits in place of the Speaker when he is absent. The Dewan Rakyat machinery is supervised by the Clerk of the House who is appointed by the King; he may only be removed from office through the manner prescribed for judges or by mandatory retirement at age 60.<ref name="windows">[http://www.windowstomalaysia.com.my/gov/27_2.htm "Government: Parliament: Dewan Rakyat"]. Retrieved 8 February 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040614155402/http://www.windowstomalaysia.com.my/gov/27_2.htm |date=14 June 2004 }}</ref>

As of the [[2018 Malaysian general election|2018 general election]], the Dewan Rakyat has 222 elected members. Members are elected from [[List of Malaysian electoral districts|federal constituencies]] drawn by the [[Election Commission of Malaysia|Election Commission]]. Constituency boundaries are redrawn every ten years based on the latest census.

Each Dewan Rakyat lasts for a maximum of five years, after which a [[elections in Malaysia|general election]] must be called. In the general election, voters select a candidate to represent their constituency in the Dewan Rakyat. The [[first-past-the-post voting system]] is used; the candidate who gains the most votes wins the seat.

Before a general election can be called, the King must first dissolve Parliament on the advice of the Prime Minister.<ref name="windows"/> According to the Constitution, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong has the right at his own discretion to either grant or withhold consent to dissolve the parliament.

==Powers and procedure==
Parliament is the [[Legislature|legislative branch]] of the [[Government of Malaysia|federal government]] and is responsible for passing, amending and repealing [[primary legislation]]. These are known as [[Acts of Parliament]].

Members of Parliament possess [[parliamentary privilege]] and are permitted to speak on any subject without fear of censure outside Parliament; the only body that can censure an MP is the House Committee of Privileges. Immunity is effective from the moment a member of Parliament is sworn in, and only applies when that member has the floor; it does not apply to statements made outside the House. An exception is made by the Sedition Act passed by Parliament in the wake of the [[13 May Incident|13 May racial riots]] in 1969. Under the Act, all public discussion of repealing certain Articles of the [[Constitution of Malaysia|Constitution]] dealing with [[Bumiputra]] privileges such as [[Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia|Article 153]] is illegal. This prohibition is extended to all members of both houses of Parliament.<ref>Means, Gordon P. (1991). ''Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation'', pp. 14, 15. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-588988-6}}.</ref> Members of Parliament are also forbidden from criticising the King and judges.<ref>Myytenaere, Robert (1998). [http://www.asgp.info/reports/1998_175_immunities.pdf "The Immunities of Members of Parliament"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060725152946/http://www.asgp.info/reports/1998_175_immunities.pdf |date=25 July 2006 }}. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref>

The executive government, comprising the [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] and his [[Cabinet of Malaysia|Cabinet]], is usually drawn from members of Parliament; most of its members are typically members of the Dewan Rakyat. After a general election or the resignation or death of a Prime Minister, the King selects the Prime Minister, who is the [[head of government]] but constitutionally subordinate to him, from the Dewan Rakyat. In practice, this is usually the leader of the largest party in Parliament. The Prime Minister then submits a list containing the names of members of his Cabinet, who will then be appointed as Ministers by the King. Members of the Cabinet must also be members of Parliament. If the Prime Minister loses the confidence of the Dewan Rakyat, whether by losing a [[no-confidence vote]] or failing to pass a [[budget]], he must either advise the King to dissolve Parliament and hold a general election or submit his resignation to the King. The King has the discretion to grant or withhold consent to the dissolution. If consent is withheld, the government must resign and the King would appoint a new Prime Minister that has the support of the majority of members of Parliament. The Cabinet formulates government policy and drafts bills, meeting in private. Its members must accept "collective responsibility" for the decisions the Cabinet makes, even if some members disagree with it; if they do not wish to be held responsible for Cabinet decisions, they must resign. Although the Constitution makes no provision for it, there is also a Deputy Prime Minister, who is the ''de facto'' successor of the Prime Minister should he die or be otherwise incapacitated.<ref name="branches">[http://www.virtualmalaysia.com/our_malaysia/government/branches.cfm "Branches of Government in Malaysia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207132734/http://virtualmalaysia.com/our_malaysia/government/branches.cfm |date=7 February 2006 }}. Retrieved 3 February 2006.</ref>

A proposed act of law begins its life when a particular government minister or ministry prepares a first draft with the assistance of the Attorney-General's Department. The draft, known as a [[Bill (law)|bill]], is then discussed by the Cabinet. If it is agreed to submit it to Parliament, the bill is distributed to all MPs. It then goes through three [[Reading (legislature)|readings]] before the Dewan Rakyat. The first reading is where the minister or his deputy submits it to Parliament. At the second reading, the bill is discussed and debated by MPs. At the third reading, the minister or his deputy formally submit it to a vote for approval. A simple majority is usually required to pass the bill, but in certain cases, such as amendments to the constitution, a two-thirds majority is required. Should the bill pass, it is sent to the Dewan Negara, where the three readings are carried out again. The Dewan Negara may choose not to pass the bill, but this only delays its passage by a month, or in some cases, a year; once this period expires, the bill is considered to have been passed by the house.<ref>Shuid, Mahdi & Yunus, Mohd. Fauzi (2001). ''Malaysian Studies'', pp. 33, 34. Longman. {{ISBN|983-74-2024-3}}.</ref>

If the bill passes, it is presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong who has 30 days to consider the bill. Should he disagree with it, he returns it to Parliament with a list of suggested amendments. Parliament must then reconsider the bill and its proposed amendments and return it to the King within 30 days if they pass it again. The King then has another 30 days to give the royal assent; otherwise, it passes into law. The law does not take effect until it is published in the Government Gazette.<ref>Shuid & Yunus, p. 34.</ref>

The government attempts to maintain top secrecy regarding bills debated; MPs generally receive copies of bills only a few days before they are debated, and newspapers are rarely provided with copies of the bills before they are debated. In some cases, such as a 1968 amendment to the Constitution, an MP may be presented with a bill to be debated on the same day it is tabled, and all three readings may be carried out that day itself.<ref>Tan, Chee Koon & Vasil, Raj (ed., 1984). ''Without Fear or Favour'', p. 7. Eastern Universities Press. {{ISBN|967-908-051-X}}.</ref> In rare circumstances, the government may release a [[White paper]] containing particular proposals that will eventually be incorporated into a bill; this has been done for legislation such as the Universities and University Colleges Act.<ref>Tan & Vasil, p. 11.</ref>

Although the process above assumes only the government can propose bills, there also exists a process for [[private member's bill]]s. However, unlike most other legislatures following the [[Westminster system]], few members of Parliament actually introduce bills.<ref>Ram, B. Suresh (16 December 2005). [http://www.sun2surf.com/article.cfm?id=12334 "Pro-people, passionate politician"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427174339/http://www.sun2surf.com/article.cfm?id=12334 |date=27 April 2006 }}. ''The Sun''.</ref> To present a private member's bill, the member in question must seek the leave of the House in question to debate the bill before it is moved. Originally, it was allowed to debate the bill in the process of seeking leave, but this process was discontinued by an amendment to the [[Standing Orders of the Dewan Rakyat]].<ref>Lim, Kit Siang (1997). [http://ikdasar.tripod.com/events/rasuah/dap.htm "Consensus Against Corruption"]. Retrieved 11 February 2006.</ref> It is also possible for members of the [[Dewan Negara]] to initiate bills; however, only cabinet ministers are permitted to move finance-related bills, which must be tabled in the Dewan Rakyat.<ref>Henderson, John William, Vreeland, Nena, Dana, Glenn B., Hurwitz, Geoffrey B., Just, Peter, Moeller, Philip W. & Shinn, R.S. (1977). ''Area Handbook for Malaysia'', p. 219. American University, Washington D.C., Foreign Area Studies. [[LCCN]] 771294.</ref>

It is often alleged that legislation proposed by the opposition parties, which must naturally be in the form of a private member's bill, is not seriously considered by Parliament. Some have gone as far as to claim that the rights of members of Parliament to debate proposed bills have been severely curtailed by incidents such as an amendment of the Standing Orders that permitted the [[Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat|Speaker]] to amend written copies of MPs' speeches before they were made. Nevertheless, it is admitted by some of these critics that "government officials often face sharp questioning in Parliament, although this is not always reported in detail in the press."<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41649.htm "Malaysia"]. Retrieved 22 January 2006.</ref>

=== Special Chamber ===

In 2016, Speaker [[Pandikar Amin Mulia]] introduced a Special Chamber of the Dewan Rakyat which holds proceedings separately from the main house, to "allow matters of national importance or urgency to be discussed without interrupting the normal proceedings of the Lower House."<ref name="mm_convenes">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Kamles |title=Parliament convenes Special Chamber for first time |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2016/05/16/parliament-convenes-special-chamber-for-first-time/1121035 |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=Malay Mail |date=16 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Government and opposition leaders both welcomed the move, with Minister in the Prime Minister's Department [[Azalina Othman Said]], [[Democratic Action Party]] whip [[Anthony Loke]], and [[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|People's Justice Party]] whip [[Johari Abdul]] issuing favourable statements to the press.<ref name="mm_convenes"/> Amendments to the Standing Orders of the Dewan Rakyat in April 2016 established the Special Chamber to host debates on "any matter of administration for which the government is responsible" or "a defined matter of urgent public importance".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hassan |first1=Hafiz |title=LETTER {{!}} Is the special sitting of Parliament a sitting of special chamber? |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/583815 |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=Malaysiakini |date=20 July 2021}}</ref>

[[Liew Chin Tong]], at the time an opposition Member of Parliament, claimed he had lobbied Pandikar to institute the Special Chamber, which he has said takes inspiration from both the Australian and British parliaments. Liew has proposed expanding the remit of the Special Chamber: "A full-fledged second chamber should take away all constituency-specific issues off the main chamber and move them to the second chamber so that the main chamber focuses only on the most important things."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liew |first1=Chin Tong |title=Let's speed up the remaking of our parliament - Liew Chin Tong |url=https://liewchintong.com/2019/11/27/lets-speed-up-the-remaking-of-our-parliament/ |website=liewchintong.com |access-date=23 February 2023 |date=27 November 2019}}</ref> When he and Pandikar spoke at a panel on parliamentary reform in 2021, Liew also proposed expanding the amount of time allotted for Special Chamber debates: "Currently, only two speeches of seven and a half minutes each by backbenchers or opposition MPs with replies from government of equal time are permitted, amounting to only 30 minutes each day."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liew |first1=Chin Tong |title=Key agenda for parliamentary reform - Liew Chin Tong |url=https://liewchintong.com/2021/09/08/key-agenda-for-parliamentary-reform/ |website=liewchintong.com |access-date=23 February 2023 |date=8 September 2021}}</ref>

In 2023, after being elected Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat, Johari announced that the Special Chamber would double the number of motions permitted per session from two to four. He also announced that opposition and government backbencher MPs would be allowed to preside over the Special Chamber, instead of limiting the chair to just the Speaker and Deputy Speakers.<ref>{{cite news |title=PMQ pilot test to start next week |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/02/09/pmq-pilot-test-to-start-next-week |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=The Star |date=9 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Current composition==
{{main article|Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament}}
{{see also|List of members of the Dewan Rakyat}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| colspan=6 | [[File:Dewan Rakyat 2022 election results.svg|Dewan Rakyat as of 24 November 2022|300px]]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Affiliation
! rowspan="2" |Leader in Parliament
! rowspan="2" |Status
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
![[2022 Malaysian general election|2022 election]]
!Current
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}}"|
|[[Pakatan Harapan]]
|[[Anwar Ibrahim]]
|rowspan="8" |[[Coalition government|Majority coalition government]]
|81
|81
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}"|
|[[Barisan Nasional]]
|[[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]]
|30
|30
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Gabungan Parti Sarawak}}"|
|[[Gabungan Parti Sarawak]]
|[[Fadillah Yusof]]
|23
|23
|-
|style="background:{{Gabungan Rakyat Sabah/meta/shading}}"|
|[[Gabungan Rakyat Sabah]]
|[[Jeffrey Kitingan]]
|6
|6
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Sabah Heritage Party}}"|
|[[Sabah Heritage Party|Heritage Party]]
|[[Shafie Apdal]]
|3
|3
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Social Democratic Harmony Party}}"|
|[[Social Democratic Harmony Party]]
|[[Wetrom Bahanda]]
|2
|2
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Parti Bangsa Malaysia}}"|
|[[Parti Bangsa Malaysia]]
|[[Larry Sng]]
|1
|1
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|[[Verdon Bahanda]]
|1
|1
|-
|style="background:#031E61"|
|[[Perikatan Nasional]]
|[[Iskandar Dzulkarnain Abdul Khalid]], [[Suhaili Abdul Rahman]], [[Mohd Azizi Abu Naim]] and [[Zahari Kechik]]
|rowspan="1"|Confidence and supply
|
|4
|-
|style="background:#031E61"|
|Perikatan Nasional
|[[Muhyiddin Yassin]]
|rowspan="2"|Opposition
|74
|69
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Malaysian United Democratic Alliance}}"|
|[[Malaysian United Democratic Alliance]]
|[[Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman]]
|1
|1
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
!222
!221
|}

==Members per state and federal territory==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!State / federal territory
!Number of seats
!Population (2020 census)
!Population per seat
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|Kuala Lumpur}} [[Kuala Lumpur|F. T. Kuala Lumpur]] || 11 || 1,982,112 || 180,192
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|Labuan}} [[Labuan|F. T. Labuan]] || 1 || 95,120 || 95,120
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|Putrajaya}} [[Putrajaya|F. T. Putrajaya]] || 1 || 109,202 || 109,202
|-
|align=left| {{flag|Johor}} || 26 || 4,009,670 || 154,218
|-
|align=left| {{flag|Kedah}} || 15 || 2,131,427 || 142,095
|-
|align=left| {{flag|Kelantan}} || 14 || 1,792,501 || 128,036
|-
|align=left| {{flag|Malacca}} || 6 || 998,428 || 166,405
|-
|align=left| {{flag|Negeri Sembilan}} || 8 || 1,199,974 || 149,997
|-
|align=left| {{flag|Pahang}} || 14 || 1,591,295 || 113,664
|-
|align=left| {{flag|Penang}} || 13 || 1,740,405 || 133,877
|-
|align=left| {{flag|Perak}} || 24 || 2,496,041 || 104,002
|-
|align=left| {{flag|Perlis}} || 3 || 284,885 || 94,962
|-
|align=left| {{flag|Sabah}} || 25 || 3,418,785 || 136,751
|-
|align=left| {{flag|Sarawak}} || 31 || 2,453,677 || 79,151
|-
|align=left| {{flag|Selangor}} || 22 || 6,994,423 || 317,928
|-
|align=left| {{flag|Terengganu}} || 8 || 1,149,440 || 143,680
|}

==Notes and references==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Malaysia 15th FedRep}}
{{Parliament of Malaysia}}
{{Legislatures of Malaysia}}
{{Malaysia topics}}
{{National lower houses}}

[[Category:Parliament of Malaysia]]
[[Category:National lower houses|Malaysia]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Malaya]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kuala Lumpur]]

Mahathir Mohamad

2023-11-24T17:58:07Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{good article}}
{{Short description|Prime Minister of Malaysia from 1981 to 2003 and 2018 to 2020}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Malay name|Mahathir|Mohamad| note = on}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = ''[[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Amat Berbahagia]]'' [[Malay styles and titles#Tun|Tun]]
| native_name = {{lang|ms-arab|{{Script|Arab|محاضير محمد}}}}
| honorific-suffix = {{nowraplinks|[[Order of the Defender of the Realm|SMN]] [[Royal Family Order of Johor|DKI (Johor)]] [[Royal Family Order of Kedah|DK (Kedah)]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Negeri Sembilan|DKNS]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Perlis|DK (Perlis)]] [[Kedah Supreme Order of Merit|DUK]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Malaysian states and federal territories#Federal Territories|SUMW]] [[List of post-nominal letters (Malacca)|DUNM]] [[List of post-nominal letters (Penang)|DUPN]] [[Order of Kinabalu|SPDK]] [[Most Exalted Order of the Star of Sarawak|SBS]] [[Order of the Crown of Johor|SPMJ]] [[Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak|DP]] [[Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah|SSDK]] [[List of post-nominal letters (Negeri Sembilan)|SPNS]] [[Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang#Classes|SSAP]] [[List of post-nominal letters (Perak)|SPCM]] [[Order of Sultan Mahmud I of Terengganu|SSMT]] [[List of post-nominal letters (Johor)|PIS]] [[Nishan-e-Pakistan|NPk]] [[Order of the Polar Star|KmstkNO]] [[Order of the White Elephant|KGE]] [[MBBS]]}}
| image = File:Mahathir Mohamad2.jpg
| caption = Mahathir in 2018
| alt =
| order = 4th and 7th
| office = Prime Minister of Malaysia
| monarch = {{plainlist|
* [[Muhammad V of Kelantan|Muhammad V]]
* [[Abdullah of Pahang|Abdullah]]
}}
| deputy = [[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail]]
| term_start = 10 May 2018
| term_end = 24 February 2020{{#tag:ref|Interim: 24 February – 1 March 2020|group=note}}
| predecessor = [[Najib Razak]]
| successor = [[Muhyiddin Yassin]]
| deputy1 = {{plainlist|
* [[Musa Hitam]] (1981{{nbnd}}1986)
* [[Ghafar Baba]] (1986{{nbnd}}1993)
* [[Anwar Ibrahim]] (1993{{nbnd}}1998)
* Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (1999{{nbnd}}2003)
}}
| monarch1 = {{plainlist|
* [[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Ahmad Shah]]
* [[Iskandar of Johor|Iskandar]]
* [[Azlan Shah of Perak|Azlan Shah]]
* [[Ja'afar of Negeri Sembilan|Ja'afar]]
* [[Salahuddin of Selangor|Salahuddin]]
* [[Sirajuddin of Perlis|Sirajuddin]]
}}
| term_start1 = 16 July 1981
| term_end1 = 31 October 2003
| predecessor1 = [[Hussein Onn]]
| successor1 = [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
{{collapsed infobox section begin|Other offices held|last=yes}}
{{Infobox officeholder|embed=yes
| office2 = 1st Chairman of the [[Homeland Fighter's Party]]
| president2 = [[Mukhriz Mahathir]]
| term_start2 = 12 August 2020
| term_end2 = 17 December 2022
| predecessor2 = ''Position established''
| successor2 = ''Position vacant''
| office3 = 1st Chairman of [[Pakatan Harapan]]
| president3 = Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
| term_start3 = 14 July 2017
| term_end3 = 24 February 2020
| predecessor3 = ''Position established''
| successor3 = Anwar Ibrahim
| office4 = Chairman of the [[Malaysian United Indigenous Party]]
| president4 = Muhyiddin Yassin
| term_start4 = 7 September 2016
| term_end4 = 28 May 2020{{#tag:ref|Disputed with Muhyiddin Yassin from 24 February to 28 May 2020|group=note}}
| predecessor4 = ''Position established''
| successor4 = Muhyiddin Yassin (acting)
| order5 = 5th
| office5 = President of the United Malays National Organisation
| deputy5 = {{plainlist|
* Musa Hitam
* Ghafar Baba
* Anwar Ibrahim
* Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
}}
| term_start5 = 28 June 1981
| term_end5 = 31 October 2003
| predecessor5 = Hussein Onn
| successor5 = Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
{{collapsed infobox section end}}}}
| office6 = Ministerial roles
| subterm6 = 1974–1978
| suboffice6 = [[Minister of Education (Malaysia)|Minister of Education]]
| subterm7 = 1976–1981
| suboffice7 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| subterm8 = 1978–1981
| suboffice8 = [[Minister of Trade and Industry (Malaysia)|Minister of Trade and Industry]]
| subterm9 = 1981–1986
| suboffice9 = [[Minister of Defence (Malaysia)|Minister of Defence]]
| subterm10 = 1986–1999
| suboffice10 = [[Minister of Home Affairs (Malaysia)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| subterm11 = 1998–1999
| suboffice11 = [[Minister of Finance (Malaysia)|Minister of Finance]]
| subterm12 = 2001–2003
| suboffice12 = Minister of Finance
| subterm13 = 2020
| suboffice13 = Acting Minister of Education
| office14 = Other roles
| subterm14 = 2003
| suboffice14 = [[Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement]]
| birth_name = Mahathir bin Mohamad
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1925|07|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Alor Setar]], Kedah, [[Unfederated Malay States]]
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| nationality = Malaysian
| party = {{plainlist|
* [[UMNO]] (1946{{nbnd}}1969, 1972{{nbnd}}2008, 2009{{nbnd}}2016)
* [[BERSATU]] (2017{{nbnd}}2020)
* [[PEJUANG]] (2020{{nbnd}}2023)
* [[PUTRA]] (since 2023)
}}
| otherparty = {{plainlist|
* [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] (1946{{nbnd}}1969, 1972{{nbnd}}2008, 2009{{nbnd}}2016)
* [[Pakatan Harapan|PH]] (2017{{nbnd}}2020)
* [[Gerakan Tanah Air|GTA]] (2022{{nbnd}}2023)
* [[Perikatan Nasional|PN]] (since 2023)
* [[Independent politician|Independent]] (1969{{nbnd}}1972, 2008{{nbnd}}2009,  2016,  2020,  2023)
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali]]|1956}}
| children = 7, including [[Marina Mahathir|Marina]], [[Mokhzani Mahathir|Mokhzani]] and [[Mukhriz Mahathir|Mukhriz]]
| relatives = [[Ismail Mohamed Ali]] (brother-in-law)
| education = [[Sultan Abdul Hamid College]]
| alma_mater = [[King Edward VII College of Medicine]] (MBBS)
| profession =
| occupation = {{hlist|Author|doctor|politician}}
| website = {{official website|chedet.cc}}
| awards = [[List of awards and honours received by Mahathir Mohamad|Full list]]
| signature = Mahathir Mohamad signature.svg
| residence = No. 58, [[Mines Resort City]], Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
}}

{{Mahathir Mohamad sidebar}}
'''Mahathir bin Mohamad''' ({{lang-ms|محاضير بن محمد|label=[[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]|script=arab|italic=unset}};<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bernama.com/v2/ar/news.php?id=2092708|title=Mahathir Mohamad: Malaysia needs more competitive investment policies|language=arabic|date=20 June 2022|work=Malaysia National News Agency (Bernama) – Arabic|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-date=30 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030123349/https://www.bernama.com/v2/ar/news.php?id=2092708|url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPA-ms|mahaðɪ(r) bɪn mohamad|IPA}}; born 10 July 1925) is a Malaysian politician, author, and physician who served as the fourth and seventh [[prime minister of Malaysia]]. He held office from 1981 to 2003 and later from 2018 to 2020 for a cumulative total of 24 years, making him the country's longest-serving prime minister. Before becoming premier, he served as [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia|deputy prime minister]] and in other [[Cabinet of Malaysia|cabinet]] positions. He was a [[member of Parliament (Malaysia)|member of Parliament]] for [[Langkawi (federal constituency)|Langkawi]] from 2018 to 2022, [[Kubang Pasu (federal constituency)|Kubang Pasu]] from 1974 to 2004, and [[Kota Star Selatan]] from 1964 to 1969. His political career spanned more than 75 years, from joining protests opposing citizenship policies for non-Malays in the [[Malayan Union]] in the 1940s to forming the [[Gerakan Tanah Air]] coalition in 2022.

Born and raised in [[Alor Setar]], Kedah, Mahathir excelled at school and became a physician. He became active in the [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO) before entering the [[parliament of Malaysia]] in [[1964 Malaysian general election|1964]]. He served one term before losing his seat, subsequently falling out with Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] and being expelled from UMNO. In 1970, he released the book ''[[The Malay Dilemma]]''. When Abdul Rahman resigned, Mahathir re-entered UMNO and parliament, and was promoted to [[Minister of Education (Malaysia)|Minister of Education]] from 1974 to 1978 and [[Minister of Trade and Industry (Malaysia)|Minister of Trade and Industry]] from 1978 to 1981. He became deputy prime minister in 1976 before being sworn in as prime minister in 1981, succeeding [[Hussein Onn]].

During Mahathir's first tenure, Malaysia underwent modernisation and [[Economic history of Malaysia|economic growth]], and his government initiated widespread industry [[privatisation]] and a series of bold infrastructure projects. Mahathir was a dominant political figure, winning five consecutive general elections and fending off several rivals for UMNO's leadership. He centralised power through [[1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis|undermining judicial independence]] and supporting [[1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia|a constitutional amendment]] to remove [[legal immunity]] for royalty. He continued pro-[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|''bumiputera'']] policies, and oversaw Malaysia's relatively fast recovery from the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]]. In 1987, he detained various activists and religious figures under [[Operation Lalang]], and in 1998 had his deputy [[Anwar Ibrahim sodomy trials|Anwar Ibrahim arrested]]. His record of authoritarianism and curtailment of [[civil liberties]] strained relationships with the West. As prime minister, he was an advocate of [[Asian values]] and [[development model]]s, and was particularly prominent across the [[Muslim world]].

Mahathir unexpectedly stepped down in 2003, but remained politically influential and was critical of his successors. He quit UMNO over the [[1MDB corruption scandal]] in 2016, joining [[BERSATU]] and leading the [[Pakatan Harapan]] opposition coalition to victory in the [[2018 Malaysian general election|2018 general election]]. During a [[Second premiership of Mahathir Mohamad|second tenure]] as prime minister, he pledged to investigate the 1MDB scandal, combat corruption, and cut spending on large infrastructure projects. He also secured the pardon and release of [[Anwar Ibrahim]]. Mahathir resigned in 2020 amidst [[2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis|a political crisis]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=6 March 2020 |title=Malaysian machinations: How Southeast Asia's veteran leader lost the plot |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-politics-endgame-insight-idUSKBN20T0HZ |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916214511/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-politics-endgame-insight-idUSKBN20T0HZ |archive-date=16 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2020 |title=Malaysia's 94-year-old PM Tenders His Resignation |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_malaysias-94-year-old-pm-tenders-his-resignation/6184738.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113232332/https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_malaysias-94-year-old-pm-tenders-his-resignation/6184738.html |archive-date=13 January 2022 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=[[Voice of America]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite losing his parliamentary seat in the [[2022 Malaysian general election|2022 general election]], he remained active in politics and shifted party affiliation several times.

Mahathir's [[Political positions of Mahathir Mohamad|political views]] have shifted during his life, and are shaped by his [[Malay nationalism]] and [[Islam in Malaysia|Islamic religious beliefs]].

==Early life and education==
[[File:Tun Dr M house-zamwan.jpg|thumb|Mahathir's birthplace in [[Alor Setar]]|200x200px]]

Mahathir was born at his parents' home in a poor neighbourhood at Lorong Kilang Ais, [[Alor Setar]], in the capital of the Malay sultanate of [[Kedah]] under a [[Unfederated Malay States|British protectorate]], on 10 July 1925.<ref name="Wain8">{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=8}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Mahathir's birth certificate gives his date of birth as 20 December. He was actually born on 10 July; his biographer Barry Wain explains that 20 December was an "arbitrary" date chosen by Mahathir's father for official purposes.<ref name="Wain8"/>|group=note}}

Mahathir's mother, Wan Tempawan Wan Hanapi, was a [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] of Kedah. His father, Mohamad Iskandar, was from [[Penang]] of Malay and [[Malaysian Indians|Indian]] descent. Mahathir's paternal grandfather had come from [[Kerala]], [[British Raj|British India]] and married a Malay woman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leam Seng |first=Alan Teh |date=17 June 2018 |title=Tun M, Father of Modern Malaysia |url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2018/06/380669/tun-m-father-modern-malaysia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817073532/https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2018/06/380669/tun-m-father-modern-malaysia |archive-date=17 August 2019 |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=[[New Straits Times]]}}</ref> Unlike the other [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|prime ministers]] that preceded or succeeded him, he was not born into the aristocracy or a prominent religious or political family.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=5–6}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|[[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] and [[Hussein Onn]] were members of the royalty or had royal ancestry,<ref name="Wain4-5"/> as is Abdul Razak's son [[Najib Razak]]. [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]'s father and grandfather were prominent religious figures.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30D17F738540C718CDDA80994DB404482|title=New Malaysian Leader's Style Stirs Optimism|last=Perlez|first=Jane|date=2 November 2003|work=[[New York Times]]|access-date=12 January 2011}}</ref>|group=note}}

Mohamad Iskandar was the principal of an [[English-medium education|English-medium]] secondary school, whose lower-middle-class status meant his daughters were unable to enrol in a secondary school. Wan Tempawan had only distant relations to members of Kedah's royalty. Both had been married previously. Mahathir was born with six half-siblings and two full-siblings.<ref name="Wain4-5">{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=4–5}}</ref> His childhood home, with a single shared bedroom and no electricity supply, was later converted to a tourist attraction and opened to the public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir's Birthplace or 'Rumah Kelahiran Mahathir' |url=https://www.malaysia.travel/en/ay/places/states-of-malaysia/kedah/mahathirs-birthplace-or-rumah-kelahiran-mahathir |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728200336/http://www.malaysia.travel/en/ay/places/states-of-malaysia/kedah/mahathirs-birthplace-or-rumah-kelahiran-mahathir |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=15 February 2020 |website=[[Tourism Malaysia]]}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Alan Teh |first=Leam Seng |date=30 August 2018 |title=GO: Birthplace of Dr. M |url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/jom/2018/08/406327/go-birthplace-dr-m |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=[[New Straits Times]] |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805195544/https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/jom/2018/08/406327/go-birthplace-dr-m }}</ref>

Mahathir began his education at Seberang Perak Malay Boys School in 1930.<ref name=":11" /> Mahathir was a hard-working student. Discipline imposed by his father motivated him to study, and he showed little interest in sports. Having become fluent in English well ahead of his primary school peers, including editing the English student newspaper and winning a series of language awards,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2000 |title=The Spokesman: Mahathir Mohamad |url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/95/20greats/mahathir.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805165816/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/95/20greats/mahathir.html |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=[[Asiaweek]]}}</ref> he won a position in a [[Selective school|selective]] English-medium secondary school [[Kolej Sultan Abdul Hamid|Government English School]] in 1933.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=6–7}}</ref> With schools closed during the [[Japanese occupation of Malaya]] in [[World War II]], he started a small business, selling coffee and snacks such as ''[[pisang goreng]]'' (banana fritters).<ref name="Wain8" />

After the war, Mahathir graduated from secondary school with the highest rank and enrolled to study [[medicine]] at the [[King Edward VII College of Medicine]] in [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=10–12}}</ref> Mahathir studied medicine at what was then called University of Malaya, later renamed [[University of Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gauhar |first1=Altaf |last2=Mohamad |first2=Mahathir |date=1986 |title=Mahathir Mohamad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3991559 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1080/01436598608419886 |jstor=3991559 |issn=0143-6597 |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805163814/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3991559 |url-status=live }}</ref> When the university granted him an honorary degree in November 2018, he said "I will always value my stay in Singapore for nearly six years."<ref name="nus">{{cite news |last=Yusof |first=Amir |date=13 November 2018 |title=NUS confers honorary degree on Malaysia's PM Mahathir |work=[[Channel NewsAsia]] |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/nus-honorary-degree-mahathir-siti-hasmah-10924728 |url-status=live |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128101543/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/nus-honorary-degree-mahathir-siti-hasmah-10924728 |archive-date=28 November 2018}}</ref>

Mahathir married [[Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali|Siti Hasmah]] in 1956, the two having met in medical college. He returned to Alor Setar in 1957 to establish his practice, Maha Clinic.<ref name=":11" /> He was the town's first Malay physician and a successful one. He built a large house, invested in various businesses, and employed a Chinese man to [[chauffeur]] him in his [[Pontiac Catalina]] (most chauffeurs at the time were Malay).<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=11–13}}</ref><ref name="time_beech_p2">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1552090-1,00.html|title=Not the Retiring Type|last=Beech|first=Hannah|date=29 October 2006|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213165611/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1552090-1,00.html|archive-date=13 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early political career (1959–1970)==
After World War II ended and the Japanese withdrew, the [[British Malaya|British]] grouped the Malay states and the [[Straits Settlements]] into the [[Malayan Union]], and granted citizenship to non-Malays. This caused major backlash from [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]] and a wave of [[Early Malay nationalism|Malay nationalism]] swept across the country. Mahathir became politically activated by these changes, joining protests and activism against the new citizenship policies.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=9}}</ref> Mahathir later argued for [[affirmative action]] for Malays at medical college. While at college, he contributed to ''[[The Straits Times]]'' under the pseudonym "C.H.E. Det" and a student journal, in which he fiercely promoted Malay rights, such as calling for the restoration of [[Malay language|Malay]] as an official language.<ref name="Wain 11–13">{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=11–13}}</ref> While practising as a physician in Alor Setar, Mahathir became active in UMNO. By the time of the [[1959 Malayan general election|first general election]] for the independent state of [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] in 1959, he was the chairman of the party in Kedah.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=19}}</ref>

Despite his prominence in UMNO, Mahathir was not a candidate in the [[1959 Malayan general election|1959 election]], ruling himself out following a disagreement with then Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]. Their relationship had been strained since Mahathir had criticised Tunku's agreement to [[Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement|retain British and Commonwealth forces]] in Malaya after independence. Tunku opposed Mahathir's plans to introduce minimum educational qualifications for UMNO candidates. For Mahathir, this was a significant enough slight to delay his entry into national politics in protest. He contested in the following [[1964 Malaysian general election|general election]] in 1964, and was elected as the federal parliamentarian for the Alor Setar-based seat of [[Kota Star Selatan (federal constituency)|Kota Setar Selatan]].<ref name="Wain 18-19">{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=18–19}}</ref>

Elected to parliament in a volatile political period, Mahathir, as a [[backbencher]], launched himself into the main conflict of the day: [[Singapore]]'s future, with its large and economically powerful [[Chinese Singaporeans|ethnic Chinese population]], [[Singapore in Malaysia|as a state of Malaysia]]. He vociferously attacked Singapore's dominant [[People's Action Party]] for being "pro-Chinese" and "anti-Malay" and called its leader, [[Lee Kuan Yew]], "arrogant". Singapore was [[Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965|expelled from Malaysia]] in Mahathir's first full year in parliament.<ref name="Wain 18-19" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Morais|1982|p=22}}</ref> Despite Mahathir's prominence, he lost his seat in the [[1969 Malaysian general election|1969 election]], defeated by [[Yusof Rawa]] of the [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS).<ref name="tan_51">Tan & Vasil, p. 51</ref> Mahathir attributed the loss of his seat to ethnic Chinese voters switching support from UMNO to PAS. Being a Malay-dominated seat, only the two major Malay parties fielded candidates, leaving Chinese voters to choose between the Malay-centric UMNO and the Islamist PAS.<ref name="Wain 28">{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=28}}</ref>

Large government losses in the election were followed by the [[May 13 Incident|race riots of 13 May 1969]]. Hundreds of people were killed in clashes between Malays and Chinese. In 1968, Mahathir had expressed concern over escalating racial tensions in two newspaper articles, and feared preventative measures would be needed to avoid violence. Outside parliament, he openly criticised the government, also sending an open dissenting letter to Tunku for failing to uphold Malay interests and calling for his resignation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=26}}</ref> By the end of the year, Mahathir was fired from UMNO's Supreme Council and expelled from the party. Tunku had to be persuaded not to have him arrested.<ref name="tan_51" /><ref name="Wain 28" />

Expelled from UMNO, Mahathir wrote his first book, ''[[The Malay Dilemma]]'', in which he set out his vision for the Malay community. The book argued that a balance had to be achieved between government support for Malays, so that their economic interests would not be dominated by the Chinese, and exposing Malays to sufficient competition. Mahathir saw Malays as typically avoiding hard work and failing to "appreciate the real value of money and property", and hoped this balance would rectify this.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=29–30}}</ref> Mahathir criticised Tunku's government in the book, which led to it being [[Book ban|banned]] in Malaysia. The ban was only lifted in 1981 under Mahathir's premiership.<ref name="tan_51" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Morais|1982|p=26}}</ref> Academics R. S. Milne and Diane K. Mauzy argue that Mahathir's relentless attacks were the principal cause of Tunku Abdul Rahman's downfall and subsequent resignation as prime minister in 1970.<ref name="Wain 25">{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|p=25}}</ref>

==Rise to prominence (1970–1981)==
Tunku's successor [[Tun Abdul Razak]] encouraged Mahathir to return to UMNO and appointed him [[Members of the Dewan Negara, 3rd Malaysian Parliament|Senator for Kedah]] in 1973.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morais|1982|p=27}}</ref> Mahathir rose quickly in the [[Second Razak cabinet|Abdul Razak government]], returning to UMNO's Supreme Council in 1973. He was appointed to Cabinet in 1974 as the [[Minister of Education (Malaysia)|Minister for Education]]. He returned to the [[Dewan Rakyat|House of Representatives]] in the [[1974 Malaysian general election|1974 election]], winning the Kedah-based seat of [[Kubang Pasu (federal constituency)|Kubang Pasu]] unopposed.<ref name="tan_51" /> One of his first acts as Minister for Education was to introduce greater government control over [[Universities in Malaysia|Malaysia's universities]], despite strong opposition from the academic community.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morais|1982|pp=28–29}}</ref> He moved to limit politics on university campuses, giving his ministry the power to discipline students and academics who were politically active and making scholarships for students conditional on the avoidance of politics.<ref name="Wain 39">{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=39}}</ref>

In 1975, Mahathir ran for one of the three vice-presidencies of UMNO. The contest was regarded as a struggle for the party's leadership succession, as the health of Abdul Razak and his deputy, [[Hussein Onn]], waned. Each of Abdul Razak's preferred candidates was elected: former Chief Minister of Melaka, [[Ghafar Baba]]; [[Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah]], a wealthy businessman and member of [[Kelantan]]'s royal family; and Mahathir. When Razak died the following year, Hussein, as his successor, had to choose between the three men, alongside Minister of Home Affairs [[Ghazali Shafie]], to be deputy prime minister.<ref name="Milne & Mauzy 1999 27–28">{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|pp=27–28}}</ref><ref name="Wain 2010 33–34">{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=33–34}}</ref>

Mahathir's rivals had significant political liabilities: Ghazali, having been defeated by the others for a vice-presidency, lacked the support of UMNO members. Ghafar had no higher education and was not fluent in English. Razaleigh was young, inexperienced and unmarried. However, Hussein and Mahathir were not close allies, and Hussein knew Mahathir's choice would displease Abdul Razak. After six weeks of indecision, Mahathir was, much to his surprise, appointed as Hussein's deputy. The appointment meant that Mahathir was the anointed successor to the prime ministership.<ref name="Milne & Mauzy 1999 27–28"/><ref name="Wain 2010 33–34"/>

Mahathir did not have much influence as deputy prime minister. Hussein was a cautious leader who rejected many of Mahathir's bold policy proposals, such as a freeway the length of [[Peninsular Malaysia]] and a heavy industries cooperation. Hussein remained distant from Mahathir, while keeping Ghazali and Razaleigh as his close advisors, who often outmanoeuvred Mahathir to reach Hussein. Nonetheless, when Hussein relinquished power due to ill health in 1981, Mahathir succeeded him unopposed and with his blessing.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=38–40}}</ref>

==First term as prime minister (1981–2003)==

=== Early years (1981–1987) ===
[[File:Mahathir 1984.jpg|thumb|Mahathir on a state visit to the United States in 1984.]]
Mahathir was sworn in as prime minister on 16 July 1981, at the age of 56.<ref name="Wain 40">{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=40}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malaysia's fourth Premier sworn in |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/assets/images/ST175/NewspaperSG/1981-07-17/full.jpg |website=[[The Straits Times]] |access-date=12 August 2023 |date=17 July 1981 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812120610/https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/assets/images/ST175/NewspaperSG/1981-07-17/full.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> One of his first acts was to release 21 detainees held under the [[Internal Security Act 1960|Internal Security Act]]. This included journalist [[Abdul Samad Ismail|Samad Ismail]] and [[Abdullah Ahmad]], who was a former deputy minister in Hussein's government but suspected of being an underground [[Communism in Malaysia|communist]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=38}}</ref> He appointed his close ally, [[Musa Hitam]], as deputy prime minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2172673?story_id=2172673|title=The exotic doctor calls it a day|date=3 November 2003|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022231310/http://www.economist.com/node/2172673?story_id=2172673|archive-date=22 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mahathir exercised caution in his first two years in power, consolidating UMNO's leadership and, with victory in the [[1982 Malaysian general election|1982 general election]], the government.<ref>{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|p=28}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sankaran & Hamdan|1988|pp=18–20}}</ref> In 1983, Mahathir undertook one of the first challenges he had with [[Monarchies of Malaysia|Malaysia's royalty]]. The position of [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]], the Malaysian head of state, was due to rotate into either the elderly [[Idris Shah II of Perak|Idris Shah II]] of [[Sultan of Perak|Perak]] or the controversial [[Iskandar of Johor]], who had only a few years earlier been convicted of manslaughter. Mahathir had grave reservations about the two Sultans, who were both activist rulers of their own states.<ref>{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|pp=30–31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Branigin |first=William |date=29 December 1992 |title=Malaysia's Monarchs of Mayhem; Accused of Murder and More, Sultans Rule Disloyal Subjects |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/12/29/malaysias-monarchs-of-mayhem/25a4fb98-e873-4c7f-ba62-65e9cd6e32b2/ |access-date=21 August 2023}}</ref>

Mahathir tried to pre-emptively limit the power that the new Agong could wield over his government. He introduced to parliament amendments to the [[Constitution of Malaysia|Constitution]] to deem the Agong to [[Royal assent|assent]] to any bill that had not been assented within 15 days of passage by Parliament. The proposal removed the power to declare a [[state of emergency]] from the Agong and placed it with the prime minister. The Agong at the time, [[Ahmad Shah of Pahang]], agreed with the proposals in principle, but baulked when he realised that the proposal would deem Sultans to assent to laws passed by state assemblies. Supported by the Sultans, the Agong refused to assent to the constitutional amendments, which had passed both houses of Parliament with comfortable majorities.<ref>{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=203–205}}</ref>

When the public became aware of the impasse, and the Sultans refused to compromise with the government, Mahathir took to the streets to demonstrate public support for his position in mass rallies. The press took the side of the government. A large minority of Malays, including conservative UMNO politicians, and an even larger proportion of the Chinese community supported the Sultans. After five months, the crisis was resolved, as Mahathir and the Sultans agreed to a compromise. The Agong retained the power to declare a state of emergency. However, if he refused to assent to a bill, the bill would return to Parliament, which could then override Agong's veto.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=206–207}}</ref>
{{stack|[[File:1989_Proton_Saga_(Magma)_1.3S_4-door_saloon_(19831439991).jpg|thumb|A 1989 model of the [[Proton Saga]]. Mahathir believed that an [[automotive industry]] could help turn Malaysia into becoming an [[Developed country|industrial nation]]. His government used tariffs to support the development of the [[Proton (automobile)|Proton]] as a Malaysian-made car and limited capital outflow of the [[ringgit]] to foreign countries.|alt=The 2012 [[Proton Prevé]]]]}}

On the economic front, Mahathir inherited the [[Malaysian New Economic Policy|New Economic Policy]] from his predecessors, which was designed to improve the economic position of the [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]—Malaysia's Malays and [[Orang Asli|Indigenous peoples]]—via targets and affirmative action in areas such as corporate ownership and university admission.<ref>{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|pp=51–54}}</ref> Like many of his [[Economic liberalism|economic liberal]] contemporaries such as [[Margaret Thatcher]], Mahathir actively pursued [[privatisation]] of government enterprises from the early 1980s. Mahathir believed this would provide economic opportunities for bumiputera and their businesses.<ref>{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|p=56}}</ref> His government privatised [[List of airlines of Malaysia|airlines]], utilities and [[Telecommunications in Malaysia|telecommunication firms]], accelerating to a rate of about 50 privatisations a year by the mid-1990s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|p=57}}</ref>

While privatisation generally improved the working conditions of Malaysians in privatised industries and raised significant revenue for the government, many privatisations occurred in the absence of open tendering processes and benefited Malays who supported UMNO. One of the most notable infrastructure projects at the time was the construction of the [[North–South Expressway (Malaysia)|North–South Expressway]], a motorway running from the Thai border to Singapore. The contract to construct the expressway was awarded to a business venture of UMNO.<ref>{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|pp=57–59}}</ref> Mahathir oversaw the establishment of the car manufacturer [[Proton (carmaker)|Proton]] as a joint venture between the Malaysian government and [[Mitsubishi]]. By the end of the 1980s, with the support of protective [[tariff]]s, Proton became a profitable enterprise and the largest carmaker in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=97–98}}</ref>

In Mahathir's early years as prime minister, Malaysia experienced a resurgence of [[Islam in Malaysia|Islam]] and [[Conservatism in Malaysia|conservatism]] among Malays. PAS, which had joined UMNO in government in the 1970s, responded to the resurgence by taking an increasingly strident [[Islamism|Islamist]] stand under the leadership of [[Yusof Rawa]]. Mahathir tried to appeal to religious voters by establishing Islamic institutions such as the [[International Islamic University of Malaysia]] which could promote Islamic education under government oversight.<ref name="Milne & Mauzy 1999 80–89">{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|pp=80–89}}</ref>

He managed to draw [[Anwar Ibrahim]], the leader of the [[Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement]] (ABIM), into the ranks of UMNO. In some cases, Mahathir's government employed repression against more extreme exponents of Islamism. [[Ibrahim Libya]], a popular Islamist leader, was killed in a [[Memali Incident|police shoot-out]] in 1985. [[Al-Arqam]], a religious sect, was banned, and its leader, [[Ashaari Mohammad]], arrested under the [[Internal Security Act 1960|Internal Security Act]].<ref name="Milne & Mauzy 1999 80–89"/> Mahathir comprehensively defeated PAS at the polls in [[1986 Malaysian general election|1986]], winning 83 seats of the 84 seats it contested, leaving PAS with just one [[Member of Parliament (Malaysia)|Member of Parliament]] (MP).<ref>{{Harvnb|Sankaran & Hamdan|1988|p=50}}</ref>

=== Power struggles (1987–1990) ===
In 1987, [[Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah]], who had been demoted from Finance Minister to Trade and Industry Minister, [[1987 United Malays National Organisation leadership election|challenged Mahathir for UMNO's presidency]], and effectively the prime ministership. Razaleigh's bid was supported by Musa, who had resigned as deputy prime minister the previous year. While once close allies with Mahathir, both fell out with Musa claiming that Mahathir no longer trusted him. Razaleigh and Musa ran for the UMNO presidency and deputy presidency on a joint ticket against Mahathir and his new choice for deputy [[Abdul Ghafar Baba|Ghafar Baba]].<ref name="Milne & Mauzy 1999 40–43">{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|pp=40–43}}</ref><ref name="Crossette">{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB071EFC3A580C748CDDAB0894D0484D81|title=Malay Party Ruled Illegal, Spurring Conflicts|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=7 February 1988|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519220158/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB071EFC3A580C748CDDAB0894D0484D81&legacy=true&status=nf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mahathir's Team A enjoyed the press's support, most party heavyweights, and even Iskandar, now the Agong. However, other prominent figures such as [[Abdullah Badawi]] supported Team B. In the election, held on 24 April 1987, Team A prevailed. Mahathir was re-elected by a narrow margin, receiving the votes of 761 party delegates to Razaleigh's 718. Ghafar defeated Musa by a slightly larger margin. Mahathir responded by purging seven Team B supporters from his ministry. At the same time, Team B refused to accept defeat and initiated litigation. In an unexpected decision in February 1988, the [[High Courts of Malaysia|High Courts]] ruled that UMNO was an illegal organisation as some of its branches had not been lawfully registered.<ref name="Milne & Mauzy 1999 40–43"/><ref name="Crossette"/>

Each faction raced to register a new party under the UMNO name. Mahathir's side successfully registered the name "UMNO Baru" ("new UMNO"), while Team B's application to register "UMNO Malaysia" was rejected. Nevertheless, UMNO Malaysia registered the party as [[Semangat 46]] instead under Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah's leadership and with the support of Malaysia's surviving former prime ministers – Abdul Rahman and Hussein.<ref>{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|pp=43–44}}</ref> The Lord President of the [[Federal Court of Malaysia|Supreme Court]], [[Salleh Abas]], sent a letter of protest to the Agong, which criticised the prime minister for his comments on the judiciary and called for them to be stopped. Mahathir then suspended Salleh for "gross misbehaviour and conduct", ostensibly because the letter was a breach of protocol. A tribunal set up by Mahathir found Salleh guilty and recommended to the Agong that Salleh be dismissed. Five other judges of the court supported Salleh and were suspended by Mahathir. A newly constituted court dismissed Team B's appeal, allowing Mahathir's faction to continue to use the name UMNO. According to Milne and Mauzy, the episode destroyed the independence of Malaysia's judiciary.<ref>{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|pp=46–49}}</ref>

At the same time as the political and judicial crises, Mahathir initiated a crackdown on opposition dissidents using the [[Internal Security Act 1960|Internal Security Act]]. Mahathir later declared that it was only used to lock up people accused of riots, unlawful assembly, terrorism and those who have murdered police officers. The appointment of several administrators who did not speak Mandarin to Chinese schools provoked an outcry among Chinese Malaysians to the point where UMNO's coalition partners the [[Malaysian Chinese Association]] and [[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|Gerakan]] joined the [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]] (DAP) in protesting the appointments.<ref name="Wain 2010 65–67">{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=65–67}}</ref>

UMNO's Youth wing held a provocative protest that triggered a shooting by a lone Malay gunman. Only Mahathir's interference prevented UMNO from staging a larger protest. Instead, Mahathir ordered what Wain calls "the biggest crackdown on political dissent Malaysia had ever seen". Under [[Operation Lalang]], 119 people were arrested and detained without charge under the Internal Security Act. Mahathir argued that the detentions were necessary to prevent a repeat of the 1969 race riots. Most of the detainees were prominent opposition activists, including the DAP leader, [[Lim Kit Siang]], and nine of his fellow MPs. Three newspapers sympathetic to the opposition were shut down.<ref name="Wain 2010 65–67"/>

Mahathir suffered a heart attack in early 1989.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cheah|first=Boon Keng|title=Malaysia: the making of a nation|year=2002|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=981-230-154-2|page=219}}</ref> He recovered to lead Barisan Nasional to victory in the [[1990 Malaysian general election|1990 election]]. Semangat 46 failed to make any headway outside Razaleigh's home state of Kelantan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kim Hoong Khong|title=Malaysia's general election 1990: continuity, change, and ethnic politics|year=1991|publisher=Institute of South-East Asian Studies|isbn=981-3035-77-3|pages=15–17}}</ref>

=== Economic development to financial crisis (1990–1998) ===
{{stack|[[File:Petronas Towers at night (7025662613).jpg|thumb|350px|right|A view of [[Petronas Twin Towers]] in Kuala Lumpur, which was built under his tenure.]]}}
The expiry of the Malaysian New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1990 allowed Mahathir to outline his economic vision for Malaysia. In 1991, he announced [[Wawasan 2020|Vision 2020]], under which Malaysia would aim to become a fully developed country within 30 years.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=1–3}}</ref> The target would require average economic growth of approximately seven per cent of gross domestic product per annum.<ref>{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|p=165}}</ref> One of Vision 2020's features would be to gradually break down ethnic barriers. Vision 2020 was accompanied by the NEP's replacement, the [[National Development Policy]] (NDP), under which some government programs designed to benefit the [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|''bumiputera'']] exclusively were opened up to other ethnicities.<ref>{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|p=166}}</ref>

The NDP achieved one of its main aims — [[Poverty in Malaysia|poverty]] reduction. By 1995, less than nine per cent of Malaysians lived in poverty, and [[Income inequality in Malaysia|income inequality]] had narrowed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Milne & Mauzy|1999|p=74}}</ref> Mahathir also introduced the [[Bangsa Malaysia]] policy, which aimed to facilitate [[Malaysian Malaysia|greater representation of non-Malay ethnicities in Malaysia]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Beng |first=Ooi Kee |title=Bangsa Malaysia: Vision or Spin? |date=2005 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/malaysia/bangsa-malaysia-vision-or-spin/9D14D6CF047D378FCF64DBFD5EC15F1D |work=Malaysia: Recent Trends and Challenges |pages=47–72 |editor-last=Kesavapany |editor-first=K. |publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute |isbn=978-981-230-554-1 |access-date=22 March 2022 |editor2-last=Saw |editor2-first=Swee-Hock}}</ref> Mahathir's government cut corporate taxes and liberalised financial regulations to attract foreign investment. The economy grew by over nine per cent per annum until 1997, prompting other developing countries to emulate Mahathir's policies.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=104–105}}</ref> Much credit for Malaysia's economic development in the 1990s went to Anwar Ibrahim, appointed by Mahathir as finance minister in 1991.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=280}}</ref> The government rode the economic wave and won the [[1995 Malaysian general election|1995 election]] with an increased majority.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hilley|first=John|title=Malaysia: Mahathirism, hegemony and the new opposition|year=2001|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1-85649-918-9|page=256}}</ref>

Mahathir initiated a series of major infrastructure projects in the 1990s. One of the largest was the [[Multimedia Super Corridor]], a new information technology district south of Kuala Lumpur modelled after [[Silicon Valley]]. Other Mahathir projects included the development of [[Putrajaya]] as the home of Malaysia's public service and bringing a [[Malaysian Grand Prix|Formula One Grand Prix]] to [[Sepang]]. One of the most controversial developments was the [[Bakun Dam]] in Sarawak. The ambitious [[Hydroelectricity in Malaysia|hydro-electric]] project was intended to carry electricity across the [[South China Sea]] to satisfy electricity demand in peninsular Malaysia. Work on the dam was eventually suspended due to the [[1997 Asian financial crisis|Asian financial crisis]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=185–189}}</ref> The [[1997 Southeast Asian haze]], the worst [[Southeast Asian haze|haze event]] in history caused by [[1997 Indonesian forest fires|Indonesian forest fires]], was a major air pollution crisis for the country; Mahathir launched a [[Operation Haze|cross-border firefighting operation]] in response.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Esther |date=8 November 1997 |title=Malaysia, Indonesia signing pact to curb haze |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19971108&id=cLBOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5399,1353 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414165918/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19971108&id=cLBOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5399,1353 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=[[New Straits Times]]}}</ref>

In 1997, the [[1997 Asian financial crisis|Asian financial crisis]] threatened to devastate Malaysia's economy. The value of the [[Malaysian ringgit|ringgit]] plummeted due to currency speculation, foreign investment fled, and the main stock exchange index fell by over 75 per cent. At the urging of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), the government cut government spending. It raised interest rates, which only served to exacerbate the economic situation. In 1998, Mahathir went against the advice of IMF and Anwar by increasing government spending and [[Fixed exchange rate system|fixing]] the ringgit to the US dollar. The result confounded his international critics and the IMF – Malaysia recovered from the crisis faster than its Southeast Asian neighbours. In the [[Separate spheres|domestic sphere]], it was a political triumph. Amidst the economic events of 1998, Mahathir had dismissed Anwar as finance minister and deputy prime minister, taking credit for the economy's recovery despite Anwar's policies.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=105–109}}</ref> Anwar led the [[Reformasi (Malaysia)|''reformasi'' movement]] against Mahathir's government in response.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2020 |title=Anwar Ibrahim: A long-held dream to lead Malaysia |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16440290 |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414165918/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16440290 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1990s, Mahathir found himself at odds with Malaysian royalty over conflicting economic interests. In response to conflicts between Malaysian royals and prospective business leaders, Mahathir's government passed a resolution on royal activities. In the 1992 [[1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia#Gomez Incident|Gomez Incident]], Sultan Iskandar's son, a representative [[field hockey]] player, was suspended from competition for five years for assaulting an opponent. Iskandar retaliated by pulling all Johor hockey teams out of national competitions. When a local coach criticised his decision, Iskandar ordered him to his palace and beat him. The federal parliament unanimously censured Iskandar, and Mahathir took the opportunity to [[1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia|remove the constitutional immunity]] of the sultans from civil and criminal suits. The press backed Mahathir and, in an unprecedented development, started airing allegations of misconduct by members of Malaysia's royal families.<ref name="Wain 2010 208–214">{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=208–214}}</ref>

As the press revealed examples of the rulers' extravagant wealth, Mahathir resolved to cut financial support to royal households. With the press and the government pitted against them, the sultans capitulated to the government's proposals. Their powers to deny assent to bills were limited by further constitutional amendments passed in 1994. With the status and powers of the Malaysian royalty diminished, Wain writes that by the mid-1990s, Mahathir had become the country's "uncrowned king".<ref name="Wain 2010 208–214"/> His policies during his first premiership were later described as "[[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]]" by the [[BBC]].<ref name=":6" />

=== Final years and succession (1998–2003) ===
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad addressing the United Nations General Assembly (September 25 2003).jpg|thumb|Mahathir addressing the [[United Nations General Assembly]], September 2003]]
According to biographer Ian Stewart, by the mid-1990s Anwar's leadership ambition was the most serious threat to Mahathir's power. Anwar began to distance himself from Mahathir, overtly promoting his superior religious credentials and suggesting loosening the restrictions on civil liberties that had become a hallmark of Mahathir's premiership.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stewart|2003|p=32}}</ref> However, Mahathir continued to back Anwar as his successor until the collapse of their relationship during the Asian financial crisis, with Mahathir abandoning the tight monetary and fiscal policies urged by the IMF. Anwar refused to bail out [[Malaysian International Shipping Corp.|Malaysian International Shipping Corp]], in which Mahathir's son Mirzan had interests.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamarudin |first=Raja Petra |date=17 May 2022 |title=Anwar, Mahathir and Daim supported "bailouts" when they were in power |url=https://www.malaysia-today.net/2022/05/17/anwar-mahathir-and-daim-supported-bail-outs-when-they-were-in-power/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |website=Malaysia Today |language=en-US |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824140051/https://www.malaysia-today.net/2022/05/17/anwar-mahathir-and-daim-supported-bail-outs-when-they-were-in-power/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the UMNO General Assembly in 1998, a leading Anwar supporter, [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]], criticised the government for not doing enough to combat [[Corruption in Malaysia|corruption]] and [[cronyism]]. As Mahathir took the reins of Malaysia's economic policy over the coming months, Anwar was increasingly sidelined. On 2 September, he was dismissed as deputy prime minister and finance minister and promptly expelled from UMNO. No immediate reasons were given for the dismissal. However, the media speculated that it related to lurid allegations of sexual misconduct circulated in a "poison pen letter" at the general assembly.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stewart|2003|pp=64–86}}</ref> As more allegations surfaced, large public rallies were held in support of Anwar. On 20 September, he was arrested and placed in detention under the Internal Security Act.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stewart|2003|pp=106–111}}</ref>

Anwar stood trial on four charges of corruption, arising from allegations that Anwar abused his power by ordering police to intimidate persons who had alleged Anwar had sodomised them. Before Anwar's trial, Mahathir told the press that he was convinced of Anwar's guilt. He was found guilty in April 1999 and sentenced to six years in prison. In [[Anwar Ibrahim sodomy trials|another trial]] shortly after, Anwar was sentenced to another nine years in prison on a conviction for sodomy. The sodomy conviction was overturned on appeal after Mahathir left office.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=293–299}}</ref>

Anwar's conviction drew criticism from the international community and led to a loss in domestic support for the ruling coalition. US Secretary of State [[Madeleine Albright]] defended Anwar as a "highly respectable leader" who was "entitled to due process and a fair trial"<ref>{{Harvnb|Stewart|2003|p=141}}</ref> and met with Anwar's wife, [[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lev |first=Michael A. |date=14 November 1998 |title=Albright to Meet Wife of Jailed Malaysian Former Deputy Leader |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1998-11-14-9811140106-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317161613/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1998-11-14-9811140106-story.html |archive-date=17 March 2019}}</ref> At the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]] summit in 1999, Canadian Prime Minister [[Jean Chrétien]] refused to meet Mahathir, while his foreign minister also met with Wan Azizah.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stewart|2003|pp=140–141}}</ref> Wan Azizah had formed a liberal opposition party, the [[Keadilan|National Justice Party]] (''Keadilan'') to contest in the [[1999 Malaysian general election|1999 election]]. UMNO lost 18 seats and two state governments as large numbers of Malays voted for PAS or Keadilan in protest of Anwar's treatment.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=79–80}}</ref>

In September 2001, debate aroused after Mahathir announced that Malaysia was already an [[Islamic state]];<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-82481114/the-islamic-state-or-the-state-of-islam-in-malaysia|title=The Islamic State or the State of Islam in Malaysia|last=Martinez|first=Patricia A.|date=1 December 2001|journal=Contemporary Southeast Asia|volume=23|issue=3|pages=474–503|doi=10.1355/CS23-3E|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028201447/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-82481114/the-islamic-state-or-the-state-of-islam-in-malaysia|archive-date=28 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> this caused uneasiness among non-Muslims in Malaysia, whilst the opposition [[DAP Malaysia|DAP]] launched a campaign characterising this as a violation of the [[Social contract (Malaysia)|social contract]] and [[Constitution of Malaysia|constitution]].<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2002 |title=Malaysia a fundamentalist Islamic country, says PM |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/11804 |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=[[Malaysiakini]] |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817083532/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/11804 |url-status=live }}</ref> At UMNO's general assembly in 2002, he announced that he would resign as prime minister, only for supporters to rush to the stage and convince him tearfully to remain. He subsequently fixed his retirement for October 2003, giving him time to ensure an orderly and uncontroversial transition to his anointed successor, Abdullah Badawi.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=80}}</ref> Having spent over 22 years in office, Mahathir was the world's longest-serving elected leader when he retired.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/malaysia/1445602/Mahathir-bows-out-with-parting-shot-at-the-Jews.html|title=Mahathir bows out with parting shot at the Jews|last=Spillius|first=Alex|date=31 October 2003|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=UK|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104212437/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/malaysia/1445602/Mahathir-bows-out-with-parting-shot-at-the-Jews.html|archive-date=4 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Foreign relations===
{{main|List of international prime ministerial trips made by Mahathir Mohamad during his first term|}}

[[File:Putin in Malaysia - August 5 2003 - 9.jpg|thumb|Mahathir with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in 2003]]
During Mahathir's term, Mahathir maintained a collaborative relationship with the West, despite him being an outspoken critic<ref name="warcrimes">{{cite news |date=31 January 2007 |title=Mahathir to launch war crimes tribunal |publisher=The Star (Associated Press) |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/1/31/nation/20070131173214&sec=nation |url-status=dead |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612065755/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F1%2F31%2Fnation%2F20070131173214&sec=nation |archive-date=12 June 2008}}</ref> and prioritised [[development model]]s and collaboration from elsewhere in Asia.<ref name=":17" /> Early during his tenure, a small disagreement with the [[Malaysia–United Kingdom relations|United Kingdom]] over university [[Tuition fees in the United Kingdom|tuition fees]] led to a boycott of all British goods led by Mahathir, in what became known as the "Buy British Last" campaign.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2010 |title=Creativity – the key to NEM's success |work=[[The Star Online]] |url=http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/8/14/business/6846948&sec=business |url-status=live |access-date=4 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814223444/http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F8%2F14%2Fbusiness%2F6846948&sec=business |archive-date=14 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last1=Pandian |first1=Sivamurugan |last2=Fauzi Abdul Hamid |first2=Ahmad |last3=Singh |first3=Paramjit Singh Jamir |last4=Syed Sopi |first4=Saiyid Radzuwan |date=1 January 2021 |editor-last=Read |editor-first=Robert |title='Look East Policy' after 35 years from social sciences perspectives: A new paradigm for Japan-Malaysia relations 1982-2017 |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/23311886.2021.2005276 |issn=2331-1886 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Mahathir successfully negotiated with [[Suharto]] for the 27-year [[Ligitan and Sipadan dispute]] with Indonesia be resolved at the [[International Court of Justice]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 1996 |title=KL, Jakarta agree to settle isles dispute at international court |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/biztimes19961008-1.2.16.1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230205/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/biztimes19961008-1.2.16.1 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[The Business Times (Singapore)|The Business Times]] |page=6}}</ref> In a shift from his predecessors, Mahathir frequently condemned [[Israel]] and ensured Malaysian support for the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], although toned down his criticisms after the [[Oslo Accords]] were agreed.<ref name=":1" />

Mahathir's relationship with [[Australia]] and its political leaders was particularly rocky. Although [[Malaysia-Australia relations]] were collaborative, Mahathir was publicly critical of the country's [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|colonial history]] and close relations with the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir vs Australia Redux |url=https://thediplomat.com/2011/04/mahathir-vs-australia-redux/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818153925/https://thediplomat.com/2011/04/mahathir-vs-australia-redux/ |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=[[The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Relations reached a low point in 1993 when [[Paul Keating]] described Mahathir as "recalcitrant" for not attending the [[APEC summit]]. The Malaysian government threatened trade sanctions as a response, while the Australian government claimed that Keating's description was a linguistic gaffe, and that what he had in mind was "intransigent".<ref>{{cite news |author=Joseph Masilamany |date=29 June 2006 |title=Mending fences |work=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]] |publisher= |url=http://www.sun2surf.com/article.cfm?id=14613 |url-status=dead |access-date=10 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304163036/http://www.sun2surf.com/article.cfm?id=14613 |archive-date=4 March 2009}}</ref>

Mahathir was prominent at the [[Earth Summit|1992 Earth Summit]], arguing against an international [[Sustainable forest management|forest conservation]] treaty over what he saw as the undue impact on the development of poorer [[Global South]] countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panjabi |first=Dr. Ranee K.L. |date=1992 |title=The South and the Earth Summit: The Development/Environment Dichotomy |url=https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol11/iss1/4/ |journal=Penn State International Law Review |volume=11 |issue=1}}</ref> He had previously threatened to pull Malaysia out of the summit if environmentalists intended to criticise [[Deforestation in Malaysia|logging in the country]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Pratap |date=24 August 1991 |title=Boycott could mar Earth Summit |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13117831-000-boycott-could-mar-earth-summit/ |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=[[New Scientist]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2003, Mahathir spoke to the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] in Kuala Lumpur, where he blamed Western nations and Israel for a global rise in [[terrorism]]."<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=25 February 2003 |title=Bali victims 'collateral damage' |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |location=Sydney |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/bali-victims-collateral-damage-20030225-gdgbvz.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317161613/https://www.smh.com.au/national/bali-victims-collateral-damage-20030225-gdgbvz.html |archive-date=17 March 2019}}</ref>

==== "Look East" policy ====
[[File:Junichiro Koizumi Mahathir Mohamad at the new PM Office in 2002 (1).jpg|thumb|On 21 May 2002, Mahathir and Japanese Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]] in [[Prime Minister's Official Residence (Japan)|Japanese Prime Minister's Official Residence]]]]
Mahathir announced a "Look East" policy in 1982.<ref name=":17" /> Under "Look East", Mahathir particularly prioritised [[Japan–Malaysia relations|relations with Japan]], hoping this would bolster Malaysia's economy and that Japanese work ethic, values and moral norms would have a positive influence on Malaysians.<ref name=":17" /> Mahathir also strengthened [[China–Malaysia relations|political and economic cooperation with China]], whilst maintaining diplomatic ambivalence on security issues to avoid escalating [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]]. He openly criticised China's involvement in [[Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)|Malaysia's communist insurgency]], but downplayed any military threat from China after the [[Cold War]] ended.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shee |first=Poon Kim |date=2004 |title=The political economy of Mahathir's China policy: Economic cooperation, political and strategic ambivalence. |url=https://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/ir/isaru/assets/file/raris/raris-03-shee.pdf |journal=Ritsumeikan Annual Review of International Studies |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=59–79 |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502115108/https://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/ir/isaru/assets/file/raris/raris-03-shee.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Amidst the Asian financial crisis, Mahathir also led several large delegations to China and [[Russia]] to seek regional economic cooperation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Billington |first=Gail G. |date=3 September 1999 |title=Malaysia's Prime Minister Mahathir strengthens ties to Russia, China |url=https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1999/eirv26n35-19990903/eirv26n35-19990903_043-malaysias_prime_minister_mahathi.pdf |journal=[[Executive Intelligence Review]] |volume=26 |issue=35 |pages=43–45 |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506172920/https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1999/eirv26n35-19990903/eirv26n35-19990903_043-malaysias_prime_minister_mahathi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

====United States====
{{main|Malaysia–United States relations}}
{{Quote box
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| quote = Democracy confers a stamp of [[Legitimacy (political science)|legitimacy]] that reforms must have in order to be effective. And so, among nations suffering economic crises, we continue to hear calls for democracy, calls for reform, in many languages – [[People Power Revolution|People Power]], [[Đổi Mới|doi moi]], [[Reformasi (Malaysia)|reformasi]]. We hear them today – right here, right now – among the brave people of Malaysia.
| salign = right
| source = –[[Al Gore]] at the 1998 [[APEC]] Summit in Malaysia<ref name="Gore Anger">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/11/17/gore-remarks-anger-malaysian-leaders/9ecba3bf-0428-4bdc-8f04-892d64c332c1/?noredirect=on|title=GORE REMARKS ANGER MALAYSIAN LEADERS|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Paul|last=Blustein|date=17 November 1998|access-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105094313/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/11/17/gore-remarks-anger-malaysian-leaders/9ecba3bf-0428-4bdc-8f04-892d64c332c1/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.2a3b52406506|archive-date=5 January 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}The [[United States]] was the biggest foreign investment source and one of Malaysia's closest allies during Mahathir's rule.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gong |first=Gerrit W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_CBbSl1NIcC&pg=PA145 |title=Memory and History in East and Southeast Asia: Issues of Identity in International Relations |date=2001 |publisher=CSIS |isbn=978-0-89206-399-4 |language=en |access-date=11 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820174442/https://books.google.com/books?id=o_CBbSl1NIcC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=W. Shawaluddin W. |last2=Peters |first2=Diana |title=Malaysia-The United States Relations in the 1990S: Rhetoric and Realities |date=2003 |url=https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/SEJARAH/article/view/9138 |journal=SEJARAH: Journal of the Department of History |language=en |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=139–154 |doi=10.22452/sejarah.vol11no11.8 |issn=2756-8253 |doi-access=free |access-date=7 August 2023 |archive-date=7 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807064839/https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/SEJARAH/article/view/9138 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2003 house hearing by the Subcommittee on East Asia and the Pacific of the U.S. House International Relations Committee (now called the [[House Committee on Foreign Affairs]]) summarises the relationship between the United States and Malaysia as follows: "Despite sometimes blunt and intemperate public remarks by Prime Minister Mahathir, U.S.-Malaysian cooperation has a solid record in areas as diverse as education, trade, military relations, and [[counter-terrorism]]."<ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2003 |title=U.S. Interests and Policy Priorities in Southeast Asia |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2003/19086.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117075445/https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2003/19086.htm |archive-date=17 November 2017 |access-date=16 March 2019 |website=U.S. Department of State Archive (2001–2009) |publisher=The Office of Website Management, Bureau of Public Affair}}</ref> Mahathir was publicly critical of the [[Foreign Policy of the United States|foreign policy of the United States]], particularly during [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush's presidency]].<ref name="outspoken critic">{{cite web |title=Commanding Heights: Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/int_mahathirbinmohamad.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222184145/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/int_mahathirbinmohamad.html |archive-date=22 December 2007 |access-date=1 February 2008 |website=[[PBS.org]] |publisher=}}</ref>

In 1998, US vice-president [[Al Gore]] gave a speech expressing sympathy for the [[Reformasi (Malaysia)|Reformasi movement]] at the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) conference hosted by Malaysia, infuriating Mahathir and other ministers.<ref name=":15">{{cite web |date=18 November 1998 |title=Reform protests follow Gore's Malaysia speech |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/216500.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324003209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/216500.stm |archive-date=24 March 2009 |access-date=26 January 2008 |website=[[BBC News]] |agency=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name="Gore Anger" /> Analysts interpreted Gore's comments as criticism of Anwar's imprisonment.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stewart|2003|p=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Butler |first=Steven |date=15 November 1998 |title=Turning the Tables in a Very Tawdry Trial |work=[[usnews.com]] |publisher= |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/981123/archive_005241.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=20 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822234423/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/981123/archive_005241.htm |archive-date=22 August 2009}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> Anwar was the preeminent Malaysian spokesperson for the economic policies and reforms preferred by the IMF.<ref name="Kamarudin 2004 l066">{{cite web |last=Symonds |first=Peter |date=8 December 2004 |title=What Anwar Ibrahim means by "reformasi" in Malaysia |url=http://www.malaysia-today.net/SunWDML/2004_10_03_MT_SunWDML_archive.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041208023406/http://www.malaysia-today.net/SunWDML/2004_10_03_MT_SunWDML_archive.htm |archive-date=8 December 2004 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=[[Malaysia Today]]}}</ref>

The United States government also criticised the Malaysian government for its use of the Internal Security Act. Mahathir pointed to the United States to justify his actions. In speaking of [[arbitrary detention]] without trial of [[Prisoner of conscience|prisoners of conscience]] in Malaysia, he said: "Events in the United States have shown that there are instances where certain special powers need to be used in order to protect the public for the general good."<ref>Bovard, James. ''Terrorism and Tyranny: Trampling Freedom, Justice, and Peace to Rid the World of Evil''. St. Martin's Press, 2015. {{ISBN|9781466892767}}.</ref>

====Singapore====
[[Malaysia–Singapore relations|Relations with Singapore]] under Mahathir's tenure were often tense, and he clashed with prime minister [[Lee Kuan Yew]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2018 |title=Malaysia's Najib criticizes Singapore ties under Mahathir |url=https://apnews.com/8140f04ddce643ddb4aa241166bb45f7 |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805173612/https://apnews.com/8140f04ddce643ddb4aa241166bb45f7 |url-status=live }}</ref> Singapore's requests to Malaysia to move its railway immigration checkpoint away from [[Tanjong Pagar railway station|Tanjong Pagar]] and [[Water conflicts between Malaysia and Singapore|disputes over water payments]] were major disagreements between the two countries.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=5 August 1998 |title=Ties Strained Over Water and a Checkpoint : Malaysia's Leader Fires Hot Words at Singapore (Published 1998) |work=The New York Times |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/05/IHT-ties-strained-over-water-and-a-checkpoint-malaysias-leader-fires-hot.html |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820174522/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/05/IHT-ties-strained-over-water-and-a-checkpoint-malaysias-leader-fires-hot.html |url-status=live |last1=Fuller |first1=Thomas }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 1998 |title=Mahathir threatens to take home his train set |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mahathir-threatens-to-take-home-his-train-set-1170635.html |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805173614/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mahathir-threatens-to-take-home-his-train-set-1170635.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Points of Agreement of 1990 set out the terms for developing land for a [[Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System|Rapid Transit System]], although disputes still continued throughout the following decade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 1998 |title=News makers |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/newpaper19980708-1.2.7.7 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[The New Paper]] |page=7 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810232252/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/newpaper19980708-1.2.7.7 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mahathir and Singaporean counterparts also oversaw a [[Pedra Branca dispute|dispute over the ownership of Pedra Branca]], several islets between the two countries, with an agreed exchange of documents to settle ownership of the islets in 1981 being delayed until at least 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 1992 |title=Pedra Branca: S'pore sends another reminder to Malaysia |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19920317-1.2.7.7?qt=mahathir,%20singapore,%20pedra,%20branca&q=mahathir%20singapore%20pedra%20branca |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[The New Straits Times]] |pages=3 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230204/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19920317-1.2.7.7?qt=mahathir,%20singapore,%20pedra,%20branca&q=mahathir%20singapore%20pedra%20branca |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] further escalated tensions, with Singapore offering high interest rates for ringgit deposits leading to cash flow issues in Malaysia.<ref name=":13" /> Many disputed issues raised during his administration were still not resolved as of 2018.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2019 |title=What are the sticking points in Malaysia-Singapore relations? |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/explained/article/2182048/not-quite-handbags-dawn-malaysia-singapore-air-and-sea-tensions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805173612/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/explained/article/2182048/not-quite-handbags-dawn-malaysia-singapore-air-and-sea-tensions |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref>

On [[Death and state funeral of Lee Kuan Yew|Lee Kuan Yew's death]] in March 2015, Mahathir wrote an entry on his blog, expressing grief at the news. Although he often disagreed with Lee, Mahathir wrote that he bore him no enmity for the differences of opinion on the direction of Singapore's development, and that [[ASEAN]] had lost the strong leadership of both Lee and [[Soeharto]] of Indonesia, who had died in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kuan Yew and I |url=http://chedet.cc/?p=1620 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002093251/http://chedet.cc/?p=1620 |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=29 September 2016 |website=chedet.cc}}</ref> Some analysts observed that with Lee's death, Mahathir was the last of the "Old Guard" of Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 April 2015 |title=With Lee Kuan Yew's death, Mahathir Mohamad is the last of Southeast Asia's old guard |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1756234/lee-kuan-yews-death-mahathir-mohamad-last-southeast-asias-old-guard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002154831/http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1756234/lee-kuan-yews-death-mahathir-mohamad-last-southeast-asias-old-guard |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=29 September 2016 |website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref> On the anniversary of Lee's death, Mahathir told the media that Singaporeans must recognise Lee's contributions towards industrialising Singapore. He said that he does not view Lee "as an enemy and all that, but as a Singapore leader who had his own stand that was not the same with the stand of Malaysia".<ref>{{cite news |date=5 April 2016 |title=Lee Kuan Yew was pivotal to Singapore's success: Mahathir |work=[[Straits Times]] |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/lee-kuan-yew-was-pivotal-to-singapores-success-mahathir |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003065739/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/lee-kuan-yew-was-pivotal-to-singapores-success-mahathir |archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref>

====Bosnia and Herzegovina====
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad bust in Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|200x200px|In 2020, a monument dedicated to Mahathir was erected in the Bosnian capital [[Sarajevo]].<ref name=":9" />]]
Mahathir was a prominent international advocate for [[Bosniaks]] in Bosnia and Herzegovina during his tenure. His government permitted Bosnians to come to Malaysia without a visa during the [[Bosnian War]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karcic |first=Hamza |date=8 October 2020 |title=Haven Far From Home: The Bosniaks of Malaysia |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/10/08/haven-far-from-home-the-bosniaks-of-malaysia/ |website=[[Balkan Insight]] |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115183639/https://balkaninsight.com/2020/10/08/haven-far-from-home-the-bosniaks-of-malaysia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Kirat |title=A Monument Dedicated To Dr Mahathir Was Just Unveiled In Europe For Ending The Most Controversial War In The 90s |url=https://www.therakyatpost.com/fun/2020/12/27/a-monument-dedicated-to-dr-mahathir-was-just-unveiled-in-europe-for-ending-the-most-controversial-war-in-the-90s/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=[[The Rakyat Post]] |date=27 December 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115183648/https://www.therakyatpost.com/fun/2020/12/27/a-monument-dedicated-to-dr-mahathir-was-just-unveiled-in-europe-for-ending-the-most-controversial-war-in-the-90s/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was influential in the establishment of an [[OIC]] summit in [[Karachi]] in 1993 to discuss the need for weapons for [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] during the War.<ref name=":9" /> Malaysia sent [[United Nations peacekeeping|UN Peacekeeping]] forces to Bosnia and was part of the [[Contact Group (Balkans)|Contact Group]] advocating for Bosnia at the UN.<ref name=":9" />

==Interim years (2003–2018)==
===Retirement from politics (2003–2015)===
[[File:Mahathir 2007.jpg|thumb|Mahathir at [[Hari Merdeka|National Day]] celebrations in August 2007]]
On his retirement, Mahathir was named a [[Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara|Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm]], allowing him to adopt the title of "Tun".<ref>{{cite news |date=31 October 2003 |title=Mahathir honoured as he steps down |work=[[The Age]] |location=Australia |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/31/1067597152513.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106110701/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/31/1067597152513.html |archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref> He pledged to leave politics "completely", rejecting an emeritus role in Abdullah's cabinet.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=307}}</ref> Abdullah immediately made his mark as a quieter and less adversarial premier. With stronger religious credentials than Mahathir, he beat back PAS's surge in the 1999 election and lead the Barisan Nasional in the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 election]] to its biggest win ever, taking 199 of 219 parliamentary seats.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=307–318}}</ref>

Mahathir was the CEO and Chairman, and hence a senior adviser, for many flagship Malaysian companies such as [[Proton (automobile)|Proton]], [[Perdana Leadership Foundation]] and Malaysia's government-owned oil and gas company [[Petronas]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=322}}</ref> Mahathir and [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi|Abdullah]] had a major fallout over Proton in 2005. While Abdullah was attempting to reform the company and implemented high import [[tariff]]s on foreign cars, Mahathir accused Abdullah's government of [[cronyism]] in relation to import licences.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2005 |title=Mahathir raises heat in feud on Malaysian carmaker (Published 2005) |language=en |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/29/business/worldbusiness/mahathir-raises-heat-in-feud-on-malaysian-carmaker.html |access-date=20 August 2023}}</ref> Proton's chief executive, a Mahathir ally, had been sacked by the company's board. With Abdullah's blessing, Proton then sold one of its prise assets, the motorcycle company [[MV Agusta]], which was bought on Mahathir's advice.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=320}}</ref>

Mahathir criticised the awarding of import permits for foreign cars, which he claimed were causing Proton's domestic sales to suffer,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/family-ties-lubricate-malaysia-wheels-of-power/2005/08/09/1123353320054.html|title=Family ties lubricate Malaysia wheels of power|last=Backman|first=Michael|date=10 August 2005|work=The Age|location=Australia|access-date=12 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628183440/http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/family-ties-lubricate-malaysia-wheels-of-power/2005/08/09/1123353320054.html|archive-date=28 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and attacked Abdullah for cancelling the construction of a second causeway between Malaysia and Singapore.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=321}}</ref>

Mahathir complained that his views were not getting sufficient airing by the [[Mass media in Malaysia|Malaysian press]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=323–25}}</ref> In response, be began writing a column for ''[[Malaysiakini]]'' and starting his own blog.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=325}}</ref> He unsuccessfully sought election from his local party division to be a delegate to UMNO's general assembly in 2006, where he planned to initiate a challenge to Abdullah's leadership.<ref name="Wain 2010 326">{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=326}}</ref> After the [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008 election]], in which UMNO lost its two-thirds majority in parliament, Mahathir resigned from the party. When Abdullah was replaced by his deputy [[Najib Razak]] in 2009, Mahathir re-joined the party.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|pp=329–32}}</ref>

Mahathir established the Kuala Lumpur Initiative to Criminalise War Forum in an effort to end war globally,<ref>{{cite news |last=Buang |first=Salleh |date=23 April 2015 |title=A dream to criminalise war |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/dream-criminalise-war |work=The New Straits Times |access-date=2 April 2019 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402122455/https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/dream-criminalise-war |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as the [[Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission]] to investigate the activities of the United States, [[Israel]] and its allies in Iraq, [[Lebanon]] and the [[Palestinian territories]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission |url=http://www.brussellstribunal.org/KL.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030000757/http://www.brussellstribunal.org/KL.htm |archive-date=30 October 2011 |access-date=2 November 2011 |website=Brussels Tribune}}</ref> In March 2015, Mahathir attended a conference where he stated his belief in a "[[New World Order (conspiracy theory)|New World Order]]", where an elite would attempt rule the planet in a single world government, and exterminate billions of humans.<ref>{{Citation |title=FULL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE THE "NEW WORLD ORDER" A RECIPE FOR WAR or PEACE! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-2V3F4AQF8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/1-2V3F4AQF8 |language=en |access-date=24 September 2021 |archive-date=12 December 2021 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Dr M warns against New World Order">{{cite web |title=Dr M warns against New World Order |url=http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/News_2015/Rare/March/NewStraits%20Times/NST-100315.pdf |accessdate=6 October 2021 |work=PERDANA LIBRARY PERDANA LEADERSHIP FOUNDATION |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925132558/http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/News_2015/Rare/March/NewStraits%20Times/NST-100315.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Return to politics (2015–2018)===
Mahathir repeatedly called for prime minister [[Najib Razak]] to resign over the [[1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal|1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) corruption scandal]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 October 2015 |title=Dr M, BN men have every right to meet up, Nur Jazlan says |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/dr-m-bn-men-every-meet-nur-jazlan-100000465.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017174638/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/dr-m-bn-men-every-meet-nur-jazlan-100000465.html |archive-date=17 October 2015 |access-date=14 October 2015 |website=[[Yahoo News|Yahoo! News Singapore]]}}</ref> On 30 August 2015, he and Siti Hasmah attended the [[Bersih 4 rally]], a mass protest organised in response to the scandal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr M shows up at Bersih 4 rally, with Dr Siti Hasmah (VIDEO) |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/dr-m-shows-up-at-bersih-4-rally |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920100442/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/dr-m-shows-up-at-bersih-4-rally |archive-date=20 September 2016 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=[[The Malay Mail]]}}</ref> In 2016, Mahathir chaired the [[Malaysian Citizens' Declaration]], which brought together several political figures and non-governmental organisations in calling for Najib's resignation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaysia alliance demands removal of scandal-hit PM Najib |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-alliance-demands/2572686.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611000255/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-alliance-demands/2572686.html |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=[[Channel News Asia]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Malaysia's Mahathir and opposition sign declaration to oust Najib |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-and-opposition-sign-declaration-to-oust-najib |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406220116/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-and-opposition-sign-declaration-to-oust-najib |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=[[Straits Times]] |publisher=}}</ref>

Mahathir left UMNO in 2016, and formed [[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia]] (BERSATU).<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia's PM in danger as Mahathir quits party |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-mahathir-idUSKLR14546620080519 |url-status=live |access-date=11 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511145928/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-mahathir-idUSKLR14546620080519 |archive-date=11 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mahathir quits Umno, calling it 'Najib's party' |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-quits-umno-calling-it-najibs-party |url-status=live |access-date=11 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512071928/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-quits-umno-calling-it-najibs-party |archive-date=12 May 2018}}</ref> The new party was officially registered on 9 September 2016, and Mahathir became its chairman.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 September 2016 |title=Dr Mahathir's new party officially registered |work=[[Free Malaysia Today]] |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/09/09/dr-mahathirs-new-party-officially-registered/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015145627/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/09/09/dr-mahathirs-new-party-officially-registered/ |archive-date=15 October 2016}}</ref> By 2017, he had officially joined the opposition coalition [[Pakatan Harapan]]. Negotiations then took place between different factions of the coalition for Mahathir to become the chairman and prime ministerial candidate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahathir Mohamad's return shows the sorry state of Malaysian politics|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21724432-former-prime-minister-reinventing-himself-leader-opposition-mahathir-mohamads|access-date=2 July 2017|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701235202/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21724432-former-prime-minister-reinventing-himself-leader-opposition-mahathir-mohamads|archive-date=1 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He assumed the position of chairman on 14 July 2017, despite reservations from supporters of [[Anwar Ibrahim]], who could not contest in polls himself while imprisoned.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahathir named chairman, Anwar named de facto leader of Pakatan Harapan |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-named-chairman-anwar-named-de-facto-leader-of-pakatan-rakyat |url-status=live |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515185345/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-named-chairman-anwar-named-de-facto-leader-of-pakatan-rakyat |archive-date=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 May 2018 |title=Anwar credits Wan Azizah, Siti Hasmah, for reconciliation with Mahathir |work=[[New Straits Times]] |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/anwar-credits-wan-azizah-siti-hasmah-for-reconciliation-with-mahathir |access-date=1 December 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307163506/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/anwar-credits-wan-azizah-siti-hasmah-for-reconciliation-with-mahathir |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017 Mahathir referred to Najib as "a prime minister who came from 'Bugis pirates'" and remarked, "go back to [[Sulawesi]]". [[Bugis]] people in Malaysia and Indonesia criticised his language and protested against him.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bugis hurt by 'pirate' remark, Dr Mahathir told |work=[[The Star Online]] |agency= |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/10/18/bugis-descendents-protest-against-mahathirs-pirate-remark/ |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055426/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/10/18/bugis-descendents-protest-against-mahathirs-pirate-remark/ |archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>

In early 2018, Mahathir was announced as Pakatan Harapan's prime ministerial candidate for the [[2018 Malaysian general election|upcoming general election]]. [[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail|Wan Azizah]], wife of his former political enemy Anwar, ran as his deputy.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 January 2018 |title=Mahathir Mohamad: Ex-Malaysia PM, 92, to run for office |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42603220 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111033621/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42603220 |archive-date=11 January 2018 |access-date=11 January 2018 |website=[[BBC News]] |publisher=}}</ref> Mahathir's election promise was to seek a [[pardon]] for Anwar, in order to allow him to take over as prime minister after an interim period.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hodge |first=Amanda |date=9 January 2018 |title=Mahathir Mohammad runs for PM in partnership with former rival Anwar Ibrahim |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/mahathir-mohammad-runs-for-pm-in-partnership-with-former-rival-anwar-ibrahim/news-story/08387ad835ac31d78ab749b0213aed3d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224083136/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/mahathir-mohammad-runs-for-pm-in-partnership-with-former-rival-anwar-ibrahim/news-story/08387ad835ac31d78ab749b0213aed3d |archive-date=24 February 2020 |access-date=11 January 2018 |work=[[The Australian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Malhi |first=Amrita |date=12 January 2018 |title=Mahathir Mohamad crops up again in bid to lead Malaysia – with Anwar on the same side |url=https://theconversation.com/mahathir-mohamad-crops-up-again-in-bid-to-lead-malaysia-with-anwar-on-the-same-side-89917 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111213006/http://theconversation.com/mahathir-mohamad-crops-up-again-in-bid-to-lead-malaysia-with-anwar-on-the-same-side-89917 |archive-date=11 January 2018 |access-date=11 January 2018 |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref>

==Second term as prime minister (2018–2020)==
{{main|Second premiership of Mahathir Mohamad}}

[[File:Secretary Pompeo and Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad (42910851015).jpg|thumb|Mahathir meets with US Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] in 2018]]
[[File:Rodrigo Duterte and Mahathir Mohamad (Pacquiao vs Matthysse).jpg|thumb|Mahathir and Philippine president [[Rodrigo Duterte]], 15 July 2018]]
Pakatan Harapan defeated Barisan Nasional in the [[2018 Malaysian general election|2018 general election]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Tay |first=Chester |date=10 May 2018 |title=Tun M hopes to be sworn in as PM by 5pm today |url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/tun-m-hopes-be-sworn-pm-5pm-today |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013031/http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/tun-m-hopes-be-sworn-pm-5pm-today |archive-date=11 May 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018 |work=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge Markets]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=9 January 2018 |title=How old is too old to be a world leader? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/01/09/how-old-is-too-old-to-be-a-world-leader |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110135856/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/01/09/how-old-is-too-old-to-be-a-world-leader/ |archive-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> Concerns for a [[Peaceful transition of power|smooth power transition]] emerged as Najib declared that no party had achieved a majority.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2018 |title=Najib: No party has simple majority |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/424051 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510062746/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/424051 |archive-date=10 May 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018 |website=[[Malaysiakini]] |agency=}}</ref> The [[Istana Negara, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim|National Palace of Malaysia]] subsequently confirmed Mahathir would be sworn in as Malaysia's seventh prime minister, refuting any claims of delaying the appointment.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2018 |title=Istana Negara confirms Dr M to be sworn in tonight, refutes claims of delaying PM appointment |url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/istana-negara-confirms-dr-m-be-sworn-tonight-refutes-claims-delaying-pm-appointment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013243/http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/istana-negara-confirms-dr-m-be-sworn-tonight-refutes-claims-delaying-pm-appointment |archive-date=11 May 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018 |website=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge Markets]] |agency=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahathir sworn in as Malaysia's 7th Prime Minister |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-sworn-in-as-malaysias-7th-prime-minister |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512044839/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-sworn-in-as-malaysias-7th-prime-minister |archive-date=12 May 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018 |website=[[The Straits Times]] |agency=}}</ref>

Mahathir became the world's [[Lists of state leaders by age|oldest serving state leader]] (aged {{ayd|10 July 1925|10 May 2018}} at the time), and the first Malaysian prime minister not to represent [[Umno|UMNO]].<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Euan McKirdy |author2=Marc Lourdes |author3=Ushar Daniele |date=10 May 2018 |title=Malaysia's Mahathir Mohamad is now the world's oldest leader |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/10/asia/malaysia-election-mahathir-victory-intl/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510110157/https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/10/asia/malaysia-election-mahathir-victory-intl/index.html |archive-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> His deputy, [[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail|Wan Azizah]] became the first female [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia|deputy prime minister of Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2018 |title=Mahathir says he's poised to lead Malaysia again |url=http://www.afr.com/news/world/mahathir-says-hes-poised-to-lead-malaysia-again-20180510-h0zx2w |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510162550/http://www.afr.com/news/world/mahathir-says-hes-poised-to-lead-malaysia-again-20180510-h0zx2w |archive-date=10 May 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018 |website=AFR |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

In April 2019, Mahathir was listed among [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]]’s [[Time 100|100 most influential people]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=AR |first=Zurairi |date=17 April 2019 |title=Dr M named among Time's 100 most influential people |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/04/17/dr-m-named-among-times-100-most-influential-people/1744327 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329172904/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/04/17/dr-m-named-among-times-100-most-influential-people/1744327 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Malay Mail]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2019 |title=Dr M listed in Time's 100 most influential people |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/472705 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323062022/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/472705 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Malaysiakini]]}}</ref>

===Domestic affairs===
Mahathir promised to "restore the [[rule of law]]", and reopen investigations into the [[1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal]], telling the press that Najib would face consequences if found guilty of corruption.<ref>{{cite web |title=1MDB poses fresh threat to Najib |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/05/10/1mdb-poses-fresh-threat-to-najib/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530164115/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/05/10/1mdb-poses-fresh-threat-to-najib/ |archive-date=30 May 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018 |website=[[Free Malaysia Today]] |agency=}}</ref> Mahathir instructed the [[Immigration Department of Malaysia|Department of Immigration]] bar Najib and his wife [[Rosmah Mansor]] from leaving the country after they attempted to fly to Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2018 |title=Police cordon off home of Malaysia's ex-PM Najib after travel ban |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2145899/police-cordon-residence-malaysias-ex-pm-najib-razak-after |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307083415/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2145899/police-cordon-residence-malaysias-ex-pm-najib-razak-after |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref>

Mahathir formed his [[Seventh Mahathir cabinet|seventh cabinet]] of 29 ministers in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2018 |title=Three more ministers to be appointed to Cabinet |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/386564/three-more-ministers-be-appointed-cabinet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307083419/https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/386564/three-more-ministers-be-appointed-cabinet |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |language=en}}</ref> He abolished the unpopular [[Goods and Services Tax (Malaysia)|Goods and Services Tax]], reducing it from six to zero per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2018 |title=Malaysia says GST reduced to zero per cent from 6 per cent, fulfilling PH promise |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-says-gst-reduced-to-zero-per-cent-from-6-per-cent-fulfilling-ph-promise |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=[[The Straits Times]] |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024044/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-says-gst-reduced-to-zero-per-cent-from-6-per-cent-fulfilling-ph-promise |url-status=live }}</ref> Mahathir also vowed to cut fiscal spending by firing thousands of [[Civil service in Malaysia|civil servants]], cancelling an expensive [[Kuala Lumpur–Singapore high-speed rail|Kuala Lumpur–Singapore high-speed rail link]] and cutting back on large infrastructure projects initiated under Najib.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bevins |first=Vincent |date=30 May 2018 |title=Analysis {{!}} New Malaysian government steps back from spending, Chinese projects |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/05/30/new-malaysian-government-steps-back-from-spending-chinese-projects/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012231008/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/05/30/new-malaysian-government-steps-back-from-spending-chinese-projects/ |archive-date=12 October 2020 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Malaysia's [[Freedom of the press in Malaysia|freedom of the press]] improved slightly under Mahathir's tenure, and the country's rank rose in the [[Press Freedom Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia : Back to harassment, intimidation and censorship |url=https://rsf.org/en/malaysia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124091549/https://rsf.org/en/malaysia |archive-date=24 November 2021 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=[[Reporters Without Borders]] |language=en}}</ref> The government announced [[Palm oil production in Malaysia|palm oil cultivation]] would be limited to 6.55 million hectares by 2023, and began a lobbying campaign to improve palm oil's reputation abroad.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news |date=23 August 2019 |title=Malaysia's Mahathir says linking palm oil to deforestation 'baseless' |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-palmoil-deforestation-idUSKCN1VD0CR |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>

On 20 June 2018, Mahathir met the father of murdered Mongolian woman [[Murder of Shaariibuugiin Altantuyaa|Altantuya Shaariibuu]] and agreed that the case of her murder should be reopened.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2018 |title=After meeting Altantuya's dad, PM Mahathir 'agrees her murder case should be reopened' |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/after-meeting-altantuyas-dad-pm-mahathir-agrees-her-murder-case-should-be-reopened |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125131352/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/after-meeting-altantuyas-dad-pm-mahathir-agrees-her-murder-case-should-be-reopened |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[The Straits Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaos |first=Joseph Jr. |title=After meeting her father, Dr M agrees that Altantuya case should be re-opened |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/20/after-meeting-her-father-dr-m-agrees-that-altantuya-case-should-be-reopened |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125132902/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/20/after-meeting-her-father-dr-m-agrees-that-altantuya-case-should-be-reopened |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |language=en}}</ref>

A year into his term, Mahathir's approval ratings had fallen as the economy slowed and several planned reforms, such as abolishing [[Capital punishment in Malaysia|capital punishment]] and the [[Sedition Act 1948]], were not realised amid divisions in the coalition.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sipalan |first1=Joseph |last2=Latiff |first2=Rozanna |date=10 May 2019 |title=Malaysia's hopes of economic revival under Mahathir fade |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-politics-analysis-idUSKCN1SG08R |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> Mahathir announced the [[Shared Prosperity Vision 2030]] in October 2019, which set out for Malaysia to become a [[high income]] country by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2019 |title=PM launches Shared Prosperity Vision 2030, says will hit the ground running |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/10/05/pm-launches-shared-prosperity-vision-2030-says-will-hit-the-ground-running |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014224009/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/10/05/pm-launches-shared-prosperity-vision-2030-says-will-hit-the-ground-running |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Loheswar |first=R. |date=7 October 2019 |title=Three things we learned about Shared Prosperity Vision 2030 |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/10/07/three-things-we-learned-about-shared-prosperity-vision-2030/1797797 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024061451/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/10/07/three-things-we-learned-about-shared-prosperity-vision-2030/1797797 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=[[Malay Mail]] |language=en}}</ref> Another priority of his administration was a more transparent approach to [[Military of Malaysia|defence]]. The government prepared the country's first defence policy [[white paper]] outlining long-term plans for the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parameswaran |first=Prashanth |title=Malaysia's Pakatan Harapan Government Undertakes 3 New Defense Plans |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/malaysias-pakatan-harapan-government-undertakes-3-new-defense-plans/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321161248/https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/malaysias-pakatan-harapan-government-undertakes-3-new-defense-plans/ |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=[[The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Foreign relations===
{{main|List of international prime ministerial trips made by Mahathir Mohamad during his second term}}
[[File:Presiden Jokowi menerima kunjungan PM Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad di Istana Kepresidenan Bogor, 29-6.webm|thumb|Indonesia President [[Joko Widodo]] receiving Mahathir at [[Bogor Palace]], 29 June 2018]]
Early in his second tenure, Mahathir visited Japan and [[Indonesia]] to reaffirm good relations, and reignited a [[Water conflicts between Malaysia and Singapore|water dispute with Singapore]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Parameswaran |first=Prashanth |date=3 July 2018 |title=What Does Mahathir's Visit Mean for Indonesia-Malaysia Relations? |work=[[The Diplomat]] |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/what-does-mahathirs-visit-mean-for-indonesia-malaysia-relations/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829035621/https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/what-does-mahathirs-visit-mean-for-indonesia-malaysia-relations/ |archive-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> By the end of 2018, several disputes over maritime and airspace borders with Singapore had continued.<ref name=":14" /> Mahathir met twice with president [[Rodrigo Duterte]] in his first year in office to strengthen [[Malaysia–Philippines relations|cooperation with the Philippines]] on a broad range of security, economic and political issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parameswaran |first=Prashanth |date=12 March 2019 |title=Mahathir-Duterte Summit Puts Malaysia-Philippines Ties Into Focus |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/mahathir-duterte-summit-puts-malaysia-philippines-ties-into-focus/ |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=[[The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mahathir again prioritised relations with Japan<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 June 2018 |title=In Mahathir's Malaysia, Japan is back amid doubts over Chinese funding |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-japan-idUSKBN1J60AZ |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820092818/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-japan-idUSKBN1J60AZ |archive-date=20 August 2023}}</ref> and strengthened [[Malaysia–Russia relations|economic and defence ties with Russia]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Bowie |first=Nile |date=10 September 2019 |title=The ties that bind Mahathir to Moscow |url=https://asiatimes.com/2019/09/the-ties-that-bind-mahathir-to-moscow/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414112349/https://asiatimes.com/2019/09/the-ties-that-bind-mahathir-to-moscow/ |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=4 December 2022 |website=[[Asia Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> He visited [[Vladivostok]] for a meeting of the [[Eastern Economic Forum]] in late 2019, where he cast doubt on the [[Joint investigation team|Joint Investigation Team]]'s findings related to the downing of [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 17]].<ref name=":10" /> Mahathir called the murder charges brought to four Russians related to the flight "ridiculous", calling it "a political issue on how to accuse Russia of wrongdoing".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2019 |title=MH17 crash: Malaysia PM Mahathir denounces murder charges |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48702115 |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426151840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48702115 |archive-date=26 April 2023}}</ref> Malaysia launched a foreign policy framework in late 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parameswaran |first=Prashanth |title=What Does Malaysia's New Foreign Policy Framework Mean for Pakatan Harapan's Approach to the World? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/what-does-malaysias-new-foreign-policy-framework-mean-for-pakatan-harapans-approach-to-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321161248/https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/what-does-malaysias-new-foreign-policy-framework-mean-for-pakatan-harapans-approach-to-the-world/ |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=[[The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In response to European Union regulations phasing out [[Palm oil|palm-oil]] based [[Biofuel|biofuels]], Mahathir discussed bringing a formal complaint to the [[World Trade Organization]] or a case to the [[European Court of Justice]] with Indonesian president [[Joko Widodo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Mahathir weighs taking EU to court over palm oil ban |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Editor-s-Picks/Interview/Exclusive-Mahathir-weighs-taking-EU-to-court-over-palm-oil-ban |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=[[Nikkei Asia]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Mahathir condemned [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi|the killing]] of Saudi journalist [[Jamal Khashoggi]] in October 2018<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tang |first1=Ashley |date=22 October 2018 |title=Dr M: Khashoggi's killing extremely cruel, unacceptable |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/10/22/dr-m-khashoggis-killing-extremely-cruel-and-unacceptable/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024112900/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/10/22/dr-m-khashoggis-killing-extremely-cruel-and-unacceptable/ |archive-date=24 October 2018}}</ref> and [[2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike|the assassination]] of Iranian General [[Qasem Soleimani]] by the United States in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Soleimani killing illegal, immoral': Malaysian premier |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/-soleimani-killing-illegal-immoral-malaysian-premier/1695288 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126103742/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/-soleimani-killing-illegal-immoral-malaysian-premier/1695288 |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=26 January 2020 |website=[[aa.com.tr]]}}</ref>

Mahathir was supportive of the [[2018–19 Korean peace process]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Loh |first=Jonathon |date=12 June 2018 |title=Malaysia PM Mahathir says the world can learn from Kim Jong Un's 'new attitude' and decision to meet Trump |url=https://www.businessinsider.my/dr-mahathir-praises-kim-jong-un-new-attitude-decision-trump-world-learn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083238/https://www.businessinsider.my/dr-mahathir-praises-kim-jong-un-new-attitude-decision-trump-world-learn/ |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |website=[[Business Insider]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2018 |title=Malaysia, Japan hope for successful US – North Korea summit |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/379164/malaysia-japan-hope-successful-us-north-korea-summit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111037/https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/379164/malaysia-japan-hope-successful-us-north-korea-summit |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |publisher=}}</ref> He also indicated that Malaysia would re-open its [[Malaysia–North Korea relations|embassy in North Korea]], which had remained closed since the 2017 [[assassination of Kim Jong-nam]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Praveen Menon |author2=Darren Schuettler |date=12 June 2018 |title=Malaysia to reopen embassy in North Korea: Mahathir |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-malaysia/malaysia-to-reopen-embassy-in-north-korea-mahathir-idUSKBN1J80O2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614224658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-malaysia/malaysia-to-reopen-embassy-in-north-korea-mahathir-idUSKBN1J80O2 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |website=[[Reuters]] |publisher=}}</ref>

====China====
{{Further|China–Malaysia relations}}
Mahathir's administration committed to retaining good relations with China,<ref name=":3" /> but promised to review all [[Belt and Road Initiative]] projects in Malaysia that were initiated by the previous government. He characterised these as "[[Unequal treaty|unequal treaties]]". His government suspended work on the [[East Coast Rail Link]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=26 January 2019 |title=Malaysia to cancel $20 billion China-backed rail project: minister |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-malaysia-idUSKCN1PK03P |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308135350/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-malaysia-idUSKCN1PK03P |archive-date=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> which recommenced after terms had been renegotiated.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Anis |first1=Mazwin Nik |last2=Kaos |first2=Joseph |last3=Carvalho |first3=Martin |date=16 April 2019 |title=Work on ECRL expected to resume next month |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/04/16/work-on-ecrl-expected-to-resume-next-month |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308172518/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/04/16/work-on-ecrl-expected-to-resume-next-month |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=The Star |language=en}}</ref> Mahathir cancelled approximately $2.8 billion worth of deals with [[China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau]] altogether, citing high repayment costs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Beech |first=Hannah |date=20 August 2018 |title='We Cannot Afford This': Malaysia Pushes Back Against China's Vision |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/20/world/asia/china-malaysia.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816132513/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/20/world/asia/china-malaysia.html |archive-date=16 August 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2018 |title=Malaysia cancels China-backed pipeline projects |url=https://www.ft.com/content/06a71510-b24a-11e8-99ca-68cf89602132 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180909174605/https://www.ft.com/content/06a71510-b24a-11e8-99ca-68cf89602132 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref>

On 13 February 2020, Mahathir spoke with Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]] to express solidarity and discuss cooperation in response to the [[2019–2020 COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China|COVID-19 outbreak]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=Dr M expresses solidarity with China in half hour call to President Xi |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/510780 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520154632/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/510780 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date= |website=[[Malaysiakini]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chan |first=Julia |date=14 February 2020 |title=PM says Malaysia stands with China in Covid-19 battle in phone call with President Xi |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/02/14/pm-says-malaysia-stands-with-china-in-covid-19-battle-in-phone-call-with-pr/1837447 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329094918/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/02/14/pm-says-malaysia-stands-with-china-in-covid-19-battle-in-phone-call-with-pr/1837447 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Malay Mail]] |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Hassan Rouahani met with Mahathir Mohammad at the 73rd UNGA.jpg|thumb|On 26 September 2018, Mahathir met with the Iran President [[Hassan Rouhani]] on the occasion of the 73rd United Nations General Assembly]]

=== 2020 political crisis and resignation ===
{{Main|2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis}}

By late 2019, disagreements emerged within Pakatan Harapan about Mahathir's planned handover of power to [[Anwar Ibrahim]], eventually culminating in a [[Sheraton move|political crisis in 2020]]. Mahathir and a faction of the coalition felt that Anwar would be unable to command a parliamentary majority.<ref name=":2" /> MPs supporting Anwar demanded a timeframe for Mahathir's resignation and handover of power.<ref name=":2" />

In February 2020, MPs opposed to Anwar taking over met and agreed to form a new government.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leaders holed up in political meetings |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/23/leaders-holed-up-in-political-meetings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224113146/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/23/leaders-holed-up-in-political-meetings |archive-date=24 February 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Consensus dinner ends, MPs begin leaving Sheraton PJ |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/23/vehicles-seen-entering-istana-negara-following-talk-of-new-coalition-govt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224113148/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/23/vehicles-seen-entering-istana-negara-following-talk-of-new-coalition-govt |archive-date=24 February 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=C131 MPs attend dinner at hotel |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/24/131-mps-attend-dinner-at-hotel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224113148/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/24/131-mps-attend-dinner-at-hotel |archive-date=24 February 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> Anwar told the media that he had been "betrayed".<ref>{{cite web |title=Anwar confirms bid to shake up PH |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/24/anwar-confirms-bid-to-shake-up-ph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224113145/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/24/anwar-confirms-bid-to-shake-up-ph |archive-date=24 February 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anwar Ibrahim says he has been betrayed by Pakatan Harapan partners amid talk of new ruling coalition |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-anwar-mahathir-pakatan-harapan-umno-pas-12462606 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226160122/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-anwar-mahathir-pakatan-harapan-umno-pas-12462606 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=23 March 2020 |website=[[Channel News Asia]]}}</ref> Anwar and Mahathir met to clarify the situation, where Mahathir insisted he had no involvement in a new government.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2020 |title=Pemimpin PH jumpa Dr Mahathir |work=[[Berita Harian]] |url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2020/02/658588/pemimpin-ph-jumpa-dr-mahathir |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906161127/https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2020/02/658588/pemimpin-ph-jumpa-dr-mahathir |archive-date=6 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2020 |title=Anwar Hails 'Good Meeting' With Mahathir Amid Malaysia Rumors |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2020-02-23/anwar-says-there-are-attempts-to-form-new-malaysian-government |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226120658/https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2020-02-23/anwar-says-there-are-attempts-to-form-new-malaysian-government |archive-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>

Mahathir, refusing to work with UMNO leaders, submitted his resignation to the Agong, [[Abdullah of Pahang]], on 24 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/24/asia/malaysia-prime-minister-mahathir-resigns-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Malaysia's Mahathir Mohamad resigns as Prime Minister|author1=Helen Regan|author2=Ushar Daniele|website=CNN|date=24 February 2020|access-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224081618/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/24/asia/malaysia-prime-minister-mahathir-resigns-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=24 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/24/anwar-i-appealed-to-dr-m-to-stay-on-as-pm-but-he-refused-to-be-associated-with-past-regime|title=Anwar: I appealed to Dr M to stay on as PM but he refused to be associated with past regime|website=The Star|access-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224113150/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/24/anwar-i-appealed-to-dr-m-to-stay-on-as-pm-but-he-refused-to-be-associated-with-past-regime|archive-date=24 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The Agong appointed him [[Caretaker government|interim prime minister]] until a replacement could be agreed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia's Mahathir submits resignation, 'quits' his party |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/malaysia-mahathir-turns-resignation-reports-200224054737676.html |access-date=24 February 2020 |work=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224073723/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/malaysia-mahathir-turns-resignation-reports-200224054737676.html |archive-date=24 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Teoh |first1=Shannon |title=Mahathir resigns as Malaysian Prime Minister, PH loses majority after MPs leave |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysian-pm-mahathir-resigns-in-tactical-move-to-thwart-anwar-succession-sources |access-date=24 February 2020 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224074148/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysian-pm-mahathir-resigns-in-tactical-move-to-thwart-anwar-succession-sources |archive-date=24 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |title=Malaysia's Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigns |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/24/asia/malaysia-prime-minister-mahathir-resigns-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=24 February 2020 |work=[[CNN]] |date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224081614/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/24/asia/malaysia-prime-minister-mahathir-resigns-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=24 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[BERSATU]] President [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] declared the party's withdrawal from Pakatan Harapan; Mahathir also resigned from the party in response.<ref name=":2" />

On 29 February, the Agong appointed Muhyiddin prime minister, determining that he was most likely to be able to hold the support of a majority in parliament.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/01/muhyiddin-is-eighth-pm-says-king|title=Muhyiddin is eighth PM, says King|date=29 February 2020|work=The Star|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301040316/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/01/muhyiddin-is-eighth-pm-says-king|archive-date=1 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahathir unsuccessfully attempted to challenge this with the Agong, but eventually left the prime minister's office an hour before Muhyiddin was sworn in.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=[[Agence France-Presse]] |first= |date=1 March 2020 |title=Mahathir Mohamad questions legitimacy of Malaysia's new PM |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/29/muhyiddin-yassin-named-as-malaysian-prime-minister |access-date=29 August 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== Post-premiership (2020–present) ==
{{Further|List of international trips made by Mahathir Mohamad post-premiership}}
[[File:Ambassador Brian McFeeters courtasy call with Tun Mahathir (51696966166).jpg|thumb|Mahathir meets with [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Malaysia|United States Ambassador to Malaysia]] [[Brian D. McFeeters]] on 22 November 2021]]
Mahathir formed the [[Homeland Fighter's Party]] (PEJUANG) in August 2020. Four other MPs joined the new party, including Mahathir's son [[Mukhriz Mahathir]]. The party was registered in July 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Yusof |first=Amir |date=13 August 2020 |title=What we know about former Malaysian PM Mahathir's new political party so far |work=[[Channel News Asia]] |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-mahathir-mohamad-pejuang-warriors-new-party-13017710 |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904083134/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-mahathir-mohamad-pejuang-warriors-new-party-13017710 |archive-date=4 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|last=
|first=
|date=14 July 2021
|title=斗士党成功注册马哈迪：马来领袖贪婪恋权以致马来人分裂失势
|url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/sea/story20210714-1168678
|work=Lian He Zao Bao 联合早报
|access-date=2 August 2021
|archive-date=2 August 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802012236/https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/sea/story20210714-1168678
|url-status=live
}}</ref> In August 2021, Mahathir and other MPs protested in [[Merdeka Square, Kuala Lumpur|Merdeka Square]], calling for Muhyiddin's resignation over the government's response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia|COVID-19 pandemic]], after being blocked from entering parliament by police.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia opposition MPs gather at Merdeka Square after being blocked from entering parliament |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-opposition-dataran-merdeka-parliament-postponed-covid19-2084501 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307172402/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-opposition-dataran-merdeka-parliament-postponed-covid19-2084501 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=[[Channel News Asia]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Opposition MPs renew calls for Malaysia's PM Muhyiddin to resign |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/heavy-police-presence-outside-malaysian-parliament |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802080101/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/heavy-police-presence-outside-malaysian-parliament |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=[[The Straits Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2022, UMNO president [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]] filed a [[defamation]] lawsuit against Mahathir.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lim |first=Ida |date=27 April 2022 |title=Zahid sues Dr Mahathir for defamation, insists never met to discuss court case before latter became PM again |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/04/27/zahid-sues-dr-m-for-defamation-insists-never-met-to-discuss-court-cas/2055873 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502094120/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/04/27/zahid-sues-dr-m-for-defamation-insists-never-met-to-discuss-court-cas/2055873 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Malay Mail]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2022 |title=Zahid sues Dr M for defamation over lobbying claim |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/619413 |access-date= |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502094119/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/619413 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2022 |title=UMNO president Ahmad Zahid sues former Malaysia PM Mahathir for defamation |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/umno-ahmad-zahid-hamidi-sues-dr-mahathir-defamation-2650496 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502094119/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/umno-ahmad-zahid-hamidi-sues-dr-mahathir-defamation-2650496 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Channel News Asia]] |language=en}}</ref> In June 2022, Mahathir made [[Irredentism|irrendentist]] comments by stating that Singapore and the [[Riau Islands]] of Indonesia was once owned by [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]], and argued the state should claim them as part of Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Auto |first=Hermes |date=20 June 2022 |title=Ex-PM Mahathir says Malaysia should claim Singapore and Riau Islands |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/ex-pm-mahathir-says-malaysia-should-claim-singapore-and-riau-islands |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620210501/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/ex-pm-mahathir-says-malaysia-should-claim-singapore-and-riau-islands |archive-date=20 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=[[Straits Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2022, Mahathir said he was open to becoming the prime minister for a third time if there were no other suitable candidates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/09/24/if-there-are-calls-i-am-open-to-being-pm-for-a-third-time-says-dr-m|title=If there are calls, I am open to being PM for a third time, says Dr M|website=The Star|date=24 September 2022|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927091458/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/09/24/if-there-are-calls-i-am-open-to-being-pm-for-a-third-time-says-dr-m|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/09/26/dr-m-muhyiddin-not-fit-to-be-next-pm-says-zahid|title=Dr M, Muhyiddin not fit to be next PM, says Zahid|website=The Star|date=26 September 2022|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927010910/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/09/26/dr-m-muhyiddin-not-fit-to-be-next-pm-says-zahid|url-status=live}}</ref> Having previously said he would not defend his Langkawi parliamentary seat,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zulkifli |first=Adie |date=9 March 2022 |title=Tun Mahathir not defending Langkawi seat in GE15 |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/03/778306/tun-mahathir-not-defending-langkawi-seat-ge15 |access-date= |website=NST Online |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317003653/https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/03/778306/tun-mahathir-not-defending-langkawi-seat-ge15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2022 |title=Dr Mahathir not contesting in GE15 |url=https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/s/370813 |access-date= |website=www.themalaysianinsight.com |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309135931/https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/s/370813 |url-status=live }}</ref> he announced he would contest the [[2022 Malaysian general election|2022 general election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/10/11/ge15-dr-m-will-defend-langkawi-seat|title=GE15: Dr M will defend Langkawi seat|website=The Star|date=11 October 2022|accessdate=12 October 2022|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011134241/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/10/11/ge15-dr-m-will-defend-langkawi-seat|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/10/11/ge15-umnos-dirty-trick-to-push-for-polls-during-monsoon-says-dr-m|title=GE15: UMNO's dirty trick to push for polls during monsoon, says Dr M|website=The Star|date=11 October 2022|accessdate=12 October 2022|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011233612/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/10/11/ge15-umnos-dirty-trick-to-push-for-polls-during-monsoon-says-dr-m|url-status=live}}</ref> In the election on 19 November, Mahathir lost his seat and [[election deposit]], marking his first defeat in 53 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2022 |title=Ex-Malaysia PM Mahathir Mohamad suffers shock defeat in polls |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/mahathir-mohamad-ex-malaysia-pm-loses-seat-in-first-poll-defeat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119232308/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/mahathir-mohamad-ex-malaysia-pm-loses-seat-in-first-poll-defeat |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> No candidate from PEJUANG or [[Gerakan Tanah Air]] secured a seat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2022 |title=Malaysia ex-PM Mahathir loses seat in first election defeat in 53 years |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysias-mahathir-fails-win-seat-general-election-2022-11-19/ |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130215018/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysias-mahathir-fails-win-seat-general-election-2022-11-19/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mahathir Mohamad: Ex-Malaysia PM loses seat in shock defeat |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/mahathir-mohamad-ex-malaysia-pm-loses-seat-in-first-poll-defeat |access-date=19 November 2022 |work=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |date=19 November 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119201937/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/mahathir-mohamad-ex-malaysia-pm-loses-seat-in-first-poll-defeat }}</ref> He later said that his party's plans "had to be dropped" and he would shift his focus to writing about Malaysian history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Keval |date=23 November 2022 |title=Former PM Mahathir to focus on writing about Malaysia's history, after shock defeat in polls |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-s-former-pm-mahathir-to-focus-on-writing-history-after-his-shock-defeat-in-polls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130230112/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-s-former-pm-mahathir-to-focus-on-writing-history-after-his-shock-defeat-in-polls |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=[[Straits Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2022 |title=Malaysia's Mahathir says will focus on writing after poll defeat |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221123-malaysia-s-mahathir-says-will-focus-on-writing-after-poll-defeat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201180742/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221123-malaysia-s-mahathir-says-will-focus-on-writing-after-poll-defeat |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=[[France 24]] |language=en |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref>

In February 2023, Mahathir and 13 other members of PEJUANG left the party and joined [[Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia]] (Putra).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jun |first=Soo Wern |date=25 February 2023 |title=Dr Mahathir, 13 former Pejuang members join Putra |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/02/25/dr-mahathir-13-former-pejuang-members-join-putra/56698 |access-date= |website=Malay Mail |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225061842/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/02/25/dr-mahathir-13-former-pejuang-members-join-putra/56698 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=11 February 2023 |title=Mahathir, 12 others leave Pejuang |url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/node/654864 |access-date= |website=The Edge Markets |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225061854/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/node/654864 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later in 2023, Mahathir began promoting a "Malay Proclamation", aimed at uniting Malays. He met with PAS and PN leaders to garner support for the 12-point document listing political, economic and social issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sipalan |first=Joseph |date=10 July 2023 |title=Malaysia's Mahathir, 98, isn't done with politics. Is he 'obsessed' with Anwar? |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3227200/malaysias-mahathir-turns-98-malay-supremacy-his-mind-he-obsessed-anwar |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/03/pas-leaders-sign-mahathir039s-039malay-proclamation039|title=PAS leaders sign Mahathir's 'Malay Proclamation'|website=The Star|date=3 May 2023|accessdate=12 May 2023|archive-date=13 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513041528/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/03/pas-leaders-sign-mahathir039s-039malay-proclamation039|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Noorshahrizam |first=Shahrin Aizat |date=5 July 2023 |title=Muhyiddin-Mahathir meet over Malay Proclamation 'fruitful', says secretariat chairman |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/07/05/muhyiddin-mahathir-meet-over-malay-proclamation-fruitful-says-secretariat-chairman/77940 |access-date=29 August 2023 |website=[[Malay Mail]] |language=en}}</ref> Mahathir was questioned by police over this campaign under the [[Penal Code (Malaysia)|Malaysian Penal Code]], for carrying out "activities that undermine parliamentary democracy".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2023 |title=Mahathir questioned by police over Malay Proclamation campaign, says lawyer |language=en |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-questioned-by-police-over-malay-proclamation-campaign-says-lawyer |access-date=8 September 2023 |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> Mahathir also left GTA, criticising the coalition for its poor performance in the election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/12/039gta-failed-to-get-support-from-voters039-says-dr-m-on-his-decision-to-quit|title='GTA failed to get support from voters', says Dr M on his decision to quit|website=The Star|date=12 May 2023|accessdate=12 May 2023|archive-date=12 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512021145/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/12/039gta-failed-to-get-support-from-voters039-says-dr-m-on-his-decision-to-quit|url-status=live}}</ref> He supported [[Perikatan Nasional]], the coalition that had ousted him in 2020, in six [[2023 Malaysian state elections|state elections]] and was named its "unofficial adviser" for the four state governments under its control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chan |first=Julia |date=15 September 2023 |title=Perikatan names Dr Mahathir as unofficial adviser to four states under its control |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/09/15/perikatan-names-dr-mahathir-as-unofficial-adviser-to-four-states-under-its-control/90981 |access-date=20 September 2023 |website=[[Malay Mail]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Political positions and views==
{{main|Political positions of Mahathir Mohamad}}
[[File:HE Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia (44582220115).jpg|thumb|Mahathir speaking about "The Future of Democracy in Asia" in [[Chatham House]], United Kingdom]]
Mahathir's political views have shifted during his lengthy career. During the 1980s, he was a supporter of [[Third-Worldism]], while during other periods he has been a proponent of "[[Asian values]]" and [[globalisation]].<ref name=":7" /> A [[Islam in Malaysia|Muslim]] thinker, he holds [[Islamic Politics|Islamic political views]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Schottmann |first=Sven |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvvn4z8 |title=Mahathir's Islam: Mahathir Mohamad on Religion and Modernity in Malaysia |date=2018 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |jstor=j.ctvvn4z8 |isbn=978-0-8248-4674-9 |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115163815/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvvn4z8 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2002, he characterised himself as a [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]].<ref name=":16" /> Mahathir is generally respected in developing and [[Islamic countries]],<ref name="warcrimes" /> particularly due to his oversight of Malaysia's economic growth and his support of [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam|liberal Muslim values]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Bowring, Philip |date=23 September 1998 |title=Twin Shocks Will Leave Their Mark on Malaysia |work=International Herald Tribune |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/1998/09/23/edbow.t_0.php |url-status=dead |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611121810/http://www.iht.com/articles/1998/09/23/edbow.t_0.php |archive-date=11 June 2008}}</ref>

Mahathir has been described as a proponent of [[Malay nationalism]].<ref name=":7" /> In ''[[The Malay Dilemma]]'', he argued that the [[Malaysian Malays|Malay race]] had been marginalised, and voiced his support for [[affirmative action]] policies for them.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=8 May 2018 |title=Mahathir Mohamad: The man who dominated Malaysian politics |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44028023 |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122132932/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44028023 |archive-date=22 November 2022}}</ref> Upon his first resignation, he expressed his disappointment at the progress made towards his "principle task" of supporting the Malay race.<ref name=":6" /> In 2021, Mahathir said he did not believe in "''[[Ketuanan Melayu]]''", calling it a "fantasy", and said instead that he believed in the concept of "[[Bangsa Malaysia]]",<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2021 |title=I don't believe in 'Ketuanan Melayu' fantasy, says Dr M |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/12/12/i-dont-believe-in-ketuanan-melayu-fantasy-says-dr-m/ |website=[[Free Malaysia Today]] |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212114214/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/12/12/i-dont-believe-in-ketuanan-melayu-fantasy-says-dr-m/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but later clarified in 2023 that his vision of Bangsa Malaysia meant the assimilation of non-Malay people into Malay culture and argued against multiculturalism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tee |first=Kenneth |date=2023-11-13 |title=Citing Indonesia, Dr Mahathir says non-Malays should be assimilated and ‘become Malays’ as part of ‘Bangsa Malaysia’ |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/11/13/citing-indonesia-dr-mahathir-says-non-malays-should-be-assimilated-and-become-malays-as-part-of-bangsa-malaysia/101791 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Malay Mail |language=en}}</ref> He has been described as [[Anti-royalism|anti-royalist]] by ''[[Libération]]'', owing to his efforts to oppose [[Immunity from prosecution (international law)|immunity]] for members of [[Monarchies of Malaysia|Malaysia's monarchies]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Defranoux |first=Laurence |title=Abdication surprise du roi de Malaisie |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/01/06/abdication-surprise-du-roi-de-malaisie_1701288/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115165633/https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/01/06/abdication-surprise-du-roi-de-malaisie_1701288/ |archive-date=15 November 2022 |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Libération |language=fr}}</ref>

Mahathir is a vocal critic of [[neoliberalism]]<ref name=":7" /> and the Western world.<ref name=":8">{{cite web |date=19 August 2022 |title=Malaysia's Mahathir says US seeking to provoke war in Taiwan |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-2022-midterm-elections-biden-taiwan-nato-96f52741ce6e9e6a2cdcfce5fd459ad8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829161943/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-2022-midterm-elections-biden-taiwan-nato-96f52741ce6e9e6a2cdcfce5fd459ad8 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name="warcrimes" /> In 2011, Mahathir suggested that the [[September 11 attacks]] might have been [[9/11 conspiracy theories|staged by the United States government]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Roslan Rahman |date=11 September 2011 |title=Malaysia's Mahathir: 9/11 not work of Muslims |work=AFP News |url=https://my.news.yahoo.com/malaysias-mahathir-9-11-not-muslims-045737526.html |url-status=live |access-date=10 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109114620/https://my.news.yahoo.com/malaysias-mahathir-9-11-not-muslims-045737526.html |archive-date=9 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AR |first=Zurairi |date=9 March 2015 |title=In Dr M's 'New World Order' meet, academics claim war on terror 'big US lie' |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2015/03/09/in-dr-ms-new-world-order-meet-academics-claim-war-on-terror-big-us-lie/855701 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924060323/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2015/03/09/in-dr-ms-new-world-order-meet-academics-claim-war-on-terror-big-us-lie/855701 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |access-date=24 September 2021 |website=[[Malay Mail]] |language=en}}</ref> Mahathir condemned the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in 1997, suggesting it be revised to place greater importance on economic growth over [[civil liberties]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2 August 1997 |title=Madeleine Albright Sings Out |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/02/opinion/madeleine-albright-sings-out.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104181455/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/02/opinion/madeleine-albright-sings-out.html |archive-date=4 January 2018}}</ref>

Mahathir has advocated for a balance between [[environmental protection]] and [[Natural resource management|natural resource use]] for economic growth in developing countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Bernama]] |date=27 September 2019 |title=Mahathir highlights Malaysia's conservation efforts |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/493474 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=[[Malaysiakini]]}}</ref> He referred to the outcomes of the [[Earth Summit]] as "[[Eco-Imperialism|eco-imperialism]]", arguing that [[Global North and Global South|Global North]] countries put an undue burden on Global South countries for environmental degradation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohamed |first=Mahathir bin |date=April 1999 |title=The Green Flag of Eco-Imperialism |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0893-7850.00214 |journal=New Perspectives Quarterly |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=8–9 |doi=10.1111/0893-7850.00214}}</ref> In response to international scrutiny, he said in 2019 that linking [[palm oil]] production to [[Deforestation in Malaysia|deforestation]] was "baseless, unfair and unjustified" and that the [[Palm oil production in Malaysia|Malaysian palm oil sector]] had developed sustainably.<ref name=":18" />

=== Allegations of antisemitism ===
{{Quote box
| width = 25em
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| quote = We (Muslims) are actually very strong. 1.3 billion people cannot be simply wiped out. The Europeans killed 6 million Jews out of 12 million. But today the Jews rule the world by proxy. They get others to fight and die for them.
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| source = –Mahathir Mohamad, 2003<ref name="Ressa">{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/10/16/oic.mahathir/|title=Mahathir attack on Jews condemned|last=Ressa|first=Maria|date=17 October 2003|work=CNN International|access-date=9 December 2020|archive-date=18 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218103928/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/10/16/oic.mahathir/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
A strident [[Criticism of the Israeli government|critic of Israel]], Mahathir has been accused of [[antisemitism]] throughout his political life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Anti-Semitism Still Potent |url=https://www.adl.org/news/op-ed/global-anti-semitism-still-potent |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112804/https://www.adl.org/news/op-ed/global-anti-semitism-still-potent |archive-date=12 May 2018 |access-date=11 May 2018 |website=[[The Anti-Defamation League]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> In ''[[The Malay Dilemma]],'' he wrote that "Jews are not merely hook-nosed, but understand money instinctively".<ref>{{cite web |last=Sugarman |first=Daniel |date=17 January 2019 |title=Oxford Union criticised for inviting antisemitic Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad to speak |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/oxford-union-criticised-for-inviting-antisemitic-malaysian-prime-minister-mahathir-mohamad-to-speak-1.478744 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020442/https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/oxford-union-criticised-for-inviting-antisemitic-malaysian-prime-minister-mahathir-mohamad-to-speak-1.478744 |archive-date=25 January 2019 |access-date=24 January 2019 |work=[[The Jewish Chronicle]]}}</ref> In August 1983, Mahathir claimed in a speech that [[Jews control the media|Jews control the international media]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Yegar |first=Moshe |date=2006 |title=Malaysia: Anti-Semitism Without Jews |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834698 |url-status=live |journal=[[Jewish Political Studies Review]] |volume=18 |issue=3/4 |pages=81–97 |issn=0792-335X |jstor=25834698 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204152312/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834698 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref> In March 1994, he banned the screening of ''[[Schindler's List]]'' on the grounds that he viewed it as anti-German, pro-Jewish propaganda.<ref name=":1" /> During the collapse of the [[Malaysian ringgit|ringgit]] and the [[1997 Asian financial crisis#Malaysia|economic crisis]] in 1997, he made a series of remarks blaming Jews, in particular [[George Soros]], a Jewish "agenda", and "an [[international Jewish conspiracy]]" attempting to destroy the economies of Muslim countries.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mydans |first=Seth |date=16 October 1997 |title=Malaysian Premier Sees Jews Behind Nation's Money Crisis |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/16/world/malaysian-premier-sees-jews-behind-nation-s-money-crisis.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204151154/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/16/world/malaysian-premier-sees-jews-behind-nation-s-money-crisis.html |archive-date=4 December 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2003 |title=Mahathir's dark side |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/telegraph-view/3597972/Mahathirs-dark-side.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421180307/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/telegraph-view/3597972/Mahathirs-dark-side.html |archive-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>

During an [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organization of Islamic Cooperation]] summit held in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 2003, he accused Jews of "ruling the world by proxy" and getting "others to fight and die for them".<ref name="Ressa"/><ref>{{cite news |date=21 October 2003 |title=Views on Jews By Malaysian: His Own Words |work=The New York Times |agency=The Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/21/world/views-on-jews-by-malaysian-his-own-words.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512113255/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/21/world/views-on-jews-by-malaysian-his-own-words.html |archive-date=12 May 2018}}</ref> His speech was denounced by President [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{cite news |date=21 October 2003 |title=Bush rebukes Malaysia leader over remarks about Jews |agency=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/10/20/rice.mahathir/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318091827/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/10/20/rice.mahathir/index.html |archive-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> In 2012, he claimed he was "glad to be labelled antisemitic".<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr M says glad to be called 'Antisemitic'|url=http://antisemitism.org.il/article/74691/dr-m-says-glad-be-called-%E2%80%98antisemitic%E2%80%99|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926220654/http://antisemitism.org.il/article/74691/dr-m-says-glad-be-called-%E2%80%98antisemitic%E2%80%99|archive-date=26 September 2012|access-date=29 September 2012|publisher=CFCA}}</ref> In a 2018 BBC interview he repeated similar statements, as well as disputing the number of Jews killed in [[the Holocaust]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/06/17/cambridge-union-audience-laughs-anti-semitic-joke-malaysian/|title=Cambridge Union audience laughs at anti-Semitic 'joke' by Malaysian prime minister|date=18 June 2019|work=The Telegraph|access-date=24 October 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024133349/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/06/17/cambridge-union-audience-laughs-anti-semitic-joke-malaysian/|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, when asked why he had previously claimed that Jews are "inclined towards money" he responded that he had Jewish friends, and that "they are not like the other Jews, that's why they are my friends."<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 June 2019|title=Malaysia PM tells Cambridge Union his Jewish friends are 'not like other Jews'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/mahathir-mohamed-anti-semitic-cambridge-union-jewish-malaysia-a8962246.html|access-date=7 November 2021|website=The Independent|first=Zamira|last=Rahim|language=en|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107013237/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/mahathir-mohamed-anti-semitic-cambridge-union-jewish-malaysia-a8962246.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahathir has defended his comments about Jews as an exercise of [[Freedom of speech|free speech]], and by claiming that "the Jews do a lot of wrong things which force us to pass comment."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cortellessa|first=Eric|title=A defiant Malaysian PM defends his anti-Semitism in the name of free speech|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/a-defiant-malaysian-pm-defends-his-anti-semitism-in-the-name-of-free-speech/|access-date=16 February 2021|work=The Times of Israel|date=26 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926224725/https://www.timesofisrael.com/a-defiant-malaysian-pm-defends-his-anti-semitism-in-the-name-of-free-speech/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lin|first=Koh Jun|date=25 September 2019|title=In speech at Columbia, Mahathir cites free speech for anti-Semitic remarks|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/493315|access-date=16 February 2021|website=Malaysiakini|language=en|archive-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926225023/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/493315|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/prime-minister-of-malaysia-questioned-why-jews-resent-being-called-hook-nosed-cambridge-union-1.485530|access-date=7 November 2021|work=The Jewish Chronicle|date=18 June 2019|first=Lee|last=Harpin|title=Malaysia PM questioned why Jews 'resent' being called 'hook-nosed'|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107013237/https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/prime-minister-of-malaysia-questioned-why-jews-resent-being-called-hook-nosed-cambridge-union-1.485530|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== LGBT rights ===
Mahathir opposes an expansion of [[LGBT rights in Malaysia]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2018 |title=Mahathir claims LGBT rights are 'Western values' not fit for Malaysia |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2170274/mahathir-mohamad-claims-lgbt-rights-are-western-values-will |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606163319/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2170274/mahathir-mohamad-claims-lgbt-rights-are-western-values-will |archive-date=6 June 2019 |access-date=29 May 2019 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2018 |title=Malaisie: le premier ministre rejette les revendications LGBT |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2018/10/25/97001-20181025FILWWW00195-malaisie-le-premier-ministre-contre-les-revendications-lgbt.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115144840/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2018/10/25/97001-20181025FILWWW00195-malaisie-le-premier-ministre-contre-les-revendications-lgbt.php |archive-date=15 November 2022 |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=[[Le Figaro]] |language=fr}}</ref> In 2001, Mahathir said that any homosexual ministers from the United Kingdom would be barred from entering Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2001 |title=Gay ministers barred, Malaysia tells UK |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1632012.stm |access-date=5 May 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802140647/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1632012.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> During an October 2018 lecture to university students in [[Bangkok]], Mahathir contrasted Malaysian values with those of Western nations and cited "the institution of marriage [and] the family" in his opposition to LGBT.<ref name=":5" />

=== Comment about 2020 Nice stabbing ===
{{Quote box
| width = 25em
| align = right
| quote = The French in the course of their history has killed millions of people. Many were Muslims. Muslims have a right to be angry and to kill millions of French people for the massacres of the past. But by and large the Muslims have not applied the ‘[[eye for an eye]]’ law. Muslims don't. The French shouldn't. Instead the French should teach their people to respect other people's feeling.
| salign = right
| source = Mahathir Mohamad, 2020
}}

In the aftermath of the [[2020 Nice stabbing]] and [[murder of Samuel Paty]], Mahathir posted remarks on his blog. Mahathir said that the attacks were wrong and against Islam, but also argued that Muslims had a right to be angry and kill French people for past massacres committed by the French. Mahathir's post was later circulated on his [[Twitter]] account, where it was labelled for "glorifying violence".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duncan |first=Conrad |date=29 October 2020 |title=Muslims have a right to 'kill millions of French people', former Malaysian PM suggests |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/muslims-france-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad-macron-charlie-hebdo-b1424838.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521173614/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/muslims-france-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad-macron-charlie-hebdo-b1424838.html |archive-date=21 May 2022 |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref>

Mahathir was criticised for stoking tensions and hatred by the former Australian ambassador to France [[Brendan Berne]], Australian prime minister [[Scott Morrison]], and French [[Secretary of state#France|secretary of state for digital affairs]] [[Cédric O]].<ref name="SMH A bigot without principles">{{cite news |last1=Shield |first1=Bevan |date=30 October 2020 |title='A bigot without principles': ex-Malaysian PM condemned by former ambassador to France |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/a-bigot-without-principles-ex-malaysian-pm-condemned-by-former-ambassador-to-france-20201030-p569xn.html |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029215526/https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/a-bigot-without-principles-ex-malaysian-pm-condemned-by-former-ambassador-to-france-20201030-p569xn.html |archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> Malaysian cleric and politician [[Fathul Bari Mat Jahya]] also condemned Mahathir's remarks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2020 |title=Muslims 'have right to kill millions of French': Malaysia's Mahathir sparks uproar with his response to Macron |language=en |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3107680/muslims-have-right-kill-millions-french-malaysias-mahathir |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030042720/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3107680/muslims-have-right-kill-millions-french-malaysias-mahathir |archive-date=30 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ar |first1=Zuraira |date=29 October 2020 |title=Don't paint France with same brush, Umno's Fathul Bari tells Dr Mahathir after 'punish French' remarks |work=[[Malay Mail]] |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/10/29/dont-paint-france-with-same-brush-umnos-fathul-bari-tells-dr-mahathir-after/1917600 |url-status=live |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030115541/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/10/29/dont-paint-france-with-same-brush-umnos-fathul-bari-tells-dr-mahathir-after/1917600 |archive-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>

Mahathir responded that his comments were taken out of context and he was not "promoting massacre of the French". Facebook and Twitter later removed his posts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia's Mahathir: Post on French killings taken out of context |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/30/malaysias-mahathir-post-on-french-killings-taken-out-of-context |access-date=31 October 2020 |work=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030184452/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/30/malaysias-mahathir-post-on-french-killings-taken-out-of-context |archive-date=30 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mahathir's hobbies include [[sailing]], [[Horse Riding|horse riding]] and [[carpentry]]. He has built a functioning [[steam train]] and a boat.<ref name=":12" /> Mahathir attributed his longevity to disciplined eating habits, reading newspapers daily, exercising and maintaining upright posture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamad |first=Mahathir |date=14 December 2019 |title=Here's my recipe for staying healthy |url=https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2019/12/547831/heres-my-recipe-staying-healthy |website=[[New Straits Times]]}}</ref> His favourite song is "[[My Way]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2018 |title=Dr M greeted with a rendition of 'My Way' in Japan |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/437760 |access-date= |website=[[Malaysiakini]]}}</ref> An avid reader, his favourite authors are [[Wilbur Smith]] and [[Jeffrey Archer]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lim |first=Ida |date=1 September 2019 |title=Pulled out of retirement, Dr M now settles for reading books instead of writing them |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/09/01/pulled-out-of-retirement-dr-m-now-settles-for-reading-books-instead-of-writ/1786307 |access-date= |website=[[Malay Mail]] |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad, Rodrigo Duterte and their spouses.jpg|thumb|Mahathir and [[Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali|Siti Hasmah]] with [[Rodrigo Duterte]] and his partner [[Honeylet Avanceña]].]]

===Marriage and family===
In college, he met his future wife, [[Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali]], a fellow medical student. They were married in 1956. He and Siti Hasmah had their first child, [[Marina Mahathir|Marina]], in 1957, before conceiving four others, Mirzan, [[Mokhzani Mahathir|Mokhzani]], Melinda, and [[Mukhriz Mahathir|Mukhriz]], as well as adopting two more, Maizura and Mazhar, over the following 28 years.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wain|2010|p=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.therakyatpost.com/2019/07/12/5-amazing-things-about-dr-siti-hasmah-you-should-know/|title=5 Amazing Things about Dr Siti Hasmah you should know|last=Kaur|first=Kirat|date=12 July 2019|work=[[The Rakyat Post]]|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930155119/https://www.therakyatpost.com/2019/07/12/5-amazing-things-about-dr-siti-hasmah-you-should-know/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Health ===
Mahathir underwent a [[Heart bypass|heart bypass operation]] in 2007, following two [[heart attacks]] over the previous two years. He had undergone the same operation after his heart attack in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2018 |title=Dr M: I would have died from first heart attack if not for science |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/433622 |access-date= |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014202607/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/433622 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the 2007 operation, he suffered a chest infection. He was hospitalised for treatment of another chest infection in [[Australia]] in October 2010.<ref name="Wain 2010 326" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2010 |title=Mahathir warded in Melbourne hospital with chest infection (Updated) |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2010/10/02/mahathir-warded-in-melbourne-hospital-with-chest-infection-updated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110094543/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2010/10/02/mahathir-warded-in-melbourne-hospital-with-chest-infection-updated |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date= |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Porter|first=Barry|date=5 October 2010|title=Ex-Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Discharged From Australian Hospital|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-05/ex-malaysia-prime-minister-mahathir-is-discharged-from-australian-hospital.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629120136/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-05/ex-malaysia-prime-minister-mahathir-is-discharged-from-australian-hospital.html|archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2010 |title=Former Malaysian PM sick in Melbourne hospital |language=en-AU |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-10-02/former-malaysian-pm-sick-in-melbourne-hospital/2691474 |url-status=live |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930101756/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-10-02/former-malaysian-pm-sick-in-melbourne-hospital/2691474 |archive-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>

In December 2021, Mahathir was admitted to the [[National Heart Institute (Malaysia)|National Heart Institute]] (IJN) for a medical check-up and observation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2021 |title=Dr M admitted to IJN for medical check-up |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/12/16/dr-m-admitted-to-ijn-for-medical-check-up |access-date= |website=The Star |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112101135/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/12/16/dr-m-admitted-to-ijn-for-medical-check-up |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2021 |title=Mahathir admitted at IJN for next few days |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/603358 |access-date= |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112101137/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/603358 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayamany |first=Keertan |date=16 December 2021 |title=Dr Mahathir admitted to IJN, to undergo full medical check-up |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/12/16/dr-mahathir-admitted-to-ijn-to-undergo-full-medical-check-up/2029005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327160758/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/12/16/dr-mahathir-admitted-to-ijn-to-undergo-full-medical-check-up/2029005 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Malay Mail]] |language=en}}</ref> He was discharged after several days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2021 |title=Mahathir discharged from IJN today |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/604262 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417105449/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/604262 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Malaysiakini]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2021 |title=Former Malaysian PM Mahathir discharged from National Heart Institute |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-former-pm-mahathir-discharged-hospital-national-health-institute-2398116 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327162605/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-former-pm-mahathir-discharged-hospital-national-health-institute-2398116 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Channel News Asia]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2021 |title=Ex-Malaysia PM Mahathir discharged from heart institute |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/ex-malaysia-pm-mahathir-discharged-from-heart-institute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327162605/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/ex-malaysia-pm-mahathir-discharged-from-heart-institute |archive-date=27 March 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Straits Times]] |language=en}}</ref> In January 2022, Mahathir underwent an unspecified elective medical procedure at the IJN.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=9 January 2022 |title=Malaysia's Mahathir undergoes successful 'elective medical procedure' |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3162709/malaysias-former-pm-mahathir-mohamad-undergoes-successful |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109090320/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3162709/malaysias-former-pm-mahathir-mohamad-undergoes-successful |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date= |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2022 |title=Former Malaysian PM Mahathir discharged from hospital after medical procedure |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-discharged-hospital-after-medical-procedure-2022-01-13/ |url-status=live |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424154748/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-discharged-hospital-after-medical-procedure-2022-01-13/ |archive-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> He was readmitted later the same month, and placed in the [[coronary care unit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Malaysia prime minister Mahathir Mohamad readmitted to hospital: Reports |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-mahathir-mohamad-readmitted-ijn-national-heart-institute-2452991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122105658/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-mahathir-mohamad-readmitted-ijn-national-heart-institute-2452991 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=[[Channel News Asia]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Malaysia PM Mahathir, 96, hospitalized at heart institute |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/malaysia-pm-mahathir-96-hospitalized-heart-institute-82412831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122091933/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/malaysia-pm-mahathir-96-hospitalized-heart-institute-82412831 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=[[ABC News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2022 |title=Former Malaysian PM Mahathir in stable condition in hospital |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad-admitted-hospital-2022-01-22/ |url-status=live |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424155132/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad-admitted-hospital-2022-01-22/ |archive-date=24 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2022 |title=Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir is hospitalized in stable condition |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/22/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad-admitted-to-hospital.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424155132/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/22/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad-admitted-to-hospital.html |archive-date=24 April 2022 |access-date= |website=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref> He continued rehabilitation and treatment after being discharged.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zahiid |first=Syed Jaymal |date=5 February 2022 |title=Dr Mahathir discharged from IJN, to recuperate at home |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/02/05/dr-mahathir-discharged-from-ijn-to-recuperate-at-home/2039574 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205062016/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/02/05/dr-mahathir-discharged-from-ijn-to-recuperate-at-home/2039574 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |website=[[Malay Mail]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 February 2022|title=Mahathir discharged from IJN|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/609550|access-date=5 February 2022|website=Malaysiakini|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205101858/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/609550|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Reuters|date=5 February 2022|title=Malaysia ex-PM Mahathir discharged from hospital|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-ex-pm-mahathir-discharged-hospital-2022-02-05/|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205062258/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-ex-pm-mahathir-discharged-hospital-2022-02-05/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2022, Mahathir tested positive for [[COVID-19]] and was admitted to the IJN for observation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2022 |title=Dr Mahathir tests positive for Covid-19, admitted to hospital |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/08/31/dr-mahathir-tests-positive-for-covid-19-admitted-to-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820174444/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/08/31/dr-mahathir-tests-positive-for-covid-19-admitted-to-hospital |archive-date=20 August 2023 |access-date= |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2022 |title=Mahathir, 97, contracts Covid-19 |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/634092 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902012408/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/634092 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Malaysiakini]]}}</ref> He was discharged after receiving treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2022 |title=Dr M discharged from IJN, back in home quarantine |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/09/04/dr-m-discharged-from-ijn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904170055/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/09/04/dr-m-discharged-from-ijn |archive-date=4 September 2022 |access-date= |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2022 |title=Dr M gets discharged from IJN |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/634520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905210038/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/634520 |archive-date=5 September 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Malaysiakini]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2022 |title=Former Malaysia PM Mahathir, 97, discharged from hospital after COVID-19 treatment |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/mahathir-mohamad-former-malaysia-prime-minister-covid-19-discharged-hospital-2920036 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905201233/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/mahathir-mohamad-former-malaysia-prime-minister-covid-19-discharged-hospital-2920036 |archive-date=5 September 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Channel News Asia]] |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2023, Mahathir was hospitalised with an infection, he was discharged days later.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=5 August 2023 |title=Malaysia's ex-PM Mahathir discharged from hospital after checks: Source |page= |newspaper=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysian-ex-pm-mahathir-to-be-discharged-from-hospital-on-friday |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>

==Election results==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ '''[[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament of Malaysia]]'''
!Year
!Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!Votes
!Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!Votes
!Pct
!Ballots cast
!Majority
!Turnout
|-
|[[1964 Malaysian general election|1964]]
|rowspan=2|'''P008 [[Kota Star Selatan (federal constituency)|Kota Star Selatan]], Kedah'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''Mahathir Mohamad''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''12,406'''
|'''60.22%'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|[[:ms:Ahmad Shukri Abdul Shukur|Ahmad Shukri Abdul Shukur]] ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |8,196
|39.78%
|21,440
|4,210
|82.8%
|-
|[[1969 Malaysian general election|1969]]
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Mahathir Mohamad ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |12,032
|48.03%
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|'''[[Yusof Rawa]]''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''13,021'''
|'''51.97%'''
|25,679
|989
|78.6%
|-
|[[1974 Malaysian general election|1974]]
|rowspan=5|'''P004 [[Kubang Pasu (federal constituency)|Kubang Pasu]], Kedah'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''Mahathir Mohamad''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''None'''
|'''None'''
| colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"|Unopposed
|-
|[[1978 Malaysian general election|1978]]
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''Mahathir Mohamad''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''18,198'''
|'''64.64%'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|[[:ms:Halim Arshat|Halim Arshat]] ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |9,953
|35.36%
|N/A
|8,245
|78.36%
|-
|[[1982 Malaysian general election|1982]]
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''Mahathir Mohamad''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''24,524'''
|'''73.67%'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|[[Yusof Rawa]] ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |8,763
|26.33%
|34,340
|15,761
|78.79%
|-
|[[1986 Malaysian general election|1986]]
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''Mahathir Mohamad''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''25,452'''
|'''71.48%'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|[[Azizan Ismail]] ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |10,154
|28.52%
|36,409
|15,298
|74.21%
|-
|[[1990 Malaysian general election|1990]]
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''Mahathir Mohamad''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''30,681'''
|'''78.07%'''
|{{Party shading/S46}} |
|[[:ms:Sudin bin Wahab|Sudin Wahab]] ([[Parti Melayu Semangat 46|S46]])
|align="right" |8,619
|21.93%
|40,570
|22,062
|77.51%
|-
|[[1995 Malaysian general election|1995]]
|rowspan=2|'''P006 [[Kubang Pasu (federal constituency)|Kubang Pasu]], Kedah'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''Mahathir Mohamad''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''24,495'''
|'''77.12%'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|[[Ahmad Mohd Alim]] ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |7,269
|22.88%
|33,010
|17,226
|73.61%
|-
|[[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''Mahathir Mohamad''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''22,399'''
|'''63.22%'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|[[:ms:Subky Abdul Latif|Ahmad Subki Abd. Latif]] ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |12,261
|34.61%
|36,106
|10,138
|78.62%
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]]
|rowspan=6|'''P004 [[Langkawi (federal constituency)|Langkawi]], Kedah'''
|rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PKR}} |
|rowspan=2|'''Mahathir Mohamad''' ([[Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia|'''BERSATU''']])
|rowspan=2 align=right|'''18,954'''
|rowspan=2|'''54.90%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|[[Nawawi Ahmad]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |10,061
|29.14%
|rowspan=2|35,250
|rowspan=2|8,893
|rowspan=2|80.87%
|-
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Zubir Ahmad ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |5,512
|15.96%
|-
|rowspan=4|[[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]]
|rowspan=4 bgcolor={{party color|Homeland Fighter's Party}}|
|rowspan=4|Mahathir Mohamad ([[Homeland Fighter's Party|PEJUANG]])
|rowspan=4 align=right|4,566
|rowspan=4|9.62%
|bgcolor={{party color|Perikatan Nasional}} |
|'''[[Mohd Suhaimi Abdullah]]''' ([[Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia|'''BERSATU''']])
|align=right|'''25,463'''
|'''53.63%'''
|rowspan=4|48,123
|rowspan=4|13,518
|rowspan=4|71.10%
|-
|{{party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Armishah Siradj ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align=right|11,945
|25.16%
|-
|{{party shading/PH}} |
|Zabidi Yahya ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])
|align=right|5,417
|11.41%
|-
|{{party shading/Independent}} |
|Abd Kadir Sainudin ([[Independent politician|IND]])
|align=right|89
|0.19%
|}

==Awards and honours==
{{Main|List of awards and honours received by Mahathir Mohamad}}
==Books==
* ''[[The Malay Dilemma]]'', (1970) {{ISBN|981-204-355-1}}.
* ''The Challenge'', (1986) {{ISBN|967-978-091-0}}.
* ''Regionalism, Globalism, and Spheres of Influence: ASEAN and the Challenge of Change into the 21st century'' (1989) {{ISBN|981-303-549-8}}.
* ''Mahathir, Great Malaysian Hero'' (1990) {{ISBN|983-9683-00-4}}.
* ''The Asia That Can Say No'' (「NO」と言えるアジア), in collaboration with [[Shintaro Ishihara]], (1994) {{ISBN|433-405-217-7}}.
* ''The Pacific Rim in the 21st century'', (1995).
* ''The Challenges of Turmoil'', (1998) {{ISBN|967-978-652-8}}.
* ''The Way Forward'', (1998) {{ISBN|0-297-84229-3}}.
* ''A New Deal for Asia'', (1999).
* ''Islam & The Muslim Ummah'', (2001) {{ISBN|967-978-738-9}}.
* ''Globalisation and the New Realities'' (2002).
* ''Reflections on Asia'', (2002) {{ISBN|967-978-813-X}}.
* ''The Malaysian Currency Crisis: How and why it Happened'', (2003) {{ISBN|967-978-756-7}}.
* ''Achieving True Globalization'', (2004) {{ISBN|967-978-904-7}}.
* ''Islam, Knowledge, and Other Affairs'', (2006) {{ISBN|983-3698-03-4}}.
* ''Principles of Public Administration: An Introduction'', (2007) {{ISBN|978-983-195-253-5}}.
* ''Chedet.com Blog Merentasi Halangan (Bilingual)'', (2008) {{ISBN|967-969-589-1}}.
* ''A Doctor in the House: The Memoirs of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad'', 8 March 2011 {{ISBN|9789675997228}}.
* ''Doktor Umum: Memoir Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad'', 30 April 2012 {{ISBN|9789674150259}}.{{#tag:ref|This book was the BM version of his best-selling memoir, ''A Doctor in the House: The Memoirs of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad''.|group=note}}
*''Blogging to Unblock (Book 2): A Citizen's Rights'', (2013) {{ISBN|9789679696288}}.
*''Dr. M: Apa Habaq Orang Muda?'', (2016) {{ISBN|9789671367995}}.
* ''Capturing Hope: The Struggle Continues for a New Malaysia'', (2021) {{ISBN|9789672923183}}.

==See also==
{{Portal|Malaysia|Biography|Politics}}
*[[Mahathir, the Musical]]
*[[Mahathir Science Award Foundation]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

===Cited texts===
* {{cite book|last1=Dhillon|first1=Karminder Singh|title=Malaysian Foreign Policy in the Mahathir Era 1981–2003: Dilemmas of Development|year=2009|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-399-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Milne|first1=R. S.|last2=Mauzy|first2=Diane K.|title=Malaysian Politics under Mahathir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hYemBg43pkC|year=1999|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=0-415-17143-1|ref=CITEREFMilne & Mauzy1999}}
* {{cite book|last1=Morais|first1=J. Victor|title=Mahathir: A Profile in Courage|year=1982|publisher=Eastern Universities Press|oclc=8687329}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sankaran|first1=Ramanathan|last2=Mohd Hamdan Adnan|title=Malaysia's 1986 General Election: the Urban-Rural Dichotomy|year=1988|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=981-3035-12-9|ref=CITEREFSankaran & Hamdan1988}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stewart|first1=Ian|title=The Mahathir Legacy: a Nation Divided, a Region at Risk|year=2003|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=1-86508-977-X}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wain|first1=Barry|title=[[Malaysian Maverick|Malaysian Maverick: Mahathir Mohamad in Turbulent Times]]|year=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-23873-2}}
* James Chin & Joern Dosch. Malaysia Post Mahathir: a decade of change?. Marshall Cavendish. 2016. {{ISBN|9814677558}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mahathir Mohamad}}
* {{facebook|TunDrMahathir}}
* {{pom|3517}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Mohamed Yaacob]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Federal Minister of Education]]|years=1974–1977}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Musa Hitam]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Hamzah Abu Samah]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Malaysia)|Federal Minister of International Trade and Industry]]|years=1978–1981}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Hussein Onn]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia]]|years=1978–1981}}
{{s-aft|after=Musa Hitam}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]|years=1981–2003}}
{{s-aft|rows=3|after=Abdullah Ahmad Badawi}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Taib Mahmud]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Defence (Malaysia)|Federal Minister of Defence]]|years=1981–1986}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Musa Hitam}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (Malaysia)|Federal Minister of Home Affairs]]|years=1986–1999}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Anwar Ibrahim]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Finance (Malaysia)|Federal Minister of Finance]]|years=1998–1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Daim Zainuddin]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Daim Zainuddin}}
{{s-ttl|title=Federal Minister of Finance|years=2001–2003}}
{{s-aft|after=Abdullah Ahmad Badawi}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Najib Razak]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Prime Minister of Malaysia|years=2018–2020}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Muhyiddin Yassin]]}}
|-
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jean Chrétien]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]]|years=1998}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jenny Shipley]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Thabo Mbeki]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Secretary General of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]|years=2003}}
{{s-aft|after=Abdullah Ahmad Badawi}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=Hussein Onn}}
{{s-ttl|title=Deputy President of the [[United Malays National Organisation]]|years=1976–1981}}
{{s-aft|after=Musa Hitam}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=President of the [[United Malays National Organisation]]|years=1981–2003}}
{{s-aft|after=Abdullah Ahmad Badawi}}
|-
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chairman of [[Pakatan Harapan]]|years=2016–2020}}
{{s-aft|after=Anwar Ibrahim}}
{{s-end}}

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Xanana Gusmão

2023-11-23T23:45:52Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|3rd president and 5th prime minister of East Timor}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCMG|size=100%}}
| name = Xanana Gusmão
| office = 6th [[Prime Minister of East Timor]]
| president = [[José Ramos-Horta]]
| deputy = {{ubl|[[Francisco Kalbuadi Lay]]|[[Mariano Sabino Lopes]]}}
| term_start = 1 July 2023
| predecessor = [[Taur Matan Ruak]]
| successor =
| image = File:Xanana Gusmao1.jpg
| caption = Official Potrait 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Estanislau da Silva]]
| president1 = {{ubl|[[José Ramos-Horta]]|[[Taur Matan Ruak]]}}
| successor1 = [[Rui Maria de Araújo]]
| signature = Xanana Gusmão signature.svg
| party = [[National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction]]
| office2 = 3rd [[President of East Timor]]
| predecessor2 = [[Sérgio Vieira de Mello]] ''as UN Administrator'' (1999–2002) [[Nicolau dos Reis Lobato]] ''as acting president'' (1975–1978)
| primeminister2 = {{ubl|[[Mari Alkatiri]]|José Ramos-Horta|[[Estanislau da Silva]]}}
| successor2 = [[José Ramos-Horta]]
| birth_name = José Alexandre Gusmão
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manatuto]], [[Portuguese Timor]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Maria Emília Baptista|1965|1999|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Kirsty Sword Gusmão|Kirsty Sword]]|2000|2015|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
}}
| children = 5
| citizenship =
| residence = [[New South Wales]], Australia
| term_start1 = 8 August 2007
| term_end1 = 16 February 2015
| term_start2 = 20 May 2002
| term_end2 = 20 May 2007
}}

'''José Alexandre''' "'''Xanana'''" '''Gusmão''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCMG|size=100%}} ({{IPA-pt|ʒuˈzɛ ɐlɨˈʃɐ̃dɾɨ ʃɐˈnɐnɐ ɣuʒˈmɐ̃w}}; born 20 June 1946) is an East Timorese politician who has served as the [[Prime Minister of East Timor|prime minister of East Timor]] since 2023, previously serving in that position from 2007 to 2015.<ref name=AJ>{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/55A0A116-F243-41AF-9CB0-C97C5E36EA91.htm |title=Gusmao sworn in as East Timor PM |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811203436/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/55A0A116-F243-41AF-9CB0-C97C5E36EA91.htm |archivedate=11 August 2007 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 August 2007}}</ref> A former rebel, he also served as East Timor's first [[President of East Timor|president]] since its re-establishment of independence, from 20 May 2002 to 20 May 2007.

==Early life and career==
Gusmão was born in [[Manatuto]], in what was then [[Portuguese Timor]], to parents of mixed Portuguese-Timorese ancestry, both of whom were school teachers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=First Globalization: The Eurasian Exchange, 1500–1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gQV2V01Y6UC&q=Geoffrey+C.+Gunn+(2003).+First+Globalization:+The+Eurasian+Exchange,+1500-1800.|author=Geoffrey C. Gunn|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|pages=282|year=2003|isbn=0-7425-2661-5|access-date=4 November 2020|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327132023/https://books.google.com/books?id=4gQV2V01Y6UC&q=Geoffrey+C.+Gunn+%282003%29.+First+Globalization:+The+Eurasian+Exchange,+1500-1800.|url-status=live}}</ref> His family were [[assimilado]]s.<ref name="Divided">{{Cite journal |last=Shoesmith |first=Dennis |date=2003 |title=Timor-Leste: Divided Leadership in a Semi-Presidential System |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2003.43.2.231 |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=43 |issue=2 |page=236 |doi=10.1525/as.2003.43.2.231 |jstor=10.1525/as.2003.43.2.231 |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506145321/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2003.43.2.231 |url-status=live }}</ref> He attended a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] high school just outside [[Dili]]. After leaving high-school for financial reasons in 1961, at the age of 15, he held a variety of unskilled jobs, while continuing his education at night school. In 1965, at the age of 19, he met Emilia Batista, who was later to become his wife. His nickname, "Xanana", was taken from the name of the American rock and roll band "[[Sha Na Na]]", (which is pronounced the same as "Xanana" which is spelled according to Portuguese and [[Tetum language|Tetum]] spelling rules)<ref>{{cite news|title=Xanana Gusmao: From Guerrilla goalkeeper to president|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/world/arid-30046678.html|access-date=11 February 2022|work=[[Irish Examiner]]|publisher=Irish Examiner Ltd.|date=16 April 2002|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211215756/https://www.irishexaminer.com/world/arid-30046678.html|url-status=live}}</ref> who in turn were named after a lyric from the [[doo-wop]] song "[[Get a Job (song)|Get a Job]]" written and recorded in 1957 by [[the Silhouettes]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.shanana.com/faq.htm#SS1 | title= F.A.Q. (Frequently Asked Questions) | work= ShaNaNa.com | access-date= 11 February 2022 | archive-date= 14 February 2022 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220214234540/http://www.shanana.com/faq.htm#SS1 | url-status= live }}</ref>

In 1966, Gusmão obtained a position with the public service, which allowed him to continue his education. This was interrupted in 1968 when Gusmão was recruited by the [[Portuguese Army]] for national service. He served for three years, rising to the rank of corporal. During this time, he married Emilia Batista, with whom he had a son Eugenio, and a daughter Zenilda. He has since divorced Emilia, and in 2000, he married Australian [[Kirsty Sword Gusmão|Kirsty Sword]], with whom he had three sons: Alexandre, Kay Olok and Daniel. In 1971, Gusmão completed his national service, his son was born, and he became involved with a nationalist organisation headed by [[José Ramos-Horta]]. For the next three years he was actively involved in peaceful protests directed at the colonial system.

It was in 1974 that a [[Carnation Revolution|coup in Portugal]] resulted in the beginning of decolonisation for Portuguese Timor, and shortly afterwards the Governor [[Mário Lemos Pires]] announced plans to grant the colony independence. Plans were drawn up to hold general elections with a view to independence in 1978. During most of 1975 a bitter internal struggle occurred between two rival factions in Portuguese Timor. Gusmão became deeply involved with the [[Fretilin]] faction, and as a result he was arrested and imprisoned by the rival faction the Timorese Democratic Union ([[Timorese Democratic Union|UDT]]) in mid-1975. Taking advantage of the internal disorder, and with an eye to absorbing the colony, [[Indonesia]] immediately began a campaign of destabilisation, and frequent raids into Portuguese Timor were staged from Indonesian [[West Timor]]. By late 1975 the Fretilin faction had gained control of Portuguese Timor and Gusmão was released from prison. He was given the position of Press Secretary within the Fretilin organisation. On 28 November 1975, Fretilin declared the independence of Portuguese Timor as "The Democratic Republic of East Timor", and Gusmão was responsible for filming the ceremony. Nine days later, [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|Indonesia invaded East Timor]]. At the time Gusmão was visiting friends outside of Dili and he witnessed the invasion from the hills. For the next few days he searched for his family.

==Indonesian occupation==
{{Main|Indonesian occupation of East Timor}}
[[File:Xanana Gusmao in a safe house in Rua do Enfermeiro Matias, Kuluhun, Dili, Timor-Leste in 1991.jpg|thumb|Xanana Gusmão in a safe house in Dili during the occupation]]
After the appointment of the [[Provisional Government of East Timor]] by Indonesia, Gusmão became heavily involved in resistance activities. Gusmão was largely responsible for the level of organisation that evolved in the resistance, which ultimately led to its success. The early days featured Gusmão walking from village to village to obtain support and recruits. In 1977, Gusmão was the aide-de-camp to Fretilin political commissar [[Abel Ximenes|Abel Larisina]] and organised supplies for civilians at the resistance base at [[Matebian]]. In November 1978, the base was destroyed by the Indonesians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-28 |title="Chapter 7.3 Forced Displacement and Famine" |url=http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/chegaFiles/finalReportEng/07.3-Forced-Displacement-and-Famine.pdf |access-date=2023-05-30 |website="Chega!“- Report by the [[Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor|CAVR]] |via=[[Archive.org]] |archive-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128045825/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/chegaFiles/finalReportEng/07.3-Forced-Displacement-and-Famine.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> But after Fretilin suffered some major setbacks in the early 1980s, including a failed 1984 coup attempt against Gusmão led by four senior [[Falintil]] officers, including [[Mauk Moruk]],<ref name="lowy">{{cite news |title=Xanana Gusmao-Mauk Moruk: Timor struggles with its past and future |url=http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2013/12/05/Gusmao-Mauk-Moruk-Timor-struggles-with-its-past-and-future.aspx |work=[[Lowy Institute for International Policy]] |date=3 December 2013 |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001184801/http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2013/12/05/Gusmao-Mauk-Moruk-Timor-struggles-with-its-past-and-future.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Gusmão left Fretilin and supported various centrist coalitions, eventually becoming a leading opponent of Fretilin. In March 1981, a secret national conference in [[Lacluta Administrative Post|Lacluta]] elected him head of [[Falintil]], succeeding the slain [[Nicolau dos Reis Lobato|Nicolau dos Reis Lobatos]].

In 1988, Gusmão became leader of the newly formed National Council of Resistance (CNRT). To avoid being seen as partisan, Gusmão left Fretilin for this. Under his leadership, FALINTIL relied more on clandestine underground networks and used small groups to attack Indonesian targets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography Prime Minister and Minister of Defense and Security of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste |url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=3 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Timor Leste Government |language=en}}</ref> By the mid-1980s, he was a major leader. During the early 1990s, Gusmão became deeply involved in diplomacy and media management, and was instrumental in alerting the world to the [[Dili Massacre|massacre in Dili]] that occurred in Santa Cruz on 12 November 1991. Gusmão was interviewed by many major media channels and obtained worldwide attention.
[[file:Xanana_visit_to_Same_'00-03.jpg|left|thumb|Gusmão's visit to Same (2000)]]
As a result of his high profile, Gusmão became a prime target of the Indonesian government. [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Indonesian troops]] (TNI) attempted to capture Gusmão in the [[Same, East Timor|Same]] and [[Ainaro Municipality|Ainaro]] area on 14 November 1990 with ''Operasi Senyum'' ("Operation Smile"). Four days earlier, a woman had been captured who testified during interrogation that the rebel leader was staying at a nearby mountain. Xanana Gusmão, however, probably escaped one night before the attack. After the attack, in which twelve battalions and four helicopters were deployed, the military claimed to have found about 100 fighters. Also found was a container with Gusmão's documents, a video camera and his typewriter. Among the documents were letters from the Pope and Bishop [[Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo|Carlos Belo]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Timor-Leste |first=Komisi Penerimaan, Kebenaran, dan Rekonsiliasi (CAVR) di |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZvLuAEACAAJ&q=Lahane |title=Chega! |date=2010-07-28 |publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia |isbn=978-979-9102-44-7 |volume=1 |language=id}}</ref> According to a traditional Timorese legend, some warriors were able to transform themselves into dogs to escape their captors. Picking up on this myth, the legend spread that Gusmão could also turn into a white dog and thus run around the village unnoticed while the Indonesian soldiers were looking for him.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Matthew |last=Libbis |title=Rituals, Sacrifice & Symbolism in Timor-Leste |url=https://www.easttimorlawandjusticebulletin.com/2013/02/rituals-sacrifice-symbolism-in-timor_1.html |access-date=2023-05-30 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Aileu Falintilcamp Okt '99, Xanana kehrt zurück-01.jpg|thumb|Return of Gusmão to [[Aileu]] after Indonesian arrest]]

In November 1992, a campaign for his capture Gusmão was finally successful in a large-scale operation by the Indonesian military with Gusmão apprehanded in a tunnel under the family home of [[Aliança de Araújo|Aliança Araújo]] in Lahane near Dili and taken to [[Bali]].<ref name=":0" /> In May 1993, Gusmão was tried, convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment by the Indonesian government. He was found guilty under Article 108 of the Indonesian Penal Code (rebellion), Law no. 12 of 1951 (illegal possession of firearms) and Article 106 (attempting to separate part of the territory of Indonesia).<ref>[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA210581997?open&of=ENG-312 Amnesty International briefing on Xanana Gusmao] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914135828/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA210581997?open&of=ENG-312 |date=14 September 2007 }}</ref> He spoke in his own defence and he was appointed with defence lawyers before the commencement of his trial. The sentence was commuted to 20 years by the [[President of Indonesia|Indonesian President]] [[Suharto]] in August 1993. He was taken to [[Jakarta]]'s maximum security prison, [[Cipinang Penitentiary Institution|Cipinang]]. Although not released until late 1999, Gusmão successfully led the resistance from within prison with the help of Kirsty Sword. Prior to his release, the United Kingdom offered Gusmão political asylum to ensure his safety. The ''Xanana Room'' at the British Embassy in Jakarta commemorates this today.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Elizabeth |date=18 February 2014 |title=Rebel with a cause |url=http://www.embassymagazine.com/Biog/biog_countries/biog_emb52_timor-leste.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712191528/http://www.embassymagazine.com/Biog/biog_countries/biog_emb52_timor-leste.html |archive-date=2016-07-12 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Embassy Magazine |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> By the time of his release, he was regularly visited by United Nations representatives, and dignitaries such as [[Nelson Mandela]].

==Transition to independence==
{{main|United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor}}

[[File:Discusi Antar Sahabat 2013-05-13 17-05 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Last meeting on 30 Oct 1999 between Colonel Czi J. Suryo Prabowo, Xanana, and Col Inf Sahala Silalahi. The next day the TNI's rule in East Timor ended.]]On 30 August 1999, a [[East Timor Special Autonomy Referendum|referendum]] was held in East Timor and an overwhelming majority voted for independence. The Indonesian military commenced a campaign of terror as a result, with terrible consequences. Although the Indonesian government denied ordering this offensive, they were widely condemned for failing to prevent it. As a result of overwhelming diplomatic pressure from the United Nations, promoted by [[Portugal]] since the late 1970s and also by the United States and Australia in the 1990s, a UN-sanctioned, Australian-led international peace-keeping force ([[International Force for East Timor|INTERFET]]) entered East Timor. Upon his return to his native East Timor, he began a campaign of reconciliation and rebuilding.
[[File:INTERFET-UNTAET handover.jpg|thumb|Gusmão handing over control from [[International Force East Timor|INTERFET]] to [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor|UNTAET]]]]
In 1999, Xanana Gusmão was elected speaker of the National Consultative Council (NCC), a kind of transitional parliament during the UN administration of East Timor. On October 23, 2000, Gusmão also became spokesman for the subsequent National Council (NC). Gusmão was appointed to a senior role in the UN administration that governed East Timor until 20 May 2002. During this time he continually campaigned for unity and peace within East Timor, and was generally regarded as the ''de facto'' leader of the emerging nation. Elections were held in late 2001 and Gusmão, endorsed by nine parties but not by Fretilin, ran as an independent and was comfortably elected leader.

Gusmão eventually won the [[2002 East Timorese presidential election|presidential election]] on April 14, 2002 with 82.7% against his opponent [[Francisco Xavier do Amaral]] and the first president of East Timor when it became formally independent on 20 May 2002. Gusmão has published an autobiography with selected writings entitled ''To Resist Is to Win''. He is the main narrator of the film ''A Hero's Journey''/''Where the Sun Rises'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luxlucis.sg/index.swf |title=A Hero's Journey |access-date=17 December 2007 |archive-date=31 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155351/http://www.luxlucis.sg/index.swf |url-status=live }}</ref> a 2006 documentary about him and East Timor. According to director Grace Phan, it's an "intimate insight into the personal transformation" of the man who helped shape and liberate East Timor.

==Independent East Timor==
[[File:President gusmao.jpg|left|thumb|Xanana Gusmão as the president of East Timor]]
On 21 June 2006, Gusmão called for Prime Minister [[Mari Alkatiri]] to resign or else he would, as allegations that Alkatiri had ordered a [[Guerrilla warfare|hit squad]] to threaten and kill his political opponents led to a large backlash.<ref>ABC News Online (2006). [http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200606/s1668821.htm Alkatiri's resignation 'would paralyse Govt'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622195151/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200606/s1668821.htm |date=22 June 2006 }}. Retrieved 25 June 2006.</ref> Senior members of the Fretilin party met on 25 June to discuss Alkatiri's future as the Prime Minister, amidst a protest involving thousands of people calling for Alkatiri to resign instead of Gusmão.<ref>Reuters (2006). [http://today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-06-25T042258Z_01_SP8397_RTRUKOC_0_US-TIMOR.xml&archived=False East Timor ruling party meets to debate PM's future] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705213850/http://today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-06-25T042258Z_01_SP8397_RTRUKOC_0_US-TIMOR.xml&archived=False |date=5 July 2006 }}. Retrieved 25 June 2006.</ref> Despite receiving a vote of confidence from his party, Alkatiri resigned on 26 June 2006 to end the uncertainty. In announcing this he said, "I declare I am ready to resign my position as prime minister of the government...so as to avoid the resignation of His Excellency the President of the Republic [Xanana Gusmão]."<ref>Agence France-Presse (2006). [http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,19591368%255E661,00.html East Timor PM quits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709111351/http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,19591368%255E661,00.html |date=9 July 2006 }}. Retrieved 26 June 2006.</ref> The 'hit squad' accusations against Alkatiri were subsequently rejected by a UN Commission, which also criticised Gusmão for making inflammatory statements during the crisis.<ref>{{cite web | title=Report of the United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste | date=2 October 2006 | url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/COITimorLeste.pdf | via=ohchr.org | access-date=9 May 2020 | archive-date=25 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725064024/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/COITimorLeste.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

Gusmão declined to run for another term in the [[2007 East Timorese presidential election|April 2007 presidential election]]. In March 2007 he said that he would lead the new [[National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction]] (CNRT) into the [[2007 East Timorese parliamentary election|parliamentary election]] planned to be held later in the year, and said that he would be willing to become prime minister if his party won the election.<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21466137-2703,00.html "Gusmao to run for PM"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118005408/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21466137-2703,00.html |date=18 January 2008 }}, Associated Press (''The Australian''), 29 March 2007.</ref> He was succeeded as president by [[José Ramos-Horta]] on 20 May 2007.<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/200705/21/eng20070521_376306.html "Horta sworn in as Timor-Leste's new president"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821175752/http://english.people.com.cn/200705/21/eng20070521_376306.html |date=21 August 2013 }}, Xinhua (''People's Daily Online''), 21 May 2007.</ref> The CNRT placed second in the June 2007 parliamentary election, behind Fretilin, taking 24.10% of the vote and 18 seats. He won a seat in parliament as the first name on the CNRT's candidate list.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070810223956/http://www.cne.tl/Eleisaun_Parlamentar/ACTA%20FINAL/aviso_publico_final%2009-07-07-ENGLISH.pdf "National Provisional Results from the 30 June 2007 Parliamentary Elections"], Comissão Nacional de Eleições Timor-Leste, 9 July 2007.</ref> The CNRT allied with other parties to form a coalition that would hold a majority of seats in parliament. After weeks of dispute between this coalition and Fretilin over who should form the government, Ramos-Horta announced on 6 August that the CNRT-led coalition would form the government and that Gusmão would become Prime Minister on 8 August.<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-08-06-voa19.cfm "East Timor's Independence Hero To Be Next Prime Minister"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822032052/http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-08-06-voa19.cfm |date=22 August 2007 }}, VOA News, 6 August 2007.</ref><ref>Lindsay Murdoch, [http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/violence-greets-hortas-pm-decision/2007/08/06/1186252623815.html "Violence greets Horta's PM decision"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807060114/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/violence-greets-hortas-pm-decision/2007/08/06/1186252623815.html |date=7 August 2017 }}, smh.com.au, 6 August 2007.</ref> Gusmão was sworn in at the presidential palace in Dili on 8 August.<ref name=AJ/>

On 11 February 2008, a motorcade containing Gusmão [[2008 East Timorese assassination attempts|came under gunfire]] one hour after President [[José Ramos-Horta]] was shot in the stomach. Gusmão's residence was also occupied by rebels. According to the Associated Press, the incidents raised the possibility of a [[2008 East Timorese coup d'état attempt|coup attempt]];<ref>{{Cite news|title=East Timor President Wounded in Attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/world/AP-East-Timor-President.html?hp |work=The New York Times |date=10 February 2008 |access-date=10 February 2008}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> they have also described as possible assassination attempts<ref name = "Rudd-Timor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/11/2159782.htm |title=Rudd pledges more troops for East Timor – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=16 May 2011 |archive-date=4 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804005041/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/11/2159782.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and kidnap attempts.<ref name=Lawyer>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7250407.stm "E Timor arrests Reinado 'lawyer'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724142146/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7250407.stm |date=24 July 2020 }}, BBC News, 18 February 2008.</ref>

In the [[2012 East Timorese parliamentary election|2012 parliamentary elections]] in East Timor, Gusmão succeeded in re-entering parliament. With the CNRT as the strongest party, he also leads the new government as Prime Minister and Minister of Defence. Alfredo Pires took over as Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources. Again, Gusmão renounced his seat in parliament.

At the beginning of 2015, Gusmão announced his intention to reshuffle the government and also to resign early himself. On 5 February, he informed his coalition partners that he intended to propose former Health Minister [[Rui Maria de Araújo|Rui Araújo]] as his successor and resigned by writing to President [[Taur Matan Ruak]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lusa |date=5 February 2015 |title=Partidos da coligação informados que Rui Araújo é o novo PM timorense |url=http://www.timorhauniandoben.com/2015/02/partidos-da-coligacao-informados-que.html?spref=fb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223215750/http://www.timorhauniandoben.com/2015/02/partidos-da-coligacao-informados-que.html?spref=fb |archive-date=2017-12-23 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Timor Hau Nian Doben |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> The President accepted his resignation and appointed Araújo to form a new government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=East Timor president picks former health minister Rui Araujo to replace Xanana Gusmao as prime minister. |url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2015-02-11/east-timor-president-picks-former-health-minister-rui-araujo-to-replace-xanana-gusmao-as-prime-minis/1414087 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211110615/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2015-02-11/east-timor-president-picks-former-health-minister-rui-araujo-to-replace-xanana-gusmao-as-prime-minis/1414087 |archive-date=2015-02-11 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Radio Australia |language=en-AU |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> The handover of office took place on 16 February. In the new government, Gusmão is "Consultative Minister" and Minister of Planning and Strategic Investment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the incoming Sixth Constitutional Government meet « Government of Timor-Leste |url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=11219&lang=en |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=timor-leste.gov.tl |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:2 Xanana AMP campaign 2018-05-01.jpg|thumb|Gusmão at a [[Alliance for Change and Progress|AMP]] campaign event in 2018 in [[Oesilo]]]]
In the [[2017 East Timorese parliamentary election|2017 parliamentary elections]] in East Timor, Gusmão succeeded in entering parliament as the CNRT's list leader. However, the CNRT suffered heavy losses and came a close second behind Fretilin. On 4 August 2017, Gusmão announced his resignation as CNRT party leader. However, this resignation was not accepted at the extraordinary party congress and was later simply ignored.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-04 |title=Xanana Rezigna-an Hosi Presidente Partidu |url=https://tafara.tl/eleisaun-parlamentar/xanana-rezigna-an-hosi-presidente-partidu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805221204/https://tafara.tl/eleisaun-parlamentar/xanana-rezigna-an-hosi-presidente-partidu/ |archive-date=2017-08-05 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Tafara |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> The CNRT went into opposition, which is why Gusmão lost his ministerial post. He also renounced his seat in parliament after the first day of the session.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-06 |title=Deputadu Nain Haat Hosi Bankada CNRT Substitui Kargu |url=https://tatoli.tl/2017/09/06/deputadu-nain-haat-hosi-bankada-cnrt-substitui-kargu/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=TATOLI Agência Noticiosa de Timor-Leste |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:2-TMR-XG 2018-04-26.jpg|thumb|The 2018 election winners: [[Taur Matan Ruak]] and Xanana Gusmão]]

In the [[Timor Gap|border disputes]] between Australia and East Timor, Gusmão worked as East Timor's chief negotiator. After the successful conclusion of the new [[Timor Gap Treaty|Timor Sea border treaty]] on 6 March 2018, he received a triumphant reception and a heroes welcome from thousands of East Timorese on his return to Dili.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-11 |title=Hero's welcome for Timor border negotiator |url=https://www.westernadvocate.com.au/story/5277236/heros-welcome-for-timor-border-negotiator/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Western Advocate |language=en-AU}}</ref> In the [[2018 East Timorese parliamentary election|2018 general elections]], Gusmão represented the CNRT in the [[Alliance for Change and Progress]] (AMP) trio and entered parliament at number one on the list.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Electoral lists of the general election 2018 |url=http://www.laohamutuk.org/Justice/2018/ElPar/ListaCandidatos.pdf |website=laohamutuk.org}}</ref> However, he renounced his mandate already for the first session on 13 June.<ref>Tafara: ''[https://tafara.tl/xanana-tmr-la-partisipa-iha-plenaria-fidelis-sira-hakarak-fo-opurtunidade-ba-deputadu-jovens/ Xanana TMR La Partisipa Iha Plenaria. Fidelis Sira Hakarak Fo Opurtunidade Ba Deputadu Jovens]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'', June 13, 2018</ref> On 5 July, Gusmão was appointed Minister of State of the Council of the Prime Minister and Minister of Planning and Strategic Investment by President Francisco Guterres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decree President of the Republic No. 21/2018 iha 5 Jullu 2018 |url=https://www.facebook.com/289592191492394/photos/a.302133923571554.1073741829.289592191492394/467670830351195/?type=3&theater |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref> Due to the conflict with the President of the Republic over the appointment of CNRT ministers, Gusmão stayed away from the scheduled dates of his swearing-in ceremony and eventually renounced his position in the [[VIII Constitutional Government of East Timor|VIII Government]]. However, he continued to have responsibility for the Maritime Boundaries Office and continued negotiations with Australia until 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Peter |date=2018-08-14 |title=A first test for Timor-Leste's cohabitants |url=https://insidestory.org.au/a-first-test-for-timor-lestes-cohabitants/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Inside Story |language=en}}</ref> On 18 December 2019, Gusmão was also appointed by Cabinet as the [[Blue economy|Blue Economy]] Representative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Colo |first=Cipriano |date=2019-12-18 |title=KM Aprova Xanana Gusmão Reprezenta Governu ba Ekonomia Azúl |url=https://tatoli.tl/2019/12/18/km-aprova-xanana-gusmao-reprezenta-governu-ba-ekonomia-azul/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=TATOLI Agência Noticiosa de Timor-Leste |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the [[2022 East Timorese presidential election|2022 East Timor presidential elections]], Gusmão ran Ramos-Horta as the CNRT candidate. Gusmão played a central role in the election campaign, pushing Ramos-Horta into the background. In the event of an election, Gusmão announced that Ramos-Horta would dissolve parliament and call early elections. Ramos-Horta was more cautious about the matter and instead announced that he wanted to hold talks with all parties. On 20 May 2022, Ramos-Horta took up his second term as President.

In October 2022, several families in Dili's [[Aimeti Laran]] and [[Becusi Craic]] neighbourhoods were to be evicted from their homes. The landowner had enforced this in court, while the families justified their right to live there by saying they had been living there for decades. A team from the [[District Court (East Timor)|District Court]] and the [[National Police of East Timor|National Police]] had already removed the belongings of seven families in Becusi Craic when Xanana Gusmão intervened with media attention. He ordered the police officers to carry the families' belongings back into the houses and waited until they had finished the job. As a result, Judge Zulmira Auxiliadora Barros da Silva, who had ordered the evictions, was publicly defamed. The events became known as the "Aimeti Laran case" and the "Becussi Craic". In April 2023, the Conselho Superior da Magistratura Judicial (CSMJ) issued a press release expressing regret for the judge's "campaign of professional disparagement" and criticising the "total obstruction" of the execution of the sentence with the media present. The CSMJ concluded that the judge had acted correctly, declared its solidarity with the judicial officials involved and insisted on the sovereignty of the judiciary.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Conselho de magistratura timorense lamenta campanha de depreciação profissional a juiz - Primeiro diário caboverdiano em linha |url=https://www.asemana.publ.cv/?Conselho-de-magistratura-timorense-lamenta-campanha-de-depreciacao-profissional&ak=1 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=ASemana}}</ref>

In the [[2023 East Timorese parliamentary election]], the CNRT won 41% of the votes and gained 31 seats out of 65 in the National Parliament.<ref>{{cite news |title=East Timor's opposition party wins most seats in parliamentary election |url=https://apnews.com/article/east-timor-parliamentary-election-d0e4fcf786061f3bc49526ade399fdbe |work=AP News |date=23 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On 1 July 2023, Gusmao was sworn in as prime minister after his party's victory in the parliamentary election.<ref>{{cite news |title=East Timor's independence hero Xanana Gusmao returns to power as prime minister |url=https://apnews.com/article/east-timor-prime-minister-gusmao-9d3f254834da006a71e1597f361a33a5 |work=AP News |date=1 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
===Awards===
[[File:DIS Dili International School East Timor Timor Leste 001.jpg|thumb|Meeting Students of DIS – [[Dili International School]], 22 October 2009]]

In 1999, Gusmão was awarded the [[Sakharov Prize]] for Freedom of Thought.

In 2000, he was awarded the [[Sydney Peace Prize]] for being a "courageous and principled leader for the independence of the East Timorese people".

Also in 2000, he won the first [[Gwangju Prize for Human Rights]], created to honour "individuals, groups or institutions in Korea and abroad that have contributed in promoting and advancing human rights, democracy and peace through their work."<ref name=GP>{{cite web|url=http://518.org/eng/html/main.html?TM18MF=03020000 |title=Gwangju Prize for Human Rights |publisher=18 May Memorial Foundation |access-date=24 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603040007/http://www.518.org/eng/html/main.html?TM18MF=03020000 |archive-date=3 June 2011 }}</ref>

In 2002, he was awarded the [[North–South Prize]] by the [[Council of Europe]].

Gusmão is an Eminent Member of the [[Sérgio Vieira de Mello Foundation]].

===Honours===
*{{flag|Indonesia}}: First Class Adipurna of the [[Star of the Republic of Indonesia]] (10 October 2014)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prime Minister to receive Indonesia's highest medal of Honour on Friday « Government of Timor-Leste|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=10723&lang=en|website=timor-leste.gov.tl|language=en|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204045533/http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=10723&lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flag|New Zealand}}: Honorary Companion of the [[New Zealand Order of Merit]] (6 July 2000)<ref>{{cite journal |title=The New Zealand Order of Merit |journal=[[New Zealand Gazette]] |date=6 July 2000 |id=Notice Number 2000-vr4883 |issue=75 |page=1801 |url=https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2000-vr4883 |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713155514/https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2000-vr4883 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flag|Portugal}}:
** Grand Collar of the [[Order of Prince Henry]] (13 November 2007)
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of Liberty]] (9 June 1993)
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished [[Order of St Michael and St George|Order of Saint Michael and Saint George]] (2003)<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography - Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão |url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=3&lang=en |website=Government of Timor-Leste |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134628/http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=3&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gusmão |first1=Xanana |title=To Resist is to Win!: The Autobiography of Xanana Gusmão with Selected Letters & Speeches |date=2000 |publisher=Aurora Books with David Lovell Publishing |location=Richmond, Vic |isbn=1863550712}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Niner |first1=Sara |title=A Long Journey of Resistance: The Origins and Struggle of the CNRT |journal=[[Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars]] |date=2000 |volume=32 |issue=1 and 2 |pages=11–18 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2995028 |issn=0007-4810}}
* {{cite book |last1=Niner |first1=Sara |title=Xanana: Leader of the Struggle for Independent Timor-Leste |date=2009 |publisher=Australian Scholarly Publishing |location=North Melbourne, Vic |isbn=9781921509087 |url=https://bridges.monash.edu/articles/Xanana_Leader_of_the_Struggle_for_Independent_Timor_Leste/2003199 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215235803/https://bridges.monash.edu/articles/Xanana_Leader_of_the_Struggle_for_Independent_Timor_Leste/2003199 |url-status=live |author-mask1=5}}
* {{cite web |last1=Niner |first1=Sara |title=Of paintballs and power |url=https://insidestory.org.au/of-paintballs-and-power/ |website=Inside Story |access-date=30 November 2020 |date=17 February 2016 |archive-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210113524/https://insidestory.org.au/of-paintballs-and-power/ |url-status=live |author-mask1=5}}
* {{cite web |last1=Niner |first1=Sara |title=What a piece of work is a man! |url=https://www.newmandala.org/what-a-piece-of-work-is-a-man-xanana-gusmao-turns-70/ |website=New Mandala |publisher=[[Australian National University]] |access-date=9 April 2020 |date=20 June 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413112006/https://www.newmandala.org/what-a-piece-of-work-is-a-man-xanana-gusmao-turns-70/ |url-status=live |author-mask1=5}}
* {{cite web |title=East Timor: Remembering History - The Trial of Xanana Gusmao and a Follow-up on the Dili Massacre |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/1993/04/01/east-timor-remembering-history/trial-xanana-gusmao-and-follow-dili-massacre |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=2023-10-07 |language=en |date=1993-04-01}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=3&lang=en Official biography] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070709173914/http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/AboutTimorleste/pres.htm earlier version])
{{Commons}}
{{wikiquote}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-new|party}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction]]|years=2007–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of East Timor]]|years=2002–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[José Ramos-Horta]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Estanislau da Silva]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of East Timor]]|years=2007–2015}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rui Maria de Araújo]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Taur Matan Ruak]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Prime Minister of East Timor|years=2023–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{President of East Timor}}
{{East Timor prime minister}}
{{Footer Gwangju Prize for Human Rights laureates}}
{{Footer Sydney Peace Prize laureates}}
{{Sakharov Prize 1988–2000}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gusmao, Xanana}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:East Timorese Christian socialists]]
[[Category:East Timorese people of Portuguese descent]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Liberty]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Prince Henry]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Honorary Companions of the New Zealand Order of Merit]]
[[Category:East Timorese humanitarians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction politicians]]
[[Category:People from Manatuto District]]
[[Category:Presidents of East Timor]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of East Timor]]
[[Category:Fretilin politicians]]
[[Category:Defense ministers of East Timor]]
[[Category:Sakharov Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Ipiranga]]

Prime Minister of East Timor

2023-11-23T23:45:23Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Head of government of East Timor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Prime Minister
| body = the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
| native_name = {{small|{{lang-pt|Primeiro-Ministro}} {{lang-tet|Primeiru-Ministru}}}}
| insignia = Coat of arms of East Timor.svg
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = [[Coat of arms of East Timor]]
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| image = File:Xanana Gusmao1.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Xanana Gusmão]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 1 July 2023
| department =
| style = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| type =
| status = [[Head of Government]]
| abbreviation =
| member_of =
| reports_to =
| residence =
| seat = [[Dili]]
| nominator =
| appointer = [[President of East Timor]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = Five years
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of East Timor]]
| precursor =
| formation = 28 November 1975 20 May 2002
| first = [[Nicolau dos Reis Lobato]] [[Mari Alkatiri]]
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary = 27,000 USD annually<ref name="mj.gov.tl">{{cite web|url=http://www.mj.gov.tl/jornal/?q=node/852|title=REPÚBLICA DEMOCRÁTICA DE TIMOR-LESTE - Jornal da República|website=www.mj.gov.tl}}</ref>
| website =
}}
{{Politics of East Timor}}

The '''prime minister of East Timor''', officially the '''Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste''' ({{lang-pt|Primeiro-Ministro da República Democrática de Timor-Leste}}; {{lang-tet|Primeiru-Ministru Republika Demokratika Timor-Leste}}), is the [[head of government]] in [[East Timor]].

The [[president of East Timor]] is the [[head of state]]. The president [[Prerogative|appoints]] the prime minister, after parliamentary elections and have listened to all parties represented in the [[National Parliament (East Timor)|National Parliament]], who is usually the leader of the majority party or majority [[Coalition government|coalition]]. The prime minister is ''ex officio'' a member of the [[Council of State (East Timor)|Council of State]], chairs the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] and oversees the activities of the government.

The current prime minister is [[Xanana Gusmão]], who was sworn in on 1 July 2023; he also served as the 6th prime minister from 2007 to 2015.

==List of prime ministers of East Timor==
;Political parties
{{legend|{{party color|Fretilin}}|[[Fretilin]]|border=1px solid #aaa}}
{{legend|{{party color|National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction}}|[[National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction]] (CNRT)|border=1px solid #aaa}}
{{legend|{{party color|People's Liberation Party (East Timor)}}|[[People's Liberation Party (East Timor)|People's Liberation Party]] (PLP)|border=1px solid #aaa}}

;Other factions
{{legend|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|border=1px solid #aaa}}

===Prime ministers of East Timor during the War for Independence===
{{see also|Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975)}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" width="180" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" |Election
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Political party
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Fretilin}}; color:white;" | 1
| [[File:Stamp of Nicolau dos Reis Lobato (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Nicolau dos Reis Lobato]] {{small|(1946–1978)}}
| —
| 28 November 1975
| 7 December 1975
| {{ayd|1975|11|28|1975|12|7}}
| [[Fretilin]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Fretilin}}; color:white;" | 2
|
| [[António Duarte Carvarino]]
| —
| October 1977
| February 1979
| {{age in years and months|1977|10|1|1979|2|1}}
| [[Fretilin]]
|}

===Chief ministers during United Nations administration===
{{main|United Nations Administered East Timor}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" width="180" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" |Election
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Political party
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Fretilin}}; color:white;" | –
| [[File:Mari Bin Amude Alkatiri 2002.jpg|80px]]
| [[Mari Alkatiri]] {{small|(born 1949)}}
| [[2001 East Timorese parliamentary election|2001]]
| 20 September 2001
| 20 May 2002
| {{ayd|2001|10|20|2002|5|20}}
| [[Fretilin]]
|}

===Prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" width="180" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" |Election
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Political party
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Fretilin}}; color:white;" | 3
| [[File:Mari Bin Amude Alkatiri 2002.jpg|80px]]
| [[Mari Alkatiri]] {{small|(born 1949)}}
| [[2001 East Timorese parliamentary election|2001]]
| 20 May 2002
| 26 June 2006{{efn|Resigned during the [[2006 East Timorese crisis|2006 crisis]].}}
| {{ayd|2002|5|20|2006|6|26}}
| [[Fretilin]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | 4
| [[File:José Ramos-Horta Portrait.jpg|80px]]
| [[José Ramos-Horta]] {{small|(born 1949)}}
| rowspan="2"| —
| 26 June 2006
| 19 May 2007
| {{ayd|2006|6|26|2007|5|19}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Fretilin}}; color:white;" | 5
| [[File:Estanislau da Silva.jpg|80px]]
| [[Estanislau da Silva]] {{small|(born 1952)}}
| 19 May 2007
| 8 August 2007
| {{ayd|2007|5|19|2007|8|8}}
| [[Fretilin]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction}}; color:white;" | 6
| [[File:Prime Minister of Timor Leste Xanana Gusmão.jpg|80px]]
| [[Xanana Gusmão]] {{small|(born 1946)}}
| [[2007 East Timorese parliamentary election|2007]] [[2012 East Timorese parliamentary election|2012]]
| 8 August 2007
| 16 February 2015
| {{ayd|2007|8|8|2015|2|16}}
| [[National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction|CNRT]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Fretilin}}; color:white;" | 7
| [[File:Prime Minister of Timor Leste, Rui Maria de Araújo.jpg|80px]]
| [[Rui Maria de Araújo]] {{small|(born 1964)}}
| —
| 16 February 2015
| 15 September 2017
| {{ayd|2015|2|16|2017|9|15}}
| [[Fretilin]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Fretilin}}; color:white;" | {{small|(3)}}
| [[File:Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri (2nd Period).jpg|80px]]
| [[Mari Alkatiri]] {{small|(born 1949)}}
| [[2017 East Timorese parliamentary election|2017]]
| 15 September 2017
| 22 June 2018
| {{ayd|2017|9|15|2018|6|22}}
| [[Fretilin]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|People's Liberation Party (East Timor)}}; color:white;" | 8
| [[File:Prime Minister of Timor-Leste Taur Matan Ruak.jpg|80px]]
| [[Taur Matan Ruak]] {{small|(born 1956)}}
| [[2018 East Timorese parliamentary election|2018]]
| 22 June 2018
| 1 July 2023
| {{ayd|2018|6|22|2023|7|1}}
| [[People's Liberation Party (East Timor)|PLP]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction}}; color:white;" | {{small|(6)}}
| [[File:Prime Minister of Timor Leste Xanana Gusmão.jpg|80px]]
| [[Xanana Gusmão]] {{small|(born 1946)}}
| [[2023 East Timorese parliamentary election|2023]]
| 1 July 2023
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|2023|7|1}}
| [[National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction|CNRT]]
|}

==List of deputy prime ministers of East Timor{{small|{{efn|The [[Constitution of East Timor]] provides, in sections 104 and 105, for the appointment of officials referred to in its English language version as "Deputy Ministers". In other English language publications, those officials are commonly referred to as "Vice Ministers", even though the word "Vice", in context, arguably has a different meaning in English from the word "Deputy". In this article, the constitutional expression "Deputy" is used.}}}}==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" width="180" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" |Election
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Political party
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Kmanek Haburas Unidade Nasional Timor Oan}}; color:white;" | 1
| [[File:Armanda Berta dos Santos small 2020.jpg|80px]]
| [[Armanda Berta dos Santos]] {{small|(born 1974)}}
| rowspan="2"| —
| 29 May 2020
| 1 July 2023
| {{ayd|2020|5|29|2023|7|1}}
| [[Kmanek Haburas Unidade Nasional Timor Oan|KHUNTO]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Fretilin}}; color:white;" | 2
| [[File:José Reis small 2020.jpg|80px]]
| [[José Reis (politician)|José Maria dos Reis]] {{small|(born 1956)}}
| 24 June 2020
| 1 July 2023
| {{ayd|2020|6|24|2023|7|1}}
| [[Fretilin]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction}}; color:white;" | 3
| [[File:Francisco Kalbuadi Lay Tourismusminister 2015-08-03.jpg|80px]]
| [[Francisco Kalbuadi Lay]] {{small|(born 1954)}}
| rowspan="2"| [[2023 East Timorese parliamentary election|2023]]
| 1 July 2023
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|2023|7|1}}
| [[National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction|CNRT]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (East Timor)}}; color:white;" | 4
| [[File:2020-01-29 Mariano Asanami Sabino.jpg|80px]]
| [[Mariano Sabino Lopes|Mariano Assanami Lopes]] {{small|(born 1975)}}
| 1 July 2023
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|2023|7|1}}
| [[Democratic Party (East Timor)|PD]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Politics of East Timor]]
* [[History of East Timor]]
* [[List of colonial governors of Portuguese Timor]]
* [[President of East Timor]]
* [[First Lady of East Timor]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041126171620/http://www.pm.gov.tp/ Office of the Prime Minister]

{{Prime ministers of East Timor}}
{{East Timor topics}}
{{East Timor ministerial portfolios}}
{{Southeast Asian leaders}}
{{Prime Minister}}

[[Category:Prime Ministers of East Timor| ]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in East Timor]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in East Timor]]

{{EastTimor-poli-stub}}

Xanana Gusmão

2023-11-23T23:44:45Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|3rd president and 5th prime minister of East Timor}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCMG|size=100%}}
| name = Xanana Gusmão
| office = 6th [[Prime Minister of East Timor]]
| president = [[José Ramos-Horta]]
| deputy = {{ubl|[[Francisco Kalbuadi Lay]]|[[Mariano Sabino Lopes]]}}
| term_start = 1 July 2023
| predecessor = [[Taur Matan Ruak]]
| successor =
| image = File:Xanana Gusmao1.jpg
| caption = Official Potrait 202
| predecessor1 = [[Estanislau da Silva]]
| president1 = {{ubl|[[José Ramos-Horta]]|[[Taur Matan Ruak]]}}
| successor1 = [[Rui Maria de Araújo]]
| signature = Xanana Gusmão signature.svg
| party = [[National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction]]
| office2 = 3rd [[President of East Timor]]
| predecessor2 = [[Sérgio Vieira de Mello]] ''as UN Administrator'' (1999–2002) [[Nicolau dos Reis Lobato]] ''as acting president'' (1975–1978)
| primeminister2 = {{ubl|[[Mari Alkatiri]]|José Ramos-Horta|[[Estanislau da Silva]]}}
| successor2 = [[José Ramos-Horta]]
| birth_name = José Alexandre Gusmão
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manatuto]], [[Portuguese Timor]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Maria Emília Baptista|1965|1999|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Kirsty Sword Gusmão|Kirsty Sword]]|2000|2015|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
}}
| children = 5
| citizenship =
| residence = [[New South Wales]], Australia
| term_start1 = 8 August 2007
| term_end1 = 16 February 2015
| term_start2 = 20 May 2002
| term_end2 = 20 May 2007
}}

'''José Alexandre''' "'''Xanana'''" '''Gusmão''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCMG|size=100%}} ({{IPA-pt|ʒuˈzɛ ɐlɨˈʃɐ̃dɾɨ ʃɐˈnɐnɐ ɣuʒˈmɐ̃w}}; born 20 June 1946) is an East Timorese politician who has served as the [[Prime Minister of East Timor|prime minister of East Timor]] since 2023, previously serving in that position from 2007 to 2015.<ref name=AJ>{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/55A0A116-F243-41AF-9CB0-C97C5E36EA91.htm |title=Gusmao sworn in as East Timor PM |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811203436/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/55A0A116-F243-41AF-9CB0-C97C5E36EA91.htm |archivedate=11 August 2007 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 August 2007}}</ref> A former rebel, he also served as East Timor's first [[President of East Timor|president]] since its re-establishment of independence, from 20 May 2002 to 20 May 2007.

==Early life and career==
Gusmão was born in [[Manatuto]], in what was then [[Portuguese Timor]], to parents of mixed Portuguese-Timorese ancestry, both of whom were school teachers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=First Globalization: The Eurasian Exchange, 1500–1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gQV2V01Y6UC&q=Geoffrey+C.+Gunn+(2003).+First+Globalization:+The+Eurasian+Exchange,+1500-1800.|author=Geoffrey C. Gunn|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|pages=282|year=2003|isbn=0-7425-2661-5|access-date=4 November 2020|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327132023/https://books.google.com/books?id=4gQV2V01Y6UC&q=Geoffrey+C.+Gunn+%282003%29.+First+Globalization:+The+Eurasian+Exchange,+1500-1800.|url-status=live}}</ref> His family were [[assimilado]]s.<ref name="Divided">{{Cite journal |last=Shoesmith |first=Dennis |date=2003 |title=Timor-Leste: Divided Leadership in a Semi-Presidential System |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2003.43.2.231 |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=43 |issue=2 |page=236 |doi=10.1525/as.2003.43.2.231 |jstor=10.1525/as.2003.43.2.231 |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506145321/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2003.43.2.231 |url-status=live }}</ref> He attended a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] high school just outside [[Dili]]. After leaving high-school for financial reasons in 1961, at the age of 15, he held a variety of unskilled jobs, while continuing his education at night school. In 1965, at the age of 19, he met Emilia Batista, who was later to become his wife. His nickname, "Xanana", was taken from the name of the American rock and roll band "[[Sha Na Na]]", (which is pronounced the same as "Xanana" which is spelled according to Portuguese and [[Tetum language|Tetum]] spelling rules)<ref>{{cite news|title=Xanana Gusmao: From Guerrilla goalkeeper to president|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/world/arid-30046678.html|access-date=11 February 2022|work=[[Irish Examiner]]|publisher=Irish Examiner Ltd.|date=16 April 2002|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211215756/https://www.irishexaminer.com/world/arid-30046678.html|url-status=live}}</ref> who in turn were named after a lyric from the [[doo-wop]] song "[[Get a Job (song)|Get a Job]]" written and recorded in 1957 by [[the Silhouettes]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.shanana.com/faq.htm#SS1 | title= F.A.Q. (Frequently Asked Questions) | work= ShaNaNa.com | access-date= 11 February 2022 | archive-date= 14 February 2022 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220214234540/http://www.shanana.com/faq.htm#SS1 | url-status= live }}</ref>

In 1966, Gusmão obtained a position with the public service, which allowed him to continue his education. This was interrupted in 1968 when Gusmão was recruited by the [[Portuguese Army]] for national service. He served for three years, rising to the rank of corporal. During this time, he married Emilia Batista, with whom he had a son Eugenio, and a daughter Zenilda. He has since divorced Emilia, and in 2000, he married Australian [[Kirsty Sword Gusmão|Kirsty Sword]], with whom he had three sons: Alexandre, Kay Olok and Daniel. In 1971, Gusmão completed his national service, his son was born, and he became involved with a nationalist organisation headed by [[José Ramos-Horta]]. For the next three years he was actively involved in peaceful protests directed at the colonial system.

It was in 1974 that a [[Carnation Revolution|coup in Portugal]] resulted in the beginning of decolonisation for Portuguese Timor, and shortly afterwards the Governor [[Mário Lemos Pires]] announced plans to grant the colony independence. Plans were drawn up to hold general elections with a view to independence in 1978. During most of 1975 a bitter internal struggle occurred between two rival factions in Portuguese Timor. Gusmão became deeply involved with the [[Fretilin]] faction, and as a result he was arrested and imprisoned by the rival faction the Timorese Democratic Union ([[Timorese Democratic Union|UDT]]) in mid-1975. Taking advantage of the internal disorder, and with an eye to absorbing the colony, [[Indonesia]] immediately began a campaign of destabilisation, and frequent raids into Portuguese Timor were staged from Indonesian [[West Timor]]. By late 1975 the Fretilin faction had gained control of Portuguese Timor and Gusmão was released from prison. He was given the position of Press Secretary within the Fretilin organisation. On 28 November 1975, Fretilin declared the independence of Portuguese Timor as "The Democratic Republic of East Timor", and Gusmão was responsible for filming the ceremony. Nine days later, [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|Indonesia invaded East Timor]]. At the time Gusmão was visiting friends outside of Dili and he witnessed the invasion from the hills. For the next few days he searched for his family.

==Indonesian occupation==
{{Main|Indonesian occupation of East Timor}}
[[File:Xanana Gusmao in a safe house in Rua do Enfermeiro Matias, Kuluhun, Dili, Timor-Leste in 1991.jpg|thumb|Xanana Gusmão in a safe house in Dili during the occupation]]
After the appointment of the [[Provisional Government of East Timor]] by Indonesia, Gusmão became heavily involved in resistance activities. Gusmão was largely responsible for the level of organisation that evolved in the resistance, which ultimately led to its success. The early days featured Gusmão walking from village to village to obtain support and recruits. In 1977, Gusmão was the aide-de-camp to Fretilin political commissar [[Abel Ximenes|Abel Larisina]] and organised supplies for civilians at the resistance base at [[Matebian]]. In November 1978, the base was destroyed by the Indonesians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-28 |title="Chapter 7.3 Forced Displacement and Famine" |url=http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/chegaFiles/finalReportEng/07.3-Forced-Displacement-and-Famine.pdf |access-date=2023-05-30 |website="Chega!“- Report by the [[Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor|CAVR]] |via=[[Archive.org]] |archive-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128045825/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/chegaFiles/finalReportEng/07.3-Forced-Displacement-and-Famine.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> But after Fretilin suffered some major setbacks in the early 1980s, including a failed 1984 coup attempt against Gusmão led by four senior [[Falintil]] officers, including [[Mauk Moruk]],<ref name="lowy">{{cite news |title=Xanana Gusmao-Mauk Moruk: Timor struggles with its past and future |url=http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2013/12/05/Gusmao-Mauk-Moruk-Timor-struggles-with-its-past-and-future.aspx |work=[[Lowy Institute for International Policy]] |date=3 December 2013 |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001184801/http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2013/12/05/Gusmao-Mauk-Moruk-Timor-struggles-with-its-past-and-future.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Gusmão left Fretilin and supported various centrist coalitions, eventually becoming a leading opponent of Fretilin. In March 1981, a secret national conference in [[Lacluta Administrative Post|Lacluta]] elected him head of [[Falintil]], succeeding the slain [[Nicolau dos Reis Lobato|Nicolau dos Reis Lobatos]].

In 1988, Gusmão became leader of the newly formed National Council of Resistance (CNRT). To avoid being seen as partisan, Gusmão left Fretilin for this. Under his leadership, FALINTIL relied more on clandestine underground networks and used small groups to attack Indonesian targets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography Prime Minister and Minister of Defense and Security of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste |url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=3 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Timor Leste Government |language=en}}</ref> By the mid-1980s, he was a major leader. During the early 1990s, Gusmão became deeply involved in diplomacy and media management, and was instrumental in alerting the world to the [[Dili Massacre|massacre in Dili]] that occurred in Santa Cruz on 12 November 1991. Gusmão was interviewed by many major media channels and obtained worldwide attention.
[[file:Xanana_visit_to_Same_'00-03.jpg|left|thumb|Gusmão's visit to Same (2000)]]
As a result of his high profile, Gusmão became a prime target of the Indonesian government. [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Indonesian troops]] (TNI) attempted to capture Gusmão in the [[Same, East Timor|Same]] and [[Ainaro Municipality|Ainaro]] area on 14 November 1990 with ''Operasi Senyum'' ("Operation Smile"). Four days earlier, a woman had been captured who testified during interrogation that the rebel leader was staying at a nearby mountain. Xanana Gusmão, however, probably escaped one night before the attack. After the attack, in which twelve battalions and four helicopters were deployed, the military claimed to have found about 100 fighters. Also found was a container with Gusmão's documents, a video camera and his typewriter. Among the documents were letters from the Pope and Bishop [[Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo|Carlos Belo]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Timor-Leste |first=Komisi Penerimaan, Kebenaran, dan Rekonsiliasi (CAVR) di |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZvLuAEACAAJ&q=Lahane |title=Chega! |date=2010-07-28 |publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia |isbn=978-979-9102-44-7 |volume=1 |language=id}}</ref> According to a traditional Timorese legend, some warriors were able to transform themselves into dogs to escape their captors. Picking up on this myth, the legend spread that Gusmão could also turn into a white dog and thus run around the village unnoticed while the Indonesian soldiers were looking for him.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Matthew |last=Libbis |title=Rituals, Sacrifice & Symbolism in Timor-Leste |url=https://www.easttimorlawandjusticebulletin.com/2013/02/rituals-sacrifice-symbolism-in-timor_1.html |access-date=2023-05-30 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Aileu Falintilcamp Okt '99, Xanana kehrt zurück-01.jpg|thumb|Return of Gusmão to [[Aileu]] after Indonesian arrest]]

In November 1992, a campaign for his capture Gusmão was finally successful in a large-scale operation by the Indonesian military with Gusmão apprehanded in a tunnel under the family home of [[Aliança de Araújo|Aliança Araújo]] in Lahane near Dili and taken to [[Bali]].<ref name=":0" /> In May 1993, Gusmão was tried, convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment by the Indonesian government. He was found guilty under Article 108 of the Indonesian Penal Code (rebellion), Law no. 12 of 1951 (illegal possession of firearms) and Article 106 (attempting to separate part of the territory of Indonesia).<ref>[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA210581997?open&of=ENG-312 Amnesty International briefing on Xanana Gusmao] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914135828/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA210581997?open&of=ENG-312 |date=14 September 2007 }}</ref> He spoke in his own defence and he was appointed with defence lawyers before the commencement of his trial. The sentence was commuted to 20 years by the [[President of Indonesia|Indonesian President]] [[Suharto]] in August 1993. He was taken to [[Jakarta]]'s maximum security prison, [[Cipinang Penitentiary Institution|Cipinang]]. Although not released until late 1999, Gusmão successfully led the resistance from within prison with the help of Kirsty Sword. Prior to his release, the United Kingdom offered Gusmão political asylum to ensure his safety. The ''Xanana Room'' at the British Embassy in Jakarta commemorates this today.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Elizabeth |date=18 February 2014 |title=Rebel with a cause |url=http://www.embassymagazine.com/Biog/biog_countries/biog_emb52_timor-leste.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712191528/http://www.embassymagazine.com/Biog/biog_countries/biog_emb52_timor-leste.html |archive-date=2016-07-12 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Embassy Magazine |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> By the time of his release, he was regularly visited by United Nations representatives, and dignitaries such as [[Nelson Mandela]].

==Transition to independence==
{{main|United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor}}

[[File:Discusi Antar Sahabat 2013-05-13 17-05 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Last meeting on 30 Oct 1999 between Colonel Czi J. Suryo Prabowo, Xanana, and Col Inf Sahala Silalahi. The next day the TNI's rule in East Timor ended.]]On 30 August 1999, a [[East Timor Special Autonomy Referendum|referendum]] was held in East Timor and an overwhelming majority voted for independence. The Indonesian military commenced a campaign of terror as a result, with terrible consequences. Although the Indonesian government denied ordering this offensive, they were widely condemned for failing to prevent it. As a result of overwhelming diplomatic pressure from the United Nations, promoted by [[Portugal]] since the late 1970s and also by the United States and Australia in the 1990s, a UN-sanctioned, Australian-led international peace-keeping force ([[International Force for East Timor|INTERFET]]) entered East Timor. Upon his return to his native East Timor, he began a campaign of reconciliation and rebuilding.
[[File:INTERFET-UNTAET handover.jpg|thumb|Gusmão handing over control from [[International Force East Timor|INTERFET]] to [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor|UNTAET]]]]
In 1999, Xanana Gusmão was elected speaker of the National Consultative Council (NCC), a kind of transitional parliament during the UN administration of East Timor. On October 23, 2000, Gusmão also became spokesman for the subsequent National Council (NC). Gusmão was appointed to a senior role in the UN administration that governed East Timor until 20 May 2002. During this time he continually campaigned for unity and peace within East Timor, and was generally regarded as the ''de facto'' leader of the emerging nation. Elections were held in late 2001 and Gusmão, endorsed by nine parties but not by Fretilin, ran as an independent and was comfortably elected leader.

Gusmão eventually won the [[2002 East Timorese presidential election|presidential election]] on April 14, 2002 with 82.7% against his opponent [[Francisco Xavier do Amaral]] and the first president of East Timor when it became formally independent on 20 May 2002. Gusmão has published an autobiography with selected writings entitled ''To Resist Is to Win''. He is the main narrator of the film ''A Hero's Journey''/''Where the Sun Rises'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luxlucis.sg/index.swf |title=A Hero's Journey |access-date=17 December 2007 |archive-date=31 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155351/http://www.luxlucis.sg/index.swf |url-status=live }}</ref> a 2006 documentary about him and East Timor. According to director Grace Phan, it's an "intimate insight into the personal transformation" of the man who helped shape and liberate East Timor.

==Independent East Timor==
[[File:President gusmao.jpg|left|thumb|Xanana Gusmão as the president of East Timor]]
On 21 June 2006, Gusmão called for Prime Minister [[Mari Alkatiri]] to resign or else he would, as allegations that Alkatiri had ordered a [[Guerrilla warfare|hit squad]] to threaten and kill his political opponents led to a large backlash.<ref>ABC News Online (2006). [http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200606/s1668821.htm Alkatiri's resignation 'would paralyse Govt'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622195151/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200606/s1668821.htm |date=22 June 2006 }}. Retrieved 25 June 2006.</ref> Senior members of the Fretilin party met on 25 June to discuss Alkatiri's future as the Prime Minister, amidst a protest involving thousands of people calling for Alkatiri to resign instead of Gusmão.<ref>Reuters (2006). [http://today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-06-25T042258Z_01_SP8397_RTRUKOC_0_US-TIMOR.xml&archived=False East Timor ruling party meets to debate PM's future] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705213850/http://today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-06-25T042258Z_01_SP8397_RTRUKOC_0_US-TIMOR.xml&archived=False |date=5 July 2006 }}. Retrieved 25 June 2006.</ref> Despite receiving a vote of confidence from his party, Alkatiri resigned on 26 June 2006 to end the uncertainty. In announcing this he said, "I declare I am ready to resign my position as prime minister of the government...so as to avoid the resignation of His Excellency the President of the Republic [Xanana Gusmão]."<ref>Agence France-Presse (2006). [http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,19591368%255E661,00.html East Timor PM quits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709111351/http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,19591368%255E661,00.html |date=9 July 2006 }}. Retrieved 26 June 2006.</ref> The 'hit squad' accusations against Alkatiri were subsequently rejected by a UN Commission, which also criticised Gusmão for making inflammatory statements during the crisis.<ref>{{cite web | title=Report of the United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste | date=2 October 2006 | url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/COITimorLeste.pdf | via=ohchr.org | access-date=9 May 2020 | archive-date=25 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725064024/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/COITimorLeste.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

Gusmão declined to run for another term in the [[2007 East Timorese presidential election|April 2007 presidential election]]. In March 2007 he said that he would lead the new [[National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction]] (CNRT) into the [[2007 East Timorese parliamentary election|parliamentary election]] planned to be held later in the year, and said that he would be willing to become prime minister if his party won the election.<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21466137-2703,00.html "Gusmao to run for PM"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118005408/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21466137-2703,00.html |date=18 January 2008 }}, Associated Press (''The Australian''), 29 March 2007.</ref> He was succeeded as president by [[José Ramos-Horta]] on 20 May 2007.<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/200705/21/eng20070521_376306.html "Horta sworn in as Timor-Leste's new president"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821175752/http://english.people.com.cn/200705/21/eng20070521_376306.html |date=21 August 2013 }}, Xinhua (''People's Daily Online''), 21 May 2007.</ref> The CNRT placed second in the June 2007 parliamentary election, behind Fretilin, taking 24.10% of the vote and 18 seats. He won a seat in parliament as the first name on the CNRT's candidate list.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070810223956/http://www.cne.tl/Eleisaun_Parlamentar/ACTA%20FINAL/aviso_publico_final%2009-07-07-ENGLISH.pdf "National Provisional Results from the 30 June 2007 Parliamentary Elections"], Comissão Nacional de Eleições Timor-Leste, 9 July 2007.</ref> The CNRT allied with other parties to form a coalition that would hold a majority of seats in parliament. After weeks of dispute between this coalition and Fretilin over who should form the government, Ramos-Horta announced on 6 August that the CNRT-led coalition would form the government and that Gusmão would become Prime Minister on 8 August.<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-08-06-voa19.cfm "East Timor's Independence Hero To Be Next Prime Minister"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822032052/http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-08-06-voa19.cfm |date=22 August 2007 }}, VOA News, 6 August 2007.</ref><ref>Lindsay Murdoch, [http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/violence-greets-hortas-pm-decision/2007/08/06/1186252623815.html "Violence greets Horta's PM decision"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807060114/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/violence-greets-hortas-pm-decision/2007/08/06/1186252623815.html |date=7 August 2017 }}, smh.com.au, 6 August 2007.</ref> Gusmão was sworn in at the presidential palace in Dili on 8 August.<ref name=AJ/>

On 11 February 2008, a motorcade containing Gusmão [[2008 East Timorese assassination attempts|came under gunfire]] one hour after President [[José Ramos-Horta]] was shot in the stomach. Gusmão's residence was also occupied by rebels. According to the Associated Press, the incidents raised the possibility of a [[2008 East Timorese coup d'état attempt|coup attempt]];<ref>{{Cite news|title=East Timor President Wounded in Attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/world/AP-East-Timor-President.html?hp |work=The New York Times |date=10 February 2008 |access-date=10 February 2008}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> they have also described as possible assassination attempts<ref name = "Rudd-Timor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/11/2159782.htm |title=Rudd pledges more troops for East Timor – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=16 May 2011 |archive-date=4 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804005041/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/11/2159782.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and kidnap attempts.<ref name=Lawyer>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7250407.stm "E Timor arrests Reinado 'lawyer'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724142146/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7250407.stm |date=24 July 2020 }}, BBC News, 18 February 2008.</ref>

In the [[2012 East Timorese parliamentary election|2012 parliamentary elections]] in East Timor, Gusmão succeeded in re-entering parliament. With the CNRT as the strongest party, he also leads the new government as Prime Minister and Minister of Defence. Alfredo Pires took over as Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources. Again, Gusmão renounced his seat in parliament.

At the beginning of 2015, Gusmão announced his intention to reshuffle the government and also to resign early himself. On 5 February, he informed his coalition partners that he intended to propose former Health Minister [[Rui Maria de Araújo|Rui Araújo]] as his successor and resigned by writing to President [[Taur Matan Ruak]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lusa |date=5 February 2015 |title=Partidos da coligação informados que Rui Araújo é o novo PM timorense |url=http://www.timorhauniandoben.com/2015/02/partidos-da-coligacao-informados-que.html?spref=fb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223215750/http://www.timorhauniandoben.com/2015/02/partidos-da-coligacao-informados-que.html?spref=fb |archive-date=2017-12-23 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Timor Hau Nian Doben |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> The President accepted his resignation and appointed Araújo to form a new government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=East Timor president picks former health minister Rui Araujo to replace Xanana Gusmao as prime minister. |url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2015-02-11/east-timor-president-picks-former-health-minister-rui-araujo-to-replace-xanana-gusmao-as-prime-minis/1414087 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211110615/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2015-02-11/east-timor-president-picks-former-health-minister-rui-araujo-to-replace-xanana-gusmao-as-prime-minis/1414087 |archive-date=2015-02-11 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Radio Australia |language=en-AU |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> The handover of office took place on 16 February. In the new government, Gusmão is "Consultative Minister" and Minister of Planning and Strategic Investment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the incoming Sixth Constitutional Government meet « Government of Timor-Leste |url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=11219&lang=en |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=timor-leste.gov.tl |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:2 Xanana AMP campaign 2018-05-01.jpg|thumb|Gusmão at a [[Alliance for Change and Progress|AMP]] campaign event in 2018 in [[Oesilo]]]]
In the [[2017 East Timorese parliamentary election|2017 parliamentary elections]] in East Timor, Gusmão succeeded in entering parliament as the CNRT's list leader. However, the CNRT suffered heavy losses and came a close second behind Fretilin. On 4 August 2017, Gusmão announced his resignation as CNRT party leader. However, this resignation was not accepted at the extraordinary party congress and was later simply ignored.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-04 |title=Xanana Rezigna-an Hosi Presidente Partidu |url=https://tafara.tl/eleisaun-parlamentar/xanana-rezigna-an-hosi-presidente-partidu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805221204/https://tafara.tl/eleisaun-parlamentar/xanana-rezigna-an-hosi-presidente-partidu/ |archive-date=2017-08-05 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Tafara |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> The CNRT went into opposition, which is why Gusmão lost his ministerial post. He also renounced his seat in parliament after the first day of the session.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-06 |title=Deputadu Nain Haat Hosi Bankada CNRT Substitui Kargu |url=https://tatoli.tl/2017/09/06/deputadu-nain-haat-hosi-bankada-cnrt-substitui-kargu/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=TATOLI Agência Noticiosa de Timor-Leste |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:2-TMR-XG 2018-04-26.jpg|thumb|The 2018 election winners: [[Taur Matan Ruak]] and Xanana Gusmão]]

In the [[Timor Gap|border disputes]] between Australia and East Timor, Gusmão worked as East Timor's chief negotiator. After the successful conclusion of the new [[Timor Gap Treaty|Timor Sea border treaty]] on 6 March 2018, he received a triumphant reception and a heroes welcome from thousands of East Timorese on his return to Dili.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-11 |title=Hero's welcome for Timor border negotiator |url=https://www.westernadvocate.com.au/story/5277236/heros-welcome-for-timor-border-negotiator/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Western Advocate |language=en-AU}}</ref> In the [[2018 East Timorese parliamentary election|2018 general elections]], Gusmão represented the CNRT in the [[Alliance for Change and Progress]] (AMP) trio and entered parliament at number one on the list.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Electoral lists of the general election 2018 |url=http://www.laohamutuk.org/Justice/2018/ElPar/ListaCandidatos.pdf |website=laohamutuk.org}}</ref> However, he renounced his mandate already for the first session on 13 June.<ref>Tafara: ''[https://tafara.tl/xanana-tmr-la-partisipa-iha-plenaria-fidelis-sira-hakarak-fo-opurtunidade-ba-deputadu-jovens/ Xanana TMR La Partisipa Iha Plenaria. Fidelis Sira Hakarak Fo Opurtunidade Ba Deputadu Jovens]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'', June 13, 2018</ref> On 5 July, Gusmão was appointed Minister of State of the Council of the Prime Minister and Minister of Planning and Strategic Investment by President Francisco Guterres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decree President of the Republic No. 21/2018 iha 5 Jullu 2018 |url=https://www.facebook.com/289592191492394/photos/a.302133923571554.1073741829.289592191492394/467670830351195/?type=3&theater |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref> Due to the conflict with the President of the Republic over the appointment of CNRT ministers, Gusmão stayed away from the scheduled dates of his swearing-in ceremony and eventually renounced his position in the [[VIII Constitutional Government of East Timor|VIII Government]]. However, he continued to have responsibility for the Maritime Boundaries Office and continued negotiations with Australia until 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Peter |date=2018-08-14 |title=A first test for Timor-Leste's cohabitants |url=https://insidestory.org.au/a-first-test-for-timor-lestes-cohabitants/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Inside Story |language=en}}</ref> On 18 December 2019, Gusmão was also appointed by Cabinet as the [[Blue economy|Blue Economy]] Representative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Colo |first=Cipriano |date=2019-12-18 |title=KM Aprova Xanana Gusmão Reprezenta Governu ba Ekonomia Azúl |url=https://tatoli.tl/2019/12/18/km-aprova-xanana-gusmao-reprezenta-governu-ba-ekonomia-azul/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=TATOLI Agência Noticiosa de Timor-Leste |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the [[2022 East Timorese presidential election|2022 East Timor presidential elections]], Gusmão ran Ramos-Horta as the CNRT candidate. Gusmão played a central role in the election campaign, pushing Ramos-Horta into the background. In the event of an election, Gusmão announced that Ramos-Horta would dissolve parliament and call early elections. Ramos-Horta was more cautious about the matter and instead announced that he wanted to hold talks with all parties. On 20 May 2022, Ramos-Horta took up his second term as President.

In October 2022, several families in Dili's [[Aimeti Laran]] and [[Becusi Craic]] neighbourhoods were to be evicted from their homes. The landowner had enforced this in court, while the families justified their right to live there by saying they had been living there for decades. A team from the [[District Court (East Timor)|District Court]] and the [[National Police of East Timor|National Police]] had already removed the belongings of seven families in Becusi Craic when Xanana Gusmão intervened with media attention. He ordered the police officers to carry the families' belongings back into the houses and waited until they had finished the job. As a result, Judge Zulmira Auxiliadora Barros da Silva, who had ordered the evictions, was publicly defamed. The events became known as the "Aimeti Laran case" and the "Becussi Craic". In April 2023, the Conselho Superior da Magistratura Judicial (CSMJ) issued a press release expressing regret for the judge's "campaign of professional disparagement" and criticising the "total obstruction" of the execution of the sentence with the media present. The CSMJ concluded that the judge had acted correctly, declared its solidarity with the judicial officials involved and insisted on the sovereignty of the judiciary.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Conselho de magistratura timorense lamenta campanha de depreciação profissional a juiz - Primeiro diário caboverdiano em linha |url=https://www.asemana.publ.cv/?Conselho-de-magistratura-timorense-lamenta-campanha-de-depreciacao-profissional&ak=1 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=ASemana}}</ref>

In the [[2023 East Timorese parliamentary election]], the CNRT won 41% of the votes and gained 31 seats out of 65 in the National Parliament.<ref>{{cite news |title=East Timor's opposition party wins most seats in parliamentary election |url=https://apnews.com/article/east-timor-parliamentary-election-d0e4fcf786061f3bc49526ade399fdbe |work=AP News |date=23 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On 1 July 2023, Gusmao was sworn in as prime minister after his party's victory in the parliamentary election.<ref>{{cite news |title=East Timor's independence hero Xanana Gusmao returns to power as prime minister |url=https://apnews.com/article/east-timor-prime-minister-gusmao-9d3f254834da006a71e1597f361a33a5 |work=AP News |date=1 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
===Awards===
[[File:DIS Dili International School East Timor Timor Leste 001.jpg|thumb|Meeting Students of DIS – [[Dili International School]], 22 October 2009]]

In 1999, Gusmão was awarded the [[Sakharov Prize]] for Freedom of Thought.

In 2000, he was awarded the [[Sydney Peace Prize]] for being a "courageous and principled leader for the independence of the East Timorese people".

Also in 2000, he won the first [[Gwangju Prize for Human Rights]], created to honour "individuals, groups or institutions in Korea and abroad that have contributed in promoting and advancing human rights, democracy and peace through their work."<ref name=GP>{{cite web|url=http://518.org/eng/html/main.html?TM18MF=03020000 |title=Gwangju Prize for Human Rights |publisher=18 May Memorial Foundation |access-date=24 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603040007/http://www.518.org/eng/html/main.html?TM18MF=03020000 |archive-date=3 June 2011 }}</ref>

In 2002, he was awarded the [[North–South Prize]] by the [[Council of Europe]].

Gusmão is an Eminent Member of the [[Sérgio Vieira de Mello Foundation]].

===Honours===
*{{flag|Indonesia}}: First Class Adipurna of the [[Star of the Republic of Indonesia]] (10 October 2014)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prime Minister to receive Indonesia's highest medal of Honour on Friday « Government of Timor-Leste|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=10723&lang=en|website=timor-leste.gov.tl|language=en|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204045533/http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=10723&lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flag|New Zealand}}: Honorary Companion of the [[New Zealand Order of Merit]] (6 July 2000)<ref>{{cite journal |title=The New Zealand Order of Merit |journal=[[New Zealand Gazette]] |date=6 July 2000 |id=Notice Number 2000-vr4883 |issue=75 |page=1801 |url=https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2000-vr4883 |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713155514/https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2000-vr4883 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flag|Portugal}}:
** Grand Collar of the [[Order of Prince Henry]] (13 November 2007)
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of Liberty]] (9 June 1993)
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished [[Order of St Michael and St George|Order of Saint Michael and Saint George]] (2003)<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography - Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão |url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=3&lang=en |website=Government of Timor-Leste |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134628/http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=3&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gusmão |first1=Xanana |title=To Resist is to Win!: The Autobiography of Xanana Gusmão with Selected Letters & Speeches |date=2000 |publisher=Aurora Books with David Lovell Publishing |location=Richmond, Vic |isbn=1863550712}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Niner |first1=Sara |title=A Long Journey of Resistance: The Origins and Struggle of the CNRT |journal=[[Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars]] |date=2000 |volume=32 |issue=1 and 2 |pages=11–18 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2995028 |issn=0007-4810}}
* {{cite book |last1=Niner |first1=Sara |title=Xanana: Leader of the Struggle for Independent Timor-Leste |date=2009 |publisher=Australian Scholarly Publishing |location=North Melbourne, Vic |isbn=9781921509087 |url=https://bridges.monash.edu/articles/Xanana_Leader_of_the_Struggle_for_Independent_Timor_Leste/2003199 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215235803/https://bridges.monash.edu/articles/Xanana_Leader_of_the_Struggle_for_Independent_Timor_Leste/2003199 |url-status=live |author-mask1=5}}
* {{cite web |last1=Niner |first1=Sara |title=Of paintballs and power |url=https://insidestory.org.au/of-paintballs-and-power/ |website=Inside Story |access-date=30 November 2020 |date=17 February 2016 |archive-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210113524/https://insidestory.org.au/of-paintballs-and-power/ |url-status=live |author-mask1=5}}
* {{cite web |last1=Niner |first1=Sara |title=What a piece of work is a man! |url=https://www.newmandala.org/what-a-piece-of-work-is-a-man-xanana-gusmao-turns-70/ |website=New Mandala |publisher=[[Australian National University]] |access-date=9 April 2020 |date=20 June 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413112006/https://www.newmandala.org/what-a-piece-of-work-is-a-man-xanana-gusmao-turns-70/ |url-status=live |author-mask1=5}}
* {{cite web |title=East Timor: Remembering History - The Trial of Xanana Gusmao and a Follow-up on the Dili Massacre |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/1993/04/01/east-timor-remembering-history/trial-xanana-gusmao-and-follow-dili-massacre |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=2023-10-07 |language=en |date=1993-04-01}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=3&lang=en Official biography] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070709173914/http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/AboutTimorleste/pres.htm earlier version])
{{Commons}}
{{wikiquote}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-new|party}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction]]|years=2007–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of East Timor]]|years=2002–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[José Ramos-Horta]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Estanislau da Silva]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of East Timor]]|years=2007–2015}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rui Maria de Araújo]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Taur Matan Ruak]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Prime Minister of East Timor|years=2023–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{President of East Timor}}
{{East Timor prime minister}}
{{Footer Gwangju Prize for Human Rights laureates}}
{{Footer Sydney Peace Prize laureates}}
{{Sakharov Prize 1988–2000}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gusmao, Xanana}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:East Timorese Christian socialists]]
[[Category:East Timorese people of Portuguese descent]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Liberty]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Prince Henry]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Honorary Companions of the New Zealand Order of Merit]]
[[Category:East Timorese humanitarians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction politicians]]
[[Category:People from Manatuto District]]
[[Category:Presidents of East Timor]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of East Timor]]
[[Category:Fretilin politicians]]
[[Category:Defense ministers of East Timor]]
[[Category:Sakharov Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Ipiranga]]

List of prime ministers of Eswatini

2023-11-21T03:46:36Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Prime Minister
| body = Eswatini
| native_name = Ndvunankhulu
| insignia = Coat of arms of Swaziland.svg
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = [[Coat of arms of Eswatini]]
| image = File:Russell Dlamini.jpg
| imagesize = 165px
| incumbent = [[Russell Dlamini]]
| incumbentsince = 4 November 2023
| acting =
| style = His Excellency
| residence = State House, [[Lobamba]]
| appointer = [[Mswati III]], {{small|as [[Ngwenyama|King of Eswatini]]}}
| termlength = No fixed term
| formation = 16 May 1967
| succession =
| inaugural = [[Makhosini Dlamini]]
| deputy =
| salary = [[Swazi lilangeni|E]]926,370 per annum<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.times.co.sz/news/118039-pm-up-for-salary-review.html|title=Times of Swaziland}}</ref>
| website = [http://www.gov.sz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=411&Itemid=417 Website]
}}

This is a '''list of [[prime minister]]s of [[Eswatini]]''' ({{Lang-ss|Ndvunankhulu}}) since the formation of the post in 1967.

Twelve people have been Prime Minister of Eswatini, plus eight acting prime ministers. One person, [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]], held two non-consecutive terms.

The current prime minister is [[Russell Dlamini]], since 4 November 2023. He was appointed by [[Ngwenyama|King]] [[Mswati III]] at the [[Ludzidzini Royal Village]].<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |title=Eswatini has a new prime minister |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/eswatini-has-a-new-prime-minister-20231103 |website=News24 |author=Lenin Ndebele |date=3 November 2023 |access-date= 18 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|author=Eswatini Government |author-link= |user=EswatiniGovern1|number=1720465921410523609|date=3 November 2023|title=His Majesty King Mswati III has appointed Russell Mmemo Dlamini as Prime Minister |retweet= |access-date=18 November 2023|archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url=}}</ref>

==List of officeholders==
;Political parties
{{legend|{{party color|Imbokodvo National Movement}}|[[Imbokodvo National Movement]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

;Other factions
{{legend|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

;Status
{{legend|#E6E6AA|Acting Prime Minister|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" |Elected
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Political party
! rowspan="2" |[[List of monarchs of Eswatini|Monarch(s)]] {{small|(Reign)}}
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Imbokodvo National Movement}}; color:white;"| 1
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Makhosini Dlamini]] {{small|(1914–1978)}}
| rowspan=2| [[1967 Swazi general election|1967]] [[1972 Swazi general election|1972]]
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|16 May}} 1967
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|31 March}} 1976
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1967|05|16|1976|03|31}}
| [[Imbokodvo National Movement]] {{small|(until 1973)}}
| rowspan=5| [[File:King Sobhuza II, 1945 (cropped).jpg|80px]] [[Sobhuza II]] {{small|(1899–1982)}}
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:;"|
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 2
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Maphevu Dlamini]] {{small|(1922–1979)}}
| [[1978 Swazi general election|1978]]
| {{nowrap|31 March}} 1976
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1979†
| {{ayd|1976|03|31|1979|10|25}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Ben Nsibandze]] {{small|(1931–2021)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1979
| {{nowrap|23 November}} 1979
| {{ayd|1979|10|25|1979|11|23}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 3
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Mabandla Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1930)}}
| rowspan=2| —
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|23 November}} 1979
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|25 March}} 1983
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1979|11|23|1983|03|25}}
| rowspan=2| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| rowspan=2| ''Interregnum''
|-
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 4
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Bhekimpi Dlamini]] {{small|(1924–1999)}}
| rowspan=2| [[1983 Swazi general election|1983]]
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|25 March}} 1983
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|6 October}} 1986
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1983|03|25|1986|10|06}}
| rowspan=2| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| rowspan=17| [[File:King Mswati III, 2006.jpg|80px]] [[Mswati III]] {{small|(since 1986)}}
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 5
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Sotsha Dlamini]] {{small|(1940–2017)}}
| [[1987 Swazi general election|1987]]
| {{nowrap|6 October}} 1986
| {{nowrap|12 July}} 1989
| {{ayd|1986|10|06|1989|07|12}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 6
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Obed Dlamini]] {{small|(1937–2017)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|12 July}} 1989
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1993
| {{ayd|1989|07|12|1993|10|25}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Andreas Fakudze]] {{small|(died 2013)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1993
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 1993
| {{ayd|1993|10|25|1993|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 7
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Jameson Mbilini Dlamini]] {{small|(1921–2008)}}
| [[1993 Swazi general election|1993]]
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 1993
| {{nowrap|8 May}} 1996
| {{ayd|1993|11|04|1996|05|08}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Sishayi Nxumalo]] {{small|(1936–2000)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|8 May}} 1996
| {{nowrap|26 July}} 1996
| {{ayd|1996|05|08|1996|07|26}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 8
| [[File:Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini.jpg|90px]]
| [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]] {{small|(1942–2018)}}
| [[1998 Swazi general election|1998]]
| {{nowrap|26 July}} 1996
| {{nowrap|29 September}} 2003
| {{ayd|1996|07|26|2003|09|29}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Paul Shabangu]] {{small|(born 1943)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|29 September}} 2003
| {{nowrap|6 November}} 2003
| {{ayd|2003|09|29|2003|11|06}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 9
| [[File:Themba Dlamini 2007.jpg|90px]]
| [[Themba Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1950)}}
| [[2003 Swazi general election|2003]]
| {{nowrap|6 November}} 2003
| {{nowrap|18 September}} 2008
| {{ayd|2003|11|06|2008|09|18}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Bheki Dlamini]]
| —
| {{nowrap|18 September}} 2008
| {{nowrap|23 October}} 2008
| {{ayd|2008|09|18|2008|10|23}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| {{small|(8)}}
| [[File:Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini.jpg|90px|90px]]
| [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]] {{small|(1942–2018)}}
| [[2008 Swazi general election|2008]] [[2013 Swazi general election|2013]]
| {{nowrap|23 October}} 2008
| {{nowrap|5 September}} 2018
| {{ayd|2008|10|23|2018|09|05}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Vincent Mhlanga]] {{small|(died 2020)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|5 September}} 2018
| {{nowrap|27 October}} 2018
| {{ayd|2018|09|05|2018|10|27}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 10
| [[File:Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini (cropped).jpg|90px]]
| [[Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]] {{small|(1968–2020)}}
| [[2018 Swazi general election|2018]]
| {{nowrap|27 October}} 2018
| {{nowrap|13 December}} 2020†
| {{ayd|2018|10|27|2020|12|13}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:Themba Masuku.jpg|90px]]
| [[Themba Masuku]] {{small|(born 1950)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|13 December}} 2020
| {{nowrap|19 July}} 2021
| {{ayd|2020|12|13|2021|07|19}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 11
| [[File:Cleopas Dlamini.jpg|90px]]
| [[Cleopas Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1952)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|19 July}} 2021
| {{nowrap|28 September}} 2023
| {{ayd|2021|07|19|2023|09|28}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:Mgwagwa Gamedze 2017.jpg|90px]]
| [[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] {{small|(born 19–)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|28 September}} 2023
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 2023
| {{ayd|2023|09|28|2023|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 12
| [[File:Russell Dlamini.jpg|90px]]
| [[Russell Dlamini]] {{small|(born 19–)}}
| [[2023 Swazi general election|2023]]
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 2023
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|2023|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|}

==Timeline==
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:21
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:150 left:20
AlignBars = late

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

Colors =
id:independent value:rgb(0.710,0.710,0.710) legend:None_(Independent)
id:inm value:rgb(0.75,0.111,0.68) legend:INM

id:gray1 value:gray(0.85)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.95)

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1967 till:$today
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1970
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1967

Legend = columns:1 left:150 top:35 columnwidth:170

TextData =
pos:(20,38) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text:"Political party:"

BarData =
bar:MDlamini
bar:MapDlamini
bar:Nsibandze
bar:MabDlamini
bar:BDlamini
bar:SDlamini
bar:ODlamini
bar:Fakudze
bar:JMDlamini
bar:Nxumalo
bar:BSDlamini
bar:Shabangu
bar:TDlamini
bar:BhDlamini
bar:Mhlanga
bar:AMDlamini
bar:Masuku
bar:CDlamini
bar:Gamedze
bar:RDlamini

PlotData =
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:MDlamini
from: 16/05/1967 till: 01/01/1973 color:inm
from: 01/01/1973 till: 31/03/1976 color:independent text:"[[Makhosini Dlamini]]"
bar:MapDlamini
from: 31/03/1976 till: 25/10/1979 color:independent text:"[[Maphevu Dlamini]]"
bar:Nsibandze
from: 25/10/1979 till: 23/11/1979 color:independent text:"[[Ben Nsibandze]] (acting)"
bar:MabDlamini
from: 23/11/1979 till: 25/03/1983 color:independent text:"[[Mabandla Dlamini]]"
bar:BDlamini
from: 25/03/1983 till: 06/10/1986 color:independent text:"[[Bhekimpi Dlamini]]"
bar:SDlamini
from: 06/10/1986 till: 12/07/1989 color:independent text:"[[Sotsha Dlamini]]"
bar:ODlamini
from: 12/07/1989 till: 25/10/1993 color:independent text:"[[Obed Dlamini]]"
bar:Fakudze
from: 25/10/1993 till: 04/11/1993 color:independent text:"[[Andreas Fakudze]] (acting)"
bar:JMDlamini
from: 04/11/1993 till: 08/05/1996 color:independent text:"[[Jameson Mbilini Dlamini]]"
bar:Nxumalo
from: 08/05/1996 till: 26/07/1996 color:independent text:"[[Sishayi Nxumalo]] (acting)"
bar:BSDlamini
from: 26/07/1996 till: 29/09/2003 color:independent
from: 23/10/2008 till: 05/09/2018 color:independent text:"[[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]]"
bar:Shabangu
from: 29/09/2003 till: 06/11/2003 color:independent text:"[[Paul Shabangu]] (acting)"
bar:TDlamini
from: 06/11/2003 till: 18/09/2008 color:independent text:"[[Themba Dlamini]]"
bar:BhDlamini
from: 18/09/2008 till: 23/10/2008 color:independent text:"[[Bheki Dlamini]] (acting)"
bar:Mhlanga
from: 05/09/2018 till: 27/10/2018 color:independent text:"[[Vincent Mhlanga]] (acting)"
bar:AMDlamini
from: 27/10/2018 till: 13/12/2020 color:independent text:"[[Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]]"
bar:Masuku
from: 13/12/2020 till: 19/07/2021 color:independent text:"[[Themba Masuku]] (acting)"
bar:CDlamini
from: 19/07/2021 till: 28/09/2023 color:independent text:"[[Cleopas Dlamini]]"
bar:Gamedze
from: 28/09/2023 till: 04/11/2023 color:independent text:"[[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] (acting)"
bar:RDlamini
from: 04/11/2023 till: $today color:independent text:"[[Russell Dlamini]]"

}}

==See also==
{{Politics of Swaziland}}
* [[List of monarchs of Eswatini]]
* [[Lists of office-holders]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Swaziland.html World Statesmen – Eswatini (Swaziland)]

{{Prime ministers of Eswatini}}
{{Eswatini topics}}
{{Heads of state and government of Africa}}
{{Prime Minister}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prime Ministers of Eswatini}}
[[Category:Politics of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Government of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Eswatini| ]]
[[Category:Lists of prime ministers by country|Eswatini]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Swaziland]]

Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini

2023-11-21T03:44:06Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{About|the Prime Minister of Eswatini|the Swazi footballer|Sibusiso Dlamini}}
{{Short description|Swazi politician}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| name = Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini
| image = File:Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini.jpg
| caption = Portrait official
| office = 8th [[List of Prime Ministers of Eswatini|Prime Minister of Eswatini]]
| monarch = [[Mswati III]]
| term_start = 23 October 2008
| term_end = 4 September 2018
| predecessor = [[Bheki Dlamini]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| successor = [[Vincent Mhlanga]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| monarch1 = [[Mswati III]]
| term_start1 = 26 July 1996
| term_end1 = 29 September 2003
| predecessor1 = [[Sishayi Nxumalo]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| successor1 = [[Paul Shabangu]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|5|15|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|9|28|1942|5|15|df=y}}
| death_place =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin, Madison]] [[University of South Africa]] [[New York University Stern School of Business|New York University]]
| spouse = Jane Gezephi Matsebula (1970–2012) Joy Nonjabulo Gladness Maziya (2014–2016) Gugu Primrose Simelane (2017-death)
}}
'''Prince Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini''' (15 May 1942 – 28 September 2018) was a Swazi politician who served as [[List of Prime Ministers of Eswatini|Prime Minister]] of [[Eswatini]], from 1996 to 2003 and again from October 2008 to September 2018.

==Career==
Dlamini was a member of parliament from 1978 before becoming [[List of finance ministers of Eswatini|Minister of Finance]] from 1984 to 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.sz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=411:the-prime-minister&catid=65&Itemid=630|title=The Prime Minister|website=www.gov.sz}}</ref> He was also an executive director of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF).<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19960727/ai_n14060572 "Swaziland appoint Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini as prime minister"], ''The Independent'' (UK), 27 July 1996.</ref> From 1996 to 2003, he was Prime Minister, and in 2003 he became a member of [[Mswati III of Swaziland|King Mswati III]]'s advisory council.<ref name="AFP">"Swazi king names staunch royalist as prime minister", AFP, 16 October 2008. {{Cite web |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5guTJ5y4kIJQVGfSh7UWBnwuO2siQ |title=AFP: Swazi king names staunch royalist as prime minister |access-date=18 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520180622/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5guTJ5y4kIJQVGfSh7UWBnwuO2siQ |archive-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="Who">Elimane Fall, [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN23128aprskiuqran0 "Après Konaré, qui ?"], ''Jeune Afrique'', 23 December 2007 {{in lang|fr}}. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107030241/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN23128aprskiuqran0 |date=7 January 2008 }}</ref>

Dlamini was a candidate, backed by the Swazi government, for the position of [[Chairperson of the African Union Commission]] in early 2008.<ref name="Who" /><ref>[http://www.gov.sz/home.asp?pid=5250 "Candidacy of Dr. Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini to the position of Chairperson of the African Union Commission"], Swazi government website. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125230848/http://www.gov.sz/home.asp?pid=5250 |date=25 November 2007 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.pambazuka.org/aumonitor/comments/525/ "In Preparation for AU Summit"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706211727/http://www.pambazuka.org/aumonitor/comments/525/ |date=6 July 2008 }}, AU Monitor.</ref><ref name="Ob">[http://www.observer.org.sz/main.php?id=40698&section=main "Ex-PM Sibusiso out of AU race"], ''The Swazi Observer'', 2 January 2008.</ref> The government withdrew his candidacy out of solidarity with the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) so that SADC could present a single candidate.<ref name="Ob" />

Following the [[2008 Swazi parliamentary election|September 2008 parliamentary election]], Dlamini was reappointed as Prime Minister by Mswati III on 16 October 2008. [[Jan Sithole]], the Secretary-General of the [[Swaziland Federation of Trade Unions]], was critical of the appointment, saying that Dlamini worked to "suppress political organisations and advance the strong rule of the monarchy" during his earlier period as Prime Minister; he also accused Dlamini of "strong-hand tactics and lack of respect for the rule of law". Opposition leader [[Mario Masuku]], the President of the [[People's United Democratic Movement]], said that Dlamini "was not appointed on merit but on his level of allegiance to the king".<ref name=AFP/> Dlamini was sworn in by Chief Justice [[Richard Banda]] on 23 October 2008. He took the oath of office both in English and in [[Swati language|SiSwati]].<ref>Senzo Dlamini, [http://www.times.co.sz/index.php?news=2486 "Barnabas sworn in – in style"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621030623/http://www.times.co.sz/index.php?news=2486 |date=21 June 2013 }}, ''Times of Swaziland'', 24 October 2008.</ref>

In 2013, he was appointed for the third time in the ninth parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.sz/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1460%3Aking-re-appoints-dr-bs-dlamini-as-prime-minister%26catid%3D1%3Alatest-news |title=King re-appoints Dr. B.S. Dlamini as Prime Minister |accessdate=2013-10-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200528/http://www.gov.sz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1460%3Aking-re-appoints-dr-bs-dlamini-as-prime-minister&catid=1%3Alatest-news |archivedate=29 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dlamini was married three times. His first wife was Jane Gezephi Matsebula, whom he married on 26 June 1970,<ref name="marriage1">{{cite news|title='PM has lost best friend, advisor'|url=http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=46756|accessdate=3 June 2017|work=Swazi Observer|date=22 December 2012}}</ref> and who died on 14 December 2012 from kidney failure.<ref name="jane">{{cite news|last1=Ngozo|first1=Sibusisiwe|title=PM's wife to be laid to be buried on Saturday|url=http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=46595|accessdate=3 June 2017|work=Swazi Observer|date=19 December 2012}}</ref> On 15 March 2014, he married Pastor Joy Nonjabulo Gladness Maziya; however, Dlamini filed for divorce just over two years later, on 1 April 2016.<ref name="divorce">{{cite news|title=PM divorcing wife Joy|url=http://www.times.co.sz/news/107392-pm-divorcing-wife-joy.html|accessdate=3 June 2017|work=Times Of Swaziland|date=7 April 2016}}</ref> In November 2017 he married Gugu Primrose Simelane, a teacher by profession. At the time Simelane was deputy head teacher at Siweni Nazarene Primary School. A few months after marrying Dlamini she was promoted to head teacher at Ngwenya Primary School.

==Illness and death==
In 2017, Dlamini went to [[Taiwan]] and [[South Africa]] for medical check-ups. He was admitted to an [[Intensive care unit|ICU]] in April 2018 in [[Mbabane]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.times.co.sz/news/118112-pm-sick-admitted-to-icu.html|title=PM Sick, Admitted to ICU|work=Times Of Swaziland|access-date = 29 September 2018}}</ref>

Dlamini died at age 76 from natural causes on September 28, 2018, less than a month after stepping down as Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/prime-minister-dlamini-eswatini-dies-202336370.html|title=Prime Minister Dlamini of eSwatini dies|work=Yahoo News|access-date=29 September 2018|archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001051226/https://www.yahoo.com/news/prime-minister-dlamini-eswatini-dies-202336370.html|url-status=dead}}.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sishayi Nxumalo]] {{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Prime Ministers of Swaziland|Prime Minister of Swaziland]]|years=1996–2003}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Paul Shabangu]] {{small|Acting}}}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Bheki Dlamini]] {{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Prime Ministers of Swaziland|Prime Minister of Swaziland]]|years=2008–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vincent Mhlanga]] {{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-end}}

{{SwaziPMs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dlamini, Barnabas Sibusiso}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:International Monetary Fund people]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Finance Ministers of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Swazi officials of the United Nations]]

List of prime ministers of Eswatini

2023-11-21T02:13:29Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Prime Minister
| body = Eswatini
| native_name = Ndvunankhulu
| insignia = Coat of arms of Swaziland.svg
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = [[Coat of arms of Eswatini]]
| image = File:Russell Dlamini.jpg
| imagesize = 165px
| incumbent = [[Russell Dlamini]]
| incumbentsince = 4 November 2023
| acting =
| style = His Excellency
| residence = State House, [[Lobamba]]
| appointer = [[Mswati III]], {{small|as [[Ngwenyama|King of Eswatini]]}}
| termlength = No fixed term
| formation = 16 May 1967
| succession =
| inaugural = [[Makhosini Dlamini]]
| deputy =
| salary = [[Swazi lilangeni|E]]926,370 per annum<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.times.co.sz/news/118039-pm-up-for-salary-review.html|title=Times of Swaziland}}</ref>
| website = [http://www.gov.sz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=411&Itemid=417 Website]
}}

This is a '''list of [[prime minister]]s of [[Eswatini]]''' ({{Lang-ss|Ndvunankhulu}}) since the formation of the post in 1967.

Twelve people have been Prime Minister of Eswatini, plus eight acting prime ministers. One person, [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]], held two non-consecutive terms.

The current prime minister is [[Russell Dlamini]], since 4 November 2023. He was appointed by [[Ngwenyama|King]] [[Mswati III]] at the [[Ludzidzini Royal Village]].<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |title=Eswatini has a new prime minister |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/eswatini-has-a-new-prime-minister-20231103 |website=News24 |author=Lenin Ndebele |date=3 November 2023 |access-date= 18 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|author=Eswatini Government |author-link= |user=EswatiniGovern1|number=1720465921410523609|date=3 November 2023|title=His Majesty King Mswati III has appointed Russell Mmemo Dlamini as Prime Minister |retweet= |access-date=18 November 2023|archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url=}}</ref>

==List of officeholders==
;Political parties
{{legend|{{party color|Imbokodvo National Movement}}|[[Imbokodvo National Movement]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

;Other factions
{{legend|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

;Status
{{legend|#E6E6AA|Acting Prime Minister|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" |Elected
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Political party
! rowspan="2" |[[List of monarchs of Eswatini|Monarch(s)]] {{small|(Reign)}}
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Imbokodvo National Movement}}; color:white;"| 1
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Makhosini Dlamini]] {{small|(1914–1978)}}
| rowspan=2| [[1967 Swazi general election|1967]] [[1972 Swazi general election|1972]]
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|16 May}} 1967
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|31 March}} 1976
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1967|05|16|1976|03|31}}
| [[Imbokodvo National Movement]] {{small|(until 1973)}}
| rowspan=5| [[File:King Sobhuza II, 1945 (cropped).jpg|80px]] [[Sobhuza II]] {{small|(1899–1982)}}
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:;"|
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 2
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Maphevu Dlamini]] {{small|(1922–1979)}}
| [[1978 Swazi general election|1978]]
| {{nowrap|31 March}} 1976
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1979†
| {{ayd|1976|03|31|1979|10|25}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Ben Nsibandze]] {{small|(1931–2021)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1979
| {{nowrap|23 November}} 1979
| {{ayd|1979|10|25|1979|11|23}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 3
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Mabandla Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1930)}}
| rowspan=2| —
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|23 November}} 1979
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|25 March}} 1983
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1979|11|23|1983|03|25}}
| rowspan=2| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| rowspan=2| ''Interregnum''
|-
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 4
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Bhekimpi Dlamini]] {{small|(1924–1999)}}
| rowspan=2| [[1983 Swazi general election|1983]]
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|25 March}} 1983
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|6 October}} 1986
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1983|03|25|1986|10|06}}
| rowspan=2| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| rowspan=17| [[File:King Mswati III, 2006.jpg|80px]] [[Mswati III]] {{small|(since 1986)}}
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 5
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Sotsha Dlamini]] {{small|(1940–2017)}}
| [[1987 Swazi general election|1987]]
| {{nowrap|6 October}} 1986
| {{nowrap|12 July}} 1989
| {{ayd|1986|10|06|1989|07|12}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 6
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Obed Dlamini]] {{small|(1937–2017)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|12 July}} 1989
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1993
| {{ayd|1989|07|12|1993|10|25}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Andreas Fakudze]] {{small|(died 2013)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1993
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 1993
| {{ayd|1993|10|25|1993|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 7
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Jameson Mbilini Dlamini]] {{small|(1921–2008)}}
| [[1993 Swazi general election|1993]]
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 1993
| {{nowrap|8 May}} 1996
| {{ayd|1993|11|04|1996|05|08}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Sishayi Nxumalo]] {{small|(1936–2000)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|8 May}} 1996
| {{nowrap|26 July}} 1996
| {{ayd|1996|05|08|1996|07|26}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 8
| [[File:Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini 2011.jpg|90px]]
| [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]] {{small|(1942–2018)}}
| [[1998 Swazi general election|1998]]
| {{nowrap|26 July}} 1996
| {{nowrap|29 September}} 2003
| {{ayd|1996|07|26|2003|09|29}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Paul Shabangu]] {{small|(born 1943)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|29 September}} 2003
| {{nowrap|6 November}} 2003
| {{ayd|2003|09|29|2003|11|06}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 9
| [[File:Themba Dlamini 2007.jpg|90px]]
| [[Themba Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1950)}}
| [[2003 Swazi general election|2003]]
| {{nowrap|6 November}} 2003
| {{nowrap|18 September}} 2008
| {{ayd|2003|11|06|2008|09|18}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Bheki Dlamini]]
| —
| {{nowrap|18 September}} 2008
| {{nowrap|23 October}} 2008
| {{ayd|2008|09|18|2008|10|23}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| {{small|(8)}}
| [[File:Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini 2011.jpg|90px]]
| [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]] {{small|(1942–2018)}}
| [[2008 Swazi general election|2008]] [[2013 Swazi general election|2013]]
| {{nowrap|23 October}} 2008
| {{nowrap|5 September}} 2018
| {{ayd|2008|10|23|2018|09|05}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Vincent Mhlanga]] {{small|(died 2020)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|5 September}} 2018
| {{nowrap|27 October}} 2018
| {{ayd|2018|09|05|2018|10|27}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 10
| [[File:Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini (cropped).jpg|90px]]
| [[Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]] {{small|(1968–2020)}}
| [[2018 Swazi general election|2018]]
| {{nowrap|27 October}} 2018
| {{nowrap|13 December}} 2020†
| {{ayd|2018|10|27|2020|12|13}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:Themba Masuku.jpg|90px]]
| [[Themba Masuku]] {{small|(born 1950)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|13 December}} 2020
| {{nowrap|19 July}} 2021
| {{ayd|2020|12|13|2021|07|19}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 11
| [[File:Cleopas Dlamini.jpg|90px]]
| [[Cleopas Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1952)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|19 July}} 2021
| {{nowrap|28 September}} 2023
| {{ayd|2021|07|19|2023|09|28}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:Mgwagwa Gamedze 2017.jpg|90px]]
| [[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] {{small|(born 19–)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|28 September}} 2023
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 2023
| {{ayd|2023|09|28|2023|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 12
| [[File:Russell Dlamini.jpg|90px]]
| [[Russell Dlamini]] {{small|(born 19–)}}
| [[2023 Swazi general election|2023]]
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 2023
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|2023|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|}

==Timeline==
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:21
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:150 left:20
AlignBars = late

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

Colors =
id:independent value:rgb(0.710,0.710,0.710) legend:None_(Independent)
id:inm value:rgb(0.75,0.111,0.68) legend:INM

id:gray1 value:gray(0.85)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.95)

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1967 till:$today
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1970
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1967

Legend = columns:1 left:150 top:35 columnwidth:170

TextData =
pos:(20,38) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text:"Political party:"

BarData =
bar:MDlamini
bar:MapDlamini
bar:Nsibandze
bar:MabDlamini
bar:BDlamini
bar:SDlamini
bar:ODlamini
bar:Fakudze
bar:JMDlamini
bar:Nxumalo
bar:BSDlamini
bar:Shabangu
bar:TDlamini
bar:BhDlamini
bar:Mhlanga
bar:AMDlamini
bar:Masuku
bar:CDlamini
bar:Gamedze
bar:RDlamini

PlotData =
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:MDlamini
from: 16/05/1967 till: 01/01/1973 color:inm
from: 01/01/1973 till: 31/03/1976 color:independent text:"[[Makhosini Dlamini]]"
bar:MapDlamini
from: 31/03/1976 till: 25/10/1979 color:independent text:"[[Maphevu Dlamini]]"
bar:Nsibandze
from: 25/10/1979 till: 23/11/1979 color:independent text:"[[Ben Nsibandze]] (acting)"
bar:MabDlamini
from: 23/11/1979 till: 25/03/1983 color:independent text:"[[Mabandla Dlamini]]"
bar:BDlamini
from: 25/03/1983 till: 06/10/1986 color:independent text:"[[Bhekimpi Dlamini]]"
bar:SDlamini
from: 06/10/1986 till: 12/07/1989 color:independent text:"[[Sotsha Dlamini]]"
bar:ODlamini
from: 12/07/1989 till: 25/10/1993 color:independent text:"[[Obed Dlamini]]"
bar:Fakudze
from: 25/10/1993 till: 04/11/1993 color:independent text:"[[Andreas Fakudze]] (acting)"
bar:JMDlamini
from: 04/11/1993 till: 08/05/1996 color:independent text:"[[Jameson Mbilini Dlamini]]"
bar:Nxumalo
from: 08/05/1996 till: 26/07/1996 color:independent text:"[[Sishayi Nxumalo]] (acting)"
bar:BSDlamini
from: 26/07/1996 till: 29/09/2003 color:independent
from: 23/10/2008 till: 05/09/2018 color:independent text:"[[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]]"
bar:Shabangu
from: 29/09/2003 till: 06/11/2003 color:independent text:"[[Paul Shabangu]] (acting)"
bar:TDlamini
from: 06/11/2003 till: 18/09/2008 color:independent text:"[[Themba Dlamini]]"
bar:BhDlamini
from: 18/09/2008 till: 23/10/2008 color:independent text:"[[Bheki Dlamini]] (acting)"
bar:Mhlanga
from: 05/09/2018 till: 27/10/2018 color:independent text:"[[Vincent Mhlanga]] (acting)"
bar:AMDlamini
from: 27/10/2018 till: 13/12/2020 color:independent text:"[[Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]]"
bar:Masuku
from: 13/12/2020 till: 19/07/2021 color:independent text:"[[Themba Masuku]] (acting)"
bar:CDlamini
from: 19/07/2021 till: 28/09/2023 color:independent text:"[[Cleopas Dlamini]]"
bar:Gamedze
from: 28/09/2023 till: 04/11/2023 color:independent text:"[[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] (acting)"
bar:RDlamini
from: 04/11/2023 till: $today color:independent text:"[[Russell Dlamini]]"

}}

==See also==
{{Politics of Swaziland}}
* [[List of monarchs of Eswatini]]
* [[Lists of office-holders]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Swaziland.html World Statesmen – Eswatini (Swaziland)]

{{Prime ministers of Eswatini}}
{{Eswatini topics}}
{{Heads of state and government of Africa}}
{{Prime Minister}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prime Ministers of Eswatini}}
[[Category:Politics of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Government of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Eswatini| ]]
[[Category:Lists of prime ministers by country|Eswatini]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Swaziland]]

Themba Masuku

2023-11-21T02:12:30Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Eswatini politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Themba Masuku
| image = File:Themba Masuku.jpg
| image_size =
| office = Acting [[Prime Minister of Eswatini]]
| term_start = 13 December 2020
| term_end = 19 July 2021
| monarch = [[Mswati III]]
| predecessor = [[Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]]
| successor = [[Cleopas Dlamini]]
| office2 = Deputy [[Prime Minister of Eswatini]]
| term_start2 = 6 November 2018
| term_end2 =
| monarch2 = [[Mswati III]]
| primeminister2 = [[Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]] ''himself'' {{small|(acting)}} [[Cleopas Dlamini]]
| predecessor2 = [[Paul Dlamini]]
| successor2 =
| term_start3 = 2008
| term_end3 = 2013
| monarch3 = [[Mswati III]]
| primeminister3 = [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = [[Paul Dlamini]]
| office4 = [[List of finance ministers of Eswatini|Minister for Finance]]
| term_start4 = November 1996
| term_end4 = November 1998
| predecessor4 = [[Derek von Wissel]]
| successor4 = [[John Philip Carmichael]]
| office5 = Minister for Economic Planning and Development
| term_start5 = 1993
| term_end5 = 1996
| office6 = Minister for Agriculture and Cooperatives
| term_start6 = 1991
| term_end6 = 1993
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|7|7|df=y}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Themba Nhlanganiso Masuku''' (born 7 July 1950)<ref>https://www.sardc.net/editorial/sadctoday/documents/pre/SADC_TODAY_vol_1_2_April_1997.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> is a [[Eswatini|Swazi]] politician who has served as Deputy Prime Minister of [[Eswatini]] since 2018 and as Acting Prime Minister from 13 December 2020 to 16 July 2021.<ref name="news24.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/eswatini-king-appoints-new-prime-minister-20210716|title = Eswatini king appoints new prime minister}}</ref> Earlier, he served as Deputy Prime Minister from 2008 until 2013.

==Early life==

Masuku was born on 7 July 1950. He received his Master of Science degree from the [[University of Missouri]].<ref name=fao/>

==Career==

In the 1990s, he filled various posts in the government of Swaziland, including Minister for Agriculture and Cooperatives, Minister for Economic Planning and Development, and [[List of finance ministers of Eswatini|Minister of Finance]] from 1996 to 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/8492/icode/|title=FAO - News Article: Swaziland's new Deputy Prime Minister hails from FAO|website=www.fao.org}}</ref> He then worked with the [[FAO|Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the [[United Nations]], as director of the liaison offices in [[Geneva]] and later New York. He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in 2008<ref name=fao>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/8492/icode/|accessdate=7 May 2013|title=Swaziland's new Deputy Prime Minister hails from FAO|date=12 November 2008|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> by King [[Mswati III]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=491&itemid=21125|accessdate=7 May 2013|date=28 April 2010|title=President Ma meets Swaziland Deputy Prime Minister Themba N. Masuku|publisher=Office of the President, Republic of China (Taiwan)}}</ref> and served in that position until 2013, when he became the regional administrator for the [[Shiselweni]] district.

Masuku returned to his position as Deputy Prime Minister when Prime Minister [[Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]] presented his cabinet in November 2018.<ref>[http://www.gov.sz/index.php/latest-news/2086-prime-minister-announces-new-cabinet Prime Minister announces new cabinet]</ref><ref>[http://www.gov.sz/index.php/component/content/article/123-public-works-a-transport/2096-honourable-chief-ndlaluhlaza-ndwandwe-officially-sworn-in-as-minister?Itemid=799 Honourable Chief Ndlaluhlaza Ndwandwe officially sworn in as Minister of Public Works and Transport]</ref> He became acting prime minister after Dlamini's death on 13 December 2020.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAkNrU7W62M Eswatini Prime Minister dies from coronavirus infection in SA hospital]</ref> According to the [[Constitution of Eswatini]], Themba Masuku was supposed to serve as Acting Prime Minister for a maximum period of three months.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eswatini – Constitution – 2005|url=https://www.cabri-sbo.org/en/documents/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-swaziland-act-2005|access-date=14 December 2020|website=Collaborative Africa Budget Reform Initiative (CABRI)|language=en}}</ref> In June and July 2021, amidst police and army brutality, Masuku was criticized for his handling of the [[2021 Eswatini protests|2021 Eswatini Protests]] against the monarchy. In a sibaya on 16 July 2021, King Mswati replaced Masuku with Cleopas Dlamini as the new prime minister.<ref name="news24.com"/>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Prime ministers of Eswatini}}
{{Commonwealth heads of government}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Masuku, Themba N.}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Deputy Prime ministers of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Finance Ministers of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Food ministers of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Planning ministers of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Food and Agriculture Organization officials]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Swazi officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Swazi politicians]]
[[Category:University of Missouri alumni]]

List of prime ministers of Eswatini

2023-11-21T02:09:57Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Prime Minister
| body = Eswatini
| native_name = Ndvunankhulu
| insignia = Coat of arms of Swaziland.svg
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = [[Coat of arms of Eswatini]]
| image = File:Russell Dlamini.jpg
| imagesize = 165px
| incumbent = [[Russell Dlamini]]
| incumbentsince = 4 November 2023
| acting =
| style = His Excellency
| residence = State House, [[Lobamba]]
| appointer = [[Mswati III]], {{small|as [[Ngwenyama|King of Eswatini]]}}
| termlength = No fixed term
| formation = 16 May 1967
| succession =
| inaugural = [[Makhosini Dlamini]]
| deputy =
| salary = [[Swazi lilangeni|E]]926,370 per annum<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.times.co.sz/news/118039-pm-up-for-salary-review.html|title=Times of Swaziland}}</ref>
| website = [http://www.gov.sz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=411&Itemid=417 Website]
}}

This is a '''list of [[prime minister]]s of [[Eswatini]]''' ({{Lang-ss|Ndvunankhulu}}) since the formation of the post in 1967.

Twelve people have been Prime Minister of Eswatini, plus eight acting prime ministers. One person, [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]], held two non-consecutive terms.

The current prime minister is [[Russell Dlamini]], since 4 November 2023. He was appointed by [[Ngwenyama|King]] [[Mswati III]] at the [[Ludzidzini Royal Village]].<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |title=Eswatini has a new prime minister |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/eswatini-has-a-new-prime-minister-20231103 |website=News24 |author=Lenin Ndebele |date=3 November 2023 |access-date= 18 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|author=Eswatini Government |author-link= |user=EswatiniGovern1|number=1720465921410523609|date=3 November 2023|title=His Majesty King Mswati III has appointed Russell Mmemo Dlamini as Prime Minister |retweet= |access-date=18 November 2023|archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url=}}</ref>

==List of officeholders==
;Political parties
{{legend|{{party color|Imbokodvo National Movement}}|[[Imbokodvo National Movement]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

;Other factions
{{legend|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

;Status
{{legend|#E6E6AA|Acting Prime Minister|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" |Elected
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Political party
! rowspan="2" |[[List of monarchs of Eswatini|Monarch(s)]] {{small|(Reign)}}
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Imbokodvo National Movement}}; color:white;"| 1
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Makhosini Dlamini]] {{small|(1914–1978)}}
| rowspan=2| [[1967 Swazi general election|1967]] [[1972 Swazi general election|1972]]
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|16 May}} 1967
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|31 March}} 1976
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1967|05|16|1976|03|31}}
| [[Imbokodvo National Movement]] {{small|(until 1973)}}
| rowspan=5| [[File:King Sobhuza II, 1945 (cropped).jpg|80px]] [[Sobhuza II]] {{small|(1899–1982)}}
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:;"|
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 2
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Maphevu Dlamini]] {{small|(1922–1979)}}
| [[1978 Swazi general election|1978]]
| {{nowrap|31 March}} 1976
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1979†
| {{ayd|1976|03|31|1979|10|25}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Ben Nsibandze]] {{small|(1931–2021)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1979
| {{nowrap|23 November}} 1979
| {{ayd|1979|10|25|1979|11|23}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 3
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Mabandla Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1930)}}
| rowspan=2| —
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|23 November}} 1979
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|25 March}} 1983
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1979|11|23|1983|03|25}}
| rowspan=2| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| rowspan=2| ''Interregnum''
|-
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 4
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Bhekimpi Dlamini]] {{small|(1924–1999)}}
| rowspan=2| [[1983 Swazi general election|1983]]
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|25 March}} 1983
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|6 October}} 1986
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1983|03|25|1986|10|06}}
| rowspan=2| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| rowspan=17| [[File:King Mswati III, 2006.jpg|80px]] [[Mswati III]] {{small|(since 1986)}}
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 5
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Sotsha Dlamini]] {{small|(1940–2017)}}
| [[1987 Swazi general election|1987]]
| {{nowrap|6 October}} 1986
| {{nowrap|12 July}} 1989
| {{ayd|1986|10|06|1989|07|12}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 6
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Obed Dlamini]] {{small|(1937–2017)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|12 July}} 1989
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1993
| {{ayd|1989|07|12|1993|10|25}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Andreas Fakudze]] {{small|(died 2013)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1993
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 1993
| {{ayd|1993|10|25|1993|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 7
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Jameson Mbilini Dlamini]] {{small|(1921–2008)}}
| [[1993 Swazi general election|1993]]
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 1993
| {{nowrap|8 May}} 1996
| {{ayd|1993|11|04|1996|05|08}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Sishayi Nxumalo]] {{small|(1936–2000)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|8 May}} 1996
| {{nowrap|26 July}} 1996
| {{ayd|1996|05|08|1996|07|26}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 8
| [[File:Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini 2011.jpg|90px]]
| [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]] {{small|(1942–2018)}}
| [[1998 Swazi general election|1998]]
| {{nowrap|26 July}} 1996
| {{nowrap|29 September}} 2003
| {{ayd|1996|07|26|2003|09|29}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Paul Shabangu]] {{small|(born 1943)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|29 September}} 2003
| {{nowrap|6 November}} 2003
| {{ayd|2003|09|29|2003|11|06}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 9
| [[File:Themba Dlamini 2007.jpg|90px]]
| [[Themba Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1950)}}
| [[2003 Swazi general election|2003]]
| {{nowrap|6 November}} 2003
| {{nowrap|18 September}} 2008
| {{ayd|2003|11|06|2008|09|18}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Bheki Dlamini]]
| —
| {{nowrap|18 September}} 2008
| {{nowrap|23 October}} 2008
| {{ayd|2008|09|18|2008|10|23}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| {{small|(8)}}
| [[File:Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini 2011.jpg|90px]]
| [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]] {{small|(1942–2018)}}
| [[2008 Swazi general election|2008]] [[2013 Swazi general election|2013]]
| {{nowrap|23 October}} 2008
| {{nowrap|5 September}} 2018
| {{ayd|2008|10|23|2018|09|05}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Vincent Mhlanga]] {{small|(died 2020)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|5 September}} 2018
| {{nowrap|27 October}} 2018
| {{ayd|2018|09|05|2018|10|27}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 10
| [[File:Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini (cropped).jpg|90px]]
| [[Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]] {{small|(1968–2020)}}
| [[2018 Swazi general election|2018]]
| {{nowrap|27 October}} 2018
| {{nowrap|13 December}} 2020†
| {{ayd|2018|10|27|2020|12|13}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:Themba Nhlanganiso Masuku.jpg|90px]]
| [[Themba Masuku]] {{small|(born 1950)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|13 December}} 2020
| {{nowrap|19 July}} 2021
| {{ayd|2020|12|13|2021|07|19}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 11
| [[File:Cleopas Dlamini.jpg|90px]]
| [[Cleopas Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1952)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|19 July}} 2021
| {{nowrap|28 September}} 2023
| {{ayd|2021|07|19|2023|09|28}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:Mgwagwa Gamedze 2017.jpg|90px]]
| [[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] {{small|(born 19–)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|28 September}} 2023
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 2023
| {{ayd|2023|09|28|2023|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 12
| [[File:Russell Dlamini.jpg|90px]]
| [[Russell Dlamini]] {{small|(born 19–)}}
| [[2023 Swazi general election|2023]]
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 2023
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|2023|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|}

==Timeline==
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:21
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:150 left:20
AlignBars = late

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

Colors =
id:independent value:rgb(0.710,0.710,0.710) legend:None_(Independent)
id:inm value:rgb(0.75,0.111,0.68) legend:INM

id:gray1 value:gray(0.85)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.95)

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1967 till:$today
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1970
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1967

Legend = columns:1 left:150 top:35 columnwidth:170

TextData =
pos:(20,38) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text:"Political party:"

BarData =
bar:MDlamini
bar:MapDlamini
bar:Nsibandze
bar:MabDlamini
bar:BDlamini
bar:SDlamini
bar:ODlamini
bar:Fakudze
bar:JMDlamini
bar:Nxumalo
bar:BSDlamini
bar:Shabangu
bar:TDlamini
bar:BhDlamini
bar:Mhlanga
bar:AMDlamini
bar:Masuku
bar:CDlamini
bar:Gamedze
bar:RDlamini

PlotData =
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:MDlamini
from: 16/05/1967 till: 01/01/1973 color:inm
from: 01/01/1973 till: 31/03/1976 color:independent text:"[[Makhosini Dlamini]]"
bar:MapDlamini
from: 31/03/1976 till: 25/10/1979 color:independent text:"[[Maphevu Dlamini]]"
bar:Nsibandze
from: 25/10/1979 till: 23/11/1979 color:independent text:"[[Ben Nsibandze]] (acting)"
bar:MabDlamini
from: 23/11/1979 till: 25/03/1983 color:independent text:"[[Mabandla Dlamini]]"
bar:BDlamini
from: 25/03/1983 till: 06/10/1986 color:independent text:"[[Bhekimpi Dlamini]]"
bar:SDlamini
from: 06/10/1986 till: 12/07/1989 color:independent text:"[[Sotsha Dlamini]]"
bar:ODlamini
from: 12/07/1989 till: 25/10/1993 color:independent text:"[[Obed Dlamini]]"
bar:Fakudze
from: 25/10/1993 till: 04/11/1993 color:independent text:"[[Andreas Fakudze]] (acting)"
bar:JMDlamini
from: 04/11/1993 till: 08/05/1996 color:independent text:"[[Jameson Mbilini Dlamini]]"
bar:Nxumalo
from: 08/05/1996 till: 26/07/1996 color:independent text:"[[Sishayi Nxumalo]] (acting)"
bar:BSDlamini
from: 26/07/1996 till: 29/09/2003 color:independent
from: 23/10/2008 till: 05/09/2018 color:independent text:"[[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]]"
bar:Shabangu
from: 29/09/2003 till: 06/11/2003 color:independent text:"[[Paul Shabangu]] (acting)"
bar:TDlamini
from: 06/11/2003 till: 18/09/2008 color:independent text:"[[Themba Dlamini]]"
bar:BhDlamini
from: 18/09/2008 till: 23/10/2008 color:independent text:"[[Bheki Dlamini]] (acting)"
bar:Mhlanga
from: 05/09/2018 till: 27/10/2018 color:independent text:"[[Vincent Mhlanga]] (acting)"
bar:AMDlamini
from: 27/10/2018 till: 13/12/2020 color:independent text:"[[Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]]"
bar:Masuku
from: 13/12/2020 till: 19/07/2021 color:independent text:"[[Themba Masuku]] (acting)"
bar:CDlamini
from: 19/07/2021 till: 28/09/2023 color:independent text:"[[Cleopas Dlamini]]"
bar:Gamedze
from: 28/09/2023 till: 04/11/2023 color:independent text:"[[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] (acting)"
bar:RDlamini
from: 04/11/2023 till: $today color:independent text:"[[Russell Dlamini]]"

}}

==See also==
{{Politics of Swaziland}}
* [[List of monarchs of Eswatini]]
* [[Lists of office-holders]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Swaziland.html World Statesmen – Eswatini (Swaziland)]

{{Prime ministers of Eswatini}}
{{Eswatini topics}}
{{Heads of state and government of Africa}}
{{Prime Minister}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prime Ministers of Eswatini}}
[[Category:Politics of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Government of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Eswatini| ]]
[[Category:Lists of prime ministers by country|Eswatini]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Swaziland]]

Cleopas Dlamini

2023-11-21T02:08:35Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Eswatini}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Cleopas Dlamini
| image = File:Cleopas Dlamini.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Dlamini in 2023
| office = 11th [[Prime Minister of Eswatini]]
| deputy = Themba N. Masuku
| term_start = 19 July 2021
| term_end = 28 September 2023
| monarch = [[Mswati III]]
| predecessor = [[Themba N. Masuku]] (acting)
| successor = [[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] (acting)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|12|26|df=y}}{{fact|date=October 2023}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| nationality = [[Eswatini|Liswati]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland]]<ref>"[https://parliament.gov.sz/about/pm/ Prime Minister & Minister for Parliamentary Affairs]"</ref>
| spouse = Lomvula Hlope, Nomfundo Maseko
}}

'''Cleopas Sipho Dlamini''' (born 26 December 1952{{fact|date=October 2023}}) is a [[Eswatini|Liswati]] [[business executive]] who served as the [[List of prime ministers of Eswatini|prime minister of Eswatini]] from 2021 to 2023.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| work=Government of Eswatini |url=http://www.gov.sz/index.php/latest-news/204-latest-news/2481-king-appoints-cleopas-dlamini-as-prime-minister | title=King Appoints Cleopas Dlamini As Prime Minister |date=16 July 2021 |author=Government of Eswatini |access-date=21 July 2021 |location=Mbabane, Eswatini}}</ref>

He replaced [[Themba N. Masuku]], who occupied the office in acting capacity, following the death of the previous substantive office holder [[Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]] in December 2020. Before he was named prime minister, Cleopas was the [[chief executive officer]] of the Public Pension Fund of the Kingdom of [[Eswatini]]. He was also a Senator in the [[Senate of Eswatini|Eswatini Senate]].<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/africa/eswatini-s-king-mswati-iii-appoints-cleopas-dlamini-as-new-prime-minister--3476410 |title=Eswatini's King Mswati III appoints Cleopas Dlamini as new Prime Minister |work=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)]] | date=17 July 2021 |author=The Citizen Tanzania |access-date=21 July 2021 |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref><ref name="3R">{{cite web|work=[[Times of Swaziland]] | url=https://www.pressreader.com/eswatini/times-of-eswatini/20210719/281633898253150 |title=Cleopas's Wife, Family Taken By Surprise |author=Mbongiseni Dzimandze |date=19 July 2021
|access-date=21 July 2021 |location=Mbabane, Eswatini |format=via [[PressReader]]}}</ref>

==Prime Minister of Eswatini==
On 16 July 2021, following [[2021–2023 Eswatini protests|major political unrest]] against the monarchy in Eswatini,<ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/08/eswatini-protests-we-are-fighting-a-liberation-struggle |date=8 July 2021 |title=Eswatini Protests: 'We Are Fighting A Liberation Struggle' |work=[[The Guardian]] |author=Jason Burke |access-date=23 July 2021 |location=London, United Kingdom}}</ref> at a ''sibaya'' held at the [[Ludzidzini Royal Village]], some {{convert|20|km|0}} south of [[Mbabane]], King [[Mswati III]], announced his appointment of Cleopas Dlamini as the next prime minister.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|work=[[Aljazeera.com]] | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/16/eswatini-king-appoints-new-pm-as-anti-monarchy-protests-flare |title=King of eSwatini appoints new PM as anti-monarchy protests flare |
date=16 July 2021 |author=News Agencies | access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> The new prime minister took the [[oath of office]] on 19 July 2021 and also swore in as a member of the [[Parliament of Eswatini]]. He chaired his first [[Cabinet of Eswatini|cabinet]] meeting on the morning of 20 July 2021.<ref name="6R">{{cite web|url=https://eswatinibulletin.com/in-pictures-pm-cleopas-chairs-first-sitting-with-cabinet-ministers/ |title=Prime Minister Cleopas Sipho Dlamini Chairs First Cabinet Meeting |work=Eswatini Bulletin |date=20 July 2021 |author=Themba Zwane |access-date=21 July 2021 |location=Mbabane, Eswatini}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of prime ministers of Eswatini]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/eswatini-king-appoints-new-prime-minister-20210716 Eswatini king appoints new prime minister] As of 16 July 2021.

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Themba N. Masuku]] {{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Prime Ministers of Eswatini|Prime Minister of Eswatini]]|years=2021–2023}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] {{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-end}}

{{Prime ministers of Eswatini}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dlamini, Cleopas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Swazi businesspeople]]
[[Category:Swazi chief executives]]
[[Category:University of Eswatini alumni]]
[[Category:1952 births]]

{{Eswatini-stub}}

List of prime ministers of Eswatini

2023-11-21T02:06:32Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Prime Minister
| body = Eswatini
| native_name = Ndvunankhulu
| insignia = Coat of arms of Swaziland.svg
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = [[Coat of arms of Eswatini]]
| image = File:Russell Dlamini.jpg
| imagesize = 165px
| incumbent = [[Russell Dlamini]]
| incumbentsince = 4 November 2023
| acting =
| style = His Excellency
| residence = State House, [[Lobamba]]
| appointer = [[Mswati III]], {{small|as [[Ngwenyama|King of Eswatini]]}}
| termlength = No fixed term
| formation = 16 May 1967
| succession =
| inaugural = [[Makhosini Dlamini]]
| deputy =
| salary = [[Swazi lilangeni|E]]926,370 per annum<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.times.co.sz/news/118039-pm-up-for-salary-review.html|title=Times of Swaziland}}</ref>
| website = [http://www.gov.sz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=411&Itemid=417 Website]
}}

This is a '''list of [[prime minister]]s of [[Eswatini]]''' ({{Lang-ss|Ndvunankhulu}}) since the formation of the post in 1967.

Twelve people have been Prime Minister of Eswatini, plus eight acting prime ministers. One person, [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]], held two non-consecutive terms.

The current prime minister is [[Russell Dlamini]], since 4 November 2023. He was appointed by [[Ngwenyama|King]] [[Mswati III]] at the [[Ludzidzini Royal Village]].<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |title=Eswatini has a new prime minister |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/eswatini-has-a-new-prime-minister-20231103 |website=News24 |author=Lenin Ndebele |date=3 November 2023 |access-date= 18 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|author=Eswatini Government |author-link= |user=EswatiniGovern1|number=1720465921410523609|date=3 November 2023|title=His Majesty King Mswati III has appointed Russell Mmemo Dlamini as Prime Minister |retweet= |access-date=18 November 2023|archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url=}}</ref>

==List of officeholders==
;Political parties
{{legend|{{party color|Imbokodvo National Movement}}|[[Imbokodvo National Movement]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

;Other factions
{{legend|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

;Status
{{legend|#E6E6AA|Acting Prime Minister|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" |Elected
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Political party
! rowspan="2" |[[List of monarchs of Eswatini|Monarch(s)]] {{small|(Reign)}}
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Imbokodvo National Movement}}; color:white;"| 1
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Makhosini Dlamini]] {{small|(1914–1978)}}
| rowspan=2| [[1967 Swazi general election|1967]] [[1972 Swazi general election|1972]]
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|16 May}} 1967
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|31 March}} 1976
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1967|05|16|1976|03|31}}
| [[Imbokodvo National Movement]] {{small|(until 1973)}}
| rowspan=5| [[File:King Sobhuza II, 1945 (cropped).jpg|80px]] [[Sobhuza II]] {{small|(1899–1982)}}
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:;"|
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 2
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Maphevu Dlamini]] {{small|(1922–1979)}}
| [[1978 Swazi general election|1978]]
| {{nowrap|31 March}} 1976
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1979†
| {{ayd|1976|03|31|1979|10|25}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Ben Nsibandze]] {{small|(1931–2021)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1979
| {{nowrap|23 November}} 1979
| {{ayd|1979|10|25|1979|11|23}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 3
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Mabandla Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1930)}}
| rowspan=2| —
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|23 November}} 1979
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|25 March}} 1983
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1979|11|23|1983|03|25}}
| rowspan=2| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| rowspan=2| ''Interregnum''
|-
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 4
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Bhekimpi Dlamini]] {{small|(1924–1999)}}
| rowspan=2| [[1983 Swazi general election|1983]]
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|25 March}} 1983
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|6 October}} 1986
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1983|03|25|1986|10|06}}
| rowspan=2| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| rowspan=17| [[File:King Mswati III, 2006.jpg|80px]] [[Mswati III]] {{small|(since 1986)}}
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 5
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Sotsha Dlamini]] {{small|(1940–2017)}}
| [[1987 Swazi general election|1987]]
| {{nowrap|6 October}} 1986
| {{nowrap|12 July}} 1989
| {{ayd|1986|10|06|1989|07|12}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 6
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Obed Dlamini]] {{small|(1937–2017)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|12 July}} 1989
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1993
| {{ayd|1989|07|12|1993|10|25}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Andreas Fakudze]] {{small|(died 2013)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1993
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 1993
| {{ayd|1993|10|25|1993|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 7
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Jameson Mbilini Dlamini]] {{small|(1921–2008)}}
| [[1993 Swazi general election|1993]]
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 1993
| {{nowrap|8 May}} 1996
| {{ayd|1993|11|04|1996|05|08}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Sishayi Nxumalo]] {{small|(1936–2000)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|8 May}} 1996
| {{nowrap|26 July}} 1996
| {{ayd|1996|05|08|1996|07|26}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 8
| [[File:Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini 2011.jpg|90px]]
| [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]] {{small|(1942–2018)}}
| [[1998 Swazi general election|1998]]
| {{nowrap|26 July}} 1996
| {{nowrap|29 September}} 2003
| {{ayd|1996|07|26|2003|09|29}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Paul Shabangu]] {{small|(born 1943)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|29 September}} 2003
| {{nowrap|6 November}} 2003
| {{ayd|2003|09|29|2003|11|06}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 9
| [[File:Themba Dlamini 2007.jpg|90px]]
| [[Themba Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1950)}}
| [[2003 Swazi general election|2003]]
| {{nowrap|6 November}} 2003
| {{nowrap|18 September}} 2008
| {{ayd|2003|11|06|2008|09|18}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Bheki Dlamini]]
| —
| {{nowrap|18 September}} 2008
| {{nowrap|23 October}} 2008
| {{ayd|2008|09|18|2008|10|23}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| {{small|(8)}}
| [[File:Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini 2011.jpg|90px]]
| [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]] {{small|(1942–2018)}}
| [[2008 Swazi general election|2008]] [[2013 Swazi general election|2013]]
| {{nowrap|23 October}} 2008
| {{nowrap|5 September}} 2018
| {{ayd|2008|10|23|2018|09|05}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Vincent Mhlanga]] {{small|(died 2020)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|5 September}} 2018
| {{nowrap|27 October}} 2018
| {{ayd|2018|09|05|2018|10|27}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 10
| [[File:Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini (cropped).jpg|90px]]
| [[Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]] {{small|(1968–2020)}}
| [[2018 Swazi general election|2018]]
| {{nowrap|27 October}} 2018
| {{nowrap|13 December}} 2020†
| {{ayd|2018|10|27|2020|12|13}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:Themba Nhlanganiso Masuku.jpg|90px]]
| [[Themba Masuku]] {{small|(born 1950)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|13 December}} 2020
| {{nowrap|19 July}} 2021
| {{ayd|2020|12|13|2021|07|19}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 11
| [[File:Cleopas Dlamini 2023.jpg|90px]]
| [[Cleopas Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1952)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|19 July}} 2021
| {{nowrap|28 September}} 2023
| {{ayd|2021|07|19|2023|09|28}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:Mgwagwa Gamedze 2017.jpg|90px]]
| [[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] {{small|(born 19–)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|28 September}} 2023
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 2023
| {{ayd|2023|09|28|2023|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 12
| [[File:Russell Dlamini.jpg|90px]]
| [[Russell Dlamini]] {{small|(born 19–)}}
| [[2023 Swazi general election|2023]]
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 2023
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|2023|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|}

==Timeline==
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:21
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:150 left:20
AlignBars = late

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

Colors =
id:independent value:rgb(0.710,0.710,0.710) legend:None_(Independent)
id:inm value:rgb(0.75,0.111,0.68) legend:INM

id:gray1 value:gray(0.85)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.95)

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1967 till:$today
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1970
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1967

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text:"Political party:"

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bar:MDlamini
bar:MapDlamini
bar:Nsibandze
bar:MabDlamini
bar:BDlamini
bar:SDlamini
bar:ODlamini
bar:Fakudze
bar:JMDlamini
bar:Nxumalo
bar:BSDlamini
bar:Shabangu
bar:TDlamini
bar:BhDlamini
bar:Mhlanga
bar:AMDlamini
bar:Masuku
bar:CDlamini
bar:Gamedze
bar:RDlamini

PlotData =
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:MDlamini
from: 16/05/1967 till: 01/01/1973 color:inm
from: 01/01/1973 till: 31/03/1976 color:independent text:"[[Makhosini Dlamini]]"
bar:MapDlamini
from: 31/03/1976 till: 25/10/1979 color:independent text:"[[Maphevu Dlamini]]"
bar:Nsibandze
from: 25/10/1979 till: 23/11/1979 color:independent text:"[[Ben Nsibandze]] (acting)"
bar:MabDlamini
from: 23/11/1979 till: 25/03/1983 color:independent text:"[[Mabandla Dlamini]]"
bar:BDlamini
from: 25/03/1983 till: 06/10/1986 color:independent text:"[[Bhekimpi Dlamini]]"
bar:SDlamini
from: 06/10/1986 till: 12/07/1989 color:independent text:"[[Sotsha Dlamini]]"
bar:ODlamini
from: 12/07/1989 till: 25/10/1993 color:independent text:"[[Obed Dlamini]]"
bar:Fakudze
from: 25/10/1993 till: 04/11/1993 color:independent text:"[[Andreas Fakudze]] (acting)"
bar:JMDlamini
from: 04/11/1993 till: 08/05/1996 color:independent text:"[[Jameson Mbilini Dlamini]]"
bar:Nxumalo
from: 08/05/1996 till: 26/07/1996 color:independent text:"[[Sishayi Nxumalo]] (acting)"
bar:BSDlamini
from: 26/07/1996 till: 29/09/2003 color:independent
from: 23/10/2008 till: 05/09/2018 color:independent text:"[[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]]"
bar:Shabangu
from: 29/09/2003 till: 06/11/2003 color:independent text:"[[Paul Shabangu]] (acting)"
bar:TDlamini
from: 06/11/2003 till: 18/09/2008 color:independent text:"[[Themba Dlamini]]"
bar:BhDlamini
from: 18/09/2008 till: 23/10/2008 color:independent text:"[[Bheki Dlamini]] (acting)"
bar:Mhlanga
from: 05/09/2018 till: 27/10/2018 color:independent text:"[[Vincent Mhlanga]] (acting)"
bar:AMDlamini
from: 27/10/2018 till: 13/12/2020 color:independent text:"[[Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]]"
bar:Masuku
from: 13/12/2020 till: 19/07/2021 color:independent text:"[[Themba Masuku]] (acting)"
bar:CDlamini
from: 19/07/2021 till: 28/09/2023 color:independent text:"[[Cleopas Dlamini]]"
bar:Gamedze
from: 28/09/2023 till: 04/11/2023 color:independent text:"[[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] (acting)"
bar:RDlamini
from: 04/11/2023 till: $today color:independent text:"[[Russell Dlamini]]"

}}

==See also==
{{Politics of Swaziland}}
* [[List of monarchs of Eswatini]]
* [[Lists of office-holders]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Swaziland.html World Statesmen – Eswatini (Swaziland)]

{{Prime ministers of Eswatini}}
{{Eswatini topics}}
{{Heads of state and government of Africa}}
{{Prime Minister}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prime Ministers of Eswatini}}
[[Category:Politics of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Government of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Eswatini| ]]
[[Category:Lists of prime ministers by country|Eswatini]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Swaziland]]

Russell Dlamini

2023-11-21T02:05:27Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Eswatini}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Russell Dlamini
| image = File:Russell Dlamini.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = official portrait
| office = 12th [[List of prime ministers of Eswatini|Prime Minister of Eswatini]]
| deputy =
| term_start = 4 November 2023
| term_end =
| monarch = [[Mswati III]]
| predecessor = [[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] (acting)
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| nationality = [[Eswatini|Liswati]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Eswatini]] [[Stellenbosch University]]
| spouse =
}}

'''Russell Mmemo Dlamini''' is a [[Eswatini|Liswati]] politician who is serving as the [[List of prime ministers of Eswatini|prime minister of Eswatini]] since 4 November 2023.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |title=Eswatini has a new prime minister |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/eswatini-has-a-new-prime-minister-20231103 |website=News24 |author=Lenin Ndebele |date=3 November 2023 |access-date= 18 November 2023}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Dlamini obtained a [[bachelor's degree]] in agricultural sciences at the [[University of Eswatini]], then a [[master's degree]] in 2006 in sustainable development planning and management at the [[Stellenbosch University]]. In November 2015, he was appointed [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of the National Disaster Management Agency.

Following the [[2023 Swazi general election|2023 general election]], [[Ngwenyama|King]] [[Mswati III]] decided to appoint Dlamini as Prime Minister.<ref name="1R" /><ref>{{Cite tweet|author=Eswatini Government |author-link= |user=EswatiniGovern1|number=1720465921410523609|date=3 November 2023|title=His Majesty King Mswati III has appointed Russell Mmemo Dlamini as Prime Minister |retweet= |access-date=18 November 2023|archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RUSSELL WINS FOR PRAGMATISM|url=http://new.observer.org.sz/details.php?id=21427 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[Eswatini Observer]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[List of prime ministers of Eswatini]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] {{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of prime ministers of Eswatini|Prime Minister of Eswatini]]|years=2023–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Prime ministers of Eswatini}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dlamini, Russell}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Swazi politicians]]
[[Category:Swazi chief executives]]
[[Category:University of Eswatini alumni]]
[[Category:Stellenbosch University alumni]]

{{Eswatini-stub}}

List of prime ministers of Eswatini

2023-11-21T02:02:55Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Prime Minister
| body = Eswatini
| native_name = Ndvunankhulu
| insignia = Coat of arms of Swaziland.svg
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = [[Coat of arms of Eswatini]]
| image = [[File:Russell Dlamini.jpg|thumb]]
| imagesize = 165px
| incumbent = [[Russell Dlamini]]
| incumbentsince = 4 November 2023
| acting =
| style = His Excellency
| residence = State House, [[Lobamba]]
| appointer = [[Mswati III]], {{small|as [[Ngwenyama|King of Eswatini]]}}
| termlength = No fixed term
| formation = 16 May 1967
| succession =
| inaugural = [[Makhosini Dlamini]]
| deputy =
| salary = [[Swazi lilangeni|E]]926,370 per annum<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.times.co.sz/news/118039-pm-up-for-salary-review.html|title=Times of Swaziland}}</ref>
| website = [http://www.gov.sz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=411&Itemid=417 Website]
}}

This is a '''list of [[prime minister]]s of [[Eswatini]]''' ({{Lang-ss|Ndvunankhulu}}) since the formation of the post in 1967.

Twelve people have been Prime Minister of Eswatini, plus eight acting prime ministers. One person, [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]], held two non-consecutive terms.

The current prime minister is [[Russell Dlamini]], since 4 November 2023. He was appointed by [[Ngwenyama|King]] [[Mswati III]] at the [[Ludzidzini Royal Village]].<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |title=Eswatini has a new prime minister |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/eswatini-has-a-new-prime-minister-20231103 |website=News24 |author=Lenin Ndebele |date=3 November 2023 |access-date= 18 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|author=Eswatini Government |author-link= |user=EswatiniGovern1|number=1720465921410523609|date=3 November 2023|title=His Majesty King Mswati III has appointed Russell Mmemo Dlamini as Prime Minister |retweet= |access-date=18 November 2023|archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url=}}</ref>

==List of officeholders==
;Political parties
{{legend|{{party color|Imbokodvo National Movement}}|[[Imbokodvo National Movement]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

;Other factions
{{legend|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

;Status
{{legend|#E6E6AA|Acting Prime Minister|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" |Elected
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Political party
! rowspan="2" |[[List of monarchs of Eswatini|Monarch(s)]] {{small|(Reign)}}
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Imbokodvo National Movement}}; color:white;"| 1
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Makhosini Dlamini]] {{small|(1914–1978)}}
| rowspan=2| [[1967 Swazi general election|1967]] [[1972 Swazi general election|1972]]
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|16 May}} 1967
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|31 March}} 1976
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1967|05|16|1976|03|31}}
| [[Imbokodvo National Movement]] {{small|(until 1973)}}
| rowspan=5| [[File:King Sobhuza II, 1945 (cropped).jpg|80px]] [[Sobhuza II]] {{small|(1899–1982)}}
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:;"|
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 2
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Maphevu Dlamini]] {{small|(1922–1979)}}
| [[1978 Swazi general election|1978]]
| {{nowrap|31 March}} 1976
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1979†
| {{ayd|1976|03|31|1979|10|25}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Ben Nsibandze]] {{small|(1931–2021)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1979
| {{nowrap|23 November}} 1979
| {{ayd|1979|10|25|1979|11|23}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 3
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Mabandla Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1930)}}
| rowspan=2| —
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|23 November}} 1979
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|25 March}} 1983
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1979|11|23|1983|03|25}}
| rowspan=2| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| rowspan=2| ''Interregnum''
|-
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 4
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Bhekimpi Dlamini]] {{small|(1924–1999)}}
| rowspan=2| [[1983 Swazi general election|1983]]
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|25 March}} 1983
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|6 October}} 1986
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1983|03|25|1986|10|06}}
| rowspan=2| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| rowspan=17| [[File:King Mswati III, 2006.jpg|80px]] [[Mswati III]] {{small|(since 1986)}}
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 5
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Sotsha Dlamini]] {{small|(1940–2017)}}
| [[1987 Swazi general election|1987]]
| {{nowrap|6 October}} 1986
| {{nowrap|12 July}} 1989
| {{ayd|1986|10|06|1989|07|12}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 6
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Obed Dlamini]] {{small|(1937–2017)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|12 July}} 1989
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1993
| {{ayd|1989|07|12|1993|10|25}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Andreas Fakudze]] {{small|(died 2013)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|25 October}} 1993
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 1993
| {{ayd|1993|10|25|1993|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 7
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Jameson Mbilini Dlamini]] {{small|(1921–2008)}}
| [[1993 Swazi general election|1993]]
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 1993
| {{nowrap|8 May}} 1996
| {{ayd|1993|11|04|1996|05|08}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Sishayi Nxumalo]] {{small|(1936–2000)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|8 May}} 1996
| {{nowrap|26 July}} 1996
| {{ayd|1996|05|08|1996|07|26}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 8
| [[File:Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini 2011.jpg|90px]]
| [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]] {{small|(1942–2018)}}
| [[1998 Swazi general election|1998]]
| {{nowrap|26 July}} 1996
| {{nowrap|29 September}} 2003
| {{ayd|1996|07|26|2003|09|29}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Paul Shabangu]] {{small|(born 1943)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|29 September}} 2003
| {{nowrap|6 November}} 2003
| {{ayd|2003|09|29|2003|11|06}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 9
| [[File:Themba Dlamini 2007.jpg|90px]]
| [[Themba Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1950)}}
| [[2003 Swazi general election|2003]]
| {{nowrap|6 November}} 2003
| {{nowrap|18 September}} 2008
| {{ayd|2003|11|06|2008|09|18}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Bheki Dlamini]]
| —
| {{nowrap|18 September}} 2008
| {{nowrap|23 October}} 2008
| {{ayd|2008|09|18|2008|10|23}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| {{small|(8)}}
| [[File:Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini 2011.jpg|90px]]
| [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]] {{small|(1942–2018)}}
| [[2008 Swazi general election|2008]] [[2013 Swazi general election|2013]]
| {{nowrap|23 October}} 2008
| {{nowrap|5 September}} 2018
| {{ayd|2008|10|23|2018|09|05}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Vincent Mhlanga]] {{small|(died 2020)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|5 September}} 2018
| {{nowrap|27 October}} 2018
| {{ayd|2018|09|05|2018|10|27}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 10
| [[File:Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini (cropped).jpg|90px]]
| [[Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]] {{small|(1968–2020)}}
| [[2018 Swazi general election|2018]]
| {{nowrap|27 October}} 2018
| {{nowrap|13 December}} 2020†
| {{ayd|2018|10|27|2020|12|13}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:Themba Nhlanganiso Masuku.jpg|90px]]
| [[Themba Masuku]] {{small|(born 1950)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|13 December}} 2020
| {{nowrap|19 July}} 2021
| {{ayd|2020|12|13|2021|07|19}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 11
| [[File:Cleopas Dlamini 2023.jpg|90px]]
| [[Cleopas Dlamini]] {{small|(born 1952)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|19 July}} 2021
| {{nowrap|28 September}} 2023
| {{ayd|2021|07|19|2023|09|28}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| –
| [[File:Mgwagwa Gamedze 2017.jpg|90px]]
| [[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] {{small|(born 19–)}}
| —
| {{nowrap|28 September}} 2023
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 2023
| {{ayd|2023|09|28|2023|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 12
| [[File:No image.png|90px]]
| [[Russell Dlamini]] {{small|(born 19–)}}
| [[2023 Swazi general election|2023]]
| {{nowrap|4 November}} 2023
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|2023|11|04}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|}

==Timeline==
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:21
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:150 left:20
AlignBars = late

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

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id:inm value:rgb(0.75,0.111,0.68) legend:INM

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id:gray2 value:gray(0.95)

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ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1967

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TextData =
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text:"Political party:"

BarData =
bar:MDlamini
bar:MapDlamini
bar:Nsibandze
bar:MabDlamini
bar:BDlamini
bar:SDlamini
bar:ODlamini
bar:Fakudze
bar:JMDlamini
bar:Nxumalo
bar:BSDlamini
bar:Shabangu
bar:TDlamini
bar:BhDlamini
bar:Mhlanga
bar:AMDlamini
bar:Masuku
bar:CDlamini
bar:Gamedze
bar:RDlamini

PlotData =
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:MDlamini
from: 16/05/1967 till: 01/01/1973 color:inm
from: 01/01/1973 till: 31/03/1976 color:independent text:"[[Makhosini Dlamini]]"
bar:MapDlamini
from: 31/03/1976 till: 25/10/1979 color:independent text:"[[Maphevu Dlamini]]"
bar:Nsibandze
from: 25/10/1979 till: 23/11/1979 color:independent text:"[[Ben Nsibandze]] (acting)"
bar:MabDlamini
from: 23/11/1979 till: 25/03/1983 color:independent text:"[[Mabandla Dlamini]]"
bar:BDlamini
from: 25/03/1983 till: 06/10/1986 color:independent text:"[[Bhekimpi Dlamini]]"
bar:SDlamini
from: 06/10/1986 till: 12/07/1989 color:independent text:"[[Sotsha Dlamini]]"
bar:ODlamini
from: 12/07/1989 till: 25/10/1993 color:independent text:"[[Obed Dlamini]]"
bar:Fakudze
from: 25/10/1993 till: 04/11/1993 color:independent text:"[[Andreas Fakudze]] (acting)"
bar:JMDlamini
from: 04/11/1993 till: 08/05/1996 color:independent text:"[[Jameson Mbilini Dlamini]]"
bar:Nxumalo
from: 08/05/1996 till: 26/07/1996 color:independent text:"[[Sishayi Nxumalo]] (acting)"
bar:BSDlamini
from: 26/07/1996 till: 29/09/2003 color:independent
from: 23/10/2008 till: 05/09/2018 color:independent text:"[[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]]"
bar:Shabangu
from: 29/09/2003 till: 06/11/2003 color:independent text:"[[Paul Shabangu]] (acting)"
bar:TDlamini
from: 06/11/2003 till: 18/09/2008 color:independent text:"[[Themba Dlamini]]"
bar:BhDlamini
from: 18/09/2008 till: 23/10/2008 color:independent text:"[[Bheki Dlamini]] (acting)"
bar:Mhlanga
from: 05/09/2018 till: 27/10/2018 color:independent text:"[[Vincent Mhlanga]] (acting)"
bar:AMDlamini
from: 27/10/2018 till: 13/12/2020 color:independent text:"[[Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]]"
bar:Masuku
from: 13/12/2020 till: 19/07/2021 color:independent text:"[[Themba Masuku]] (acting)"
bar:CDlamini
from: 19/07/2021 till: 28/09/2023 color:independent text:"[[Cleopas Dlamini]]"
bar:Gamedze
from: 28/09/2023 till: 04/11/2023 color:independent text:"[[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] (acting)"
bar:RDlamini
from: 04/11/2023 till: $today color:independent text:"[[Russell Dlamini]]"

}}

==See also==
{{Politics of Swaziland}}
* [[List of monarchs of Eswatini]]
* [[Lists of office-holders]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Swaziland.html World Statesmen – Eswatini (Swaziland)]

{{Prime ministers of Eswatini}}
{{Eswatini topics}}
{{Heads of state and government of Africa}}
{{Prime Minister}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prime Ministers of Eswatini}}
[[Category:Politics of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Government of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Eswatini| ]]
[[Category:Lists of prime ministers by country|Eswatini]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Swaziland]]

Russell Dlamini

2023-11-21T02:02:17Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Eswatini}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Russell Dlamini
| image = [[File:Russell Dlamini.jpg|thumb]]
| image_size =
| caption = official portrait
| office = 12th [[List of prime ministers of Eswatini|Prime Minister of Eswatini]]
| deputy =
| term_start = 4 November 2023
| term_end =
| monarch = [[Mswati III]]
| predecessor = [[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] (acting)
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| nationality = [[Eswatini|Liswati]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Eswatini]] [[Stellenbosch University]]
| spouse =
}}

'''Russell Mmemo Dlamini''' is a [[Eswatini|Liswati]] politician who is serving as the [[List of prime ministers of Eswatini|prime minister of Eswatini]] since 4 November 2023.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |title=Eswatini has a new prime minister |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/eswatini-has-a-new-prime-minister-20231103 |website=News24 |author=Lenin Ndebele |date=3 November 2023 |access-date= 18 November 2023}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Dlamini obtained a [[bachelor's degree]] in agricultural sciences at the [[University of Eswatini]], then a [[master's degree]] in 2006 in sustainable development planning and management at the [[Stellenbosch University]]. In November 2015, he was appointed [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of the National Disaster Management Agency.

Following the [[2023 Swazi general election|2023 general election]], [[Ngwenyama|King]] [[Mswati III]] decided to appoint Dlamini as Prime Minister.<ref name="1R" /><ref>{{Cite tweet|author=Eswatini Government |author-link= |user=EswatiniGovern1|number=1720465921410523609|date=3 November 2023|title=His Majesty King Mswati III has appointed Russell Mmemo Dlamini as Prime Minister |retweet= |access-date=18 November 2023|archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RUSSELL WINS FOR PRAGMATISM|url=http://new.observer.org.sz/details.php?id=21427 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[Eswatini Observer]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[List of prime ministers of Eswatini]]

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{{s-bef|before=[[Mgwagwa Gamedze]] {{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of prime ministers of Eswatini|Prime Minister of Eswatini]]|years=2023–present}}
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{{Prime ministers of Eswatini}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dlamini, Russell}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Swazi politicians]]
[[Category:Swazi chief executives]]
[[Category:University of Eswatini alumni]]
[[Category:Stellenbosch University alumni]]

{{Eswatini-stub}}

Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor

2023-10-27T06:50:50Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Sultan of Johor}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Ibrahim Ismail {{lang|ms-arab|{{Script|Arab|إبراهيم إسماعيل}}}}
|title = Sultan of Johor
|image = Sultan Ibrahim Ismail (48400998097) (cropped).jpg
| succession =  [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]
| reign = 31 January 2024
| coronation = -
| predecessor = [[Abdullah of Pahang]]

| succession1 = [[Sultan of Johor]]
| reign1 = 23 January 2010 – present
| coronation1 = 23 March 2015
| predecessor1 = [[Iskandar of Johor]]
| suc-type1 = {{nowrap|Heir apparent}}
| successor1 = [[Tunku Ismail]]

| reg-type2 = [[List of Menteris Besar of Johor|Chief Ministers]]
| regent2 = {{List collapsed |title=''See list'' |1=[[Abdul Ghani Othman]] [[Mohamed Khaled Nordin]] [[Osman Sapian]] [[Sahruddin Jamal]] [[Hasni Mohammad]] [[Onn Hafiz Ghazi]]}}

|spouse = {{marriage|[[Raja Zarith Sofiah]]|1982}}
|issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Tunku Ismail Idris]]
* Tunku Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah
* [[:ms:Tunku Idris Iskandar|Tunku Idris Iskandar]]
* [[Tunku Abdul Jalil]] (Deceased 2015)
* [[Tunku Abdul Rahman Hassanal Jeffri|Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
* Tunku Abu Bakar
}}
|house = [[Temenggong of Johor|House of Temenggong]]
|father = [[Iskandar of Johor|Sultan Iskandar Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail Al-Khalidi]]
|mother = [[:ms:Josephine Ruby Trevorrow|''Enche’ Besar'' Hajah Khalsom binti Abdullah (née Josephine Ruby Trevorrow)]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|11|22|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Sultanah Aminah Hospital]], [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]], [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]]
|full name = Tunku Ibrahim Ismail ibni Tunku Mahmood Iskandar
|regnal name = Sultan Ibrahim ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
{{Johor Royal Family}}
'''Sultan Ibrahim ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar''' ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms-arab|{{Script|Arab|سلطان إبراهيم ابن المرحوم سلطان إسکندر}}}}; born 22 November 1958) is the 25th [[Sultan of Johor]] and the 5th Sultan of Modern [[Johor]] since January 2010. He is the son of [[Iskandar of Johor|Sultan Iskandar]].
A motorcycle enthusiast, Sultan Ibrahim is the founder of the annual motorcycling tour event, [[Kembara Mahkota Johor]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110608160122/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F7%2F16%2Fnation%2F21830766&sec=nation Tunku Mahkota to lead tour for 10th year], 16 July 2008, ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]''</ref>

==Biography==

===Early life===

Tunku Ibrahim Ismail was born on 22 November 1958 in [[Sultanah Aminah Hospital]], [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]], [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]]{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} during the reign of his great grandfather, [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]]. He was the eldest son of [[Iskandar of Johor|Sultan Iskandar]] by his first wife [[:ms:Khalsom binti Abdullah|Josephine Ruby Trevorrow]] (2 December 1935 – 1 June 2018), an [[English people|English]] lady from [[Torquay]],<ref>Facts on File Yearbook, Published by Facts on File, inc., 1957, Phrase: "Married: Prince Tengku Mahmud, 24, grandson of the Sultan of Johore, & Josephine Ruby Trevorrow, 21, daughter of an English textile..."</ref><ref>Morris (1958), pg 244</ref> whom Sultan Iskandar (then Tunku Mahmood) met while he was studying in [[England]].<ref>Information Malaysia: 1985</ref><ref>The International Who's Who 2004, pp. 827</ref> Trevorrow, a proprietor by profession, took on the name of "Kalsom binti Abdullah" for a time following her marriage to Tunku Iskandar.<ref name="Morais(1967)">Morais (1967), pg 198</ref> His mother has since remarried and lived in [[England]].<ref>Rahman, Solomon (1985), pg 21</ref>

His great-grandfather, Sultan Ibrahim died in London on 8 May 1959, thus, Tunku Ibrahim Ismail's grandfather, [[Ismail of Johor]] succeeded him as Sultan of Johor. Ibrahim Ismail moved up to second in line to the throne, after his father.

The late [[Sultan Iskandar of Johor|Sultan Iskandar]] sent him to complete his secondary education at [[Trinity Grammar School (New South Wales)|Trinity Grammar School]] in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] from 1968 until 1970. After finishing his high school, he was sent to Pusat Latihan Tentera Darat (PULADA) in [[Kota Tinggi]] for basic military training. He also received military training in the US–at [[Fort Benning]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and later at [[Fort Bragg]], [[North Carolina]].<ref name="Info1989">Karim, Tate (1989), pp. 572</ref>

Tunku Ibrahim was appointed as the Tunku Mahkota of Johor on 3 July 1981,<ref name="Info1989"/> and had been primarily residing at [[Istana Pasir Pelangi]] since then.<ref>[http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2468044/Article/index_html Magnificent abode for royals] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205154134/http://nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2468044/Article/index_html |date=2009-02-05 }}, Fauziah Ismail, JohorBuzz, ''[[New Straits Times]]''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015164059/http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F10%2F15%2Fsouthneast%2F19170015&sec=southneast Day of fun and feasting], TEH ENG HOCK and MEERA VIJAYAN, 15 October 2007, ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]''</ref> Tunku Ibrahim was the regent of Johor between 26 April 1984 and 25 April 1989 when his father served his term as the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of Malaysia.<ref name="Info1989"/> In recent years, Tunku Ibrahim gradually took over some of the state duties and functions from his aging father;<ref name="Thanam Visvanathan">Thanam Visvanathan, ''Ruler with deep concern for people–Sultan Iskandar revered as protective guardian and helpful to all his subjects'', pg 1, 8 April 2001, ''[[New Straits Times|New Sunday Times]]'' ''Special'' (Sultan of Johor's Birthday)</ref> these included the 211th Conference of Rulers, whereby Tunku Ibrahim and [[Tengku Abdullah ibni Sultan Ahmad Shah|Tengku Abdullah]], the Tengku Mahkota of [[Pahang]] represented their fathers in the meetings,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110608160708/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F7%2F26%2Fnation%2F18405871&sec=nation Conference of Rulers meeting begins], 26 July 2007, ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]''</ref> among some other state functions.<ref>[http://www.kic.com.my/php/press_release.php Official Launching and Opening Ceremony of the APH Multi Purpose Complex Fabrication and Supply Base - 12th June 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922040138/http://www.kic.com.my/php/press_release.php |date=2008-09-22 }}, Press Release, KIC Group of companies</ref>

Shortly before [[Philippines|Filipino]] opposition politician [[Benigno Aquino Jr.]] was [[Assassination of Ninoy Aquino|assassinated]] at the [[Manila International Airport]] on 21 August 1983, Tunku Ibrahim met Aquino upon his arrival in [[Singapore]] and later brought him to meet other Malaysian leaders across the [[Causeway]].<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05E6DF153BF935A25753C1A965948260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=all AQUINO'S FINAL JOURNEY], [[Ken Kashiwahara]], 16 October 1983, [[The New York Times]]</ref> Once in [[Johor]], Aquino also met with Ibrahim's father, Sultan Iskandar, who was a close friend.<ref>''Towards Relevant Education: A General Sourcebook for Teachers'' (1986), Education Forum, pg 305</ref>

===Sultan of Johor===

A few hours before his father's death on 22 January 2010, Tunku Ibrahim was appointed as the Regent of Johor, following medical reports that suggested of Sultan Iskandar's impending demise.<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsgeneral.php?id=470370 Tunku Mahkota Johor Appointed Regent Effective Today], January 22, 2010, Bernama</ref> Sultan Iskandar died on the same night, and Tunku Ibrahim was installed as the Sultan of Johor the following morning.<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsgeneral.php?id=470519 Tunku Ibrahim Ismail Proclaimed As Sultan Of Johor] January 22, 2010, Bernama</ref> The Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Johor, [[Abdul Ghani Othman]] cited that Sultan Ibrahim and immediate members of the royal family will undertake a mourning period of 40 days.<ref>[http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/SEAsia/Story/STIStory_481144.html Sultan of Johor dies], 23 January 2010, Teo Cheng Wee, [[The Straits Times]]</ref> During the mourning season, Sultan Ibrahim made his inaugural presence at the Conference of Rulers in February 2010 as the Sultan of Johor.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100214092709/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F2%2F10%2Fnation%2F20100210132537&sec=nation Conference of Rulers meets today], February 10, 2010, ''The Star'' (Malaysia)</ref>

On 30 June 2011, Sultan Ibrahim drove the last train from [[Tanjong Pagar railway station]], having received tuition from Chief Locomotive Inspector Hasnol Azahari Aman of [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu]] to enable him to do this. He stated that he wished to do this as his grandfather, [[Ismail of Johor]] had opened the causeway between Singapore and Malaya in 1923, and that it was appropriate that he should drive the last train out of the station.<ref name=ST010711>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.straitstimes.com/2011/7/1/royal-on-the-rails |title=Why I drove the last train out |work=Straits Times |date=1 July 2011 |access-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704003713/http://blogs.straitstimes.com/2011/7/1/royal-on-the-rails |archive-date=4 July 2011 }}</ref>

He also declared [[Muar (town)|Muar]] as Johor's new royal capital, replacing [[Johor Bahru]] on 5 February 2012. This coincided with the [[Mawlid|Maulidur Rasul]] celebrations.

Sultan Ibrahim became the first Johor Ruler to celebrate his birthday celebration in Muar on 22 November 2012. He picks the town because it is "rich in history and tradition besides being peaceful, beautiful and progressive". He wanted the state government to gazette all the old buildings in the town as a state heritage. He also wants the local authorities to preserve the cleanliness of [[Sungai Muar]] which could be done by relocating the bus and taxi terminals elsewhere.<ref>{{cite news|last=RAJA ABDULLAH|first=HAMDAN|title=Johor Ruler wants old buildings in Muar gazetted|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/11/22/nation/20121122153733&sec=nation|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219044108/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/11/22/nation/20121122153733&sec=nation|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2013|access-date=22 November 2012|newspaper=thestar.com.my|date=22 November 2012}}</ref>

He was crowned as the Sultan of Johor on 23 March 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coronation of Johor Sultan |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2015/03/23/Storify-Johor-Coronation/|access-date=6 May 2015|newspaper=The Star|location=Malaysia|date=23 March 2015}}</ref> The last coronation was that of his grandfather [[Ismail of Johor|Sultan Ismail]] on 10 February 1960.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ismail|first=Fauziah|title=Ruler close to the people's heart|url=http://www.nst.com.my/streets/johor/ruler-close-to-the-people-s-heart-1.126308?localLinksEnabled=false|access-date=6 December 2012|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=17 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821095124/http://www.nst.com.my/streets/johor/ruler-close-to-the-people-s-heart-1.126308?localLinksEnabled=false|archive-date=2012-08-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> From 2015 onwards, 23 March is made an annual state public holiday as the Sultan's official birthday, replacing the public holiday on 22 November, the Sultan's actual birthday.<ref>{{cite news|title=Johor declares March 23 public holiday replacing Nov 22 |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2015/03/19/johor-declares-march-23-ruler-birthday-holiday/|access-date=6 May 2015|newspaper=The Star|location=Malaysia|date=19 March 2015}}</ref>

He is noted for his religious moderation and has condemned the creeping [[Arabisation]] of Malaysian Muslim culture.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malaysian democrats pin their hopes on the country's royals|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21715699-they-make-unlikely-saviours-malaysian-democrats-pin-their-hopes-countrys-royals|access-date=29 January 2017|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=28 January 2017}}</ref> Despite being the only Sultan in [[Malaysia]] without tertiary (postsecondary) education, he has promoted quality education for Johor.

==Marriage and issue==
Sultan Ibrahim married Her Majesty [[Raja Zarith Sofiah]], daughter of [[Idris Shah II of Perak|Sultan Idris Shah II of Perak]], in 1982.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110608160241/http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F5%2F14%2Fsouthneast%2F21218447&sec=southneast Tribute to mothers’ caring nature], 14 May 2008, ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080914041418/http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F29%2Fsouthneast%2F1897799&sec=southneast Raja Zarith: Education more important than popularity], BEH YUEN HUI, 29 August 2008, ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]''</ref> They have six children:

*[[Tunku Ismail Idris|Tunku Ismail Idris Abdul Majid Abu Bakar]] (born 30 June 1984). He was appointed the Deputy Crown Prince in April 2006 by Sultan Iskandar,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060410172958/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F4%2F9%2Fnation%2F13915164&sec=nation Tunku Mahkota’s son named Raja Muda of Johor], [http://thestar.com.my ''The Star'' online], Star Publications, 9 April 2006.</ref> and became the Crown Prince upon Sultan Ibrahim's accession.
*Tunku Tun Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah (born 8 April 1986)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023002930/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82765264.html Raja Zarith Sofiah is new Pro-Chancellor], 03-16-2003, ''New Sunday Times''; pg 2, Section: Nation</ref> She was bestowed the title Tun by Sultan Ibrahim in 2012. She married Dato' Dennis Muhammad Abdullah (''née'' Dennis Verbaas), a former semi-professional footballer from the Netherlands, on 14 August 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/07/258121/source-reveals-tantalising-details-tunku-tun-aminahs-upcoming-nuptials | title=Source reveals tantalising details on Tunku Tun Aminah's upcoming nuptials | author=Chuah Bee Kim | date=July 17, 2017}}</ref>
* [[:ms:Tunku Idris Iskandar|Tunku Idris Iskandar]] (born 25 December 1987)<ref>[http://74.6.146.244/search/cache?ei=UTF-8&p=%22raja+zarith+sofiah%22+son&fr=yfp-t-web&u=www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Friday/Stories/2177827/Article/&w=%22raja+zarith+sofiah%22+son&d=bhA4EQ-YSI91&icp=1&.intl=mye Royals visit special people]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, JohorBuzz, ''[[New Straits Times]]''</ref> the Tunku Temenggong of Johor. He was appointed as the Regent of Johor during the absence of his father on 29 September 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunku Temenggong Johor appointed as regent|url=http://www.nst.com.my/latest/tunku-temenggong-johor-appointed-as-regent-1.150102?localLinksEnabled=false|access-date=29 September 2012|agency=Bernama|work=New Straits Times|date=29 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929154922/http://www.nst.com.my/latest/tunku-temenggong-johor-appointed-as-regent-1.150102?localLinksEnabled=false|archive-date=29 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Almarhum (Late) [[Tunku Abdul Jalil]] (born 5 Jul 1990, died 5 Dec 2015) the Tunku Laksamana of Johor<ref name="honour">{{cite news|title=Johor Ruler honours his children|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/11/22/nation/12356277&sec=nation|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219043806/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/11/22/nation/12356277&sec=nation|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2013|access-date=22 November 2012|newspaper=thestar.com.my|date=22 November 2012}}</ref>
*[[Tunku Abdul Rahman Hassanal Jeffri|Tunku Abdul Rahman]] (born 5 February 1993)<ref name="Tunku AR">[http://www.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2008&dt=0113&pub=Kosmo&sec=Rencana_Utama&pg=ru_01.htm Impian puteri raja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722232022/http://www.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2008&dt=0113&pub=Kosmo&sec=Rencana_Utama&pg=ru_01.htm |date=2011-07-22 }}, AZIMI MUSTAPHA, Rencana Utama, 13 November 2008, KOSMO!</ref> the Tunku Panglima of Johor<ref name="honour" />
*Tunku Abu Bakar (born 30 May 2001) the Tunku Putera of Johor<ref name="honour" />

==Decrees==
Sultan Ibrahim has issued a few decrees to the state to date.

===Public weekend from Saturday/Sunday to Friday/Saturday===
Johor, as with the former [[Unfederated Malay States|standalone British protectorates]] of [[Perlis]], [[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]] and [[Terengganu]], used to rest on Fridays and Saturdays, in contrast with the former [[Federated Malay States]] as well as [[Malacca]], [[Penang]], [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]] and the [[Federal Territories (Malaysia)|Federal Territory]] which observe their weekends on Saturdays and Sundays. Johor, together with Perlis, moved their weekend to Saturday and Sunday on 1 January 1994 to synchronise with [[Singapore]] next door as well as with [[Kuala Lumpur]], as Johor by then was a quickly industrialising state.

However, on 22 November 2013, on Sultan Ibrahim's birthday celebrations, he decreed that Johor will move back its weekend to Friday and Saturday, to enable [[Muslim]]s in the state to attend their Friday prayers, effective 1 January 2014. This move was not without certain controversy, as this has caused disruptions, particularly for private businesses dealing with Singapore. The private sector nevertheless continues to rest on Saturdays and Sundays.<ref>{{cite web|title=Johor's Friday-Saturday weekend - good and bad|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/247515|website=Malaysiakini|date=25 November 2013|access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref>

===District name changes===
In August 2015, Sultan Ibrahim decreed that the name of [[Kulaijaya]] district be reverted to its former name of ''Kulai''.<ref name="thestar.com.my">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/08/28/johor-sultan-revert-name-of-kulaijaya/|title=Johor Sultan decrees Kulaijaya revert to Kulai name | The Star|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref> He also decreed that [[Nusajaya]] be renamed to ''Iskandar Puteri'', as well as renaming [[Ledang District]] to Tangkak District.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/johors-administrative-capital-nusajaya-to-be-renamed-iskandar-puteri|title=Johor's administrative capital Nusajaya to be renamed Iskandar Puteri|date=7 December 2015|website=[[Straits Times]]|access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/12/07/nusajaya-to-be-renamed-iskandar-puteri/|title=Nusajaya to be renamed Iskandar Puteri|author=Zazali Musa|date=7 December 2015|work=[[The Star Online]]|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/12/07/name-changes-for-johor-districts-2/|title=Name changes for Johor districts|author=Ben Tan|date=7 December 2015|work=[[The Rakyat Post]]|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=27 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227075002/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/12/07/name-changes-for-johor-districts-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Ban on vape===
Sultan Ibrahim issued a decree banning [[vape]] in Johor effective 1 January 2016. The purposes of the ban is for the sake of the health of the Johor state residents. [[Kelantan]] and [[Terengganu]] followed soon after.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.asiaone.com/news/asia/sultan-ban-vape-shops-johor-jan-1 |title=Sultan to ban vape shops in Johor from Jan 1, AsiaOne Asia News |website=news.asiaone.com |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202105744/http://news.asiaone.com/news/asia/sultan-ban-vape-shops-johor-jan-1 |archive-date=2 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Ban on oversized signboards===
In January 2016, Sultan Ibrahim also decreed that signboards for businesses must not exceed 6.1 m × 1.2 m, so as to prevent any dangers to the public as well as to reduce unsightly signboards which mar the city beauty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/01/120148/no-oversized-signboards-jb-video|title=No oversized signboards in JB [VIDEO] | New Straits Times|first=Chuah Bee|last=Kim|date=January 2, 2016|website=NST Online}}</ref>

==Controversies==

===Allegations of criminal misconduct===
Occasional reports of alleged criminal misconduct from the 1980s onwards marred Tunku Ibrahim's reputation somewhat, albeit to a much lesser extent than his father, Sultan Iskandar, whose past heinous crimes had received considerable attention from mainstream media.<ref>Kershaw (2001), pg 111</ref> In the 1980s, he was convicted of shooting dead a man in a nightclub during a feud, but was quickly pardoned.<ref>Ledesma, Lewis, Savage (2003), pg 366</ref><ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/1992/12/15/mayl.php Malaysia Prepares To Strip Sultans Of Their Immunity], Michael Richardson, 15 December 1992, [[International Herald Tribune]]</ref>

In late 1992 to early 1993, Tunku Ibrahim also experienced fallouts of the [[Sultan Iskandar of Johor#Gomez Incident|Gomez Incident]]–in which his father and younger brother, [[Tunku Majid]] were accused of two separate but related incidences of assault which provoked a moral outrage nationwide and ultimately resulting in constitutional amendments allowing members of the royalty to be prosecuted for criminal wrongdoings. During that period of time, the press, which was supported by the Malaysian government, launched a series of vociferous press reports on the history of alleged incidences of royal wrongdoings,<ref>''Monarchy in South-East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition'', Kershaw, pg 110-1</ref> of which parliamentarians highlighted that Tunku Ibrahim had been convicted in at least two cases of assault in the 1980s.<ref name="Mahkota_assault">{{cite news|url=http://d.scribd.com/docs/1qk1gf12zfh2pc7brw49.pdf|date=Jan 20, 1993|title=List of criminal acts done by the Johor Sultan|pages=4|work=[[New Straits Times]]}}</ref> This included a victim who was allegedly assaulted by Tunku Ibrahim, Rahim Mohd Nor, who went so far as to describe his assault experience as an act of sadism by Tunku Ibrahim.<ref>Tengku Mahkota 'Sadistic': Rahim", [[Berita Harian]], 3 February 1993</ref>

In March 2005, a member of the Malaysian royalty allegedly assaulted a young woman by the name of Yasmin with whom he accused of two-timing him with another policeman.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070329155956/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F3%2F25%2Fnation%2F17249821&sec=nation Prince probed for assaulting woman friend], 25 March 2007, ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]''</ref> The victim's father, Mohd Yasin, later lodged a police report which alleged that the assault culprit was Tunku Ibrahim, the then Tunku Mahkota of Johor.<ref>[http://www.mstar.com.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.article.Article_83253171-c0a85062-1364ee50-18049b21 Kerabat diraja disiasat kes pukol kekasih] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405180033/http://www.mstar.com.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.article.Article_83253171-c0a85062-1364ee50-18049b21 |date=2008-04-05 }} Fathi Aris Omar, 24 March 2007, [http://mstar.com.my mStar]</ref>

===Other incidents===
In October 2005, a brawl occurred on [[Pulau Rawa]] after a Johor prince allegedly gatecrashed a wedding party. The prince ordered some guests off the island after a fight broke out when a woman refused to dance with one of the gatecrashers. The locals, who felt offended by the woman's attitude, went off but soon returned with golf clubs and weapons and started a fight. In the process, several people were injured and sent to hospital, while five others were arrested, including a 20-year-old prince from the Johor royal family. The names of the culprits were not released by the police, who chose to retain the confidentiality of the attackers.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4352378.stm Johor royal gatecrashes wedding] Jonathan Kent, 18 October 2005, [[BBC]] news</ref> The Tunku Mahkota issued a press statement to urge the culprits to apologise to the affected guests.<ref>SAY SORRY–It shouldn't have happened, says Tunku Mahkota, pp 1-3, Aishah Ali, Oct 23, 2005, ''[[New Straits Times]]''</ref>

The following June, press reports leaked that Tunku Ibrahim had chalked RM26,700 worth of unpaid traffic fines since 2000, causing much embarrassment to the crown prince.<ref>[http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/52731 Another VIP with outstanding traffic fines] 20 June 2006, ''[[Malaysiakini]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/52738 又一名大人物没缴还交通传票] 20 June 2006, ''[[Malaysiakini]]'' (Chinese)</ref> A later report quoted him settling all the past fines with the traffic police.<ref>[http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/52855 Tunku Ibrahim settles fines] 21 June 2006, ''[[Malaysiakini]]''</ref>

Tunku Ibrahim also spent lavishly on an unusual car plate number. For example, in May 2012, he spent RM520,000 to successfully bid for the car number plate WWW 1<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sg.news.yahoo.com/johor-sultan-clinches-www1-plate-rm0-5mil-054157021.html |title=Johor sultan clinches WWW1 plate at RM0.5mil |access-date=2014-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220145603/http://sg.news.yahoo.com/johor-sultan-clinches-www1-plate-rm0-5mil-054157021.html |archive-date=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> for his red orange [[Satria Neo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ntv7.com.my/7edition/local-en/JOHOR_SULTAN_S_WWW1_FITTED_ON_SATRIA_NEO.html |title=JOHOR SULTAN'S WWW1 FITTED ON SATRIA NEO |access-date=2014-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201210156/http://www.ntv7.com.my/7edition/local-en/JOHOR_SULTAN_S_WWW1_FITTED_ON_SATRIA_NEO.html |archive-date=2014-02-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Malaysia/Story/A1Story20120612-352015.html |title=Johor Sultan unveils car with WWW 1 number plate |access-date=2014-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220031626/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Malaysia/Story/A1Story20120612-352015.html |archive-date=2014-02-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2014, he spent a record breaking RM748,000 on the car plate number W1N for<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/sultan-of-johor-wins-w1n-plate-1.469302 |title=Sultan of Johor wins 'W1N' plate |access-date=2014-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125220542/http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/sultan-of-johor-wins-w1n-plate-1.469302 |archive-date=2014-01-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> his blue [[Proton Suprima S|Suprima S]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/01/25/johor-sultan-pays-rm748000-for-w1n-number-plate/|title=JOHOR SULTAN PAYS RM748,000 FOR W1N NUMBER PLATE|access-date=2014-01-26|archive-date=2014-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203021847/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/01/25/johor-sultan-pays-rm748000-for-w1n-number-plate/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In July 2016, he also spent a record breaking RM836,660 on the car plate number F1 for his ruby red [[Proton Perdana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/07/156510/sultan-johor-fastens-f1-plate-proton-perdana-takes-it-spin|title=Sultan Johor fastens F1 plate on Proton Perdana, takes it for a spin | New Straits Times|first=Ahmad Fairuz|last=Othman|date=July 3, 2016|website=NST Online}}</ref>

== Business dealings ==
Although given a monthly allowance of RM27,000,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/10-things-to-know-about-the-sultan-of-johor|title=10 things to know about the Sultan of Johor|date=March 20, 2015|website=The Straits Times}}</ref> Sultan Ibrahim had done some business dealings such as
* Investment in Redtone (20% equity)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/03/17/johor-sultan-ups-stake-in-redtone/|title=Johor Sultan ups stake in REDtone | The Star|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref>
* Investment in MOL AccessPortal (15% equity)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techinasia.com/sultan-ibrahim-johor-invests-mol|title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem|website=www.techinasia.com}}</ref>
* Investment in RedTone International (20% equity)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-redtone-intel-shareholders-idUSL3N0WJ18K20150317|title=Malaysia's Sultan of Johor becomes top shareholder in Redtone International|author=Reuters Staff|newspaper=Reuters|date=March 17, 2015|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>
* Investment in 7Eleven Malaysia (8.5% equity)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2017/08/08/johor-sultan-becomes-7-eleven-malaysias-second-largest-individual-shareholder|title=Johor Sultan becomes 7-Eleven M'sia's 2nd largest individual shareholder | The Star|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref>
* Investment in Berjaya Assets<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/johor-sultan-surfaces-bassets-substantial-shareholder|title=Johor Sultan surfaces as BAssets substantial shareholder|date=October 2, 2017|website=The Edge Markets}}</ref>
* Investment in Umobile (15% equity)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/business/2015/12/19/johor-sultan-raises-stake-in-u-mobile/ |title=Johor Sultan raises stake in U Mobile - the Rakyat Post - the Rakyat Post |access-date=2016-06-05 |archive-date=2016-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221224840/http://www.therakyatpost.com/business/2015/12/19/johor-sultan-raises-stake-in-u-mobile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Investment in Berjaya Time Square (20% equity)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2013/12/11/johor-sultan-buying-stake-for-rm250m-cash/|title=Johor Sultan buying stake for RM250m cash in Berjaya Times Square | The Star|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref>
* Sold 116 acres of prime seafront land in [[Johor Bahru]] (previously converted from State land to Sultanate land, formerly the southbound heavy vehicle and passenger vehicle separate border crossings from [[Malaysia]] to [[Singapore]], before the [[Johor–Singapore Causeway]]) and coastal reclamation rights, to Guangzhou R&F for MYR 4.5 billion <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kinibiz.com/story/issues/90213/sultan-of-johor%E2%80%99s-rm4.5-billion-backlash.html|title=Sultan of Johor's RM4.5 bil backlash?}}</ref>
* Benalec Holdings reclamation sites in Pengarang
* Tanjung Piai for petroleum facilities and a maritime industrial park
* [[Country Garden]]'s reclamation of 4 islands off Tanjung Kupang for the Forest City megaproject (expected size of 3,425 acres, adjacent to the [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]]), of which Sultan Ibrahim has 64.4% equity in Esplanade Danga 88 Sdn Bhd, which in turn has 34% equity in the joint-venture company Country Garden Pacific View (CGPV) Sdn Bhd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/269133|title=Royal businesses - who is Daing A Malek?|first=Nigel|last=Aw|date=July 18, 2014|website=Malaysiakini}}</ref>

==Issue==
{{See also| Line of succession to the Malaysian throne}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Birth Date !! Birth Place || Death Date || Death Place || !colspan="2"| Marriage Date || Spouse !! Their Children || Their Grandchildren
|-
|-
| HRH Tunku '''[[Tunku Ismail Idris|Ismail Idris Abdul Majid Abu Bakar]]''', ''Tunku Mahkota'' || {{birth date and age|1984|6|30|df=yes}} |||||||| 24 October 2014 || HH Che' Puan Besar [[Khaleeda Bustamam]] || HH Tunku Khalsom Aminah Sofiah HRH Tunku Iskandar Abdul Jalil Abu Bakar Ibrahim HH Tunku Abu Bakar Ibrahim HH Tunku Zahrah Zarith Aziyah
|-
| HH Tunku '''Tun Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah''' || {{birth date and age|1986|4|8|df=yes}} |||||||| 14 August 2017 || Dato' Dennis Muhammad Abdullah (formerly Dennis Verbaas) || Layla Sofiah Second child (''undeclared name'')
|-
| HH Tunku '''[[:ms:Tunku Idris Iskandar|Idris Iskandar Ismail]]''', ''Tunku Temenggong'' || {{birth date and age|1987|12|25|df=yes}} |||||||| || ||
|-
| HH Tunku '''[[Tunku Abdul Jalil|Abdul Jalil Iskandar]]''', ''Tunku Laksamana'' || {{birth date|1990|7|5|df=yes}} ||||{{death date and age|2015|12|5|1990|7|5|df=yes}}|||| || ||
|-
| HH Tunku '''[[Tunku Abdul Rahman Hassanal Jefri|Abdul Rahman Hassanal Jeffri]]''', ''Tunku Panglima'' || {{birth date and age|1993|2|5|df=yes}} |||||||| || ||
|-
| HH Tunku '''Abu Bakar Mahmood Iskandar''', ''Tunku Putera'' || {{birth date and age|2001|5|30|df=yes}} |||||||| || ||
|}

== Honours ==
{{see also|List of honours of the Johor Royal Family by country}}

=== Johor honours ===
* [[File:Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Johor - ribbon bar.svg|50px]] Grand Master and First Class (DK I) of the [[Royal Family Order of Johor]]
* [[File:Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Johor - ribbon bar.png|50px]] Grand Master and First Class of the [[Order of the Crown of Johor]] (SPMJ) – '''Dato'''' (28 October 1980)
* [[File:Order of the Loyalty of Sultan Ismail (Johor) - ribbon_bar.png|50px]] Grand Master and Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Loyalty of Sultan Ismail]] (SSIJ) – '''Dato'''' (8 April 1990)<ref>See photo</ref>
* [[File:Order of Sultan Ibrahim of Johor-Darjah Sultan Ibrahim Johor SMIJ DMIJ SIJ.svg|50px]] Founding Grand Master and Grand Knight (SMIJ) of the [[Order of Sultan Ibrahim of Johor]] (since 30 March 2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Laman Web Rasmi Kemahkotaan DYMM Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Johor|url=https://kemahkotaan.johor.gov.my/darjah-kebesaran/darjah-kebesaran-baharu/|website=kemahkotaan.johor.gov.my|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>
* [[File:Sultan Ismail Coronation Medal (1960).gif|50px]] Sultan Ismail Coronation Medal (PSI 1st class) (10 February 1960)
* [[File:Sultan Iskandar Coronation Medal ribbon.gif|50px]] Sultan Mahmud Iskandar Coronation Medal (11 May 1981)

=== Honours of Malaysia ===
* {{Flag|Malaysia}} :
** [[File:MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (SMN) – '''Tun''' (1987)<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1987.pdf|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1987.}}</ref>
** [[File:MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Order of the Crown of the Realm]] (DMN) (2 March 2015)<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang, dan Pingat Persekutuan.}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Kelantan}} :
** [[File:MY-KEL Order of the Crown of Kelantan - Star of Muhammad.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Kelantan (SPMK) – '''Dato'''' (1994)<ref name="istiadat.gov.my"/>
** [[File:MY-KEL Royal Family Order - Star of Yunus - DK.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Royal Family Order of Kelantan]] (DK)<ref name="istiadat.gov.my">[http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang, dan Pingat Persekutuan.]</ref>
* {{Flag|Negeri Sembilan}} :
** [[File:MY-NEG Royal Family Order of Negeri Sembilan - DKNS.svg|50px]] Member of the [[Royal Family Order of Negeri Sembilan]] (DKNS) (14 February 2011)<ref>DKNS - Articles in Malay 1 : [http://www.mstar.com.my/cerita.asp?sec=mstar_berita&file=/2011/2/28/mstar_berita/20110228155153 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213075702/http://www.mstar.com.my/cerita.asp?sec=mstar_berita&file=%2F2011%2F2%2F28%2Fmstar_berita%2F20110228155153 |date=2013-12-13 }}, [http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2011&dt=0301&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_09.htm 3. Utusan (with photo)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/maintenance-page/|title=Maintenance Page}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Pahang}} :
** [[File:MY-PAH Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang - DK II.svg|50px]] Member 2nd class of the [[Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang]] (DK II) (24 October 1997)<ref name="istiadat.gov.my"/>
** [[File:MY-PAH Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang - DK I.svg|50px]] Member 1st class of the [[Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang]] (DK I) (24 October 2011)
* {{Flag|Perak}} :
** [[File:MY-PERA Royal Family Order of Perak - DK.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Royal Family Order of Perak]] (DK) (19 April 2010)<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/bm/news_lite.php?id=491527 Article in Malay] mentioning the award</ref>
* {{Flag|Perlis}} :
** [[File:MY-PERL Order of the Crown of Perlis - Knight Grand Commander - SPMP.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of [[Order of the Crown of Perlis]] (SPMP) – '''Dato' Seri'''<ref name="istiadat.gov.my"/>
** [[File:MY-PERL Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail - DK.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail]] (DK) (16 May 2010)<ref>DK (Perlis) - Article in Malay : [http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0517&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_05.htm 1]</ref>
* {{Flag|Selangor}} :
** [[File:MY-SEL Royal Family Order of Selangor - DK I.svg|50px]] First Class of the [[Royal Family Order of Selangor]] (DK I) (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://awards.selangor.gov.my/sublinkyear.php?cat=49&subcat=D.K.|title=DK I 2010|website=awards.selangor.gov.my}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Terengganu}} :
** [[File:MY-TER Family Order of Terengganu 1st class - DK I.svg|50px]] Member first class of the [[Family Order of Terengganu]] (DK I) (27 April 2013)
* {{Flag|Kedah}} :
** [[File:MY-KED Royal Family Order of Kedah (DK).svg|50px]] [[Royal Family Order of Kedah]] (DK) (25 February 2018)<ref>[https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/02/25/johor-ruler-receives-darjah-kerabat-kedah-from-kedah-sultan/ DK (Kedah)] ''The Star''</ref>
* {{Flag|Sabah}} :
** [[File:MY-SAB Order of Kinabalu - SPDK.svg|50px]] Grand Commander of the [[Order of Kinabalu]] (SPDK) – '''Datuk Seri Panglima'''
* {{Flag|Sarawak}} :
** [[File:MY-SAR_Order_of_the_Star_of_the_Hornbill_(Bintang_Kenyalang)_-_1._Knight_Grand_Commander_(DP).svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak]] (DP) – '''Datuk Patinggi''' (2009)

=== Foreign honours ===
* {{Flag|Bahrain}} :
** [[File:Order of Sheikh Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifa.gif|50px]] Order of Sheikh Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (Wisam al-Shaikh ‘Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa), First Class (2017)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/11/26/johor-sultan-receives-bahrain-highest-award|title=Johor Ruler receives Bahrain's highest award|work=[[The Star Online]]|date=26 November 2017|access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref>

* {{Flag|Brunei}} :
** [[File:BRU Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei]] (DKMB) - (2014)<ref>柔佛苏丹依布拉欣获陛下颁赠DKMB勋章, [http://cnews.cari.com.my/news.php?id=682723 Article in Chinese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112170425/http://cnews.cari.com.my/news.php?id=682723 |date=2014-11-12 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2014/11/09/their-majesties-in-johor-for-dkmb-conferment-ceremony/|title=Their Majesties in Johor for DKMB Conferment Ceremony|work=[[Borneo Post]]|date=9 November 2014 |access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref>
** [[File:Sultan's Golden Jubilee Medal (2017).jpg|50px]] Sultan of Brunei Golden Jubilee Medal - (2017)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/world/2017/10/287447/brunei-sultan-mark-50-years-throne-lavish-celebrations|title=Brunei sultan to mark 50 years on throne with lavish celebrations|work=[[New Straits Times]]|agency=AFP|date=5 October 2017|access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref>

* {{Flag|Philippines}} :
** [[File:PHI Order of Sikatuna 2003 Grand Cross BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Cross (GCrS) (''[[Datu]]'') of the [[Order of Sikatuna]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=1744784|title=Sultan of Johor receives order of Sikatuna from Philippine President|agency=[[Bernama]]|date=10 July 2019|access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref>

=== Honorary doctorate ===
* {{Flag|Singapore}} :
** Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws from the [[National University of Singapore]] (NUS) - (20 July 2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/johor-sultan-ibrahim-nus-honorary-degree-singapore-visit-2825496|title=Johor Sultan awarded honorary degree by NUS during visit to Singapore|newspaper=Channel NewsAsia|first=Matthew|last=Mohan|date=2022-07-21 |access-date= July 22, 2022}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Sultan Ibrahim Ismail of Johor'''
|2= 2. [[Iskandar of Johor|Sultan Iskandar bin Ismail of Johor]]
|3= 3. [[Hajj]]ah Kalsom binti Abdullah (née Josephine Ruby Trevorrow)
|4= 4. [[Ismail of Johor|Sultan Ismail bin Ibrahim of Johor]]
|5= 5. ''Ungku'' Tun Amina binti ''Ungku'' Ahmad
|6= 6. Reginald George Trevorrow
|7= 7. Ruby May Alderman
|8= 8. [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim bin Abu Bakar of Johor]]
|9= 9. ''Ungku'' Maimuna binti ''Ungku'' Abdul Majid
|10= 10. ''Ungku'' Ahmad bin ''Ungku'' Muhammad Khalid
|11= 11. ''Ungku'' Khadija binti ''Ungku'' Muhammad
|12=
|13=
|14= 14. Thomas Alderman
|15=
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* Ali, Abdullah, ''Malaysian Protocol and Correct Forms of Address'', published by [[Times Books]] International, 1986, {{ISBN|9971-65-370-2}}
* Cheong, Mei Sui, ''Information Malaysia: 1985 Year Book'',published by Berita Publishing, 1985
* De Ledesma, Charles; Lewis, Mark; Savage, Pauline, ''Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei'', published by [[Rough Guides]], 2003, {{ISBN|1-84353-094-5}}
* Karim, Gulrose; Tate, Desmond Muzaffar, ''Information Malaysia'', published by Berita Publ. Sdn. Bhd., 1989
* Kershaw, Roger, ''Monarchy in South-East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition'', published by Routledge, 2001, {{ISBN|0-415-18531-9}}
* {{cite book|title=The Who's who in Malaysia|edition=6|date=1967|orig-year=first edition published in 1956|editor-first=J. Victor|editor-last=Morais|editor-link=John Victor Morais}}
* Morris, Ira J., ''My East was Gorgeous'', by Ira J. Morris, published by Travel Book Club, 1958
* Nadarajah, K. N, ''Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen: His Story'', Pelanduk Publications, 2000, {{ISBN|967-978-709-5}}
* Nadarajah, Nesalamar, ''Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895-1914'', published by Arenabuku, 2000, {{ISBN|967-970-318-5}}
* Rahman, Abdul; Solomon, J. S., ''Challenging Times'', published by Pelanduk Publications, 1985, {{ISBN|967-978-094-5}}
* ''The International Who's Who 2004: Book with Single-User Online Access'', by Elizabeth Sleeman, published by Europa Publications, Published by Routledge, 2003, {{ISBN|1-85743-217-7}}
* ''Towards Relevant Education: A General Sourcebook for Teachers'', published by Education Forum (Philippines), Alternative Instructional Materials Project, Education Forum, 1986, {{ISBN|971-91006-0-5}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160427084148/http://www.johor.gov.my/kerajaan/page/dymm_sultan_johor Official profile]
*[http://kemahkotaan.johor.gov.my/ Official website of his coronation on 23 March 2015]

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Iskandar of Johor|Sultan Iskandar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Sultan of Johor]]|years=2010–present}}
{{s-inc|heir=[[Tunku Ismail Idris]]|heir-type=Heir apparent}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sultans and Yang di-Pertua Negeri}}
{{Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm}}
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Biography|Royalty|Monarchy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibrahim Ismail of Johor}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sultans of Johor|Ibrahim Ismail]]
[[Category:House of Temenggong of Johor|Ibrahim Ismail]]
[[Category:People from Johor Bahru|Ibrahim Ismail]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Danish descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of English descent]]
[[Category:People convicted of assault]]
[[Category:Malaysian people convicted of manslaughter]]
[[Category:Recipients of Malaysian royal pardons]]

[[Category:First Classes of the Royal Family Order of Johor|Ibrahim Ismail]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor|Ibrahim Ismail]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Loyalty of Sultan Ismail]]

[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak]]
[[Category:Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm]]
[[Category:First Classes of Royal Family Order of Selangor]]
[[Category:Grand Commanders of the Order of Kinabalu]]

[[Category:First Classes of the Family Order of Terengganu]]
[[Category:21st-century Malaysian politicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm]]
[[Category:People educated at Trinity Grammar School (New South Wales)]]

Federal Territories of Malaysia

2023-10-06T20:04:35Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Territories administered by Federal Government of Malaysia}}{{EngvarB|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{One source|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Federal Territories
| native_name = Wilayah Persekutuan
| image_flag = Flag of the Federal Territories of Malaysia.svg
| image_seal = Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg
| flag_link = Flag of the Federal Territories
| subdivision_type = Federal territories
| subdivision_name = [[Kuala Lumpur]] [[Labuan]] [[Putrajaya]]
| area_total_km2 = 381.65
| population_total = 1,602,388
| population_as_of = 2004
| population_density_km2 = 4198.6
| established_title = Designated
| established_date = Kuala Lumpur: 1 February 1974 Labuan: 16 April 1984 Putrajaya: 1 February 2001
| established_title1 = Consolidated under the Ministry
| established_date1 = 27 March 2004
| image_map = Federal territories in Malaysia (labeled).svg
| mapsize = 250px
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Malaysia|National postal code]]
| postal_code = '''Kuala Lumpur''' 50xxx to 60xxx 68xxx ([[Ampang, Kuala Lumpur|Ampang]] and [[Selayang]]) '''Labuan''' 87xxx '''Putrajaya''' 62xxx
| area_code = 03a 087b
| leader_title = [[Department of Federal Territories|Head Director]]
| leader_name = [[Indera Noridah Abdul Rahim]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.kwp.gov.my}}
| blank_name = Motto
| blank_info = ''Maju dan Sejahtera'' 'Progressive and Prosperous'
| blank1_name = Anthem
| blank1_info = ''[[Maju dan Sejahtera|Wilayah Persekutuan Maju dan Sejahtera]]''
| blank2_name = Administered by the
| blank2_info = [[Federal Territories Department]]
| blank3_name = License plate
| blank3_info = '''Kuala Lumpur''' W and V '''Labuan''' L '''Putrajaya''' PUTRAJAYA and F
| footnotes = a Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya b Labuan
}}

The '''Federal Territories''' ({{lang-ms|Wilayah Persekutuan}}) in [[Malaysia]] comprise three territories—[[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Labuan]], and [[Putrajaya]]—governed directly by the [[Government of Malaysia|Federal Government of Malaysia]]. Kuala Lumpur is the national capital of Malaysia, Putrajaya is the administrative capital, and Labuan is an offshore international financial centre. Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya are [[enclave and exclave|enclaves]] in the state of [[Selangor]], while Labuan is an island off the coast of [[Sabah]].

==Administrations==
The territories fall under the jurisdiction of the [[Department of Federal Territories]]. Originally, the Federal Territory Ministry was established in 1979 and was in charge of planning and administration of Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley. In 1981, the FT Ministry was re-established under the Prime Minister's Department as the Planning Unit of Klang Valley. In 2004, FT Ministry is then again formed into a full-fledged ministry which focuses on the development of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya. In 2022, under Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim's administration, the ministry was scrapped and its functions has been delegated to other ministries. Currently, the Federal Territories are administered by the Department of the Federal Territories (Jabatan Wilayah Persekutuan) under the Prime Minister's Department. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-16|title=Kementerian Wilayah Persekutuan - Latar Belakang|url=https://www.kwp.gov.my/index.php/info-korporat/sejarah|access-date=2021-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716155658/https://www.kwp.gov.my/index.php/info-korporat/sejarah|archive-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>

==History==
The federal territories were originally part of two states - [[Selangor]] and [[Sabah]]. Both Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya were part of Selangor, while Labuan was part of Sabah.<ref name="TMR">{{Cite news|last=Kaur|first=Dashveenjit|date=31 January 2019|title=The journey of Putrajaya — Malaysia's jewel capital city|work=The Malaysian Reserve|url=https://themalaysianreserve.com/2019/01/31/the-journey-of-putrajaya-malaysias-jewel-capital-city/|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref>

Kuala Lumpur, the state capital of Selangor, became the national capital of the [[Federation of Malaya]] (and later Malaysia) in 1948. Since independence in 1957, the federal as well as the Selangor state ruling party had been the Alliance (later the [[Barisan Nasional]]). However, in the [[Malaysian general election, 1969|1969 elections]] the Alliance, while retaining control of the federal government, lost its majority in Selangor to the opposition. The same election also resulted in a major [[May 13 incident|race riot]] in Kuala Lumpur.

It was realised that if Kuala Lumpur remained part of Selangor, clashes between the federal and the Selangor state government might arise when they are controlled by different parties. The solution was to separate Kuala Lumpur from the state and place it under direct federal rule. On 1 February 1974, the [[1974 Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur Agreement|Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur Agreement]] was signed, and Kuala Lumpur became the first federal territory of Malaysia.<ref name="TMR" />

The cession of Kuala Lumpur had the effect of securing the Selangor state government for the Barisan Nasional until the [[Malaysian general election, 2008|2008 general election]]. The separation of Kuala Lumpur meant that Kuala Lumpur voters lost representation in the [[Selangor State Legislative Assembly]] and could only vote for representation in the [[Parliament of Malaysia]].

Labuan, an island off coast of mainland Sabah, was chosen by the federal government for development into an [[offshore financial centre]]. Labuan became the second federal territory in 16 April 1984.<ref name="TMR" />

Putrajaya is a [[planned city]], designed to replace Kuala Lumpur as the seat of the federal government. Sultan Salahuddin, who was serving as the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] at that time, was asked again to cede land to the federal government. Putrajaya became the third federal territory on 1 February 2001.<ref name="TMR" />

In the recent years, efforts were made to forge a common identity for the three federal territories. A [[flag of Federal Territory]] was introduced to represent the federal territories as a whole. During the 2006 [[Sukma Games]] in [[Kedah]], Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya merged into the unified contingent of Federal Territories.

==Symbols==
{{main article|Flag of the Federal Territories}}
[[Maju dan Sejahtera]] ({{lit|Progress and Prosperity}}) is the official anthem of the Federal Territories.

Apart from the flag of Federal Territories, each federal territory has its own individual flag.

<gallery>
Image:Flag of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.svg|[[Flag of Kuala Lumpur]]
Image:Flag of Labuan.svg|Flag of Labuan
Image:Flag of Putrajaya.svg|Flag of Putrajaya
</gallery>

==Sports==
Sport activities in all the three Federal Territories are governed and coordinated by the Federal Territory Sports Council ({{lang-ms|Majlis Sukan Wilayah Persekutuan}}, '''WIPERS'''), a federal statutory body.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wipers.gov.my/|title=Majlis Sukan Wilayah Persekutuan}}</ref>

==Holidays==
{{main article|Federal Territory Day}}
In addition to Federal public holidays, all three Federal Territories celebrates Federal Territory Day. Labuan, with a significant [[Kadazan-Dusun]] community, celebrates [[Kaamatan]] with the neighbouring state of Sabah.

== Federal Parliament Seats ==
List of Federal Territories representatives in the Federal Parliament (Dewan Rakyat) since the [[2022 Malaysian general election|15th general election]]:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Parliament
!Seat Name
!Member of Parliament
!Party
!Area
|-
!P114
|[[Kepong (federal constituency)|Kepong]]
|[[Lim Lip Eng]]
|[[Pakatan Harapan]] ([[Democratic Action Party|DAP]])
| rowspan="11" |[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|-
!P115
|[[Batu (federal constituency)|Batu]]
|[[Prabakaran Parameswaran]]
|[[Pakatan Harapan]] ([[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]])
|-
!P116
|[[Wangsa Maju (federal constituency)|Wangsa Maju]]
|Zahir Hassan
|[[Pakatan Harapan]] ([[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]])
|-
!P117
|[[Segambut (federal constituency)|Segambut]]
|[[Hannah Yeoh|Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan]]
|[[Pakatan Harapan]] ([[Democratic Action Party|DAP]])
|-
!P118
|[[Setiawangsa (federal constituency)|Setiawangsa]]
|[[Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad]]
|[[Pakatan Harapan]] ([[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]])
|-
!P119
|[[Titiwangsa (federal constituency)|Titiwangsa]]
|[[Johari Abdul Ghani]]
|[[Barisan Nasional]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|-
!P120
|[[Bukit Bintang (federal constituency)|Bukit Bintang]]
|[[Fong Kui Lun]]
|[[Pakatan Harapan]] ([[Democratic Action Party|DAP]])
|-
!P121
|[[Lembah Pantai (federal constituency)|Lembah Pantai]]
|[[Fahmi Fadzil|Ahmad Fahmi Mohamed Fadzil]]
|[[Pakatan Harapan]] ([[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]])
|-
!P122
|[[Seputeh (federal constituency)|Seputeh]]
|[[Teresa Kok|Teresa Kok Suh Sim]]
|[[Pakatan Harapan]] ([[Democratic Action Party|DAP]])
|-
!P123
|[[Cheras (federal constituency)|Cheras]]
|[[Tan Kok Wai]]
|[[Pakatan Harapan]] ([[Democratic Action Party|DAP]])
|-
!P124
|[[Bandar Tun Razak (federal constituency)|Bandar Tun Razak]]
|[[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail]]
|[[Pakatan Harapan]] ([[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]])
|-
!P125
|[[Putrajaya (federal constituency)|Putrajaya]]
|[[Radzi Jidin|Mohd Radzi Md Jidin]]
|[[Perikatan Nasional]] ([[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|PPBM]])
|[[Putrajaya]]
|-
!P166
|[[Labuan (federal constituency)|Labuan]]
|Suhaili Abdul Rahman
|[[Perikatan Nasional]] ([[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|PPBM]])
|[[Labuan]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Federal Territories (Malaysia)}}
* [http://www.kwp.gov.my Malaysian Ministry of Federal Territories]

{{Kuala Lumpur}}
{{Labuan}}
{{Putrajaya}}
{{History of East Malaysia}}
{{States and Federal Territories of Malaysia}}

[[Category:Federal Territories in Malaysia| ]]

Minister of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)

2023-10-06T20:01:09Z

Tama Andi 1207:

The latest holder of Malaysian '''Minister of Local Government Development''' has been [[Nga Kor Ming]] since 3 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2020/02/24/all-25-ministerial-appointments-revoked/|title=All 26 ministerial appointments revoked|last=Reporters|first=F. M. T.|date=2020-02-24|website=Free Malaysia Today|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> The minister is supported by Deputy Minister of Local Government Development.The minister administers the portfolio through the [[Ministry of Local Government Development (Malaysia)|Ministry of Local Government Development]].
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Local Government Development
| body =
| native_name = Menteri Pembangunan Kerajaan Tempatan
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagcaption =
| insignia = Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| image = File:Davidnga.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Nga Kor Ming]]
| incumbentsince = {{start date|2022|12|3|df=y}}
| type =
| status =
| department = [[Ministry of Local Government Development (Malaysia)|Ministry of Local Government Development]]
| style = Yang Berhormat Menteri (The Honourable Minister)
| member_of = [[Cabinet of Malaysia]]
| reports_to = [[Parliament of Malaysia]]
| residence =
| seat = [[Putrajaya]]
| nominator =
| appointer = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] on the recommendation of the [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| formation = {{start date|1955|df=y}}
| first = [[Sulaiman Abdul Rahman]] as Minister of Local Government, Housing and Town Planning
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| abbreviation =
| unofficial_names =
| salary =
| website = {{URL|http://www.kpkt.gov.my/}}
| deputy = [[Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir]]
}}

==List of ministers of local government/local government development==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister of Local Government/Local Government Development, or any of its precedent titles:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/314|title=Former Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government|publisher=Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Malaysia|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

'''Political party:'''
{{legend2|{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}|[[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]]/[[Barisan Nasional|BN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}}|[[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Perikatan Nasional}}|[[Perikatan Nasional|PN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=2|Portrait
! Name (Birth–Death) Constituency
! Political party
! Title
! Took office
! Left office
! [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (Cabinet)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Suleiman Abdul Rahman]] (1912–1963)
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| Minister of Local Government, Housing and Town Planning
| 1955
| 1957
| ''Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya'' [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Khaw Kai Boh]] (1918–1972) MP for [[Ulu Selangor (federal constituency)|Ulu Selangor]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
| Minister of Local Government and Housing
| 2 May 1964
| 3 June 1969
| [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] (III)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ong Kee Hui]] (1914–2000) MP for [[Bandar Kuching (federal constituency)|Bandar Kuching]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[Sarawak United Peoples' Party|SUPP]])
| Minister of Technology, Research and Local Government Minister of Local Government and Housing Minister of Local Government and Environment
| 9 February 1971
| 4 March 1976
| [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] (I • II) [[Hussein Onn]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Michael Chen Wing Sum]] (b. 1932) MP for [[Ulu Selangor (federal constituency)|Ulu Selangor]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
| Minister of Housing and Local Government
| 9 April 1974
| 1 November 1975
| [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] (I • II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Hassan Adli Arshad]] (1929-1987) MP for [[Bagan Datoh (federal constituency)|Bagan Datoh]]
| [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| Minister of Local Government and Federal Territories
| 5 March 1976
| 27 July 1978
| [[Hussein Onn]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Neo Yee Pan]] (1938-2020) MP for [[Muar (federal constituency)|Muar]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
| rowspan="10" |Minister of Housing and Local Government
| 15 September 1979
| 15 August 1985
| [[Hussein Onn]] (II) [[Mahathir Mohamad]] (I • II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Chan Siang Sun]] (1933-1989) MP for [[Bentong (federal constituency)|Bentong]]
| 7 January 1986
| 10 August 1986
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]] (II)
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
|[[Abdul Ghafar Baba]] (1925–2006) (Deputy Prime Minister) MP for [[Jasin (federal constituency)|Jasin]] ''Acting''
|BN (UMNO)
|11 August 1986
|27 October 1986
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahathir Mohamad]] (III)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white" |
|
| [[Ng Cheng Kiat]] (b. unknown) MP for [[Klang (federal constituency)|Klang]]
| rowspan="7" |BN (MCA)
| 27 October 1986
| 13 June 1989
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Lee Kim Sai]] (1937-2019) MP for [[Hulu Langat (federal constituency)|Hulu Langat]]
| 14 August 1989
| 26 October 1990
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ting Chew Peh]] (b. 1943) MP for [[Gopeng (federal constituency)|Gopeng]]
| 27 October 1990
| 14 December 1999
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ([[Fourth Mahathir cabinet|IV]] • [[Fifth Mahathir cabinet |V]])
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ong Ka Ting]] (b. 1956) MP for [[Pontian (federal constituency)|Pontian]] (1999-2004) MP for [[Tanjong Piai (federal constituency)|Tanjong Piai]] (2004-2008) 
| 15 December 1999
| 17 March 2008
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ([[Sixth Mahathir cabinet|VI]]) [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] (I • II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ong Ka Chuan]] (b. 1954) MP for [[Tanjong Malim (federal constituency)|Tanjong Malim]]
| 18 March 2008
| 9 April 2009
| [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] (III)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
| [[File:Kong Cho Ha.png|50px]]
| [[Kong Cho Ha]] (b. 1950) MP for [[Lumut (federal constituency)|Lumut]]
| 10 April 2009
| 4 June 2010
| rowspan=2 | [[Najib Razak]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Chor Chee Heung]] (b. 1955) MP for [[Alor Setar (federal constituency)|Alor Setar]]
| 7 June 2010
| 5 May 2013
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
| [[File:Datuk Seri Panglima Abdul Rahman Dahlan.jpg|50px]]
| [[Abdul Rahman Dahlan]] (b. 1965) MP for [[Kota Belud (federal constituency)|Kota Belud]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| rowspan=2|Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government
| 16 May 2013
| 27 June 2016
| rowspan=2 | [[Najib Razak]] (II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Noh Omar]] (b. 1958) MP for [[Tanjong Karang (federal constituency)|Tanjong Karang]]
| 27 June 2016
| 9 May 2018
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}}; color:red"|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|[[Zuraida Kamaruddin]] (b. 1958) MP for [[Ampang (federal constituency)|Ampang]]
|[[Pakatan Harapan|PH]] ([[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]])
| rowspan=3|Minister of Housing and Local Government
| 21 May 2018
| 24 February 2020
|[[Mahathir Mohamad]] (VII)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Perikatan Nasional}}; color:white"|
| [[Perikatan Nasional|PN]] ([[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]])
| 10 March 2020
| 16 August 2021
| [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Reezal Merican Naina Merican]] (b.1972) MP for [[Kepala Batas (federal constituency)|Kepala Batas]]
| [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| 30 August 2021
| 24 November 2022
| [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}}; color:red"|
| [[File:Davidnga.jpg|50px]]
| [[Nga Kor Ming]] (b.1972) MP for [[Teluk Intan (federal constituency)|Teluk Intan]]
| [[Pakatan Harapan|PH]] ([[Democratic Action Party|DAP]])
| Minister of Local Government Development
| 3 December 2022
| ''Incumbent''
| [[Anwar Ibrahim]] (I)
|-
|}

==List of ministers of town planning==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister of Town Planning, or any of its precedent titles:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/314|title=Former Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government|publisher=Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Malaysia|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

'''Political party:'''
{{legend2|{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}|[[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]]/[[Barisan Nasional|BN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=2|Portrait
! Name (Birth–Death) Constituency
! Political party
! Title
! Took office
! Left office
! [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (Cabinet)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Suleiman Abdul Rahman]] (1912–1963) MP for [[Johor Bahru (federal constituency)|Johore Bahru]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| Minister of Local Government, Housing and Town Planning
| 1955
| 1957
| ''Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya'' [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
|-
! colspan=8 bgcolor=cccccc|
|}

==List of ministers of housing==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister of Housing, or any of its precedent titles:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/314|title=Former Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government|publisher=Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Malaysia|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

'''Political party:'''
{{legend2|{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}|[[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]]/[[Barisan Nasional|BN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}}|[[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Perikatan Nasional}}|[[Perikatan Nasional|PN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=2|Portrait
! Name (Birth–Death) Constituency
! Political party
! Title
! Took office
! Left office
! [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (Cabinet)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Suleiman Abdul Rahman]] (1912–1963) MP for [[Johor Bahru (federal constituency)|Johore Bahru]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| Minister of Local Government, Housing and Town Planning
| 1955
| 1957
| ''Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya'' [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
|-
! colspan=8 bgcolor=cccccc|
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Khaw Kai Boh]] (1918–1972) MP for [[Ulu Selangor (federal constituency)|Ulu Selangor]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
| Minister of Local Government and Housing
| 2 May 1964
| 3 June 1969
| [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] (III)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ong Kee Hui]] (1914–2000) MP for [[Bandar Kuching (federal constituency)|Bandar Kuching]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[Sarawak United Peoples' Party|SUPP]])
| Minister of Local Government and Housing
| 9 February 1971
| 1974
| [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Michael Chen Wing Sum]] (b. 1932) MP for [[Ulu Selangor (federal constituency)|Ulu Selangor]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
| Minister of Housing and New Villages Minister of Housing and Villages Development Minister of Housing and Local Government
| 9 April 1974
| 1979
| [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] (I • II) [[Hussein Onn]] (I • II)<
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Neo Yee Pan]] (1938–2020) MP for [[Muar (federal constituency)|Muar]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
| rowspan="10" |Minister of Housing and Local Government
| 15 September 1979
| 15 August 1985
| [[Hussein Onn]] (II) [[Mahathir Mohamad]] (I • II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Chan Siang Sun]] (1933-1989) MP for [[Bentong (federal constituency)|Bentong]]
| 7 January 1986
| 10 August 1986
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]] (II)
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
|[[Abdul Ghafar Baba]] (1925–2006) (Deputy Prime Minister) MP for [[Jasin (federal constituency)|Jasin]] ''Acting''
|BN (UMNO)
|11 August 1986
|27 October 1986
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahathir Mohamad]] (III)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white" |
|
| [[Ng Cheng Kiat]] (b. unknown) MP for [[Klang (federal constituency)|Klang]]
| rowspan="7" |BN (MCA)
| 27 October 1986
| 13 June 1989
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Lee Kim Sai]] (1937–2019) MP for [[Hulu Langat (federal constituency)|Hulu Langat]]
| 14 August 1989
| 26 October 1990
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ting Chew Peh]] (b. 1943) MP for [[Gopeng (federal constituency)|Gopeng]]
| 27 October 1990
| 14 December 1999
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]] (IV • V)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ong Ka Ting]] (b. 1956) MP for [[Pontian (federal constituency)|Pontian]] (1999-2004) MP for [[Tanjong Piai (federal constituency)|Tanjong Piai]] (2004-2008)
| 15 December 1999
| 17 March 2008
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]] (VI) [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] (I • II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ong Ka Chuan]] (b. 1954) MP for [[Tanjong Malim (federal constituency)|Tanjong Malim]]
| 18 March 2008
| 9 April 2009
| [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] (III)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
| [[File:Kong Cho Ha.png|50px]]
| [[Kong Cho Ha]] (b. 1950) MP for [[Lumut (federal constituency)|Lumut]]
| 10 April 2009
| 4 June 2010
| rowspan=2 | [[Najib Razak]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Chor Chee Heung]] (b. 1955) MP for [[Alor Setar (federal constituency)|Alor Setar]]
| 7 June 2010
| 5 May 2013
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
| [[File:Datuk Seri Panglima Abdul Rahman Dahlan.jpg|50px]]
| [[Abdul Rahman Dahlan]] (b. 1965) MP for [[Kota Belud (federal constituency)|Kota Belud]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| rowspan=2|Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government
| 16 May 2013
| 27 June 2016
| rowspan=2 | [[Najib Razak]] (II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Noh Omar]] (b. 1958) MP for [[Tanjong Karang (federal constituency)|Tanjong Karang]]
| 27 June 2016
| 9 May 2018
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}}; color:red"|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|[[Zuraida Kamaruddin]] (b. 1958) MP for [[Ampang (federal constituency)|Ampang]]
| [[Pakatan Harapan|PH]] ([[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]])
| rowspan=3|Minister of Housing and Local Government
| 21 May 2018
| 24 February 2020
|[[Mahathir Mohamad]] (VII)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Perikatan Nasional}}; color:white"|
| [[Perikatan Nasional|PN]] ([[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]])
| 10 March 2020
| 16 August 2021
| [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Reezal Merican Naina Merican]] (b.1972) MP for [[Kepala Batas (federal constituency)|Kepala Batas]]
| [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| 30 August 2021
| 24 November 2022
| [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] (I)
|-
! colspan=8 bgcolor=cccccc|
|}

== List of ministers of federal territories ==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister of Federal Territories, or any of its precedent titles:

'''Political party:''' {{legend2|{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}|[[Barisan Nasional|BN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}}|[[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Portrait
!Name
(Birth–Death)
Constituency
!Political party
!Title
!Took office
!Left office
![[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]](Cabinet)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Hassan Adli Arshad]] (1929-1987) MP for [[Bagan Datok (federal constituency)|Bagan Datok]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|Minister of Local Government and Federal Territories
|1976
|1978
|[[Hussein Onn]](I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|[[File:Tun_Hussein_Onn_(MY_3rd_PM).jpg|156x156px]]
|[[Hussein Onn]] (1922-1990) MP for [[Sri Gading (federal constituency)|Sri Gading]]
| rowspan="6" |Minister of Federal Territories
|1978
|1980
| rowspan="3" |[[Hussein Onn]](II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|[[File:Pehin_Sri_Haji_Abdul_Taib_Mahmud.jpg|107x107px]]
|[[Abdul Taib Mahmud]] (b. 1936) MP for [[Samarahan (federal constituency)|Samarahan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu|PBB]])
|1980
|9 March 1981
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Sulaiman Daud]] (1933-2010) MP for [[Santubong (federal constituency)|Santubong]]
|9 March 1981
|17 July 1981
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Pengiran Othman|Pengiran Othman Pengiran Rauf]] (1940-2017) MP for [[Kimanis (federal constituency)|Kimanis]]
|[[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[BERJAYA]])
|1981
|1983
|Mahathir (I*II)
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Shahrir Abdul Samad]] (b. 1949) MP for [[Johor Bahru (federal constituency)|Johor Bahru]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|1983
|1986
| rowspan="2" |Mahathir (III)
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Abu Hassan Omar]] (1940-2018) MP for [[Kuala Selangor (federal constituency)|Kuala Selangor]]
|1986
|1987
|-
! colspan=8 bgcolor="cccccc" |
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Mohd Isa Abdul Samad]] (b. 1949) MP for [[Jempol (federal constituency)|Jempol]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| rowspan="3" |Minister of Federal Territories
|27 March 2004
|16 October 2005
| rowspan="2" |[[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]](II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|[[File:Kakizat2.jpg|125x125px]]
|[[Shahrizat Abdul Jalil]] (b. 1953) MP for [[Lembah Pantai (federal constituency)|Lembah Pantai]] ''Acting''
|16 October 2005
|14 February 2006
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Zulhasnan Rafique]] (b. 1954) MP for [[Setiawangsa (federal constituency)|Setiawangsa]]
|14 February 2006
|9 April 2009
|[[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]](II • III)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin]] (b. 1953) Senator
|Minister of Federal Territories and Urban Wellbeing
|10 April 2009
|16 May 2013
|[[Najib Razak]](I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor]] (b. 1950) MP for [[Putrajaya (federal constituency)|Putrajaya]]
| rowspan="4" |Minister of Federal Territories
|16 May 2013
|9 May 2018
|[[Najib Razak]](II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}};" |
|[[File:Khalid_Samad_2019_(cropped).jpg|126x126px]]
|[[Khalid Abdul Samad]] (b. 1957) MP for [[Shah Alam (federal constituency)|Shah Alam]]
|[[Pakatan Harapan|PH]] ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])
|2 July 2018
|24 February 2020
|[[Mahathir Mohamad]](VII)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white" |
|
|[[Annuar Musa]] (b. 1956) MP for [[Ketereh (federal constituency)|Ketereh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|10 March 2020
|16 August 2021
|[[Muhyiddin Yassin]](I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white" |
|[[File:Shahidan_Kassim.jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Shahidan Kassim]] (b. 1951) MP for [[Arau (federal constituency)|Arau]]
|30 August 2021
|24 November 2022
|[[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]](I)
|-
! colspan="8" bgcolor="cccccc" |
|-
!
|
|Rosida Jaafar
| -
| rowspan="2" |Head Director of Federal Territories
|22 December
2022
|26 September
2023
| rowspan="2" |[[Anwar Ibrahim cabinet | Anwar Ibrahim]](I)
|-
!
|
|Indera Noridah Abdul Rahim
| -
|26 September 2023
|
|}

==List of ministers of new villages==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister of New Villages, or any of its precedent titles:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/314|title=Former Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government|publisher=Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Malaysia|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

'''Political party:'''
{{legend2|{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}|[[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]]/[[Barisan Nasional|BN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=2|Portrait
! Name (Birth–Death) Constituency
! Political party
! Title
! Took office
! Left office
! [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (Cabinet)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Lee San Choon]] (1935–2023) MP for [[Segamat Selatan (federal constituency)|Segamat Selatan]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
| Minister of Technology, Research and Coordination of New Villages
| 1972
| 1974
| [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Michael Chen Wing Sum]] (b. 1932) MP for [[Ulu Selangor (federal constituency)|Ulu Selangor]]
| Minister of Housing and New Villages Minister of Housing and Villages Development Minister of Housing and Local Government
| 9 April 1974
| 1979
| [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] (I • II) [[Hussein Onn]] (I · II)
|-
! colspan=8 bgcolor=cccccc|
|}

==List of ministers of urban wellbeing==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister of Urban Wellbeing, or any of its precedent titles:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/314|title=Former Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government|publisher=Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Malaysia|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

'''Political party:'''
{{legend2|{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}|[[Barisan Nasional|BN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=2|Portrait
! Name (Birth–Death) Constituency
! Political party
! Title
! Took office
! Left office
! [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (Cabinet)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};"|
|
| [[Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin]] (b. 1953) Senator
| rowspan=3 | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| Minister of Federal Territories and Urban Wellbeing
| 10 April 2009
| 16 May 2013
| [[Najib Razak]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
| [[File:Datuk Seri Panglima Abdul Rahman Dahlan.jpg|50px]]
| [[Abdul Rahman Dahlan]] (b. 1965) MP for [[Kota Belud (federal constituency)|Kota Belud]]
| rowspan=2|Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government
| 16 May 2013
| 27 June 2016
| rowspan=2 | [[Najib Razak]] (II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Noh Omar]] (b. 1958) MP for [[Tanjong Karang (federal constituency)|Tanjong Karang]]
| 27 June 2016
| 9 May 2018
|-
! colspan=8 bgcolor=cccccc|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malaysian federal ministerial portfolios}}

[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Housing ministers]]

Minister of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)

2023-10-06T19:59:45Z

Tama Andi 1207:

The latest holder of Malaysian '''Minister of Local Government Development''' has been [[Nga Kor Ming]] since 3 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2020/02/24/all-25-ministerial-appointments-revoked/|title=All 26 ministerial appointments revoked|last=Reporters|first=F. M. T.|date=2020-02-24|website=Free Malaysia Today|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> The minister is supported by Deputy Minister of Local Government Development.The minister administers the portfolio through the [[Ministry of Local Government Development (Malaysia)|Ministry of Local Government Development]].
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Local Government Development
| body =
| native_name = Menteri Pembangunan Kerajaan Tempatan
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagcaption =
| insignia = Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| image = File:Davidnga.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Nga Kor Ming]]
| incumbentsince = {{start date|2022|12|3|df=y}}
| type =
| status =
| department = [[Ministry of Local Government Development (Malaysia)|Ministry of Local Government Development]]
| style = Yang Berhormat Menteri (The Honourable Minister)
| member_of = [[Cabinet of Malaysia]]
| reports_to = [[Parliament of Malaysia]]
| residence =
| seat = [[Putrajaya]]
| nominator =
| appointer = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] on the recommendation of the [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| formation = {{start date|1955|df=y}}
| first = [[Sulaiman Abdul Rahman]] as Minister of Local Government, Housing and Town Planning
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| abbreviation =
| unofficial_names =
| salary =
| website = {{URL|http://www.kpkt.gov.my/}}
| deputy = [[Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir]]
}}

==List of ministers of local government/local government development==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister of Local Government/Local Government Development, or any of its precedent titles:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/314|title=Former Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government|publisher=Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Malaysia|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

'''Political party:'''
{{legend2|{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}|[[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]]/[[Barisan Nasional|BN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}}|[[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Perikatan Nasional}}|[[Perikatan Nasional|PN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=2|Portrait
! Name (Birth–Death) Constituency
! Political party
! Title
! Took office
! Left office
! [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (Cabinet)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Suleiman Abdul Rahman]] (1912–1963)
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| Minister of Local Government, Housing and Town Planning
| 1955
| 1957
| ''Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya'' [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Khaw Kai Boh]] (1918–1972) MP for [[Ulu Selangor (federal constituency)|Ulu Selangor]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
| Minister of Local Government and Housing
| 2 May 1964
| 3 June 1969
| [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] (III)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ong Kee Hui]] (1914–2000) MP for [[Bandar Kuching (federal constituency)|Bandar Kuching]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[Sarawak United Peoples' Party|SUPP]])
| Minister of Technology, Research and Local Government Minister of Local Government and Housing Minister of Local Government and Environment
| 9 February 1971
| 4 March 1976
| [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] (I • II) [[Hussein Onn]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Michael Chen Wing Sum]] (b. 1932) MP for [[Ulu Selangor (federal constituency)|Ulu Selangor]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
| Minister of Housing and Local Government
| 9 April 1974
| 1 November 1975
| [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] (I • II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Hassan Adli Arshad]] (1929-1987) MP for [[Bagan Datoh (federal constituency)|Bagan Datoh]]
| [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| Minister of Local Government and Federal Territories
| 5 March 1976
| 27 July 1978
| [[Hussein Onn]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Neo Yee Pan]] (1938-2020) MP for [[Muar (federal constituency)|Muar]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
| rowspan="10" |Minister of Housing and Local Government
| 15 September 1979
| 15 August 1985
| [[Hussein Onn]] (II) [[Mahathir Mohamad]] (I • II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Chan Siang Sun]] (1933-1989) MP for [[Bentong (federal constituency)|Bentong]]
| 7 January 1986
| 10 August 1986
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]] (II)
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
|[[Abdul Ghafar Baba]] (1925–2006) (Deputy Prime Minister) MP for [[Jasin (federal constituency)|Jasin]] ''Acting''
|BN (UMNO)
|11 August 1986
|27 October 1986
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahathir Mohamad]] (III)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white" |
|
| [[Ng Cheng Kiat]] (b. unknown) MP for [[Klang (federal constituency)|Klang]]
| rowspan="7" |BN (MCA)
| 27 October 1986
| 13 June 1989
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Lee Kim Sai]] (1937-2019) MP for [[Hulu Langat (federal constituency)|Hulu Langat]]
| 14 August 1989
| 26 October 1990
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ting Chew Peh]] (b. 1943) MP for [[Gopeng (federal constituency)|Gopeng]]
| 27 October 1990
| 14 December 1999
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ([[Fourth Mahathir cabinet|IV]] • [[Fifth Mahathir cabinet |V]])
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ong Ka Ting]] (b. 1956) MP for [[Pontian (federal constituency)|Pontian]] (1999-2004) MP for [[Tanjong Piai (federal constituency)|Tanjong Piai]] (2004-2008) 
| 15 December 1999
| 17 March 2008
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ([[Sixth Mahathir cabinet|VI]]) [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] (I • II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ong Ka Chuan]] (b. 1954) MP for [[Tanjong Malim (federal constituency)|Tanjong Malim]]
| 18 March 2008
| 9 April 2009
| [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] (III)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
| [[File:Kong Cho Ha.png|50px]]
| [[Kong Cho Ha]] (b. 1950) MP for [[Lumut (federal constituency)|Lumut]]
| 10 April 2009
| 4 June 2010
| rowspan=2 | [[Najib Razak]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Chor Chee Heung]] (b. 1955) MP for [[Alor Setar (federal constituency)|Alor Setar]]
| 7 June 2010
| 5 May 2013
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
| [[File:Datuk Seri Panglima Abdul Rahman Dahlan.jpg|50px]]
| [[Abdul Rahman Dahlan]] (b. 1965) MP for [[Kota Belud (federal constituency)|Kota Belud]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| rowspan=2|Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government
| 16 May 2013
| 27 June 2016
| rowspan=2 | [[Najib Razak]] (II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Noh Omar]] (b. 1958) MP for [[Tanjong Karang (federal constituency)|Tanjong Karang]]
| 27 June 2016
| 9 May 2018
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}}; color:red"|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|[[Zuraida Kamaruddin]] (b. 1958) MP for [[Ampang (federal constituency)|Ampang]]
|[[Pakatan Harapan|PH]] ([[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]])
| rowspan=3|Minister of Housing and Local Government
| 21 May 2018
| 24 February 2020
|[[Mahathir Mohamad]] (VII)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Perikatan Nasional}}; color:white"|
| [[Perikatan Nasional|PN]] ([[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]])
| 10 March 2020
| 16 August 2021
| [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Reezal Merican Naina Merican]] (b.1972) MP for [[Kepala Batas (federal constituency)|Kepala Batas]]
| [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| 30 August 2021
| 24 November 2022
| [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}}; color:red"|
| [[File:Davidnga.jpg|50px]]
| [[Nga Kor Ming]] (b.1972) MP for [[Teluk Intan (federal constituency)|Teluk Intan]]
| [[Pakatan Harapan|PH]] ([[Democratic Action Party|DAP]])
| Minister of Local Government Development
| 3 December 2022
| ''Incumbent''
| [[Anwar Ibrahim]] (I)
|-
|}

==List of ministers of town planning==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister of Town Planning, or any of its precedent titles:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/314|title=Former Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government|publisher=Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Malaysia|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

'''Political party:'''
{{legend2|{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}|[[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]]/[[Barisan Nasional|BN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=2|Portrait
! Name (Birth–Death) Constituency
! Political party
! Title
! Took office
! Left office
! [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (Cabinet)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Suleiman Abdul Rahman]] (1912–1963) MP for [[Johor Bahru (federal constituency)|Johore Bahru]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| Minister of Local Government, Housing and Town Planning
| 1955
| 1957
| ''Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya'' [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
|-
! colspan=8 bgcolor=cccccc|
|}

==List of ministers of housing==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister of Housing, or any of its precedent titles:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/314|title=Former Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government|publisher=Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Malaysia|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

'''Political party:'''
{{legend2|{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}|[[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]]/[[Barisan Nasional|BN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}}|[[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Perikatan Nasional}}|[[Perikatan Nasional|PN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=2|Portrait
! Name (Birth–Death) Constituency
! Political party
! Title
! Took office
! Left office
! [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (Cabinet)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Suleiman Abdul Rahman]] (1912–1963) MP for [[Johor Bahru (federal constituency)|Johore Bahru]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| Minister of Local Government, Housing and Town Planning
| 1955
| 1957
| ''Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya'' [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
|-
! colspan=8 bgcolor=cccccc|
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Khaw Kai Boh]] (1918–1972) MP for [[Ulu Selangor (federal constituency)|Ulu Selangor]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
| Minister of Local Government and Housing
| 2 May 1964
| 3 June 1969
| [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] (III)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ong Kee Hui]] (1914–2000) MP for [[Bandar Kuching (federal constituency)|Bandar Kuching]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[Sarawak United Peoples' Party|SUPP]])
| Minister of Local Government and Housing
| 9 February 1971
| 1974
| [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Michael Chen Wing Sum]] (b. 1932) MP for [[Ulu Selangor (federal constituency)|Ulu Selangor]]
| [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
| Minister of Housing and New Villages Minister of Housing and Villages Development Minister of Housing and Local Government
| 9 April 1974
| 1979
| [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] (I • II) [[Hussein Onn]] (I • II)<
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Neo Yee Pan]] (1938–2020) MP for [[Muar (federal constituency)|Muar]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
| rowspan="10" |Minister of Housing and Local Government
| 15 September 1979
| 15 August 1985
| [[Hussein Onn]] (II) [[Mahathir Mohamad]] (I • II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Chan Siang Sun]] (1933-1989) MP for [[Bentong (federal constituency)|Bentong]]
| 7 January 1986
| 10 August 1986
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]] (II)
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
|[[Abdul Ghafar Baba]] (1925–2006) (Deputy Prime Minister) MP for [[Jasin (federal constituency)|Jasin]] ''Acting''
|BN (UMNO)
|11 August 1986
|27 October 1986
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahathir Mohamad]] (III)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white" |
|
| [[Ng Cheng Kiat]] (b. unknown) MP for [[Klang (federal constituency)|Klang]]
| rowspan="7" |BN (MCA)
| 27 October 1986
| 13 June 1989
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Lee Kim Sai]] (1937–2019) MP for [[Hulu Langat (federal constituency)|Hulu Langat]]
| 14 August 1989
| 26 October 1990
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ting Chew Peh]] (b. 1943) MP for [[Gopeng (federal constituency)|Gopeng]]
| 27 October 1990
| 14 December 1999
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]] (IV • V)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ong Ka Ting]] (b. 1956) MP for [[Pontian (federal constituency)|Pontian]] (1999-2004) MP for [[Tanjong Piai (federal constituency)|Tanjong Piai]] (2004-2008)
| 15 December 1999
| 17 March 2008
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]] (VI) [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] (I • II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Ong Ka Chuan]] (b. 1954) MP for [[Tanjong Malim (federal constituency)|Tanjong Malim]]
| 18 March 2008
| 9 April 2009
| [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] (III)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
| [[File:Kong Cho Ha.png|50px]]
| [[Kong Cho Ha]] (b. 1950) MP for [[Lumut (federal constituency)|Lumut]]
| 10 April 2009
| 4 June 2010
| rowspan=2 | [[Najib Razak]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Chor Chee Heung]] (b. 1955) MP for [[Alor Setar (federal constituency)|Alor Setar]]
| 7 June 2010
| 5 May 2013
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
| [[File:Datuk Seri Panglima Abdul Rahman Dahlan.jpg|50px]]
| [[Abdul Rahman Dahlan]] (b. 1965) MP for [[Kota Belud (federal constituency)|Kota Belud]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| rowspan=2|Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government
| 16 May 2013
| 27 June 2016
| rowspan=2 | [[Najib Razak]] (II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Noh Omar]] (b. 1958) MP for [[Tanjong Karang (federal constituency)|Tanjong Karang]]
| 27 June 2016
| 9 May 2018
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}}; color:red"|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|[[Zuraida Kamaruddin]] (b. 1958) MP for [[Ampang (federal constituency)|Ampang]]
| [[Pakatan Harapan|PH]] ([[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]])
| rowspan=3|Minister of Housing and Local Government
| 21 May 2018
| 24 February 2020
|[[Mahathir Mohamad]] (VII)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Perikatan Nasional}}; color:white"|
| [[Perikatan Nasional|PN]] ([[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]])
| 10 March 2020
| 16 August 2021
| [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Reezal Merican Naina Merican]] (b.1972) MP for [[Kepala Batas (federal constituency)|Kepala Batas]]
| [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| 30 August 2021
| 24 November 2022
| [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] (I)
|-
! colspan=8 bgcolor=cccccc|
|}

== List of ministers of federal territories ==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister of Federal Territories, or any of its precedent titles:

'''Political party:''' {{legend2|{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}|[[Barisan Nasional|BN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}}|[[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Portrait
!Name
(Birth–Death)
Constituency
!Political party
!Title
!Took office
!Left office
![[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]](Cabinet)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Hassan Adli Arshad]] (1929-1987) MP for [[Bagan Datok (federal constituency)|Bagan Datok]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|Minister of Local Government and Federal Territories
|1976
|1978
|[[Hussein Onn]](I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|[[File:Tun_Hussein_Onn_(MY_3rd_PM).jpg|156x156px]]
|[[Hussein Onn]] (1922-1990) MP for [[Sri Gading (federal constituency)|Sri Gading]]
| rowspan="6" |Minister of Federal Territories
|1978
|1980
| rowspan="3" |[[Hussein Onn]](II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|[[File:Pehin_Sri_Haji_Abdul_Taib_Mahmud.jpg|107x107px]]
|[[Abdul Taib Mahmud]] (b. 1936) MP for [[Samarahan (federal constituency)|Samarahan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu|PBB]])
|1980
|9 March 1981
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Sulaiman Daud]] (1933-2010) MP for [[Santubong (federal constituency)|Santubong]]
|9 March 1981
|17 July 1981
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Pengiran Othman|Pengiran Othman Pengiran Rauf]] (1940-2017) MP for [[Kimanis (federal constituency)|Kimanis]]
|[[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[BERJAYA]])
|1981
|1983
|Mahathir (I*II)
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Shahrir Abdul Samad]] (b. 1949) MP for [[Johor Bahru (federal constituency)|Johor Bahru]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|1983
|1986
| rowspan="2" |Mahathir (III)
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Abu Hassan Omar]] (1940-2018) MP for [[Kuala Selangor (federal constituency)|Kuala Selangor]]
|1986
|1987
|-
! colspan=8 bgcolor="cccccc" |
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Mohd Isa Abdul Samad]] (b. 1949) MP for [[Jempol (federal constituency)|Jempol]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| rowspan="3" |Minister of Federal Territories
|27 March 2004
|16 October 2005
| rowspan="2" |[[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]](II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|[[File:Kakizat2.jpg|125x125px]]
|[[Shahrizat Abdul Jalil]] (b. 1953) MP for [[Lembah Pantai (federal constituency)|Lembah Pantai]] ''Acting''
|16 October 2005
|14 February 2006
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Zulhasnan Rafique]] (b. 1954) MP for [[Setiawangsa (federal constituency)|Setiawangsa]]
|14 February 2006
|9 April 2009
|[[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]](II • III)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin]] (b. 1953) Senator
|Minister of Federal Territories and Urban Wellbeing
|10 April 2009
|16 May 2013
|[[Najib Razak]](I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};" |
|
|[[Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor]] (b. 1950) MP for [[Putrajaya (federal constituency)|Putrajaya]]
| rowspan="4" |Minister of Federal Territories
|16 May 2013
|9 May 2018
|[[Najib Razak]](II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Pakatan Harapan}};" |
|[[File:Khalid_Samad_2019_(cropped).jpg|126x126px]]
|[[Khalid Abdul Samad]] (b. 1957) MP for [[Shah Alam (federal constituency)|Shah Alam]]
|[[Pakatan Harapan|PH]] ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])
|2 July 2018
|24 February 2020
|[[Mahathir Mohamad]](VII)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white" |
|
|[[Annuar Musa]] (b. 1956) MP for [[Ketereh (federal constituency)|Ketereh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|10 March 2020
|16 August 2021
|[[Muhyiddin Yassin]](I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white" |
|[[File:Shahidan_Kassim.jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Shahidan Kassim]] (b. 1951) MP for [[Arau (federal constituency)|Arau]]
|30 August 2021
|24 November 2022
|[[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]](I)
|-
! colspan="8" bgcolor="cccccc" |
|-
!
|
|Rosida Jaafar
| -
| rowspan="2" |Head Director of Federal Territories
|22 December
2022
|26 September
2023
| rowspan="2" |[[Anwar Ibrahim cabinet]]
|-
!
|
|Indera Noridah Abdul Rahim
| -
|26 September 2023
|
|}

==List of ministers of new villages==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister of New Villages, or any of its precedent titles:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/314|title=Former Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government|publisher=Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Malaysia|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

'''Political party:'''
{{legend2|{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}|[[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]]/[[Barisan Nasional|BN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=2|Portrait
! Name (Birth–Death) Constituency
! Political party
! Title
! Took office
! Left office
! [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (Cabinet)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Lee San Choon]] (1935–2023) MP for [[Segamat Selatan (federal constituency)|Segamat Selatan]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
| Minister of Technology, Research and Coordination of New Villages
| 1972
| 1974
| [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Alliance Party (Malaysia)}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Michael Chen Wing Sum]] (b. 1932) MP for [[Ulu Selangor (federal constituency)|Ulu Selangor]]
| Minister of Housing and New Villages Minister of Housing and Villages Development Minister of Housing and Local Government
| 9 April 1974
| 1979
| [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] (I • II) [[Hussein Onn]] (I · II)
|-
! colspan=8 bgcolor=cccccc|
|}

==List of ministers of urban wellbeing==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister of Urban Wellbeing, or any of its precedent titles:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/314|title=Former Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government|publisher=Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Malaysia|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

'''Political party:'''
{{legend2|{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}|[[Barisan Nasional|BN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=2|Portrait
! Name (Birth–Death) Constituency
! Political party
! Title
! Took office
! Left office
! [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (Cabinet)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}};"|
|
| [[Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin]] (b. 1953) Senator
| rowspan=3 | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| Minister of Federal Territories and Urban Wellbeing
| 10 April 2009
| 16 May 2013
| [[Najib Razak]] (I)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
| [[File:Datuk Seri Panglima Abdul Rahman Dahlan.jpg|50px]]
| [[Abdul Rahman Dahlan]] (b. 1965) MP for [[Kota Belud (federal constituency)|Kota Belud]]
| rowspan=2|Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government
| 16 May 2013
| 27 June 2016
| rowspan=2 | [[Najib Razak]] (II)
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Barisan Nasional}}; color:white"|
|
| [[Noh Omar]] (b. 1958) MP for [[Tanjong Karang (federal constituency)|Tanjong Karang]]
| 27 June 2016
| 9 May 2018
|-
! colspan=8 bgcolor=cccccc|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malaysian federal ministerial portfolios}}

[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Housing ministers]]

Christian Ntsay

2023-10-06T19:37:03Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{short description|Prime Minister of Madagascar (2018-present)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| name = Christian Louis Ntsay
| image = Кристиан Нтсай (22-12-2020).jpg
| office = [[President of Madagascar | Chairman of Council Minister of Madagascar]]
| term_start = 9 September 2023
| term_end =
| primeminister = Himself
| predecessor = Andry Rajoelina
| successor =
| office1 = [[Prime Minister of Madagascar]]
| term_start1 = 6 June 2018
| term_end1 =
| president1 = [[Andry Rajoelina]] Himself(Acting)
| predecessor1 = [[Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana]]
| successor1 =
| birth_name = Christian Louis Ntsay
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|3|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Antsiranana]], [[Malagasy Republic|Madagascar]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| nationality = {{Flagicon|Madagascar}} Malagasy
| occupation = Economist
| caption = Ntsay in 2020
}}

'''Christian Louis Ntsay''' (born 27 March 1961)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/a-la-une/2018/06/05/gouvernement-de-consensus-ntsay-christian-nomme-premier-ministre/|title=Gouvernement de consensus : Ntsay Christian nommé Premier ministre – Midi Madagasikara|website=www.midi-madagasikara.mg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sobikamada.com/politique/item/16173-cv-premier-ministre,-chef-du-gouvernement,-christian-ntsay.html|title=CV Premier Ministre, Chef du Gouvernement, Christian NTSAY|first=|last=Britto|publisher=|access-date=2018-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116010835/http://www.sobikamada.com/politique/item/16173-cv-premier-ministre,-chef-du-gouvernement,-christian-ntsay.html|archive-date=2018-11-16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-samsung-ss&biw=412&bih=342&tbm=bks&ei=UckWW5L7HdOGgQaN1qbYDg&q=Christian+Louis+Ntsay+Born+march+1961&oq=Christian+Louis+Ntsay+Born+march+1961&gs_l=mobile-gws-serp.12...14155.17348.0.18378.2.2.0.0.0.0.311.529.2-1j1.2.0....0...1c.1j4.64.mobile-gws-serp..0.1.310...30i10k1.0.-cijnJe0qMI|title=Christian Louis Ntsay Born march 1961 - Google Search|website=www.google.com}}</ref> is a [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]] politician who is serving as the [[prime minister of Madagascar]] since 2018. He was appointed by President [[Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] following [[Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana]]’s resignation due to widespread protests throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/06/04/madagascar-s-president-appoints-new-prime-minister/|title=Madagascar's president appoints new prime minister - Africanews|first=|last=AfricaNews|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/world/regions/africa/204078-madagascar-prime-minister-olivier-mahafaly-solonandrasana-resignation|title=Madagascar prime minister announces resignation|publisher=}}</ref> Ntsay is considered a [[technocrat]] and has worked for the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punchng.com/madagascar-names-technocrat-christian-ntsay-new-pm/amp/%3C/ref%3E/|title=Madagascar names technocrat Christian Ntsay new PM – Punch Newspapers|website=punchng.com}}</ref>

Since Andry Rajoelina resigned to run for [[2023 Malagasy presidential election|the presidency in 2023]], according to the Constitution, the Council of Ministers led by Ntsay has temporarily exercised [[List of presidents of Madagascar|presidential authority]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://al24news.com/fr/le-president-malgache-demissionne-avant-les-elections-de-novembre/|title=Le président malgache démissionne avant les élections de novembre|website=AL24 News|date=2023-09-10|accessdate=2023-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/madagascars-president-resigns-ahead-of-elections-reports/2988764|title= Madagascar's president resigns ahead of elections: Reports|website=aa.com|accessdate=2023-09-17}}</ref>

== Political career ==
{{Main|Ntsay government}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Madagascar]]|years=2018–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{MadagascarPMs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ntsay, Christian}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Madagascar]]
[[Category:People from Antsiranana]]

{{Madagascar-politician-stub}}

Christian Ntsay

2023-10-06T19:35:54Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{short description|Prime Minister of Madagascar (2018-present)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| name = Christian Louis Ntsay
| image = Кристиан Нтсай (22-12-2020).jpg
| office = [[President of Madagascar | Chairman of Council Minister of Madagascar]]
| term_start = 9 September 2023
| term_end =
| primeminister = Himself(Acting)
| predecessor = Andry Rajoelina
| successor =
| office1 = [[Prime Minister of Madagascar]]
| term_start1 = 6 June 2018
| term_end1 =
| president1 = [[Andry Rajoelina]] Himself(Acting)
| predecessor1 = [[Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana]]
| successor1 =
| birth_name = Christian Louis Ntsay
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|3|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Antsiranana]], [[Malagasy Republic|Madagascar]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| nationality = {{Flagicon|Madagascar}} Malagasy
| occupation = Economist
| caption = Ntsay in 2020
}}

'''Christian Louis Ntsay''' (born 27 March 1961)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/a-la-une/2018/06/05/gouvernement-de-consensus-ntsay-christian-nomme-premier-ministre/|title=Gouvernement de consensus : Ntsay Christian nommé Premier ministre – Midi Madagasikara|website=www.midi-madagasikara.mg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sobikamada.com/politique/item/16173-cv-premier-ministre,-chef-du-gouvernement,-christian-ntsay.html|title=CV Premier Ministre, Chef du Gouvernement, Christian NTSAY|first=|last=Britto|publisher=|access-date=2018-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116010835/http://www.sobikamada.com/politique/item/16173-cv-premier-ministre,-chef-du-gouvernement,-christian-ntsay.html|archive-date=2018-11-16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-samsung-ss&biw=412&bih=342&tbm=bks&ei=UckWW5L7HdOGgQaN1qbYDg&q=Christian+Louis+Ntsay+Born+march+1961&oq=Christian+Louis+Ntsay+Born+march+1961&gs_l=mobile-gws-serp.12...14155.17348.0.18378.2.2.0.0.0.0.311.529.2-1j1.2.0....0...1c.1j4.64.mobile-gws-serp..0.1.310...30i10k1.0.-cijnJe0qMI|title=Christian Louis Ntsay Born march 1961 - Google Search|website=www.google.com}}</ref> is a [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]] politician who is serving as the [[prime minister of Madagascar]] since 2018. He was appointed by President [[Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] following [[Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana]]’s resignation due to widespread protests throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/06/04/madagascar-s-president-appoints-new-prime-minister/|title=Madagascar's president appoints new prime minister - Africanews|first=|last=AfricaNews|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/world/regions/africa/204078-madagascar-prime-minister-olivier-mahafaly-solonandrasana-resignation|title=Madagascar prime minister announces resignation|publisher=}}</ref> Ntsay is considered a [[technocrat]] and has worked for the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punchng.com/madagascar-names-technocrat-christian-ntsay-new-pm/amp/%3C/ref%3E/|title=Madagascar names technocrat Christian Ntsay new PM – Punch Newspapers|website=punchng.com}}</ref>

Since Andry Rajoelina resigned to run for [[2023 Malagasy presidential election|the presidency in 2023]], according to the Constitution, the Council of Ministers led by Ntsay has temporarily exercised [[List of presidents of Madagascar|presidential authority]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://al24news.com/fr/le-president-malgache-demissionne-avant-les-elections-de-novembre/|title=Le président malgache démissionne avant les élections de novembre|website=AL24 News|date=2023-09-10|accessdate=2023-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/madagascars-president-resigns-ahead-of-elections-reports/2988764|title= Madagascar's president resigns ahead of elections: Reports|website=aa.com|accessdate=2023-09-17}}</ref>

== Political career ==
{{Main|Ntsay government}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Madagascar]]|years=2018–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{MadagascarPMs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ntsay, Christian}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Madagascar]]
[[Category:People from Antsiranana]]

{{Madagascar-politician-stub}}

Christian Ntsay

2023-10-06T19:33:15Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{short description|Prime Minister of Madagascar (2018-present)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| name = Christian Louis Ntsay
| image = Кристиан Нтсай (22-12-2020).jpg
| office = [[President of Madagascar | Chairman of Council Minister of Madagascar]]
| term_start = 9 September 2023
| term_end =
| president = Himself(Acting)
| predecessor = Andry Rajoelina
| successor =
| office1 = [[Prime Minister of Madagascar]]
| term_start1 = 6 June 2018
| term_end1 =
| president1 = [[Andry Rajoelina]] Himself(Acting)
| predecessor1 = [[Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana]]
| successor1 =
| birth_name = Christian Louis Ntsay
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|3|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Antsiranana]], [[Malagasy Republic|Madagascar]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| nationality = {{Flagicon|Madagascar}} Malagasy
| occupation = Economist
| caption = Ntsay in 2020
}}

'''Christian Louis Ntsay''' (born 27 March 1961)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/a-la-une/2018/06/05/gouvernement-de-consensus-ntsay-christian-nomme-premier-ministre/|title=Gouvernement de consensus : Ntsay Christian nommé Premier ministre – Midi Madagasikara|website=www.midi-madagasikara.mg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sobikamada.com/politique/item/16173-cv-premier-ministre,-chef-du-gouvernement,-christian-ntsay.html|title=CV Premier Ministre, Chef du Gouvernement, Christian NTSAY|first=|last=Britto|publisher=|access-date=2018-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116010835/http://www.sobikamada.com/politique/item/16173-cv-premier-ministre,-chef-du-gouvernement,-christian-ntsay.html|archive-date=2018-11-16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-samsung-ss&biw=412&bih=342&tbm=bks&ei=UckWW5L7HdOGgQaN1qbYDg&q=Christian+Louis+Ntsay+Born+march+1961&oq=Christian+Louis+Ntsay+Born+march+1961&gs_l=mobile-gws-serp.12...14155.17348.0.18378.2.2.0.0.0.0.311.529.2-1j1.2.0....0...1c.1j4.64.mobile-gws-serp..0.1.310...30i10k1.0.-cijnJe0qMI|title=Christian Louis Ntsay Born march 1961 - Google Search|website=www.google.com}}</ref> is a [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]] politician who is serving as the [[prime minister of Madagascar]] since 2018. He was appointed by President [[Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] following [[Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana]]’s resignation due to widespread protests throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/06/04/madagascar-s-president-appoints-new-prime-minister/|title=Madagascar's president appoints new prime minister - Africanews|first=|last=AfricaNews|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/world/regions/africa/204078-madagascar-prime-minister-olivier-mahafaly-solonandrasana-resignation|title=Madagascar prime minister announces resignation|publisher=}}</ref> Ntsay is considered a [[technocrat]] and has worked for the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punchng.com/madagascar-names-technocrat-christian-ntsay-new-pm/amp/%3C/ref%3E/|title=Madagascar names technocrat Christian Ntsay new PM – Punch Newspapers|website=punchng.com}}</ref>

Since Andry Rajoelina resigned to run for [[2023 Malagasy presidential election|the presidency in 2023]], according to the Constitution, the Council of Ministers led by Ntsay has temporarily exercised [[List of presidents of Madagascar|presidential authority]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://al24news.com/fr/le-president-malgache-demissionne-avant-les-elections-de-novembre/|title=Le président malgache démissionne avant les élections de novembre|website=AL24 News|date=2023-09-10|accessdate=2023-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/madagascars-president-resigns-ahead-of-elections-reports/2988764|title= Madagascar's president resigns ahead of elections: Reports|website=aa.com|accessdate=2023-09-17}}</ref>

== Political career ==
{{Main|Ntsay government}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Madagascar]]|years=2018–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{MadagascarPMs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ntsay, Christian}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Madagascar]]
[[Category:People from Antsiranana]]

{{Madagascar-politician-stub}}

Vajiralongkorn

2023-09-11T12:01:27Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{short description|King of Thailand since 2016}}
{{Redirect|Rama X|the Indian ruler of the Kingdom of Cochin|Rama Varma X}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vajiralongkorn {{lang|th|วชิราลงกรณ}}
| title = King Rama X
| image = King Rama X official (crop) (cropped).png
| caption = Formal portrait, 2017
| succession = [[King of Thailand]]
| reign = 13 October 2016 – present{{efn|name=note|After a mourning period, on 1 December 2016, Vajiralongkorn accepted the formal invitation to become king. He was king retroactively to the day of his predecessor and father's death on 13 October 2016. [[Prem Tinsulanonda]] had acted as regent from that date.<ref name="khaosod">{{Cite news|title=Vajiralongkorn ascends the throne as King Rama X |work=Khaosod English |url=http://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2016/12/01/vajiralongkorn-ascends-throne-king-rama |date=2 December 2016 |access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=New King for Thailand as Crown Prince, Vajiralongkorn, Ascends to Throne |last=Paddock |first=Richard |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/world/asia/thailand-king.html|date=1 December 2016 |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203204250/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/world/asia/thailand-king.html?_r=0 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| coronation = 4 May 2019
| cor-type = [[Coronation of Vajiralongkorn|Coronation]]
| predecessor = {{nowrap|[[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] (Rama IX)}}
| suc-type = {{nowrap|[[Heir presumptive]]}}
| successor = [[Dipangkorn Rasmijoti]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3038884/5-things-know-about-prince-dipangkorn-rasmijoti-son-thai |title=5 things to know about Prince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti, son of Thai King Maha Vajiralongkorn |last=Turner |first=Paige |work=South China Morning Post |date=25 Nov 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|7|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall]], [[Dusit Palace]], [[Dusit district|Dusit]], [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Soamsawali|Soamsawali Kitiyakara]] |1977|1991|reason=div}} {{marriage|[[Sujarinee Vivacharawongse|Yuvadhida Polpraserth]] |1994|1996|reason=div}} {{marriage|[[Srirasmi Suwadee]] |2001|2014|reason=div}} {{marriage|[[Suthida|Suthida Tidjai]] |1 May 2019}} {{marriage|[[Sineenat|Niramon Ounprom]] |2019}}
| issue = [[Bajrakitiyabha|Bajrakitiyabha, Princess Rajasarini Siribajra]] [[Juthavachara Vivacharawongse]] [[Vacharaesorn Vivacharawongse]] [[Chakriwat Vivacharawongse]] [[Vatchrawee Vivacharawongse]] [[Sirivannavari|Princess Sirivannavari]] [[Dipangkorn Rasmijoti|Prince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti]]
| house = [[House of Mahidol|Mahidol]] ([[Chakri dynasty]]){{efn|In the Thai tradition, the ''[[Ratchasakun|house]]'' ([[:th:ราชสกุล|ราชสกุล]]) is distinct from the ''dynasty'' ([[:th:ราชวงศ์|ราชวงศ์]]). Vajiralongkorn is the third king of the [[House of Mahidol]] ([[:th:ราชสกุลมหิดล|ราชสกุลมหิดล]]) and the tenth king of the [[Chakri dynasty]] ([[:th:ราชวงศ์จักรี|ราชวงศ์จักรี]]).}}
| father = {{nowrap|[[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] (Rama IX)}}
| mother = [[Sirikit|Sirikit Kitiyakara]]
| religion = [[Theravada]]
| signature = Vajiralongkorn Signature in English.svg
}}

'''Vajiralongkorn''' ({{lang-th|วชิราลงกรณ}}; {{RTGS|Wachiralongkon}}, {{IPA-th|wá.tɕʰí.rāː.lōŋ.kɔ̄ːn|pron}}; born 28 July 1952) is [[Monarchy of Thailand|King of Thailand]].

He is the only son of King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] and Queen [[Sirikit]]. In 1972, at the age of 20, he was made [[Crown Prince of Thailand|crown prince]] by his father. After his father's death on 13 October 2016, he was expected to ascend to the [[throne of Thailand]] but asked for time to mourn before taking the throne.<ref name="Coconuts BKK">{{cite news | url = http://bangkok.coconuts.co/2016/10/13/thai-prime-minister-prayuth-says-crown-prince-seeks-delay-proclaiming-him-king | title = Thai Prime Minister Prayuth says Crown Prince seeks delay in proclaiming him King | date = 13 October 2016 | access-date = 14 October 2016 | location = Bangkok | website = Coconut.co | publisher = Coconuts BKK | agency = Agence France-Presse | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060929/http://bangkok.coconuts.co/2016/10/13/thai-prime-minister-prayuth-says-crown-prince-seeks-delay-proclaiming-him-king | archive-date = 14 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
He accepted the throne on the night of 1 December 2016. His [[coronation of the Thai monarch|coronation]] took place from 4–6 May 2019.<ref name=Nation-20190101>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/national/30361431|title=Coronation of HM King Maha Vajiralongkorn to be held May 4–6: palace|website=The Nation|date=1 January 2019|agency=Agence France-Presse|language=en|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101102342/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/national/30361431|archive-date=1 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Thai government retroactively declared his reign to have begun on 13 October 2016, upon his father's death.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/world/asia/thailand-king.html|title=New King for Thailand as Crown Prince, Vajiralongkorn, Ascends to Throne|last=Paddock|first=Richard C.|date=1 December 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=22 October 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411062701/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/world/asia/thailand-king.html|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> As the tenth monarch of the [[Chakri dynasty]], he is also styled as '''Rama X'''. Aged 64 at that time, Vajiralongkorn became the oldest Thai monarch to ascend to the throne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mahavajiralongkorn.com/ |title=Maha Vajiralongkorn – King of Thailand |access-date=1 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103221255/http://www.mahavajiralongkorn.com/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> He is the [[List of royalty by net worth|wealthiest monarch in the world]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pg5oEAAAQBAJ |title=A History of Thailand |last2=Phongpaichit |first2=Pasuk |date=2022-04-07 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-03418-0 |page=362 |language=en |author-link=Chris Baker (writer) |author-link2=Pasuk Phongpaichit}}</ref> with a [[net worth]] estimated to be between {{USD|30 billion}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/royal-family-net-worth-worlds-richest-billionaires-ranked-2018-5|title=Meet the 10 richest billionaire royals in the world right now|first=Hillary|last=Hoffower|website=[[Business Insider]]|date=17 July 2019|access-date=16 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926235349/https://www.businessinsider.com/royal-family-net-worth-worlds-richest-billionaires-ranked-2018-5|archive-date=26 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and {{USD|70 billion}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thailand protests: How much is the king worth? <nowiki>|</nowiki> Counting the Cost|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmEydw_d30s|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/pmEydw_d30s|archive-date=2021-10-30|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]|date=30 January 2021|url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Vajiralongkorn was born on 28 July 1952 at 17:45<ref>ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2495/D/049/3434.PDF ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง ให้หยุดราชการและชักธงชาติเนื่องในการที่พระราชกุมารประสูติ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211235/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2495/D/049/3434.PDF |date=4 March 2016 }}, เล่ม 69, ตอนที่ 49, 12 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2495, หน้า 2434</ref> in the [[Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall]] of the [[Dusit Palace]] in [[Bangkok]]. When the crown prince was one year old, [[Ecclesiastical peerage of Thailand#Supreme patriarch|Somdet Phra Sangkharat Chao]] Kromma Luang Vajirananavongse, the 13th [[Supreme Patriarch of Thailand]] of the [[Rattanakosin Era]], gave the child his first name at birth, Vajiralongkorn Boromchakrayadisorn Santatiwong Thewetthamrongsuboribal Abhikkunupakornmahitaladulyadej Bhumibolnaretwarangkun Kittisirisombunsawangwat Boromkhattiyarajakumarn.<ref name="BP-20161201-Childhood">{{cite news|title=Long Live the King: Childhood|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/social-and-lifestyle/1148932/childhood|access-date=3 December 2016|work=[[Bangkok Post]]|date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

Vajiralongkorn began his education in 1956 when he entered [[kindergarten]] at the [[Chitralada School]] in Dusit Palace. After completing Mathayom 1 (grade seven), he was sent to be educated at [[Private schools in the United Kingdom|private schools]] in the United Kingdom, first at a [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|prep school]], King's Mead, [[Seaford, Sussex|Seaford]], [[Sussex]], and then at [[Millfield School]], in [[Somerset]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omsociety.com/frmAttributeInstancesDisplay.aspx?S=634e6m8 |title=Old Millfieldian Society – Overseas Branch Officials |publisher=Omsociety.com |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> where he completed his secondary education in July 1970.<ref name="BP-20161201-Military">{{cite news|title=Long Live the King: Military Education|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/social-and-lifestyle/1148940/military-education|access-date=3 December 2016|work=[[Bangkok Post]]|date=1 December 2016}}</ref> In August 1970, he attended a five-week military training course at [[The King's School, Sydney|The King's School]], in [[Sydney]], Australia.<ref name="BP-20161201-Military"/>

In 1972, the prince enrolled at the [[Royal Military College, Duntroon]] in [[Canberra]], Australia. His education at Duntroon was divided into two parts, military training by the [[Australian Army]] and a bachelor's degree course under the auspices of the [[University of New South Wales]]. He graduated in 1976 as a new lieutenant with a liberal arts degree.<ref name="BP-20161201-Military"/>

In 1982, he completed a second bachelor's degree in law, with second-class honors at [[Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University]].

== Heir apparent and social interest ==
Vajiralongkorn was proclaimed crown prince on 28 December 1972 at 12:23 in the [[Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall]], making him the third crown prince of the Chakri dynasty.<ref name="BP-20161201-Childhood"/> An excerpt from the royal command to establish the title of His Royal Highness Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn reads:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1147537/set-to-fulfil-his-destiny |title=Set to fulfil his destiny |work=[[Bangkok Post]]|access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=As stated in the bliss or the country's royal statutes, when a Royal Prince who is destined to be heir to the throne is mature, the King shall graciously bestow the rank upon him of Somdet Phra Yupharat Mongkutratchakuman. At this present time, all people, including citizens of nations worldwide, shall accept and acclaim that His Royal Highness Prince Vajiralongkorn shall to succeed to the throne of the Kingdom. When His Royal Highness Prince is mature, at the time that he shall be established as heir to the throne, tradition and a royal tradition Kattii ceremony should be observed, consistent with the citizens and all leaders of the country of all sides. Therefore, His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej hereby decrees for His Royal Highness Prince Vajiralongkorn to be His Royal Highness Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn per the name written in the Supannabhat as Somdet Phra Boromma-orasathirat Chao Fa Maha Vajiralongkorn Bodindradebayavarangkun Sirikittayasombunsawangwat Worakhuttiyarajsantiwong Mahitalaphong Adulayadet Chakkrinaresyuppharajvisut Sayammakutratchakuman{{nbsp}}....}}

=== Short-term monastic life ===
On 6 November 1978, at age 26, the prince was ordained as a monk at [[Wat Phra Kaew]]. As is traditional for royals, he stayed at [[Wat Bowonniwet Vihara]] for 15 days, under the monastic name "Vajiralongkornno".<ref name="BP-20161201-Religion">{{cite news|title=Long Live the King: the Upholder of Religions|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/social-and-lifestyle/1148948/the-upholder-of-religions|access-date=3 December 2016|work=[[Bangkok Post]]|date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Military training and career ===
[[File:DF-ST-87-00563.jpeg|thumb|left| Vajiralongkorn of Thailand climbs out of the cockpit of an F-5E Tiger II aircraft|150px]]
[[File:Maha Vajiralongkorn Nilde Iotti 1985.jpg|thumb|Vajiralongkorn with [[Nilde Iotti]] in 1985]]

After completing his studies, Vajiralongkorn served as a career officer in the [[Royal Thai Army]]. He start his army careers to served as a staff officer in the Directorate of Army Intelligence<ref>[https://www.krisdika.go.th/king10activity พระราชกรณียกิจ : ด้านทหาร]</ref> and attended the Command and General Staff College in 1977.<ref>[https://king.kapook.com/kingrama10/sec3_read1.html พระราชกรณียกิจด้านการทหารและการบิน สมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวมหาวชิราลงกรณ บดินทรเทพยวรางกูร รัชกาลที่ ๑๐]</ref> After that he became Deputy Commander of the King Chulalongkorn's Own Guards, the 4th Infantry Battalion, [[1st Infantry Regiment (Thailand)|1st Infantry Regiment]] in 1978. In 1980 he was appointed as a Commander of the 4th Infantry Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment.<ref>[https://d.dailynews.co.th/article/540400 สมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัว ร.๑๐ ทรงพระปรีชาการทหาร]/</ref> In 1992 he became Commander of the [[Royal Security Command]].<ref>[https://www.nac2.navy.mi.th/index.php/main/detail/content_id/1052 พระราชกรณียกิจ รัชกาลที่ ๑๐ "ด้านการทหารและการบิน"]</ref>

He is a military pilot qualified to fly the [[Northrop F-5]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Crown Prince is a qualified military pilot|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/crown-prince-is-a-qualified-military-pilot|access-date=3 December 2016|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201011214/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/crown-prince-is-a-qualified-military-pilot|archive-date=1 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[F-16]], and the [[Boeing 737-400]].<ref name="BP-20161201-Military" /> His military role in recent years has become increasingly ceremonial. As his father grew older, Vajiralongkorn took a more prominent part in royal ceremonial and public appearances. He officially opened the [[2007 Southeast Asian Games]], held in [[Nakhon Ratchasima]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Southeast Asian Games Open in Thailand|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2007-12-06-voa32-66532417/553822.html|access-date=2 December 2016|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202165511/http://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2007-12-06-voa32-66532417/553822.html|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The event occurred one day after the 80th birthday of his father.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Chris|last1=Lines|title=Burma Wins Silver at Southeast Asian Games|url=http://www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php?art_id=9531&Submit=Submit|access-date=2 December 2016|work=[[The Irrawaddy]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202101720/http://www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php?art_id=9531&Submit=Submit|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Medical and health care ===
Vajiralongkorn established "Crown Prince Hospitals" through funds donated by the public to serve as medical and health care centers for people living in remote areas. Crown Prince Hospitals had been set up in 21 locations in 1977. These hospitals had become major community hospitals providing services of international standards to the general public in 2011.<ref name=royalthaiembassy>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaiembassy.sg/press_media/news-highlights/birthday-celebration-of-his-royal-highness-crown-prince-maha-vajiralongk |title=BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS CROWN PRINCE MAHA VAJIRALONGKORN |publisher=Royal Thai Embassy to Singapore |access-date=19 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220181812/http://www.thaiembassy.sg/press_media/news-highlights/birthday-celebration-of-his-royal-highness-crown-prince-maha-vajiralongk |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Agricultural development ===
[[File: Sirikit Kitiyakara, the queen of Thailand, smiles as she meets officials gathered to greet her upon her arrival on base.jpg|thumb|Vajiralongkorn (right) with his mother, [[Queen Sirikit]] in 1991]]
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 030612-D-2987S-002.jpg|thumb|US Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Paul Wolfowitz]] (right) escorts Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn through an honor cordon and into the Pentagon on 12 June 2003.]]
Also interested in agricultural development, Vajiralongkorn has accepted the "Mobile Agricultural Clinic Project" under his patronage. The project provides prompt services to farmers to enhance efficiency in farm production and solve farmers' problems. It provides experts in various agricultural fields who can advise farmers on plants, livestock, fisheries, and land development. He also offers suggestions on tackling agricultural problems and applying agricultural technology to increase productivity and improvement in the quality of agricultural production.<ref name=royalthaiembassy/>

Mobile Agricultural Clinic teams can move quickly to various spots in need of help. It has worked steadily and is ready to provide technical services and transfer technology. With this project, farmers have been urged to be aware of agricultural development and new technology.<ref name=royalthaiembassy/>

In the later years of his father, Bhumibol Adulyadej's reign, Vajiralongkorn represented the King in presiding over the annual Royal Ploughing Ceremony, which is meaningful to Thai farmers as an [[Timeline of plant pathology|early practice of phytopathology]] in the country. Aware of the importance of efficient agriculture for better productivity, Vajiralongkorn emphasized full-cycle agricultural activities, believing they will help improve farmers' quality of life, who are traditionally considered the backbone of the nation.<ref name=royalthaiembassy/> Since becoming King himself Vajiralongkorn has presided over and participated in the ceremony in his own right.<ref name="Star-Thai-coron-plough">{{cite video | url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frqy_MClMDY | title=New Thai king and queen take part in 'Royal Ploughing' ceremony | date=May 9, 2019 | website=[[YouTube]] | author= [[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref><ref name="Thai-plough-cancel-2021">{{cite web | title=Thailand king cancels ceremonies as COVID surges | website=[[The Nikkei|Nikkei Asia]] | date=2021-05-04 | url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Turbulent-Thailand/Thailand-king-cancels-ceremonies-as-COVID-surges | access-date=2021-12-06}}</ref>

In honour of his coronation the [[Rice Department]] released five new [[rice cultivar|rice varieties/cultivars]]<ref name="Vajiralongkorn-coron">{{cite web | title=Five rice varieties launched in honour of Royal Coronation | website=[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]] | date=2019-05-07 | url=http://www.nationthailand.com/in-focus/30369003 | access-date=2021-08-21}}</ref> and the king has continued patronage of the royal rice varieties competition, the tradition of his ancestor [[Chulalongkorn]].<ref name="Thai-Min-Ag-hist">{{cite web | title=History | trans-website=[[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives]] | website=กระทรวงเกษตรและสหกรณ์ | url=http://www.moac.go.th/moaceng-history | access-date=2021-08-30}}</ref><ref name="FFTC-AP-rice-breeding">{{cite web | title=Rice Breeding and R&D Policies in Thailand | website=[[Food and Fertilizer Technology Center]] Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP) | date=2018-04-26 | url=http://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1278 | access-date=2021-08-30}}</ref>

=== Focus on education ===
Vajiralongkorn has initiated education projects to improve children's access to quality learning and instill the concept of lifelong learning.<ref name=BP-20161201/> He has special ties to the [[Rajabhat University]] system of 40 institutions of higher learning. The chairman of the Council of Rajabhat University Presidents of Thailand said that Vajiralongkorn has presided over commencement ceremonies at all Rajabhat Universities nationwide and personally handed out degrees to all Rajabhat university graduates every year since 1978. It is estimated that over the past 35 years, at least 2,100,000 degrees have been handed out by the crown prince to Rajabhat graduates. Besides, every year, he donates 42 million baht to a scholarship fund benefiting Rajabhat students.<ref name=BP-20161201>{{cite news|last1=Mala|first1=Dumrongkiat|title=Crown Prince: Education key to progress|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1148461/crown-prince-education-key-to-progress|access-date=1 December 2016|work=[[Bangkok Post]]|date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

===Sport interest===
[[File:Vajiralongkorn 20150816.jpg|thumb|Vajiralongkorn during Bike for Mom, royal cycle rallies in 2015]]
Vajiralongkorn was once known as the "Football Prince" but is known for his cycling involvement. He has also shown keen interest in other sports since he was young. He learned horseback riding when he was about 11 years old and soon became a capable rider. While studying in Thailand and abroad, he played several sports with friends, including football, rugby, and rowing.<ref name=":0" />

Vajiralongkorn also competed in sailing with King Bhumibol and sister Princess Ubolratana when they stayed at Klai Kangwon Palace in Hua Hin. In football, Vajiralongkorn first played as a forward and later became a center-back at Chitralada School, Millfield School in England, and the Royal Military College, Duntroon, in Australia. He shares his love of the sport with his father.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/sports/1511598/king-continues-his-fathers-legacy|title=King continues his father's legacy|last=|newspaper=Bangkok Post }}</ref>

===Residence===
Most of the time, Vajiralongkorn lives in [[Bavaria]] in Germany,<ref name=saudelli_16102020>{{cite news|first=Giulia|last=Saudelli|title=Thailand's king should not reign from German soil, Berlin says|date=16 October 2020|publisher=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/thailands-king-should-not-reign-from-german-soil-berlin-says/a-55304033|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> where he has spent a significant amount of his adulthood. His 15-year-old son, [[Dipangkorn Rasmijoti]], goes to school in the area.<ref name=saudelli_16102020/> The King requested and received changes to the constitution to end the requirement that he appoint a [[regent]] when he is away from Thailand. In comparison, his father often made [[state visit]]s early during his reign, but he left the country only once after the 1960s—an overnight stay in neighboring Laos.<ref name=cna_27102020>{{cite news|title=Thai protesters shun Parliament, ask Germany to probe king|date=27 October 2020|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thailand-protesters-shun-parliament-ask-germany-probe-king-13382076|access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref> He has also received visits from Thai officials and dignitaries in Germany.<ref name=saudelli_16102020/> According to the German foreign ministry, the Thai ambassador has been told multiple times that Germany opposes "having guests in our country who run their state affairs from here." Thai officials have told Germany that Prime Minister Prayut is responsible for government matters, while the King is in Germany for personal reasons.<ref name=saudelli_16102020/>

== Reign ==
=== Accession to the throne ===
[[File:The portrait of king Vajiralongkorn.jpg|thumb|Portrait of King Vajiralongkorn, [[EmQuartier]], 2017]]
{{see also|1924 Palace Law of Succession}}

According to the [[2007 constitution of Thailand|2007 Constitution]], the [[Cabinet of Thailand|cabinet]] instructed the [[President of the National Assembly of Thailand|president of the National Assembly]] to invite Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn to the throne. He became the first monarch to be born in Thailand since his great-uncle [[Prajadhipok]] died in 1935.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kershaw|first1=Roger|title=Monarchy in South-East Asia: The faces of tradition in transition|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=0415243483|pages=152–153|edition=1st}}</ref> After his father, Bhumibol Adulyadej, died on 13 October 2016, Vajiralongkorn was expected to succeed to the [[throne of Thailand]] but asked for time to mourn before taking the throne.<ref name="Coconuts BKK"/> On the night of 1 December 2016, the fiftieth day after the death of Bhumibol, Regent [[Prem Tinsulanonda]] led the heads of the country's three branches of government to an audience with Vajiralongkorn to invite him to ascend to the throne as the tenth king of the [[Chakri dynasty]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1149219/crown-prince-becomes-king |title=Crown Prince becomes King |work=Bangkok Post|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> Vajiralongkorn accepted the invitation, saying in a televised statement: "I would like to accept in order to fulfill his majesty's wishes and for the benefit of all Thais."<ref name="BBC-20161201">{{cite news|title=Thai Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn proclaimed king|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38168912|access-date=8 May 2018|work=BBC News|date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421084752/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38168912|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/crown-prince-vajiralongkorn-thailand-king-161201152343761.html |title=Crown prince Vajiralongkorn becomes Thailand's new king |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202010928/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/crown-prince-vajiralongkorn-thailand-king-161201152343761.html |archive-date=2 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The government retroactively declared his reign to have begun upon his father's death, but it would not crown him formally until after the cremation of his father.<ref name="BBC-20161201"/> The remains were then cremated on 26 October 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/thai-king-funeral-crowds-gather-to-farewell-father-of-the-nation|title=Thailand grieves over former king at lavish cremation ceremony|first=Oliver|last=Holmes|date=26 October 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224180133/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/thai-king-funeral-crowds-gather-to-farewell-father-of-the-nation|archive-date=24 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=crown>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-king-coronation-idUSKBN17N0WC|title=Thai king's coronation likely by the end of 2017: deputy PM|work=Reuters|date=21 April 2017|author=|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426142355/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-king-coronation-idUSKBN17N0WC|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Shawn W. Crispin, [https://asiatimes.com/article/stable-post-cremation-thailand/ How stable is post-cremation Thailand?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211025911/http://www.atimes.com/article/stable-post-cremation-thailand// |date=11 February 2018 }}, ''Asia Times'' (6 December 2017).</ref> Currently, his main residence is Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, with the king having moved from Nonthaburi Palace in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/New-Thai-king-receives-Japanese-emperor|title= New Thai king receives Japanese emperor|access-date= 9 April 2017|work= Nikkei Asian Review|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170408215106/http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/New-Thai-king-receives-Japanese-emperor|archive-date= 8 April 2017|url-status= live}}</ref>

===Coronation===
[[File:สมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัว พระราชทานพระราชวโรกาสให้คณะบุคคลเฝ้าทูลละอองธุลีพระบาท 29-05-18 (9).jpg|thumb|King Vajiralongkorn at Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, [[Dusit Palace]] in 2018]]
Vajiralongkorn's three-day coronation ceremonies took place from 4 to 6 May 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Making of a monarch: King's image peppers Thailand ahead of coronation |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190430-making-monarch-kings-image-peppers-thailand-ahead-coronation |access-date=30 April 2019 |publisher=France 24 |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430124455/https://www.france24.com/en/20190430-making-monarch-kings-image-peppers-thailand-ahead-coronation |archive-date=30 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The one billion [[Thai baht|baht]] (US$29.8 million) [[coronation of the Thai monarch|coronation]] was anticipated to attract 150,000 people to [[Sanam Luang]], which it did.<ref name="Nation-20190101" /><ref>{{cite news |title=More than 150,000 to attend ceremonies |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1669192/more-than-150-000-to-attend-ceremonies |access-date=30 April 2019 |work=Bangkok Post|date=30 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sriring |first1=Orathai |last2=Kittisilpa |first2=Juarawee |title=Thailand rehearses elaborate $31 million coronation for king |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-king-coronation-rehearsal/thailand-rehearses-elaborate-31-million-coronation-for-king-idUSKCN1S40H4?il=0 |access-date=29 April 2019 |work=Reuters |date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428164603/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-king-coronation-rehearsal/thailand-rehearses-elaborate-31-million-coronation-for-king-idUSKCN1S40H4?il=0 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thai king celebrated in post-coronation procession – DW – 05/05/2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/thai-king-celebrated-in-post-coronation-procession/a-48607430 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== The appointment of members of the privy council ===
{{see also|Privy Council of Thailand}}
Following the resignation of the councillors to Bhumibol Adulyadej, Vajiralongkorn appointed 10 members of the [[Privy Council of Thailand|Privy Council]]. The command was issued under Section 2 of the [[2014 interim constitution of Thailand|2014 interim constitution]], completed with Sections 12, 13 and 16 of the 2007 constitution on the king which were retained and remain in effect. The remaining seven members are [[Surayud Chulanont]], Kasem Wattanachai, Palakorn Suwanrath, Atthaniti Disatha-amnarj, Supachai Poo-ngam, Chanchai Likhitjitta and Chalit Pukbhasuk, with three new members, Paiboon Koomchaya, Dapong Ratanasuwan, and Teerachai Nakwanich. Prem Tinsulanonda was re-appointed Privy Council president by royal command.<ref name=bangkokpost1152824>{{cite news |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1152824/king-appoints-10-members-to-his-privy-council. |title=King appoints 10 members to his Privy Council |work=Bangkok Post|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> On 13 December 2016, the King appointed two new members, Wirach Chinvinitkul and Charunthada Karnasuta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th/king-appoints-two-new-privy-councilors/ |title=King appoints two new privy councilors |work=[[Thai PBS]] |access-date=19 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825142954/http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th/king-appoints-two-new-privy-councilors/ |archive-date=25 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 25 December 2016, the King appointed one more new member, Kampanart Rooddit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-12/25/c_135930278.htm |title=Former assistant army chief appointed Thailand's new privy councillor |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226154344/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-12/25/c_135930278.htm |archive-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 19 January 2017, Privy Councillor Chanchai Likhitjitta died at the age of 71.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/national/30304418 |title=Privy Councillor Chanchai Likhitjitta dies |work=The Nation |access-date=19 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127031301/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/national/30304418 |archive-date=27 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Direct political interference===
[[File:The Coronation of King Rama X B.E. 2562 (A.D. 2019).JPG|thumb|The coronation of King Rama X B.E. 2562 (A.D. 2019)]]
Thailand's [[National Legislative Assembly of Thailand (2014)|military-appointed parliament]] voted overwhelmingly in January 2017 to make amendments to the interim constitution, so as to allow amendments to the draft constitution as suggested by the new king's office. Critics said the new constitution would give the military a powerful political say for years or decades.<ref name=crown/> The 2017 Constitution of Thailand was approved in a [[2016 Thai constitutional referendum|referendum in 2016]], and was endorsed by Vajiralongkorn on 6 April 2017, Chakri day, in a ceremony at the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/national/30311501 |title=King signs to promulgate new Constitution |publisher=[[Nation Multimedia Group]] |date=6 April 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406215703/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/national/30311501 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=crown/> Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha said that the office of King Vajiralongkorn had asked for several changes to clauses related to royal power in the draft constitution, a rare intervention by a reigning Thai monarch.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-king-constitution-idUSKBN14X0IF |title=Thai parliament approves king's constitutional changes request, likely delaying elections |work=Reuters |date=13 January 2017 |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114005604/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-king-constitution-idUSKBN14X0IF |archive-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the death of King Bhumibol, political activity was paused during a period of mourning that ended in 2017.<ref name=crown/>

In February 2019, in an unprecedented move, the King's elder sister, [[Ubol Ratana]], announced her candidacy for the [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Thai prime ministership]] in the [[2019 Thai general election|2019 general election]], running as a candidate of the [[Thaksin Shinawatra|Thaksin]]-allied [[Thai Raksa Chart Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/08/world/asia/thailand-prime-minister-princess.html|title=Thai King's Sister Is Picked to Run for Prime Minister, Upending Politics|last=Beech|first=Hannah|date=8 February 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=8 February 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213075249/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/08/world/asia/thailand-prime-minister-princess.html|archive-date=13 February 2019|url-status=live}}{{failed verification|date=February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/princess-ubolratana-mahidol-thailand-election-raksa-chart-prime-minister-royal-family-a8769131.html|last=Withnall|first=Adam|title=Thai princess joins election race to become prime minister in stunning move for 'apolitical' royals|date=8 February 2019|website=The Independent|access-date=8 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214132230/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/princess-ubolratana-mahidol-thailand-election-raksa-chart-prime-minister-royal-family-a8769131.html|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that same day, Vajiralongkorn issued a strongly worded statement, stating that her candidacy for prime minister is "inappropriate{{nbsp}}... and unconstitutional".<ref>{{cite news |title=Thai king says sister's candidacy for prime minister is 'inappropriate', 'unconstitutional': Palace statement |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thai-king-sister-princess-ubonratana-pm-candidacy-inappropriate-11224338 |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |date=8 February 2019 |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212225947/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thai-king-sister-princess-ubonratana-pm-candidacy-inappropriate-11224338 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Election Commission of Thailand]] then disqualified her from running for prime minister, formally putting an end to her candidacy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/11/world/asia/thailand-prime-minister-princess.html|title=Thai King's Sister Is Formally Barred From Running for Prime Minister|last=Jett|first=Jennifer|date=11 February 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=12 February 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219001409/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/11/world/asia/thailand-prime-minister-princess.html|archive-date=19 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Thai Raksa Chart Party was banned on 7 March 2019 by the [[Constitutional Court of Thailand]] for bringing a member of the royal family into politics and its political leaders were banned from politics for a decade.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=7 March 2019 |title=Constitutional Court disbands Thai Raksa Chart |language=en |work=[[Bangkok Post]] |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/1640796/constitutional-court-disbands-thai-raksa-chart |access-date=}}</ref>

Vajiralongkorn has direct control over the [[Bureau of the Royal Household|royal household]] and [[Royal Security Command|palace security agencies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/thai-king-takes-control-of-five-palace-agencies|title=Thai king takes control of five palace agencies|website=businesstimes.com.sg|access-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506103737/http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/thai-king-takes-control-of-five-palace-agencies|archive-date=6 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Controversies ===
Vajiralongkorn's reign has been plagued by controversies unheard of during the reign of his predecessor. His image is affected by his reputation as a [[philanderer]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bernstein|first=Richard|date=24 January 2020|title=Thailand's playboy king isn't playing around|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/1/24/21075149/king-thailand-maha-vajiralongkorn-facebook-video-tattoos|access-date=15 October 2020|website=Vox}}</ref> In 2020, [[2020–2021 Thai protests#Further anti-royal protests|widespread unprecedented protests]] against his reign were popping up all over Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rasheed|first=Zaheena|title=Why are Thai students protesting against King Vajiralongkorn?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/26/why-are-thai-students-protesting-against-king-vajiralongkorn|access-date=15 October 2020|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

=== Reigning from Bavaria ===
{{see also|2020–2022 Thai protests}}
[[File:Protest in 2020 Democracy Monument (I).jpg|thumb|King Vajiralongkorn reigning from the German state of [[Bavaria]] triggered anti-monarchy sentiments and became one of the issues that led to [[2020–2021 Thai protests|nationwide protests]].]]
For most of 2020, Vajiralongkorn reportedly rented out the alpine Grand Hotel Sonnenbichl in [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]] for himself and his entourage during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 April 2020|title=Inside the luxury hotel where Thailand's playboy king is reportedly self-isolating with 20 women during the coronavirus outbreak|work=Business Insider|first=Melissa|last=Wiley|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-luxury-hotel-thailand-king-rama-isolating-coronavirus-bavaria-germany-2020-4}}</ref> He remained there during the [[2020 Thai protests|nationwide protests]] and amidst a wave of anti-monarchy sentiments in Thailand,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mahtani|first=Shibani|date=16 October 2020|title=Thousands of anti-monarchy protesters defy Thailand's new emergency decree|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/thailand-declares-state-of-emergency-to-stop-protests/2020/10/14/29329a60-0e81-11eb-8a35-237ef1eb2ef7_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019045521/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/thailand-declares-state-of-emergency-to-stop-protests/2020/10/14/29329a60-0e81-11eb-8a35-237ef1eb2ef7_story.html|archive-date=2020-10-19}}</ref> sparking controversy in both Thailand and Germany.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 October 2020|title=Thai king's sojourn in Bavaria causes headache for Berlin|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5ff409bf-4365-4b40-ab97-e87c8bb4a2c9|access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref> German foreign minister [[Heiko Maas]] has warned the King not to govern from German soil.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 October 2020|title=Germany warns Thai King not to govern from its soil|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/10/09/germany-warns-thai-king-not-govern-soil/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/10/09/germany-warns-thai-king-not-govern-soil/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2020|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He also mentioned that the European state will be investigating his behavior during his stay in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thailand's King Becomes a Foreign Relations Challenge for Germany|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/thailands-king-becomes-a-foreign-relations-challenge-for-germany-11603733852|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|first1=Feliz|last1=Solomon|first2=Ruth|last2=Bender|date=26 October 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

On 26 October 2020, protesters marched to the [[Embassy of Germany, Bangkok|German Embassy in Bangkok]], petitioning the German government to investigate the King's activities in Germany for the possibility that he had been exercising powers from German soil.<ref name=cna_27102020/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thai protesters march on German embassy to seek probe of king|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/26/thai-parliament-opens-to-discuss-pro-democracy-protests|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026123449/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/26/thai-parliament-opens-to-discuss-pro-democracy-protests|archive-date=26 October 2020|access-date=2020-10-26|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Protesters march to German embassy|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/2008575/protesters-march-to-german-embassy|access-date=2020-10-26|website=Bangkok Post}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
{{Chakri Kings}}

===Public image, the media, and the law===
[[File:ac.vajiralongkorn.jpg|thumb|left|200px|King Vajiralongkorn's portrait on [[Ratchadamnoen Avenue]]]]
Vajiralongkorn is protected by one of the most strictly enforced [[lèse majesté in Thailand|''lèse majesté'' laws]] in the world. For many years, criticism of the king, queen, crown prince, and more recently, former kings, members of the royal family, and even their pets<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/erinhale/2016/11/30/4-facebook-posts-that-can-get-you-arrested-in-thailand/ |title= 4 Facebook Posts That Can Get You Arrested In Thailand; section Make fun of the King's dog; fined 500,000 baht with 86 days in prison |newspaper= Forbes |date= 30 November 2016 |first= Erin |last= Hale |access-date= 13 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171108211045/https://www.forbes.com/sites/erinhale/2016/11/30/4-facebook-posts-that-can-get-you-arrested-in-thailand/#2ad3ba977458 |archive-date= 8 November 2017 |url-status= live }}</ref> have been strictly prohibited. Violations carry large fines and prison sentences of up to 35 years. However, Vajiralongkorn's private life continues to be a controversial subject of discussion in Thailand, although not publicly. In the 10 January 2002 edition of the ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]'' (FEER), an article appeared suggesting that Vajiralongkorn had business ties with then-Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. An immediate ban was placed on distribution of the magazine, and the Thai government, citing a threat to national security, suspended the visas of FEER's two Thailand correspondents, Shawn Crispin and Rodney Tasker.<ref>Duncan. McCargo, ''Media and Politics in Pacific Asia'', p. 146</ref>

In 2002, ''[[The Economist]]'' wrote that "Vajiralongkorn is held in much less esteem (than the then-king Bhumibol). Bangkok gossips like to swap tales of his lurid personal life{{nbsp}}... Besides, no successor, however worthy, can hope to equal the stature King Bhumibol has attained after 64 years on the throne." This issue of ''The Economist'' was banned in Thailand. In 2010, another issue of ''The Economist'', also not distributed in Thailand, said that Vajiralongkorn was "widely loathed and feared" and "unpredictable to the point of eccentricity",<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=15718981&source=hptextfeature | newspaper=The Economist | title=As father fades, his children fight | date=18 March 2010 | access-date=20 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528124613/http://www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=15718981&source=hptextfeature | archive-date=28 May 2010 | url-status=live }}</ref> while the online journal ''[[Asia Sentinel]]'' said that he was "regarded as erratic and virtually incapable of ruling";<ref>[http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2377&Itemid=185 More Lèse majesté Charges in Thailand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821093817/http://asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2377&Itemid=185 |date=21 August 2013 }} ''Asia Sentinel'', 1 April 2010</ref> the journal was blocked shortly thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-03-30|title=Thailand - Grenade attacks and online censorship amid mounting political tension|url=http://fromtheold.com/thailand-grenade-attacks-and-online-censorship-amid-mounting-political-tension-2010033017483.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822134912/http://fromtheold.com/thailand-grenade-attacks-and-online-censorship-amid-mounting-political-tension-2010033017483.html|archive-date=2010-08-22|access-date=2021-05-16|website=fromtheold.com}}</ref> In a [[United States diplomatic cables leak|diplomatic cable leaked by WikiLeaks]], senior Singaporean foreign ministry official [[Bilahari Kausikan]] said that Vajiralongkorn had a gambling habit partly funded by exiled former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/top-singapore-officials-trash-the-neighbours-20101211-18thg.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | first1=Philip | last1=Dorling | first2=Nick | last2=McKenzie | title=Top Singapore officials trash the neighbours | date=12 December 2010 | access-date=20 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528085906/https://www.smh.com.au/world/top-singapore-officials-trash-the-neighbours-20101211-18thg.html | archive-date=28 May 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 12 November 2009, a home video was released to [[WikiLeaks]], showing Vajiralongkorn casually dressed and Princess [[Srirasmi Suwadee]] wearing only a [[G-string]], all the while being attended to by several formally dressed servants, celebrating the birthday of the prince's poodle, [[Air chief marshal#Royal Thai Air Force|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Fufu (dog)|Fufu]].<ref>{{cite news |title= WikiLeaks cables: Thailand's royal pet |first= Gordon|last= Rayner |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8304660/WikiLeaks-cables-Thailands-royal-pet.html |newspaper= [[The Daily Telegraph]] |date= 4 February 2011 |access-date= 7 January 2014 |quote= An experienced diplomat should be able to greet anyone from a king to a despot, but nothing could prepare one US ambassador for the experience of meeting a military officer that happened to be a poodle. |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140301105036/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8304660/WikiLeaks-cables-Thailands-royal-pet.html |archive-date= 1 March 2014 |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=24 June 2011|title=WikiLeaks cables reveal scandal and disease in Thai royal family|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|agency=[[The Times]]|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/wikileaks-cables-reveal-scandal-and-disease-in-thai-royal-family/story-e6frg6so-1226080868978|url-status=dead|access-date=18 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701214448/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/wikileaks-cables-reveal-scandal-and-disease-in-thai-royal-family/story-e6frg6so-1226080868978|archive-date=2011-07-01}}</ref> Part of this video was broadcast on the programme ''Foreign Correspondent'', on the Australian ABC channel on 13 April 2010, as part of a half-hour documentary critical of the royal family of Thailand.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/ |title= Foreign Correspondent |website= Abc |date= 31 July 2012 |access-date= 10 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110526055158/http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/ |archive-date= 26 May 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref>

On 19 January 2009, [[Harry Nicolaides]], an Australian national, was sentenced to three years in prison for self-publishing a fictional book deemed to have violated ''lèse majesté''. The offending passage alluded to rumours that "if the prince fell in love with one of his minor wives and she betrayed him, she and her family would disappear with their name, familial lineage and all vestiges of their existence expunged forever".<ref name=australian>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24296244-5013404,00.html |title=Thais detain Aussie writer |first=Julie-Anne|last=Davies |access-date=21 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916103307/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24296244-5013404,00.html |archive-date=16 September 2008|work=[[The Australian]] |date=5 September 2008}}</ref><ref name=scotsman>[http://news.scotsman.com/world/Thai-court-jails--Australian.4892023.jp Thai court jails Australian novelist for three years over royal 'insult'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125230116/http://news.scotsman.com/world/Thai-court-jails--Australian.4892023.jp |date=25 January 2009 }}, ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 19 January 2009</ref> Nicolaides was later pardoned by the king.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thailand frees Australian writer|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7903019.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118123700/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7903019.stm|archive-date=18 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Nicolaides later stated that "it's entirely fiction from cover to cover".<ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-dailing/australian-writer-who-ins_b_160153.html Australian Writer Who Insulted Thai Monarchy Shares Prison Cell With Child Molester, Weapons Dealer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327205301/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-dailing/australian-writer-who-ins_b_160153.html |date=27 March 2017 }}, ''Huffington Post'', 22 February 2009.</ref>

In August 2011, the [[judiciary of Germany|German judicial authorities]] in Munich impounded a [[Boeing 737]] aircraft, one of two belonging to Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thai Aircraft List29022555.xls|url=http://www.aviation.go.th/en/search.php?inputSearch=statistics |website=Department of Civil Aviation |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132804/http://www.aviation.go.th/en/search.php?inputSearch=statistics |archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref> Administrators seized the aircraft because of a 20-year-old Thai government debt owed to a now-defunct German construction corporation for the [[Don Mueang Tollway]], that had risen to some €30 million. German authorities, representing the corporation's interests in bankruptcy, stated the measure was a "last resort" in seeking repayment. The Thai government, which had not responded to German demands, called the move "highly inappropriate".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14138273 |title=Germany Impounds Thai Prince Vajiralongkorn's Jet |publisher=BBC |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713220257/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14138273 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2011/07/19/opinion/Plane-stupid-the-damage-is-done-30160562.html|title= Plane stupid: the damage is done|date= 19 July 2011|work= The Nation|access-date= 20 July 2011|quote= The Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) confirmed the Thai government's contention that the RTAF in 2007 presented the Boeing 737 jet to the Prince for his personal use.|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722133630/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2011/07/19/opinion/Plane-stupid-the-damage-is-done-30160562.html|archive-date= 22 July 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref> On 1 August, Vajiralongkorn's office announced he would pay the deposit amounting to €20 million himself.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/61511/is-the-dispute-with-walter-bau-coming-to-an-end/ | title=Is the dispute with Walter Bau coming to an end? | work=Bangkok Pundit | date=2 August 2011 | access-date=2 August 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816044708/http://asiancorrespondent.com/61511/is-the-dispute-with-walter-bau-coming-to-an-end/ | archive-date=16 August 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> One day later the Thai foreign minister [[Kasit Piromya]] confirmed that the Thai government would pay the deposit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.faz.net/artikel/C31325/thailand-regierung-zahlt-doch-fuer-gepfaendete-kronprinzen-boeing-30477950.html |title=Government pays for Crown Prince's Boeing |work=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |date=2 August 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803000531/https://www.faz.net/artikel/C31325/thailand-regierung-zahlt-doch-fuer-gepfaendete-kronprinzen-boeing-30477950.html |archive-date=3 August 2011 |url-status=live }}{{failed verification|date=August 2017}}</ref>

In November 2016, ''[[Manager Magazin]]'' published a report stating that the new king could be issued with an inheritance tax bill in excess of €3.5 billion. According to the report, the new King is domiciled in Bavaria where he owns two villas which makes him subject to local inheritance tax.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manager-magazin.de/politik/deutschland/thailands-kronprinz-koennte-bayerns-fiskus-die-kassen-fuellen-a-1121588.html |title=Bayern hofft auf Milliarden von Thailands Kronprinz |work=Manager Magazin |date=17 November 2016 |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504050108/http://www.manager-magazin.de/politik/deutschland/thailands-kronprinz-koennte-bayerns-fiskus-die-kassen-fuellen-a-1121588.html |archive-date=4 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 16 May 2017, Thai officials warned Facebook after an online video was posted of the king wearing a [[crop top]] and with full view of his half [[sleeve tattoo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/16/world/asia/thailand-facebook-king-crop-top.html|title=Thailand Warns Facebook After Video Seems to Show King in Crop Top|first1=Mike|last1=Ives|first2=Paul|last2=Mozur|date=16 May 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517233812/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/16/world/asia/thailand-facebook-king-crop-top.html|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Marriages and issue ===
{{Thai Royal Family}}

==== Soamsawali Kitiyakara ====
On 3 January 1977, Vajiralongkorn married Princess [[Soamsawali|Soamsawali Kitiyakara]] (born 1957), a first cousin on his mother's side. They had one daughter, Princess [[Bajrakitiyabha]], born in December 1978. Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn started living with actress [[Yuvadhida Polpraserth]] in the late 1970s and had five children with her. Although Princess Soamsawali had refused divorce for many years, Vajiralongkorn was finally able to sue for divorce in the Family Court in January 1993. In the court proceedings, Vajiralongkorn accused Princess Soamsawali of being completely at fault for the failed relationship. She was not able to refute the charges due to the prohibition against ''lèse majesté''. The divorce was finalized in July 1993.<ref>Nonthaburi Family Court, Documents of Case #79/2536, 14 January 2007</ref>

==== Sujarinee Vivacharawongse (Yuvadhida Polpraserth) ====
When Vajiralongkorn was introduced to Yuvadhida Polpraserth, she was an aspiring actress. She became his steady companion and gave birth to his first son, Prince Juthavachara Mahidol, on 29 August 1979. He later had three more sons and a daughter by her. They were married at a palace ceremony in February 1994, where they were blessed by the King and the [[Srinagarindra|Princess Mother]], but not by the Queen. After the marriage, she was allowed to change her name to Mom Sujarinee Mahidol na Ayudhaya, signifying she was a commoner married to royalty. She was also commissioned as a major in the Royal Thai Army and took part in royal ceremonies with Vajiralongkorn. In 1996, two years after the wedding, Mom Sujarinee (as she was now known) decamped to Britain with all her children, while Vajiralongkorn caused posters to be placed all around his palace accusing her of committing adultery with Anand Rotsamkhan, a 60-year-old air marshal.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1996/10/20/wshame20.html|title= Adultery princess casts shadow on untouchables|last1= Campbell|first1= Christy|date= 20 October 1996|work= The Telegraph|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20031122042544/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1996%2F10%2F20%2Fwshame20.html|archive-date= 22 November 2003|url-status= dead}}</ref> Later, the prince abducted the daughter and brought her back to Thailand to live with him. She was later elevated to the rank of princess, whilst Sujarinee and her sons were stripped of their diplomatic passports and royal titles. Sujarinee and her sons moved to the United States, and as of 2007, she was known as [[Sujarinee Vivacharawongse]].<ref name= BBC>{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38126928 |title= Thailand's new king in profile |publisher= BBC |access-date= 1 December 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161203154328/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38126928 |archive-date= 3 December 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref>

==== Srirasmi Suwadee ====
Vajiralongkorn married for a third time on 10 February 2001, to Srirasmi Suwadee (royal name: ''Akharaphongpreecha''), a commoner of modest background who had been in his service since 1992. The marriage was not disclosed to the public until early 2005. She gave birth to a son, Prince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti, on 29 April 2005 and was then elevated to the rank of princess. Her son was immediately elevated to the rank of prince. In a magazine interview shortly after that, Vajiralongkorn stated his intention to settle down.<ref>"[http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2005/04/30/national/data/national_17216949.html Simplicity, warmth win hearts]", ''The Nation'' {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140211015239/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2005/04/30/national/data/national_17216949.html |date=11 February 2014}}</ref>

In November 2014, however, Vajiralongkorn sent a letter to the [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|interior ministry]] asking for Princess Srirasmi's family to be stripped of the royal name ''Akharaphongpreecha'' awarded to her, following allegations of corruption against seven of her relatives.<ref>{{cite news|title= Thailand crown prince strips wife's family of royal name|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30258759|work= BBC News|date= 29 November 2014|access-date= 2 December 2014|quote= It comes after seven of her close relatives were arrested in a purge of officials allegedly involved in corruption.|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141201192140/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30258759|archive-date= 1 December 2014|url-status= live}}</ref> The following month, Srirasmi relinquished her royal titles and name and was officially divorced from Vajiralongkorn.

==== Suthida Tidjai ====
On 1 May 2019, three days before his coronation, Vajiralongkorn married Suthida Tidjai, former acting commander of Royal Thai Aide-de-Camp Department.<ref name= "Queen">{{cite web |url= http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2562/B/011/T_0001.PDF|script-title= th:ประกาศ เรื่อง สถาปนาสมเด็จพระราชินี |website= Ratchakitcha |publisher= Royal Thai Government |access-date= 1 May 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190501113326/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2562/B/011/T_0001.PDF |archive-date= 1 May 2019 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Suthida was therefore made the [[queen consort]] of King Vajiralongkorn<ref name="Queen"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-48121941|title=พระราชประวัติ สมเด็จพระราชินีสุทิดา|date=1 May 2019|access-date=1 May 2019|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023231132/https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-48121941|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> whose coronation took place in Bangkok on 4–6 May 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/05/article/a-new-queen-emerges-in-pre-coronation-thailand/|title=A new Queen emerges in pre-coronation Thailand|work=Asia Times|date=May 2019|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501165601/https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/05/article/a-new-queen-emerges-in-pre-coronation-thailand/|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The marriage registration took place at the Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall in Bangkok, with his sister Princess [[Sirindhorn]] and President of Privy Council Prem Tinsulanonda as witnesses.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1670328/new-queen-named |title=New queen named|work=[[Bangkok Post]]| date=1 May 2019| access-date =1 May 2019}}</ref>

==== Sineenat Wongvajirapakdi ====
On 28 July 2019, Vajiralongkorn bestowed the title of "Chao Khun Phra" or Royal Noble Consort, and the royal name of Sineenat Wongvajirapakdi, to Major General [[Sineenat Wongvajirapakdi|Niramon Ounprom]]; the occasion marked the first official naming of a secondary consort for nearly a century.<ref name=a>{{cite news |last1=Thaitrakulpanich |first1=Asaree |title=Rama X Names First Royal Consort in Almost a Century |url=http://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/2019/07/30/rama-x-names-first-royal-consort-in-almost-a-century/ |work=Khaosod English |date=30 July 2019 |access-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803102829/http://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/2019/07/30/rama-x-names-first-royal-consort-in-almost-a-century/ |archive-date=3 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Three months later, on 21 October 2019, a palace order stripped Sineenat of her title and ranks, stating that she had been disrespectful to Queen Suthida and disloyal to the king.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/2019/10/21/royal-consort-sineenat-stripped-of-royal-ranks/|title=Royal Consort Sineenat Stripped of Royal Ranks|last=Charuvastra|first=Teeranai|date=21 October 2019|work=Khaosod English|access-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021154655/http://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/2019/10/21/royal-consort-sineenat-stripped-of-royal-ranks/|archive-date=21 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 September 2020, Sineenat's titles were restored with a declaration that she "is not tarnished" and "Henceforth, it will be as if she had never been stripped of her military ranks or royal decorations."<ref>{{cite news |title=Thailand's king reinstates his consort after her fall from grace |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53994198?ocid=uxbndlbing |access-date=2 September 2020 |publisher=BBC |date=2 September 2020 |quote=The king's latest decision means that "Sineenat Wongvajirapakdi is not tarnished", the Royal Gazette announced. "Henceforth, it will be as if she had never been stripped of her military ranks or royal decorations."}}</ref>

==== Children ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+Children of King Maha Vajiralongkorn Phra Vajira Klao Chao Yu Hua<ref name=BBC/>
|-
!Name!!Relation!!Birth!! style="width:40%;"|Notes
|-
!colspan=4|'''''By [[Soamsawali|Soamsawali Kitiyakara]]''''' {{small|(married 1977, divorced 1991)}}
|-
|[[Bajrakitiyabha]]||Daughter||{{birth date and age|1978|12|07|df=y}}||
|-
! colspan="4"|'''''By [[Sujarinee Vivacharawongse|Yuvadhida Polpraserth]]''''' {{small|(married 1994, divorced 1996)}}
|-
|[[Juthavachara Vivacharawongse]] ||Son||{{birth date and age|1979|8|29|df=y}} || born as Juthavachara Mahidol
|-
|[[Vacharaesorn Vivacharawongse]]||Son||{{birth date and age|1981|5|27|df=y}} || born as Vacharaesorn Mahidol
|-
|[[Chakriwat Vivacharawongse]] ||Son||{{birth date and age|1983|2|26|df=y}} || born as Chakriwat Mahidol
|-
|[[Vatchrawee Vivacharawongse]] ||Son||{{birth date and age|1985|6|14|df=y}} || born as Vatchrawee Mahidol
|-
|[[Sirivannavari Nariratana]] ||Daughter||{{birth date and age|1987|1|8|df=y}} || born as Busyanambejra Mahidol
|-
! colspan="4"|'''''By [[Srirasmi Suwadee]]''''' {{small|(married 2001, divorced 2014)}}
|-
|[[Dipangkorn Rasmijoti]]||Son||{{birth date and age|2005|4|29|df=y}}||
|}

==Honours==
{{Infobox royal styles
|royal name = King Rama X
|image = [[File:King's Standard of Thailand.svg|90px]]
|dipstyle = His Majesty
|offstyle = Your Majesty
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Royal Monogram of Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn.svg
| width1 = 120
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Royal Monogram of King Rama X.svg
| width2 = 104
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Vajiralongkorn's monograms as heir to the throne (left) and as king (right)
}}

===Military rank===
* General, Admiral and Air Chief Marshal<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2535/D/018/1.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202131/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2535/D/018/1.PDF |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Volunteer Defense Corps of Thailand rank===
* [[Volunteer Defense Corps (Thailand)|Volunteer Defense Corps General]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2535/D/055/1.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195444/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2535/D/055/1.PDF |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Foreign decorations===
{{see also|List of honours of the Thai royal family by country}}
*{{flag|Brunei}}: Member of the [[Family Order of Seri Utama]] (1990)
*{{flag|Denmark}}: Knight of the [[Order of the Elephant]] (7 February 2001)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kongehuset.dk/modtagere-af-danske-dekorationer|title=Modtagere af danske dekorationer|website=kongehuset.dk|language=da|format=jump down to just above the picture gallery and search for ''Vajiralongkorn of Thailand'' in the search box [where it says "Søg efter navn eller titel"]|access-date=18 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512015518/http://kongehuset.dk/modtagere-af-danske-dekorationer|archive-date=12 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flag|Germany}}: Grand Cross 1st Class of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
*{{flag|Japan}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]]
*{{flag|Malaysia}}: Honorary Grand Commander of the Most Esteemed [[Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/ |title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat |website=Istiadat.gov.my |date=20 January 2016 |access-date=10 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719195551/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp |archive-date=19 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
**{{flag|Terengganu}}: Member 2nd Class of the Most Distinguished [[Family Order of Terengganu]]
*{{flag|Netherlands}}:
** Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Netherlands)|Order of the Crown]] (2004)<ref>[http://c7.alamy.com/comp/FEA2CT/fiancee-l-of-thai-crown-prince-maha-vajiralongkorn-2ndl-thai-queen-FEA2CT.jpg Alamy]</ref>
** Recipient of the [[Decorations and medals of the Netherlands|King Willem-Alexander Inauguration Medal]]
*{{flag|North Korea}}: First Class of the [[Order of the National Flag]] (1992)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.kp/view/article/14505|title=Немеркнущие заслуги в развитии отношений между КНДР и Таиландом|website=Сайта МИД КНДР|date=2022-03-10}}</ref>
*{{flag|Nepal}}: Member of the [[Order of Ojaswi Rajanya]]
*{{flag|Peru}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Sun of Peru]] (1993)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aspa.mfa.go.th/th/content/77750-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9?page=5e0dc1e53805f2240032d132&menu=5d6abf1e15e39c0648002061 |title=ไทย - เปรู |access-date=2022-02-23 |archive-date=2022-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223072406/https://aspa.mfa.go.th/th/content/77750-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9?page=5e0dc1e53805f2240032d132&menu=5d6abf1e15e39c0648002061 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flag|Portugal}}: Grand Cross of the [[Military Order of Aviz]] (31 December 1981)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154&list=1|title=Foreign recipients of Portuguese honours - Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn|access-date=2023-07-13|website=ordens.presidencia.pt}}</ref>
*{{flag|Spain}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]] (13 November 1987)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1987/11/17/pdfs/A34217-34217.pdf |title=Boletín Oficial del Estado|access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301215634/https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1987/11/17/pdfs/A34217-34217.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flag|South Korea}}: Grand Gwanghwa Medal of the [[Order of Diplomatic Service Merit]] (1992)
*{{flag|Sweden}}: Knight of the [[Royal Order of the Seraphim]] (25 February 2003)
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] (1996)

=== Wear of orders, decorations, and medals ===
The ribbons worn regularly by Vajiralongkorn in undress uniform are as follows :<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-miseducation-of-king-rama-x-20200824-p55otc.html The miseducation of King Rama X]</ref>
{{Center|Ribbon bars of the Vajiralongkorn

[[File:Order of the Royal House of Chakri (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:Order of the Nine Gems (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:Order of Chula Chom Klao - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:Order of the White Elephant - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]

[[File:Order of the Crown of Thailand - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:Order of the Direkgunabhorn 1st class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:Bravery Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:Freeman Safeguarding Medal - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]

[[File:Border Service Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:Chakra Mala Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:King Rama IX Royal Cypher Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:King Rama IX Rajaruchi Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
*}}

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel|1. '''King Maha Vajiralongkorn, Rama X of Thailand'''|2. [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumibol Adulyadej, Rama IX of Thailand]]|3. [[Sirikit|Sirikit Kitiyakara]]|4. [[Mahidol Adulyadej|Prince Mahidol Adulyadej, Prince of Songkla]]|5. [[Srinagarindra|Sangwan Talapat]]|6. [[Nakkhatra Mangkala|Prince Nakkhatra Mangala, Prince of Chanthaburi II]]|7. [[Bua Kitiyakara|Bua Snidvongs]]|8=8. [[Chulalongkorn|King Chulalongkorn, Rama V of Siam]]|9=9. [[Savang Vadhana|Princess Savang Vadhana of Siam]]|10=10. Chu Chukramol|11=11. Kham|12=12. [[Kitiyakara Voralaksana|Prince Kitiyakara Voralaksana, Prince of Chanthaburi I]]|13=13. Princess Apsarasaman Devakula|14=14. Sathan Snidvongs, Chaophraya Wongsanupraphat|15=15. Bang Bunyathon, Thao Wanida Phicharini|collapsed=yes|align=center|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Vajiralongkorn}}
{{wikiquote}}
*{{cite web|title='Extremely Evil Misconduct': Thailand's Palace Intrigue Spills into View|date=7 November 2019|language=en|author=Hannah Beech|website=The New York Times|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/extremely-evil-misconduct-thailands-palace-intrigue-spills-into-view}}
*{{cite magazine|title=Pictures of the Thai King's Consort Broke the Internet – But What's a Consort?|magazine=Rolling Stone|author=Elizabeth Yuko|language=en|date=29 August 2019|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/thai-royal-what-is-consort-polygamy-878235/}}
* {{cite web|author-link=Jonathan Head|author-first=Jonathan|author-last=Head|date=16 October 2016|access-date=16 October 2016|publisher=[[BBC]]|title=Thai king's death: Who holds power now?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37672088?ocid=socialflow_facebook}}
* {{cite book |first= Paul M. |last= Handley |title= [[The King Never Smiles]] |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |date= 2006 |asin= B0015GUOPY }}

{{s-start}}
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{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Thailand]]|years=2016–present}}
{{s-inc|heir=[[Dipangkorn Rasmijoti]]|heir-type=Heir presumptive}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-roy|th}}
|-
{{s-vac|last=[[Vajiravudh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Crown Prince of Thailand]]|years=1972–2016}}
{{s-vac}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-prec|th}}
{{S-new|first}}
{{S-ttl|title= [[Thai order of precedence]] ''{{small|The Sovereign}}''|years=1st position}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Sirikit|The Queen Mother]]}}
{{s-end}}

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Vajiralongkorn

2023-09-11T12:00:22Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{short description|King of Thailand since 2016}}
{{Redirect|Rama X|the Indian ruler of the Kingdom of Cochin|Rama Varma X}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vajiralongkorn {{lang|th|วชิราลงกรณ}}
| title = King Rama X
| image = King Rama X official (crop) (cropped).png
| caption = Formal portrait, 2017
| succession = [[King of Thailand]]
| reign = 13 October 2016 – present{{efn|name=note|After a mourning period, on 1 December 2016, Vajiralongkorn accepted the formal invitation to become king. He was king retroactively to the day of his predecessor and father's death on 13 October 2016. [[Prem Tinsulanonda]] had acted as regent from that date.<ref name="khaosod">{{Cite news|title=Vajiralongkorn ascends the throne as King Rama X |work=Khaosod English |url=http://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2016/12/01/vajiralongkorn-ascends-throne-king-rama |date=2 December 2016 |access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=New King for Thailand as Crown Prince, Vajiralongkorn, Ascends to Throne |last=Paddock |first=Richard |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/world/asia/thailand-king.html|date=1 December 2016 |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203204250/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/world/asia/thailand-king.html?_r=0 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| prime Minister = [[Prayut Chan O Cha]]
| coronation = 4 May 2019
| cor-type = [[Coronation of Vajiralongkorn|Coronation]]
| predecessor = {{nowrap|[[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] (Rama IX)}}
| suc-type = {{nowrap|[[Heir presumptive]]}}
| successor = [[Dipangkorn Rasmijoti]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3038884/5-things-know-about-prince-dipangkorn-rasmijoti-son-thai |title=5 things to know about Prince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti, son of Thai King Maha Vajiralongkorn |last=Turner |first=Paige |work=South China Morning Post |date=25 Nov 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|7|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall]], [[Dusit Palace]], [[Dusit district|Dusit]], [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Soamsawali|Soamsawali Kitiyakara]] |1977|1991|reason=div}} {{marriage|[[Sujarinee Vivacharawongse|Yuvadhida Polpraserth]] |1994|1996|reason=div}} {{marriage|[[Srirasmi Suwadee]] |2001|2014|reason=div}} {{marriage|[[Suthida|Suthida Tidjai]] |1 May 2019}} {{marriage|[[Sineenat|Niramon Ounprom]] |2019}}
| issue = [[Bajrakitiyabha|Bajrakitiyabha, Princess Rajasarini Siribajra]] [[Juthavachara Vivacharawongse]] [[Vacharaesorn Vivacharawongse]] [[Chakriwat Vivacharawongse]] [[Vatchrawee Vivacharawongse]] [[Sirivannavari|Princess Sirivannavari]] [[Dipangkorn Rasmijoti|Prince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti]]
| house = [[House of Mahidol|Mahidol]] ([[Chakri dynasty]]){{efn|In the Thai tradition, the ''[[Ratchasakun|house]]'' ([[:th:ราชสกุล|ราชสกุล]]) is distinct from the ''dynasty'' ([[:th:ราชวงศ์|ราชวงศ์]]). Vajiralongkorn is the third king of the [[House of Mahidol]] ([[:th:ราชสกุลมหิดล|ราชสกุลมหิดล]]) and the tenth king of the [[Chakri dynasty]] ([[:th:ราชวงศ์จักรี|ราชวงศ์จักรี]]).}}
| father = {{nowrap|[[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] (Rama IX)}}
| mother = [[Sirikit|Sirikit Kitiyakara]]
| religion = [[Theravada]]
| signature = Vajiralongkorn Signature in English.svg
}}

'''Vajiralongkorn''' ({{lang-th|วชิราลงกรณ}}; {{RTGS|Wachiralongkon}}, {{IPA-th|wá.tɕʰí.rāː.lōŋ.kɔ̄ːn|pron}}; born 28 July 1952) is [[Monarchy of Thailand|King of Thailand]].

He is the only son of King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] and Queen [[Sirikit]]. In 1972, at the age of 20, he was made [[Crown Prince of Thailand|crown prince]] by his father. After his father's death on 13 October 2016, he was expected to ascend to the [[throne of Thailand]] but asked for time to mourn before taking the throne.<ref name="Coconuts BKK">{{cite news | url = http://bangkok.coconuts.co/2016/10/13/thai-prime-minister-prayuth-says-crown-prince-seeks-delay-proclaiming-him-king | title = Thai Prime Minister Prayuth says Crown Prince seeks delay in proclaiming him King | date = 13 October 2016 | access-date = 14 October 2016 | location = Bangkok | website = Coconut.co | publisher = Coconuts BKK | agency = Agence France-Presse | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060929/http://bangkok.coconuts.co/2016/10/13/thai-prime-minister-prayuth-says-crown-prince-seeks-delay-proclaiming-him-king | archive-date = 14 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
He accepted the throne on the night of 1 December 2016. His [[coronation of the Thai monarch|coronation]] took place from 4–6 May 2019.<ref name=Nation-20190101>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/national/30361431|title=Coronation of HM King Maha Vajiralongkorn to be held May 4–6: palace|website=The Nation|date=1 January 2019|agency=Agence France-Presse|language=en|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101102342/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/national/30361431|archive-date=1 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Thai government retroactively declared his reign to have begun on 13 October 2016, upon his father's death.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/world/asia/thailand-king.html|title=New King for Thailand as Crown Prince, Vajiralongkorn, Ascends to Throne|last=Paddock|first=Richard C.|date=1 December 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=22 October 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411062701/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/world/asia/thailand-king.html|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> As the tenth monarch of the [[Chakri dynasty]], he is also styled as '''Rama X'''. Aged 64 at that time, Vajiralongkorn became the oldest Thai monarch to ascend to the throne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mahavajiralongkorn.com/ |title=Maha Vajiralongkorn – King of Thailand |access-date=1 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103221255/http://www.mahavajiralongkorn.com/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> He is the [[List of royalty by net worth|wealthiest monarch in the world]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pg5oEAAAQBAJ |title=A History of Thailand |last2=Phongpaichit |first2=Pasuk |date=2022-04-07 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-03418-0 |page=362 |language=en |author-link=Chris Baker (writer) |author-link2=Pasuk Phongpaichit}}</ref> with a [[net worth]] estimated to be between {{USD|30 billion}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/royal-family-net-worth-worlds-richest-billionaires-ranked-2018-5|title=Meet the 10 richest billionaire royals in the world right now|first=Hillary|last=Hoffower|website=[[Business Insider]]|date=17 July 2019|access-date=16 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926235349/https://www.businessinsider.com/royal-family-net-worth-worlds-richest-billionaires-ranked-2018-5|archive-date=26 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and {{USD|70 billion}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thailand protests: How much is the king worth? <nowiki>|</nowiki> Counting the Cost|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmEydw_d30s|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/pmEydw_d30s|archive-date=2021-10-30|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]|date=30 January 2021|url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Vajiralongkorn was born on 28 July 1952 at 17:45<ref>ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2495/D/049/3434.PDF ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง ให้หยุดราชการและชักธงชาติเนื่องในการที่พระราชกุมารประสูติ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211235/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2495/D/049/3434.PDF |date=4 March 2016 }}, เล่ม 69, ตอนที่ 49, 12 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2495, หน้า 2434</ref> in the [[Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall]] of the [[Dusit Palace]] in [[Bangkok]]. When the crown prince was one year old, [[Ecclesiastical peerage of Thailand#Supreme patriarch|Somdet Phra Sangkharat Chao]] Kromma Luang Vajirananavongse, the 13th [[Supreme Patriarch of Thailand]] of the [[Rattanakosin Era]], gave the child his first name at birth, Vajiralongkorn Boromchakrayadisorn Santatiwong Thewetthamrongsuboribal Abhikkunupakornmahitaladulyadej Bhumibolnaretwarangkun Kittisirisombunsawangwat Boromkhattiyarajakumarn.<ref name="BP-20161201-Childhood">{{cite news|title=Long Live the King: Childhood|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/social-and-lifestyle/1148932/childhood|access-date=3 December 2016|work=[[Bangkok Post]]|date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

Vajiralongkorn began his education in 1956 when he entered [[kindergarten]] at the [[Chitralada School]] in Dusit Palace. After completing Mathayom 1 (grade seven), he was sent to be educated at [[Private schools in the United Kingdom|private schools]] in the United Kingdom, first at a [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|prep school]], King's Mead, [[Seaford, Sussex|Seaford]], [[Sussex]], and then at [[Millfield School]], in [[Somerset]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omsociety.com/frmAttributeInstancesDisplay.aspx?S=634e6m8 |title=Old Millfieldian Society – Overseas Branch Officials |publisher=Omsociety.com |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> where he completed his secondary education in July 1970.<ref name="BP-20161201-Military">{{cite news|title=Long Live the King: Military Education|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/social-and-lifestyle/1148940/military-education|access-date=3 December 2016|work=[[Bangkok Post]]|date=1 December 2016}}</ref> In August 1970, he attended a five-week military training course at [[The King's School, Sydney|The King's School]], in [[Sydney]], Australia.<ref name="BP-20161201-Military"/>

In 1972, the prince enrolled at the [[Royal Military College, Duntroon]] in [[Canberra]], Australia. His education at Duntroon was divided into two parts, military training by the [[Australian Army]] and a bachelor's degree course under the auspices of the [[University of New South Wales]]. He graduated in 1976 as a new lieutenant with a liberal arts degree.<ref name="BP-20161201-Military"/>

In 1982, he completed a second bachelor's degree in law, with second-class honors at [[Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University]].

== Heir apparent and social interest ==
Vajiralongkorn was proclaimed crown prince on 28 December 1972 at 12:23 in the [[Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall]], making him the third crown prince of the Chakri dynasty.<ref name="BP-20161201-Childhood"/> An excerpt from the royal command to establish the title of His Royal Highness Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn reads:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1147537/set-to-fulfil-his-destiny |title=Set to fulfil his destiny |work=[[Bangkok Post]]|access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=As stated in the bliss or the country's royal statutes, when a Royal Prince who is destined to be heir to the throne is mature, the King shall graciously bestow the rank upon him of Somdet Phra Yupharat Mongkutratchakuman. At this present time, all people, including citizens of nations worldwide, shall accept and acclaim that His Royal Highness Prince Vajiralongkorn shall to succeed to the throne of the Kingdom. When His Royal Highness Prince is mature, at the time that he shall be established as heir to the throne, tradition and a royal tradition Kattii ceremony should be observed, consistent with the citizens and all leaders of the country of all sides. Therefore, His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej hereby decrees for His Royal Highness Prince Vajiralongkorn to be His Royal Highness Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn per the name written in the Supannabhat as Somdet Phra Boromma-orasathirat Chao Fa Maha Vajiralongkorn Bodindradebayavarangkun Sirikittayasombunsawangwat Worakhuttiyarajsantiwong Mahitalaphong Adulayadet Chakkrinaresyuppharajvisut Sayammakutratchakuman{{nbsp}}....}}

=== Short-term monastic life ===
On 6 November 1978, at age 26, the prince was ordained as a monk at [[Wat Phra Kaew]]. As is traditional for royals, he stayed at [[Wat Bowonniwet Vihara]] for 15 days, under the monastic name "Vajiralongkornno".<ref name="BP-20161201-Religion">{{cite news|title=Long Live the King: the Upholder of Religions|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/social-and-lifestyle/1148948/the-upholder-of-religions|access-date=3 December 2016|work=[[Bangkok Post]]|date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Military training and career ===
[[File:DF-ST-87-00563.jpeg|thumb|left| Vajiralongkorn of Thailand climbs out of the cockpit of an F-5E Tiger II aircraft|150px]]
[[File:Maha Vajiralongkorn Nilde Iotti 1985.jpg|thumb|Vajiralongkorn with [[Nilde Iotti]] in 1985]]

After completing his studies, Vajiralongkorn served as a career officer in the [[Royal Thai Army]]. He start his army careers to served as a staff officer in the Directorate of Army Intelligence<ref>[https://www.krisdika.go.th/king10activity พระราชกรณียกิจ : ด้านทหาร]</ref> and attended the Command and General Staff College in 1977.<ref>[https://king.kapook.com/kingrama10/sec3_read1.html พระราชกรณียกิจด้านการทหารและการบิน สมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวมหาวชิราลงกรณ บดินทรเทพยวรางกูร รัชกาลที่ ๑๐]</ref> After that he became Deputy Commander of the King Chulalongkorn's Own Guards, the 4th Infantry Battalion, [[1st Infantry Regiment (Thailand)|1st Infantry Regiment]] in 1978. In 1980 he was appointed as a Commander of the 4th Infantry Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment.<ref>[https://d.dailynews.co.th/article/540400 สมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัว ร.๑๐ ทรงพระปรีชาการทหาร]/</ref> In 1992 he became Commander of the [[Royal Security Command]].<ref>[https://www.nac2.navy.mi.th/index.php/main/detail/content_id/1052 พระราชกรณียกิจ รัชกาลที่ ๑๐ "ด้านการทหารและการบิน"]</ref>

He is a military pilot qualified to fly the [[Northrop F-5]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Crown Prince is a qualified military pilot|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/crown-prince-is-a-qualified-military-pilot|access-date=3 December 2016|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201011214/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/crown-prince-is-a-qualified-military-pilot|archive-date=1 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[F-16]], and the [[Boeing 737-400]].<ref name="BP-20161201-Military" /> His military role in recent years has become increasingly ceremonial. As his father grew older, Vajiralongkorn took a more prominent part in royal ceremonial and public appearances. He officially opened the [[2007 Southeast Asian Games]], held in [[Nakhon Ratchasima]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Southeast Asian Games Open in Thailand|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2007-12-06-voa32-66532417/553822.html|access-date=2 December 2016|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202165511/http://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2007-12-06-voa32-66532417/553822.html|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The event occurred one day after the 80th birthday of his father.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Chris|last1=Lines|title=Burma Wins Silver at Southeast Asian Games|url=http://www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php?art_id=9531&Submit=Submit|access-date=2 December 2016|work=[[The Irrawaddy]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202101720/http://www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php?art_id=9531&Submit=Submit|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Medical and health care ===
Vajiralongkorn established "Crown Prince Hospitals" through funds donated by the public to serve as medical and health care centers for people living in remote areas. Crown Prince Hospitals had been set up in 21 locations in 1977. These hospitals had become major community hospitals providing services of international standards to the general public in 2011.<ref name=royalthaiembassy>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaiembassy.sg/press_media/news-highlights/birthday-celebration-of-his-royal-highness-crown-prince-maha-vajiralongk |title=BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS CROWN PRINCE MAHA VAJIRALONGKORN |publisher=Royal Thai Embassy to Singapore |access-date=19 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220181812/http://www.thaiembassy.sg/press_media/news-highlights/birthday-celebration-of-his-royal-highness-crown-prince-maha-vajiralongk |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Agricultural development ===
[[File: Sirikit Kitiyakara, the queen of Thailand, smiles as she meets officials gathered to greet her upon her arrival on base.jpg|thumb|Vajiralongkorn (right) with his mother, [[Queen Sirikit]] in 1991]]
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 030612-D-2987S-002.jpg|thumb|US Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Paul Wolfowitz]] (right) escorts Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn through an honor cordon and into the Pentagon on 12 June 2003.]]
Also interested in agricultural development, Vajiralongkorn has accepted the "Mobile Agricultural Clinic Project" under his patronage. The project provides prompt services to farmers to enhance efficiency in farm production and solve farmers' problems. It provides experts in various agricultural fields who can advise farmers on plants, livestock, fisheries, and land development. He also offers suggestions on tackling agricultural problems and applying agricultural technology to increase productivity and improvement in the quality of agricultural production.<ref name=royalthaiembassy/>

Mobile Agricultural Clinic teams can move quickly to various spots in need of help. It has worked steadily and is ready to provide technical services and transfer technology. With this project, farmers have been urged to be aware of agricultural development and new technology.<ref name=royalthaiembassy/>

In the later years of his father, Bhumibol Adulyadej's reign, Vajiralongkorn represented the King in presiding over the annual Royal Ploughing Ceremony, which is meaningful to Thai farmers as an [[Timeline of plant pathology|early practice of phytopathology]] in the country. Aware of the importance of efficient agriculture for better productivity, Vajiralongkorn emphasized full-cycle agricultural activities, believing they will help improve farmers' quality of life, who are traditionally considered the backbone of the nation.<ref name=royalthaiembassy/> Since becoming King himself Vajiralongkorn has presided over and participated in the ceremony in his own right.<ref name="Star-Thai-coron-plough">{{cite video | url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frqy_MClMDY | title=New Thai king and queen take part in 'Royal Ploughing' ceremony | date=May 9, 2019 | website=[[YouTube]] | author= [[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref><ref name="Thai-plough-cancel-2021">{{cite web | title=Thailand king cancels ceremonies as COVID surges | website=[[The Nikkei|Nikkei Asia]] | date=2021-05-04 | url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Turbulent-Thailand/Thailand-king-cancels-ceremonies-as-COVID-surges | access-date=2021-12-06}}</ref>

In honour of his coronation the [[Rice Department]] released five new [[rice cultivar|rice varieties/cultivars]]<ref name="Vajiralongkorn-coron">{{cite web | title=Five rice varieties launched in honour of Royal Coronation | website=[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]] | date=2019-05-07 | url=http://www.nationthailand.com/in-focus/30369003 | access-date=2021-08-21}}</ref> and the king has continued patronage of the royal rice varieties competition, the tradition of his ancestor [[Chulalongkorn]].<ref name="Thai-Min-Ag-hist">{{cite web | title=History | trans-website=[[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives]] | website=กระทรวงเกษตรและสหกรณ์ | url=http://www.moac.go.th/moaceng-history | access-date=2021-08-30}}</ref><ref name="FFTC-AP-rice-breeding">{{cite web | title=Rice Breeding and R&D Policies in Thailand | website=[[Food and Fertilizer Technology Center]] Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP) | date=2018-04-26 | url=http://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1278 | access-date=2021-08-30}}</ref>

=== Focus on education ===
Vajiralongkorn has initiated education projects to improve children's access to quality learning and instill the concept of lifelong learning.<ref name=BP-20161201/> He has special ties to the [[Rajabhat University]] system of 40 institutions of higher learning. The chairman of the Council of Rajabhat University Presidents of Thailand said that Vajiralongkorn has presided over commencement ceremonies at all Rajabhat Universities nationwide and personally handed out degrees to all Rajabhat university graduates every year since 1978. It is estimated that over the past 35 years, at least 2,100,000 degrees have been handed out by the crown prince to Rajabhat graduates. Besides, every year, he donates 42 million baht to a scholarship fund benefiting Rajabhat students.<ref name=BP-20161201>{{cite news|last1=Mala|first1=Dumrongkiat|title=Crown Prince: Education key to progress|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1148461/crown-prince-education-key-to-progress|access-date=1 December 2016|work=[[Bangkok Post]]|date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

===Sport interest===
[[File:Vajiralongkorn 20150816.jpg|thumb|Vajiralongkorn during Bike for Mom, royal cycle rallies in 2015]]
Vajiralongkorn was once known as the "Football Prince" but is known for his cycling involvement. He has also shown keen interest in other sports since he was young. He learned horseback riding when he was about 11 years old and soon became a capable rider. While studying in Thailand and abroad, he played several sports with friends, including football, rugby, and rowing.<ref name=":0" />

Vajiralongkorn also competed in sailing with King Bhumibol and sister Princess Ubolratana when they stayed at Klai Kangwon Palace in Hua Hin. In football, Vajiralongkorn first played as a forward and later became a center-back at Chitralada School, Millfield School in England, and the Royal Military College, Duntroon, in Australia. He shares his love of the sport with his father.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/sports/1511598/king-continues-his-fathers-legacy|title=King continues his father's legacy|last=|newspaper=Bangkok Post }}</ref>

===Residence===
Most of the time, Vajiralongkorn lives in [[Bavaria]] in Germany,<ref name=saudelli_16102020>{{cite news|first=Giulia|last=Saudelli|title=Thailand's king should not reign from German soil, Berlin says|date=16 October 2020|publisher=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/thailands-king-should-not-reign-from-german-soil-berlin-says/a-55304033|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> where he has spent a significant amount of his adulthood. His 15-year-old son, [[Dipangkorn Rasmijoti]], goes to school in the area.<ref name=saudelli_16102020/> The King requested and received changes to the constitution to end the requirement that he appoint a [[regent]] when he is away from Thailand. In comparison, his father often made [[state visit]]s early during his reign, but he left the country only once after the 1960s—an overnight stay in neighboring Laos.<ref name=cna_27102020>{{cite news|title=Thai protesters shun Parliament, ask Germany to probe king|date=27 October 2020|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thailand-protesters-shun-parliament-ask-germany-probe-king-13382076|access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref> He has also received visits from Thai officials and dignitaries in Germany.<ref name=saudelli_16102020/> According to the German foreign ministry, the Thai ambassador has been told multiple times that Germany opposes "having guests in our country who run their state affairs from here." Thai officials have told Germany that Prime Minister Prayut is responsible for government matters, while the King is in Germany for personal reasons.<ref name=saudelli_16102020/>

== Reign ==
=== Accession to the throne ===
[[File:The portrait of king Vajiralongkorn.jpg|thumb|Portrait of King Vajiralongkorn, [[EmQuartier]], 2017]]
{{see also|1924 Palace Law of Succession}}

According to the [[2007 constitution of Thailand|2007 Constitution]], the [[Cabinet of Thailand|cabinet]] instructed the [[President of the National Assembly of Thailand|president of the National Assembly]] to invite Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn to the throne. He became the first monarch to be born in Thailand since his great-uncle [[Prajadhipok]] died in 1935.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kershaw|first1=Roger|title=Monarchy in South-East Asia: The faces of tradition in transition|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=0415243483|pages=152–153|edition=1st}}</ref> After his father, Bhumibol Adulyadej, died on 13 October 2016, Vajiralongkorn was expected to succeed to the [[throne of Thailand]] but asked for time to mourn before taking the throne.<ref name="Coconuts BKK"/> On the night of 1 December 2016, the fiftieth day after the death of Bhumibol, Regent [[Prem Tinsulanonda]] led the heads of the country's three branches of government to an audience with Vajiralongkorn to invite him to ascend to the throne as the tenth king of the [[Chakri dynasty]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1149219/crown-prince-becomes-king |title=Crown Prince becomes King |work=Bangkok Post|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> Vajiralongkorn accepted the invitation, saying in a televised statement: "I would like to accept in order to fulfill his majesty's wishes and for the benefit of all Thais."<ref name="BBC-20161201">{{cite news|title=Thai Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn proclaimed king|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38168912|access-date=8 May 2018|work=BBC News|date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421084752/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38168912|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/crown-prince-vajiralongkorn-thailand-king-161201152343761.html |title=Crown prince Vajiralongkorn becomes Thailand's new king |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202010928/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/crown-prince-vajiralongkorn-thailand-king-161201152343761.html |archive-date=2 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The government retroactively declared his reign to have begun upon his father's death, but it would not crown him formally until after the cremation of his father.<ref name="BBC-20161201"/> The remains were then cremated on 26 October 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/thai-king-funeral-crowds-gather-to-farewell-father-of-the-nation|title=Thailand grieves over former king at lavish cremation ceremony|first=Oliver|last=Holmes|date=26 October 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224180133/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/thai-king-funeral-crowds-gather-to-farewell-father-of-the-nation|archive-date=24 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=crown>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-king-coronation-idUSKBN17N0WC|title=Thai king's coronation likely by the end of 2017: deputy PM|work=Reuters|date=21 April 2017|author=|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426142355/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-king-coronation-idUSKBN17N0WC|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Shawn W. Crispin, [https://asiatimes.com/article/stable-post-cremation-thailand/ How stable is post-cremation Thailand?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211025911/http://www.atimes.com/article/stable-post-cremation-thailand// |date=11 February 2018 }}, ''Asia Times'' (6 December 2017).</ref> Currently, his main residence is Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, with the king having moved from Nonthaburi Palace in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/New-Thai-king-receives-Japanese-emperor|title= New Thai king receives Japanese emperor|access-date= 9 April 2017|work= Nikkei Asian Review|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170408215106/http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/New-Thai-king-receives-Japanese-emperor|archive-date= 8 April 2017|url-status= live}}</ref>

===Coronation===
[[File:สมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัว พระราชทานพระราชวโรกาสให้คณะบุคคลเฝ้าทูลละอองธุลีพระบาท 29-05-18 (9).jpg|thumb|King Vajiralongkorn at Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, [[Dusit Palace]] in 2018]]
Vajiralongkorn's three-day coronation ceremonies took place from 4 to 6 May 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Making of a monarch: King's image peppers Thailand ahead of coronation |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190430-making-monarch-kings-image-peppers-thailand-ahead-coronation |access-date=30 April 2019 |publisher=France 24 |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430124455/https://www.france24.com/en/20190430-making-monarch-kings-image-peppers-thailand-ahead-coronation |archive-date=30 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The one billion [[Thai baht|baht]] (US$29.8 million) [[coronation of the Thai monarch|coronation]] was anticipated to attract 150,000 people to [[Sanam Luang]], which it did.<ref name="Nation-20190101" /><ref>{{cite news |title=More than 150,000 to attend ceremonies |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1669192/more-than-150-000-to-attend-ceremonies |access-date=30 April 2019 |work=Bangkok Post|date=30 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sriring |first1=Orathai |last2=Kittisilpa |first2=Juarawee |title=Thailand rehearses elaborate $31 million coronation for king |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-king-coronation-rehearsal/thailand-rehearses-elaborate-31-million-coronation-for-king-idUSKCN1S40H4?il=0 |access-date=29 April 2019 |work=Reuters |date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428164603/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-king-coronation-rehearsal/thailand-rehearses-elaborate-31-million-coronation-for-king-idUSKCN1S40H4?il=0 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thai king celebrated in post-coronation procession – DW – 05/05/2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/thai-king-celebrated-in-post-coronation-procession/a-48607430 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== The appointment of members of the privy council ===
{{see also|Privy Council of Thailand}}
Following the resignation of the councillors to Bhumibol Adulyadej, Vajiralongkorn appointed 10 members of the [[Privy Council of Thailand|Privy Council]]. The command was issued under Section 2 of the [[2014 interim constitution of Thailand|2014 interim constitution]], completed with Sections 12, 13 and 16 of the 2007 constitution on the king which were retained and remain in effect. The remaining seven members are [[Surayud Chulanont]], Kasem Wattanachai, Palakorn Suwanrath, Atthaniti Disatha-amnarj, Supachai Poo-ngam, Chanchai Likhitjitta and Chalit Pukbhasuk, with three new members, Paiboon Koomchaya, Dapong Ratanasuwan, and Teerachai Nakwanich. Prem Tinsulanonda was re-appointed Privy Council president by royal command.<ref name=bangkokpost1152824>{{cite news |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1152824/king-appoints-10-members-to-his-privy-council. |title=King appoints 10 members to his Privy Council |work=Bangkok Post|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> On 13 December 2016, the King appointed two new members, Wirach Chinvinitkul and Charunthada Karnasuta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th/king-appoints-two-new-privy-councilors/ |title=King appoints two new privy councilors |work=[[Thai PBS]] |access-date=19 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825142954/http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th/king-appoints-two-new-privy-councilors/ |archive-date=25 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 25 December 2016, the King appointed one more new member, Kampanart Rooddit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-12/25/c_135930278.htm |title=Former assistant army chief appointed Thailand's new privy councillor |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226154344/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-12/25/c_135930278.htm |archive-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 19 January 2017, Privy Councillor Chanchai Likhitjitta died at the age of 71.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/national/30304418 |title=Privy Councillor Chanchai Likhitjitta dies |work=The Nation |access-date=19 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127031301/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/national/30304418 |archive-date=27 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Direct political interference===
[[File:The Coronation of King Rama X B.E. 2562 (A.D. 2019).JPG|thumb|The coronation of King Rama X B.E. 2562 (A.D. 2019)]]
Thailand's [[National Legislative Assembly of Thailand (2014)|military-appointed parliament]] voted overwhelmingly in January 2017 to make amendments to the interim constitution, so as to allow amendments to the draft constitution as suggested by the new king's office. Critics said the new constitution would give the military a powerful political say for years or decades.<ref name=crown/> The 2017 Constitution of Thailand was approved in a [[2016 Thai constitutional referendum|referendum in 2016]], and was endorsed by Vajiralongkorn on 6 April 2017, Chakri day, in a ceremony at the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/national/30311501 |title=King signs to promulgate new Constitution |publisher=[[Nation Multimedia Group]] |date=6 April 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406215703/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/national/30311501 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=crown/> Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha said that the office of King Vajiralongkorn had asked for several changes to clauses related to royal power in the draft constitution, a rare intervention by a reigning Thai monarch.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-king-constitution-idUSKBN14X0IF |title=Thai parliament approves king's constitutional changes request, likely delaying elections |work=Reuters |date=13 January 2017 |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114005604/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-king-constitution-idUSKBN14X0IF |archive-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the death of King Bhumibol, political activity was paused during a period of mourning that ended in 2017.<ref name=crown/>

In February 2019, in an unprecedented move, the King's elder sister, [[Ubol Ratana]], announced her candidacy for the [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Thai prime ministership]] in the [[2019 Thai general election|2019 general election]], running as a candidate of the [[Thaksin Shinawatra|Thaksin]]-allied [[Thai Raksa Chart Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/08/world/asia/thailand-prime-minister-princess.html|title=Thai King's Sister Is Picked to Run for Prime Minister, Upending Politics|last=Beech|first=Hannah|date=8 February 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=8 February 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213075249/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/08/world/asia/thailand-prime-minister-princess.html|archive-date=13 February 2019|url-status=live}}{{failed verification|date=February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/princess-ubolratana-mahidol-thailand-election-raksa-chart-prime-minister-royal-family-a8769131.html|last=Withnall|first=Adam|title=Thai princess joins election race to become prime minister in stunning move for 'apolitical' royals|date=8 February 2019|website=The Independent|access-date=8 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214132230/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/princess-ubolratana-mahidol-thailand-election-raksa-chart-prime-minister-royal-family-a8769131.html|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that same day, Vajiralongkorn issued a strongly worded statement, stating that her candidacy for prime minister is "inappropriate{{nbsp}}... and unconstitutional".<ref>{{cite news |title=Thai king says sister's candidacy for prime minister is 'inappropriate', 'unconstitutional': Palace statement |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thai-king-sister-princess-ubonratana-pm-candidacy-inappropriate-11224338 |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |date=8 February 2019 |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212225947/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thai-king-sister-princess-ubonratana-pm-candidacy-inappropriate-11224338 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Election Commission of Thailand]] then disqualified her from running for prime minister, formally putting an end to her candidacy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/11/world/asia/thailand-prime-minister-princess.html|title=Thai King's Sister Is Formally Barred From Running for Prime Minister|last=Jett|first=Jennifer|date=11 February 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=12 February 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219001409/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/11/world/asia/thailand-prime-minister-princess.html|archive-date=19 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Thai Raksa Chart Party was banned on 7 March 2019 by the [[Constitutional Court of Thailand]] for bringing a member of the royal family into politics and its political leaders were banned from politics for a decade.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=7 March 2019 |title=Constitutional Court disbands Thai Raksa Chart |language=en |work=[[Bangkok Post]] |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/1640796/constitutional-court-disbands-thai-raksa-chart |access-date=}}</ref>

Vajiralongkorn has direct control over the [[Bureau of the Royal Household|royal household]] and [[Royal Security Command|palace security agencies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/thai-king-takes-control-of-five-palace-agencies|title=Thai king takes control of five palace agencies|website=businesstimes.com.sg|access-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506103737/http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/thai-king-takes-control-of-five-palace-agencies|archive-date=6 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Controversies ===
Vajiralongkorn's reign has been plagued by controversies unheard of during the reign of his predecessor. His image is affected by his reputation as a [[philanderer]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bernstein|first=Richard|date=24 January 2020|title=Thailand's playboy king isn't playing around|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/1/24/21075149/king-thailand-maha-vajiralongkorn-facebook-video-tattoos|access-date=15 October 2020|website=Vox}}</ref> In 2020, [[2020–2021 Thai protests#Further anti-royal protests|widespread unprecedented protests]] against his reign were popping up all over Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rasheed|first=Zaheena|title=Why are Thai students protesting against King Vajiralongkorn?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/26/why-are-thai-students-protesting-against-king-vajiralongkorn|access-date=15 October 2020|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

=== Reigning from Bavaria ===
{{see also|2020–2022 Thai protests}}
[[File:Protest in 2020 Democracy Monument (I).jpg|thumb|King Vajiralongkorn reigning from the German state of [[Bavaria]] triggered anti-monarchy sentiments and became one of the issues that led to [[2020–2021 Thai protests|nationwide protests]].]]
For most of 2020, Vajiralongkorn reportedly rented out the alpine Grand Hotel Sonnenbichl in [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]] for himself and his entourage during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 April 2020|title=Inside the luxury hotel where Thailand's playboy king is reportedly self-isolating with 20 women during the coronavirus outbreak|work=Business Insider|first=Melissa|last=Wiley|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-luxury-hotel-thailand-king-rama-isolating-coronavirus-bavaria-germany-2020-4}}</ref> He remained there during the [[2020 Thai protests|nationwide protests]] and amidst a wave of anti-monarchy sentiments in Thailand,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mahtani|first=Shibani|date=16 October 2020|title=Thousands of anti-monarchy protesters defy Thailand's new emergency decree|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/thailand-declares-state-of-emergency-to-stop-protests/2020/10/14/29329a60-0e81-11eb-8a35-237ef1eb2ef7_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019045521/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/thailand-declares-state-of-emergency-to-stop-protests/2020/10/14/29329a60-0e81-11eb-8a35-237ef1eb2ef7_story.html|archive-date=2020-10-19}}</ref> sparking controversy in both Thailand and Germany.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 October 2020|title=Thai king's sojourn in Bavaria causes headache for Berlin|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5ff409bf-4365-4b40-ab97-e87c8bb4a2c9|access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref> German foreign minister [[Heiko Maas]] has warned the King not to govern from German soil.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 October 2020|title=Germany warns Thai King not to govern from its soil|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/10/09/germany-warns-thai-king-not-govern-soil/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/10/09/germany-warns-thai-king-not-govern-soil/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2020|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He also mentioned that the European state will be investigating his behavior during his stay in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thailand's King Becomes a Foreign Relations Challenge for Germany|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/thailands-king-becomes-a-foreign-relations-challenge-for-germany-11603733852|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|first1=Feliz|last1=Solomon|first2=Ruth|last2=Bender|date=26 October 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

On 26 October 2020, protesters marched to the [[Embassy of Germany, Bangkok|German Embassy in Bangkok]], petitioning the German government to investigate the King's activities in Germany for the possibility that he had been exercising powers from German soil.<ref name=cna_27102020/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thai protesters march on German embassy to seek probe of king|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/26/thai-parliament-opens-to-discuss-pro-democracy-protests|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026123449/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/26/thai-parliament-opens-to-discuss-pro-democracy-protests|archive-date=26 October 2020|access-date=2020-10-26|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Protesters march to German embassy|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/2008575/protesters-march-to-german-embassy|access-date=2020-10-26|website=Bangkok Post}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
{{Chakri Kings}}

===Public image, the media, and the law===
[[File:ac.vajiralongkorn.jpg|thumb|left|200px|King Vajiralongkorn's portrait on [[Ratchadamnoen Avenue]]]]
Vajiralongkorn is protected by one of the most strictly enforced [[lèse majesté in Thailand|''lèse majesté'' laws]] in the world. For many years, criticism of the king, queen, crown prince, and more recently, former kings, members of the royal family, and even their pets<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/erinhale/2016/11/30/4-facebook-posts-that-can-get-you-arrested-in-thailand/ |title= 4 Facebook Posts That Can Get You Arrested In Thailand; section Make fun of the King's dog; fined 500,000 baht with 86 days in prison |newspaper= Forbes |date= 30 November 2016 |first= Erin |last= Hale |access-date= 13 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171108211045/https://www.forbes.com/sites/erinhale/2016/11/30/4-facebook-posts-that-can-get-you-arrested-in-thailand/#2ad3ba977458 |archive-date= 8 November 2017 |url-status= live }}</ref> have been strictly prohibited. Violations carry large fines and prison sentences of up to 35 years. However, Vajiralongkorn's private life continues to be a controversial subject of discussion in Thailand, although not publicly. In the 10 January 2002 edition of the ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]'' (FEER), an article appeared suggesting that Vajiralongkorn had business ties with then-Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. An immediate ban was placed on distribution of the magazine, and the Thai government, citing a threat to national security, suspended the visas of FEER's two Thailand correspondents, Shawn Crispin and Rodney Tasker.<ref>Duncan. McCargo, ''Media and Politics in Pacific Asia'', p. 146</ref>

In 2002, ''[[The Economist]]'' wrote that "Vajiralongkorn is held in much less esteem (than the then-king Bhumibol). Bangkok gossips like to swap tales of his lurid personal life{{nbsp}}... Besides, no successor, however worthy, can hope to equal the stature King Bhumibol has attained after 64 years on the throne." This issue of ''The Economist'' was banned in Thailand. In 2010, another issue of ''The Economist'', also not distributed in Thailand, said that Vajiralongkorn was "widely loathed and feared" and "unpredictable to the point of eccentricity",<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=15718981&source=hptextfeature | newspaper=The Economist | title=As father fades, his children fight | date=18 March 2010 | access-date=20 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528124613/http://www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=15718981&source=hptextfeature | archive-date=28 May 2010 | url-status=live }}</ref> while the online journal ''[[Asia Sentinel]]'' said that he was "regarded as erratic and virtually incapable of ruling";<ref>[http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2377&Itemid=185 More Lèse majesté Charges in Thailand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821093817/http://asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2377&Itemid=185 |date=21 August 2013 }} ''Asia Sentinel'', 1 April 2010</ref> the journal was blocked shortly thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-03-30|title=Thailand - Grenade attacks and online censorship amid mounting political tension|url=http://fromtheold.com/thailand-grenade-attacks-and-online-censorship-amid-mounting-political-tension-2010033017483.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822134912/http://fromtheold.com/thailand-grenade-attacks-and-online-censorship-amid-mounting-political-tension-2010033017483.html|archive-date=2010-08-22|access-date=2021-05-16|website=fromtheold.com}}</ref> In a [[United States diplomatic cables leak|diplomatic cable leaked by WikiLeaks]], senior Singaporean foreign ministry official [[Bilahari Kausikan]] said that Vajiralongkorn had a gambling habit partly funded by exiled former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/top-singapore-officials-trash-the-neighbours-20101211-18thg.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | first1=Philip | last1=Dorling | first2=Nick | last2=McKenzie | title=Top Singapore officials trash the neighbours | date=12 December 2010 | access-date=20 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528085906/https://www.smh.com.au/world/top-singapore-officials-trash-the-neighbours-20101211-18thg.html | archive-date=28 May 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 12 November 2009, a home video was released to [[WikiLeaks]], showing Vajiralongkorn casually dressed and Princess [[Srirasmi Suwadee]] wearing only a [[G-string]], all the while being attended to by several formally dressed servants, celebrating the birthday of the prince's poodle, [[Air chief marshal#Royal Thai Air Force|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Fufu (dog)|Fufu]].<ref>{{cite news |title= WikiLeaks cables: Thailand's royal pet |first= Gordon|last= Rayner |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8304660/WikiLeaks-cables-Thailands-royal-pet.html |newspaper= [[The Daily Telegraph]] |date= 4 February 2011 |access-date= 7 January 2014 |quote= An experienced diplomat should be able to greet anyone from a king to a despot, but nothing could prepare one US ambassador for the experience of meeting a military officer that happened to be a poodle. |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140301105036/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8304660/WikiLeaks-cables-Thailands-royal-pet.html |archive-date= 1 March 2014 |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=24 June 2011|title=WikiLeaks cables reveal scandal and disease in Thai royal family|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|agency=[[The Times]]|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/wikileaks-cables-reveal-scandal-and-disease-in-thai-royal-family/story-e6frg6so-1226080868978|url-status=dead|access-date=18 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701214448/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/wikileaks-cables-reveal-scandal-and-disease-in-thai-royal-family/story-e6frg6so-1226080868978|archive-date=2011-07-01}}</ref> Part of this video was broadcast on the programme ''Foreign Correspondent'', on the Australian ABC channel on 13 April 2010, as part of a half-hour documentary critical of the royal family of Thailand.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/ |title= Foreign Correspondent |website= Abc |date= 31 July 2012 |access-date= 10 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110526055158/http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/ |archive-date= 26 May 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref>

On 19 January 2009, [[Harry Nicolaides]], an Australian national, was sentenced to three years in prison for self-publishing a fictional book deemed to have violated ''lèse majesté''. The offending passage alluded to rumours that "if the prince fell in love with one of his minor wives and she betrayed him, she and her family would disappear with their name, familial lineage and all vestiges of their existence expunged forever".<ref name=australian>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24296244-5013404,00.html |title=Thais detain Aussie writer |first=Julie-Anne|last=Davies |access-date=21 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916103307/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24296244-5013404,00.html |archive-date=16 September 2008|work=[[The Australian]] |date=5 September 2008}}</ref><ref name=scotsman>[http://news.scotsman.com/world/Thai-court-jails--Australian.4892023.jp Thai court jails Australian novelist for three years over royal 'insult'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125230116/http://news.scotsman.com/world/Thai-court-jails--Australian.4892023.jp |date=25 January 2009 }}, ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 19 January 2009</ref> Nicolaides was later pardoned by the king.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thailand frees Australian writer|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7903019.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118123700/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7903019.stm|archive-date=18 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Nicolaides later stated that "it's entirely fiction from cover to cover".<ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-dailing/australian-writer-who-ins_b_160153.html Australian Writer Who Insulted Thai Monarchy Shares Prison Cell With Child Molester, Weapons Dealer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327205301/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-dailing/australian-writer-who-ins_b_160153.html |date=27 March 2017 }}, ''Huffington Post'', 22 February 2009.</ref>

In August 2011, the [[judiciary of Germany|German judicial authorities]] in Munich impounded a [[Boeing 737]] aircraft, one of two belonging to Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thai Aircraft List29022555.xls|url=http://www.aviation.go.th/en/search.php?inputSearch=statistics |website=Department of Civil Aviation |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132804/http://www.aviation.go.th/en/search.php?inputSearch=statistics |archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref> Administrators seized the aircraft because of a 20-year-old Thai government debt owed to a now-defunct German construction corporation for the [[Don Mueang Tollway]], that had risen to some €30 million. German authorities, representing the corporation's interests in bankruptcy, stated the measure was a "last resort" in seeking repayment. The Thai government, which had not responded to German demands, called the move "highly inappropriate".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14138273 |title=Germany Impounds Thai Prince Vajiralongkorn's Jet |publisher=BBC |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713220257/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14138273 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2011/07/19/opinion/Plane-stupid-the-damage-is-done-30160562.html|title= Plane stupid: the damage is done|date= 19 July 2011|work= The Nation|access-date= 20 July 2011|quote= The Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) confirmed the Thai government's contention that the RTAF in 2007 presented the Boeing 737 jet to the Prince for his personal use.|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722133630/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2011/07/19/opinion/Plane-stupid-the-damage-is-done-30160562.html|archive-date= 22 July 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref> On 1 August, Vajiralongkorn's office announced he would pay the deposit amounting to €20 million himself.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/61511/is-the-dispute-with-walter-bau-coming-to-an-end/ | title=Is the dispute with Walter Bau coming to an end? | work=Bangkok Pundit | date=2 August 2011 | access-date=2 August 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816044708/http://asiancorrespondent.com/61511/is-the-dispute-with-walter-bau-coming-to-an-end/ | archive-date=16 August 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> One day later the Thai foreign minister [[Kasit Piromya]] confirmed that the Thai government would pay the deposit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.faz.net/artikel/C31325/thailand-regierung-zahlt-doch-fuer-gepfaendete-kronprinzen-boeing-30477950.html |title=Government pays for Crown Prince's Boeing |work=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |date=2 August 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803000531/https://www.faz.net/artikel/C31325/thailand-regierung-zahlt-doch-fuer-gepfaendete-kronprinzen-boeing-30477950.html |archive-date=3 August 2011 |url-status=live }}{{failed verification|date=August 2017}}</ref>

In November 2016, ''[[Manager Magazin]]'' published a report stating that the new king could be issued with an inheritance tax bill in excess of €3.5 billion. According to the report, the new King is domiciled in Bavaria where he owns two villas which makes him subject to local inheritance tax.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manager-magazin.de/politik/deutschland/thailands-kronprinz-koennte-bayerns-fiskus-die-kassen-fuellen-a-1121588.html |title=Bayern hofft auf Milliarden von Thailands Kronprinz |work=Manager Magazin |date=17 November 2016 |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504050108/http://www.manager-magazin.de/politik/deutschland/thailands-kronprinz-koennte-bayerns-fiskus-die-kassen-fuellen-a-1121588.html |archive-date=4 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 16 May 2017, Thai officials warned Facebook after an online video was posted of the king wearing a [[crop top]] and with full view of his half [[sleeve tattoo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/16/world/asia/thailand-facebook-king-crop-top.html|title=Thailand Warns Facebook After Video Seems to Show King in Crop Top|first1=Mike|last1=Ives|first2=Paul|last2=Mozur|date=16 May 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517233812/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/16/world/asia/thailand-facebook-king-crop-top.html|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Marriages and issue ===
{{Thai Royal Family}}

==== Soamsawali Kitiyakara ====
On 3 January 1977, Vajiralongkorn married Princess [[Soamsawali|Soamsawali Kitiyakara]] (born 1957), a first cousin on his mother's side. They had one daughter, Princess [[Bajrakitiyabha]], born in December 1978. Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn started living with actress [[Yuvadhida Polpraserth]] in the late 1970s and had five children with her. Although Princess Soamsawali had refused divorce for many years, Vajiralongkorn was finally able to sue for divorce in the Family Court in January 1993. In the court proceedings, Vajiralongkorn accused Princess Soamsawali of being completely at fault for the failed relationship. She was not able to refute the charges due to the prohibition against ''lèse majesté''. The divorce was finalized in July 1993.<ref>Nonthaburi Family Court, Documents of Case #79/2536, 14 January 2007</ref>

==== Sujarinee Vivacharawongse (Yuvadhida Polpraserth) ====
When Vajiralongkorn was introduced to Yuvadhida Polpraserth, she was an aspiring actress. She became his steady companion and gave birth to his first son, Prince Juthavachara Mahidol, on 29 August 1979. He later had three more sons and a daughter by her. They were married at a palace ceremony in February 1994, where they were blessed by the King and the [[Srinagarindra|Princess Mother]], but not by the Queen. After the marriage, she was allowed to change her name to Mom Sujarinee Mahidol na Ayudhaya, signifying she was a commoner married to royalty. She was also commissioned as a major in the Royal Thai Army and took part in royal ceremonies with Vajiralongkorn. In 1996, two years after the wedding, Mom Sujarinee (as she was now known) decamped to Britain with all her children, while Vajiralongkorn caused posters to be placed all around his palace accusing her of committing adultery with Anand Rotsamkhan, a 60-year-old air marshal.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1996/10/20/wshame20.html|title= Adultery princess casts shadow on untouchables|last1= Campbell|first1= Christy|date= 20 October 1996|work= The Telegraph|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20031122042544/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1996%2F10%2F20%2Fwshame20.html|archive-date= 22 November 2003|url-status= dead}}</ref> Later, the prince abducted the daughter and brought her back to Thailand to live with him. She was later elevated to the rank of princess, whilst Sujarinee and her sons were stripped of their diplomatic passports and royal titles. Sujarinee and her sons moved to the United States, and as of 2007, she was known as [[Sujarinee Vivacharawongse]].<ref name= BBC>{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38126928 |title= Thailand's new king in profile |publisher= BBC |access-date= 1 December 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161203154328/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38126928 |archive-date= 3 December 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref>

==== Srirasmi Suwadee ====
Vajiralongkorn married for a third time on 10 February 2001, to Srirasmi Suwadee (royal name: ''Akharaphongpreecha''), a commoner of modest background who had been in his service since 1992. The marriage was not disclosed to the public until early 2005. She gave birth to a son, Prince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti, on 29 April 2005 and was then elevated to the rank of princess. Her son was immediately elevated to the rank of prince. In a magazine interview shortly after that, Vajiralongkorn stated his intention to settle down.<ref>"[http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2005/04/30/national/data/national_17216949.html Simplicity, warmth win hearts]", ''The Nation'' {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140211015239/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2005/04/30/national/data/national_17216949.html |date=11 February 2014}}</ref>

In November 2014, however, Vajiralongkorn sent a letter to the [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|interior ministry]] asking for Princess Srirasmi's family to be stripped of the royal name ''Akharaphongpreecha'' awarded to her, following allegations of corruption against seven of her relatives.<ref>{{cite news|title= Thailand crown prince strips wife's family of royal name|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30258759|work= BBC News|date= 29 November 2014|access-date= 2 December 2014|quote= It comes after seven of her close relatives were arrested in a purge of officials allegedly involved in corruption.|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141201192140/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30258759|archive-date= 1 December 2014|url-status= live}}</ref> The following month, Srirasmi relinquished her royal titles and name and was officially divorced from Vajiralongkorn.

==== Suthida Tidjai ====
On 1 May 2019, three days before his coronation, Vajiralongkorn married Suthida Tidjai, former acting commander of Royal Thai Aide-de-Camp Department.<ref name= "Queen">{{cite web |url= http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2562/B/011/T_0001.PDF|script-title= th:ประกาศ เรื่อง สถาปนาสมเด็จพระราชินี |website= Ratchakitcha |publisher= Royal Thai Government |access-date= 1 May 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190501113326/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2562/B/011/T_0001.PDF |archive-date= 1 May 2019 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Suthida was therefore made the [[queen consort]] of King Vajiralongkorn<ref name="Queen"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-48121941|title=พระราชประวัติ สมเด็จพระราชินีสุทิดา|date=1 May 2019|access-date=1 May 2019|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023231132/https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-48121941|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> whose coronation took place in Bangkok on 4–6 May 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/05/article/a-new-queen-emerges-in-pre-coronation-thailand/|title=A new Queen emerges in pre-coronation Thailand|work=Asia Times|date=May 2019|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501165601/https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/05/article/a-new-queen-emerges-in-pre-coronation-thailand/|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The marriage registration took place at the Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall in Bangkok, with his sister Princess [[Sirindhorn]] and President of Privy Council Prem Tinsulanonda as witnesses.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1670328/new-queen-named |title=New queen named|work=[[Bangkok Post]]| date=1 May 2019| access-date =1 May 2019}}</ref>

==== Sineenat Wongvajirapakdi ====
On 28 July 2019, Vajiralongkorn bestowed the title of "Chao Khun Phra" or Royal Noble Consort, and the royal name of Sineenat Wongvajirapakdi, to Major General [[Sineenat Wongvajirapakdi|Niramon Ounprom]]; the occasion marked the first official naming of a secondary consort for nearly a century.<ref name=a>{{cite news |last1=Thaitrakulpanich |first1=Asaree |title=Rama X Names First Royal Consort in Almost a Century |url=http://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/2019/07/30/rama-x-names-first-royal-consort-in-almost-a-century/ |work=Khaosod English |date=30 July 2019 |access-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803102829/http://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/2019/07/30/rama-x-names-first-royal-consort-in-almost-a-century/ |archive-date=3 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Three months later, on 21 October 2019, a palace order stripped Sineenat of her title and ranks, stating that she had been disrespectful to Queen Suthida and disloyal to the king.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/2019/10/21/royal-consort-sineenat-stripped-of-royal-ranks/|title=Royal Consort Sineenat Stripped of Royal Ranks|last=Charuvastra|first=Teeranai|date=21 October 2019|work=Khaosod English|access-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021154655/http://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/2019/10/21/royal-consort-sineenat-stripped-of-royal-ranks/|archive-date=21 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 September 2020, Sineenat's titles were restored with a declaration that she "is not tarnished" and "Henceforth, it will be as if she had never been stripped of her military ranks or royal decorations."<ref>{{cite news |title=Thailand's king reinstates his consort after her fall from grace |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53994198?ocid=uxbndlbing |access-date=2 September 2020 |publisher=BBC |date=2 September 2020 |quote=The king's latest decision means that "Sineenat Wongvajirapakdi is not tarnished", the Royal Gazette announced. "Henceforth, it will be as if she had never been stripped of her military ranks or royal decorations."}}</ref>

==== Children ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+Children of King Maha Vajiralongkorn Phra Vajira Klao Chao Yu Hua<ref name=BBC/>
|-
!Name!!Relation!!Birth!! style="width:40%;"|Notes
|-
!colspan=4|'''''By [[Soamsawali|Soamsawali Kitiyakara]]''''' {{small|(married 1977, divorced 1991)}}
|-
|[[Bajrakitiyabha]]||Daughter||{{birth date and age|1978|12|07|df=y}}||
|-
! colspan="4"|'''''By [[Sujarinee Vivacharawongse|Yuvadhida Polpraserth]]''''' {{small|(married 1994, divorced 1996)}}
|-
|[[Juthavachara Vivacharawongse]] ||Son||{{birth date and age|1979|8|29|df=y}} || born as Juthavachara Mahidol
|-
|[[Vacharaesorn Vivacharawongse]]||Son||{{birth date and age|1981|5|27|df=y}} || born as Vacharaesorn Mahidol
|-
|[[Chakriwat Vivacharawongse]] ||Son||{{birth date and age|1983|2|26|df=y}} || born as Chakriwat Mahidol
|-
|[[Vatchrawee Vivacharawongse]] ||Son||{{birth date and age|1985|6|14|df=y}} || born as Vatchrawee Mahidol
|-
|[[Sirivannavari Nariratana]] ||Daughter||{{birth date and age|1987|1|8|df=y}} || born as Busyanambejra Mahidol
|-
! colspan="4"|'''''By [[Srirasmi Suwadee]]''''' {{small|(married 2001, divorced 2014)}}
|-
|[[Dipangkorn Rasmijoti]]||Son||{{birth date and age|2005|4|29|df=y}}||
|}

==Honours==
{{Infobox royal styles
|royal name = King Rama X
|image = [[File:King's Standard of Thailand.svg|90px]]
|dipstyle = His Majesty
|offstyle = Your Majesty
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Royal Monogram of Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn.svg
| width1 = 120
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Royal Monogram of King Rama X.svg
| width2 = 104
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Vajiralongkorn's monograms as heir to the throne (left) and as king (right)
}}

===Military rank===
* General, Admiral and Air Chief Marshal<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2535/D/018/1.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202131/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2535/D/018/1.PDF |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Volunteer Defense Corps of Thailand rank===
* [[Volunteer Defense Corps (Thailand)|Volunteer Defense Corps General]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2535/D/055/1.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195444/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2535/D/055/1.PDF |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Foreign decorations===
{{see also|List of honours of the Thai royal family by country}}
*{{flag|Brunei}}: Member of the [[Family Order of Seri Utama]] (1990)
*{{flag|Denmark}}: Knight of the [[Order of the Elephant]] (7 February 2001)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kongehuset.dk/modtagere-af-danske-dekorationer|title=Modtagere af danske dekorationer|website=kongehuset.dk|language=da|format=jump down to just above the picture gallery and search for ''Vajiralongkorn of Thailand'' in the search box [where it says "Søg efter navn eller titel"]|access-date=18 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512015518/http://kongehuset.dk/modtagere-af-danske-dekorationer|archive-date=12 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flag|Germany}}: Grand Cross 1st Class of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
*{{flag|Japan}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]]
*{{flag|Malaysia}}: Honorary Grand Commander of the Most Esteemed [[Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/ |title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat |website=Istiadat.gov.my |date=20 January 2016 |access-date=10 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719195551/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp |archive-date=19 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
**{{flag|Terengganu}}: Member 2nd Class of the Most Distinguished [[Family Order of Terengganu]]
*{{flag|Netherlands}}:
** Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Netherlands)|Order of the Crown]] (2004)<ref>[http://c7.alamy.com/comp/FEA2CT/fiancee-l-of-thai-crown-prince-maha-vajiralongkorn-2ndl-thai-queen-FEA2CT.jpg Alamy]</ref>
** Recipient of the [[Decorations and medals of the Netherlands|King Willem-Alexander Inauguration Medal]]
*{{flag|North Korea}}: First Class of the [[Order of the National Flag]] (1992)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.kp/view/article/14505|title=Немеркнущие заслуги в развитии отношений между КНДР и Таиландом|website=Сайта МИД КНДР|date=2022-03-10}}</ref>
*{{flag|Nepal}}: Member of the [[Order of Ojaswi Rajanya]]
*{{flag|Peru}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Sun of Peru]] (1993)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aspa.mfa.go.th/th/content/77750-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9?page=5e0dc1e53805f2240032d132&menu=5d6abf1e15e39c0648002061 |title=ไทย - เปรู |access-date=2022-02-23 |archive-date=2022-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223072406/https://aspa.mfa.go.th/th/content/77750-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9?page=5e0dc1e53805f2240032d132&menu=5d6abf1e15e39c0648002061 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flag|Portugal}}: Grand Cross of the [[Military Order of Aviz]] (31 December 1981)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154&list=1|title=Foreign recipients of Portuguese honours - Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn|access-date=2023-07-13|website=ordens.presidencia.pt}}</ref>
*{{flag|Spain}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]] (13 November 1987)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1987/11/17/pdfs/A34217-34217.pdf |title=Boletín Oficial del Estado|access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301215634/https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1987/11/17/pdfs/A34217-34217.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flag|South Korea}}: Grand Gwanghwa Medal of the [[Order of Diplomatic Service Merit]] (1992)
*{{flag|Sweden}}: Knight of the [[Royal Order of the Seraphim]] (25 February 2003)
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] (1996)

=== Wear of orders, decorations, and medals ===
The ribbons worn regularly by Vajiralongkorn in undress uniform are as follows :<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-miseducation-of-king-rama-x-20200824-p55otc.html The miseducation of King Rama X]</ref>
{{Center|Ribbon bars of the Vajiralongkorn

[[File:Order of the Royal House of Chakri (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:Order of the Nine Gems (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:Order of Chula Chom Klao - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:Order of the White Elephant - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]

[[File:Order of the Crown of Thailand - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:Order of the Direkgunabhorn 1st class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:Bravery Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:Freeman Safeguarding Medal - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]

[[File:Border Service Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:Chakra Mala Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:King Rama IX Royal Cypher Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
[[File:King Rama IX Rajaruchi Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
*}}

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel|1. '''King Maha Vajiralongkorn, Rama X of Thailand'''|2. [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumibol Adulyadej, Rama IX of Thailand]]|3. [[Sirikit|Sirikit Kitiyakara]]|4. [[Mahidol Adulyadej|Prince Mahidol Adulyadej, Prince of Songkla]]|5. [[Srinagarindra|Sangwan Talapat]]|6. [[Nakkhatra Mangkala|Prince Nakkhatra Mangala, Prince of Chanthaburi II]]|7. [[Bua Kitiyakara|Bua Snidvongs]]|8=8. [[Chulalongkorn|King Chulalongkorn, Rama V of Siam]]|9=9. [[Savang Vadhana|Princess Savang Vadhana of Siam]]|10=10. Chu Chukramol|11=11. Kham|12=12. [[Kitiyakara Voralaksana|Prince Kitiyakara Voralaksana, Prince of Chanthaburi I]]|13=13. Princess Apsarasaman Devakula|14=14. Sathan Snidvongs, Chaophraya Wongsanupraphat|15=15. Bang Bunyathon, Thao Wanida Phicharini|collapsed=yes|align=center|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Vajiralongkorn}}
{{wikiquote}}
*{{cite web|title='Extremely Evil Misconduct': Thailand's Palace Intrigue Spills into View|date=7 November 2019|language=en|author=Hannah Beech|website=The New York Times|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/extremely-evil-misconduct-thailands-palace-intrigue-spills-into-view}}
*{{cite magazine|title=Pictures of the Thai King's Consort Broke the Internet – But What's a Consort?|magazine=Rolling Stone|author=Elizabeth Yuko|language=en|date=29 August 2019|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/thai-royal-what-is-consort-polygamy-878235/}}
* {{cite web|author-link=Jonathan Head|author-first=Jonathan|author-last=Head|date=16 October 2016|access-date=16 October 2016|publisher=[[BBC]]|title=Thai king's death: Who holds power now?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37672088?ocid=socialflow_facebook}}
* {{cite book |first= Paul M. |last= Handley |title= [[The King Never Smiles]] |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |date= 2006 |asin= B0015GUOPY }}

{{s-start}}
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{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Thailand]]|years=2016–present}}
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{{s-vac|last=[[Vajiravudh]]}}
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Andry Rajoelina

2023-09-11T11:52:09Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{other persons|Rajoelina}}
{{short description|President of Madagascar (2009–2014; 2019–present)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| name = Andry Rajoelina
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Andry Rajoelina greeting crowd.jpg
| office = 7th [[President of Madagascar]]
| term_start = 19 January 2019
| caption =
| term_end = 10 September 2023
| primeminister = [[Christian Ntsay]]
| predecessor = [[Rivo Rakotovao]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| successor = [[Herimanana Razafimahefa]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| primeminister1 = [[Monja Roindefo]] [[Eugène Mangalaza]] [[Cécile Manorohanta]] {{small|(Acting)}} [[Albert Camille Vital]] [[Omer Beriziky]]
| term_start1 = 17 March 2009
| term_end1 = 25 January 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Marc Ravalomanana]]
| successor1 = [[Hery Rajaonarimampianina]]
| office2 = [[List of Presidents of Madagascar|President of the High Transitional Authority of Madagascar]]
| primeminister2 = [[Monja Roindefo]] [[Eugène Mangalaza]] [[Cécile Manorohanta]] {{small|(Acting)}} [[Albert Camille Vital]] [[Omer Beriziky]]
| term_start2 = 17 March 2009
| term_end2 = 25 January 2014
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = ''Office abolished''
| office3 = 51st [[Mayor of Antananarivo]]
| term_start3 = 12 December 2007
| term_end3 = 3 February 2009
| predecessor3 = [[Hery Rafalimanana]]
| successor3 = [[Guy Randrianarisoa]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| birth_name = Andry Nirina Rajoelina
| birth_place = [[Antsirabe]], [[Madagascar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|5|30|df=y}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Young Malagasies Determined]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mialy Rajoelina|Mialy Razakandisa]]|2000}}
| children = 3
| nationality = [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]]
| residence = [[Iavoloha Palace]]
| website = [http://www.andry-rajoelina.org/ www.andry-rajoelina.org]
}}
{{Andry Rajoelina}}
'''Andry Nirina Rajoelina''' ({{IPAc-en|'|ɑː|n|d|r|iː|_|r|aː|dʒ|oʊ|iː|'|l|iː|n|ɑː}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=How do you say ANDRY RAJOELINA? |url=https://pronounce.voanews.com/phrasedetail.php?name=RAJOELINA%2C+ANDRY |url-status=live |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=VOA Pronunciation Guide}}</ref> {{IPA-mg|ˈjanɖʐʲ nʲˈrinᵊ ratʐ'welinᵊ|lang}}; born 30 May 1974) is a [[French people|French]] [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]] politician and businessman who is the 7th [[President of Madagascar]]. He was previously president of a [[High Transitional Authority|provisional government]] from 2009 to 2014 following a [[2009 Malagasy political crisis|political crisis and military-backed coup]], having held the office of [[Mayor of Antananarivo|Mayor]] of [[Antananarivo]] for one year prior. Before entering the political arena, Rajoelina was involved in the private sector, including a printing and advertising company called Injet in 1999 and the ''Viva'' radio and television networks in 2007.

He formed the political party [[Young Malagasies Determined]] and was elected [[Mayor of Antananarivo]] in 2007. While in this position, he led an opposition movement against then-President [[Marc Ravalomanana]] that culminated in a [[2009 Malagasy political crisis|2009 political crisis]]. Rajoelina was appointed as President of the [[High Transitional Authority (Madagascar)|High Transitional Authority of Madagascar (HTA)]] by a military council, in a move characterised as a [[coup d'état]] by the international community.<ref name=":1" /> Rajoelina dissolved the Senate and National Assembly, and transferred their powers to a variety of new governance structures responsible for overseeing the transition toward a new constitutional authority. This conflicted with an internationally mediated process to establish a transitional government. Voters approved a new constitution in a controversial [[Malagasy constitutional referendum, 2010|national referendum]] in November 2010, ushering in the Fourth Republic.

He held the Presidency of the HTA until [[2013 Malagasy general election|general elections]] were held in 2013, and stepped down in 2014. He won the [[2018 Malagasy presidential election|2018 presidential election]] and was inaugurated [[President of Madagascar]] on 19 January 2019. His tenure has included directing the government's response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar]], during which he promoted [[COVID-19 misinformation by governments#Madagascar|misinformation]] and [[Covid-Organics|unproven treatments]] for the disease, as well as a [[2021 Madagascar food crisis|2021 food insecurity crisis]] and [[Cyclone Batsirai]]. In June 2023, the revelation of French nationality led to the opening of a parliamentary inquiry, followed by the questioning of the High Constitutional Court by a group of citizens of the Malagasy diaspora in France.

== Family and early years ==
[[File:Andry et Mialy Rajoelina, allée des Baobabs, 22 avril 2012.jpg|thumb|Andry Rajoelina and his wife Mialy in 2012.]]
Andry Rajoelina was born on 30 May 1974 to a relatively wealthy family in [[Antsirabe]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20131016-madagascar-presidentielle-andry-rajoelina-il-dit-son-dernier-mot|title=Andry Rajoelina a-t-il dit son dernier mot? - RFI|work=RFI Afrique|access-date=2018-07-07|language=fr|author=Francis Kpatindé}}</ref> His father, now-retired Colonel Roger Yves Rajoelina, held dual nationality and fought for the French army in the [[Algerian War]].<ref name="MT">{{Cite news|url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Rajoelina-pere-conseiller-de,13076.html|title=Rajoelina père, conseiller de Sunpec|newspaper=Madagascar Tribune|date=19 November 2009|access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name = Cole>{{cite book | last = Cole | first = Jennifer | title = Sex and Salvation: Imagining the Future in Madagascar | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 2010 | location = Chicago, IL | pages = 180–182 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TnO3qxGouosC | isbn = 9780226113319}}</ref> Although his family could afford a college education for their son, Andry Rajoelina opted to discontinue his studies after completing his [[baccalauréat]] to launch a career as an entrepreneur.<ref name = Cole/>

In 1994, Rajoelina met his future spouse [[Mialy Rajoelina|Mialy Razakandisa]], who was then completing her senior year at a high school in Antananarivo. The couple courted long-distance for six years while Mialy completed her undergraduate and masters studies in finance and accounting in Paris; they were reunited in Madagascar in 2000 and wed the same year. Their marriage produced two boys, Arena (born 2002) and Ilonstoa (born 2003), and a daughter born in 2005 whom the couple named Ilona.<ref name=Mialy>{{cite news |title=PORTRAIT – MIALY RAJOELINA: Une femme de ressources |newspaper=L'Express de l'Ile Maurice (La Sentinelle Limited) |date=5 January 2008 |url=http://www.lexpress.mu/services/archive-100506-une-femme-de-ressources.html |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218212959/http://www.lexpress.mu/services/archive-100506-une-femme-de-ressources.html |archive-date=18 February 2014 |language=fr |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Media entrepreneur ==

In 1993, at the age of 19, Rajoelina established his first enterprise: a small event production company called ''Show Business.'' In the following year, he organized an annual concert called ''Live'' that brought together foreign and [[Music of Madagascar|Malagasy musical artists]]. The event gathered 50,000 participants on its tenth anniversary.<ref name=repression>{{cite journal|last=Galibert |first=Didier |title=Mobilisation populaire et repression a Madagascar: les transgressions de la cite cultuelle |journal=[[Politique Africaine]] |volume=113 |pages=139–151 |date=March 2009 |doi=10.3917/polaf.113.0139 |language=fr |url=http://www.politique-africaine.com/numeros/pdf/conjonctures/113139.pdf |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928123645/http://www.politique-africaine.com/numeros/pdf/conjonctures/113139.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999, he launched Injet, the first digital printing technology company available on the island, which gained quick traction with its expansion of billboard advertising throughout the capital.<ref name = repression/> Following his marriage in 2000, Andry and Mialy Rajoelina acquired Domapub, a competing Antananarivo-based billboard advertising business owned by Andry's in-laws.<ref name = intelligence>{{cite web | title = Andry Rajoelina, The billboard king turned presiden | publisher = Africa Intelligence | date = 8 January 2013 | url = https://www.africaintelligence.com/ion/insiders/madagascar/2013/01/08/andry-rajoelina-the-billboard-king-turned-president/107938742-be1 | access-date = 13 December 2018}}</ref> The couple worked together to manage the family businesses, with Andry responsible for Injet and his wife handling the affairs of Domapub.<ref name = Mialy/>

In May 2007, Andry Rajoelina purchased the ''Ravinala'' television and radio stations, and renamed them ''Viva TV'' and ''Viva FM''.<ref name=repression/>

== Mayor of Antananarivo (2007–2009) ==

=== Elections ===

In 2007, Rajoelina created and led the political association ''[[Young Malagasies Determined|Tanora malaGasy Vonona]]'' (TGV), meaning "determined Malagasy youth", and shortly afterward announced his candidacy to run for Mayor of Antananarivo. His very young age became a lever to gain a quick popularity throughout the nation (''{{lang|fr|jeunification}}'' of politics).<ref name = Cole/> Rajoelina was elected on 12 December 2007 with 63.3% of the vote on a 55% voter turnout, beating TIM party incumbent Hery Rafalimanana.<ref name = repression/><ref>{{cite news |last=Yves |first=Bernard |title=Andry Rajoelina, nouveau Maire d'Antananarivo élu avec 62% des suffrages |newspaper=Temoignages |date=17 December 2007 |url=http://www.temoignages.re/andry-rajoelina-nouveau-maire-d,26687.html |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106042957/http://www.temoignages.re/andry-rajoelina-nouveau-maire-d,26687.html |archive-date=6 January 2014 |language=fr |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Opposition movement against Ravalomanana ===
{{Further|2009 Malagasy political crisis}}
The first conflicts between Andry Rajoelina and president [[Marc Ravalomanana]] date back to 2003, when the government required the removal of Antananarivo's first Trivision advertising panels, which Rajoelina had installed at a major roundabout in the capital.<ref name = intelligence/><ref name=turbo>{{cite web | last = Ramambazafy | first = Jeannot | title = Viva télévision: Andry Tgv met le turbo | publisher = Madagate | date = 12 August 2008 | url = http://www.madagate.com/monde-malgache/articles/495-viva-television-andry-tgv-met-le-turbo.html | access-date = 1 June 2013 | language = fr | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131019103726/http://www.madagate.com/monde-malgache/articles/495-viva-television-andry-tgv-met-le-turbo.html | archive-date = 19 October 2013}}</ref>

In November and December 2008, the government became embroiled in two scandals. A July 2008 deal with [[Daewoo]] Logistics to lease half the island's arable land for [[South Korea|South Korean]] cultivation of corn and palm oil,<ref>{{cite web|author=Vivienne Walt|date=23 November 2008|title=The Breadbasket of South Korea: Madagascar|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1861145,00.html|access-date=13 December 2018|website=Time.com}}</ref> and the November 2008 purchase of a second presidential jet, a [[Boeing 737]], at a cost of US$60 million, which led the [[World Bank]] and the IMF to suspend $35 million worth of financial support to the Island. Rajoelina used this to garner support against Ravalomanana's government.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 February 2009|title=Les avertissements du FMI et de la communauté internationale|url=http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/110/article_78082.asp|access-date=13 December 2018|website=Rfi.fr}}</ref>

Upon taking office, the city's treasury had a debt of 8.2 billion Malagasy [[Ariary]] (approximately US$4.6 million).<ref>{{cite news |last=Randria |first=N. |title=Andry Rajoelina hérite de 41 milliards fmg de dettes |newspaper=Madagascar Tribune |date=22 December 2007 |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Andry-Rajoelina-herite-de-41,3713.html |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019105247/http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Andry-Rajoelina-herite-de-41,3713.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 |language=fr |url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 January 2008, due to unpaid debts to the [[Jirama]], the city of Antananarivo was hit by a general water cutoff, and brownouts of the city's street lights. After an audit, it was found that the Jirama owed about the same amount of money to the City Hall, and the sanction on the city's population was retrieved.<ref>{{cite news |first=N. |last=Randria |title=La CUA et les coupures d'eau et d'électricité: Antananarivo est-elle sanctionnée? |newspaper=Madagascar Tribune |date=7 January 2008 |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Antananarivo-est-elle-sanctionnee,3929.html |access-date=10 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019103740/http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Antananarivo-est-elle-sanctionnee,3929.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 |language=fr |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 13 December 2008, the government closed Andry Rajoelina's Viva TV, stating that a Viva interview with exiled former head of state [[Didier Ratsiraka]] was "likely to disturb peace and security".<ref name="rsf fer">{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/fr/actualites/le-bras-de-fer-opposant-le-president-et-le-maire-de-la-capitale-rejaillit-sur-les-medias|title=Le bras de fer opposant le Président et le maire de la capitale rejaillit sur les médias|website=Rsf.org|date=26 January 2009|language=fr|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> Within a week Rajoelina met with twenty of Madagascar's most prominent opposition leaders, referred to in the press as the "Club of 20", to develop a joint statement demanding that the Ravalomanana administration improve its adherence to democratic principles. Rajoelina also promised to dedicate a politically open public space in the capital which he would call ''Place de la Démocratie'' ("Democracy Plaza").<ref>{{cite news |last=R.C. |title=Andry Rajoelina réunit le "Club des 20" |newspaper=Madagascar Tribune |date=17 December 2008 |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Andry-Rajoelina-reunit-le-Club-des,10387.html |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019102119/http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Andry-Rajoelina-reunit-le-Club-des,10387.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 |language=fr |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Antananarivo - P1090823.jpg|thumbnail|Pro-Rajoelina protesters in Antananarivo, 2009]]

Beginning in January 2009, Andry Rajoelina led a [[2009 Malagasy political crisis|series of political rallies]] in downtown Antananarivo. On 13 January, he launched an ultimatum to the government to restore ''Viva TV''. A week later, the transmission failure message of ''Viva TV'' was changed to a still picture of Andry Rajoelina, which led the authorities to seize the channel's transmitter by force.<ref name="rsf fer"/> On 17 January, Andry Rajoelina gathered 30,000 supporters at a public park which he renamed ''Place de la Démocratie'' to defy the public executive power of Ravalomanana.<ref name=CrossroadsMarcus>{{cite web|last1=Bachelard |first1=Jerome |last2=Marcus |first2=Richard |title=Countries at the Crossroads 2011: Madagascar |publisher=Freedom House |year=2011 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/MADAGASCARfinal.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608195355/http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/MADAGASCARfinal.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2012 |access-date=25 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> At a rally on 31 January 2009, Rajoelina announced that he was in charge of the country's affairs, declaring: "Since the president and the government have not assumed their responsibilities, I therefore proclaim that I will run all national affairs as of today." He added that a request for President Ravalomanana to formally resign would shortly be filed with the [[Parliament of Madagascar]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Mayor 'takes control' in Madagascar | newspaper = Al Jazeera | date = 31 January 2009 | url = http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/01/200913117515731782.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090202025539/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/01/200913117515731782.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2 February 2009 | access-date = 6 October 2012 }}</ref> This self-declaration of power discredited Rajoelina's democratic aims, and the number of attendees at subsequent rallies declined, averaging around 3,000 to 5,000 participants.<ref name = CrossroadsMarcus/>

=== Destitution ===

On 3 February, the Ministry of Domestic Affairs dismissed Rajoelina as mayor of Antananarivo and appointed a [[Special delegation (France)|special delegation]] headed by Guy Randrianarisoa to manage the affairs of the capital. Andry Rajoelina contested the decision.<ref>{{cite news|title=Madagascar sacks capital city mayor |newspaper=AFP |date=3 February 2009 |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSsw9Mt5_TWeAwuwVr5S24GMvwIg |access-date=6 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219173004/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSsw9Mt5_TWeAwuwVr5S24GMvwIg |archive-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>

== President of the High Transitional Authority (2009–2014) ==
{{Main|High Transitional Authority (Madagascar)}}

=== Resignation of Ravalomanana ===

On 7 February, Andry Rajoelina organized a new rally during which the leaders of the orange movement declared the constitution of a High Transitional Authority and Andry Rajoelina as its president. The crowd then marched towards the Presidential palace to state its claim to power. The presidential guards opened fire, killing 31 protesters, and wounding more than 200.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2009/02/07/madagascar-rajoelina-prend-la-tete-d-une-haute-autorite-de-transition_1152140_3212.html|title=Madagascar : la police ouvre le feu contre des partisans de l'opposition|website=Lemomnde.fr|date=7 February 2009|language=fr|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> This massacre dramatically diminished the Presidency's popularity in the crisis,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/MADAGASCARfinal.pdf|title=Countries at the crossroads 2011: Madagascar|website=Freedomhouses.org|date=2011|author1=Jerome Y. Bachelard|author2=Richard R. Marcus|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> and led to losing its support from the Army which blamed the President for ordering the shooting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7946741.stm|title=Madagascar soldiers seize palace|website=Bbc.co.uk|date=16 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>

On 6 March, after the Malagasy authorities attempted to arrest him, Andry Rajoelina took refuge in the French embassy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7933226.stm|title=France protects Madagascar rival|website=Bbc.co.uk|date=9 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://observers.france24.com/en/20090311-malagasies-turning-against-french-madagascar-riots-rajoelina-ravalomanana|title=Are Malagasies turning against the French?|website=France24.com|date=11 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> On 10 March, the Army released a 72-hour ultimatum, urging the political leaders to find a solution to the crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE52907D20090310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216032011/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE52907D20090310|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2018|title=Madagascar's army issues 72-hour crisis ultimatum|website=Reuters.com|date=10 March 2009|author=Alain Iloniaina|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7935096.stm|title=Madagascar army's crisis deadline|website=Bbc.co.uk|date=10 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> On 15 March, Ravalomanana went on air to declare a referendum to solve the crisis,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/16/world/africa/16madagascar.html|title=Madagascar Crisis May Go to a Vote|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> an offer refused by Rajoelina who instead called for the President's arrest.<ref name="AutoRI-43">{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/f7945681.stm | title = Call to arrest Madagascar leader | date = 16 March 2009 | work = [[BBC]] | access-date = 18 March 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090403001931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7945681.stm | archive-date = 3 April 2009 }}</ref> The following day, Ravalomanana dissolved the government, resigned, and transferred the Presidential seal to a senior committee of the Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/18/world/africa/18madagascar.html|title=Madagascar's President Quits After Weeks of Chaos|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 March 2009|author=Barry Bearak|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> On 18 March, the Army transferred power directly to Rajoelina, making him president of the High Transitional Authority (HAT). Madagascar's constitutional court deemed the double-transfer of power (Ravalomanana-Army-Rajoelina) to be legal.<ref name="aj-2009-03-19">{{cite news|title=Madagascar dissolves parliament |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=19 March 2009 |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/03/2009319155324395613.html |access-date=14 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322180633/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/03/2009319155324395613.html |archive-date=22 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Rajoelina was sworn in as President on 21 March at [[Mahamasina Municipal Stadium|Mahamasina stadium]] before a crowd of 40,000 supporters.<ref name="gn-2009-03-21">{{cite news | url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gRPBgl6bSQQNkx4oA0bEJxiMlQmg | title = Madagascar's Rajoelina sworn in | agency = Agence France-Presse | work =Google News| date = 21 March 2009}}</ref> He was 35 years of age when sworn in, making him the [[List of heads of state of Madagascar|youngest president in the country's history]] and the youngest head of government in the world at that time.<ref>{{cite news | title = Who's your daddy? The youngest political leaders around the world | newspaper = The Economist | date = 3 June 2009 | url = http://www.economist.com/node/13768417 | access-date = 16 March 2012 }}</ref>

=== Resolution of the political conflict ===
{{Main|2009 Malagasy political crisis}}
On 19 March 2009, [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]] announced it did not recognize the new government.<ref name="VOA News 2009-03-19" /> The [[African Union]] described the events as a [[coup d'état]] and suspended Madagascar and threatened sanctions if the constitutional government had not been restored within six months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/03/21/madagascar.president/|title=Former opposition leader becomes Madagascar's president|website=Cnn.com|date=21 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> The United States, Madagascar's [[Madagascar–United States relations|largest bilateral donor and provider of humanitarian aid]], also refused to acknowledge the Rajoelina administration, and ordered all nonessential embassy employees to leave the Island.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/2009/0326/p07s01-wogn.html|title=Madagascar: island even more isolated after coup|website=Csmonitor.com|date=26 March 2009|author=Fanja Saholiarisoa|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="VOA News 2009-03-19">{{cite news| title = Southern African Nations Refuse to Recognize Madagascar Leader| date = 19 March 2009| work = VOA News| url = http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-03-19-voa68.cfm| access-date = 20 March 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090321085344/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-03-19-voa68.cfm| archive-date= 21 March 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg 2009-03-20">{{cite news| first = Paul| last = Tighe| title = Madagascar Army-Backed Leadership Change Denounced by EU, U.S| date = 20 March 2009| work = Bloomberg.com| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aqiaTCUQ3jwk&refer=home| access-date = 20 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="Econ1">
{{cite news| title = A coup that is not yet irreversible| newspaper = The Economist| page = 56| date = 28 March – 3 April 2009}}</ref> Madagascar was removed from the list of beneficiaries of the [[African Growth and Opportunity Act]] (AGOA).<ref name = faim>{{cite web | last = De Schutter | first = Olivier | title = La population malgache a faim car elle est prise en otage |publisher = United Nations | url = http://www.srfood.org/index.php/fr/component/content/article/1563-madagascars-hungry-population-is-taken-hostage | date = 22 July 2011 | access-date = 2 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref> In May 2009, the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] also froze its aid to Madagascar.<ref name="reuters idUSLDE62G25D20101115">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/madagascar-referendum/timeline-madagascar-votes-on-a-new-constitution-idUSLDE62G25D20101115|title=TIMELINE-Madagascar votes on a new constitution|website=Reuters.com|date=15 November 2010|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> The UN responded to the power transfer by freezing 600 million euros in planned aid. The international community maintained that Rajoelina's legitimacy was conditional to free and fair elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/108757/MADAGASCAR15OCT09.pdf|title=Madagascar: Anatomy of a Recurrent Crisis|website=Ethz.ch|date=16 October 2009|author=Ottilia Maunganidze|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>

In August 2009, the historic Presidents of Madagascar (Rajoelina, Ravalomanana, [[Didier Ratsiraka|Ratsiraka]] & [[Albert Zafy|Zafy]]) signed the Maputo Accords, which provided guidelines for a period of consensual political transition.<ref name="people 7104765">{{cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90855/7104765.html|title=Madagascar parties agree to end political crisis, set election date|website=People.cn|date=14 August 2010|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> In 11 October 2009, Andry Rajoelina appointed [[Eugene Malganza]] as [[Prime Minister of Madagascar|Prime Minister]]. Further guidelines were defined during the Addis Ababa reunion to split the presidential power with 2 co-presidents. The Malagasy former presidents were authorized to return to the Island, and Rajoelina named a new Prime Minister.<ref name="reuters idUSLDE62G25D20101115"/>

In November 2010, a constitutional referendum resulted in the adoption of the state's fourth constitution with 73% in favor and a voter turnout of 52.6%.<ref name="people 7104765" /> One change made by the new constitution was to lower the minimum age for presidential candidates from 40 to 35, making Rajoelina eligible to eventually stand in presidential elections.<ref>{{cite news|title=Madagascar Approves New Constitution |newspaper=Voice of America |date=21 November 2010 |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Madagascar-Approves-New-Constitution-109912629.html |access-date=6 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219112449/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Madagascar-Approves-New-Constitution-109912629.html |archive-date=19 December 2010}}</ref> The new constitution mandated the leader of the High Transitional Authority – the position held by Rajoelina – be kept as interim president until an election could take place, and required presidential candidates to have lived in Madagascar for at least six months prior to the elections, effectively barring Ravalomanana and other opposition leaders living in exile from running in the next election.<ref name="Economist 2010-11-18">{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/baobab/2010/11/18/the-coup-that-wasnt|title=The coup that wasn't|website=Economist.com|date=18 November 2010|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="Guardian 2010-11-21">{{cite news| last = Pourtier| first = Gregoire| date = 21 November 2010| title = Madagascar referendum could deepen political crisis| newspaper = The Guardian| url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/nov/17/madagascar-referendum-political-crisis| access-date = 21 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="peoplesd">{{cite web| title = "YES" leading in Madagascar's referendum on new constitution| publisher = People's Daily Online| date = 18 November 2010| url = http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7204099.html| access-date = 21 November 2010}}</ref>

In June 2010, the EU announced the extension of its $600-million financial aid to Madagascar.<ref name="reuters idUSLDE62G25D20101115"/> In November 2011, his talk at the UN [[66th Session of the United Nations General Assembly]] marked the first major form of international recognition of the Transition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE7B70CF20111208|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224456/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE7B70CF20111208|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2018|title=Madagascar interim chief eyes elections, wary of ex-president|website=Reuters.com|date=8 December 2011|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madagate.org/politique-madagascar/dossier/2090-president-andry-rajoelina-speech-in-uno-66th-general-assembly.html|title=President Andry Rajoelina Speech in UNO 66th General Assembly|website=Madagate.org|date=9 October 2011|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> On 13 May 2011, Andry Rajoelina met with [[Alain Juppé]], the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, and on 7 December 2011 he was officially received by the French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]].<ref>{{cite web | title = France: President Sarkozy meets Rajoelina | publisher = Afriquejet.com | date = 8 December 2011 | url = http://www.afriquejet.com/france-madagascar-2011120829111.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120721133003/http://www.afriquejet.com/france-madagascar-2011120829111.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 21 July 2012 | access-date = 6 October 2012 }}</ref>

In May 2013, when Ravalomanana's wife announced her candidacy for the [[2013 Malagasy general election|2013 elections]], Rajoelina saw it as a breach of contract and reintroduced his own candidacy for the elections. This situation led to the elections to be postponed many times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-madagascar-elections/madagascar-pushes-back-presidential-election-to-october-idUSBRE97L0YE20130822|title=Madagascar pushes back presidential election to October|website=Reuuters.com|date=22 August 2013|author=Alain Ilioniania|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> A special electoral court ruled in August 2013 that the candidatures of Rajoelina, Ravalomanana and Ratsiraka were invalid and not be permitted to run in the 2013 election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/18/madagascar-bans-president-rival-wife-election|title=Madagascar court bans president and rival's wife from standing for election|website=The Guardian|date=18 August 2013|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> Andry Rajoelina then announced his endorsement of presidential candidate [[Hery Rajaonarimampianina]], who won the presidential election race. Andry Rajoelina officially stepped down on 25 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Madagascar-strongman-steps-down-20140124|title=Madagascar strongman steps down|website=News24.com|date=24 January 2014|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>

Rajaonarimampianina set up the MAPAR committee to organize the selection of his cabinet, a process that extended over several months. During this time, Rajoelina sought to be nominated for the position of [[Prime Minister of Madagascar]] but Rajaonarimampianina picked [[Roger Kolo]], with the support of the majority in the parliament.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Rabary | first1 = Lovasoa |last2 = Obulutsa | first2 = George | title = Doctor Kolo Roger, new Prime minister of Madagascar |publisher = [[Le Monde]] | url = http://fanorenana.blog.lemonde.fr/2014/04/12/doctor-kolo-roger-prime-ministre-of-madagascar | date = 19 April 2014 | access-date = 5 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-11/madagascar-president-appoints-roger-kolo-as-prime-minister.html | title = Madagascar President Appoints Roger Kolo as Prime Minister | publisher = Bloomberg News| date = 11 April 2014 | access-date = 11 April 2014}}</ref> On 18 April, a cabinet was announced that comprised 31 members with varied political affiliations.<ref>{{cite web | title = Madagascar: Kolo Roger forme un gouvernement d'ouverture |language = fr |publisher = Radio France Internationale | url = http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140411-madagascar-kolo-roger-nouveau-premier-ministre-grande-ile/ | date = 19 April 2014 | access-date = 5 July 2014}}</ref>

=== Policies and governance ===
[[File:Andry Rajoelina greeting crowd.jpg|thumb|Andry Rajoelina in 2012.]]
Upon taking office, Rajoelina dissolved the Senate and Parliament to transfer their powers to his cabinet, the officials of the HAT, and the newly established Council for social and economic strengthening, through which his policies were issued as decrees. Legislative authority rested in practice with Rajoelina and his cabinet, composed of his closest advisers. A military committee established in April increased HAT control over security and defense policy. The following month, after the suspension of the country's 22 regional governors, the Transitional government strengthened its influence over local government by naming replacements. The National Inquiry Commission (CNME) was established shortly thereafter to strengthen HAT effectiveness in addressing judicial and legal matters.<ref name = CrossroadsMarcus/>

One of Andry Rajoelina's first measures as President was to cancel Ravalomanana's unpopular deal with Daewoo Logistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7953617.stm|title=Africans reject Madagascar leader|website=Bbc.co.uk|date=19 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> On 2 June 2009, Ravalomanana was fined 70 million US dollars (42 million British pounds) and sentenced to four years in prison for alleged abuse of office which, according to HAT Justice Minister Christine Razanamahasoa, included the December 2008 purchase of a second presidential jet ("Air Force II") worth $60 million.<ref name="Madagascar sentences ex-president">{{cite news|title=Madagascar sentences ex-president |date=3 June 2009 |access-date=3 June 2009 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8080940.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323165144/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8080940.stm |archive-date=23 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rajoelina also pursued legal action against Ravalomanana's company Tiko to reclaim 35 million US dollars in back taxes.<ref name=TikoPressure>{{cite web|last=US Department of State |title=09Antananarivo266: Ravalomanana's Tiko Group under pressure |publisher=Leak Overflow |date=11 April 2009 |url=http://www.leakoverflow.com/questions/550756/09antananarivo266-ravalomananas-tiko-group-under-pressure |access-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126221224/http://www.leakoverflow.com/questions/550756/09antananarivo266-ravalomananas-tiko-group-under-pressure |archive-date=26 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, on 28 August 2010, the HAT sentenced Ravalomanana [[trial in absentia|''in absentia'']] to hard labor for life and issued an arrest warrant for his role in the protests and ensuing deaths.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11120620 |work=BBC News |title=Exiled Madagascan leader Ravalomanana sentenced |date=28 August 2010 |access-date=6 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007100948/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11120620 |archive-date=7 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also rejected Ravalomanana's medium term development strategy, termed the Madagascar Action Plan, and abandoned education reforms initiated by his predecessor that adopted Malagasy and English as languages of instruction, instead returning to the traditional use of French.<ref name = Chatham>{{cite web | last1 = Dewar | first1 = Bob | last2 = Massey | first2 = Simon | last3 = Baker | first3 = Bruce | url = https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/188849 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130202020125/http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/188849 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2013-02-02 | publisher = Chatham House | title = Madagascar: Time to Make a Fresh Start | date = January 2013 | access-date = 6 June 2013 }}</ref> Later in 2012, he sold the controversial [[Boeing 747]] bought by his predecessor with public funds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zinfos974.com/Madagascar-Le-Boeing-de-l-ex-president-Ravalomanana-vendu_a48002.html|title=Madagascar : Le Boeing de l'ex-président Ravalomanana vendu|website=Zinfos974.com|date=5 October 2012|language=fr|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>

Sanctions and suspension of donor aid amounted to 50% of the national budget and 70% of public investments, which obstructed the government's management of state affairs.<ref>{{cite web | title = Lettre ouverte: Pourquoi il faut lever les sanctions économiques contre Madagascar | publisher = Slate Afrique | url = http://www.slateafrique.com/39443/madagascar-crise-politique-sanctions-economiques-internationales-population-faim-pauvrete | date = 12 March 2012 | access-date = 2 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref> Rajoelina occasionally organized events to distribute basic items to the population, including medicines, clothing, house maintenance materials and school supplies.<ref>{{cite news | author = Bill | title = Arrivée de l'aide internationale: Andry Rajoelina a tenu à être présent | newspaper = Madagascar Tribune | date = 5 March 2013 | url = http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Andry-Rajoelina-a-tenu-a-etre,18515.html| access-date = 6 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref> His administration spent billions of ariary to subsidize basic needs like electricity, petrol,<ref>{{cite news | last = Fanjanarivo | title = Subventions énergétiques: Pour les riches et non-pas pour les pauvres| newspaper = La Gazette de la Grande Ile | date = 14 May 2013 | url = http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31318:subventions-energetiques-pour-les-riches-et-non-pas-pour-les-pauvres&catid=45:newsflash&Itemid=58| access-date = 6 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref> and food staples.<ref>{{cite news | last = Saraléa | first = Judicaëlle | title = Produit de première nécessité: Rajoelina promet du riz à Ar 1200 | newspaper = L'Express de Madagascar | date = 6 January 2011 | url = http://www.lexpressmada.com/4810/produit-de-premiere-necessite-madagascar/19733-rajoelina-promet-du-riz-a-ar-1200.html | access-date = 6 June 2013 | language = fr | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131231232743/http://www.lexpressmada.com/4810/produit-de-premiere-necessite-madagascar/19733-rajoelina-promet-du-riz-a-ar-1200.html | archive-date = 31 December 2013}}</ref> In 2010, two years after Rajoelina launched the project as mayor of Antananarivo, the HAT completed the reconstruction of the ''Hotel de Ville'' (town hall) of Antananarivo which had been destroyed by arson during the ''[[rotaka]]'' political protests of 1972. During this ceremony, Andry Rajoelina announced that 11 December was a new holiday in the Malagasy calendar, and the fourth Constitution of the country was enacted.<ref>{{cite news | last = Rakotoarilala | first = Ninaivo | title = 11 décembre: Jour à marquer d'une pierre blanche pour Andry Rajoelina | newspaper = Madagascar Tribune | date = 11 December 2010 | url = http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Jour-a-marquer-d-une-pierre,15212.html| access-date = 6 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref>

Through the ''trano mora'' ("affordable house") initiative, the HAT built several subsidized housing developments intended for young middle class couples.<ref>{{cite news | title = Des logements pour les classes moyennes malgaches | newspaper = Radio France International | date = 10 September 2011 | url = http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110910-logements-classes-moyennes-malgaches| access-date = 2 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref> Numerous other construction projects were planned or completed, including the restoration of historic staircases in Antananarivo built in the 19th century during the reign of Queen [[Ranavalona I]];<ref>{{cite news | last = Rakotoarilala | first = Ninaivo | title = D'Antaninarenina à Ambondrona: Andry Rajoelina revisite son adolescence | newspaper = Madagascar Tribune | date = 15 January 2013 | url = http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Andry-Rajoelina-revisite-son,18358.html| access-date = 3 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref> the repaving of the heavily traveled road between Toamasina and Foulpointe; the construction of a 15,000-capacity municipal stadium and new town hall in Toamasina; and the construction of a hospital built to international standards in Toamasina.<ref name = toamasina>{{cite news | author = Bill | title = Toamasina: Andry Rajoelina lance de nouveaux défis | newspaper = Madagascar Tribune | date = 8 October 2012 | url = http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Andry-Rajoelina-lance-de-nouveaux,18020.html| access-date = 3 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref>

== 2018 presidential campaign ==
[[File:AndryCampaign2018-1.jpg|thumb|Campaigners for Andry Rajoelina near [[Antsirabe]], October 2018.]]
{{see also|2018 Malagasy presidential election}}
In early August 2018, Andry Rajoelina was the first to register his candidacy for the [[2018 Malagasy presidential election|2018 presidential elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-madagascar-politics/madagascars-former-leader-andry-rajoelina-says-to-seek-presidency-again-idUSKBN1KM5UG|title=Madagascar's former leader Andry Rajoelina says to seek presidency again|website=Reuters.com|date=1 August 2018|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> He had previously introduced the Initiative for the Emergence of Madagascar (IEM) that define the lines of his campaign program. One campaign promise is to close the Senate to save money and build universities instead. He also aims to increase access to electricity, to work towards agricultural self-sufficiency, and to increase security.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/andry-rajoelina-plans-political-comeback-in-madagascar/a-44984197|title=Andry Rajoelina plans political comeback in Madagascar|website=Wd.com|date=7 August 2018|author=Eric Topona|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>

The campaign started in October 2018, with Andry Rajoelina facing his historical opponents Ravalomanana and Rajaonarimampianina,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/10/09/election-campaigning-begins-in-madagascar/|title=Election campaigning begins in Madagascar|website=Africanews.com|date=9 October 2018|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> the favorites in a campaign of 46 candidates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/46-candidates-bid-to-contest-madagascar-presidency-20180821|title=46 candidates bid to contest Madagascar presidency|website=News24.com|date=21 August 2018|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> In the first round of the elections on 7 November, he took the lead with 39.19% (1,949,851) of the votes (Ravalomana 35.29% or 1,755,855 votes).<ref name="theeastafrican 4552902-4872530-trej7az">{{cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/africa/Madagascar-former-presidents-in-round-two-race/4552902-4872530-trej7az/index.html|title=Madagascar ex-presidents to contest run-off vote|website=Theeastafrican.co.ke|date=28 November 2018|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalvoices.org/2018/12/13/in-madagasgar-costly-presidential-campaigns-dont-add-up-to-a-better-life-for-citizens/|title=In Madagascar, costly presidential campaigns don't add up to a better life for citizens|website=Globalvoices.org|date=13 December 2018|author=Rakotomalala|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> A televised debate between the two final candidates was aired live on 10 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201812110662.html|title=Madagascar Presidential Vote - Rajoelina, Ravalomanana Debate|website=Allafrica.com|date=11 December 2018|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>

Rajoelina won the election with 55.66 %<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-08|title=Elections à Madagascar : Guterres félicite le Président élu Andry Rajoelina | ONU Info|url=https://news.un.org/fr/story/2019/01/1033382|access-date=2023-01-21|website=news.un.org|language=fr}}</ref> of the votes and was inaugurated on 19 January 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2019/01/19/madagascar-president-andry-rajoelina-sworn-into-office/|title=Madagascar president Andry Rajoelina sworn into office|last=Oteng|first=Eric|date=2019-01-19|website=Africanews|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120002136/http://www.africanews.com/2019/01/19/madagascar-president-andry-rajoelina-sworn-into-office/|archive-date=2019-01-20|url-status=live|access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref>

== President of Madagascar (2019–present) ==
{{Expand section|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Andry Rajoelina.jpg|thumb|Rajoelina in April 2023]]
[[File:The heads of delegations attending the Russia-Africa Summit pose for photographs (2019-10-24).jpg|thumb|Rajoelina and other African leaders at the [[Russia–Africa Summit 2019|Russia–Africa Summit]] in Sochi in October 2019]]

===COVID-19 pandemic===
{{Further|COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar|COVID-19 misinformation by governments#Madagascar}}
In April and May 2020, President Rajoelina gained media attention when he launched an [[List of unproven methods against COVID-19|untested COVID-19 "cure"]] dubbed "[[Covid-Organics]]". The herbal tea was developed by the Madagascar Institute of Applied Research (MIAR) using [[artemisia (genus)|artemisia]] and other locally-sourced herbs. The military distributed batches of "Covid-Organics" to the public. Drinking the herbal tea was made obligatory in school.<ref>{{Cite web|title=La prise du Covid-Organics sera obligatoire pour tous les élèves|url=https://twitter.com/SE_Rajoelina/status/1252013045540433920|last=Rajoelina|first=Andry|date=2020-04-19|website=@SE_Rajoelina|language=fr|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=21 April 2020|title=Andry Rajoelina promotes herbal tea cure for covid 19|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/04/madagascars-president-promotes-unproven-herbal-cure-for-covid-19/|access-date=21 April 2020|website=Reuters.com}}</ref> Several African countries including Tanzania, Liberia, Equatorial Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau have purchased the herbal tea. [[Matshidiso Moeti]] of the Africa regional office of the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) said there was no available proof for the effectiveness of this cure.<ref name="NSc20200515">{{cite news|last=Vaughan|first=Adam|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2243669-no-evidence-madagascar-cure-for-covid-19-works-says-who/|title=No evidence 'Madagascar cure' for covid-19 works, says WHO|work=New Scientist|date=15 May 2020|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> It had not undergone proper clinical trials and no peer-reviewed data existed. The National Academy of Medicine of Madagascar (ANAMEM) was also skeptical.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-52633630|title=Coronavirus: Madagascar President Rajoelina hits out at tonic 'detractors'|work=BBC News|date=12 May 2020|access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> A WHO advert on Google said: "Africans deserve to use medicines tested to the same standards as people in the rest of the world".<ref name="NSc20200515" /> The [[African Union]] has sought to test the technical efficiency of the herbal tea.<ref>{{cite news |title=Madagascar hands out 'miracle' coronavirus cure as it lifts lockdown |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown |access-date=7 May 2020 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=23 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502065651/http://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown |archive-date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250 |access-date=7 May 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430104857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250 |archive-date=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: What is Madagascar's 'herbal remedy' Covid-Organics? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html |access-date=5 May 2020 |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505232624/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>

On 4 April, [[Arphine Helisoa]] (the pseudonym of [[Arphine Rahelisoa]]),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cpj.org/2020/04/madagascar-journalist-arphine-helisoa-jailed-on-fa/|title=Madagascar journalist Arphine Helisoa jailed on false news, incitement allegation|work=Committee to Project Journalists|location=New York City|date=22 April 2020|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> a publishing director and journalist at the ''Ny Valosoa'' newspaper, was placed in custody awaiting trial charged with spreading [[fake news]] after she was accused of criticizing the president's handling of the pandemic and of "incitement of hatred" towards President Rajoelina.<ref>{{cite news |title=Southern Africa: COVID-19 a pretext for surge in harassment of journalists and weakening of media houses by states|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/05/southern-africa-covid19-a-pretext-for-surge-in-harassment-of-journalists-and-weakening-of-media-houses-by-states/ |work=Amnesty International|date=3 May 2020|access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> She was released after a month.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/journalist-critical-madagascar-president-released|title=Journalist Critical of Madagascar President Released|work=Voice of America|agency=Agence France-Press|date=4 May 2020|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref>

===Environment===
Rajoelina has blamed [[Climate change in Madagascar|climate change]] for the [[Food security in Madagascar|food insecurity]] in parts of his country and has called on powerful nations to fight it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=AP |title=Madagascar President urges tougher action on climate change |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/09/23/madagascar-president-urges-tougher-action-on-climate-change/ |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=Africa News |date=23 September 2021}}</ref>

During the [[COP26]] meeting in [[Glasgow]], Rajoelina, linked the risks of deforestation and biodiversity in Madagascar, and vowed to protect the forests of Madagascar, while also announcing the use of [[bioethanol]] and gas-based stoves in the country to fight the effects of climate change. None of this projects had been realized during his mandate. Rajoelina also pledged more financial aid to protect the aforementioned biodiversity in Madagascar; which represents 5% of this world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cop26 : Andry Rajoelina a plaidé pour l'utilisation de réchauds à base de bioéthanol |trans-title=Cop26: Andry Rajoelina pleaded for the use of bioethanol-based stoves|url=https://www.linfo.re/ocean-indien/madagascar/cop26-andry-rajoelina-a-plaide-pour-l-utilisation-de-rechauds-a-base-de-bioethanol |access-date=2 November 2021 |agency=Linfo |date=2 November 2021 |language=fr}}</ref>

===2021–2022 Madagascar famine===
{{Main|2021–2022 Madagascar famine}}
In June 2021, a severe drought caused hundreds of thousands of people, with some estimations claiming more than one million people, to suffer from [[2021 Madagascar food crisis|food insecurity]] in the south of the country. Rajoelina jointly announced a plan to combat hunger along with US ambassador to the country [[Michael Pelletier]].<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Government Provides Nearly $40 Million in Additional Emergency Assistance for Southern Madagascar |url=https://mg.usembassy.gov/u-s-government-provides-nearly-40-million-in-additional-emergency-assistance-for-southern-madagascar/ |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=www.mg.usembassy.gov |agency=United States Embassy to Madagascar |date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=1 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701044115/https://mg.usembassy.gov/u-s-government-provides-nearly-40-million-in-additional-emergency-assistance-for-southern-madagascar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Among other measures, Rajoelina ordered the distribution of [[butane gas]] stoves to replace [[charcoal]] as an alternative for people in the poorest areas of the country. The measure reached a total of 15,000 households.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaz butane : 15.000 ménages vont bénéficier d'un kit de réchaud gratuit |trans-title=Butane gas: 15,000 households will benefit from a free stove kit |url=https://madagascar-tribune.com/Gaz-butane-15-000-menages-vont-beneficier-d-un-kit-de-rechaud-gratuit.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |work=[[Madagascar Tribune]] |date=6 July 2021 |language=French |archive-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705083444/https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Gaz-butane-15-000-menages-vont-beneficier-d-un-kit-de-rechaud-gratuit.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rajoelina has promised to empower women during the famine while stating that the current food crisis in Madagascar is a consequence of a climate crisis which Malagasy people are suffering and in which "they did not participate". Rajoelina asked for a "radical and lasting change" during an [[International Development Association]] summit in [[Ivory Coast]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Famine dans le Sud de Madagascar : la période entre octobre et décembre 2021 s'annonce difficile |trans-title=Famine in southern Madagascar: the period between October and December 2021 promises to be difficult |url=https://www.linfo.re/ocean-indien/madagascar/famine-dans-le-sud-de-madagascar-la-periode-entre-octobre-et-decembre-2021-s-annonce-difficile |access-date=19 July 2021 |agency=Linfo |date=19 July 2021 |language=French |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719015346/https://www.linfo.re/ocean-indien/madagascar/famine-dans-le-sud-de-madagascar-la-periode-entre-octobre-et-decembre-2021-s-annonce-difficile |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:President Biden met with Presidents of various African countries at the White House 2022.jpg|thumb|Rajoelina at the [[United States–Africa Leaders Summit 2022|United States–Africa Leaders Summit]] in Washington, D.C. in December 2022]]
===2021 assassination plot===
On 22 July 2021, police announced they had arrested six people, including foreign nationals, after months of investigation into a plot to kill Rajoelina. The attorney general filed charges against them on different charges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rabary |first1=Lovasoa |title=Madagascar police, after months of investigation, arrest six over plot to kill president |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/several-arrested-over-plot-kill-madagascar-president-attorney-general-says-2021-07-22/ |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=Reuters |date=22 July 2021}}</ref> The next day, the attorney general announced that at least one French citizen was among those arrested, and said that he was a former member of the [[French Armed Forces]]. France responded by saying that they were working with consular aid in Madagascar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rabary |first1=Lovasoa |title=French citizen among six held over plan to kill Madagascar president -minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/french-citizen-among-six-arrested-over-plot-kill-madagascar-president-minister-2021-07-23/ |access-date=23 July 2021 |work=Reuters |date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

===French nationality===
In July 2023, the former president of the Syndicate of Magistrates of Madagascar and opponent Fanirisoa Ernaivo claimed that Rajoelina was a naturalized French citizen and therefore has invalidated his Malagasy citizenship, and has "filed a complaint for treason, espionage, use of forgery and attack on the security of the State".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lejournaldelafrique.com/en/andry-rajoelina-too-french-to-be-president-of-madagascar/|title=Andry Rajoelina, too French to be president of Madagascar?|date=30 June 2023}}</ref>

===Corruption of the Director of Cabinet===
On August 14, 2023 the Director of Cabinet of president [[Andry Rajoelina]], Romy Voos Andrianarisoa, was arrested in [[London]] under accusations of corruption on a London based mining company.<ref>[https://lexpress.mg/14/08/2023/suspicion-de-corruption-romy-andrianarisoa-arretee-au-royaume-uni/ corruption-romy-andrianarisoa-arretee-au-royaume-uni]</ref>She was dismissed by Rajoelina on August 16, 2023.<ref>[https://midi-madagasikara.mg/tentative-de-corruption-en-detention-provisoire-a-londres-la-dircab-de-la-presidence-limogee/ Tentative de corruption : En détention provisoire à Londres, la Dircab de la Présidence, limogée]</ref>

== Awards ==

* 2000: Entrepreneur of the Year by the magazine ''Écho Australe''<ref>{{cite news |work=Madagascar Tribune |title=Rajoelina Andry Nirina: Brève biographie |date=23 March 2009 |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Breve-biographie,11482.html |access-date=9 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309174739/http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Breve-biographie,11482.html |archive-date=9 March 2012 |language=fr |url-status=live}}</ref> which named then-mayor of Antananarivo [[Marc Ravalomanana]] their Entrepreneur of the Year in 1999, bestowed the same honor on Rajoelina in 2000.<ref name = Cole/>
* 2003: Best young entrepreneur in Madagascar by French bank BNI [[Crédit Lyonnais]]<ref>{{cite news |last=R. |first=A.W. |title=Andry Rajoelina: La foi agissante |newspaper=Madagascar Tribune |date=16 November 2007 |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/La-foi-agissante,2993.html |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309173120/http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/La-foi-agissante,2993.html |archive-date=9 March 2012 |language=fr |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.andry-rajoelina.org/ Official website]

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{{s-bef|before=[[Patrick Ramiaramanana]]}}
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{{s-aft|after=[[Michele Ratsivalaka]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Marc Ravalomanana]]|as=President of Madagascar}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Presidents of Madagascar|President of the High Transitional Authority of Madagascar]]|years=2009–2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hery Rajaonarimampianina]]|as=President of Madagascar}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Rivo Rakotovao]] ''{{small|(Acting)}}''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Presidents of Madagascar|President of Madagascar]]|years=2019–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Madagascar Presidents}}
{{Heads of state of republics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajoelina, Andry}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malagasy businesspeople]]
[[Category:Malagasy Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Mayors of Antananarivo]]
[[Category:Merina people]]
[[Category:Presidents of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Young Malagasies Determined politicians]]
[[Category:People from Antsirabe]]
[[Category:21st-century Malagasy politicians]]

Andry Rajoelina

2023-09-11T08:00:50Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{other persons|Rajoelina}}
{{short description|President of Madagascar (2009–2014; 2019–present)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| name = Andry Rajoelina
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Andry Rajoelina greeting crowd.jpg
| office = 7th [[President of Madagascar]]
| term_start = 19 January 2019
| caption =
| term_end = 10 September 2023
| primeminister = [[Christian Ntsay]]
| predecessor = [[Rivo Rakotovao]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| successor =
| primeminister1 = [[Monja Roindefo]] [[Eugène Mangalaza]] [[Cécile Manorohanta]] {{small|(Acting)}} [[Albert Camille Vital]] [[Omer Beriziky]]
| term_start1 = 17 March 2009
| term_end1 = 25 January 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Marc Ravalomanana]]
| successor1 = [[Hery Rajaonarimampianina]]
| office2 = [[List of Presidents of Madagascar|President of the High Transitional Authority of Madagascar]]
| primeminister2 = [[Monja Roindefo]] [[Eugène Mangalaza]] [[Cécile Manorohanta]] {{small|(Acting)}} [[Albert Camille Vital]] [[Omer Beriziky]]
| term_start2 = 17 March 2009
| term_end2 = 25 January 2014
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = ''Office abolished''
| office3 = 51st [[Mayor of Antananarivo]]
| term_start3 = 12 December 2007
| term_end3 = 3 February 2009
| predecessor3 = [[Hery Rafalimanana]]
| successor3 = [[Guy Randrianarisoa]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| birth_name = Andry Nirina Rajoelina
| birth_place = [[Antsirabe]], [[Madagascar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|5|30|df=y}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Young Malagasies Determined]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mialy Rajoelina|Mialy Razakandisa]]|2000}}
| children = 3
| nationality = [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]]
| residence = [[Iavoloha Palace]]
| website = [http://www.andry-rajoelina.org/ www.andry-rajoelina.org]
}}
{{Andry Rajoelina}}
'''Andry Nirina Rajoelina''' ({{IPAc-en|'|ɑː|n|d|r|iː|_|r|aː|dʒ|oʊ|iː|'|l|iː|n|ɑː}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=How do you say ANDRY RAJOELINA? |url=https://pronounce.voanews.com/phrasedetail.php?name=RAJOELINA%2C+ANDRY |url-status=live |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=VOA Pronunciation Guide}}</ref> {{IPA-mg|ˈjanɖʐʲ nʲˈrinᵊ ratʐ'welinᵊ|lang}}; born 30 May 1974) is a [[French people|French]] [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]] politician and businessman who is the 7th [[President of Madagascar]]. He was previously president of a [[High Transitional Authority|provisional government]] from 2009 to 2014 following a [[2009 Malagasy political crisis|political crisis and military-backed coup]], having held the office of [[Mayor of Antananarivo|Mayor]] of [[Antananarivo]] for one year prior. Before entering the political arena, Rajoelina was involved in the private sector, including a printing and advertising company called Injet in 1999 and the ''Viva'' radio and television networks in 2007.

He formed the political party [[Young Malagasies Determined]] and was elected [[Mayor of Antananarivo]] in 2007. While in this position, he led an opposition movement against then-President [[Marc Ravalomanana]] that culminated in a [[2009 Malagasy political crisis|2009 political crisis]]. Rajoelina was appointed as President of the [[High Transitional Authority (Madagascar)|High Transitional Authority of Madagascar (HTA)]] by a military council, in a move characterised as a [[coup d'état]] by the international community.<ref name=":1" /> Rajoelina dissolved the Senate and National Assembly, and transferred their powers to a variety of new governance structures responsible for overseeing the transition toward a new constitutional authority. This conflicted with an internationally mediated process to establish a transitional government. Voters approved a new constitution in a controversial [[Malagasy constitutional referendum, 2010|national referendum]] in November 2010, ushering in the Fourth Republic.

He held the Presidency of the HTA until [[2013 Malagasy general election|general elections]] were held in 2013, and stepped down in 2014. He won the [[2018 Malagasy presidential election|2018 presidential election]] and was inaugurated [[President of Madagascar]] on 19 January 2019. His tenure has included directing the government's response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar]], during which he promoted [[COVID-19 misinformation by governments#Madagascar|misinformation]] and [[Covid-Organics|unproven treatments]] for the disease, as well as a [[2021 Madagascar food crisis|2021 food insecurity crisis]] and [[Cyclone Batsirai]]. In June 2023, the revelation of French nationality led to the opening of a parliamentary inquiry, followed by the questioning of the High Constitutional Court by a group of citizens of the Malagasy diaspora in France.

== Family and early years ==
[[File:Andry et Mialy Rajoelina, allée des Baobabs, 22 avril 2012.jpg|thumb|Andry Rajoelina and his wife Mialy in 2012.]]
Andry Rajoelina was born on 30 May 1974 to a relatively wealthy family in [[Antsirabe]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20131016-madagascar-presidentielle-andry-rajoelina-il-dit-son-dernier-mot|title=Andry Rajoelina a-t-il dit son dernier mot? - RFI|work=RFI Afrique|access-date=2018-07-07|language=fr|author=Francis Kpatindé}}</ref> His father, now-retired Colonel Roger Yves Rajoelina, held dual nationality and fought for the French army in the [[Algerian War]].<ref name="MT">{{Cite news|url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Rajoelina-pere-conseiller-de,13076.html|title=Rajoelina père, conseiller de Sunpec|newspaper=Madagascar Tribune|date=19 November 2009|access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name = Cole>{{cite book | last = Cole | first = Jennifer | title = Sex and Salvation: Imagining the Future in Madagascar | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 2010 | location = Chicago, IL | pages = 180–182 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TnO3qxGouosC | isbn = 9780226113319}}</ref> Although his family could afford a college education for their son, Andry Rajoelina opted to discontinue his studies after completing his [[baccalauréat]] to launch a career as an entrepreneur.<ref name = Cole/>

In 1994, Rajoelina met his future spouse [[Mialy Rajoelina|Mialy Razakandisa]], who was then completing her senior year at a high school in Antananarivo. The couple courted long-distance for six years while Mialy completed her undergraduate and masters studies in finance and accounting in Paris; they were reunited in Madagascar in 2000 and wed the same year. Their marriage produced two boys, Arena (born 2002) and Ilonstoa (born 2003), and a daughter born in 2005 whom the couple named Ilona.<ref name=Mialy>{{cite news |title=PORTRAIT – MIALY RAJOELINA: Une femme de ressources |newspaper=L'Express de l'Ile Maurice (La Sentinelle Limited) |date=5 January 2008 |url=http://www.lexpress.mu/services/archive-100506-une-femme-de-ressources.html |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218212959/http://www.lexpress.mu/services/archive-100506-une-femme-de-ressources.html |archive-date=18 February 2014 |language=fr |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Media entrepreneur ==

In 1993, at the age of 19, Rajoelina established his first enterprise: a small event production company called ''Show Business.'' In the following year, he organized an annual concert called ''Live'' that brought together foreign and [[Music of Madagascar|Malagasy musical artists]]. The event gathered 50,000 participants on its tenth anniversary.<ref name=repression>{{cite journal|last=Galibert |first=Didier |title=Mobilisation populaire et repression a Madagascar: les transgressions de la cite cultuelle |journal=[[Politique Africaine]] |volume=113 |pages=139–151 |date=March 2009 |doi=10.3917/polaf.113.0139 |language=fr |url=http://www.politique-africaine.com/numeros/pdf/conjonctures/113139.pdf |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928123645/http://www.politique-africaine.com/numeros/pdf/conjonctures/113139.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999, he launched Injet, the first digital printing technology company available on the island, which gained quick traction with its expansion of billboard advertising throughout the capital.<ref name = repression/> Following his marriage in 2000, Andry and Mialy Rajoelina acquired Domapub, a competing Antananarivo-based billboard advertising business owned by Andry's in-laws.<ref name = intelligence>{{cite web | title = Andry Rajoelina, The billboard king turned presiden | publisher = Africa Intelligence | date = 8 January 2013 | url = https://www.africaintelligence.com/ion/insiders/madagascar/2013/01/08/andry-rajoelina-the-billboard-king-turned-president/107938742-be1 | access-date = 13 December 2018}}</ref> The couple worked together to manage the family businesses, with Andry responsible for Injet and his wife handling the affairs of Domapub.<ref name = Mialy/>

In May 2007, Andry Rajoelina purchased the ''Ravinala'' television and radio stations, and renamed them ''Viva TV'' and ''Viva FM''.<ref name=repression/>

== Mayor of Antananarivo (2007–2009) ==

=== Elections ===

In 2007, Rajoelina created and led the political association ''[[Young Malagasies Determined|Tanora malaGasy Vonona]]'' (TGV), meaning "determined Malagasy youth", and shortly afterward announced his candidacy to run for Mayor of Antananarivo. His very young age became a lever to gain a quick popularity throughout the nation (''{{lang|fr|jeunification}}'' of politics).<ref name = Cole/> Rajoelina was elected on 12 December 2007 with 63.3% of the vote on a 55% voter turnout, beating TIM party incumbent Hery Rafalimanana.<ref name = repression/><ref>{{cite news |last=Yves |first=Bernard |title=Andry Rajoelina, nouveau Maire d'Antananarivo élu avec 62% des suffrages |newspaper=Temoignages |date=17 December 2007 |url=http://www.temoignages.re/andry-rajoelina-nouveau-maire-d,26687.html |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106042957/http://www.temoignages.re/andry-rajoelina-nouveau-maire-d,26687.html |archive-date=6 January 2014 |language=fr |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Opposition movement against Ravalomanana ===
{{Further|2009 Malagasy political crisis}}
The first conflicts between Andry Rajoelina and president [[Marc Ravalomanana]] date back to 2003, when the government required the removal of Antananarivo's first Trivision advertising panels, which Rajoelina had installed at a major roundabout in the capital.<ref name = intelligence/><ref name=turbo>{{cite web | last = Ramambazafy | first = Jeannot | title = Viva télévision: Andry Tgv met le turbo | publisher = Madagate | date = 12 August 2008 | url = http://www.madagate.com/monde-malgache/articles/495-viva-television-andry-tgv-met-le-turbo.html | access-date = 1 June 2013 | language = fr | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131019103726/http://www.madagate.com/monde-malgache/articles/495-viva-television-andry-tgv-met-le-turbo.html | archive-date = 19 October 2013}}</ref>

In November and December 2008, the government became embroiled in two scandals. A July 2008 deal with [[Daewoo]] Logistics to lease half the island's arable land for [[South Korea|South Korean]] cultivation of corn and palm oil,<ref>{{cite web|author=Vivienne Walt|date=23 November 2008|title=The Breadbasket of South Korea: Madagascar|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1861145,00.html|access-date=13 December 2018|website=Time.com}}</ref> and the November 2008 purchase of a second presidential jet, a [[Boeing 737]], at a cost of US$60 million, which led the [[World Bank]] and the IMF to suspend $35 million worth of financial support to the Island. Rajoelina used this to garner support against Ravalomanana's government.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 February 2009|title=Les avertissements du FMI et de la communauté internationale|url=http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/110/article_78082.asp|access-date=13 December 2018|website=Rfi.fr}}</ref>

Upon taking office, the city's treasury had a debt of 8.2 billion Malagasy [[Ariary]] (approximately US$4.6 million).<ref>{{cite news |last=Randria |first=N. |title=Andry Rajoelina hérite de 41 milliards fmg de dettes |newspaper=Madagascar Tribune |date=22 December 2007 |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Andry-Rajoelina-herite-de-41,3713.html |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019105247/http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Andry-Rajoelina-herite-de-41,3713.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 |language=fr |url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 January 2008, due to unpaid debts to the [[Jirama]], the city of Antananarivo was hit by a general water cutoff, and brownouts of the city's street lights. After an audit, it was found that the Jirama owed about the same amount of money to the City Hall, and the sanction on the city's population was retrieved.<ref>{{cite news |first=N. |last=Randria |title=La CUA et les coupures d'eau et d'électricité: Antananarivo est-elle sanctionnée? |newspaper=Madagascar Tribune |date=7 January 2008 |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Antananarivo-est-elle-sanctionnee,3929.html |access-date=10 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019103740/http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Antananarivo-est-elle-sanctionnee,3929.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 |language=fr |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 13 December 2008, the government closed Andry Rajoelina's Viva TV, stating that a Viva interview with exiled former head of state [[Didier Ratsiraka]] was "likely to disturb peace and security".<ref name="rsf fer">{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/fr/actualites/le-bras-de-fer-opposant-le-president-et-le-maire-de-la-capitale-rejaillit-sur-les-medias|title=Le bras de fer opposant le Président et le maire de la capitale rejaillit sur les médias|website=Rsf.org|date=26 January 2009|language=fr|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> Within a week Rajoelina met with twenty of Madagascar's most prominent opposition leaders, referred to in the press as the "Club of 20", to develop a joint statement demanding that the Ravalomanana administration improve its adherence to democratic principles. Rajoelina also promised to dedicate a politically open public space in the capital which he would call ''Place de la Démocratie'' ("Democracy Plaza").<ref>{{cite news |last=R.C. |title=Andry Rajoelina réunit le "Club des 20" |newspaper=Madagascar Tribune |date=17 December 2008 |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Andry-Rajoelina-reunit-le-Club-des,10387.html |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019102119/http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Andry-Rajoelina-reunit-le-Club-des,10387.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 |language=fr |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Antananarivo - P1090823.jpg|thumbnail|Pro-Rajoelina protesters in Antananarivo, 2009]]

Beginning in January 2009, Andry Rajoelina led a [[2009 Malagasy political crisis|series of political rallies]] in downtown Antananarivo. On 13 January, he launched an ultimatum to the government to restore ''Viva TV''. A week later, the transmission failure message of ''Viva TV'' was changed to a still picture of Andry Rajoelina, which led the authorities to seize the channel's transmitter by force.<ref name="rsf fer"/> On 17 January, Andry Rajoelina gathered 30,000 supporters at a public park which he renamed ''Place de la Démocratie'' to defy the public executive power of Ravalomanana.<ref name=CrossroadsMarcus>{{cite web|last1=Bachelard |first1=Jerome |last2=Marcus |first2=Richard |title=Countries at the Crossroads 2011: Madagascar |publisher=Freedom House |year=2011 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/MADAGASCARfinal.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608195355/http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/MADAGASCARfinal.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2012 |access-date=25 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> At a rally on 31 January 2009, Rajoelina announced that he was in charge of the country's affairs, declaring: "Since the president and the government have not assumed their responsibilities, I therefore proclaim that I will run all national affairs as of today." He added that a request for President Ravalomanana to formally resign would shortly be filed with the [[Parliament of Madagascar]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Mayor 'takes control' in Madagascar | newspaper = Al Jazeera | date = 31 January 2009 | url = http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/01/200913117515731782.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090202025539/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/01/200913117515731782.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2 February 2009 | access-date = 6 October 2012 }}</ref> This self-declaration of power discredited Rajoelina's democratic aims, and the number of attendees at subsequent rallies declined, averaging around 3,000 to 5,000 participants.<ref name = CrossroadsMarcus/>

=== Destitution ===

On 3 February, the Ministry of Domestic Affairs dismissed Rajoelina as mayor of Antananarivo and appointed a [[Special delegation (France)|special delegation]] headed by Guy Randrianarisoa to manage the affairs of the capital. Andry Rajoelina contested the decision.<ref>{{cite news|title=Madagascar sacks capital city mayor |newspaper=AFP |date=3 February 2009 |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSsw9Mt5_TWeAwuwVr5S24GMvwIg |access-date=6 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219173004/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSsw9Mt5_TWeAwuwVr5S24GMvwIg |archive-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>

== President of the High Transitional Authority (2009–2014) ==
{{Main|High Transitional Authority (Madagascar)}}

=== Resignation of Ravalomanana ===

On 7 February, Andry Rajoelina organized a new rally during which the leaders of the orange movement declared the constitution of a High Transitional Authority and Andry Rajoelina as its president. The crowd then marched towards the Presidential palace to state its claim to power. The presidential guards opened fire, killing 31 protesters, and wounding more than 200.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2009/02/07/madagascar-rajoelina-prend-la-tete-d-une-haute-autorite-de-transition_1152140_3212.html|title=Madagascar : la police ouvre le feu contre des partisans de l'opposition|website=Lemomnde.fr|date=7 February 2009|language=fr|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> This massacre dramatically diminished the Presidency's popularity in the crisis,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/MADAGASCARfinal.pdf|title=Countries at the crossroads 2011: Madagascar|website=Freedomhouses.org|date=2011|author1=Jerome Y. Bachelard|author2=Richard R. Marcus|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> and led to losing its support from the Army which blamed the President for ordering the shooting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7946741.stm|title=Madagascar soldiers seize palace|website=Bbc.co.uk|date=16 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>

On 6 March, after the Malagasy authorities attempted to arrest him, Andry Rajoelina took refuge in the French embassy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7933226.stm|title=France protects Madagascar rival|website=Bbc.co.uk|date=9 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://observers.france24.com/en/20090311-malagasies-turning-against-french-madagascar-riots-rajoelina-ravalomanana|title=Are Malagasies turning against the French?|website=France24.com|date=11 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> On 10 March, the Army released a 72-hour ultimatum, urging the political leaders to find a solution to the crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE52907D20090310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216032011/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE52907D20090310|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2018|title=Madagascar's army issues 72-hour crisis ultimatum|website=Reuters.com|date=10 March 2009|author=Alain Iloniaina|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7935096.stm|title=Madagascar army's crisis deadline|website=Bbc.co.uk|date=10 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> On 15 March, Ravalomanana went on air to declare a referendum to solve the crisis,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/16/world/africa/16madagascar.html|title=Madagascar Crisis May Go to a Vote|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> an offer refused by Rajoelina who instead called for the President's arrest.<ref name="AutoRI-43">{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/f7945681.stm | title = Call to arrest Madagascar leader | date = 16 March 2009 | work = [[BBC]] | access-date = 18 March 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090403001931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7945681.stm | archive-date = 3 April 2009 }}</ref> The following day, Ravalomanana dissolved the government, resigned, and transferred the Presidential seal to a senior committee of the Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/18/world/africa/18madagascar.html|title=Madagascar's President Quits After Weeks of Chaos|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 March 2009|author=Barry Bearak|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> On 18 March, the Army transferred power directly to Rajoelina, making him president of the High Transitional Authority (HAT). Madagascar's constitutional court deemed the double-transfer of power (Ravalomanana-Army-Rajoelina) to be legal.<ref name="aj-2009-03-19">{{cite news|title=Madagascar dissolves parliament |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=19 March 2009 |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/03/2009319155324395613.html |access-date=14 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322180633/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/03/2009319155324395613.html |archive-date=22 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Rajoelina was sworn in as President on 21 March at [[Mahamasina Municipal Stadium|Mahamasina stadium]] before a crowd of 40,000 supporters.<ref name="gn-2009-03-21">{{cite news | url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gRPBgl6bSQQNkx4oA0bEJxiMlQmg | title = Madagascar's Rajoelina sworn in | agency = Agence France-Presse | work =Google News| date = 21 March 2009}}</ref> He was 35 years of age when sworn in, making him the [[List of heads of state of Madagascar|youngest president in the country's history]] and the youngest head of government in the world at that time.<ref>{{cite news | title = Who's your daddy? The youngest political leaders around the world | newspaper = The Economist | date = 3 June 2009 | url = http://www.economist.com/node/13768417 | access-date = 16 March 2012 }}</ref>

=== Resolution of the political conflict ===
{{Main|2009 Malagasy political crisis}}
On 19 March 2009, [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]] announced it did not recognize the new government.<ref name="VOA News 2009-03-19" /> The [[African Union]] described the events as a [[coup d'état]] and suspended Madagascar and threatened sanctions if the constitutional government had not been restored within six months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/03/21/madagascar.president/|title=Former opposition leader becomes Madagascar's president|website=Cnn.com|date=21 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> The United States, Madagascar's [[Madagascar–United States relations|largest bilateral donor and provider of humanitarian aid]], also refused to acknowledge the Rajoelina administration, and ordered all nonessential embassy employees to leave the Island.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/2009/0326/p07s01-wogn.html|title=Madagascar: island even more isolated after coup|website=Csmonitor.com|date=26 March 2009|author=Fanja Saholiarisoa|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="VOA News 2009-03-19">{{cite news| title = Southern African Nations Refuse to Recognize Madagascar Leader| date = 19 March 2009| work = VOA News| url = http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-03-19-voa68.cfm| access-date = 20 March 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090321085344/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-03-19-voa68.cfm| archive-date= 21 March 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg 2009-03-20">{{cite news| first = Paul| last = Tighe| title = Madagascar Army-Backed Leadership Change Denounced by EU, U.S| date = 20 March 2009| work = Bloomberg.com| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aqiaTCUQ3jwk&refer=home| access-date = 20 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="Econ1">
{{cite news| title = A coup that is not yet irreversible| newspaper = The Economist| page = 56| date = 28 March – 3 April 2009}}</ref> Madagascar was removed from the list of beneficiaries of the [[African Growth and Opportunity Act]] (AGOA).<ref name = faim>{{cite web | last = De Schutter | first = Olivier | title = La population malgache a faim car elle est prise en otage |publisher = United Nations | url = http://www.srfood.org/index.php/fr/component/content/article/1563-madagascars-hungry-population-is-taken-hostage | date = 22 July 2011 | access-date = 2 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref> In May 2009, the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] also froze its aid to Madagascar.<ref name="reuters idUSLDE62G25D20101115">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/madagascar-referendum/timeline-madagascar-votes-on-a-new-constitution-idUSLDE62G25D20101115|title=TIMELINE-Madagascar votes on a new constitution|website=Reuters.com|date=15 November 2010|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> The UN responded to the power transfer by freezing 600 million euros in planned aid. The international community maintained that Rajoelina's legitimacy was conditional to free and fair elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/108757/MADAGASCAR15OCT09.pdf|title=Madagascar: Anatomy of a Recurrent Crisis|website=Ethz.ch|date=16 October 2009|author=Ottilia Maunganidze|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>

In August 2009, the historic Presidents of Madagascar (Rajoelina, Ravalomanana, [[Didier Ratsiraka|Ratsiraka]] & [[Albert Zafy|Zafy]]) signed the Maputo Accords, which provided guidelines for a period of consensual political transition.<ref name="people 7104765">{{cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90855/7104765.html|title=Madagascar parties agree to end political crisis, set election date|website=People.cn|date=14 August 2010|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> In 11 October 2009, Andry Rajoelina appointed [[Eugene Malganza]] as [[Prime Minister of Madagascar|Prime Minister]]. Further guidelines were defined during the Addis Ababa reunion to split the presidential power with 2 co-presidents. The Malagasy former presidents were authorized to return to the Island, and Rajoelina named a new Prime Minister.<ref name="reuters idUSLDE62G25D20101115"/>

In November 2010, a constitutional referendum resulted in the adoption of the state's fourth constitution with 73% in favor and a voter turnout of 52.6%.<ref name="people 7104765" /> One change made by the new constitution was to lower the minimum age for presidential candidates from 40 to 35, making Rajoelina eligible to eventually stand in presidential elections.<ref>{{cite news|title=Madagascar Approves New Constitution |newspaper=Voice of America |date=21 November 2010 |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Madagascar-Approves-New-Constitution-109912629.html |access-date=6 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219112449/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Madagascar-Approves-New-Constitution-109912629.html |archive-date=19 December 2010}}</ref> The new constitution mandated the leader of the High Transitional Authority – the position held by Rajoelina – be kept as interim president until an election could take place, and required presidential candidates to have lived in Madagascar for at least six months prior to the elections, effectively barring Ravalomanana and other opposition leaders living in exile from running in the next election.<ref name="Economist 2010-11-18">{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/baobab/2010/11/18/the-coup-that-wasnt|title=The coup that wasn't|website=Economist.com|date=18 November 2010|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="Guardian 2010-11-21">{{cite news| last = Pourtier| first = Gregoire| date = 21 November 2010| title = Madagascar referendum could deepen political crisis| newspaper = The Guardian| url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/nov/17/madagascar-referendum-political-crisis| access-date = 21 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="peoplesd">{{cite web| title = "YES" leading in Madagascar's referendum on new constitution| publisher = People's Daily Online| date = 18 November 2010| url = http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7204099.html| access-date = 21 November 2010}}</ref>

In June 2010, the EU announced the extension of its $600-million financial aid to Madagascar.<ref name="reuters idUSLDE62G25D20101115"/> In November 2011, his talk at the UN [[66th Session of the United Nations General Assembly]] marked the first major form of international recognition of the Transition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE7B70CF20111208|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224456/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE7B70CF20111208|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2018|title=Madagascar interim chief eyes elections, wary of ex-president|website=Reuters.com|date=8 December 2011|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madagate.org/politique-madagascar/dossier/2090-president-andry-rajoelina-speech-in-uno-66th-general-assembly.html|title=President Andry Rajoelina Speech in UNO 66th General Assembly|website=Madagate.org|date=9 October 2011|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> On 13 May 2011, Andry Rajoelina met with [[Alain Juppé]], the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, and on 7 December 2011 he was officially received by the French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]].<ref>{{cite web | title = France: President Sarkozy meets Rajoelina | publisher = Afriquejet.com | date = 8 December 2011 | url = http://www.afriquejet.com/france-madagascar-2011120829111.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120721133003/http://www.afriquejet.com/france-madagascar-2011120829111.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 21 July 2012 | access-date = 6 October 2012 }}</ref>

In May 2013, when Ravalomanana's wife announced her candidacy for the [[2013 Malagasy general election|2013 elections]], Rajoelina saw it as a breach of contract and reintroduced his own candidacy for the elections. This situation led to the elections to be postponed many times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-madagascar-elections/madagascar-pushes-back-presidential-election-to-october-idUSBRE97L0YE20130822|title=Madagascar pushes back presidential election to October|website=Reuuters.com|date=22 August 2013|author=Alain Ilioniania|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> A special electoral court ruled in August 2013 that the candidatures of Rajoelina, Ravalomanana and Ratsiraka were invalid and not be permitted to run in the 2013 election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/18/madagascar-bans-president-rival-wife-election|title=Madagascar court bans president and rival's wife from standing for election|website=The Guardian|date=18 August 2013|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> Andry Rajoelina then announced his endorsement of presidential candidate [[Hery Rajaonarimampianina]], who won the presidential election race. Andry Rajoelina officially stepped down on 25 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Madagascar-strongman-steps-down-20140124|title=Madagascar strongman steps down|website=News24.com|date=24 January 2014|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>

Rajaonarimampianina set up the MAPAR committee to organize the selection of his cabinet, a process that extended over several months. During this time, Rajoelina sought to be nominated for the position of [[Prime Minister of Madagascar]] but Rajaonarimampianina picked [[Roger Kolo]], with the support of the majority in the parliament.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Rabary | first1 = Lovasoa |last2 = Obulutsa | first2 = George | title = Doctor Kolo Roger, new Prime minister of Madagascar |publisher = [[Le Monde]] | url = http://fanorenana.blog.lemonde.fr/2014/04/12/doctor-kolo-roger-prime-ministre-of-madagascar | date = 19 April 2014 | access-date = 5 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-11/madagascar-president-appoints-roger-kolo-as-prime-minister.html | title = Madagascar President Appoints Roger Kolo as Prime Minister | publisher = Bloomberg News| date = 11 April 2014 | access-date = 11 April 2014}}</ref> On 18 April, a cabinet was announced that comprised 31 members with varied political affiliations.<ref>{{cite web | title = Madagascar: Kolo Roger forme un gouvernement d'ouverture |language = fr |publisher = Radio France Internationale | url = http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140411-madagascar-kolo-roger-nouveau-premier-ministre-grande-ile/ | date = 19 April 2014 | access-date = 5 July 2014}}</ref>

=== Policies and governance ===
[[File:Andry Rajoelina greeting crowd.jpg|thumb|Andry Rajoelina in 2012.]]
Upon taking office, Rajoelina dissolved the Senate and Parliament to transfer their powers to his cabinet, the officials of the HAT, and the newly established Council for social and economic strengthening, through which his policies were issued as decrees. Legislative authority rested in practice with Rajoelina and his cabinet, composed of his closest advisers. A military committee established in April increased HAT control over security and defense policy. The following month, after the suspension of the country's 22 regional governors, the Transitional government strengthened its influence over local government by naming replacements. The National Inquiry Commission (CNME) was established shortly thereafter to strengthen HAT effectiveness in addressing judicial and legal matters.<ref name = CrossroadsMarcus/>

One of Andry Rajoelina's first measures as President was to cancel Ravalomanana's unpopular deal with Daewoo Logistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7953617.stm|title=Africans reject Madagascar leader|website=Bbc.co.uk|date=19 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> On 2 June 2009, Ravalomanana was fined 70 million US dollars (42 million British pounds) and sentenced to four years in prison for alleged abuse of office which, according to HAT Justice Minister Christine Razanamahasoa, included the December 2008 purchase of a second presidential jet ("Air Force II") worth $60 million.<ref name="Madagascar sentences ex-president">{{cite news|title=Madagascar sentences ex-president |date=3 June 2009 |access-date=3 June 2009 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8080940.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323165144/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8080940.stm |archive-date=23 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rajoelina also pursued legal action against Ravalomanana's company Tiko to reclaim 35 million US dollars in back taxes.<ref name=TikoPressure>{{cite web|last=US Department of State |title=09Antananarivo266: Ravalomanana's Tiko Group under pressure |publisher=Leak Overflow |date=11 April 2009 |url=http://www.leakoverflow.com/questions/550756/09antananarivo266-ravalomananas-tiko-group-under-pressure |access-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126221224/http://www.leakoverflow.com/questions/550756/09antananarivo266-ravalomananas-tiko-group-under-pressure |archive-date=26 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, on 28 August 2010, the HAT sentenced Ravalomanana [[trial in absentia|''in absentia'']] to hard labor for life and issued an arrest warrant for his role in the protests and ensuing deaths.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11120620 |work=BBC News |title=Exiled Madagascan leader Ravalomanana sentenced |date=28 August 2010 |access-date=6 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007100948/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11120620 |archive-date=7 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also rejected Ravalomanana's medium term development strategy, termed the Madagascar Action Plan, and abandoned education reforms initiated by his predecessor that adopted Malagasy and English as languages of instruction, instead returning to the traditional use of French.<ref name = Chatham>{{cite web | last1 = Dewar | first1 = Bob | last2 = Massey | first2 = Simon | last3 = Baker | first3 = Bruce | url = https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/188849 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130202020125/http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/188849 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2013-02-02 | publisher = Chatham House | title = Madagascar: Time to Make a Fresh Start | date = January 2013 | access-date = 6 June 2013 }}</ref> Later in 2012, he sold the controversial [[Boeing 747]] bought by his predecessor with public funds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zinfos974.com/Madagascar-Le-Boeing-de-l-ex-president-Ravalomanana-vendu_a48002.html|title=Madagascar : Le Boeing de l'ex-président Ravalomanana vendu|website=Zinfos974.com|date=5 October 2012|language=fr|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>

Sanctions and suspension of donor aid amounted to 50% of the national budget and 70% of public investments, which obstructed the government's management of state affairs.<ref>{{cite web | title = Lettre ouverte: Pourquoi il faut lever les sanctions économiques contre Madagascar | publisher = Slate Afrique | url = http://www.slateafrique.com/39443/madagascar-crise-politique-sanctions-economiques-internationales-population-faim-pauvrete | date = 12 March 2012 | access-date = 2 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref> Rajoelina occasionally organized events to distribute basic items to the population, including medicines, clothing, house maintenance materials and school supplies.<ref>{{cite news | author = Bill | title = Arrivée de l'aide internationale: Andry Rajoelina a tenu à être présent | newspaper = Madagascar Tribune | date = 5 March 2013 | url = http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Andry-Rajoelina-a-tenu-a-etre,18515.html| access-date = 6 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref> His administration spent billions of ariary to subsidize basic needs like electricity, petrol,<ref>{{cite news | last = Fanjanarivo | title = Subventions énergétiques: Pour les riches et non-pas pour les pauvres| newspaper = La Gazette de la Grande Ile | date = 14 May 2013 | url = http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31318:subventions-energetiques-pour-les-riches-et-non-pas-pour-les-pauvres&catid=45:newsflash&Itemid=58| access-date = 6 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref> and food staples.<ref>{{cite news | last = Saraléa | first = Judicaëlle | title = Produit de première nécessité: Rajoelina promet du riz à Ar 1200 | newspaper = L'Express de Madagascar | date = 6 January 2011 | url = http://www.lexpressmada.com/4810/produit-de-premiere-necessite-madagascar/19733-rajoelina-promet-du-riz-a-ar-1200.html | access-date = 6 June 2013 | language = fr | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131231232743/http://www.lexpressmada.com/4810/produit-de-premiere-necessite-madagascar/19733-rajoelina-promet-du-riz-a-ar-1200.html | archive-date = 31 December 2013}}</ref> In 2010, two years after Rajoelina launched the project as mayor of Antananarivo, the HAT completed the reconstruction of the ''Hotel de Ville'' (town hall) of Antananarivo which had been destroyed by arson during the ''[[rotaka]]'' political protests of 1972. During this ceremony, Andry Rajoelina announced that 11 December was a new holiday in the Malagasy calendar, and the fourth Constitution of the country was enacted.<ref>{{cite news | last = Rakotoarilala | first = Ninaivo | title = 11 décembre: Jour à marquer d'une pierre blanche pour Andry Rajoelina | newspaper = Madagascar Tribune | date = 11 December 2010 | url = http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Jour-a-marquer-d-une-pierre,15212.html| access-date = 6 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref>

Through the ''trano mora'' ("affordable house") initiative, the HAT built several subsidized housing developments intended for young middle class couples.<ref>{{cite news | title = Des logements pour les classes moyennes malgaches | newspaper = Radio France International | date = 10 September 2011 | url = http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110910-logements-classes-moyennes-malgaches| access-date = 2 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref> Numerous other construction projects were planned or completed, including the restoration of historic staircases in Antananarivo built in the 19th century during the reign of Queen [[Ranavalona I]];<ref>{{cite news | last = Rakotoarilala | first = Ninaivo | title = D'Antaninarenina à Ambondrona: Andry Rajoelina revisite son adolescence | newspaper = Madagascar Tribune | date = 15 January 2013 | url = http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Andry-Rajoelina-revisite-son,18358.html| access-date = 3 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref> the repaving of the heavily traveled road between Toamasina and Foulpointe; the construction of a 15,000-capacity municipal stadium and new town hall in Toamasina; and the construction of a hospital built to international standards in Toamasina.<ref name = toamasina>{{cite news | author = Bill | title = Toamasina: Andry Rajoelina lance de nouveaux défis | newspaper = Madagascar Tribune | date = 8 October 2012 | url = http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Andry-Rajoelina-lance-de-nouveaux,18020.html| access-date = 3 June 2013 | language = fr}}</ref>

== 2018 presidential campaign ==
[[File:AndryCampaign2018-1.jpg|thumb|Campaigners for Andry Rajoelina near [[Antsirabe]], October 2018.]]
{{see also|2018 Malagasy presidential election}}
In early August 2018, Andry Rajoelina was the first to register his candidacy for the [[2018 Malagasy presidential election|2018 presidential elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-madagascar-politics/madagascars-former-leader-andry-rajoelina-says-to-seek-presidency-again-idUSKBN1KM5UG|title=Madagascar's former leader Andry Rajoelina says to seek presidency again|website=Reuters.com|date=1 August 2018|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> He had previously introduced the Initiative for the Emergence of Madagascar (IEM) that define the lines of his campaign program. One campaign promise is to close the Senate to save money and build universities instead. He also aims to increase access to electricity, to work towards agricultural self-sufficiency, and to increase security.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/andry-rajoelina-plans-political-comeback-in-madagascar/a-44984197|title=Andry Rajoelina plans political comeback in Madagascar|website=Wd.com|date=7 August 2018|author=Eric Topona|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>

The campaign started in October 2018, with Andry Rajoelina facing his historical opponents Ravalomanana and Rajaonarimampianina,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/10/09/election-campaigning-begins-in-madagascar/|title=Election campaigning begins in Madagascar|website=Africanews.com|date=9 October 2018|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> the favorites in a campaign of 46 candidates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/46-candidates-bid-to-contest-madagascar-presidency-20180821|title=46 candidates bid to contest Madagascar presidency|website=News24.com|date=21 August 2018|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> In the first round of the elections on 7 November, he took the lead with 39.19% (1,949,851) of the votes (Ravalomana 35.29% or 1,755,855 votes).<ref name="theeastafrican 4552902-4872530-trej7az">{{cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/africa/Madagascar-former-presidents-in-round-two-race/4552902-4872530-trej7az/index.html|title=Madagascar ex-presidents to contest run-off vote|website=Theeastafrican.co.ke|date=28 November 2018|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalvoices.org/2018/12/13/in-madagasgar-costly-presidential-campaigns-dont-add-up-to-a-better-life-for-citizens/|title=In Madagascar, costly presidential campaigns don't add up to a better life for citizens|website=Globalvoices.org|date=13 December 2018|author=Rakotomalala|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> A televised debate between the two final candidates was aired live on 10 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201812110662.html|title=Madagascar Presidential Vote - Rajoelina, Ravalomanana Debate|website=Allafrica.com|date=11 December 2018|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>

Rajoelina won the election with 55.66 %<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-08|title=Elections à Madagascar : Guterres félicite le Président élu Andry Rajoelina | ONU Info|url=https://news.un.org/fr/story/2019/01/1033382|access-date=2023-01-21|website=news.un.org|language=fr}}</ref> of the votes and was inaugurated on 19 January 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2019/01/19/madagascar-president-andry-rajoelina-sworn-into-office/|title=Madagascar president Andry Rajoelina sworn into office|last=Oteng|first=Eric|date=2019-01-19|website=Africanews|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120002136/http://www.africanews.com/2019/01/19/madagascar-president-andry-rajoelina-sworn-into-office/|archive-date=2019-01-20|url-status=live|access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref>

== President of Madagascar (2019–present) ==
{{Expand section|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Andry Rajoelina.jpg|thumb|Rajoelina in April 2023]]
[[File:The heads of delegations attending the Russia-Africa Summit pose for photographs (2019-10-24).jpg|thumb|Rajoelina and other African leaders at the [[Russia–Africa Summit 2019|Russia–Africa Summit]] in Sochi in October 2019]]

===COVID-19 pandemic===
{{Further|COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar|COVID-19 misinformation by governments#Madagascar}}
In April and May 2020, President Rajoelina gained media attention when he launched an [[List of unproven methods against COVID-19|untested COVID-19 "cure"]] dubbed "[[Covid-Organics]]". The herbal tea was developed by the Madagascar Institute of Applied Research (MIAR) using [[artemisia (genus)|artemisia]] and other locally-sourced herbs. The military distributed batches of "Covid-Organics" to the public. Drinking the herbal tea was made obligatory in school.<ref>{{Cite web|title=La prise du Covid-Organics sera obligatoire pour tous les élèves|url=https://twitter.com/SE_Rajoelina/status/1252013045540433920|last=Rajoelina|first=Andry|date=2020-04-19|website=@SE_Rajoelina|language=fr|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=21 April 2020|title=Andry Rajoelina promotes herbal tea cure for covid 19|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/04/madagascars-president-promotes-unproven-herbal-cure-for-covid-19/|access-date=21 April 2020|website=Reuters.com}}</ref> Several African countries including Tanzania, Liberia, Equatorial Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau have purchased the herbal tea. [[Matshidiso Moeti]] of the Africa regional office of the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) said there was no available proof for the effectiveness of this cure.<ref name="NSc20200515">{{cite news|last=Vaughan|first=Adam|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2243669-no-evidence-madagascar-cure-for-covid-19-works-says-who/|title=No evidence 'Madagascar cure' for covid-19 works, says WHO|work=New Scientist|date=15 May 2020|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> It had not undergone proper clinical trials and no peer-reviewed data existed. The National Academy of Medicine of Madagascar (ANAMEM) was also skeptical.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-52633630|title=Coronavirus: Madagascar President Rajoelina hits out at tonic 'detractors'|work=BBC News|date=12 May 2020|access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> A WHO advert on Google said: "Africans deserve to use medicines tested to the same standards as people in the rest of the world".<ref name="NSc20200515" /> The [[African Union]] has sought to test the technical efficiency of the herbal tea.<ref>{{cite news |title=Madagascar hands out 'miracle' coronavirus cure as it lifts lockdown |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown |access-date=7 May 2020 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=23 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502065651/http://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown |archive-date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250 |access-date=7 May 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430104857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250 |archive-date=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: What is Madagascar's 'herbal remedy' Covid-Organics? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html |access-date=5 May 2020 |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505232624/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>

On 4 April, [[Arphine Helisoa]] (the pseudonym of [[Arphine Rahelisoa]]),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cpj.org/2020/04/madagascar-journalist-arphine-helisoa-jailed-on-fa/|title=Madagascar journalist Arphine Helisoa jailed on false news, incitement allegation|work=Committee to Project Journalists|location=New York City|date=22 April 2020|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> a publishing director and journalist at the ''Ny Valosoa'' newspaper, was placed in custody awaiting trial charged with spreading [[fake news]] after she was accused of criticizing the president's handling of the pandemic and of "incitement of hatred" towards President Rajoelina.<ref>{{cite news |title=Southern Africa: COVID-19 a pretext for surge in harassment of journalists and weakening of media houses by states|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/05/southern-africa-covid19-a-pretext-for-surge-in-harassment-of-journalists-and-weakening-of-media-houses-by-states/ |work=Amnesty International|date=3 May 2020|access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> She was released after a month.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/journalist-critical-madagascar-president-released|title=Journalist Critical of Madagascar President Released|work=Voice of America|agency=Agence France-Press|date=4 May 2020|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref>

===Environment===
Rajoelina has blamed [[Climate change in Madagascar|climate change]] for the [[Food security in Madagascar|food insecurity]] in parts of his country and has called on powerful nations to fight it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=AP |title=Madagascar President urges tougher action on climate change |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/09/23/madagascar-president-urges-tougher-action-on-climate-change/ |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=Africa News |date=23 September 2021}}</ref>

During the [[COP26]] meeting in [[Glasgow]], Rajoelina, linked the risks of deforestation and biodiversity in Madagascar, and vowed to protect the forests of Madagascar, while also announcing the use of [[bioethanol]] and gas-based stoves in the country to fight the effects of climate change. None of this projects had been realized during his mandate. Rajoelina also pledged more financial aid to protect the aforementioned biodiversity in Madagascar; which represents 5% of this world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cop26 : Andry Rajoelina a plaidé pour l'utilisation de réchauds à base de bioéthanol |trans-title=Cop26: Andry Rajoelina pleaded for the use of bioethanol-based stoves|url=https://www.linfo.re/ocean-indien/madagascar/cop26-andry-rajoelina-a-plaide-pour-l-utilisation-de-rechauds-a-base-de-bioethanol |access-date=2 November 2021 |agency=Linfo |date=2 November 2021 |language=fr}}</ref>

===2021–2022 Madagascar famine===
{{Main|2021–2022 Madagascar famine}}
In June 2021, a severe drought caused hundreds of thousands of people, with some estimations claiming more than one million people, to suffer from [[2021 Madagascar food crisis|food insecurity]] in the south of the country. Rajoelina jointly announced a plan to combat hunger along with US ambassador to the country [[Michael Pelletier]].<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Government Provides Nearly $40 Million in Additional Emergency Assistance for Southern Madagascar |url=https://mg.usembassy.gov/u-s-government-provides-nearly-40-million-in-additional-emergency-assistance-for-southern-madagascar/ |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=www.mg.usembassy.gov |agency=United States Embassy to Madagascar |date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=1 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701044115/https://mg.usembassy.gov/u-s-government-provides-nearly-40-million-in-additional-emergency-assistance-for-southern-madagascar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Among other measures, Rajoelina ordered the distribution of [[butane gas]] stoves to replace [[charcoal]] as an alternative for people in the poorest areas of the country. The measure reached a total of 15,000 households.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaz butane : 15.000 ménages vont bénéficier d'un kit de réchaud gratuit |trans-title=Butane gas: 15,000 households will benefit from a free stove kit |url=https://madagascar-tribune.com/Gaz-butane-15-000-menages-vont-beneficier-d-un-kit-de-rechaud-gratuit.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |work=[[Madagascar Tribune]] |date=6 July 2021 |language=French |archive-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705083444/https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Gaz-butane-15-000-menages-vont-beneficier-d-un-kit-de-rechaud-gratuit.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rajoelina has promised to empower women during the famine while stating that the current food crisis in Madagascar is a consequence of a climate crisis which Malagasy people are suffering and in which "they did not participate". Rajoelina asked for a "radical and lasting change" during an [[International Development Association]] summit in [[Ivory Coast]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Famine dans le Sud de Madagascar : la période entre octobre et décembre 2021 s'annonce difficile |trans-title=Famine in southern Madagascar: the period between October and December 2021 promises to be difficult |url=https://www.linfo.re/ocean-indien/madagascar/famine-dans-le-sud-de-madagascar-la-periode-entre-octobre-et-decembre-2021-s-annonce-difficile |access-date=19 July 2021 |agency=Linfo |date=19 July 2021 |language=French |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719015346/https://www.linfo.re/ocean-indien/madagascar/famine-dans-le-sud-de-madagascar-la-periode-entre-octobre-et-decembre-2021-s-annonce-difficile |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:President Biden met with Presidents of various African countries at the White House 2022.jpg|thumb|Rajoelina at the [[United States–Africa Leaders Summit 2022|United States–Africa Leaders Summit]] in Washington, D.C. in December 2022]]
===2021 assassination plot===
On 22 July 2021, police announced they had arrested six people, including foreign nationals, after months of investigation into a plot to kill Rajoelina. The attorney general filed charges against them on different charges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rabary |first1=Lovasoa |title=Madagascar police, after months of investigation, arrest six over plot to kill president |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/several-arrested-over-plot-kill-madagascar-president-attorney-general-says-2021-07-22/ |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=Reuters |date=22 July 2021}}</ref> The next day, the attorney general announced that at least one French citizen was among those arrested, and said that he was a former member of the [[French Armed Forces]]. France responded by saying that they were working with consular aid in Madagascar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rabary |first1=Lovasoa |title=French citizen among six held over plan to kill Madagascar president -minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/french-citizen-among-six-arrested-over-plot-kill-madagascar-president-minister-2021-07-23/ |access-date=23 July 2021 |work=Reuters |date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

===French nationality===
In July 2023, the former president of the Syndicate of Magistrates of Madagascar and opponent Fanirisoa Ernaivo claimed that Rajoelina was a naturalized French citizen and therefore has invalidated his Malagasy citizenship, and has "filed a complaint for treason, espionage, use of forgery and attack on the security of the State".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lejournaldelafrique.com/en/andry-rajoelina-too-french-to-be-president-of-madagascar/|title=Andry Rajoelina, too French to be president of Madagascar?|date=30 June 2023}}</ref>

===Corruption of the Director of Cabinet===
On August 14, 2023 the Director of Cabinet of president [[Andry Rajoelina]], Romy Voos Andrianarisoa, was arrested in [[London]] under accusations of corruption on a London based mining company.<ref>[https://lexpress.mg/14/08/2023/suspicion-de-corruption-romy-andrianarisoa-arretee-au-royaume-uni/ corruption-romy-andrianarisoa-arretee-au-royaume-uni]</ref>She was dismissed by Rajoelina on August 16, 2023.<ref>[https://midi-madagasikara.mg/tentative-de-corruption-en-detention-provisoire-a-londres-la-dircab-de-la-presidence-limogee/ Tentative de corruption : En détention provisoire à Londres, la Dircab de la Présidence, limogée]</ref>

== Awards ==

* 2000: Entrepreneur of the Year by the magazine ''Écho Australe''<ref>{{cite news |work=Madagascar Tribune |title=Rajoelina Andry Nirina: Brève biographie |date=23 March 2009 |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Breve-biographie,11482.html |access-date=9 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309174739/http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Breve-biographie,11482.html |archive-date=9 March 2012 |language=fr |url-status=live}}</ref> which named then-mayor of Antananarivo [[Marc Ravalomanana]] their Entrepreneur of the Year in 1999, bestowed the same honor on Rajoelina in 2000.<ref name = Cole/>
* 2003: Best young entrepreneur in Madagascar by French bank BNI [[Crédit Lyonnais]]<ref>{{cite news |last=R. |first=A.W. |title=Andry Rajoelina: La foi agissante |newspaper=Madagascar Tribune |date=16 November 2007 |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/La-foi-agissante,2993.html |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309173120/http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/La-foi-agissante,2993.html |archive-date=9 March 2012 |language=fr |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.andry-rajoelina.org/ Official website]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Patrick Ramiaramanana]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mayor of Antananarivo]]|years=2007–2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Michele Ratsivalaka]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Marc Ravalomanana]]|as=President of Madagascar}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Presidents of Madagascar|President of the High Transitional Authority of Madagascar]]|years=2009–2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hery Rajaonarimampianina]]|as=President of Madagascar}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Rivo Rakotovao]] ''{{small|(Acting)}}''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Presidents of Madagascar|President of Madagascar]]|years=2019–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Madagascar Presidents}}
{{Heads of state of republics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajoelina, Andry}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malagasy businesspeople]]
[[Category:Malagasy Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Mayors of Antananarivo]]
[[Category:Merina people]]
[[Category:Presidents of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Young Malagasies Determined politicians]]
[[Category:People from Antsirabe]]
[[Category:21st-century Malagasy politicians]]

Samvel Shahramanyan

2023-09-10T07:10:29Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Artsakhi politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Samvel Shahramanyan
| native_name = {{Nobold|{{lang|hy|Սամվել Շահրամանյան}}}}
| order =
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = 5th [[President of Artsakh]]
| term_start = 9 September 2023
| term_end =
| primeminister = Himself
| predecessor = [[Davit Ishkhanyan]] (acting)
| successor =
| office1 = [[State Minister of Artsakh]]
| president1 = Davit Ishkhanyan (acting)
Himself
| predecessor1 = [[Gurgen Nersisyan]]
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 31 August 2023
| term_end1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|12|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Stepanakert]], [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]], [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| alma_mater = [[Artsakh University]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| nickname =
| branch = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Artsakh.svg}} [[Artsakh Defence Army]]
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[Major general]]
| battles =
| awards =
}}
'''Samvel Shahramanyan''' ({{lang-hy|Սամվել Շահրամանյան}}; born 1 December 1978) is an Artsakhi politician, currently serving as the president of Artsakh since 9 September 2023. He is also [[State Minister of Artsakh|State Minister]] of the [[Political status of Nagorno-Karabakh|''de facto''-independent]] [[Republic of Artsakh]] since August 2023. He also served as Minister of Military Patriotic Upbringing, Youth, Sports and Tourism, Secretary of the Security Council of Artsakh and a major general in the [[Artsakh Defence Army]].

==Early life==
Shahramanyan was born on 1 December 1978 in [[Stepanakert]], capital of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]]

==Political career==
Shahramanyan is a close associate of former Artsakh President [[Bako Sahakyan]]. When the latter was president, Shahramanyan was the director of the [[Artsakh National Security Service]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Minister of State Samvel Shahramanyan is presidential candidate of 4 of 5 forces in Karabakh legislature |url=https://news.am/eng/news/779185.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=news.am |language=en}}</ref>

On 29 August 2023, [[President of Artsakh]] [[Arayik Harutyunyan]] stated that he was considering resigning and going to serve in Artsakh's militia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=BREAKING: Nagorno-Karabakh President mulls resigning and joining militia |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1118288 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831194656/https://www.armenpress.am/eng/news/1118288/ |archive-date=2023-08-31 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=[[Armenpress]]}}</ref> On 31 August, Harutyunyan announced his resignation as president of the Republic of Artsakh along with [[State Minister of Artsakh|State Minister]] [[Gurgen Nersisyan]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Avetisyan |first=Ani |date=2023-08-31 |title=Arayik Harutyunyan resigns as president of Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://oc-media.org/arayik-harutyunyan-resigns-as-president-of-nagorno-karabakh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831195434/https://oc-media.org/arayik-harutyunyan-resigns-as-president-of-nagorno-karabakh/ |archive-date=2023-08-31 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=[[OC Media]]}}</ref> Before his resignation, in his final decree, Harutyunyan appointed Shahramanyan as a [[State Minister of Artsakh|State Minister]], giving him broad powers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=Four factions of Nagorno-Karabakh Parliament nominated Samvel Shahramanian as presidential candidate |url=https://www.1lurer.am/en/2023/09/06/Four-factions-of-Nagorno-Karabakh-Parliament-nominated-Samvel-Shahramanian-as-presidential-candidate/990541 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.1lurer.am |language=en}}</ref>

On 6 September 2023, it became known that three opposition parliamentary factions ([[Justice (Artsakh)|Justice]], [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] and [[Democratic Party of Artsakh]]) nominated Shahramanyan as their presidential candidate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Anna |date=2023-09-06 |title=Three opposition factions of Artsakh nominate Samvel Shahramanyan as a presidential candidate |url=https://alphanews.am/en/three-opposition-factions-of-artsakh-nominate-samvel-shahramanyan-as-a-presidential-candidate/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Alphanews |language=en-US}}</ref> Later Shahramanyan's candidacy was supported by the largest faction of the Parliament, [[Free Motherland - UCA Alliance|Free Motherland-UCA]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Minister of State Samvel Shahramanyan is presidential candidate of 4 of 5 forces in Karabakh legislature |url=https://news.am/eng/news/779185.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=news.am |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2023 Artsakhian presidential election|presidential election]] held on 9 September, Shahramanyan, who was the sole candidate, was elected in a 22–1 vote out of 23 deputies present.<ref>{{cite news |title=Artsakh parliament elects Samvel Shahramanyan as president |url=https://arka.am/en/news/politics/artsakh_parliament_elects_samvel_shahramanyan_as_president/ |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=Arka |date=9 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Սամվել Շահրամանյանն ընտրվել է ԱՀ նախագահ |url=https://arka.am/am/news/politics/Samvel_Shahramanyann_yntrvel_e/ |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=Arka |date=9 September 2023 |language=hy}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[President of Artsakh]]
*[[State Minister of Artsakh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Presidents of Artsakh}}
{{Heads of state of republics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahramanyan, Samvel}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Stepanakert]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Republic of Artsakh]]
[[Category:State Ministers of the Republic of Artsakh]]
[[Category:Artsakh military personnel]]
[[Category:Artsakh University alumni]]

Samvel Shahramanyan

2023-09-10T07:09:36Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Artsakhi politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Samvel Shahramanyan
| native_name = {{Nobold|{{lang|hy|Սամվել Շահրամանյան}}}}
| order =
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = 5th [[President of Artsakh]]
| term_start = 9 September 2023
| term_end =
| primeminister = Himself
| predecessor = [[Davit Ishkhanyan]] (acting)
| successor =
| office1 = [[State Minister of Artsakh]]
| president1 = Davit Ishkhanyan (acting) [/br]
Himself
| predecessor1 = [[Gurgen Nersisyan]]
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 31 August 2023
| term_end1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|12|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Stepanakert]], [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]], [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| alma_mater = [[Artsakh University]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| nickname =
| branch = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Artsakh.svg}} [[Artsakh Defence Army]]
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[Major general]]
| battles =
| awards =
}}
'''Samvel Shahramanyan''' ({{lang-hy|Սամվել Շահրամանյան}}; born 1 December 1978) is an Artsakhi politician, currently serving as the president of Artsakh since 9 September 2023. He is also [[State Minister of Artsakh|State Minister]] of the [[Political status of Nagorno-Karabakh|''de facto''-independent]] [[Republic of Artsakh]] since August 2023. He also served as Minister of Military Patriotic Upbringing, Youth, Sports and Tourism, Secretary of the Security Council of Artsakh and a major general in the [[Artsakh Defence Army]].

==Early life==
Shahramanyan was born on 1 December 1978 in [[Stepanakert]], capital of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]]

==Political career==
Shahramanyan is a close associate of former Artsakh President [[Bako Sahakyan]]. When the latter was president, Shahramanyan was the director of the [[Artsakh National Security Service]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Minister of State Samvel Shahramanyan is presidential candidate of 4 of 5 forces in Karabakh legislature |url=https://news.am/eng/news/779185.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=news.am |language=en}}</ref>

On 29 August 2023, [[President of Artsakh]] [[Arayik Harutyunyan]] stated that he was considering resigning and going to serve in Artsakh's militia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=BREAKING: Nagorno-Karabakh President mulls resigning and joining militia |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1118288 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831194656/https://www.armenpress.am/eng/news/1118288/ |archive-date=2023-08-31 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=[[Armenpress]]}}</ref> On 31 August, Harutyunyan announced his resignation as president of the Republic of Artsakh along with [[State Minister of Artsakh|State Minister]] [[Gurgen Nersisyan]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Avetisyan |first=Ani |date=2023-08-31 |title=Arayik Harutyunyan resigns as president of Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://oc-media.org/arayik-harutyunyan-resigns-as-president-of-nagorno-karabakh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831195434/https://oc-media.org/arayik-harutyunyan-resigns-as-president-of-nagorno-karabakh/ |archive-date=2023-08-31 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=[[OC Media]]}}</ref> Before his resignation, in his final decree, Harutyunyan appointed Shahramanyan as a [[State Minister of Artsakh|State Minister]], giving him broad powers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=Four factions of Nagorno-Karabakh Parliament nominated Samvel Shahramanian as presidential candidate |url=https://www.1lurer.am/en/2023/09/06/Four-factions-of-Nagorno-Karabakh-Parliament-nominated-Samvel-Shahramanian-as-presidential-candidate/990541 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.1lurer.am |language=en}}</ref>

On 6 September 2023, it became known that three opposition parliamentary factions ([[Justice (Artsakh)|Justice]], [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] and [[Democratic Party of Artsakh]]) nominated Shahramanyan as their presidential candidate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Anna |date=2023-09-06 |title=Three opposition factions of Artsakh nominate Samvel Shahramanyan as a presidential candidate |url=https://alphanews.am/en/three-opposition-factions-of-artsakh-nominate-samvel-shahramanyan-as-a-presidential-candidate/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Alphanews |language=en-US}}</ref> Later Shahramanyan's candidacy was supported by the largest faction of the Parliament, [[Free Motherland - UCA Alliance|Free Motherland-UCA]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Minister of State Samvel Shahramanyan is presidential candidate of 4 of 5 forces in Karabakh legislature |url=https://news.am/eng/news/779185.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=news.am |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2023 Artsakhian presidential election|presidential election]] held on 9 September, Shahramanyan, who was the sole candidate, was elected in a 22–1 vote out of 23 deputies present.<ref>{{cite news |title=Artsakh parliament elects Samvel Shahramanyan as president |url=https://arka.am/en/news/politics/artsakh_parliament_elects_samvel_shahramanyan_as_president/ |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=Arka |date=9 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Սամվել Շահրամանյանն ընտրվել է ԱՀ նախագահ |url=https://arka.am/am/news/politics/Samvel_Shahramanyann_yntrvel_e/ |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=Arka |date=9 September 2023 |language=hy}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[President of Artsakh]]
*[[State Minister of Artsakh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Presidents of Artsakh}}
{{Heads of state of republics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahramanyan, Samvel}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Stepanakert]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Republic of Artsakh]]
[[Category:State Ministers of the Republic of Artsakh]]
[[Category:Artsakh military personnel]]
[[Category:Artsakh University alumni]]

Samvel Shahramanyan

2023-09-10T05:43:30Z

Tama Andi 1207:

Wa'lī of Bangsamoro

2023-08-11T20:07:52Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Use Philippine English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{distinguish|Chief Minister of Bangsamoro}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Wa'lī
| body = Bangsamoro
| native_name = {{lang-fil|Wali ng Bangsamoro|}} {{lang-ar|والي من بانجسامورو|}}
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| insignia = Seal of the Office of the Wālī of Bangsamoro.png
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = Office emblem
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| incumbent = Omarkhalid Ampatuan
| acting = yes
| incumbentsince = March 1, 2023
| type = [[Figurehead|Ceremonial head]]
| status =
| department =
| style = His Eminence<ref>{{cite web |title=Words of Wisdom of His Eminence Sheikh Khalipha U. Nando Wali of Bangsamoro |url=https://www.facebook.com/WaliBangsamoro/videos/167598097868220/ |date=February 3, 2020 |website=Facebook|publisher=Office of the Wa'lī of Bangsamoro |accessdate=April 19, 2020}}</ref>
| member_of =
| reports_to =
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator = Council of Leaders
| appointer = [[Bangsamoro Parliament]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = 6 years
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument = [[Bangsamoro Organic Law]]
| precursor =
| formation = March 29, 2019
| first = [[Khalipha Nando]]
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| abbreviation =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|wali.bangsamoro.gov.ph/}}
}}
The '''''wa'lī'' of Bangsamoro''' is the ceremonial head of the [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]], an [[autonomous region]] within the [[Philippines]].

The first ''[[wali|wa'lī]]'', [[Khalipha Usman Nando]], was appointed by the interim [[Bangsamoro Parliament]] on March 29, 2019, during its inaugural session.<ref name="happiness">{{cite news |last1=Ropero |first1=Gillan |title='My happiness is real': Duterte grateful for creation of Bangsamoro region |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/29/19/my-happiness-is-real-duterte-grateful-for-creation-of-bangsamoro-region |accessdate=March 30, 2019 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=March 29, 2019}}</ref> The office is currently vacant, after the death of Nando on February 5, 2023.

==Background==
===Function===
The ''wa'lī'' is an elective position within the government of the [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region]] and is considered as the ceremonial head of the region.<ref name="happiness"/> The holder of the position has the legal ability to perform the following ceremonial functions: Moral guardianship of the region, preside over the opening of the parliament session, administer the oath of office, dissolve the Bangsamoro Parliament as advised by the [[Chief Minister of the Bangsamoro|Chief Minister]], call for the election of a new parliament, and attend public ceremonies.<ref name=keyofficial>{{cite news |last1=Gavilan |first1=Jodesz |title=Key positions in the Bangsamoro government |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/fast-facts/222104-things-to-know-key-positions-bangsamoro-government |accessdate=February 23, 2019 |work=Rappler |date=January 31, 2019}}</ref>

The tenure of the ''wa'lī'' is six years, except the first holder of the position which was appointed by the interim [[Bangsamoro Parliament]] headed by the [[Bangsamoro Transition Authority]] which would hold office for only three years.<ref name=keyofficial/>

===Eligibility===
The wa'li must be at least 40 years old and a Filipino citizen by birth, according to the law. They should be a registered voter in the Bangsamoro region and a resident of the region for at least 15 years, able to read and write in Filipino, English, and Arabic, as well as having no prior conviction of any criminal or administrative offense. The ''wa'lī'' is elected by the Bangsamoro Parliament from a list of eligible individuals prepared by the Council of Leaders.<ref name="happiness"/>

==List==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|- bgcolor=#cccccc
! rowspan="2"| No.
! rowspan="2"| Image
! rowspan="2"| Wa'lī
! colspan="3"| In office
! rowspan="2"| Chief minister
! rowspan="2"| Parliament
! rowspan="2"| Note
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time office
|-
! rowspan="2"| '''1'''
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Wali Sheik Khalifa Profile (cropped 2).jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Khalipha Usman Nando]]
| rowspan="2"| March 29, 2019
| rowspan="2"| February 5, 2023
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|2019|3|29|2023|2|5}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Murad Ebrahim]] {{small|(2019-Present)}}
| [[1st Bangsamoro Transition Authority Parliament|1st BTA (interim)]]
| rowspan="2"| <ref name="happiness"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[2nd Bangsamoro Transition Authority Parliament|2nd BTA (interim)]]
|-
! '''—'''
|
|Omarkhalid Ampatuan [[Officer in Charge (Philippines)|(OIC)]]
|March 1, 2023
|incumbent
|164 days
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cabrera |first1=Ferdinandh |title=BARMM to commence Ramadhan celebration on March 23 |url=https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2023/03/barmm-to-commence-ramadhan-celebration-on-march-23/ |access-date=21 March 2023 |work=MindaNews |date=21 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alhamdulillaah and Congratulations! |url=https://www.facebook.com/WaliBangsamoro/posts/540693674914745|website=Facebook |publisher=Office of the Wālī of Bangsamoro |access-date=21 March 2023 |language=en |quote=On behalf of the entire team of the OWB, we would like to extend our sincerest congratulations to Sir Omarkhalid A. Ampatuan for being designated as the Officer-in-Charge of the Office of the Wālī of Bangsamoro.}}</ref>
|-
! '''—'''
|
|Said Salendab (Acting)
| colspan="2" |May 15, 2023
|1 days
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Acting Wali opens BTA’s 2nd regular session |url=https://bangsamoro.gov.ph/news/latest-news/acting-wali-opens-btas-2nd-regular-session/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=BARMM Official Website |agency=Bangsamoro Information Office |date=16 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Resolution Authorizing Mp Said Z. Salendab To Act As Wali Of The Bangsamoro Government For Purposes Of Opening The Second Regular Session Of The Bangsamoro Transition Authority Parliament |url=https://parliament.bangsamoro.gov.ph/proposes-reso-22/resolution-authorizing-mp-said-z-salendab-to-act-as-wali-of-the-bangsamoro-government-for-purposes-of-opening-the-second-regular-session-of-the-bangsamoro-transition-authority-parliament/ |publisher=Bangsamoro Parliament |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Wāli]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|wali.bangsamoro.gov.ph/}}
*{{Facebook|WaliBangsamoro|Office of the Wa'lī of Bangsamoro}}

{{Bangsamoro political entity topics}}
[[Category:Government in Bangsamoro]]
[[Category:Governors of regions of the Philippines]]

Wa'lī of Bangsamoro

2023-08-11T19:55:26Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Use Philippine English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{distinguish|Chief Minister of Bangsamoro}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Wa'lī
| body = Bangsamoro
| native_name = {{lang-fil|Wali ng Bangsamoro|}} {{lang-ar|والي من بانجسامورو|}}
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| insignia = Seal of the Office of the Wālī of Bangsamoro.png
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = Office emblem
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| incumbent = Said Salendab
| acting =yes
| incumbentsince = May 15, 2023
| type = [[Figurehead|Ceremonial head]]
| status =
| department =
| style = His Eminence<ref>{{cite web |title=Words of Wisdom of His Eminence Sheikh Khalipha U. Nando Wali of Bangsamoro |url=https://www.facebook.com/WaliBangsamoro/videos/167598097868220/ |date=February 3, 2020 |website=Facebook|publisher=Office of the Wa'lī of Bangsamoro |accessdate=April 19, 2020}}</ref>
| member_of =
| reports_to =
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator = Council of Leaders
| appointer = [[Bangsamoro Parliament]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = 6 years
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument = [[Bangsamoro Organic Law]]
| precursor =
| formation = March 29, 2019
| first = [[Khalipha Nando]]
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| abbreviation =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|wali.bangsamoro.gov.ph/}}
}}
The '''''wa'lī'' of Bangsamoro''' is the ceremonial head of the [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]], an [[autonomous region]] within the [[Philippines]].

The first ''[[wali|wa'lī]]'', [[Khalipha Usman Nando]], was appointed by the interim [[Bangsamoro Parliament]] on March 29, 2019, during its inaugural session.<ref name="happiness">{{cite news |last1=Ropero |first1=Gillan |title='My happiness is real': Duterte grateful for creation of Bangsamoro region |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/29/19/my-happiness-is-real-duterte-grateful-for-creation-of-bangsamoro-region |accessdate=March 30, 2019 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=March 29, 2019}}</ref> The office is currently vacant, after the death of Nando on February 5, 2023.

==Background==
===Function===
The ''wa'lī'' is an elective position within the government of the [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region]] and is considered as the ceremonial head of the region.<ref name="happiness"/> The holder of the position has the legal ability to perform the following ceremonial functions: Moral guardianship of the region, preside over the opening of the parliament session, administer the oath of office, dissolve the Bangsamoro Parliament as advised by the [[Chief Minister of the Bangsamoro|Chief Minister]], call for the election of a new parliament, and attend public ceremonies.<ref name=keyofficial>{{cite news |last1=Gavilan |first1=Jodesz |title=Key positions in the Bangsamoro government |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/fast-facts/222104-things-to-know-key-positions-bangsamoro-government |accessdate=February 23, 2019 |work=Rappler |date=January 31, 2019}}</ref>

The tenure of the ''wa'lī'' is six years, except the first holder of the position which was appointed by the interim [[Bangsamoro Parliament]] headed by the [[Bangsamoro Transition Authority]] which would hold office for only three years.<ref name=keyofficial/>

===Eligibility===
The wa'li must be at least 40 years old and a Filipino citizen by birth, according to the law. They should be a registered voter in the Bangsamoro region and a resident of the region for at least 15 years, able to read and write in Filipino, English, and Arabic, as well as having no prior conviction of any criminal or administrative offense. The ''wa'lī'' is elected by the Bangsamoro Parliament from a list of eligible individuals prepared by the Council of Leaders.<ref name="happiness"/>

==List==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|- bgcolor=#cccccc
! rowspan="2"| No.
! rowspan="2"| Image
! rowspan="2"| Wa'lī
! colspan="3"| In office
! rowspan="2"| Chief minister
! rowspan="2"| Parliament
! rowspan="2"| Note
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time office
|-
! rowspan="2"| '''1'''
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Wali Sheik Khalifa Profile (cropped 2).jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Khalipha Usman Nando]]
| rowspan="2"| March 29, 2019
| rowspan="2"| February 5, 2023
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|2019|3|29|2023|2|5}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Murad Ebrahim]] {{small|(2019-Present)}}
| [[1st Bangsamoro Transition Authority Parliament|1st BTA (interim)]]
| rowspan="2"| <ref name="happiness"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[2nd Bangsamoro Transition Authority Parliament|2nd BTA (interim)]]
|-
! '''—'''
|
|Omarkhalid Ampatuan [[Officer in Charge (Philippines)|(OIC)]]
|March 1, 2023
|incumbent
|164 days
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cabrera |first1=Ferdinandh |title=BARMM to commence Ramadhan celebration on March 23 |url=https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2023/03/barmm-to-commence-ramadhan-celebration-on-march-23/ |access-date=21 March 2023 |work=MindaNews |date=21 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alhamdulillaah and Congratulations! |url=https://www.facebook.com/WaliBangsamoro/posts/540693674914745|website=Facebook |publisher=Office of the Wālī of Bangsamoro |access-date=21 March 2023 |language=en |quote=On behalf of the entire team of the OWB, we would like to extend our sincerest congratulations to Sir Omarkhalid A. Ampatuan for being designated as the Officer-in-Charge of the Office of the Wālī of Bangsamoro.}}</ref>
|-
! '''—'''
|
|Said Salendab (Acting)
| colspan="2" |May 15, 2023
|1 days
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Acting Wali opens BTA’s 2nd regular session |url=https://bangsamoro.gov.ph/news/latest-news/acting-wali-opens-btas-2nd-regular-session/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=BARMM Official Website |agency=Bangsamoro Information Office |date=16 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Resolution Authorizing Mp Said Z. Salendab To Act As Wali Of The Bangsamoro Government For Purposes Of Opening The Second Regular Session Of The Bangsamoro Transition Authority Parliament |url=https://parliament.bangsamoro.gov.ph/proposes-reso-22/resolution-authorizing-mp-said-z-salendab-to-act-as-wali-of-the-bangsamoro-government-for-purposes-of-opening-the-second-regular-session-of-the-bangsamoro-transition-authority-parliament/ |publisher=Bangsamoro Parliament |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Wāli]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|wali.bangsamoro.gov.ph/}}
*{{Facebook|WaliBangsamoro|Office of the Wa'lī of Bangsamoro}}

{{Bangsamoro political entity topics}}
[[Category:Government in Bangsamoro]]
[[Category:Governors of regions of the Philippines]]

Milojko Spajić

2023-08-10T19:51:30Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{short description|Montenegrin politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Milojko Spajić
| nickname = Mickey
| native_name = Милојко Спајић
| caption = Spajić in June 2023
| image = Milojko Spajić jun 2023.png
| birth_place = [[Pljevlja]], [[SR Montenegro]], [[SFR Yugoslavia]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|9|24|df=y}}
| occupation = Financial engineer
| party = [[Europe Now]] (2022–present)
| otherparty = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (until 2022)
| nationality = Montenegrin
| alma_mater = [[Osaka University]] [[HEC Paris]]
| office = [[Prime Minister of Montenegro]]
| termstart = TBD
| termend =
| president = [[Jakov Milatović]]
| successor = [[Dritan Abazovic]]
| predecessor
| office1 = [[Ministry of Finance (Montenegro)|Minister of Finance and Social Welfare]]
| termstart1 = 4 December 2020
| termend1 = 28 April 2022
| primeminister1 = [[Zdravko Krivokapić]]
| successor1 = Aleksandar Damjanović
| predecessor1 = Darko Radunović (as [[Ministry of Finance (Montenegro)|Minister of Finance of Montenegro]]) Kemal Purišić (as [[Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare (Montenegro)|Minister of Labor and Social Welfare]])
| children = 1
}}
'''Milojko "Mickey" Spajić'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cumbers |first=John |title=Could Montenegro Become Europe’s First Longevity State? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johncumbers/2023/05/12/could-montenegro-become-europes-first-longevity-state/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> ([[Serbian Cyrillic]]: Милојко Спајић; born 24 September 1987) is a Montenegrin politician and financial engineer who served as the [[Ministry of Finance (Montenegro)|minister of finance and social welfare]] in the [[Government of Montenegro]] and the [[Krivokapić Cabinet|cabinet]] of [[Zdravko Krivokapić]] from 4 December 2020 to 28 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-04 |title=Montenegro Elects First Government Without Djukanovic Party |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/12/04/montenegro-elects-first-government-without-djukanovic-party/ |access-date=2020-12-04 |website=Balkan Insight |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the president of the [[Centrism|centrist]] [[Europe Now!|Europe Now]] party.

== Early life and education ==
Spajić was born on 24 September 1987 in [[Pljevlja]], [[SR Montenegro]], [[SFR Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nova.rs |date=2023-04-11 |title=Stiže Mickey: Ko je Milojko Spajić, glavni kandidat za premijera Crne Gore |url=https://nova.rs/vesti/svet/stize-mickey-ko-je-milojko-spajic-glavni-kandidat-za-premijera-crne-gore/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=NOVA portal |language=sr-RS}}</ref> Spajić is related to Bishop [[Metodije Ostojić]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-29 |title=Ko je vladika Metodije: Episkop dioklijski, Amfilohijev vikarni episkop, ujak Milojka Spajića |url=https://www.dan.co.me/vijesti/drustvo/ko-je-vladika-metodije-episkop-dioklijski-amfilohijev-vikarni-episkop-ujak-milojka-spaic-a-5069425 |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.dan.co.me}}</ref> He graduated from [[Pljevlja Gymnasium]] as one of the best students and continued his education at the [[Osaka University]] in [[Japan]], where he studied [[ecometrics]] in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as a scholarship holder of the [[Government of Japan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ovo su biografije kandidata za nove ministre|url=https://www.vijesti.me/tv/emisije/483841/ovo-su-biografije-kandidata-za-nove-ministre}}</ref> As part of a student exchange program, he also studied at the [[Tsinghua University]]. He obtained his master's degree, also as a scholarship holder, in France at the [[HEC Paris]] business school.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Admin|date=2020-10-11|title=Da će nakon više od dvije decenije ministar biti Pljevljak koji je završio osnovnu i srednju školu u svom gradu?- Najnovije vijesti iz Pljevalja {{!}} – Najnovije vijesti iz Pljevalja|url=https://pvportal.me/2020/10/da-ce-nakon-vise-od-dvije-decenije-ministar-biti-pljevljak-koji-je-zavrsio-osnovnu-i-srednju-skolu-u-svom-gradu/|access-date=2020-11-06|language=sr-RS}}</ref>

In addition to his native [[Serbian language|Serbian]], he also speaks English, Japanese, Chinese, Russian and French.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Milojko Mickey Spajic |url=https://me.linkedin.com/in/milojkospajic?challengeId=AQEGdW5t-aPsyAAAAYjTY7YsGZKO8sMIBhTABTg_waqlkKXaNr63NqZluy_ohnfPWsvFGZrhs1lX49-joakALnIOIVUWm_chag&submissionId=1fb6b923-8c0b-6a17-a63b-d41803278610&challengeSource=AgEfkhHEQOGznQAAAYjTY_zUNFRkJMmNdPrK6SW3nwmqEuMB3SQdF5sS-OnaMUg&challegeType=AgGODi6_c-rnKQAAAYjTY_zYC_TRfxgUsrW6Oqx3ryQ6kxawthqu03I&memberId=AgH-vP_vBYRSUQAAAYjTY_zbeCTjyOTiNu9R4FzWzc-nCGI&recognizeDevice=AgGL1iLwsfJhQQAAAYjTY_zevUR5fAQyj-c8EaAzsN7t74p7ZgrM |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref>

== Financial career ==
Following graduation he worked in the United States on [[Wall Street]], in [[Paris]] and [[Tokyo]]. Prior to joining politics Spajić also worked for [[Goldman Sachs]], a global banking group dealing with investment banking, securities trading and other financial services, primarily with institutional clients.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=Od Floride do Oksforda: Ovo su eksperti Vlade Crne Gore|url=https://nova.rs/region/od-floride-do-oksforda-ovo-su-eksperti-vlade-crne-gore/|access-date=2020-11-06|website=NOVA portal|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He has also been a partner of a [[venture capital|venture capital fund]] in [[Singapore]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Novine|first=Pljevaljske|title=Milojko Spajić: Vladavina prava da bude jaka kao kamen|url=https://pvnovine.com/milojko-spajic-vladavina-prava-da-bude-jaka-kao-kamen/|access-date=2020-11-06|website=Pljevaljske novine|language=sr-RS}}</ref> Das Capital SG.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cumbers |first=John |title=Could Montenegro Become Europe’s First Longevity State? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johncumbers/2023/05/12/could-montenegro-become-europes-first-longevity-state/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== 2020 parliamentary election ===
Spajić started his political career as a non-partisan politician and during the [[2020 Montenegrin parliamentary election|parliamentary elections in 2020]] was a member of [[Zdravko Krivokapić|Zdravko Krivokapić's]] expert team. Spajic stated that there were several reasons for his return to Montenegro, but that the main one was the adoption of the disputed Law on Freedom of Religion and that the law shows how many problems have accumulated in the Montenegrin system. He added that until the situation improves, he will not "move" from Montenegro and that no investor will believe in a state where an institution such as the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] (SOC), which has existed for eight centuries and is trusted by most Montenegrin citizens is getting its property seized by the government.<ref name=":2" /> During the religious crisis, he participated in lobbying in the United States for interests of the Serbian Orthodox Church and the [[Serbs of Montenegro]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Team|first=D. F. C.|date=2020-07-01|title=The overseas lobbying for the Serbian interests in MNE|url=https://dfcme.me/en/the-overseas-lobbying-for-the-serbian-interests-in-mne/|access-date=2020-11-06|website=DFC|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Minister of Finance and Social Welfare ===
Spajic was sworn in as the minister of finance and social welfare on 4 December 2020 and served under Prime Minister Zdravko Krivokapić.<ref name=":0" /> During his term, Spajić and economy minister [[Jakov Milatović]] presented and implemented the controversial "Europe now" economic reform program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spajić, Milatović: Čvrsto stojimo iza programa Evropa sad! onako kako ga je Vlada predložila |url=https://www.gov.me/clanak/spajic-milatovic-cvrsto-stojimo-iza-programa-evropa-sad-onako-kako-ga-je-vlada-predlozila |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023203427/https://www.gov.me/clanak/spajic-milatovic-cvrsto-stojimo-iza-programa-evropa-sad-onako-kako-ga-je-vlada-predlozila |archive-date=23 October 2022 |access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref> Following a parliamentary crisis, Prime Minister Krivokapić announced that he had submitted an initiative to the [[Parliament of Montenegro]] to remove Deputy Prime Minister [[Dritan Abazović]] and proposed that Spajić replaces him as the deputy prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krivokapić podnio inicijativu za smjenu Abazovića, za novog potpredsjednika predlaže Spajića|url=https://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/politika/586015/krivokapic-podnio-inicijativu-za-smjenu-abazovica-za-novog-potpredsjednika-predlaze-spajica|access-date=2022-01-19|website=vijesti.me|language=sr}}</ref> Spajić claimed that he donated his whole ministerial salary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spajić: Svaku platu sam donirao, tako će biti i ubuduće |url=https://www.portalanalitika.me/clanak/spajic-svaku-platu-sam-donirao-tako-ce-biti-i-ubuduce |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Portal Analitika}}</ref>

=== Europe Now ===
In 2022, Spajić and Milatović founded the [[Europe Now]] (PES) political party, with Spajić as president and Milatović as deputy president. PES participated in the [[2022 Montenegrin municipal elections|2022 local elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Evropa sad" izlazi na lokalne izbore, misija Pokreta: Prosječna plata 1.000 eura, minimalna penzija 450 eura, bez nezaposlenih... |url=https://www.pobjeda.me/clanak/spajic-i-milartovic-predstavljaju-pokret-evropa-sad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628201422/https://www.pobjeda.me/clanak/spajic-i-milartovic-predstavljaju-pokret-evropa-sad |archive-date=28 June 2022 |access-date=23 October 2022 |website=Pobjeda}}</ref>

Spajić tried to run for President of Montenegro in the [[2023 Montenegrin presidential election|2023 presidential election]] but his candidacy was rejected by the State Electoral Commission (DIK) as it was discovered that he is a dual citizen of Serbia and Montenegro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odbijena predsjednička kandidatura Milojka Spajića |url=https://balkans.aljazeera.net/videos/2023/2/19/odbijena-predsjednicka-kandidatura-milojka-spajica |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=balkans.aljazeera.net |language=bs}}</ref> Following this discovery he stated he became a citizen of Serbia in 2009 and that the process of renouncing his Serbian citizenship is still ongoing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spajić: Srpsko državljanstvo sam dobio 2009. godine |url=https://www.pobjeda.me/clanak/spajic-srpsko-drzavljanstvo-sam-dobio-2009-godine |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Pobjeda}}</ref> He later stated that he accepted Serbian citizenship so that he could travel to Japan without a visa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spajić: Dok sam bio u Japanu, majka me pitala treba li mi državljanstvo Srbije |url=https://www.cdm.me/politika/spajic-dok-sam-bio-u-japanu-majka-me-pitala-treba-li-mi-drzavljanstvo-srbije/ |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=CDM}}</ref> Instead of him, Milatović ran as PES candidate<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milićević |first=Nenad |date=23 February 2023 |title="Evropa sad" umesto Spajića kandiduje Jakova Milatovića za predsednika Crne Gore |url=https://n1info.rs/region/evropa-sad-umesto-spajica-kandiduje-jakova-milatovica-za-predsednika-crne-gore/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134858/https://n1info.rs/region/evropa-sad-umesto-spajica-kandiduje-jakova-milatovica-za-predsednika-crne-gore/ |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=N1 |language=sr-RS}}</ref> and ended up defeating incumbent president [[Milo Đukanović]] in the run-off with 58.88% of the popular vote.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.antenam.net |title=DIK utvrdio rezultate: Milatoviću 58,88 odsto glasova, Đukanoviću 41,12 odsto |url=http://www.antenam.net/predsjednickiizbori2023/282173-dik-utvrdio-rezultate-milatovicu-58-88-odsto-glasova-djukanovicu-41-12-odsto |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405015438/https://www.antenam.net/predsjednickiizbori2023/282173-dik-utvrdio-rezultate-milatovicu-58-88-odsto-glasova-djukanovicu-41-12-odsto |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Antena M |language=sr}}</ref>
[[File:Spajic milatovic krivokapic.png|thumb|Spajić with [[Jakov Milatović]] and [[Zdravko Krivokapić]] in April 2023]]
Following the presidential election, Spajić said that he is ready to take responsibility and be PES's ballot carrier for the [[2023 Montenegrin parliamentary election|2023 parliamentary election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=portal |first=D. A. N. |date=2023-04-07 |title=ДАН - Spajić: Spreman sam da budem nosilac liste, potrebno je formirati stabilnu većinu |url=https://www.dan.co.me/vijesti/politika/spajic-spreman-sam-da-budem-nosilac-liste-potrebno-je-formirati-stabilnu-vecinu-5171310 |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.dan.co.me}}</ref> On 26 April, it was confirmed that Spajić will head PES's electoral list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pokret Evropa sad ide samostalno na izbore, Spajić nosilac liste |url=https://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/politika/654015/pokret-evropa-sad-ide-samostalno-na-izbore-spajic-nosilac-liste |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=vijesti.me |language=sr}}</ref> During the election campaign, Prime Minister [[Dritan Abazović]] and interior minister [[Filip Adžić]] accused Spajić of having connections to South Korean cryptocurrency developer [[Do Kwon]] who was arrested in Montenegro in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Abazović i Spajić razmjenjuju optužbe za veze sa "kripto kraljem" |url=https://www.glasamerike.net/a/abazovic-de-kvon-spajic/7126848.html |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Glas Amerike |language=sr}}</ref> According to Abazović, Do Kwon sent a letter from prison which was addressed to Abazović, Adžić, justice minister Marko Kovač and main prosecutor Vladimir Novović, informing them of his connections to Spajić.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Šćepanović |first=Lela |date=2023-06-06 |title=Slučaj Do Kvon dio predizborne borbe u Crnoj Gori |language=sh |work=Radio Slobodna Evropa |url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/do-kvon-crna-gora-izbori-kripto-valute/32447253.html |access-date=2023-06-13}}</ref> PES denied the accusations against Spajić and stated that Do Kwon signed the letter under Abazović's orders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PES: Do Kvon potpisao pismo po naredbi Abazovića |url=https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/556756/PES-Do-Kvon-potpisao-pismo-po-naredbi-Abazovica) |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Politika Online}}</ref> PES won around 25% of the popular vote in the parliamentary election, gaining the most seats in the [[Parliament of Montenegro]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Završeno glasanje, počinje sabiranje |url=https://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/politika/660703/zavrseno-glasanje-pocinje-sabiranje |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=vijesti.me |language=sr}}</ref> Following the election, Do Kwon denied that he ever financially backed Spajić.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advokati: Kvon negirao da je imao bilo kakvu novčanu transakciju prema Spajiću |url=https://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/crna-hronika/661489/advokati-kvon-negirao-da-je-imao-bilo-kakvu-novcanu-transakciju-prema-spajicu |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=vijesti.me |language=sr}}</ref> Spajić is expected to become the next [[Prime Minister of Montenegro|prime minister of Montenegro]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milojko Spajić u PES-u predstavljen kao budući premijer |url=https://www.tanjug.rs/region/politika/35395/milojko-spajic-u-pes-u-predstavljen-kao-buduci-premijer/vest |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Tanjug}}</ref>

== Political positions ==

=== Foreign policy ===
Spajić supports the [[accession of Montenegro to the European Union]] but also thinks that Western politicians are "not interested in Montenegro".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spajić: Zapadne političare mi ne interesujemo – siromašna zemlja na periferiji Evrope |url=https://www.cdm.me/politika/spajic-zapadne-politicare-mi-ne-interesujemo-siromasna-zemlja-na-periferiji-evrope/ |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=CDM}}</ref> He claimed that joining [[NATO]] was a "good move for Montenegro", but that he would be opposed to deploying Montenegrin soldiers to the [[Baltic states|Baltic countries]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ИН4С |date=2022-05-17 |title=Милојко Спајић оснивач црногорског света! |url=https://www.in4s.net/milojko-spajic-osnivac-crnogorskog-sveta/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=ИН4С |language=sr-RS}}</ref> Spajić condemned the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], which he considers an aggression, and voiced his support for sanctioning Russia, even though he thinks that sanctions will only "strengthen Moscow on its way".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spajić: Katastrofalna agresija Rusije, glasaću za sankcije |url=https://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/ekonomija/595162/spajic-katastrofalna-agresija-rusije-glasacu-za-sankcije |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=vijesti.me |language=sr}}</ref> Spajić is against the proposals of Montenegro revoking the recognition of Kosovo's independence, stating that he thinks that that is "one of the topics behind us".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spajić: Kosovo je za mene nezavisna država! |url=http://www.barskiportal.com/lat/politika/spaji%C4%87-kosovo-je-za-mene-nezavisna-dr%C5%BEava.php |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.barskiportal.com |language=sh}}</ref> He advocates closer [[relations between Montenegro and Serbia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRVI INTERVJU ZA SRPSKE MEDIJE: "Nesuđeni" kandidat za predsednika Crne Gore Milojko Spajić za Kurir o Milu, odnosima sa Srbijom |url=https://www.kurir.rs/vesti/politika/4141044/prvi-intervju-za-srpske-medije-nesudjeni-kandidat-za-predsednika-crne-gore-milojko-spajic-za-kurir-o-milu-odnosima-sa-srbijom |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=kurir.rs |language=sr}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Spajić has a daughter with his former partner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medojević objavio dokument: Spajić ima stan u Beogradu na vodi |url=http://kodex.me/clanak/269912/medojevic-objavio-dokument-spajic-ima-stan-u-beogradu-na-vodi |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Kodex.me |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zašto je Spajić odigrao za Mila |url=https://www.vijesti.me/kolumne/643838/zasto-je-spajic-odigrao-za-mila |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=vijesti.me |language=sr}}</ref> He is a member of the Serbian Orthodox Church.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Durović |first=Aneta |date=2021-03-08 |title=Premijer Crne Gore na odru klerikalnog desničara kršio Vladine mjere |language=sh |work=Radio Slobodna Evropa |url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/krivokapić-na-odru-klerikalnog-desničara-kršio-vladine-mjere/31139795.html |access-date=2023-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Standard |date=2021-03-06 |title=Spajić o sahrani Atanasija: Ponašali smo se u skladu sa mjerama |url=https://www.standard.co.me/politika/spajic-o-sahrani-atanasija-ponasali-smo-se-u-skladu-sa-mjerama/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Standard |language=bs-BA}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Pljevlja]]
[[Category:Serbs of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Members of the Serbian Orthodox Church]]
[[Category:Osaka University alumni]]
[[Category:HEC Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Montenegrin businesspeople]]
[[Category:Europe Now politicians]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Serbia]]
[[Category:Serbian people of Montenegrin descent]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Spajic, Milojko}}

Hun Manet

2023-07-24T16:14:52Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Cambodian general (born 1977)}}
{{Family name hatnote|lang=Cambodian|Hun|Manet}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = {{lower|0.5em|[[Excellency|His Excellency]]}} [[General officer|General]]
| name = Hun Manet
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|list=[[Knight_Grand_Cross_Royal_Order_of_Cambodia|GCC]]}}
| image = Hun Manet (2022).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Manet in 2022
| office = [[Prime Minister of Cambodia]]
| monarch = [[Norodom Sihamoni]]
| term_start = TBA
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Hun Sen]]
| successor =
| native_name = {{lang|km|ហ៊ុន ម៉ាណែត}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|10|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Memot]], Eastern Region, [[Democratic Kampuchea]] (in present-day [[Memot District]], [[Tboung Khmum Province]], [[Cambodia]])
| nationality = Cambodian
| education = [[United States Military Academy]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) [[New York University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) [[University of Bristol]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| party = [[Cambodian People's Party]]
| spouse = Pich Chanmony
| father = [[Hun Sen]]
| mother = [[Bun Rany]]
| relatives =
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
|allegiance = {{flag|Cambodia}}
|branch = [[Royal Cambodian Army]]
|serviceyears = 1995–present
|rank = [[File:Cambodian_Army_OF-09.svg|10px]] [[General]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://phnompenhpost.com/national/hun-manet-promoted-after-royal-decree |title=Hun Manet promoted after royal decree |work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]] |date=7 September 2018 |access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref>
|commands =
*Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the [[Royal Cambodian Armed Forces]]
*Commander of the [[Royal Cambodian Army]]
*Commander of the Prime Minister's Bodyguard Unit
*Chair of the RCAF Joint Staff
*Head of the National Counter-Terrorism Task Force
|unit =
|battles = [[Cambodian–Thai border dispute|Cambodian–Thai border clashes]]
|awards = [[File:KHM Ordre Royal du Cambodge - Grand Croix BAR.png|25px]] [[Royal Order of Cambodia|Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia]] National Defense Medal
|laterwork =
}}
}}
'''Hun Manet''' {{post-nominals|list=[[Knight_Grand_Cross_Royal_Order_of_Cambodia|GCC]]}} ({{lang-km|ហ៊ុន ម៉ាណែត}}, {{lang|km-Latn|Hŭn Manêt}} {{IPA-km|hun maːnaet|}}; born 20 October 1977) is a Cambodian [[general officer|general]] and politician<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501266284/hun-manet-officially-becomes-a-candidate-for-member-of-parliament/|title=Hun Manet officially becomes a candidate for Member of Parliament|work=[[Khmer Times]]|date=1 April 2023|accessdate=2 May 2023}}</ref> who currently serves in the [[Royal Cambodian Armed Forces]] (RCAF) as the commander of [[Royal Cambodian Army]] since 2018. He is the eldest son of [[Cambodian prime minister|Cambodian Prime Minister]] [[Hun Sen]] and [[Bun Rany]]. He also leads the nation's counterterrorism taskforce. Although he does not currently hold any political offices, Manet is a member of the [[Cambodian People's Party]] Standing Committee, the party's decision-making body, and is the head of its youth wing.

Manet grew up and received his general education in Phnom Penh and later joined the armed forces in 1995, the same year he entered the [[United States Military Academy]] at West Point. Having received his diploma in 1999, Manet became the first Cambodian ever to graduate from the prestigious academy.<ref name="AT">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/MC17Ae02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320224634/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/MC17Ae02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=March 20, 2011|title=Like father, like son in Cambodia|publisher=Asia Times|date=March 17, 2011|access-date=June 1, 2014}}</ref>

He has been mentioned by both media outlets and Hun Sen himself as a candidate for prime minister.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/06/hun-manet-the-next-prime-minister-of-cambodia/|title=Hun Manet: The Next Prime Minister of Cambodia?|first=David|last=Hutt|publisher=[[The Diplomat]]|date=8 June 2019|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/hun-manet-can-be-prime-minister-if-he-elected-says-hun-sen/|title=Hun Manet can be prime minister if he is elected, says Hun Sen|first=Sokhean|last=Ben|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|date=25 October 2018|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=KT2021>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50981136/pm-hun-sen-declares-his-support-for-his-son-hun-manet-to-succeed-him-as-prime-minister/|title=PM Hun Sen declares his support for his son Hun Manet to succeed him as Prime Minister|work=Khmer Times|date=2 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> On 24 December 2021, Manet was unanimously elected by the Cambodian People's Party Central Committee to be the party's future candidate for prime minister after Hun Sen, essentially making him the [[prime minister-in-waiting]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50994699/hun-manet-unanimously-elected-to-be-the-future-prime-minister/|title=Hun Manet unanimously elected to be the future Prime Minister|work=[[Khmer Times]]|date=24 December 2021|access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:20220216 hyoukei 11.jpg|thumb|250px|Hun Manet meeting with Japanese prime minister [[Fumio Kishida]] in Tokyo, 16 February 2022.]]
Manet was born on 20 October 1977 in Koh Thmar Village, [[Memot District]], [[Kampong Cham Province]] during the [[Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia]] as the second son of [[Hun Sen]] and [[Bun Rany]]. On the night of his birth, a bright light flew over the roof of the house, of which Hun Sen believed his son was born from a [[supernatural]] being that is worshipped in Koh Thmar Village.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hun Sen Tells of Eldest Son's Supernatural Arrival |url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-sen-tells-of-eldest-sons-supernatural-arrival-21752/ |publisher=[[The Cambodia Daily]] |author=Vannarin, Neou |date=May 3, 2013 |access-date=June 22, 2014}}</ref>

Manet grew up and received his General Education in Phnom Penh and later joined the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces in 1995, the same year he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point. Having received his diploma in May 1999, he became the first Cambodian graduate of the academy, and one of only seven foreign cadets to graduate that year.<ref name="AT"/> Upon graduation from West Point, he received his bachelor's degree in economics and a commission as Lieutenant in the Royal Cambodian Army. He also received his Master of Arts in economics from [[New York University]], US, in 2002, and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Economics from [[University of Bristol]], United Kingdom, in 2009, entitled ''"What determines the firm size distribution and structural integration? A cross-county study"''.<ref>{{cite web |title=What determines the firm size distribution and structural integration? A cross-county study |url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500421 |website=[[E-Theses Online Service]] |access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref>

Manet received appointment as the Commander of Cambodia's National Counter-Terrorism Special Forces with the rank of Colonel in 2008, with the responsibility to help build Cambodia's capability to fight against terrorism. He earned the rank of Lieutenant General in June 2013, shortly after being named Deputy Commander of the Royal Cambodian Army and Deputy Chief of Joint Staff of the RCAF. During the 2008-2011 Cambodia-Thai confrontation, Hun Manet played a prominent role in negotiations to end the stand-off. He is also very involved with reforming process of the RCAF, especially focusing on young military officers and soldiers. Apart from professional military duties, he is actively involved with many social programs. He is the Chief of the Samdech Techo Hun Sen Scholarship Committee and the Samdech Techo Scholarship Association, which provides scholarship opportunities to thousands of Cambodian youths to study at universities across Cambodia. He is also the chairman of the Board of Directors of the Samdech Techo Youth Volunteer Doctor Association (TYDA), which mobilizes thousands of medical professionals, medical students and volunteers to help provide free healthcare to rural Cambodians throughout the country. He is also engaged with a number of other activities to promote humanitarian activities for orphanages and handicaps. Manet is married to Pich Chanmony.

On 30 June 2018, weeks before the parliamentary elections, Hun Sen appointed his second eldest son, Hun Manet, into higher military positions in a bid to prepare his son for the premiership when he retires in politics or dies, effectively solidifying the Hun political dynasty in Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/cambodian-strongmans-son-assumes-powerful-military-roles|title=Cambodian strongman's son assumes powerful military roles|date=Jun 30, 2018|website=The Straits Times|access-date=Feb 2, 2021}}</ref> He has been mentioned by Hun Sen as his potential successor.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.voacambodia.com/a/hun-sen-says-son-is-possible-future-leader-of-cambodia/4604519.html |title=Hun Sen Says Son Is 'Possible Future Leader' of Cambodia |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=9 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref>

In June 2020, Manet was promoted to head of the CPP's youth wing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50731568/cpp-promotes-hun-manet-to-lead-partys-youth-wing/|title=CPP promotes Hun Manet to lead party's youth wing|first=Khuon|last=Narim|work=Khmer Times|date=8 June 2020|access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref>

Hun Sen publicly announced his endorsement of Manet's candidacy as prime minister for the first time in December 2021.<ref name="KT2021"/> Although having never publicly expressed interest in the role, he received strong support from several government ministers, party members as well as the CPP's influential Standing Committee.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50982927/support-for-hun-manet-as-next-pm-continues-to-grow/|title=Support for Hun Manet as next PM continues to grow|work=Khmer Times|first=Ben|last=Sokhean|date=6 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> Hun Sen stressed however that a succession will not take place until at least after the 2028 election.

He is a candidate for member of parliament for Phnom Penh constituency in the [[2023 Cambodian general election|2023 general election]], which is a requirement to become prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501266284/hun-manet-officially-becomes-a-candidate-for-member-of-parliament/|title=Hun Manet officially becomes a candidate for Member of Parliament|work=[[Khmer Times]]|date=1 April 2023|accessdate=2 May 2023}}</ref>

==Military service==
Hun Manet joined the army in 1995, the same year he entered the United States Military Academy. He became [[Major General]] in January 2011, just months after being named Deputy Commander of the Royal Cambodian Army and Deputy Chief of the RCAF Joint Staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-sens-second-son-in-meteoric-rise-through-rcaf-ranks-1560/|title=Hun Sen's Second Son In Meteoric Rise Through RCAF Ranks|publisher=[[The Cambodia Daily]]|author=Saing Soenthrith and Paul Vrieze|date=January 30, 2012|access-date=June 1, 2014}}</ref> Manet played a prominent role in negotiations during the [[2008 Cambodian-Thai stand-off]]. He became a [[lieutenant general]] in June 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/election-02222013203358.html |title=Election List May Widen Divide in Hun Sen's Party |publisher=[[Radio Free Asia]] |date=February 22, 2013 |access-date=June 22, 2014}}</ref> and was later promoted to a four star general in July 2018 coinciding with his taking over responsibilities as the deputy commander-in-chief of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RFAC).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/hun-manet-now-four-star-general|title=Hun Manet is now a four-star General|last=Vichea|first=Pang|date=2018-07-02|work=Phnom Penh Post|access-date=2018-09-07|language=en}}</ref> His younger brother, [[Hun Manith]], also serves in the army, as [[brigadier general]]. On 20 April 2023, Hun Manet was officially promoted to the rank of four-star general. Minister of Defence [[Tea Banh]] described his promotion as a reflection of his efforts to "serve the nation, military and Cambodian people".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/cambodia-hun-sen-son-hun-manet-promotion-four-star-general-3431391?cid=internal_sharetool_androidphone_21042023_cna|title=Cambodia PM Hun Sen's son becomes four-star general|website=CNA|date=20 April 2023|accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hun Manet is married to Pich Chanmony, the daughter of Pich Sophoan, a former secretary of state at the [[Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training (Cambodia)|Ministry of Labour]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Turton |first=Shaun |last2=Phak |first2=Seangly |date=2016-07-06 |title=Inside the Hun family's business empire |language=en |work=Bangkok Post |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/special-reports/1029801/inside-the-hun-familys-business-empire |access-date=2023-03-09}}</ref> One of his children is a [[Citizenship of the United States|U.S. citizen]], born while Manet was studying there.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/76535/pm-wants-grandchild-renounce-us-nationality|title=PM wants grandchild to renounce US nationality|publisher=[[Khmer Times]]|first=Rathavong|last=Ven|date=4 August 2017|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hun, Manet}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cambodian Buddhists]]
[[Category:20th-century military personnel]]
[[Category:21st-century economists]]
[[Category:21st-century military personnel]]
[[Category:21st-century Cambodian politicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol]]
[[Category:Cambodian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Cambodian generals]]
[[Category:Cambodian military personnel]]
[[Category:Cambodian people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Cambodian People's Party politicians]]
[[Category:Children of prime ministers of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Children of prime ministers]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kampong Cham province]]
[[Category:People from Tboung Khmum province]]
[[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Hun Sen]]
[[Category:Hun family]]

Hun Manet

2023-07-21T15:03:19Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Cambodian general (born 1977)}}
{{Family name hatnote|lang=Cambodian|Hun|Manet}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = {{lower|0.5em|[[Excellency|His Excellency]]}} [[General officer|General]]
| name = Hun Manet
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|list=[[Knight_Grand_Cross_Royal_Order_of_Cambodia|GCC]]}}
| image = Hun Manet (2022).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Manet in 2022
|office = [[Prime Minister of Cambodia]]
|monarch = [[Norodom Sihamoni]]
|term_start = TBA
|term_end =
|deputy =
|predecessor = [[Hun Sen]]
|successor =
| native_name = {{lang|km|ហ៊ុន ម៉ាណែត}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|10|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Memot]], Eastern Region, [[Democratic Kampuchea]] (in present-day [[Memot District]], [[Tboung Khmum Province]], [[Cambodia]])
| nationality = Cambodian
| education = [[United States Military Academy]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) [[New York University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) [[University of Bristol]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| party = [[Cambodian People's Party]]
| spouse = Pich Chanmony
| father = [[Hun Sen]]
| mother = [[Bun Rany]]
| relatives =
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
|allegiance = {{flag|Cambodia}}
|branch = [[Royal Cambodian Army]]
|serviceyears = 1995–present
|rank = [[File:Cambodian_Army_OF-09.svg|10px]] [[General]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://phnompenhpost.com/national/hun-manet-promoted-after-royal-decree |title=Hun Manet promoted after royal decree |work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]] |date=7 September 2018 |access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref>
|commands =
*Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the [[Royal Cambodian Armed Forces]]
*Commander of the [[Royal Cambodian Army]]
*Commander of the Prime Minister's Bodyguard Unit
*Chair of the RCAF Joint Staff
*Head of the National Counter-Terrorism Task Force
|unit =
|battles = [[Cambodian–Thai border dispute|Cambodian–Thai border clashes]]
|awards = [[File:KHM Ordre Royal du Cambodge - Grand Croix BAR.png|25px]] [[Royal Order of Cambodia|Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia]] National Defense Medal
|laterwork =
}}
}}
'''Hun Manet''' {{post-nominals|list=[[Knight_Grand_Cross_Royal_Order_of_Cambodia|GCC]]}} ({{lang-km|ហ៊ុន ម៉ាណែត}}, {{lang|km-Latn|Hŭn Manêt}} {{IPA-km|hun maːnaet|}}; born 20 October 1977) is a Cambodian [[general officer|general]] and politician<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501266284/hun-manet-officially-becomes-a-candidate-for-member-of-parliament/|title=Hun Manet officially becomes a candidate for Member of Parliament|work=[[Khmer Times]]|date=1 April 2023|accessdate=2 May 2023}}</ref> who currently serves in the [[Royal Cambodian Armed Forces]] (RCAF) as the commander of [[Royal Cambodian Army]] since 2018. He is the eldest son of [[Cambodian prime minister|Cambodian Prime Minister]] [[Hun Sen]] and [[Bun Rany]]. He also leads the nation's counterterrorism taskforce. Although he does not currently hold any political offices, Manet is a member of the [[Cambodian People's Party]] Standing Committee, the party's decision-making body, and is the head of its youth wing.

Manet grew up and received his general education in Phnom Penh and later joined the armed forces in 1995, the same year he entered the [[United States Military Academy]] at West Point. Having received his diploma in 1999, Manet became the first Cambodian ever to graduate from the prestigious academy.<ref name="AT">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/MC17Ae02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320224634/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/MC17Ae02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=March 20, 2011|title=Like father, like son in Cambodia|publisher=Asia Times|date=March 17, 2011|access-date=June 1, 2014}}</ref>

He has been mentioned by both media outlets and Hun Sen himself as a candidate for prime minister.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/06/hun-manet-the-next-prime-minister-of-cambodia/|title=Hun Manet: The Next Prime Minister of Cambodia?|first=David|last=Hutt|publisher=[[The Diplomat]]|date=8 June 2019|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/hun-manet-can-be-prime-minister-if-he-elected-says-hun-sen/|title=Hun Manet can be prime minister if he is elected, says Hun Sen|first=Sokhean|last=Ben|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|date=25 October 2018|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=KT2021>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50981136/pm-hun-sen-declares-his-support-for-his-son-hun-manet-to-succeed-him-as-prime-minister/|title=PM Hun Sen declares his support for his son Hun Manet to succeed him as Prime Minister|work=Khmer Times|date=2 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> On 24 December 2021, Manet was unanimously elected by the Cambodian People's Party Central Committee to be the party's future candidate for prime minister after Hun Sen, essentially making him the [[prime minister-in-waiting]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50994699/hun-manet-unanimously-elected-to-be-the-future-prime-minister/|title=Hun Manet unanimously elected to be the future Prime Minister|work=[[Khmer Times]]|date=24 December 2021|access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:20220216 hyoukei 11.jpg|thumb|250px|Hun Manet meeting with Japanese prime minister [[Fumio Kishida]] in Tokyo, 16 February 2022.]]
Manet was born on 20 October 1977 in Koh Thmar Village, [[Memot District]], [[Kampong Cham Province]] during the [[Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia]] as the second son of [[Hun Sen]] and [[Bun Rany]]. On the night of his birth, a bright light flew over the roof of the house, of which Hun Sen believed his son was born from a [[supernatural]] being that is worshipped in Koh Thmar Village.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hun Sen Tells of Eldest Son's Supernatural Arrival |url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-sen-tells-of-eldest-sons-supernatural-arrival-21752/ |publisher=[[The Cambodia Daily]] |author=Vannarin, Neou |date=May 3, 2013 |access-date=June 22, 2014}}</ref>

Manet grew up and received his General Education in Phnom Penh and later joined the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces in 1995, the same year he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point. Having received his diploma in May 1999, he became the first Cambodian graduate of the academy, and one of only seven foreign cadets to graduate that year.<ref name="AT"/> Upon graduation from West Point, he received his bachelor's degree in economics and a commission as Lieutenant in the Royal Cambodian Army. He also received his Master of Arts in economics from [[New York University]], US, in 2002, and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Economics from [[University of Bristol]], United Kingdom, in 2009, entitled ''"What determines the firm size distribution and structural integration? A cross-county study"''.<ref>{{cite web |title=What determines the firm size distribution and structural integration? A cross-county study |url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500421 |website=[[E-Theses Online Service]] |access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref>

Manet received appointment as the Commander of Cambodia's National Counter-Terrorism Special Forces with the rank of Colonel in 2008, with the responsibility to help build Cambodia's capability to fight against terrorism. He earned the rank of Lieutenant General in June 2013, shortly after being named Deputy Commander of the Royal Cambodian Army and Deputy Chief of Joint Staff of the RCAF. During the 2008-2011 Cambodia-Thai confrontation, Hun Manet played a prominent role in negotiations to end the stand-off. He is also very involved with reforming process of the RCAF, especially focusing on young military officers and soldiers. Apart from professional military duties, he is actively involved with many social programs. He is the Chief of the Samdech Techo Hun Sen Scholarship Committee and the Samdech Techo Scholarship Association, which provides scholarship opportunities to thousands of Cambodian youths to study at universities across Cambodia. He is also the chairman of the Board of Directors of the Samdech Techo Youth Volunteer Doctor Association (TYDA), which mobilizes thousands of medical professionals, medical students and volunteers to help provide free healthcare to rural Cambodians throughout the country. He is also engaged with a number of other activities to promote humanitarian activities for orphanages and handicaps. Manet is married to Pich Chanmony.

On 30 June 2018, weeks before the parliamentary elections, Hun Sen appointed his second eldest son, Hun Manet, into higher military positions in a bid to prepare his son for the premiership when he retires in politics or dies, effectively solidifying the Hun political dynasty in Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/cambodian-strongmans-son-assumes-powerful-military-roles|title=Cambodian strongman's son assumes powerful military roles|date=Jun 30, 2018|website=The Straits Times|access-date=Feb 2, 2021}}</ref> He has been mentioned by Hun Sen as his potential successor.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.voacambodia.com/a/hun-sen-says-son-is-possible-future-leader-of-cambodia/4604519.html |title=Hun Sen Says Son Is 'Possible Future Leader' of Cambodia |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=9 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref>

In June 2020, Manet was promoted to head of the CPP's youth wing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50731568/cpp-promotes-hun-manet-to-lead-partys-youth-wing/|title=CPP promotes Hun Manet to lead party's youth wing|first=Khuon|last=Narim|work=Khmer Times|date=8 June 2020|access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref>

Hun Sen publicly announced his endorsement of Manet's candidacy as prime minister for the first time in December 2021.<ref name="KT2021"/> Although having never publicly expressed interest in the role, he received strong support from several government ministers, party members as well as the CPP's influential Standing Committee.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50982927/support-for-hun-manet-as-next-pm-continues-to-grow/|title=Support for Hun Manet as next PM continues to grow|work=Khmer Times|first=Ben|last=Sokhean|date=6 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> Hun Sen stressed however that a succession will not take place until at least after the 2028 election.

He is a candidate for member of parliament for Phnom Penh constituency in the [[2023 Cambodian general election|2023 general election]], which is a requirement to become prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501266284/hun-manet-officially-becomes-a-candidate-for-member-of-parliament/|title=Hun Manet officially becomes a candidate for Member of Parliament|work=[[Khmer Times]]|date=1 April 2023|accessdate=2 May 2023}}</ref>

==Military service==
Hun Manet joined the army in 1995, the same year he entered the United States Military Academy. He became [[Major General]] in January 2011, just months after being named Deputy Commander of the Royal Cambodian Army and Deputy Chief of the RCAF Joint Staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-sens-second-son-in-meteoric-rise-through-rcaf-ranks-1560/|title=Hun Sen's Second Son In Meteoric Rise Through RCAF Ranks|publisher=[[The Cambodia Daily]]|author=Saing Soenthrith and Paul Vrieze|date=January 30, 2012|access-date=June 1, 2014}}</ref> Manet played a prominent role in negotiations during the [[2008 Cambodian-Thai stand-off]]. He became a [[lieutenant general]] in June 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/election-02222013203358.html |title=Election List May Widen Divide in Hun Sen's Party |publisher=[[Radio Free Asia]] |date=February 22, 2013 |access-date=June 22, 2014}}</ref> and was later promoted to a four star general in July 2018 coinciding with his taking over responsibilities as the deputy commander-in-chief of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RFAC).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/hun-manet-now-four-star-general|title=Hun Manet is now a four-star General|last=Vichea|first=Pang|date=2018-07-02|work=Phnom Penh Post|access-date=2018-09-07|language=en}}</ref> His younger brother, [[Hun Manith]], also serves in the army, as [[brigadier general]]. On 20 April 2023, Hun Manet was officially promoted to the rank of four-star general. Minister of Defence [[Tea Banh]] described his promotion as a reflection of his efforts to "serve the nation, military and Cambodian people".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/cambodia-hun-sen-son-hun-manet-promotion-four-star-general-3431391?cid=internal_sharetool_androidphone_21042023_cna|title=Cambodia PM Hun Sen's son becomes four-star general|website=CNA|date=20 April 2023|accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hun Manet is married to Pich Chanmony, the daughter of Pich Sophoan, a former secretary of state at the [[Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training (Cambodia)|Ministry of Labour]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Turton |first=Shaun |last2=Phak |first2=Seangly |date=2016-07-06 |title=Inside the Hun family's business empire |language=en |work=Bangkok Post |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/special-reports/1029801/inside-the-hun-familys-business-empire |access-date=2023-03-09}}</ref> One of his children is a [[Citizenship of the United States|U.S. citizen]], born while Manet was studying there.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/76535/pm-wants-grandchild-renounce-us-nationality|title=PM wants grandchild to renounce US nationality|publisher=[[Khmer Times]]|first=Rathavong|last=Ven|date=4 August 2017|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hun, Manet}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cambodian Buddhists]]
[[Category:20th-century military personnel]]
[[Category:21st-century economists]]
[[Category:21st-century military personnel]]
[[Category:21st-century Cambodian politicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol]]
[[Category:Cambodian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Cambodian generals]]
[[Category:Cambodian military personnel]]
[[Category:Cambodian people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Cambodian People's Party politicians]]
[[Category:Children of prime ministers of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Children of prime ministers]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kampong Cham province]]
[[Category:People from Tboung Khmum province]]
[[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Hun Sen]]
[[Category:Hun family]]

Parliament of Montenegro

2023-07-10T20:53:26Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Legislature of Montenegro}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Parliament of Montenegro
| native_name = ''Skupština Crne Gore''
| transcription_name = Скупштина Црне Горе
| legislature = [[Parliament of Montenegro, 2023–2027|2023–2027 convocation]]
| coa_pic = Parliament of Montenegro logo.png
| coa_res = 265px
| house_type = Unicameral
| houses =
| session_room = Skupština.JPG
| session_res = 280px
| leader1_type = [[President of the Parliament of Montenegro|President]]
| leader1 = [[Danijela Đurović]] (Independent)
| election1 =28 April 2022
| leader2_type = Vice Presidents
| leader2 = Branka Bošnjak ([[Movement for Changes|PZP]])
| structure1 = {{Parliament diagram
| width = 250
| background = #f8f9fa
| n1 = 3 | p1 = Social Democrats of Montenegro
| n2 = 4 | p2 = In Black and White (Montenegro)
| n3 = 3 | p3 = Social Democratic Party of Montenegro
| n4 = 29 | p4 = Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (2021)
| n5 = 4 | p5 = Socialist People's Party of Montenegro
| n6 = 10 | p6 = Peace is Our Nation
| n7 = 3 | p7 = Bosniak Party
| n8 = 9 | p8 = New Serb Democracy
| n9 = 5 | p9 = Movement for Changes
| n10 = 5 | p10 = Democratic People's Party (Montenegro)
| n11 = 1 | p11 = Workers' Party (Montenegro)
| n12 = 3 | p12 = Independent politician
}}
| structure1_res = 250px
| structure1_alt = Current structure of the Montenegrin Parliament| political_groups1 = ''Parliament dissolved since 16 March 2023'' 
{{legend|{{party color|Europe Now!}}|[[Europe Now!|Europe Now!]] (24)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Europe Now!}}|[[Europe Now!|PES]] (22)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|United Montenegro}}|[[United Montenegro|UCG]] (1)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Civis (Montenegro)}}|[[Civis (Montenegro)|Civis]] (1)}}

{{legend|{{party color|Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (2021)}}|Together (21)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro}}|[[Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro|DPS]] (17)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Social Democrats of Montenegro}}|[[Social Democrats of Montenegro|SD]] (3)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Democratic Union of Albanians}}|[[Democratic Union of Albanians|USDh]] (1)}}

{{legend|{{party color|For the Future of Montenegro}}|[[For the Future of Montenegro|For Future Montenegro]] (13)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|New Serb Democracy}}|[[New Serb Democracy|NSD]] (9)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Democratic People's Party (Montenegro)}}|[[Democratic People's Party (Montenegro)|DPP]] (4)}}

{{legend|{{party color|Aleksa and Dritan – Count Bravely!}}|[[Aleksa and Dritan – Count Bravely!|Count Bravely!]] (11)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Democratic Montenegro}}|[[Democratic Montenegro|Democratic]] (7)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|United Reform Action}}|[[United Reform Action|URA]] (4)}}

{{legend|{{party color|Bosniak Party}}|[[Bosniak Party|Bosniak Party]] (6)}}

{{legend|{{party color|Socialist People's Party of Montenegro}}|[[Socialist People's Party of Montenegro|SNP]]-[[DEMOS (Montenegro)|DEMOS]] (2)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Socialist People's Party of Montenegro}}|[[Socialist People's Party of Montenegro|SNP]] (2)}}

{{legend|{{party color|Albanian Alternative}}|Albanian Forum (2)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Albanian Alternative}}|[[Albanian Alternative| ASh]] (2)}}

{{legend|{{party color|Albanian Alliance}}|Albanian Alliance (1)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|New Democratic Force (Montenegro)}}|[[New Democratic Force (Montenegro)|FORCA]] (?)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Democratic Party (Montenegro)}}|[[Democratic Party (Montenegro)|PD]] (?)}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Democratic League in Montenegro}}|[[Democratic League in Montenegro|LSMZ]] (?)}}

{{legend|{{party color|Croatian Civic Initiative}}|[[Croatian Civic Initiative|Croatian Civic Initiative]] (1)}}

| voting_system1 = [[Proportional representation]] under the [[D'Hondt method]]
| members = 81
| last_election1 = [[2023 Montenegrin parliamentary election|11 June 2023]]
| next_election1 =
| meeting_place = House of the Assembly, Boulevard of Saint Peter of Cetinje, [[Podgorica]]
| website = [http://www.skupstina.me/ www.skupstina.me]
}}
The '''Parliament of Montenegro''' ({{lang-cnr|Skupština Crne Gore / Скупштина Црне Горе}}) is the [[unicameralism|unicameral]] [[legislature]] of [[Montenegro]]. The Parliament currently has 81 members, with each member elected to a four-year term. Following the [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|2006 independence referendum]], the Parliament declared and ratified the independence of Montenegro on 3 June 2006. Members of the Parliament are elected using [[proportional representation]].

==History==
The Parliament of Montenegro was initially established by the Constitution of the [[Principality of Montenegro]] in 1905 and was called the Popular Assembly (''Narodna skupština''). It had a limited legislative role, limited by the authority of the Knjaz (Prince). The first parliament was constituted in 1906.<ref>[http://www.skupstina.me/index.php/me/skupstina/o-nama/istorijat History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921013626/http://www.skupstina.me/index.php/me/skupstina/o-nama/istorijat |date=2015-09-21 }}, skupstina.me</ref> Following the incorporation of the [[Kingdom of Montenegro]] into the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] in 1918, the Parliament of Montenegro was disbanded until World War II. The Parliament was reinstated in 1944, in the form of the ''Montenegrin Anti-Fascist Assembly of National Liberation (CASNO)'', which changed its name to the ''Montenegrin National Assembly'', and later the ''National Assembly''. This lasted until 1946, when a new Assembly was elected for the [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro]], a constituent republic within the [[SFR Yugoslavia]]. The current parliament is the 23rd since the foundation of the Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Državna izborna komisija - Crna Gora |url=https://dik.co.me/wp-signup.php?new=rezultati |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=dik.co.me}}</ref>

==Powers==
The Parliament appoints the [[Prime Minister of Montenegro|Prime Minister]] nominated by the [[President of Montenegro|President]], as well as the ministers chosen by the Prime Minister. Parliament also passes all laws in Montenegro, ratifies international treaties, appoints justices of all courts, adopts the budget and performs other duties as established by the [[Constitution of Montenegro|Constitution]]. The Parliament can pass a [[vote of no-confidence]] in the Government with a majority of the members.

==Deputies==
A deputy has a four-year term. One deputy is elected per 6,000 voters, which in turn results in a change of total number of deputies in the parliament. Current assembly convening comprises 81 deputies.

==Elections==
[[File:Parliament of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro.jpg|thumb|265px|right|Old photograph of the Montenegrin parliament building (right) and the current [[President of Montenegro|Presidential]] residence (left)]]
The Parliament has 81 members (deputies) elected by a [[D'Hondt method]] system of proportional representation for a four-year term.

The 81 seats of the Parliament of Montenegro are elected in a single nationwide constituency by [[closed list]] [[proportional representation]]. Seats are allocated using the [[d'Hondt method]] with a three percent [[electoral threshold]]. Minority groups that account for at least 15 percent of the population in a [[Municipalities of Montenegro|district]] are given an exemption that lowers the electoral threshold to 0.7 percent if their list fails to cross the three percent threshold. For [[Croats of Boka Kotorska|ethnic Croats]], if no list representing the population passes the 0.7 percent threshold, the list with the most votes will win one seat if it receives more than 0.35 percent of the vote.<ref>[http://ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2385_B.htm Electoral system] IPU</ref>

===2020 parliamentary election===
{{main|2020 Montenegrin parliamentary election}}
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
!colspan=2|Party
!Votes
!%
!Seats
!+/–
|-
|style="background-color:#F6931D"|
|align=left|[[Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro|Democratic Party of Socialists]]|| 143,515
| 35.06 || 30
|−6
|-
|style="background-color:#4682B4"|
|align=left|[[For the Future of Montenegro]]|| 133,261
| 32.55 || 27
|<nowiki>+6</nowiki> 
|-
|style="background-color:#ffae42"|
|align=left|[[Peace is Our Nation]]|| 51,298
| 12.53 || 10
| −2
|-
|style="background-color:#800080"|
|align=left|[[In Black and White (Montenegro)|In Black and White]]|| 22,679
| 5.54|| 4
|<nowiki>+2</nowiki>
|-
|style="background-color:#f47171"|
|align=left|[[Social Democrats of Montenegro|Social Democrats]]|| 16,769
| 4.10 || 3
|<nowiki>+1</nowiki>
|-
|style="background-color:#32CD32"|
|align=left|[[Bosniak Party|Bosniak Party{{small|M}}]] || 16,279
| 3.98 || 3
|<nowiki>+1</nowiki>
|-
|style="background-color:#E90007"|
|align=left|[[Social Democratic Party of Montenegro|Social Democratic Party]]|| 12,835
| 3.14 || 2
|−2
|-
|style="background-color:#00AAE4"|
|align=left|[[Albanian List (Montenegro)|Albanian List]]{{small|M}}|| 6,488
| 1.58 || 1
|0
|-
|style="background-color:#8B0000"|
|align=left|[[Albanian Coalition]]{{small|M}}|| 4,675
| 1.14 || 1
|<nowiki>+1</nowiki>
|-
|style="background-color:#f08080"|
|align=left|[[Croatian Civic Initiative]]{{small|M}}|| 1,106
| 0.27 || 0
|−1
|-
|style="background-color:#6495ED"|
|align=left|[[Croatian Reform Party]]{{small|M}}|| 496
| 0.12 || 0
|New
|-
|align=left colspan=2|Invalid/blank votes|| 4,500
|2.09||–||–
|-
|align=left colspan=2|'''Total'''||'''413,894 '''||'''100'''||'''81'''||'''0'''
|-
|align=left colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout|| 540,026 || 76.64 ||–||–
|-
| colspan="6" align="left" |M denotes the national minority lists, for which the 3% threshold does not apply.
|}

==Current parliamentary parties list==
{{Further|List of political parties in Montenegro#Parliamentary parties}}

==See also==
*[[President of the Parliament of Montenegro]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Montenegro topics |collapsed}}
{{Parliaments in Europe}}
{{National unicameral legislatures}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Politics of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Political organisations based in Montenegro]]
[[Category:Government of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Parliaments by country|Montenegro]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures|Montenegro]]
[[Category:National legislatures|Montenegro]]

President of the National Assembly of Thailand

2023-07-06T20:48:06Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Head of national assembly of thailand}}
{{Infobox Political post
| post = President
| body = the National Assembly
| native_name = ประธานรัฐสภา
| insignia = Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg
| insigniasize = 120px
| insigniacaption = Seal of the Parliament of Thailand
| flag = Flag of the President of the National Assembly of Thailand.svg
| flagsize = 160px
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = Standard of the president of the National Assembly of Thailand
| image = File:WanNoor.jpg
| incumbent = [[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha]]
| incumbentsince = 4 July 2023
| style = Mr. President / ''Than Prathan Thi Khao Rop''
| status = [[Speaker (politics)|Presiding officer]]
| appointer = [[Monarchy of Thailand|Monarch]]
| nominator = Vote within the [[House of Representatives of Thailand|House of Representatives]]
| department = [[National Assembly (Thailand)|National Assembly]]
| member_of = [[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives]]
| seat = [[Sappaya-Sapasathan]]
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Thailand]]
| termlength = According to the term of the House of Representatives
| deputy = [[List of presidents of the Senate of Thailand|Vice President of the National Assembly]]
| formation = {{start date and age|1932|6|28|df=y}}
| succession =
| inaugural = [[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri]]
| salary = [[Thai Baht|฿]]75,590 monthly<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.go.th/assets/portals/1/files/Decree%20emoluments_2555.pdf |script-title=th:พระราชกฤษฎีกา เงินประจำตำแหน่งและประโยชน์ตอบแทนอย่างอื่นของประธานและรองประธานสภาผู้แทนราษฎร ประธานและรองประธานวุฒิสภา ผู้นำฝ่ายค้านในสภาผู้แทนราษฎร สมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร สมาชิกวุฒิสภา และกรรมาธิการ พ.ศ. ๒๕๕๕ |language=th |website=senate.go.th |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>
| website =
}}
The '''president of the National Assembly''' ({{lang-th|ประธานรัฐสภา}}, {{RTGS|''Prathan Ratthasapha''}}, {{IPA-th|prā.tʰāːn rát.tʰā.sā.pʰāː|pron}}) is the [[Speaker (politics)|presiding officer]] (speaker) of the [[National Assembly of Thailand]]. Since 1997, the office has been an ''[[ex officio]]'' position occupied by the '''[[List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Thailand|speaker of the House of Representatives of Thailand]]'''. The president is therefore an [[Member of Parliament|MP]], usually from the majority party in the [[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives]]. The president is elected at the beginning of a House session immediately after an election, there are no term limits for the office. In the aftermath of the [[2014 Thai coup d'état|Coup d'état in 2014]], the function of legislative assembly was turned over to the junta-controlled [[National Legislative Assembly of Thailand (2014)|National Legislative Assembly]], which [[Pornpetch Wichitcholchai]], President of the National Legislative Assembly, is occupying ''ex officio'' position of President of the National Assembly.

The office of the president of the National Assembly was first established in 1932, with the establishment of the first legislature of Thailand. The office of the '''president of the People's Assembly of Siam''' was first occupied by [[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri]] (Sanan Thephasadin na Ayutthaya).

==Powers and functions==
===As president===
The president of the National Assembly, apart from being the presiding officer of the National Assembly whenever there is a joint-sitting, is also the chief representative and leader of the [[legislative branch]] in Thailand. In the [[2007 Constitution of Thailand|2007 constitution]] the president of the National Assembly is given many powers. The President is assisted by the Vice President of the National Assembly, another ex officio position occupied by the [[President of the Senate|president]] [[Senate of Thailand|of the Senate]].
* Countersign the [[King of Thailand|King]]'s appointment and removal of the president of the [[Privy Council of Thailand|Privy Council]] and [[Regent of Thailand]].
* Countersign the Royal Command for the amendment of the [[1924 Palace Law of Succession]].
* Inviting the Heir to ascend the Throne.
* Ensure all votes in the Assembly is recorded.
* Asking the Monarch to convoke an extraordinary session of the Assembly.

===As speaker===
The speaker of the House of Representatives is the chief presiding officer of the House of Representatives. The speaker is also entrusted with some legislative powers, as it is his main role to ensure all the legislative process is followed. The speaker is assisted by two Deputy Speakers. The Speaker must act impartially on all matters and therefore cannot be a member of an executive committee of a [[List of political parties in Thailand|political party]], this also apply to his deputies.
* Filling a vacancy of a [[Party list]] MP, by submitting a name on the list for publication in the [[Royal Thai Government Gazette|Royal Gazette]].
* Submitting to the King the name of the [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister-elect]] to be formally appointed, then countersigning it.
* Countersign the King's appointment of the [[Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)|Leader of the Opposition]].
* Be an ex officio member of the Selection committee for:
** [[Constitutional Court of Thailand|Constitutional Court]] Judges
** [[Election Commission (Thailand)|Election Commissioners]]
** [[Office of the Ombudsman (Thailand)|Ombudsmen]]
** [[National Anti-Corruption Commission (Thailand)|National Anti-Corruption Commissioners]]

==List of presidents==
''Note: According to the 2007 Constitution of Thailand the office of President of the National Assembly of Thailand is held as an ''ex officio'' position by the speaker of the House of Representatives. However throughout Thailand's long constitutional history this has not always been the case, at certain times the office of 'President' of the legislature was sometimes held by the presiding officer of the upper house or that of a unicameral chamber.'' {{See also|List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Thailand|List of presidents of the Senate of Thailand}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;"
|-
! rowspan="2"|No.
! rowspan="2" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" width="200"| Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" width="90"| Party
! rowspan="2" width="200"| Position
|-
! width="85"| {{small|Took office}}
! width="85"| {{small|Left office}}
|-
|'''1'''
|[[File:Thammasak Montree.jpg|125x125px]]
|[[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri|'''Chaophraya Thammasakmontri''']] เจ้าพระยาธรรมศักดิ์มนตรี (1877–1943)
|28 June 1932
|1 September 1932
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the People's Assembly
|-
|'''2'''
|[[File:Dan Bunnak (2).jpg|109x109px]]
|'''Chaophraya Phichaiyat''' เจ้าพระยาพิชัยญาติ (1875–1946)
|2 September 1932
|10 December 1933
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the People's Assembly
|-
|'''(1)'''
|[[File:Thammasak Montree.jpg|125x125px]]
|[[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri|'''Chaophraya Thammasakmontri''']] เจ้าพระยาธรรมศักดิ์มนตรี (1877–1943)
|15 December 1933
|26 February 1934
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the People's Assembly
|-
|'''3'''
|[[File:สส-ศรยุทธเสนี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Phraya Sorayuthaseni''' พระยาศรยุทธเสนี (1888–1962)
|26 February 1934
|22 September 1934
|style="background:{{party color|Khana Ratsadon}};"|
|[[People's Party (Thailand)|People's]]
|President of the People's Assembly
|-
|'''4'''
|[[File:เจ้าพระยาศรีธรรมาธิเบศ (จิตร ณ สงขลา) ภาพจากอัสสัมชัญอุโฆษสมัย (1982).jpg|133x133px]]
|'''Chaophraya Sri Thammathibet''' เจ้าพระยาศรีธรรมาธิเบศ (1885–1976)
|22 September 1934
|22 July 1936
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the People's Assembly
|-
|'''5'''
|[[File:พระยามานวราชเสวี.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''Phraya Manwaratchasewi''' พระยามานวราชเสวี (1890–1984)
|3 August 1936
|24 June 1943
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the People's Assembly
|-
|'''(3)'''
|[[File:สส-ศรยุทธเสนี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Phraya Sorayuthaseni''' พระยาศรยุทธเสนี (1888–1962)
|6 July 1943
|24 June 1944
|style="background:{{party color|Khana Ratsadon}};"|
|[[People's Party (Thailand)|People's]]
|President of the People's Assembly
|-
|'''(5)'''
|[[File:พระยามานวราชเสวี.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''Phraya Manwaratchasewi''' พระยามานวราชเสวี (1890–1984)
|2 July 1944
|15 October 1945
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the People's Assembly
|-
|'''6'''
|[[File:วิลาส.jpg|91x91px]]
|'''Vilas Osathanon''' วิลาศ โอสถานนท์ (1899–1997)
|4 June 1946
|24 August 1946
|style="background:{{party color|Khana Ratsadon}};"|
|[[People's Party (Thailand)|People's]]
|President of the Senate
|-
|'''(3)'''
|[[File:สส-ศรยุทธเสนี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Phraya Sorayuthaseni''' พระยาศรยุทธเสนี (1888–1962)
|31 August 1946
|29 November 1951
|style="background:{{party color|Khana Ratsadon}};"|
|[[People's Party (Thailand)|People's]]
|President of the Senate
|-
|'''7'''
|[[File:สส-พระประจนปัจจนึก.jpg|108x108px]]
|'''Phra Prachonpachanuk''' พระประจนปัจจนึก (1892–1970)
|1 December 1951
|16 September 1957
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|'''8'''
|[[File:สุทธิ์ สุทธิสารรณกร.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Luang Sutthisanronnakon''' หลวงสุทธิสารรณกร (1901–1968)
|20 September 1957
|14 December 1957
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|'''(7)'''
|[[File:สส-พระประจนปัจจนึก.jpg|108x108px]]
|'''Phra Prachonpachanuk''' พระประจนปัจจนึก (1892–1970)
|27 December 1957
|20 October 1958
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|'''(8)'''
|[[File:สุทธิ์ สุทธิสารรณกร.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Luang Sutthisanronnakon''' หลวงสุทธิสารรณกร (1901–1968)
|6 February 1959
|2 May 1968
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the Constitution Drafting Assembly
|-
|'''9'''
|[[File:Tawee Boonyaket.jpg|112x112px]]
|[[Thawi Bunyaket|'''Thawi Bunyaket''']] ทวี บุณยเกตุ (1904–1971)
|8 May 1968
|20 June 1968
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the Constitution Drafting Assembly
|-
|'''10'''
|[[File:วรการบัญชา-สภาผู้แทนราษฎร.jpg|108x108px]]
|'''Nai Vorkarnbancha''' นายวรการบัญชา (1903–1974)
|22 July 1968
|17 November 1971
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the Senate
|-
|'''11'''
|[[File:สส-ศิริสิริโยธิน.jpg|111x111px]]
|'''Siri Siriyothin''' ศิริ สิริโยธิน (1915–1979)
|18 December 1972
|11 December 1973
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the National Legislative Assembly
|-
|'''12'''
|[[File:Kukrit Pramoj 1974 (cropped-1).jpg|107x107px]]
|[[Kukrit Pramoj|'''Kukrit Pramoj''']] คึกฤทธิ์ ปราโมช (1911–1995)
|29 December 1973
|7 October 1974
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the National Legislative Assembly
|-
|'''13'''
|[[File:ประภาศน์ อวยชัย.jpg|105x105px]]
|'''Praphas Ouchai''' ประภาศน์ อวยชัย (1924–2017)
|17 October 1974
|25 January 1975
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the National Legislative Assembly
|-
|'''14'''
|[[File:Prasit Kanchanawat.jpg|108x108px]]
|'''Prasit Kanchanawat''' ประสิทธิ์ กาญจนวัฒน์ (1915–1999)
|7 February 1975
|12 January 1976
|
|Social Nationalist
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|'''15'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Uthai Pimjaichon''' อุทัย พิมพ์ใจชน (born 1938)
|19 April 1976
|6 October 1976
|style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};"|
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|'''16'''
|[[File:Kamol Dechatungka 1949.jpg|130x130px]]
|'''Kamol Dechatungka''' กมล เดชะตุงคะ (1917–2002)
|22 October 1976
|20 November 1976
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the National Administrative Reform Council
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''17'''
| rowspan="3" |[[File:หะริน หงสกุล (ตัด).jpg|99x99px]]
| rowspan="3" |'''Harin Hongsakul''' หะริน หงสกุล (1914–2008)
|28 November 1976
|20 October 1977
| rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
| rowspan="3" |Independent
|President of the National Administrative Reform Council
|-
|25 November 1977
|20 April 1979
|President of the National Legislative Assembly
|-
|9 May 1979
|19 March 1983
|President of the Senate
|-
|'''18'''
|[[File:Charubud Ruengsuwan.jpg|107x107px]]
|'''Charubud Ruengsuwan''' จารุบุตร เรืองสุวรรณ (1920–1984)
|26 April 1983
|19 March 1984
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the Senate
|-
|'''19'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Ukrit Mongkolnavin''' อุกฤษ มงคลนาวิน (born 1933)
|30 April 1984
|21 April 1989
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the Senate
|-
|'''20'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Wan Chansue''' วรรณ ชันซื่อ (1923–2015)
|4 May 1989
|23 February 1991
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the Senate
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''(19)'''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
| rowspan="2" |'''Ukrit Mongkolnavin''' อุกฤษ มงคลนาวิน (born 1933)
|2 April 1991
|21 March 1992
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
| rowspan="2" |Independent
|President of the National Legislative Assembly
|-
|3 April 1992
|26 May 1992
|President of the Senate
|-
|'''21'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''[[Meechai Ruchuphan]]''' มีชัย ฤชุพันธุ์ (born 1938)
|28 June 1992
|29 June 1992
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the Senate
|-
|'''22'''
|[[File:ประมวลภาพ "งานทำบุญครบรอบ ๖๖ ปี" ของการก่อตั้งพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ 06.jpg|89x89px]]
|[[Marut Bunnag|'''Marut Bunnag''']] มารุต บุนนาค (1924–2022)
|22 September 1992
|19 May 1995
|style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};"|
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|'''23'''
|[[File:Bun-er Pasertsuwan.jpg|104x104px]]
|[[Booneua Prasertsuwan|'''Booneua Prasertsuwan''']] บุญเอื้อ ประเสริฐสุวรรณ (1919–2016)
|11 July 1995
|27 September 1996
|style="background:{{party color|Thai Nation Party}};"|
|[[Thai Nation Party|Thai Nation]]
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|'''24'''
|[[File:WanNoor.jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha|'''Wan Muhamad Noor Matha''']] วันมูหะมัดนอร์ มะทา (born 1944)
|24 November 1996
|27 June 2000
|style="background:{{party color|New Aspiration Party}};"|
|[[New Aspiration Party|New Aspiration]]
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|'''25'''
|[[File:Bhichai Rattakul 2010-04-01.jpg|120x120px]]
|[[Bhichai Rattakul|'''Bhichai Rattakul''']] พิชัย รัตตกุล (1924–2022)
|30 June 2000
|9 November 2000
|style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};"|
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|'''(15)'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Uthai Pimjaichon''' อุทัย พิมพ์ใจชน (born 1938)
|6 February 2001
|5 January 2005
|style="background:{{party color|Thai Rak Thai Party}};"|
|[[Thai Rak Thai Party|Thai Rak Thai]]
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|'''26'''
|[[File:โภคิน พลกุล 2020.jpg|121x121px]]
|'''Pokin Palakul''' โภคิน พลกุล (born 1952)
|6 January 2005
|24 February 2006
|style="background:{{party color|Thai Rak Thai Party}};"|
|[[Thai Rak Thai Party|Thai Rak Thai]]
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|'''(21)'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''[[Meechai Ruchuphan]]''' มีชัย ฤชุพันธุ์ (born 1938)
|11 October 2006
|20 January 2008
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the National Legislative Assembly
|-
|'''27'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Yongyuth Tiyapairat''' ยงยุทธ ติยะไพรัช (born 1961)
|28 January 2008
|30 April 2008
|style="background:{{party color|People's Power Party (Thailand)}};"|
|[[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power]]
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|'''''—'''''
|[[File:Prasopsuk Bundech 2009 (cropped).jpg|107x107px]]
|'''''Prasopsuk Bundech''' ประสพสุข บุญเดช (born 1945) ''''Acting''
|''19 March 2008''
|''15 May 2008''
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|''Independent''
|''President of the Senate''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''28'''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:ชัย ชิดชอบ 2011.jpg|109x109px]]
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Chai Chidchob]]''' ชัย ชิดชอบ (1928–2020)
| rowspan="2" |15 May 2008
| rowspan="2" |10 May 2011
|style="background:{{party color|People's Power Party (Thailand)}};"|
|[[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power]] (until 2008)
| rowspan="2" |Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Bhumjaithai Party}};"|
|[[Bhumjaithai Party|Bhumjaithai]] (from 2008)
|-
|'''''—'''''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''''[[Teeradej Meepien]]''' ธีรเดช มีเพียร (born 1940) ''''Acting''
|''10 May 2011''
|''3 August 2011''
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|''Independent''
|''President of the Senate''
|-
|'''29'''
| [[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|[[Somsak Kiatsuranont|'''Somsak Kiatsuranont''']] สมศักดิ์ เกียรติสุรนนท์ (born 1954)
|3 August 2011
|9 December 2013
|style="background:{{party color|Pheu Thai Party}};"|
|[[Pheu Thai Party|Pheu Thai]]
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|'''''—'''''
|[[File:สุรชัย เลี้ยงบุญเลิศชัย 2 (ครอบตัด).jpg|105x105px]]
|'''''Surachai Leangboonleodchai''' สุรชัย เลี้ยงบุญเลิศชัย (born 1953) Acting''
|''21 March 2014''
|''24 May 2014''
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|''Independent''
|''President of the Senate''
|-
|'''30'''
|[[File:Pornpetch Wichitcholchai 29 October 2014 cropped.jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Pornpetch Wichitcholchai|'''Pornpetch Wichitcholchai''']] พรเพชร วิชิตชลชัย (born 1948)
|17 August 2014
|21 May 2019
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|Independent
|President of the National Legislative Assembly
|-
|'''31'''
|[[File:Chuan Leekpai 2010-04-01.jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Chuan Leekpai|'''Chuan Leekpai''']] ชวน หลีกภัย (born 1938)
|28 May 2019
|20 March 2023
|style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};"|
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|-
|'''''—'''''
|[[File:Pornpetch Wichitcholchai 29 October 2014 cropped.jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Pornpetch Wichitcholchai|'''''Pornpetch Wichitcholchai''''']]'' พรเพชร วิชิตชลชัย (born 1948) ''''Acting''
|''20 March 2023''
|''4 July 2023''
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};"|
|''Independent''
|''President of the Senate''
|-
|'''(24)'''
|[[File:WanNoor.jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha|'''Wan Muhamad Noor Matha''']] วันมูหะมัดนอร์ มะทา (born 1944)
|4 July 2023
|Incumbent
|style="background:{{party color|Prachachart Party}};"|
|[[Prachachart Party|Prachachart]]
|Speaker of the House of Representatives
|}
{{Politics of Thailand|Thai Garuda emblem.png}}
==See also==
* [[National Assembly of Thailand]]
* [[Senate of Thailand]]
* [[House of Representatives of Thailand]]
* [[List of presidents of the Senate of Thailand]]
* [[List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Thailand]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.parliament.go.th/ Parliament of Thailand]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080629062600/http://phetchaburi.ect.go.th/news/1.1.1.htm
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080618030359/http://www.rakbankerd.com/01_jam/thaiinfor/country_info/index.html?topic_id=87&db_file=
* http://rulers.org/thaigov.html

{{DEFAULTSORT:President Of The National Assembly Of Thailand}}
[[Category:Government of Thailand]]
[[Category:Political history of Thailand]]
[[Category:Presidents of the National Assembly of Thailand| ]]
[[Category:Chairs of lower houses]]

Speaker of the House of Representatives (Thailand)

2023-07-06T20:45:31Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox Political post
|post = Speaker
|body = House of Representatives ประธานสภาผู้แทนราษฎร
|insignia = Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg
|insigniasize = 120px
|insigniacaption = Seal of the National Assembly of Thailand
|image = File:WanNoor.jpg
|incumbent = [[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha]]
|incumbentsince = 4 July 2023
|style = Mr. Speaker or Mr. President (informal) [[The Honourable]] (formal)
|appointer = [[Monarchy of Thailand|Monarch]]
| nominator = Vote within the [[House of Representatives of Thailand|House of Representatives]]
|termlength = According to the term of the House of Representatives
|formation = 28 June 1932
|succession =
|inaugural = [[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri]]
|website =
}}
{{Politics of Thailand}}
'''The Speaker of the [[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives of Thailand]]''' ({{lang-th|ประธานสภาผู้แทนราษฎร}}, {{RTGS|''Prathan Sapha Phuthaen Ratsadon''}}, {{IPA-th|prā.tʰāːn sā.pʰāː pʰûː.tʰɛ̄ːn râːt.sā.dɔ̄ːn|pron}}) is the [[speaker (politics)|presiding officer]] of the lower chamber of the [[National Assembly of Thailand]]. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is also the ''ex officio'' [[President of the National Assembly of Thailand]]. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is an [[Member of Parliament|MP]], usually from the majority party in the [[House of Representatives of Thailand|House of Representatives]]. The Speaker or the President is elected at the beginning of a House session immediately after an election, there are no term limits for the office.<ref>https://news.thaivisa.com/article/35627/new-pm-will-be-elected-by-month-end-says-wissanu</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Thailand/sub5_8f/entry-3276.html|title = PRIME MINISTER, LEGISLATURE AND ELECTIONS IN THAILAND | Facts and Details}}</ref>

== History ==
The office of the Speaker was first established in 1932, with the establishment of the first legislature of Thailand. The office of the '''President of the People's Assembly of Siam''' was first occupied by [[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri]] (Sanan Thephasadin na Ayutthaya).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/1683316/parliament-opens-after-kings-ceremony|title=Parliament opens after King's ceremony|newspaper=Bangkok Post}}</ref>

== Powers ==
The Speaker is entrusted with certain legislative powers, as it is his main role to ensure all the legislative process is followed. The Speaker is assisted by two Deputy Speakers. The Speaker must act impartially on all matters and therefore cannot be a member of an executive committee of a [[List of political parties in Thailand|political party]], this also apply to his deputies.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J0oDwAAQBAJ&q=Speakers+of+the+House+of+Representatives+of+Thailand&pg=PA81 |title = CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND 2017: THAI LAW translate into English}}</ref>

His duties include:
* Filling a vacancy of a [[Party list]] MP, by submitting a name on the list for publication in the [[Royal Thai Government Gazette|Royal Gazette]].
* Submitting to the King the name of the [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister-elect]] to be formally appointed, then countersigning it.
* Countersigning the King's appointment of the [[Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)|Leader of the Opposition]].
* Being an ex officio member of the Selection committee for:
**[[Constitutional Court of Thailand|Constitutional Court]] Judges
** [[Election Commission (Thailand)|Election Commissioners]]
** [[Office of the Ombudsman (Thailand)|Ombudsmen]]
** [[National Anti-Corruption Commission (Thailand)|National Anti-Corruption Commissioners]]

==List of speakers of the House of Representatives==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" width="200" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="90" | Party
|-
! width="85" | {{small|Took office}}
! width="85" | {{small|Left office}}
|-
|'''1'''
|[[File:Thammasak Montree.jpg|125x125px]]
|[[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri|'''Chaophraya Thammasakmontri''']] เจ้าพระยาธรรมศักดิ์มนตรี (1877–1943)
|28 June 1932
|1 September 1932
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''2'''
|[[File:Dan Bunnak (2).jpg|109x109px]]
|'''Chaophraya Phichaiyat''' เจ้าพระยาพิชัยญาติ (1875–1946)
|2 September 1932
|10 December 1933
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''(1)'''
|[[File:Thammasak Montree.jpg|125x125px]]
|[[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri|'''Chaophraya Thammasakmontri''']] เจ้าพระยาธรรมศักดิ์มนตรี (1877–1943)
|15 December 1933
|26 February 1934
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''3'''
|[[File:สส-ศรยุทธเสนี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Phraya Sorayuthaseni''' พระยาศรยุทธเสนี (1888–1962)
|26 February 1934
|22 September 1934
| style="background:{{party color|Khana Ratsadon}};" |
|[[People's Party (Thailand)|People's]]
|-
|'''4'''
|[[File:เจ้าพระยาศรีธรรมาธิเบศ (จิตร ณ สงขลา) ภาพจากอัสสัมชัญอุโฆษสมัย (1982).jpg|133x133px]]
|'''Chaophraya Sri Thammathibet''' เจ้าพระยาศรีธรรมาธิเบศ (1885–1976)
|22 September 1934
|22 July 1936
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''5'''
|[[File:พระยามานวราชเสวี.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''Phraya Manwaratchasewi''' พระยามานวราชเสวี (1890–1984)
|3 August 1936
|24 June 1943
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''(3)'''
|[[File:สส-ศรยุทธเสนี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Phraya Sorayuthaseni''' พระยาศรยุทธเสนี (1888–1962)
|6 July 1943
|24 June 1944
| style="background:{{party color|Khana Ratsadon}};" |
|[[People's Party (Thailand)|People's]]
|-
|'''(5)'''
|[[File:พระยามานวราชเสวี.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''Phraya Manwaratchasewi''' พระยามานวราชเสวี (1890–1984)
|2 July 1944
|3 June 1946
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''6'''
|[[File:เกษม บุญศรี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Kasem Boonsri''' เกษม บุญศรี (1905–1988)
|4 June 1946
|10 May 1947
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''7'''
|[[File:สส-พึ่งศรีจันทร์.jpg|109x109px]]
|'''Pheng Srichan''' พึ่ง ศรีจันทร์ (1907–1992)
|13 May 1947
|8 November 1947
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''(6)'''
|[[File:เกษม บุญศรี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Kasem Boonsri''' เกษม บุญศรี (1905–1988)
|20 February 1948
|14 June 1949
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''8'''
|[[File:ราชธรรมนิเทศ.jpg|107x107px]]
|'''Phraya Thammanithet''' พระราชธรรมนิเทศ (1891–1965)
|15 June 1949
|29 November 1951
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''9'''
|[[File:สส-พระประจนปัจจนึก.jpg|108x108px]]
|'''Phra Prachonpachanuk''' พระประจนปัจจนึก (1892–1970)
|1 December 1951
|20 September 1957
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''10'''
|[[File:สุทธิ์ สุทธิสารรณกร.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Luang Sutthisanronnakon''' หลวงสุทธิสารรณกร (1901–1968)
|20 September 1957
|14 December 1957
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''(9)'''
|[[File:สส-พระประจนปัจจนึก.jpg|108x108px]]
|'''Phra Prachonpachanuk''' พระประจนปัจจนึก (1892–1970)
|15 December 1957
|20 October 1958
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''11'''
|[[File:สส-ศิริสิริโยธิน.jpg|111x111px]]
|'''Siri Siriyothin''' ศิริ สิริโยธิน (1915–1979)
|10 February 1969
|17 November 1971
|style="background:{{party color|United Thai People's Party}};" |
|[[United Thai People's Party|United Thai People's]]
|-
|'''12'''
|[[File:Prasit Kanchanawat.jpg|108x108px]]
|'''Prasit Kanchanawat''' ประสิทธิ์ กาญจนวัฒน์ (1915–1999)
|7 February 1975
|12 January 1976
|
|Social Nationalist
|-
|'''13'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Uthai Pimjaichon''' อุทัย พิมพ์ใจชน (born 1938)
|19 April 1976
|6 October 1976
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''14'''
|[[File:บุญเท่ง ทองสวัสดิ์.jpg|110x110px]]
|'''Boontheng Thongsawat''' บุญเท่ง ทองสวัสดิ์ (1912–1999)
|9 May 1979
|19 March 1983
|style="background:{{party color|Social Action Party}};" |
|[[Social Action Party|Social Action]]
|-
|'''(13)'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Uthai Pimjaichon''' อุทัย พิมพ์ใจชน (born 1938)
|27 April 1983
|1 May 1986
|style="background:{{party color|Progress Party (Thailand, 1983)}};" |
|[[Progress Party (Thailand, 1983)|Progress]]
|-
|'''15'''
|[[File:Chuan Leekpai 2010-04-01.jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Chuan Leekpai|'''Chuan Leekpai''']] ชวน หลีกภัย (born 1938)
|4 August 1986
|29 April 1988
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''16'''
|[[File:Panja Kesornthong.jpg|100x100px]]
|'''Panja Kesornthong''' ปัญจะ เกสรทอง (born 1946)
|3 August 1988
|23 February 1991
| style="background:{{party color|Thai Nation Party}};" |
|[[Thai Nation Party|Thai Nation]]
|-
|'''17'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Arthit Ourairat''' อาทิตย์ อุไรรัตน์ (born 1938)
|3 April 1992
|30 June 1992
|style="background:{{party color|Justice Unity Party}};" |
|[[Justice Unity Party|Justice Unity]]
|-
|'''18'''
|[[File:ประมวลภาพ "งานทำบุญครบรอบ ๖๖ ปี" ของการก่อตั้งพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ 06.jpg|89x89px]]
|[[Marut Bunnag|'''Marut Bunnag''']] มารุต บุนนาค (1924–2022)
|22 September 1992
|19 May 1995
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''19'''
|[[File:Bun-er Pasertsuwan.jpg|104x104px]]
|[[Booneua Prasertsuwan|'''Booneua Prasertsuwan''']] บุญเอื้อ ประเสริฐสุวรรณ (1919–2016)
|11 July 1995
|27 September 1996
| style="background:{{party color|Thai Nation Party}};" |
|[[Thai Nation Party|Thai Nation]]
|-
|'''20'''
|[[File:WanNoor.jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha|'''Wan Muhamad Noor Matha''']] วันมูหะมัดนอร์ มะทา (born 1944)
|24 November 1996
|27 June 2000
| style="background:{{party color|New Aspiration Party}};" |
|[[New Aspiration Party|New Aspiration]]
|-
|'''21'''
|[[File:Bhichai Rattakul 2010-04-01.jpg|120x120px]]
|[[Bhichai Rattakul|'''Bhichai Rattakul''']] พิชัย รัตตกุล (1924–2022)
|30 June 2000
|9 November 2000
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''(13)'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Uthai Pimjaichon''' อุทัย พิมพ์ใจชน (born 1938)
|6 February 2001
|5 January 2005
| style="background:{{party color|Thai Rak Thai Party}};" |
|[[Thai Rak Thai Party|Thai Rak Thai]]
|-
|'''22'''
|[[File:โภคิน พลกุล 2020.jpg|121x121px]]
|'''Pokin Palakul''' โภคิน พลกุล (born 1952)
|6 January 2005
|24 February 2006
| style="background:{{party color|Thai Rak Thai Party}};" |
|[[Thai Rak Thai Party|Thai Rak Thai]]
|-
|'''23'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Yongyuth Tiyapairat''' ยงยุทธ ติยะไพรัช (born 1961)
|28 January 2008
|30 April 2008
| style="background:{{party color|People's Power Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''24'''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:ชัย ชิดชอบ 2011.jpg|109x109px]]
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Chai Chidchob]]''' ชัย ชิดชอบ (1928–2020)
| rowspan="2" |15 May 2008
| rowspan="2" |10 May 2011
| style="background:{{party color|People's Power Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power]] (until 2008)
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Bhumjaithai Party}};" |
|[[Bhumjaithai Party|Bhumjaithai]] (from 2008)
|-
|'''25'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|[[Somsak Kiatsuranont|'''Somsak Kiatsuranont''']] สมศักดิ์ เกียรติสุรนนท์ (born 1954)
|3 August 2011
|9 December 2013
| style="background:{{party color|Pheu Thai Party}};" |
|[[Pheu Thai Party|Pheu Thai]]
|-
|'''(15)'''
|[[File:Chuan Leekpai 2010-04-01.jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Chuan Leekpai|'''Chuan Leekpai''']] ชวน หลีกภัย (born 1938)
|28 May 2019
|20 March 2023
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''(20)'''
| [[File:WanNoor.jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha|'''Wan Muhamad Noor Matha''']] วันมูหะมัดนอร์ มะทา (born 1944)
|4 July 2023
| Incumbent
| style="background:{{party color|Prachachart Party}};" |
|[[Prachachart Party]]
|}

==Sources==
* Various editions of ''The Europa World Year Book''

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Parliament of Thailand|House of Representatives, Speakers]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative speakers|Thailand]]

National Assembly (Thailand)

2023-07-04T19:22:38Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Bicameral national legislature of Thailand}}
{{Infobox legislature
|background_color = red
| name = National Assembly
| native_name = รัฐสภา
| transcription_name = ''Ratthasapha''
| legislature = 26th National Assembly
| coa_pic =Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg
| coa_res =
| session_res =
| house_type = Bicameral
| houses = [[Senate of Thailand|Senate]] [[House of Representatives of Thailand|House of Representatives]]
| foundation = 28 June 1932
| leader1_type = [[Monarchy of Thailand|Monarch]]
| leader1 = [[Vajiralongkorn]]
| election1 = 13 October 2016
| leader2_type = [[President of the National Assembly of Thailand|President of the National Assembly]] and [[List of Speakers of the House of Representatives of Thailand|Speaker of the House of Representatives]]
| leader2 = [[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha]]
| party2 =
| election2 = 4 July 2023
| leader3_type = [[Vice President of the National Assembly of Thailand|Vice President of the National Assembly]] and [[List of Presidents of the Senate of Thailand|President of the Senate]]
| leader3 = [[Pornpetch Wichitcholchai]]
| party3 = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| election3 = 28 May 2019
| leader4_type = [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]]
| leader4 = [[Prayut Chan-o-cha]]
|party4 = [[United Thai Nation Party|United Thai Nation]]
|election4 = 24 August 2014
| leader5_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader5 = Vacant
| party5 =
| election5 = 20 March 2023

| members = {{ublist
| '''750'''
| 250 ([[Senate of Thailand|Senate]])
| {{nowrap|500 ([[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives]])}}
}}
| house2 = [[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives]]
| house1 = [[Senate of Thailand|Senate]]
| structure2 = 26th Thailand House of Representatives composition.svg
| structure2_res = 270px
| political_groups2 = '''Majority (312)'''
{{legend|{{party color|Move Forward Party}}|[[Move Forward Party|MFP]] (151)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Pheu Thai Party}}|[[Pheu Thai Party|Pheu Thai]] (141)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Prachachart Party}}|[[Prachachat Party|Prachachat]] (9)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Thai Sang Thai Party}}|[[Thai Sang Thai Party|Thai Sang Thai]] (6)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Pheu Thai Ruam Palang}}|[[Pheu Thai Ruam Palang|Pheu Thai Ruam Palang]] (2)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Thai Liberal Party}}|[[Thai Liberal Party|Thai Liberal]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Fair Party (Thailand)}}|[[Fair Party|Fair Party]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|New Social Power Party}}|[[Plung Sungkom Mai|Plung Sungkom Mai]] (1)}}

'''Minority (188)'''
{{legend|{{party color|Bhumjaithai Party}}|[[Bhumjaithai Party|Bhumjaithai]] (71)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Palang Pracharath Party}}|[[Palang Pracharath Party|Palang Pracharath]] (40)}}
{{legend|{{party color|United Thai Nation Party}}|[[United Thai Nation Party|UTN]] (36)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}}|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]] (25)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Chart Thai Pattana Party}}|[[Chart Thai Pattana Party|Chart Thai Pattana]] (10)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Chart Pattana Kla Party}}|[[Chart Pattana Kla Party|Chart Pattana Kla]] (2)}}
{{legend|{{party color|New Democracy Party (Thailand)}}|[[New Democracy Party (Thailand)|New Democracy]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|New Party (Thailand)}}|[[New Party (Thailand)|New Party]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Party of Thai Counties}}|[[Party of Thai Counties|Party of Thai Counties]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Thai Teachers for People Party}}|[[Thai Teachers for People Party|Thai Teachers for People]] (1)}}

|structure1 = Thailand Parliament 2019 (V2).svg
|structure1_res = 270px
|political_groups1 = {{colorbox|black}} Non-partisan (250)

| last_election2 = [[2023 Thai general election|14 May 2023]] (27th)
| next_election2 = [[Next Thai general election|By 27 June 2027]] (28th)
| last_election1 = [[2014 Thai Senate election|30 March 2014]] (4th)
| next_election1 =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 = [[Parallel voting]]: [[First past the post]] (400 seats) [[Party-list proportional representation]] (100 seats)
| session_room = File:Thai parliament.jpg
| meeting_place = [[Sappaya-Sapasathan]]
| website = [https://web.parliament.go.th/view/7/nationalassembly/TH-TH?lp=1 parliament.go.th]
}}
{{Politics of Thailand|Thai Garuda emblem.png}}

The '''National Assembly of Thailand''' ([[Abbreviation|Abrv:]] NAT; {{lang-th|รัฐสภา}}, {{RTGS|''Ratthasapha''}}, {{IPA-th|rát.tʰā.sā.pʰāː|pron}}) is the [[bicameral]] [[Legislature|legislative branch]] of the [[Government of Thailand|government]] of [[Thailand]]. It convenes in the [[Sappaya-Sapasathan]], [[Dusit District]], [[Bangkok]].

The National Assembly was established in 1932 after the adoption of Thailand's [[Constitution of Thailand#1932 Temporary Charter|first constitution]], which transformed Thailand from an [[absolute monarchy]] to a [[constitutional monarchy]].

During the [[2013–2014 Thai political crisis|2013 political crisis]], the [[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives]] was dissolved by Prime Minister [[Yingluck Shinawatra]] who called for election on 2 February 2014 until it was nullified by the [[Constitutional Court of Thailand|Constitutional Court]]. After the [[2014 Thai coup d'état|2014 ''coup d'état'']], the National Assembly was replaced by the military-backed, unicameral [[National Legislative Assembly of Thailand (2014)|National Legislative Assembly]] according to the [[2014 interim constitution of Thailand|2014 constitution]].

After the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Thailand#2017 Constitution|2017 Constitution]] in April 2017, the National Assembly was reestablished but the constitution allowed the military National Legislative Assembly to temporarily remain in place until the National Assembly was formed following the [[2019 Thai general election|2019 general election]].

==Composition==
The '''National Assembly of the Kingdom of Thailand''' is a bicameral legislature composed of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Combined, the Assembly has 750 members, 500 of which were elected directly through a general election (500 [[Members of Parliament|MPs]] in the lower house). Others include all 250 members of the Senate being appointed by the [[Royal Thai Army|military]]. The majority of elections in Thailand follow the [[first-past-the-post]] system which is used in the elections for the 400 members of the House of Representatives. The remaining 100 members of the House are elected by [[party list proportional representation]].

Thailand's parliament is overwhelmingly male, at 95 percent. Representation by women is five percent, among the world's lowest. The Asian average is 20 percent while the global average for female parliamentarians is 24 percent. All fall short of the 30 percent considered satisfactory by United Nations Women.<ref>{{cite news |title='I'm ready,' says first transgender candidate for Thai PM |url=https://www.todayonline.com/world/im-ready-says-first-transgender-candidate-thai-pm |access-date=2019-03-10 |work=Today |agency=Reuters |date=2019-03-08}}</ref>

===Senate===
{{main|Senate of Thailand}}

The [[upper house]] is called the '''[[Senate of Thailand]]'''. The chamber is non-partisan and has limited legislative powers. The Senate is composed of 250 appointed members appointed by the [[Royal Thai Army]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vanijaka|first1=Voranai|title=Welcome to Thakland|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/archive/welcome-to-the-democratic-dictatorship-of-thakland-says-voranai-vanijaka-who-takes-a-cynical-look-at-a-future-thailand-with-a-fully-elected-senate/365837|access-date=21 May 2016|work=Bangkok Post|date=2013-08-22}}</ref> A term in the Senate is six years. It forbids members from holding any additional office or membership in [[political parties]].<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6#Part 3 : The Senate|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 6: The National Assembly, Part 3: The Senate</ref>

===House of Representatives===
{{main|House of Representatives of Thailand}}

The [[lower house]] is called the '''[[House of Representatives of Thailand]]'''. The chamber is made up of 400 members from single constituency elections and 100 members from "proportional representation" by party lists, as codified in the [[2007 Constitution of Thailand]]. Thailand's "proportional representation" is [[parallel voting]], AKA "mixed member majoritarian" (MMM). This is where the 100 seats are apportioned to political parties in accordance with the "[[proportional representation]]" popular vote each party receives. Every eligible voter in Thailand in a general election has two votes. The first is for constituency [[member of parliament|MP]]. The second vote is for the party the voter prefers. The second category is then added and the results divided into eight electoral areas. The other 400 seats are directly elected on a constituency basis. The House's term is four years, however, a [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolution]] can happen at any time.<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6#Part 2 : House of Representatives|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 6: The National Assembly, Part 2: House of Representatives</ref>

===Elections===
Elections in Thailand are held under [[universal suffrage]]; however, some restrictions apply: The voter must be a national of Thailand (if not by birth then by being a citizen for 5 years), must be over 18 years old before the year the election is held, and must have registered 90 days before the election. Those barred from voting in House elections are: members of the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]] or [[clergy]], those suspended from the privilege for various reasons, detainees under legal or court orders, and those who are of unsound mind or of mental infirmity. Voting in Thailand is [[compulsory voting|compulsory]].<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 4|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 4: Duties of the Thai People, Section 72</ref>
{{further|Elections in Thailand}}

==Officers==
The [[President of the National Assembly of Thailand]] is an ''[[ex officio]]'' position occupied by the [[List of Speakers of the House of Representatives of Thailand|Speaker of the House of Representatives of Thailand]], who upon election as Speaker of the House, will automatically assume office as President of the National Assembly. The Vice President of the National Assembly of Thailand is also an ''ex officio'' position occupied by the [[List of Presidents of the Senate of Thailand|President of the Senate of Thailand]].<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6#Part 1 : General Provisions|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Part 1: General Provisions</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://workpointnews.com/2019/05/22/houseofparliament2/|title = เลขาสภายืนยัน บัตรเลือกประธานสภาผู้แทนราษฎรมีตราเฉพาะปลอมไม่ได้}}</ref>

==Functions==

===Legislation===
[[Image:Thai Parliament House.JPG|thumb|right|320px|[[Parliament House of Thailand]], meeting place for both the House and the Senate from 1974 to 2019]]

The powers of the National Assembly are enshrined in Chapter 6, Part 7 of the [[2007 Constitution of Thailand]].<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6#Part 7: Enactment of Acts|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Part 7: Enactment of Acts</ref> The main powers of the National Assembly are its legislative powers. The procedure for an enactment of a bill is as follows:

* A bill can be introduced to the National Assembly for consideration by the [[Cabinet of Thailand]]; by a minimum of twenty members of the House of Representatives; by a court ([[Judiciary of Thailand|the judiciary]]); by [[Independent agencies of the Thai government|constitutional independent organs]] (but only in respect to laws that concern that organization); and by persons who have the right to vote submitting a petition of no fewer than ten thousand in number (a form of [[direct democracy]]). If the bill is a [[money bill]] its introduction can only be made with the endorsement of the [[Prime Minister of Thailand|prime minister]].<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6#Part 7: Enactment of Acts|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Section 142</ref>
* The bill is then introduced to the House of Representative for debate, amendment, and vote. When the House of Representatives has considered the bill and passed a resolution approving it, the House of Representatives shall submit the bill to the Senate. The Senate must finish the consideration of such bill within 60 days, unless it is a money bill, when consideration must be finished within 30 days.<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6#Part 7 : Enactment of Acts|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Section 146</ref>
* After the Senate has finished consideration of a bill, and if it agrees with the House of Representatives, the bill will then proceed to the next stage. If the Senate disagrees with the House of Representatives, then the bill will be withheld and returned to the House of Representatives. If there is an amendment, the amended bill will then be returned to the House of Representatives. If the House of Representatives approves the amendment, the bill will proceed to the next stage. In other cases, each house will appoint representatives (who may or may not be members of the Assembly) in equal number (as may be fixed by the House of Representatives), to constitute a [[Joint committee (legislative)|joint committee]] to consider the bill. The joint committee will then prepare a report and resubmit the bill to both houses. If both houses approve the bill already considered by the joint committee, the bill will proceed to the next stage. If either house disapproves it, the bill will be withheld.<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6#Part 7: Enactment of Acts|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Section 147-149</ref>
* After a bill has been approved by the National Assembly, the prime minister presents it to the monarch for [[royal assent]] within 20 days from the date of the receipt of the bill from the National Assembly. It shall come into force upon its publication in the ''Royal Gazette''.<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6#Part 7: Enactment of Acts|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Section 150</ref>
* If the monarch refuses royal assent, by withholding his signature to a bill and either returns it to the National Assembly or does not return it within 90 days, (a [[veto]]), the National Assembly must re-deliberate that bill. If the National Assembly resolves to reaffirm the bill with the vote of not less than two-thirds of the total number of existing members of both houses, the prime minister shall again present the bill to the monarch for signature. If the monarch still does not sign and return the bill within 30 days, the prime minister can cause the bill to be promulgated as an act in the ''[[Royal Thai Government Gazette|Royal Gazette]]'' as if the monarch had signed it. This gives the National Assembly the power to overturn a royal veto.<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6#Part 7: Enactment of Acts|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Section 151</ref>

===Relationship with the Government===
[[File:Abhisit in the Thai House of Representatives.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]] and the [[Cabinet of Thailand|Cabinet]] [[Prime Minister's Questions|answer questions]] in the [[House of Representatives of Thailand|House of Representatives]].]]

The [[Government of Thailand]], particularly the [[Cabinet of Thailand]] is answerable directly to the National Assembly. The constitution mandates that within 15 days of being sworn-in, the Cabinet must state its policies to the National Assembly.<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 9|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 9: Council of Ministers, Section 176</ref> The National Assembly has the authority to call any minister to appear before it at any time to explain policies or answer questions. This power of scrutiny is important as some members of the Cabinet need not be members of the National Assembly. If they are a member, they can only be from the lower house or the House of Representatives, as the constitution expressly forbids members of the Senate from being members of the Cabinet.<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6#Part 9: Scrutiny of Administration of the State Affairs|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Part 9: Scrutiny of Administration of the State Affairs</ref>

As the prime minister is selected from the ranks of the House of Representatives and elected by the house, the prime minister is therefore directly responsible to the legislature. The National Assembly can compel him to appear before it like any other minister, and force him to explain policies and answer questions, just like any other member of the Cabinet. In reverse the Cabinet also has some powers over the National Assembly. The Cabinet can, according to the constitution, call an emergency session of the National Assembly at any time.<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 9|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 9: Council of Ministers, Section 171-196</ref>

===Appointment===
Apart from its legislative and oversight functions, the National Assembly has the power of appointment and removal. The house is given exclusive right to elect the Prime Minister of Thailand. First the candidate must receive the support of one-fifth of all members. Afterwards, a simple majority vote will confirm his appointment which will be made officially by the monarch. The royal assent is then countersigned by the President of the National Assembly.<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 9|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 9: Council of Ministers, Section 171-173</ref>

The Senate is given exclusive powers to advise on the appointment of members of the judiciary and members of independent government organizations. These include judges of the [[Constitutional Court of Thailand]]; members of the [[Election Commission (Thailand)|Election Commission]]; members of the [[National Anti-Corruption Commission (Thailand)|National Anti-Corruption Commission]] and the [[National Human Rights Commission (Thailand)|National Human Rights Commission]].<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 11|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 11: Constitutional organs, Section 229-251</ref> However, the power to appoint members of the [[State Audit Commission (Thailand)|State Audit Commission]] (including the Auditor General) belongs to the monarch, with a counter signature of the President of the Senate.<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 9|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 9: Council of Ministers, Section 252</ref>

The National Assembly has the power to impeach and remove these officers. The prime minister can only be removed by the house in a [[vote of no confidence]]. Members of the Cabinet are not appointed by the National Assembly, but they can be removed by the National Assembly in a similar process. This time the vote of no confidence is allowed by both or individual houses. Judges and independent government officers can also be removed by both houses of the National Assembly.<ref>[[s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6#Part 9: Scrutiny of Administration of the State Affairs|Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand]] 2007. Chapter 6: The National Assembly, Section 158</ref>

==Term==
[[Image:Bangkok old parliament.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall]] the old meeting place of the National Assembly, now only the State Opening is held there.]]
The two houses of the National Assembly have different terms of office. In accordance with the constitution, the Senate is elected to a six-year term, while the House is elected to a four-year term. Overall, the term of the National Assembly is based on that of the House. The National Assembly each year will sit in two sessions: an "ordinary" session and a "legislative" session. The first session of the National Assembly must take place within 30 days of a [[general election]] of the House of Representatives. The first session must be opened by the [[King of Thailand|monarch]] in person by reading a [[Speech from the Throne]]. This ceremony is held in the [[Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall]]. The monarch may also appoint a representative to carry out this duty. It is also the duty of the monarch to prorogue sessions through a [[royal decree]] when the House term expires. The monarch also has the [[royal prerogative|prerogative]] to call extraordinary sessions and prolong sessions at his discretion.

The National Assembly may host a "joint-sitting" of both houses under several circumstances. These include the appointment of a regent; any alteration to the [[1924 Palace Law of Succession]]; the opening of the first session; the announcement of policies by the [[Cabinet of Thailand]]; approval of a [[declaration of war]]; the hearing of explanations and approval of a [[treaty]]; and the amendment of the constitution.

==Privileges==
Members of the National Assembly enjoy [[parliamentary privilege]]s, enshrined in the constitution. These include the "words expressed in giving statements of fact or opinions or in casting the vote" in a joint session of the National Assembly; no member of the House of Representatives or Senate shall, during a session, be arrested, detained, or summoned by a warrant for an inquiry as the suspect in a criminal case unless permission of the house of which he or she is a member is obtained or he or she is arrested in ''[[flagrante delicto]]''.

The two houses also retain the privilege to decide its own rules and procedures, committees, [[quorum]] of committees, sittings, the submission and consideration of organic law bills and bills, the submission of motions, the consultation, debates, the passing of a resolution, the recording and disclosure of the passing of a resolution, the interpellation, the initiation of a general debate and committee members.

==Parliament House ==
{{Main|Parliament House of Thailand}}
[[File:Empty desks Thai House of Representatives.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Empty desks during a session.]]

From 28 June 1932 to 1974, the legislature met in the [[Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall]]. After the first elections to the National Assembly in 1933, King [[Prajadhipok]] gave the Throne Hall for the legislature's use. However through the years the composition of the Assembly increased and the Throne Hall became too small to accommodate all the legislators and its secretariat. Three attempts were made to build a new building. Each failed because the government in power was terminated before a budget could be appropriated.

The fourth time, however, was a success, with the help of King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] who appropriated to the National Assembly royal land immediately north of the Throne Hall for the site of the new Parliament House. Construction began on 5 November 1970, with a budget of 51,027,360 baht. The new Parliament House complex is composed of three buildings:

* The first building, or the Parliament House, is three [[storey]]s containing the meeting chamber for the National Assembly. The chamber is shared by both the Senate and the House. It also contains the offices of the President and Vice President of the National Assembly and other deputy presiding officers.
* The second building is a seven-storey building containing the secretariat and offices of the National Assembly as well as its printing press.
* The third building is a two-storey building used as the Parliament Club, with facilities for Assembly members.

Parliament House was first used on 19 September 1974. The Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall became a national historic building and was returned to the king as part of [[Dusit Palace]]. From then on Parliament House became the primary building used for the National Assembly. Only the state opening ceremony is now held in the Throne Hall.

On 29 July 2008, the National Assembly appropriated new funds to construct a new and grander Parliament House. As of December 2008, a site belonging to the [[Royal Thai Army]] was identified as the site of a new complex, but no further action has been taken.

In 2013, the National Assembly confirmed that the National Assembly will move to new Parliament House in the named of [[Sappaya-Sapasathan]].

==History==


===Establishment===
Prior to 1932, the Kingdom of [[Siam]] did not possess a legislature, as all legislative powers were vested in the person of the [[List of Kings of Thailand|monarch]]. This had been the case since the foundation of the [[Sukhothai Kingdom]] in the 12th century, as the king was seen as a “Dharmaraja” or "king who rules in accordance with [[Dharma]]" (the Buddhist law of righteousness). However, on 24 June 1932 a group of civilians and military officers, calling themselves the [[Khana Ratsadon]] (or People's Party) carried out a [[Siamese Revolution of 1932|bloodless revolution]], in which the 150 years of [[Absolute Monarchy|absolute rule]] of the [[House of Chakri]] was ended. In its stead the group advocated a [[constitutional monarchy]] with an elected legislature.

The "Draft Constitution" of 1932 signed by King [[Prajadhipok]], created Thailand’s first legislature, a People’s Assembly with 70 appointed members. The Assembly met for the first time on 28 June 1932, in the [[Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall]]. The Khana Ratsadon decided that the people were not yet ready for an elected assembly, then later changed their minds. By the time the "permanent" constitution came into force in December of that year, elections were scheduled for 15 November 1933. The new constitution changed the composition of the Assembly to 78 directly elected and 78 appointed (by the Khana Ratsadon), together totalling 156 members.

===After World War II until military dominance===
After the [[Second World War]] a new constitution was promulgated in 1946 under the government of [[Pridi Panomyong]]. The constitution is considered Thailand’s most democratic and created for the first time a bicameral legislature: a Senate and a House of Representatives. Also for the first and last time, the constitution called for a fully elected Senate (albeit indirectly) and House. The Senate to a six-year term and the House to four years. The ban on [[List of political parties in Thailand|political parties]] was lifted and the first full elections were held in 1946. However, in 1947 a [[Siamese coup d'état of 1947|coup d’etat]] by the military abrogated the constitution and replaced it with the 1947 "temporary" and then a "permanent" charter in 1949. The new constitution retained the House, but created a 100-member Senate directly appointed by the [[King of Thailand|king]].

On June 5, 1949, [[Orapin Chaiyakan]] became the first woman to be elected to hold a post in the National Assembly of Thailand (specifically, the [[House of Representatives of Thailand|House of Representatives]].<ref name=TDRI>Sopchokchai, Orapin. [http://www.tdri.or.th/library/quarterly/text/d98_2.htm Female Members of Parliament, Women's Political Participation at the National Level] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724112815/http://www.tdri.or.th/library/quarterly/text/d98_2.htm |date=2011-07-24 }}, Women's Political Participation in Thailand, TDRI Quarterly Review, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 1998, pp. 11-20</ref><ref name=Iwanaga>Iwanaga, Kazuki. [http://www.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Iwanaga.pdf Women in Politics in Thailand] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317050956/http://www.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Iwanaga.pdf |date=2012-03-17 }}, Working Paper No. 14, Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Lund University, Sweden, 2005</ref>)

===Military dominance===
This charter lasted until 1957 when the military again carried out a coup d'etat and created a single 123-member appointed National Assembly, 103 of which were from the military or police. In 1959 [[Chom Phon|Field Marshal]] [[Sarit Thanarat]] carried out another [[1957 Thai coup d'état|coup d'etat]] this time abolishing the National Assembly altogether. In 1969 under [[Thanom Kittikachorn]] the National Assembly returned, this time with a 219-member House and again a royally appointed Senate. This lasted until 1972 when Thanom overthrew his own government and ruled the country through a National Executive Council. Under pressure Thanom reinstated a 299-member appointed National Legislative Assembly, 200 which were members of the military.

In 1974 the rule of the "three tyrants" (as Thanom's tenure became known) was finally overthrown. A new constitution was promulgated, this time swinging the power back to the legislature by creating a bicameral legislature with an elected House and a House-appointed Senate. Within two years the military led by [[Thanin Kraivichien]] again abrogated the constitution and installed a royally-appointed 360-member unicameral National Assembly.

By 1978, [[Kriangsak Chamanan]] (who succeeded Tanin in 1977) restored the bicameral legislature with an elected 301-member House and a 225-member Senate appointed by the prime minister. This arrangement lasted for almost 13 years until [[List of Commanders of the Royal Thai Army|Army Commander]] General [[Suchinda Kraprayoon]] overthrew the government of [[Chatichai Choonhavan]] in 1991 and returned the unicameral appointed National Assembly with 292 members. However Suchinda’s rule was brought down by the [[Black May (1992)|Black May uprising]], which led to the overthrow of the military and the drafting of a new constitution.

===The present===
The [[1997 Constitution of Thailand|Constitution of 1997]] or the "People's Constitution", returned Thailand to democracy with a National Assembly composed of an elected 500-member (400 directly, 100 by party-lists) House of Representatives, and an elected 200-member Senate. This arrangement lasted for almost ten years. The constitution was abrogated following the [[2006 Thai coup d'état|2006 Coup d’etat]], by the military under General [[Sonthi Boonyaratglin]]. In 2007 the military appointed [[National Legislative Assembly of Thailand (2006)|National Legislative Assembly]] to draft the [[2007 Constitution of Thailand|new constitution]]. This copy was eventually adopted after it was approved through a [[2007 Thai constitutional referendum|referendum]] in 2007. This constitution was abrogated at the end of 2013 with the fall of the [[Yingluck Shinawatra]] government. As of 2016 the country is governed by the [[2014 interim constitution of Thailand]]. A [[2016 Thai constitutional referendum|referendum]] on a new constitution is held in August 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37013950|title=Thai referendum: Why Thais backed a military-backed constitution}}</ref> After it was approved through a [[2016 Thai constitutional referendum|referendum]] in 2016, in 6 April 2017 [[2017 constitution of Thailand|new constitution]] is officially endorsed by His Majesty the King [[Vajiralongkorn]] in the ceremony of promulgation for the [[2017 constitution of Thailand|2017 constitution]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pattayamail.com/thailandnews/thailands-2017-constitution-officially-promulgated-169924|title=Thailand's 2017 constitution officially promulgated}}</ref>

*''Further Information: [[Constitution of Thailand]]''

==List of House of Representatives general elections==
===20st century===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Date
! Turnout
! Seats
!Registered voters
!Win party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
|-
! [[1933 Siamese general election|1933]]
| 15 November 1933
| 41.45%
| 78 of the 156
| 4,278,231
|
|
|
|-
! [[1937 Siamese general election|1937]]
| 7 November 1937
| 40.22%
|rowspan=2 |91 of the 182
| 6,123,239
|
|
|
|-
! [[1938 Siamese general election|1938]]
| 12 November 1938
| 35.03%
| 6,310,172
|
|
|
|-
![[1946 Siamese general election|1946]]
| 6 January 1946
| 32.52%
|96 of the 192
| 6,431,827
|
|
|
|-
![[1948 Siamese general election|1948]]
| 29 January 1948
| 29.50%
| 99 of the 186
| 7,176,891
|
|
|

|-
![[1952 Thai general election|1952]]
| 26 February 1952
| 38.95%
| 123 of the 246
| 7,602,591
|
|
|
|-
![[February 1957 Thai general election|Feb. 1957]]
| 26 February 1957
| 57.50%
| 160 of the 283
| 9,859,039
| bgcolor="#e30613" | [[Seri Manangkhasila Party|Seri Manangkhasila]]
| 86
|
|-
![[December 1957 Thai general election|Dec. 1957]]
| 15 December 1957
| 44.07%
| 160 of the 281
| 9,917,417
| bgcolor="#90ee90" | [[Sahaphum Party|Sahaphum]]
| 44
|
|-
! [[1969 Thai general election|1969]]
| 10 February 1969
| 49.16%
| 219
| 14,820,180
| bgcolor="#006400" | [[United Thai People's Party|United Thai People's]]
| 75
|
|-
![[1975 Thai general election|1975]]
| 26 January 1975
| 47.18%
| 269
| 20,242,791
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#1679BA" | [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
| 72
| 17.23%
|-
! [[1976 Thai general election|1976]]
| 4 April 1976
| 43.99%
| 279
| 20,623,430
| 114
| 25.31%
|-
! [[1979 Thai general election|1979]]
| 22 April 1979
| 43.90%
| 301
| 21,284,790
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#0A1280" | [[Social Action Party| Social Action]]
| 82
| 21.26%
|-
! [[1983 Thai general election|1983]]
| 18 April 1983
| 50.76%
| 324
| 24,224,470
| 92
| 26.78%
|-
![[1986 Thai general election|1986]]
| 27 July 1986
| 61.43%
| 347
| 26,160,100
| bgcolor="#1679BA" | [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat ]]
| 100
| 22.52 %
|-
! [[1988 Thai general election|1988]]
| 24 July 1988
| 63.56%
| 357
| 26,658,638
| bgcolor="#ED189F" | [[Thai Nation Party|Chart Thai]]
| 87
|19.29%
|-
! [[ March 1992 Thai general election|Mar. 1992]]
| 22 March 1992
| 59.24%
|rowspan=2 | 360
| 32,436,283
| bgcolor="#0000CD" | [[Justice Unity Party|Justice Unity]]
| 79
| 19.27%
|-
! [[ September 1992 Thai general election|Sep. 1992]]
| 13 September 1992
| 61.59%
| 31,860,156
| bgcolor="#1679BA" | [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat ]]
| 79
| 21.02%
|-
! [[1995 Thai general election|1995]]
| 2 July 1995
| 62.04%
| 391
| 37,817,983
| bgcolor="#ED189F" | [[Thai Nation Party|Chart Thai]]
| 92
| 22.83%
|-
! [[1996 Thai general election|1996]]
| 17 November 1996
| 62.42%
| 393
| 38,564,593
| bgcolor="#FFFF0A" | [[New Aspiration Party|New Aspiration]]
| 125
| 29.14%
|-
! Election
! Date
! Turnout
! Seats
!Registered voters
!Win party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
|}

===21st century===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Date
! Turnout
! Seats
! Registered voters
! Win party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
|-
! [[2001 Thai general election|2001]]
| 6 January 2001
| 69.43%
|rowspan=3| 500
| 42,875,036
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[ Thai Rak Thai Party|Thai Rak Thai]]
| 248
| 39.91%
|-
! [[2005 Thai general election|2005]]
| 6 February 2005
| 72.56%
| 44,572,101
| 377
| 60.48%
|-
! [[2006 Thai general election|2006]]
| 2 April 2006
| 64.77%
| 44,909,562
| bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[ Thai Rak Thai Party|Thai Rak Thai]] {{small|(nullified)}}
| 461 {{small|(nullified)}}
| 59.91% {{small|(nullified)}}
|-
! [[2007 Thai general election|2007]]
| 23 December 2007
|85.38%
| 480
| 45,658,170
| bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power]]
| 233
| 38.61%
|-
! [[2011 Thai general election|2011]]
| 3 July 2011
| 75.03%
|rowspan=4 | 500
| 46,939,549
| bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[Pheu Thai Party|Pheu Thai]]
| 265
| 47.03%
|-
! [[2014 Thai general election|2014]]
| 2 February 2014
|47.72 %
| 43,024,042
| colspan=3 align=center | Invalidated
|-
! [[2019 Thai general election|2019]]
| 24 March 2019
|74.69%
| 51,239,638
| bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[Pheu Thai Party|Pheu Thai]] {{small|(Opposition)}}
| 136
| 21.92%
|-
! [[2023 Thai general election|2023]]
| 14 May 2023
| –
| 52,287,046
| colspan=3 align=center | '''[[To be announced|TBA]]'''
|-
! Election
! Date
! Turnout
! Seats
!Registered voters
!Win party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
|}

==List of Senate regular elections==
=== 21st century ===
*[[2000 Thai Senate election]]
*[[2006 Thai Senate election]]
*[[2008 Thai Senate election]]
*[[2014 Thai Senate election]]

==See also==
*[[President of the National Assembly of Thailand]]
*[[National People's Assembly of Thailand]]
*[[National Legislative Assembly of Thailand 2006]]
*[[Government of Thailand]]
*[[Politics of Thailand]]
*[[Constitution of Thailand]]
*[[2007 Constitution of Thailand]]
*[[Senate of Thailand]]
*[[House of Representatives of Thailand]]
*[[Elections in Thailand]]
*[[List of legislatures by country]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[[s:2007 Constitution of Thailand|2007 Constitution of Thailand]]
*[http://www.parliament.go.th/ Parliament of Thailand]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081207023355/http://www.senate.go.th/th_senate/English/index.htm Senate of Thailand]

{{Thailand topics}}
{{Asia topic|Parliament of}}

[[Category:Parliament of Thailand| ]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in Siam]]
[[Category:2014 disestablishments in Thailand]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Thailand]]
[[Category:National legislatures|Thailand]]
[[Category:Parliaments by country|Thailand]]
[[Category:Bicameral legislatures|Thailand]]
[[Category:Politics of Thailand]]

[[tk:Milli ýygnak (Taýland)]]

Speaker of the House of Representatives (Thailand)

2023-07-04T19:19:21Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox Political post
|post = Speaker
|body = House of Representatives ประธานสภาผู้แทนราษฎร
|insignia = Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg
|insigniasize = 120px
|insigniacaption = Seal of the National Assembly of Thailand
|image = Council president.jpg
|incumbent = [[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha]]
|incumbentsince = 4 July 2023
|style = Mr. Speaker or Mr. President (informal) [[The Honourable]] (formal)
|appointer = [[Monarchy of Thailand|Monarch]]
| nominator = Vote within the [[House of Representatives of Thailand|House of Representatives]]
|termlength = According to the term of the House of Representatives
|formation = 28 June 1932
|succession =
|inaugural = [[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri]]
|website =
}}
{{Politics of Thailand}}
'''The Speaker of the [[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives of Thailand]]''' ({{lang-th|ประธานสภาผู้แทนราษฎร}}, {{RTGS|''Prathan Sapha Phuthaen Ratsadon''}}, {{IPA-th|prā.tʰāːn sā.pʰāː pʰûː.tʰɛ̄ːn râːt.sā.dɔ̄ːn|pron}}) is the [[speaker (politics)|presiding officer]] of the lower chamber of the [[National Assembly of Thailand]]. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is also the ''ex officio'' [[President of the National Assembly of Thailand]]. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is an [[Member of Parliament|MP]], usually from the majority party in the [[House of Representatives of Thailand|House of Representatives]]. The Speaker or the President is elected at the beginning of a House session immediately after an election, there are no term limits for the office.<ref>https://news.thaivisa.com/article/35627/new-pm-will-be-elected-by-month-end-says-wissanu</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Thailand/sub5_8f/entry-3276.html|title = PRIME MINISTER, LEGISLATURE AND ELECTIONS IN THAILAND | Facts and Details}}</ref>

== History ==
The office of the Speaker was first established in 1932, with the establishment of the first legislature of Thailand. The office of the '''President of the People's Assembly of Siam''' was first occupied by [[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri]] (Sanan Thephasadin na Ayutthaya).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/1683316/parliament-opens-after-kings-ceremony|title=Parliament opens after King's ceremony|newspaper=Bangkok Post}}</ref>

== Powers ==
The Speaker is entrusted with certain legislative powers, as it is his main role to ensure all the legislative process is followed. The Speaker is assisted by two Deputy Speakers. The Speaker must act impartially on all matters and therefore cannot be a member of an executive committee of a [[List of political parties in Thailand|political party]], this also apply to his deputies.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J0oDwAAQBAJ&q=Speakers+of+the+House+of+Representatives+of+Thailand&pg=PA81 |title = CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND 2017: THAI LAW translate into English}}</ref>

His duties include:
* Filling a vacancy of a [[Party list]] MP, by submitting a name on the list for publication in the [[Royal Thai Government Gazette|Royal Gazette]].
* Submitting to the King the name of the [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister-elect]] to be formally appointed, then countersigning it.
* Countersigning the King's appointment of the [[Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)|Leader of the Opposition]].
* Being an ex officio member of the Selection committee for:
**[[Constitutional Court of Thailand|Constitutional Court]] Judges
** [[Election Commission (Thailand)|Election Commissioners]]
** [[Office of the Ombudsman (Thailand)|Ombudsmen]]
** [[National Anti-Corruption Commission (Thailand)|National Anti-Corruption Commissioners]]

==List of speakers of the House of Representatives==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" width="200" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="90" | Party
|-
! width="85" | {{small|Took office}}
! width="85" | {{small|Left office}}
|-
|'''1'''
|[[File:Thammasak Montree.jpg|125x125px]]
|[[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri|'''Chaophraya Thammasakmontri''']] เจ้าพระยาธรรมศักดิ์มนตรี (1877–1943)
|28 June 1932
|1 September 1932
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''2'''
|[[File:Dan Bunnak (2).jpg|109x109px]]
|'''Chaophraya Phichaiyat''' เจ้าพระยาพิชัยญาติ (1875–1946)
|2 September 1932
|10 December 1933
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''(1)'''
|[[File:Thammasak Montree.jpg|125x125px]]
|[[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri|'''Chaophraya Thammasakmontri''']] เจ้าพระยาธรรมศักดิ์มนตรี (1877–1943)
|15 December 1933
|26 February 1934
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''3'''
|[[File:สส-ศรยุทธเสนี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Phraya Sorayuthaseni''' พระยาศรยุทธเสนี (1888–1962)
|26 February 1934
|22 September 1934
| style="background:{{party color|Khana Ratsadon}};" |
|[[People's Party (Thailand)|People's]]
|-
|'''4'''
|[[File:เจ้าพระยาศรีธรรมาธิเบศ (จิตร ณ สงขลา) ภาพจากอัสสัมชัญอุโฆษสมัย (1982).jpg|133x133px]]
|'''Chaophraya Sri Thammathibet''' เจ้าพระยาศรีธรรมาธิเบศ (1885–1976)
|22 September 1934
|22 July 1936
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''5'''
|[[File:พระยามานวราชเสวี.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''Phraya Manwaratchasewi''' พระยามานวราชเสวี (1890–1984)
|3 August 1936
|24 June 1943
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''(3)'''
|[[File:สส-ศรยุทธเสนี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Phraya Sorayuthaseni''' พระยาศรยุทธเสนี (1888–1962)
|6 July 1943
|24 June 1944
| style="background:{{party color|Khana Ratsadon}};" |
|[[People's Party (Thailand)|People's]]
|-
|'''(5)'''
|[[File:พระยามานวราชเสวี.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''Phraya Manwaratchasewi''' พระยามานวราชเสวี (1890–1984)
|2 July 1944
|3 June 1946
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''6'''
|[[File:เกษม บุญศรี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Kasem Boonsri''' เกษม บุญศรี (1905–1988)
|4 June 1946
|10 May 1947
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''7'''
|[[File:สส-พึ่งศรีจันทร์.jpg|109x109px]]
|'''Pheng Srichan''' พึ่ง ศรีจันทร์ (1907–1992)
|13 May 1947
|8 November 1947
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''(6)'''
|[[File:เกษม บุญศรี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Kasem Boonsri''' เกษม บุญศรี (1905–1988)
|20 February 1948
|14 June 1949
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''8'''
|[[File:ราชธรรมนิเทศ.jpg|107x107px]]
|'''Phraya Thammanithet''' พระราชธรรมนิเทศ (1891–1965)
|15 June 1949
|29 November 1951
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''9'''
|[[File:สส-พระประจนปัจจนึก.jpg|108x108px]]
|'''Phra Prachonpachanuk''' พระประจนปัจจนึก (1892–1970)
|1 December 1951
|20 September 1957
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''10'''
|[[File:สุทธิ์ สุทธิสารรณกร.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Luang Sutthisanronnakon''' หลวงสุทธิสารรณกร (1901–1968)
|20 September 1957
|14 December 1957
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''(9)'''
|[[File:สส-พระประจนปัจจนึก.jpg|108x108px]]
|'''Phra Prachonpachanuk''' พระประจนปัจจนึก (1892–1970)
|15 December 1957
|20 October 1958
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''11'''
|[[File:สส-ศิริสิริโยธิน.jpg|111x111px]]
|'''Siri Siriyothin''' ศิริ สิริโยธิน (1915–1979)
|10 February 1969
|17 November 1971
|style="background:{{party color|United Thai People's Party}};" |
|[[United Thai People's Party|United Thai People's]]
|-
|'''12'''
|[[File:Prasit Kanchanawat.jpg|108x108px]]
|'''Prasit Kanchanawat''' ประสิทธิ์ กาญจนวัฒน์ (1915–1999)
|7 February 1975
|12 January 1976
|
|Social Nationalist
|-
|'''13'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Uthai Pimjaichon''' อุทัย พิมพ์ใจชน (born 1938)
|19 April 1976
|6 October 1976
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''14'''
|[[File:บุญเท่ง ทองสวัสดิ์.jpg|110x110px]]
|'''Boontheng Thongsawat''' บุญเท่ง ทองสวัสดิ์ (1912–1999)
|9 May 1979
|19 March 1983
|style="background:{{party color|Social Action Party}};" |
|[[Social Action Party|Social Action]]
|-
|'''(13)'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Uthai Pimjaichon''' อุทัย พิมพ์ใจชน (born 1938)
|27 April 1983
|1 May 1986
|style="background:{{party color|Progress Party (Thailand, 1983)}};" |
|[[Progress Party (Thailand, 1983)|Progress]]
|-
|'''15'''
|[[File:Chuan Leekpai 2010-04-01.jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Chuan Leekpai|'''Chuan Leekpai''']] ชวน หลีกภัย (born 1938)
|4 August 1986
|29 April 1988
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''16'''
|[[File:Panja Kesornthong.jpg|100x100px]]
|'''Panja Kesornthong''' ปัญจะ เกสรทอง (born 1946)
|3 August 1988
|23 February 1991
| style="background:{{party color|Thai Nation Party}};" |
|[[Thai Nation Party|Thai Nation]]
|-
|'''17'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Arthit Ourairat''' อาทิตย์ อุไรรัตน์ (born 1938)
|3 April 1992
|30 June 1992
|style="background:{{party color|Justice Unity Party}};" |
|[[Justice Unity Party|Justice Unity]]
|-
|'''18'''
|[[File:ประมวลภาพ "งานทำบุญครบรอบ ๖๖ ปี" ของการก่อตั้งพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ 06.jpg|89x89px]]
|[[Marut Bunnag|'''Marut Bunnag''']] มารุต บุนนาค (1924–2022)
|22 September 1992
|19 May 1995
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''19'''
|[[File:Bun-er Pasertsuwan.jpg|104x104px]]
|[[Booneua Prasertsuwan|'''Booneua Prasertsuwan''']] บุญเอื้อ ประเสริฐสุวรรณ (1919–2016)
|11 July 1995
|27 September 1996
| style="background:{{party color|Thai Nation Party}};" |
|[[Thai Nation Party|Thai Nation]]
|-
|'''20'''
|[[File:Council president.jpg|107x107px]]
|[[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha|'''Wan Muhamad Noor Matha''']] วันมูหะมัดนอร์ มะทา (born 1944)
|24 November 1996
|27 June 2000
| style="background:{{party color|New Aspiration Party}};" |
|[[New Aspiration Party|New Aspiration]]
|-
|'''21'''
|[[File:Bhichai Rattakul 2010-04-01.jpg|120x120px]]
|[[Bhichai Rattakul|'''Bhichai Rattakul''']] พิชัย รัตตกุล (1924–2022)
|30 June 2000
|9 November 2000
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''(13)'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Uthai Pimjaichon''' อุทัย พิมพ์ใจชน (born 1938)
|6 February 2001
|5 January 2005
| style="background:{{party color|Thai Rak Thai Party}};" |
|[[Thai Rak Thai Party|Thai Rak Thai]]
|-
|'''22'''
|[[File:โภคิน พลกุล 2020.jpg|121x121px]]
|'''Pokin Palakul''' โภคิน พลกุล (born 1952)
|6 January 2005
|24 February 2006
| style="background:{{party color|Thai Rak Thai Party}};" |
|[[Thai Rak Thai Party|Thai Rak Thai]]
|-
|'''23'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Yongyuth Tiyapairat''' ยงยุทธ ติยะไพรัช (born 1961)
|28 January 2008
|30 April 2008
| style="background:{{party color|People's Power Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''24'''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:ชัย ชิดชอบ 2011.jpg|109x109px]]
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Chai Chidchob]]''' ชัย ชิดชอบ (1928–2020)
| rowspan="2" |15 May 2008
| rowspan="2" |10 May 2011
| style="background:{{party color|People's Power Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power]] (until 2008)
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Bhumjaithai Party}};" |
|[[Bhumjaithai Party|Bhumjaithai]] (from 2008)
|-
|'''25'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|[[Somsak Kiatsuranont|'''Somsak Kiatsuranont''']] สมศักดิ์ เกียรติสุรนนท์ (born 1954)
|3 August 2011
|9 December 2013
| style="background:{{party color|Pheu Thai Party}};" |
|[[Pheu Thai Party|Pheu Thai]]
|-
|'''(15)'''
|[[File:Chuan Leekpai 2010-04-01.jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Chuan Leekpai|'''Chuan Leekpai''']] ชวน หลีกภัย (born 1938)
|28 May 2019
|20 March 2023
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''(20)'''
|[[File:Council president.jpg|107x107px]]
|[[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha|'''Wan Muhamad Noor Matha''']] วันมูหะมัดนอร์ มะทา (born 1944)
|4 July 2023
| Incumbent
| style="background:{{party color|Prachachart Party}};" |
|[[Prachachart Party]]
|}

==Sources==
* Various editions of ''The Europa World Year Book''

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Parliament of Thailand|House of Representatives, Speakers]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative speakers|Thailand]]

House of Representatives (Thailand)

2023-07-04T00:38:28Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Lower house in the National Assembly of Thailand}}
{{Infobox legislature
|background_color = red
|name = House of Representatives
|native_name = สภาผู้แทนราษฎร
|transcription_name = ''Sapha Phuthaen Ratsadon''
|coa_pic = Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg
|session_room =
|house_type = Lower house
|body = National Assembly of Thailand
|leader1_type = [[List of Speakers of the House of Representatives of Thailand|Speaker]]
|leader1 = [[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha]]
|party1 =
|election1 = 4 July 2023
|leader2_type = First Deputy Speaker
|leader2 = Office vacant
|party2 =
|election2 = 20 March 2023
|leader3_type = Second Deputy Speaker
|leader3 = Office vacant
|party3 =
|election3 = 20 March 2023
|leader4_type = [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]]
|leader4 = [[Prayut Chan-o-cha]]
|party4 = [[United Thai Nation Party|United Thai Nation ]]
|election4 = 24 August 2014
|leader5_type = Government Chief Whip
|leader5 = Office vacant
|party5 =
|election5 = 20 March 2023
|leader6_type = Leader of the Opposition
|leader6 = Office vacant
|party6 =
|election6 = 20 March 2023
|leader7_type = Opposition Chief Whip
|leader7 = Office vacant
|party7 =
|election7 = 20 March 2023
|members = 500
|structure1 = 26th Thailand House of Representatives composition.svg
| structure1_res = 270px
| political_groups1 = '''Majority (312)'''
{{legend|{{party color|Move Forward Party}}|[[Move Forward Party|MFP]] (151)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Pheu Thai Party}}|[[Pheu Thai Party|Pheu Thai]] (141)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Prachachart Party}}|[[Prachachat Party|Prachachat]] (9)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Thai Sang Thai Party}}|[[Thai Sang Thai Party|Thai Sang Thai]] (6)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Pheu Thai Ruam Palang}}|[[Pheu Thai Ruam Palang|Pheu Thai Ruam Palang]] (2)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Thai Liberal Party}}|[[Thai Liberal Party|Thai Liberal]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Fair Party (Thailand)}}|[[Fair Party|Fair Party]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|New Social Power Party}}|[[Plung Sungkom Mai|Plung Sungkom Mai]] (1)}}

'''Minority (188)'''
{{legend|{{party color|Bhumjaithai Party}}|[[Bhumjaithai Party|Bhumjaithai]] (71)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Palang Pracharath Party}}|[[Palang Pracharath Party|Palang Pracharath]] (40)}}
{{legend|{{party color|United Thai Nation Party}}|[[United Thai Nation Party|UTN]] (36)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}}|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]] (25)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Chart Thai Pattana Party}}|[[Chart Thai Pattana Party|Chart Thai Pattana]] (10)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Chart Pattana Kla Party}}|[[Chart Pattana Kla Party|Chart Pattana Kla]] (2)}}
{{legend|{{party color|New Democracy Party (Thailand)}}|[[New Democracy Party (Thailand)|New Democracy]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|New Party (Thailand)}}|[[New Party (Thailand)|New Party]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Party of Thai Counties}}|[[Party of Thai Counties|Party of Thai Counties]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Thai Teachers for People Party}}|[[Thai Teachers for People Party|Thai Teachers for People]] (1)}}

| committees1 = 35 committees
| voting_system1 = [[Parallel voting]]: [[First past the post]] (400 seats) [[Party-list proportional representation]] (100 seats)

|first_election1 = [[1933 Siamese general election|15 November 1933]]
|last_election1 = [[2023 Thai general election|14 May 2023]]
|next_election1 = [[Next Thai general election|By 27 June 2027]]
| term_length = Up to 4 years
|salary = Speaker: [[Thai baht|฿]]125,590/m Deputy Speaker: [[Thai baht|฿]]115,740/m Leader of the Opposition: [[Thai baht|฿]]115,740/m Members: [[Thai baht|฿]]113,560/m
|meeting_place = Phra Suriyan Chamber [[Sappaya-Sapasathan]] Dusit District Bangkok, Thailand
|website = [http://www.parliament.go.th/ www.parliament.go.th]
|legislature=[[2023 Thai House of Representatives|26th House of Representatives]]}}
{{Politics of Thailand|Thai Garuda emblem.png}}

The '''House of Representatives''' ({{lang-th|สภาผู้แทนราษฎร}}, {{RTGS|''Sapha Phuthaen Ratsadon''}}, {{IPA-th|sā.pʰāː pʰûː.tʰɛ̄ːn râːt.sā.dɔ̄ːn|pron}}) is the [[lower house]] of the [[National Assembly of Thailand]], the [[legislative branch]] of the [[Government of Thailand|Thai government]]. The system of government of [[Thailand]] is that of a [[constitutional monarchy]] and a [[parliamentary democracy]]. The system of the Thai legislative branch is modelled after the [[Westminster system]]. The House of Representatives has 500 members, of which 400 are [[election|elected]] through single member constituency elections, while the other 100 are chosen through [[party lists]] [[parallel voting]].

The House of Representatives was temporarily abolished as a result of the [[2014 Thai coup d'état]] and replaced with the [[unicameral]] [[National Legislative Assembly of Thailand (2014)|National Legislative Assembly]], a body of 250 members, selected by the [[National Council for Peace and Order]]. After the [[Constitution of Thailand#2017 Constitution|2017 Constitution]] was promulgated in April 2017, the House of Representatives was reestablished. <ref name="BP-20190106">{{cite news |last1=Kendall |first1=Dave |title=Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/1605898/explainer-new-rules-for-the-house-of-representatives |access-date=2019-01-28 |work=Bangkok Post |date=2019-01-06}}</ref>

== Role ==

=== Bill Consideration ===
The Cabinet, no less than 20 members of parliament, or 10,000 eligible voters through a petition may introduce a bill. However, if it is a money bill (a bill that has provisions concerning taxes, budgetary affairs or currency), it may be introduced only with the endorsement of the Prime Minister.

Where a bill's status as a money bill may be in question, a session between the speaker and all house committee chairs maybe convened to consider the status of the bill. The decision is made by a simple majority vote. If the vote is tied, the speaker must cast a tie-breaking vote.

When the process of consideration ends in the House and the bill is agreed to, the bill is sent to the senate for further deliberations; of which the process must be done within 60 days. The deadline for money bills is 30 days. If the senate is not able to deliberate within the time limit, the bill is considered to be agreed to by the senate.

If the bill is agreed to by the whole of the National Assembly, the prime minister must wait 5 days in order to give people the opportunity to challenge the bill's constitutionality. After which, the prime minister has 20 days to present the bill to the monarch for royal assent.

Any emergency act passed by the cabinet must be sent to the house for consideration without delay to be examined. If the house approves of the emergency act, it becomes an ordinary act. If not, the emergency act ceases to have effect after the decision has been published in the [[Royal Thai Government Gazette|government gazette]] for one day.

=== Budget Consideration ===
The 2017 Thai Constitution stipulates that the budget must be written in the form of an act, and in the introduction of a budget bill the government must show sources of income and estimates of further income, standards and measures of outcome and relevance to the 20 Year National Strategy and other national development plans. The budget must also adhere to guidelines outlined in the State Fiscal and Financial Disciplines Act.

The process of considering the budget is almost the same as considering a bill, although the deliberation deadline is extended to 105 days, and the senate is not able to amend the budget and must vote on it within 20 days.

=== Scrutiny of the government ===

==== Questioning a minister ====
A member of parliament may submit a question to a minister both in writing and orally. Questions to a minister may be asked without the question being submitted in advance. A minister may refuse to answer the question if the answer would risk national security or if they consider it not to be in the national interest.

Ministers assigning civil servants or other people to answer in their place is commonplace practice rather than the exception.

==== Motion of no confidence ====
No less than one fifth of all the members of parliament may introduce a motion to debate about a vote of no confidence in individual ministers or the entire cabinet. A simple majority is required for the motion to pass, and subsequently for the minister or the entire cabinet to cease.

=== Creation of committees ===
Committees may be set up by the house to carry out affairs or investigate matters, or to study matters and report to the house according to a set time frame. A minister may be held accountable to the committee, and it is within their duty to aid the committee in the course of an investigation or to find facts by ordering civil servants within their ministry for them to testify in the committee or to comply with information requests.

=== Considering prime ministerial candidates ===
In order for a candidate to stand, they must receive at least one tenth of the house's vote and must be named in the party list.

==History==
The [[House of Representatives]] was established after the [[Siamese revolution of 1932|Revolution of 1932]], when the [[Khana Ratsadon]] (the "People's Party"), overthrew the [[absolute monarchy]] and replaced it with a system of [[constitutional monarchy]]. When King [[Prajadhipok]] signed the [[Constitution of Thailand#1932 Temporary Charter|temporary constitution of 1932]], he established the first legislative assembly in Thailand, It was an entirely royally-appointed chamber. The first session of the '''People's Assembly''' was held on June 28, 1932, in the [[Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall]]. From then on, the House existed in various forms until it was abolished in 2014:

''See more at: [[Constitutions of Thailand]]''

* 1946 – The 1946 constitution established a fully elected House of Representatives.
* 1949 – On June 5, 1949, [[Orapin Chaiyakan]] became the first woman to be elected to hold a post in the National Assembly of Thailand (specifically, the House of Representatives).<ref name=TDRI>Sopchokchai, Orapin. [http://www.tdri.or.th/library/quarterly/text/d98_2.htm Female Members of Parliament, Women's Political Participation at the National Level] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724112815/http://www.tdri.or.th/library/quarterly/text/d98_2.htm |date=2011-07-24 }}, Women's Political Participation in Thailand, TDRI Quarterly Review, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 1998, pp. 11–20</ref><ref name=Iwanaga>Iwanaga, Kazuki. [http://www.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Iwanaga.pdf Women in Politics in Thailand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317050956/http://www.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Iwanaga.pdf |date=2012-03-17 }}, Working Paper No. 14, Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Lund University, Sweden, 2005</ref>
* 1952 – Establishment of the [[unicameral]] National Assembly with 123 members.
* 1959 – The House was banned by [[Sarit Dhanarajata]].
* 1968 – The House was re-established with 219 members.
* 1972 – The House was banned by [[Thanom Kittikachorn]].
* 1974 – Establishment of the House of Representatives.
* 1976 – Establishment of a unicameral National Assembly with 360 royally-appointed members.
* 1978 – Return of an elected House with 301 members.
* 1991 – Establishment of a unicameral National Assembly with 292 appointed members.
* 1997 – Establishment of a 500-member House of Representatives, 400 directly elected with 100 elected through [[proportional representation]].
* 2006 – Following the [[September 2006 Thailand coup|coup]], an interim charter was signed establishing a 250-member National Legislative Assembly.
* 2007 – Return to 500-member House with 375 members elected through single constituency elections and 125 appointed through party-list proportional representation, established, by referendum under the [[2007 Constitution of Thailand]].
* 2014 – Abolished as a result of the [[2014 Thai coup d'état]].
* 2017 – Re-established following the primulgation of the 2017 constitution.

==List of House of Representatives general elections==
===20th century===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Date
! Turnout
! Seats
!Registered voters
!Win party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
|-
! [[1933 Siamese general election|1933]]
| 15 November 1933
| 41.45%
| 78 of the 156
| 4,278,231
|
|
|
|-
! [[1937 Siamese general election|1937]]
| 7 November 1937
| 40.22%
|rowspan=2 |91 of the 182
| 6,123,239
|
|
|
|-
! [[1938 Siamese general election|1938]]
| 12 November 1938
| 35.03%
| 6,310,172
|
|
|
|-
![[1946 Siamese general election|1946]]
| 6 January 1946
| 32.52%
|96 of the 192
| 6,431,827
|
|
|
|-
![[1948 Siamese general election|1948]]
| 29 January 1948
| 29.50%
| 99 of the 186
| 7,176,891
|
|
|

|-
![[1952 Thai general election|1952]]
| 26 February 1952
| 38.95%
| 123 of the 246
| 7,602,591
|
|
|
|-
![[February 1957 Thai general election|Feb. 1957]]
| 26 February 1957
| 57.50%
| 160 of the 283
| 9,859,039
| bgcolor="#e30613" | [[Seri Manangkhasila Party|Seri Manangkhasila]]
| 86
|
|-
![[December 1957 Thai general election|Dec. 1957]]
| 15 December 1957
| 44.07%
| 160 of the 281
| 9,917,417
| bgcolor="#90ee90" | [[Sahaphum Party|Sahaphum]]
| 44
|
|-
! [[1969 Thai general election|1969]]
| 10 February 1969
| 49.16%
| 219
| 14,820,180
| bgcolor="#006400" | [[United Thai People's Party|United Thai People's]]
| 75
|
|-
![[1975 Thai general election|1975]]
| 26 January 1975
| 47.18%
| 269
| 20,242,791
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#1679BA" | [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
| 72
| 17.23%
|-
! [[1976 Thai general election|1976]]
| 4 April 1976
| 43.99%
| 279
| 20,623,430
| 114
| 25.31%
|-
! [[1979 Thai general election|1979]]
| 22 April 1979
| 43.90%
| 301
| 21,284,790
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#0A1280" | [[Social Action Party| Social Action]]
| 82
| 21.26%
|-
! [[1983 Thai general election|1983]]
| 18 April 1983
| 50.76%
| 324
| 24,224,470
| 92
| 26.78%
|-
![[1986 Thai general election|1986]]
| 27 July 1986
| 61.43%
| 347
| 26,160,100
| bgcolor="#1679BA" | [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat ]]
| 100
| 22.52 %
|-
! [[1988 Thai general election|1988]]
| 24 July 1988
| 63.56%
| 357
| 26,658,638
| bgcolor="#ED189F" | [[Thai Nation Party|Chart Thai]]
| 87
|19.29%
|-
! [[ March 1992 Thai general election|Mar. 1992]]
| 22 March 1992
| 59.24%
|rowspan=2 | 360
| 32,436,283
| bgcolor="#0000CD" | [[Justice Unity Party|Justice Unity]]
| 79
| 19.27%
|-
! [[ September 1992 Thai general election|Sep. 1992]]
| 13 September 1992
| 61.59%
| 31,860,156
| bgcolor="#1679BA" | [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat ]]
| 79
| 21.02%
|-
! [[1995 Thai general election|1995]]
| 2 July 1995
| 62.04%
| 391
| 37,817,983
| bgcolor="#ED189F" | [[Thai Nation Party|Chart Thai]]
| 92
| 22.83%
|-
! [[1996 Thai general election|1996]]
| 17 November 1996
| 62.42%
| 393
| 38,564,593
| bgcolor="#FFFF0A" | [[New Aspiration Party|New Aspiration]]
| 125
| 29.14%
|-
! Election
! Date
! Turnout
! Seats
!Registered voters
!Win party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
|}

===21st century===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Date
! Turnout
! Seats
! Registered voters
! Win party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
|-
! [[2001 Thai general election|2001]]
| 6 January 2001
| 69.43%
|rowspan=3| 500
| 42,875,036
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[ Thai Rak Thai Party|Thai Rak Thai]]
| 248
| 39.91%
|-
! [[2005 Thai general election|2005]]
| 6 February 2005
| 72.56%
| 44,572,101
| 377
| 60.48%
|-
! [[2006 Thai general election|2006]]
| 2 April 2006
| 64.77%
| 44,909,562
| bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[ Thai Rak Thai Party|Thai Rak Thai]] {{small|(nullified)}}
| 461 {{small|(nullified)}}
| 59.91% {{small|(nullified)}}
|-
! [[2007 Thai general election|2007]]
| 23 December 2007
|85.38%
| 480
| 45,658,170
| bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power]]
| 233
| 38.61%
|-
! [[2011 Thai general election|2011]]
| 3 July 2011
| 75.03%
|rowspan=4 | 500
| 46,939,549
| bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[Pheu Thai Party|Pheu Thai]]
| 265
| 47.03%
|-
! [[2014 Thai general election|2014]]
| 2 February 2014
|47.72 %
| 43,024,042
| colspan=3 align=center | Invalidated
|-
! [[2019 Thai general election|2019]]
| 24 March 2019
|74.69%
| 51,239,638
| bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[Pheu Thai Party|Pheu Thai]] {{small|(Opposition)}}
| 136
| 21.92%
|-
! [[2023 Thai general election|2023]]
| 14 May 2023
| 75.20%<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ectreport.com/overview | title=ECT report }}</ref>
| 52,287,046
| bgcolor=orange | [[Move Forward Party|Move Forward]]
| 152
| 26.23%
|-
! Election
! Date
! Turnout
! Seats
!Registered voters
!Win party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
|}

==Qualification==
The qualifications to be a [[candidate]] for the House of Representatives were outlined in Section 101, Part 2, Chapter 6 of the 2007 Constitution. The candidate had to be a citizen of [[Thailand]] [[Native-born citizen|by birth only]], age of twenty-five or older on election day, and born in the [[Provinces of Thailand|province]] in which they intended to stand as a candidate. The candidate must have been a voter and therefore had to be on the [[electoral register]] for at least five years directly before the election, and must also had a house or have been in public service in the province for five years. The candidate must also had been a member of an educational institution in that province for at least five consecutive years. Politically, a candidate had to be a member of one [[List of political parties in Thailand|political party]] for a period of at least ninety days before election day, except in cases of dissolution where thirty days was the minimum period. This was done to discourage [[party switching]] before the election. For [[Party-list proportional representation|party list]] candidates, they must also had to meet the same qualifications except for the provincial restrictions. They were instead divided in lists based on provincial groups.

Those specifically barred from being candidates were those: addicted to drugs, declared [[bankrupt]], unable to vote (see voter eligibility below), former [[convicted felon]]s (the individual had to wait for five years after release to become eligible), removed from public service for being [[Political corruption|corrupt]] or [[Administrative incompetence|incompetent]], had assets confiscated due to embezzlement and finally, the individual had not been a member of the [[Cabinet of Thailand|government]] or [[civil service]], [[Senate of Thailand|Senate]], [[local administration]]s, member of the [[Judiciary of Thailand|judiciary]] or other [[independent agencies]].

==Elections==
{{For|the most recent election|2023 Thai general election}}
Before its abolishment, the House of Representatives had 500 members. 375 members were directly elected in single constituency elections by [[first-past-the-post voting]]. The 375 constituencies were divided by population according to the [[census]] and [[tambon]]s. The other 125 members were voted based on '[[proportional representation]]' it is actually in truth a [[parallel voting]] system or more precisely the Mixed Member Majoritarian system (MMM). In Thai general elections, voters had two votes: one to select the member of parliament for their constituencies and the second to choose which party they prefer. Seats were assigned to parties as a result through the [[d'Hondt method]].

In accordance with the [[2007 Constitution of Thailand]], a general election was held every 4 years. [[Dissolution of parliament|Dissolution]] could happen anytime, which was done by the [[King of Thailand|King]] with the advice of the [[Prime Minister of Thailand|prime minister]] through the use of the [[royal decree]]. Elections were held under [[universal suffrage]]; every voter had to be a [[Nationality|citizen]] of Thailand, if not by birth then by being a citizen for 5 years. The voter had to be over 18 years old before the year the election was held. Voting in elections were also mandatory as missing an election would result in the loss of the right to be involved in political activities. Those barred from voting in House elections were members of the [[clergy]], those suspended from the privilege for various reasons, detainees under legal or court orders and being of unsound mind or of mental infirmity.

==Term and dissolution==
The term of the House of Representatives was exactly four years from the previous [[Election Day (politics)|election day]]. Upon the expiration of the House, the King would issue a decree calling for a [[general election]] of the House, in which the date of the election had to be announced. This had to be done within forty days of the expiration. The date of the election had to be the same for the entire Kingdom.

The King held the [[royal prerogative]] to dissolve the House before its expiration. When this happened a royal decree was issued where the election date was announced; this had to be done in no less than forty days and not more than sixty days from the date of the dissolution. The reasons and circumstances of a dissolution could be made only once.

==Membership==
Members of the House of Representatives were generally called ''Members of Parliament'' or MPs ({{lang-th|สมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร or ส.ส.)}}. The membership of the House of Representatives commenced on election day. If there was a vacancy in the membership of the House, and it was not due to expiration or dissolution, it had to be re-occupied. Vacancies could occur due to death, resignation, conviction and/or expulsion (only by a [[parliamentary party]] through a 3/4 majority vote). If the vacancy was of a constituency member then an election had to be held within forty days of the vacancy, unless it was less than 180 days of the present term of the House, then the vacancy could remain.

In the case where the vacancy was made by a proportional representative member, the vacancy would be filled by the Speaker of the House of Representatives by submitting the name of the next candidate in the
[[party list]] (submitted on election day) to be published in the [[The Royal Gazette (Thailand)|Royal Gazette]]. This had to be done within seven days. If no name was found then the vacancy could remain unfilled. Members of the House who had filled a vacancy under either of these procedures could only remain in the House for the remainder of its present term.

==Leadership==
===Presiding officers===
{{See also|President of the National Assembly of Thailand}}
The executive committee of House of Representatives consisted of one [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]] and two [[deputy speaker]]s to be its presiding officers. The [[List of Speakers of the House of Representatives of Thailand|Speaker of the House]] was also the [[ex officio]] [[President of the National Assembly of Thailand]]. The election was done by a [[secret ballot]] in the first session; after a resolution was passed; the elected would be formally approved by the King. The Speaker and Deputy Speakers of the House could not be members of the cabinet or any political party executive committee. The speaker and his deputies were not entitled to represent partisan interests and had to exercise their powers on a [[non-partisan]] basis.

===Leader of the Governing Coalition===
The Constitution stipulated that the [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] and the [[Cabinet of Thailand|Ministers]] had to be former members of the House of Representatives. After the first session, the House had to vote in a resolution to elect a Prime Minister, after which the King would formally approve him within thirty days. The Prime Minister-elect was always the leader of the largest party in the House. However, under the electoral system, the House resulted in a [[hung parliament]]. After the [[2007 Thai general election|2007 election]], six parties formed a governing coalition, electing [[Samak Sundaravej]] of the largest party, [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power Party]] (PPP), the Prime Minister.

On August 5, 2011, the House elected [[Yingluck Shinawatra]] as Prime Minister against [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]] of the Democrat Party, to a vote of 265 for and 159 against.

===Leader of the Opposition===
{{See also|Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)}}
After the appointment of the [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]], the King appointed the official [[Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)|Leader of the Opposition of Thailand]]. The Leader of the Opposition had to be the leader of the largest party with no members holding any ministerial positions. His party had to be larger than one fifth of the total number of the House. If no Party met this qualification then the Leader with most votes from parties with no ministerial positions would then be appointed. The Royal appointment had to be countersigned by the President of the National Assembly. The Leader of the Opposition led the [[Shadow Cabinet of Thailand]].

==Latest election result==
<section begin=Results />{{Election results
|image=[[File:25th Thailand House of Representatives composition.svg]]
|seattype1=[[First-past-the-post voting|FPTP]]|seattype2=[[Party List|List]]|seattype3=Total
|party1=[[Palang Pracharath Party]]|votes1=8433137|st1t1=97|st2t1=19|st3t1=116
|party2=[[Pheu Thai Party]]|votes2=7920630|st1t2=136|st2t2=0|st3t2=136
|party3=[[Future Forward Party]]|votes3=6265950|st1t3=31|st2t3=50|st3t3=81
|party4=[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat Party]]|votes4=3947726|st1t4=33|st2t4=20|st3t4=53
|party5=[[Bhumjaithai Party]]|votes5=3732883|st1t5=39|st2t5=12|st3t5=51
|party6=[[Thai Liberal Party]]|votes6=826530|st1t6=0|st2t6=10|st3t6=10
|party7=[[Chartthaipattana Party]]|votes7=782031|st1t7=6|st2t7=4|st3t7=10
|party8=[[New Economics Party (Thailand)|New Economics Party]]|votes8=485664|st1t8=0|st2t8=6|st3t8=6|color8=#cb3034
|party9=[[Prachachart Party]]|votes9=485436|st1t9=6|st2t9=1|st3t9=7
|party10=[[Puea Chat Party]]|votes10=419393|st1t10=0|st2t10=5|st3t10=5|color10=#bdbfc1
|party11=[[Action Coalition for Thailand]]|votes11=416324|st1t11=1|st2t11=4|st3t11=5
|party12=[[Chart Pattana Party (2007)|Chart Pattana Party]]|votes12=252044|st1t12=1|st2t12=2|st3t12=3
|party13=[[Thai Local Power Party]]|votes13=213129|st1t13=0|st2t13=3|st3t13=3
|party14=[[Thai Forest Conservation Party]]|votes14=136597|st1t14=0|st2t14=2|st3t14=2|color14=#93c73e
|party15=[[Thai People Power Party]]|votes15=81733|st1t15=0|st2t15=1|st3t15=1|color15=#303d8e
|party16=[[Thai Nation Power Party]]|votes16=73871|st1t16=0|st2t16=1|st3t16=1|color16=#037041
|party17=[[People Progressive Party]]|votes17=69417|st1t17=0|st2t17=1|st3t17=1
|party18=[[Palang Thai Rak Thai Party]]|votes18=60840|st1t18=0|st2t18=1|st3t18=1
|party19=[[Thai Civilized Party]]|votes19=60421|st1t19=0|st2t19=1|st3t19=1|color19=#01539c
|party20=[[Prachaniyom Party]]|votes20=56617|st1t20=0|st2t20=1|st3t20=1|color20=#ee1d23
|party21=[[Thai Teachers for People Party]]|votes21=56339|st1t21=0|st2t21=1|st3t21=1|color21=#056839
|party22=[[Thai People Justice Party]]|votes22=47848|st1t22=0|st2t22=1|st3t22=1
|party23=[[People Reform Party]]|votes23=45508|st1t23=0|st2t23=1|st3t23=1
|party24=[[Thai Citizens Power Party]]|votes24=44766|st1t24=0|st2t24=1|st3t24=1
|party25=[[New Democracy Party (Thailand)|New Democracy Party]]|votes25=39792|st1t25=0|st2t25=1|st3t25=1
|party26=[[New Palangdharma Party]]|votes26=35533|st1t26=0|st2t26=1|st3t26=1|color26=#003C90
|party27=Thairaktham Party|votes27=33748|st1t27=0|st2t27=0|st3t27=0|color27=#df3da4
|party28=[[Puea Pandin Party]]|votes28=31307|st1t28=0|st2t28=0|st3t28=0
|party29=[[New Alternative Party (Thailand)|New Alternative Party]]|votes29=29607|st1t29=0|st2t29=0|st3t29=0
|party30=Paradonphab Party|votes30=27799|st1t30=0|st2t30=0|st3t30=0|color30=#22941a
|party31=Democratic Force Party|votes31=26617|st1t31=0|st2t31=0|st3t31=0
|party32=Pheu Khon Thai Party|votes32=26598|st1t32=0|st2t32=0|st3t32=0|color32=#012384
|party33=Thai Power Builds the Nation Party|votes33=23059|st1t33=0|st2t33=0|st3t33=0
|party34=Green Party|votes34=22662|st1t34=0|st2t34=0|st3t34=0
|party35=Land of Dharma Party|votes35=21463|st1t35=0|st2t35=0|st3t35=0|color35=#61340f
|party36=[[Mahachon Party]]|votes36=17867|st1t36=0|st2t36=0|st3t36=0
|party37=Social Power Party|votes37=17683|st1t37=0|st2t37=0|st3t37=0
|party38=The Farmer Network of Thailand Party|votes38=17664|st1t38=0|st2t38=0|st3t38=0
|party39=Thaen Khun Phaendin Party|votes39=17112|st1t39=0|st2t39=0|st3t39=0|color39=white
|party40=Siam Development Party|votes40=16839|st1t40=0|st2t40=0|st3t40=0|color40=#f70400
|party41=Phuea Tham Party|votes41=15365|st1t41=0|st2t41=0|st3t41=0|color41=#1a01a4
|party42=Ruam Jai Thai Party|votes42=13457|st1t42=0|st2t42=0|st3t42=0|color42=#243785
|party43=Klong Thai Party|votes43=12946|st1t43=0|st2t43=0|st3t43=0|color43=#036ab7
|party44=[[Move Forward Party|Phung Luang Party]]|votes44=12576|st1t44=0|st2t44=0|st3t44=0|color44=#e59615
|party45=Thai Network Party|votes45=12268|st1t45=0|st2t45=0|st3t45=0
|party46=[[Thai Citizen Party]]|votes46=11839|st1t46=0|st2t46=0|st3t46=0
|party47=Thai Population Party|votes47=11043|st1t47=0|st2t47=0|st3t47=0|color47=#282270
|party48=Thai Ethnic Party|votes48=9757|st1t48=0|st2t48=0|st3t48=0
|party49=Palang Thai Rak Chart Party|votes49=9685|st1t49=0|st2t49=0|st3t49=0
|party50=Power of Faith Party|votes50=9561|st1t50=0|st2t50=0|st3t50=0
|party51=[[New Aspiration Party]]|votes51=9074|st1t51=0|st2t51=0|st3t51=0
|party52=Phuea Thai Pattana Party|votes52=8095|st1t52=0|st2t52=0|st3t52=0
|party53=Thinkakhao Party|votes53=6799|st1t53=0|st2t53=0|st3t53=0|color53=red
|party54=Thai Teacher Power Party|votes54=6398|st1t54=0|st2t54=0|st3t54=0|color54=#dbd9b3
|party55=Thai Morality Party|votes55=5942|st1t55=0|st2t55=0|st3t55=0
|party56=Glang Party|votes56=5447|st1t56=0|st2t56=0|st3t56=0
|party57=[[Thai Social Democratic Party]]|votes57=5334|st1t57=0|st2t57=0|st3t57=0|color57=blue
|party58=[[Commoners' Party (Thailand)|Commoners' Party]]|votes58=5321|st1t58=0|st2t58=0|st3t58=0
|party59=Foundational Party|votes59=4786|st1t59=0|st2t59=0|st3t59=0
|party60=Powerful Love Party|votes60=4624|st1t60=0|st2t60=0|st3t60=0|color60=#55aae0
|party61=Palang Pandinthong Party|votes61=4568|st1t61=0|st2t61=0|st3t61=0|color61=#280799
|party62=Thai Rung Rueng Party|votes62=4237|st1t62=0|st2t62=0|st3t62=0|color62=#5b1b8f
|party63=Bhumphalangkasettrakonthai Party|votes63=3535|st1t63=0|st2t63=0|st3t63=0|color63=#05940a
|party64=Rak Thong Thin Thai|votes64=3254|st1t64=0|st2t64=0|st3t64=0
|party65=Thai Power Labour Party|votes65=2951|st1t65=0|st2t65=0|st3t65=0|color65=#971a1a
|party66=[[Commoner Party of Thailand]]|votes66=2353|st1t66=0|st2t66=0|st3t66=0
|party67=Thai Dee Power Party|votes67=2536|st1t67=0|st2t67=0|st3t67=0|color67=#7bf600
|party68=Cooperative Power Party|votes68=2343|st1t68=0|st2t68=0|st3t68=0
|party69=Phue Cheevitmai Party|votes69=1595|st1t69=0|st2t69=0|st3t69=0
|party70=Thailand Development Party|votes70=1079|st1t70=0|st2t70=0|st3t70=0
|party71=Phue Sahagon Thai Party|votes71=905|st1t71=0|st2t71=0|st3t71=0|color71=#ee810a
|party72=People Vote Party|votes72=791|st1t72=0|st2t72=0|st3t72=0
|party73=Thai Rubber Party|votes73=610|st1t73=0|st2t73=0|st3t73=0
|party74=Democracy for People Party|votes74=562|st1t74=0|st2t74=0|st3t74=0
|party75=Raks Tham|votes75=446|st1t75=0|st2t75=0|st3t75=0
|party76=Kasikornthai Party|votes76=183|st1t76=0|st2t76=0|st3t76=0|color76=#254a29
|party77=Thai Future Party|votes77=198|st1t77=0|st2t77=0|st3t77=0
|row78=None of the above|votes78=605392|st1t78=–|st2t78=–|st3t78=–
|total_st1t=350|total_st2t=150|total_st3t=500
|invalid=2130327
|electorate=51239638
|source=Election Commission<ref>{{cite web |author1=Election Commission |title=กกต.ประกาศผลการเลือกตั้งสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรแบบบัญชีรายชื่อ |url=https://www.ect.go.th/ewt/ewt/ect_th/download/article/article_20190508184334.pdf |access-date=9 May 2019 |date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509151508/https://www.ect.go.th/ewt/ewt/ect_th/download/article/article_20190508184334.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ect.go.th/ect_th/download/article/article_20190528140635.pdf|title=หลักเกณฑ์และวิธีการคำนวณ ส.ส. แบบบัญชีรายชื่อ (ประกาศครั้งที่ 2 ข้อมูล ณ วันที่ 28 พฤษภาคม 2562)|last=Election Commission|date=28 May 2019|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Election Commission |title=article_20190328165029 |url=https://www.ect.go.th/ewt/ewt/ect_th/download/article/article_20190328165029.pdf |access-date=30 March 2019 |date=28 March 2019}}</ref>
}}<section end=Results />

==See also==
{{Wikisource|1=Royal Decrees Dissolving the House of Representatives|2=Royal Decrees Dissolving the House of Representatives of Thailand}}
* [[Constitutions of Thailand]]
* [[2007 Constitution of Thailand]]
* [[National Assembly of Thailand]]

==References==
*Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2007
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2814.htm Background Note: Thailand]: [[U.S. State Department]] [[public domain|public domain document]]
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20060519150557/http://www.parliament.go.th/main.php
*https://web.archive.org/web/20080513022240/http://www.parliament.go.th/files/mainpage.htm
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090227000026/http://mp.parliament.go.th/map2550/ Lists and Information of MPs]

{{National lower houses}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:House of Representatives of Thailand| ]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in Siam]]
[[Category:Government of Thailand]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Bangkok]]

House of Representatives (Thailand)

2023-07-03T21:02:30Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|Lower house in the National Assembly of Thailand}}
{{Infobox legislature
|background_color = red
|name = House of Representatives
|native_name = สภาผู้แทนราษฎร
|transcription_name = ''Sapha Phuthaen Ratsadon''
|coa_pic = Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg
|session_room =
|house_type = Lower house
|body = National Assembly of Thailand
|leader1_type = [[List of Speakers of the House of Representatives of Thailand|Speaker]]
|leader1 = [[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha]]
|party1 =
|election1 = 4 July 2023
|leader2_type = First Deputy Speaker
|leader2 = Office vacant
|party2 =
|election2 = 20 March 2023
|leader3_type = Second Deputy Speaker
|leader3 = Office vacant
|party3 =
|election3 = 20 March 2023
|leader4_type = [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]]
|leader4 = [[Prayut Chan-o-cha]]
|party4 = [[United Thai Nation Party|United Thai Nation ]]
|election4 = 24 August 2014
|leader5_type = Government Chief Whip
|leader5 = Office vacant
|party5 =
|election5 = 20 March 2023
|leader6_type = Leader of the Opposition
|leader6 = Office vacant
|party6 =
|election6 = 20 March 2023
|leader7_type = Opposition Chief Whip
|leader7 = Office vacant
|party7 =
|election7 = 20 March 2023
|members = 500
|structure1 = 26th Thailand House of Representatives composition.svg
| structure1_res = 270px
| political_groups1 = Majority (312)
{{legend|{{party color|Move Forward Party}}|[[Move Forward Party|MFP]] (151)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Pheu Thai Party}}|[[Pheu Thai Party|Pheu Thai]] (141)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Prachachart Party}}|[[Prachachat Party|Prachachat]] (9)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Thai Sang Thai Party}}|[[Thai Sang Thai Party|Thai Sang Thai]] (6)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Thai Liberal Party}}|[[Thai Liberal Party|Thai Liberal]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Fair Party (Thailand)}}|[[Fair Party|Fair Party]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Pheu Thai Ruam Palang}}|[[Pheu Thai Ruam Palang|Pheu Thai Ruam Palang]] (2)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Plung Sungkom Mai}}|[[Plung Sungkom Mai|Plung Sungkom Mai]] (1)}}

Minority (188)
{{legend|{{party color|Bhumjaithai Party}}|[[Bhumjaithai Party|Bhumjaithai]] (71)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Palang Pracharath Party}}|[[Palang Pracharath Party|Palang Pracharath]] (40)}}
{{legend|{{party color|United Thai Nation Party}}|[[United Thai Nation Party|UTN]] (36)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}}|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]] (25)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Chart Thai Pattana Party}}|[[Chart Thai Pattana Party|Chart Thai Pattana]] (10)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Chart Pattana Kla Party}}|[[Chart Pattana Kla Party|Chart Pattana Kla]] (2)}}
{{legend|{{party color|New Democracy Party (Thailand)}}|[[New Democracy Party (Thailand)|New Democracy]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|New Party (Thailand)}}|[[New Party (Thailand)|New Party]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Party of Thai Counties}}|[[Party of Thai Counties|Party of Thai Counties]] (1)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Thai Teachers for People Party}}|[[Thai Teachers for People Party|Thai Teachers for People]] (1)}}

| committees1 = 35 committees
| voting_system1 = [[Parallel voting]]: [[First past the post]] (400 seats) [[Party-list proportional representation]] (100 seats)

|first_election1 = [[1933 Siamese general election|15 November 1933]]
|last_election1 = [[2023 Thai general election|14 May 2023]]
|next_election1 = [[Next Thai general election|By 27 June 2027]]
| term_length = Up to 4 years
|salary = Speaker: [[Thai baht|฿]]125,590/m Deputy Speaker: [[Thai baht|฿]]115,740/m Leader of the Opposition: [[Thai baht|฿]]115,740/m Members: [[Thai baht|฿]]113,560/m
|meeting_place = Phra Suriyan Chamber [[Sappaya-Sapasathan]] Dusit District Bangkok, Thailand
|website = [http://www.parliament.go.th/ www.parliament.go.th]
|legislature=[[2023 Thai House of Representatives|26th House of Representatives]]}}
{{Politics of Thailand|Thai Garuda emblem.png}}

The '''House of Representatives''' ({{lang-th|สภาผู้แทนราษฎร}}, {{RTGS|''Sapha Phuthaen Ratsadon''}}, {{IPA-th|sā.pʰāː pʰûː.tʰɛ̄ːn râːt.sā.dɔ̄ːn|pron}}) is the [[lower house]] of the [[National Assembly of Thailand]], the [[legislative branch]] of the [[Government of Thailand|Thai government]]. The system of government of [[Thailand]] is that of a [[constitutional monarchy]] and a [[parliamentary democracy]]. The system of the Thai legislative branch is modelled after the [[Westminster system]]. The House of Representatives has 500 members, of which 400 are [[election|elected]] through single member constituency elections, while the other 100 are chosen through [[party lists]] [[parallel voting]].

The House of Representatives was temporarily abolished as a result of the [[2014 Thai coup d'état]] and replaced with the [[unicameral]] [[National Legislative Assembly of Thailand (2014)|National Legislative Assembly]], a body of 250 members, selected by the [[National Council for Peace and Order]]. After the [[Constitution of Thailand#2017 Constitution|2017 Constitution]] was promulgated in April 2017, the House of Representatives was reestablished. <ref name="BP-20190106">{{cite news |last1=Kendall |first1=Dave |title=Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/1605898/explainer-new-rules-for-the-house-of-representatives |access-date=2019-01-28 |work=Bangkok Post |date=2019-01-06}}</ref>

== Role ==

=== Bill Consideration ===
The Cabinet, no less than 20 members of parliament, or 10,000 eligible voters through a petition may introduce a bill. However, if it is a money bill (a bill that has provisions concerning taxes, budgetary affairs or currency), it may be introduced only with the endorsement of the Prime Minister.

Where a bill's status as a money bill may be in question, a session between the speaker and all house committee chairs maybe convened to consider the status of the bill. The decision is made by a simple majority vote. If the vote is tied, the speaker must cast a tie-breaking vote.

When the process of consideration ends in the House and the bill is agreed to, the bill is sent to the senate for further deliberations; of which the process must be done within 60 days. The deadline for money bills is 30 days. If the senate is not able to deliberate within the time limit, the bill is considered to be agreed to by the senate.

If the bill is agreed to by the whole of the National Assembly, the prime minister must wait 5 days in order to give people the opportunity to challenge the bill's constitutionality. After which, the prime minister has 20 days to present the bill to the monarch for royal assent.

Any emergency act passed by the cabinet must be sent to the house for consideration without delay to be examined. If the house approves of the emergency act, it becomes an ordinary act. If not, the emergency act ceases to have effect after the decision has been published in the [[Royal Thai Government Gazette|government gazette]] for one day.

=== Budget Consideration ===
The 2017 Thai Constitution stipulates that the budget must be written in the form of an act, and in the introduction of a budget bill the government must show sources of income and estimates of further income, standards and measures of outcome and relevance to the 20 Year National Strategy and other national development plans. The budget must also adhere to guidelines outlined in the State Fiscal and Financial Disciplines Act.

The process of considering the budget is almost the same as considering a bill, although the deliberation deadline is extended to 105 days, and the senate is not able to amend the budget and must vote on it within 20 days.

=== Scrutiny of the government ===

==== Questioning a minister ====
A member of parliament may submit a question to a minister both in writing and orally. Questions to a minister may be asked without the question being submitted in advance. A minister may refuse to answer the question if the answer would risk national security or if they consider it not to be in the national interest.

Ministers assigning civil servants or other people to answer in their place is commonplace practice rather than the exception.

==== Motion of no confidence ====
No less than one fifth of all the members of parliament may introduce a motion to debate about a vote of no confidence in individual ministers or the entire cabinet. A simple majority is required for the motion to pass, and subsequently for the minister or the entire cabinet to cease.

=== Creation of committees ===
Committees may be set up by the house to carry out affairs or investigate matters, or to study matters and report to the house according to a set time frame. A minister may be held accountable to the committee, and it is within their duty to aid the committee in the course of an investigation or to find facts by ordering civil servants within their ministry for them to testify in the committee or to comply with information requests.

=== Considering prime ministerial candidates ===
In order for a candidate to stand, they must receive at least one tenth of the house's vote and must be named in the party list.

==History==
The [[House of Representatives]] was established after the [[Siamese revolution of 1932|Revolution of 1932]], when the [[Khana Ratsadon]] (the "People's Party"), overthrew the [[absolute monarchy]] and replaced it with a system of [[constitutional monarchy]]. When King [[Prajadhipok]] signed the [[Constitution of Thailand#1932 Temporary Charter|temporary constitution of 1932]], he established the first legislative assembly in Thailand, It was an entirely royally-appointed chamber. The first session of the '''People's Assembly''' was held on June 28, 1932, in the [[Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall]]. From then on, the House existed in various forms until it was abolished in 2014:

''See more at: [[Constitutions of Thailand]]''

* 1946 – The 1946 constitution established a fully elected House of Representatives.
* 1949 – On June 5, 1949, [[Orapin Chaiyakan]] became the first woman to be elected to hold a post in the National Assembly of Thailand (specifically, the House of Representatives).<ref name=TDRI>Sopchokchai, Orapin. [http://www.tdri.or.th/library/quarterly/text/d98_2.htm Female Members of Parliament, Women's Political Participation at the National Level] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724112815/http://www.tdri.or.th/library/quarterly/text/d98_2.htm |date=2011-07-24 }}, Women's Political Participation in Thailand, TDRI Quarterly Review, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 1998, pp. 11–20</ref><ref name=Iwanaga>Iwanaga, Kazuki. [http://www.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Iwanaga.pdf Women in Politics in Thailand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317050956/http://www.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Iwanaga.pdf |date=2012-03-17 }}, Working Paper No. 14, Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Lund University, Sweden, 2005</ref>
* 1952 – Establishment of the [[unicameral]] National Assembly with 123 members.
* 1959 – The House was banned by [[Sarit Dhanarajata]].
* 1968 – The House was re-established with 219 members.
* 1972 – The House was banned by [[Thanom Kittikachorn]].
* 1974 – Establishment of the House of Representatives.
* 1976 – Establishment of a unicameral National Assembly with 360 royally-appointed members.
* 1978 – Return of an elected House with 301 members.
* 1991 – Establishment of a unicameral National Assembly with 292 appointed members.
* 1997 – Establishment of a 500-member House of Representatives, 400 directly elected with 100 elected through [[proportional representation]].
* 2006 – Following the [[September 2006 Thailand coup|coup]], an interim charter was signed establishing a 250-member National Legislative Assembly.
* 2007 – Return to 500-member House with 375 members elected through single constituency elections and 125 appointed through party-list proportional representation, established, by referendum under the [[2007 Constitution of Thailand]].
* 2014 – Abolished as a result of the [[2014 Thai coup d'état]].
* 2017 – Re-established following the primulgation of the 2017 constitution.

==List of House of Representatives general elections==
===20th century===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Date
! Turnout
! Seats
!Registered voters
!Win party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
|-
! [[1933 Siamese general election|1933]]
| 15 November 1933
| 41.45%
| 78 of the 156
| 4,278,231
|
|
|
|-
! [[1937 Siamese general election|1937]]
| 7 November 1937
| 40.22%
|rowspan=2 |91 of the 182
| 6,123,239
|
|
|
|-
! [[1938 Siamese general election|1938]]
| 12 November 1938
| 35.03%
| 6,310,172
|
|
|
|-
![[1946 Siamese general election|1946]]
| 6 January 1946
| 32.52%
|96 of the 192
| 6,431,827
|
|
|
|-
![[1948 Siamese general election|1948]]
| 29 January 1948
| 29.50%
| 99 of the 186
| 7,176,891
|
|
|

|-
![[1952 Thai general election|1952]]
| 26 February 1952
| 38.95%
| 123 of the 246
| 7,602,591
|
|
|
|-
![[February 1957 Thai general election|Feb. 1957]]
| 26 February 1957
| 57.50%
| 160 of the 283
| 9,859,039
| bgcolor="#e30613" | [[Seri Manangkhasila Party|Seri Manangkhasila]]
| 86
|
|-
![[December 1957 Thai general election|Dec. 1957]]
| 15 December 1957
| 44.07%
| 160 of the 281
| 9,917,417
| bgcolor="#90ee90" | [[Sahaphum Party|Sahaphum]]
| 44
|
|-
! [[1969 Thai general election|1969]]
| 10 February 1969
| 49.16%
| 219
| 14,820,180
| bgcolor="#006400" | [[United Thai People's Party|United Thai People's]]
| 75
|
|-
![[1975 Thai general election|1975]]
| 26 January 1975
| 47.18%
| 269
| 20,242,791
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#1679BA" | [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
| 72
| 17.23%
|-
! [[1976 Thai general election|1976]]
| 4 April 1976
| 43.99%
| 279
| 20,623,430
| 114
| 25.31%
|-
! [[1979 Thai general election|1979]]
| 22 April 1979
| 43.90%
| 301
| 21,284,790
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#0A1280" | [[Social Action Party| Social Action]]
| 82
| 21.26%
|-
! [[1983 Thai general election|1983]]
| 18 April 1983
| 50.76%
| 324
| 24,224,470
| 92
| 26.78%
|-
![[1986 Thai general election|1986]]
| 27 July 1986
| 61.43%
| 347
| 26,160,100
| bgcolor="#1679BA" | [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat ]]
| 100
| 22.52 %
|-
! [[1988 Thai general election|1988]]
| 24 July 1988
| 63.56%
| 357
| 26,658,638
| bgcolor="#ED189F" | [[Thai Nation Party|Chart Thai]]
| 87
|19.29%
|-
! [[ March 1992 Thai general election|Mar. 1992]]
| 22 March 1992
| 59.24%
|rowspan=2 | 360
| 32,436,283
| bgcolor="#0000CD" | [[Justice Unity Party|Justice Unity]]
| 79
| 19.27%
|-
! [[ September 1992 Thai general election|Sep. 1992]]
| 13 September 1992
| 61.59%
| 31,860,156
| bgcolor="#1679BA" | [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat ]]
| 79
| 21.02%
|-
! [[1995 Thai general election|1995]]
| 2 July 1995
| 62.04%
| 391
| 37,817,983
| bgcolor="#ED189F" | [[Thai Nation Party|Chart Thai]]
| 92
| 22.83%
|-
! [[1996 Thai general election|1996]]
| 17 November 1996
| 62.42%
| 393
| 38,564,593
| bgcolor="#FFFF0A" | [[New Aspiration Party|New Aspiration]]
| 125
| 29.14%
|-
! Election
! Date
! Turnout
! Seats
!Registered voters
!Win party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
|}

===21st century===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Date
! Turnout
! Seats
! Registered voters
! Win party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
|-
! [[2001 Thai general election|2001]]
| 6 January 2001
| 69.43%
|rowspan=3| 500
| 42,875,036
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[ Thai Rak Thai Party|Thai Rak Thai]]
| 248
| 39.91%
|-
! [[2005 Thai general election|2005]]
| 6 February 2005
| 72.56%
| 44,572,101
| 377
| 60.48%
|-
! [[2006 Thai general election|2006]]
| 2 April 2006
| 64.77%
| 44,909,562
| bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[ Thai Rak Thai Party|Thai Rak Thai]] {{small|(nullified)}}
| 461 {{small|(nullified)}}
| 59.91% {{small|(nullified)}}
|-
! [[2007 Thai general election|2007]]
| 23 December 2007
|85.38%
| 480
| 45,658,170
| bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power]]
| 233
| 38.61%
|-
! [[2011 Thai general election|2011]]
| 3 July 2011
| 75.03%
|rowspan=4 | 500
| 46,939,549
| bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[Pheu Thai Party|Pheu Thai]]
| 265
| 47.03%
|-
! [[2014 Thai general election|2014]]
| 2 February 2014
|47.72 %
| 43,024,042
| colspan=3 align=center | Invalidated
|-
! [[2019 Thai general election|2019]]
| 24 March 2019
|74.69%
| 51,239,638
| bgcolor="#DA3731" | [[Pheu Thai Party|Pheu Thai]] {{small|(Opposition)}}
| 136
| 21.92%
|-
! [[2023 Thai general election|2023]]
| 14 May 2023
| 75.20%<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ectreport.com/overview | title=ECT report }}</ref>
| 52,287,046
| bgcolor=orange | [[Move Forward Party|Move Forward]]
| 152
| 26.23%
|-
! Election
! Date
! Turnout
! Seats
!Registered voters
!Win party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
|}

==Qualification==
The qualifications to be a [[candidate]] for the House of Representatives were outlined in Section 101, Part 2, Chapter 6 of the 2007 Constitution. The candidate had to be a citizen of [[Thailand]] [[Native-born citizen|by birth only]], age of twenty-five or older on election day, and born in the [[Provinces of Thailand|province]] in which they intended to stand as a candidate. The candidate must have been a voter and therefore had to be on the [[electoral register]] for at least five years directly before the election, and must also had a house or have been in public service in the province for five years. The candidate must also had been a member of an educational institution in that province for at least five consecutive years. Politically, a candidate had to be a member of one [[List of political parties in Thailand|political party]] for a period of at least ninety days before election day, except in cases of dissolution where thirty days was the minimum period. This was done to discourage [[party switching]] before the election. For [[Party-list proportional representation|party list]] candidates, they must also had to meet the same qualifications except for the provincial restrictions. They were instead divided in lists based on provincial groups.

Those specifically barred from being candidates were those: addicted to drugs, declared [[bankrupt]], unable to vote (see voter eligibility below), former [[convicted felon]]s (the individual had to wait for five years after release to become eligible), removed from public service for being [[Political corruption|corrupt]] or [[Administrative incompetence|incompetent]], had assets confiscated due to embezzlement and finally, the individual had not been a member of the [[Cabinet of Thailand|government]] or [[civil service]], [[Senate of Thailand|Senate]], [[local administration]]s, member of the [[Judiciary of Thailand|judiciary]] or other [[independent agencies]].

==Elections==
{{For|the most recent election|2023 Thai general election}}
Before its abolishment, the House of Representatives had 500 members. 375 members were directly elected in single constituency elections by [[first-past-the-post voting]]. The 375 constituencies were divided by population according to the [[census]] and [[tambon]]s. The other 125 members were voted based on '[[proportional representation]]' it is actually in truth a [[parallel voting]] system or more precisely the Mixed Member Majoritarian system (MMM). In Thai general elections, voters had two votes: one to select the member of parliament for their constituencies and the second to choose which party they prefer. Seats were assigned to parties as a result through the [[d'Hondt method]].

In accordance with the [[2007 Constitution of Thailand]], a general election was held every 4 years. [[Dissolution of parliament|Dissolution]] could happen anytime, which was done by the [[King of Thailand|King]] with the advice of the [[Prime Minister of Thailand|prime minister]] through the use of the [[royal decree]]. Elections were held under [[universal suffrage]]; every voter had to be a [[Nationality|citizen]] of Thailand, if not by birth then by being a citizen for 5 years. The voter had to be over 18 years old before the year the election was held. Voting in elections were also mandatory as missing an election would result in the loss of the right to be involved in political activities. Those barred from voting in House elections were members of the [[clergy]], those suspended from the privilege for various reasons, detainees under legal or court orders and being of unsound mind or of mental infirmity.

==Term and dissolution==
The term of the House of Representatives was exactly four years from the previous [[Election Day (politics)|election day]]. Upon the expiration of the House, the King would issue a decree calling for a [[general election]] of the House, in which the date of the election had to be announced. This had to be done within forty days of the expiration. The date of the election had to be the same for the entire Kingdom.

The King held the [[royal prerogative]] to dissolve the House before its expiration. When this happened a royal decree was issued where the election date was announced; this had to be done in no less than forty days and not more than sixty days from the date of the dissolution. The reasons and circumstances of a dissolution could be made only once.

==Membership==
Members of the House of Representatives were generally called ''Members of Parliament'' or MPs ({{lang-th|สมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร or ส.ส.)}}. The membership of the House of Representatives commenced on election day. If there was a vacancy in the membership of the House, and it was not due to expiration or dissolution, it had to be re-occupied. Vacancies could occur due to death, resignation, conviction and/or expulsion (only by a [[parliamentary party]] through a 3/4 majority vote). If the vacancy was of a constituency member then an election had to be held within forty days of the vacancy, unless it was less than 180 days of the present term of the House, then the vacancy could remain.

In the case where the vacancy was made by a proportional representative member, the vacancy would be filled by the Speaker of the House of Representatives by submitting the name of the next candidate in the
[[party list]] (submitted on election day) to be published in the [[The Royal Gazette (Thailand)|Royal Gazette]]. This had to be done within seven days. If no name was found then the vacancy could remain unfilled. Members of the House who had filled a vacancy under either of these procedures could only remain in the House for the remainder of its present term.

==Leadership==
===Presiding officers===
{{See also|President of the National Assembly of Thailand}}
The executive committee of House of Representatives consisted of one [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]] and two [[deputy speaker]]s to be its presiding officers. The [[List of Speakers of the House of Representatives of Thailand|Speaker of the House]] was also the [[ex officio]] [[President of the National Assembly of Thailand]]. The election was done by a [[secret ballot]] in the first session; after a resolution was passed; the elected would be formally approved by the King. The Speaker and Deputy Speakers of the House could not be members of the cabinet or any political party executive committee. The speaker and his deputies were not entitled to represent partisan interests and had to exercise their powers on a [[non-partisan]] basis.

===Leader of the Governing Coalition===
The Constitution stipulated that the [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] and the [[Cabinet of Thailand|Ministers]] had to be former members of the House of Representatives. After the first session, the House had to vote in a resolution to elect a Prime Minister, after which the King would formally approve him within thirty days. The Prime Minister-elect was always the leader of the largest party in the House. However, under the electoral system, the House resulted in a [[hung parliament]]. After the [[2007 Thai general election|2007 election]], six parties formed a governing coalition, electing [[Samak Sundaravej]] of the largest party, [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power Party]] (PPP), the Prime Minister.

On August 5, 2011, the House elected [[Yingluck Shinawatra]] as Prime Minister against [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]] of the Democrat Party, to a vote of 265 for and 159 against.

===Leader of the Opposition===
{{See also|Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)}}
After the appointment of the [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]], the King appointed the official [[Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)|Leader of the Opposition of Thailand]]. The Leader of the Opposition had to be the leader of the largest party with no members holding any ministerial positions. His party had to be larger than one fifth of the total number of the House. If no Party met this qualification then the Leader with most votes from parties with no ministerial positions would then be appointed. The Royal appointment had to be countersigned by the President of the National Assembly. The Leader of the Opposition led the [[Shadow Cabinet of Thailand]].

==Latest election result==
<section begin=Results />{{Election results
|image=[[File:25th Thailand House of Representatives composition.svg]]
|seattype1=[[First-past-the-post voting|FPTP]]|seattype2=[[Party List|List]]|seattype3=Total
|party1=[[Palang Pracharath Party]]|votes1=8433137|st1t1=97|st2t1=19|st3t1=116
|party2=[[Pheu Thai Party]]|votes2=7920630|st1t2=136|st2t2=0|st3t2=136
|party3=[[Future Forward Party]]|votes3=6265950|st1t3=31|st2t3=50|st3t3=81
|party4=[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat Party]]|votes4=3947726|st1t4=33|st2t4=20|st3t4=53
|party5=[[Bhumjaithai Party]]|votes5=3732883|st1t5=39|st2t5=12|st3t5=51
|party6=[[Thai Liberal Party]]|votes6=826530|st1t6=0|st2t6=10|st3t6=10
|party7=[[Chartthaipattana Party]]|votes7=782031|st1t7=6|st2t7=4|st3t7=10
|party8=[[New Economics Party (Thailand)|New Economics Party]]|votes8=485664|st1t8=0|st2t8=6|st3t8=6|color8=#cb3034
|party9=[[Prachachart Party]]|votes9=485436|st1t9=6|st2t9=1|st3t9=7
|party10=[[Puea Chat Party]]|votes10=419393|st1t10=0|st2t10=5|st3t10=5|color10=#bdbfc1
|party11=[[Action Coalition for Thailand]]|votes11=416324|st1t11=1|st2t11=4|st3t11=5
|party12=[[Chart Pattana Party (2007)|Chart Pattana Party]]|votes12=252044|st1t12=1|st2t12=2|st3t12=3
|party13=[[Thai Local Power Party]]|votes13=213129|st1t13=0|st2t13=3|st3t13=3
|party14=[[Thai Forest Conservation Party]]|votes14=136597|st1t14=0|st2t14=2|st3t14=2|color14=#93c73e
|party15=[[Thai People Power Party]]|votes15=81733|st1t15=0|st2t15=1|st3t15=1|color15=#303d8e
|party16=[[Thai Nation Power Party]]|votes16=73871|st1t16=0|st2t16=1|st3t16=1|color16=#037041
|party17=[[People Progressive Party]]|votes17=69417|st1t17=0|st2t17=1|st3t17=1
|party18=[[Palang Thai Rak Thai Party]]|votes18=60840|st1t18=0|st2t18=1|st3t18=1
|party19=[[Thai Civilized Party]]|votes19=60421|st1t19=0|st2t19=1|st3t19=1|color19=#01539c
|party20=[[Prachaniyom Party]]|votes20=56617|st1t20=0|st2t20=1|st3t20=1|color20=#ee1d23
|party21=[[Thai Teachers for People Party]]|votes21=56339|st1t21=0|st2t21=1|st3t21=1|color21=#056839
|party22=[[Thai People Justice Party]]|votes22=47848|st1t22=0|st2t22=1|st3t22=1
|party23=[[People Reform Party]]|votes23=45508|st1t23=0|st2t23=1|st3t23=1
|party24=[[Thai Citizens Power Party]]|votes24=44766|st1t24=0|st2t24=1|st3t24=1
|party25=[[New Democracy Party (Thailand)|New Democracy Party]]|votes25=39792|st1t25=0|st2t25=1|st3t25=1
|party26=[[New Palangdharma Party]]|votes26=35533|st1t26=0|st2t26=1|st3t26=1|color26=#003C90
|party27=Thairaktham Party|votes27=33748|st1t27=0|st2t27=0|st3t27=0|color27=#df3da4
|party28=[[Puea Pandin Party]]|votes28=31307|st1t28=0|st2t28=0|st3t28=0
|party29=[[New Alternative Party (Thailand)|New Alternative Party]]|votes29=29607|st1t29=0|st2t29=0|st3t29=0
|party30=Paradonphab Party|votes30=27799|st1t30=0|st2t30=0|st3t30=0|color30=#22941a
|party31=Democratic Force Party|votes31=26617|st1t31=0|st2t31=0|st3t31=0
|party32=Pheu Khon Thai Party|votes32=26598|st1t32=0|st2t32=0|st3t32=0|color32=#012384
|party33=Thai Power Builds the Nation Party|votes33=23059|st1t33=0|st2t33=0|st3t33=0
|party34=Green Party|votes34=22662|st1t34=0|st2t34=0|st3t34=0
|party35=Land of Dharma Party|votes35=21463|st1t35=0|st2t35=0|st3t35=0|color35=#61340f
|party36=[[Mahachon Party]]|votes36=17867|st1t36=0|st2t36=0|st3t36=0
|party37=Social Power Party|votes37=17683|st1t37=0|st2t37=0|st3t37=0
|party38=The Farmer Network of Thailand Party|votes38=17664|st1t38=0|st2t38=0|st3t38=0
|party39=Thaen Khun Phaendin Party|votes39=17112|st1t39=0|st2t39=0|st3t39=0|color39=white
|party40=Siam Development Party|votes40=16839|st1t40=0|st2t40=0|st3t40=0|color40=#f70400
|party41=Phuea Tham Party|votes41=15365|st1t41=0|st2t41=0|st3t41=0|color41=#1a01a4
|party42=Ruam Jai Thai Party|votes42=13457|st1t42=0|st2t42=0|st3t42=0|color42=#243785
|party43=Klong Thai Party|votes43=12946|st1t43=0|st2t43=0|st3t43=0|color43=#036ab7
|party44=[[Move Forward Party|Phung Luang Party]]|votes44=12576|st1t44=0|st2t44=0|st3t44=0|color44=#e59615
|party45=Thai Network Party|votes45=12268|st1t45=0|st2t45=0|st3t45=0
|party46=[[Thai Citizen Party]]|votes46=11839|st1t46=0|st2t46=0|st3t46=0
|party47=Thai Population Party|votes47=11043|st1t47=0|st2t47=0|st3t47=0|color47=#282270
|party48=Thai Ethnic Party|votes48=9757|st1t48=0|st2t48=0|st3t48=0
|party49=Palang Thai Rak Chart Party|votes49=9685|st1t49=0|st2t49=0|st3t49=0
|party50=Power of Faith Party|votes50=9561|st1t50=0|st2t50=0|st3t50=0
|party51=[[New Aspiration Party]]|votes51=9074|st1t51=0|st2t51=0|st3t51=0
|party52=Phuea Thai Pattana Party|votes52=8095|st1t52=0|st2t52=0|st3t52=0
|party53=Thinkakhao Party|votes53=6799|st1t53=0|st2t53=0|st3t53=0|color53=red
|party54=Thai Teacher Power Party|votes54=6398|st1t54=0|st2t54=0|st3t54=0|color54=#dbd9b3
|party55=Thai Morality Party|votes55=5942|st1t55=0|st2t55=0|st3t55=0
|party56=Glang Party|votes56=5447|st1t56=0|st2t56=0|st3t56=0
|party57=[[Thai Social Democratic Party]]|votes57=5334|st1t57=0|st2t57=0|st3t57=0|color57=blue
|party58=[[Commoners' Party (Thailand)|Commoners' Party]]|votes58=5321|st1t58=0|st2t58=0|st3t58=0
|party59=Foundational Party|votes59=4786|st1t59=0|st2t59=0|st3t59=0
|party60=Powerful Love Party|votes60=4624|st1t60=0|st2t60=0|st3t60=0|color60=#55aae0
|party61=Palang Pandinthong Party|votes61=4568|st1t61=0|st2t61=0|st3t61=0|color61=#280799
|party62=Thai Rung Rueng Party|votes62=4237|st1t62=0|st2t62=0|st3t62=0|color62=#5b1b8f
|party63=Bhumphalangkasettrakonthai Party|votes63=3535|st1t63=0|st2t63=0|st3t63=0|color63=#05940a
|party64=Rak Thong Thin Thai|votes64=3254|st1t64=0|st2t64=0|st3t64=0
|party65=Thai Power Labour Party|votes65=2951|st1t65=0|st2t65=0|st3t65=0|color65=#971a1a
|party66=[[Commoner Party of Thailand]]|votes66=2353|st1t66=0|st2t66=0|st3t66=0
|party67=Thai Dee Power Party|votes67=2536|st1t67=0|st2t67=0|st3t67=0|color67=#7bf600
|party68=Cooperative Power Party|votes68=2343|st1t68=0|st2t68=0|st3t68=0
|party69=Phue Cheevitmai Party|votes69=1595|st1t69=0|st2t69=0|st3t69=0
|party70=Thailand Development Party|votes70=1079|st1t70=0|st2t70=0|st3t70=0
|party71=Phue Sahagon Thai Party|votes71=905|st1t71=0|st2t71=0|st3t71=0|color71=#ee810a
|party72=People Vote Party|votes72=791|st1t72=0|st2t72=0|st3t72=0
|party73=Thai Rubber Party|votes73=610|st1t73=0|st2t73=0|st3t73=0
|party74=Democracy for People Party|votes74=562|st1t74=0|st2t74=0|st3t74=0
|party75=Raks Tham|votes75=446|st1t75=0|st2t75=0|st3t75=0
|party76=Kasikornthai Party|votes76=183|st1t76=0|st2t76=0|st3t76=0|color76=#254a29
|party77=Thai Future Party|votes77=198|st1t77=0|st2t77=0|st3t77=0
|row78=None of the above|votes78=605392|st1t78=–|st2t78=–|st3t78=–
|total_st1t=350|total_st2t=150|total_st3t=500
|invalid=2130327
|electorate=51239638
|source=Election Commission<ref>{{cite web |author1=Election Commission |title=กกต.ประกาศผลการเลือกตั้งสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรแบบบัญชีรายชื่อ |url=https://www.ect.go.th/ewt/ewt/ect_th/download/article/article_20190508184334.pdf |access-date=9 May 2019 |date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509151508/https://www.ect.go.th/ewt/ewt/ect_th/download/article/article_20190508184334.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ect.go.th/ect_th/download/article/article_20190528140635.pdf|title=หลักเกณฑ์และวิธีการคำนวณ ส.ส. แบบบัญชีรายชื่อ (ประกาศครั้งที่ 2 ข้อมูล ณ วันที่ 28 พฤษภาคม 2562)|last=Election Commission|date=28 May 2019|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Election Commission |title=article_20190328165029 |url=https://www.ect.go.th/ewt/ewt/ect_th/download/article/article_20190328165029.pdf |access-date=30 March 2019 |date=28 March 2019}}</ref>
}}<section end=Results />

==See also==
{{Wikisource|1=Royal Decrees Dissolving the House of Representatives|2=Royal Decrees Dissolving the House of Representatives of Thailand}}
* [[Constitutions of Thailand]]
* [[2007 Constitution of Thailand]]
* [[National Assembly of Thailand]]

==References==
*Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2007
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2814.htm Background Note: Thailand]: [[U.S. State Department]] [[public domain|public domain document]]
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20060519150557/http://www.parliament.go.th/main.php
*https://web.archive.org/web/20080513022240/http://www.parliament.go.th/files/mainpage.htm
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090227000026/http://mp.parliament.go.th/map2550/ Lists and Information of MPs]

{{National lower houses}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:House of Representatives of Thailand| ]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in Siam]]
[[Category:Government of Thailand]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Bangkok]]

Speaker of the House of Representatives (Thailand)

2023-07-03T19:46:34Z

Tama Andi 1207:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox Political post
|post = Speaker
|body = House of Representatives ประธานสภาผู้แทนราษฎร
|insignia = Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg
|insigniasize = 120px
|insigniacaption = Seal of the National Assembly of Thailand
|image =
|incumbent = [[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha]]
|incumbentsince = 4 July 2023
|style = Mr. Speaker or Mr. President (informal) [[The Honourable]] (formal)
|appointer = [[Monarchy of Thailand|Monarch]]
| nominator = Vote within the [[House of Representatives of Thailand|House of Representatives]]
|termlength = According to the term of the House of Representatives
|formation = 28 June 1932
|succession =
|inaugural = [[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri]]
|website =
}}
{{Politics of Thailand}}
'''The Speaker of the [[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives of Thailand]]''' ({{lang-th|ประธานสภาผู้แทนราษฎร}}, {{RTGS|''Prathan Sapha Phuthaen Ratsadon''}}, {{IPA-th|prā.tʰāːn sā.pʰāː pʰûː.tʰɛ̄ːn râːt.sā.dɔ̄ːn|pron}}) is the [[speaker (politics)|presiding officer]] of the lower chamber of the [[National Assembly of Thailand]]. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is also the ''ex officio'' [[President of the National Assembly of Thailand]]. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is an [[Member of Parliament|MP]], usually from the majority party in the [[House of Representatives of Thailand|House of Representatives]]. The Speaker or the President is elected at the beginning of a House session immediately after an election, there are no term limits for the office.<ref>https://news.thaivisa.com/article/35627/new-pm-will-be-elected-by-month-end-says-wissanu</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Thailand/sub5_8f/entry-3276.html|title = PRIME MINISTER, LEGISLATURE AND ELECTIONS IN THAILAND | Facts and Details}}</ref>

== History ==
The office of the Speaker was first established in 1932, with the establishment of the first legislature of Thailand. The office of the '''President of the People's Assembly of Siam''' was first occupied by [[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri]] (Sanan Thephasadin na Ayutthaya).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/1683316/parliament-opens-after-kings-ceremony|title=Parliament opens after King's ceremony|newspaper=Bangkok Post}}</ref>

== Powers ==
The Speaker is entrusted with certain legislative powers, as it is his main role to ensure all the legislative process is followed. The Speaker is assisted by two Deputy Speakers. The Speaker must act impartially on all matters and therefore cannot be a member of an executive committee of a [[List of political parties in Thailand|political party]], this also apply to his deputies.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J0oDwAAQBAJ&q=Speakers+of+the+House+of+Representatives+of+Thailand&pg=PA81 |title = CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND 2017: THAI LAW translate into English}}</ref>

His duties include:
* Filling a vacancy of a [[Party list]] MP, by submitting a name on the list for publication in the [[Royal Thai Government Gazette|Royal Gazette]].
* Submitting to the King the name of the [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister-elect]] to be formally appointed, then countersigning it.
* Countersigning the King's appointment of the [[Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)|Leader of the Opposition]].
* Being an ex officio member of the Selection committee for:
**[[Constitutional Court of Thailand|Constitutional Court]] Judges
** [[Election Commission (Thailand)|Election Commissioners]]
** [[Office of the Ombudsman (Thailand)|Ombudsmen]]
** [[National Anti-Corruption Commission (Thailand)|National Anti-Corruption Commissioners]]

==List of speakers of the House of Representatives==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" width="200" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="90" | Party
|-
! width="85" | {{small|Took office}}
! width="85" | {{small|Left office}}
|-
|'''1'''
|[[File:Thammasak Montree.jpg|125x125px]]
|[[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri|'''Chaophraya Thammasakmontri''']] เจ้าพระยาธรรมศักดิ์มนตรี (1877–1943)
|28 June 1932
|1 September 1932
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''2'''
|[[File:Dan Bunnak (2).jpg|109x109px]]
|'''Chaophraya Phichaiyat''' เจ้าพระยาพิชัยญาติ (1875–1946)
|2 September 1932
|10 December 1933
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''(1)'''
|[[File:Thammasak Montree.jpg|125x125px]]
|[[Chaophraya Thammasakmontri|'''Chaophraya Thammasakmontri''']] เจ้าพระยาธรรมศักดิ์มนตรี (1877–1943)
|15 December 1933
|26 February 1934
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''3'''
|[[File:สส-ศรยุทธเสนี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Phraya Sorayuthaseni''' พระยาศรยุทธเสนี (1888–1962)
|26 February 1934
|22 September 1934
| style="background:{{party color|Khana Ratsadon}};" |
|[[People's Party (Thailand)|People's]]
|-
|'''4'''
|[[File:เจ้าพระยาศรีธรรมาธิเบศ (จิตร ณ สงขลา) ภาพจากอัสสัมชัญอุโฆษสมัย (1982).jpg|133x133px]]
|'''Chaophraya Sri Thammathibet''' เจ้าพระยาศรีธรรมาธิเบศ (1885–1976)
|22 September 1934
|22 July 1936
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''5'''
|[[File:พระยามานวราชเสวี.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''Phraya Manwaratchasewi''' พระยามานวราชเสวี (1890–1984)
|3 August 1936
|24 June 1943
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''(3)'''
|[[File:สส-ศรยุทธเสนี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Phraya Sorayuthaseni''' พระยาศรยุทธเสนี (1888–1962)
|6 July 1943
|24 June 1944
| style="background:{{party color|Khana Ratsadon}};" |
|[[People's Party (Thailand)|People's]]
|-
|'''(5)'''
|[[File:พระยามานวราชเสวี.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''Phraya Manwaratchasewi''' พระยามานวราชเสวี (1890–1984)
|2 July 1944
|3 June 1946
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''6'''
|[[File:เกษม บุญศรี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Kasem Boonsri''' เกษม บุญศรี (1905–1988)
|4 June 1946
|10 May 1947
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''7'''
|[[File:สส-พึ่งศรีจันทร์.jpg|109x109px]]
|'''Pheng Srichan''' พึ่ง ศรีจันทร์ (1907–1992)
|13 May 1947
|8 November 1947
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''(6)'''
|[[File:เกษม บุญศรี.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Kasem Boonsri''' เกษม บุญศรี (1905–1988)
|20 February 1948
|14 June 1949
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''8'''
|[[File:ราชธรรมนิเทศ.jpg|107x107px]]
|'''Phraya Thammanithet''' พระราชธรรมนิเทศ (1891–1965)
|15 June 1949
|29 November 1951
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''9'''
|[[File:สส-พระประจนปัจจนึก.jpg|108x108px]]
|'''Phra Prachonpachanuk''' พระประจนปัจจนึก (1892–1970)
|1 December 1951
|20 September 1957
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''10'''
|[[File:สุทธิ์ สุทธิสารรณกร.jpg|93x93px]]
|'''Luang Sutthisanronnakon''' หลวงสุทธิสารรณกร (1901–1968)
|20 September 1957
|14 December 1957
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''(9)'''
|[[File:สส-พระประจนปัจจนึก.jpg|108x108px]]
|'''Phra Prachonpachanuk''' พระประจนปัจจนึก (1892–1970)
|15 December 1957
|20 October 1958
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|Independent
|-
|'''11'''
|[[File:สส-ศิริสิริโยธิน.jpg|111x111px]]
|'''Siri Siriyothin''' ศิริ สิริโยธิน (1915–1979)
|10 February 1969
|17 November 1971
|style="background:{{party color|United Thai People's Party}};" |
|[[United Thai People's Party|United Thai People's]]
|-
|'''12'''
|[[File:Prasit Kanchanawat.jpg|108x108px]]
|'''Prasit Kanchanawat''' ประสิทธิ์ กาญจนวัฒน์ (1915–1999)
|7 February 1975
|12 January 1976
|
|Social Nationalist
|-
|'''13'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Uthai Pimjaichon''' อุทัย พิมพ์ใจชน (born 1938)
|19 April 1976
|6 October 1976
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''14'''
|[[File:บุญเท่ง ทองสวัสดิ์.jpg|110x110px]]
|'''Boontheng Thongsawat''' บุญเท่ง ทองสวัสดิ์ (1912–1999)
|9 May 1979
|19 March 1983
|style="background:{{party color|Social Action Party}};" |
|[[Social Action Party|Social Action]]
|-
|'''(13)'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Uthai Pimjaichon''' อุทัย พิมพ์ใจชน (born 1938)
|27 April 1983
|1 May 1986
|style="background:{{party color|Progress Party (Thailand, 1983)}};" |
|[[Progress Party (Thailand, 1983)|Progress]]
|-
|'''15'''
|[[File:Chuan Leekpai 2010-04-01.jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Chuan Leekpai|'''Chuan Leekpai''']] ชวน หลีกภัย (born 1938)
|4 August 1986
|29 April 1988
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''16'''
|[[File:Panja Kesornthong.jpg|100x100px]]
|'''Panja Kesornthong''' ปัญจะ เกสรทอง (born 1946)
|3 August 1988
|23 February 1991
| style="background:{{party color|Thai Nation Party}};" |
|[[Thai Nation Party|Thai Nation]]
|-
|'''17'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Arthit Ourairat''' อาทิตย์ อุไรรัตน์ (born 1938)
|3 April 1992
|30 June 1992
|style="background:{{party color|Justice Unity Party}};" |
|[[Justice Unity Party|Justice Unity]]
|-
|'''18'''
|[[File:ประมวลภาพ "งานทำบุญครบรอบ ๖๖ ปี" ของการก่อตั้งพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ 06.jpg|89x89px]]
|[[Marut Bunnag|'''Marut Bunnag''']] มารุต บุนนาค (1924–2022)
|22 September 1992
|19 May 1995
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''19'''
|[[File:Bun-er Pasertsuwan.jpg|104x104px]]
|[[Booneua Prasertsuwan|'''Booneua Prasertsuwan''']] บุญเอื้อ ประเสริฐสุวรรณ (1919–2016)
|11 July 1995
|27 September 1996
| style="background:{{party color|Thai Nation Party}};" |
|[[Thai Nation Party|Thai Nation]]
|-
|'''20'''
|[[File:Chiang Rai Mosque5 (cropped).jpg|107x107px]]
|[[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha|'''Wan Muhamad Noor Matha''']] วันมูหะมัดนอร์ มะทา (born 1944)
|24 November 1996
|27 June 2000
| style="background:{{party color|New Aspiration Party}};" |
|[[New Aspiration Party|New Aspiration]]
|-
|'''21'''
|[[File:Bhichai Rattakul 2010-04-01.jpg|120x120px]]
|[[Bhichai Rattakul|'''Bhichai Rattakul''']] พิชัย รัตตกุล (1924–2022)
|30 June 2000
|9 November 2000
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''(13)'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Uthai Pimjaichon''' อุทัย พิมพ์ใจชน (born 1938)
|6 February 2001
|5 January 2005
| style="background:{{party color|Thai Rak Thai Party}};" |
|[[Thai Rak Thai Party|Thai Rak Thai]]
|-
|'''22'''
|[[File:โภคิน พลกุล 2020.jpg|121x121px]]
|'''Pokin Palakul''' โภคิน พลกุล (born 1952)
|6 January 2005
|24 February 2006
| style="background:{{party color|Thai Rak Thai Party}};" |
|[[Thai Rak Thai Party|Thai Rak Thai]]
|-
|'''23'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|'''Yongyuth Tiyapairat''' ยงยุทธ ติยะไพรัช (born 1961)
|28 January 2008
|30 April 2008
| style="background:{{party color|People's Power Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''24'''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:ชัย ชิดชอบ 2011.jpg|109x109px]]
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Chai Chidchob]]''' ชัย ชิดชอบ (1928–2020)
| rowspan="2" |15 May 2008
| rowspan="2" |10 May 2011
| style="background:{{party color|People's Power Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power]] (until 2008)
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Bhumjaithai Party}};" |
|[[Bhumjaithai Party|Bhumjaithai]] (from 2008)
|-
|'''25'''
|[[File:Seal of the Parliament of Thailand.svg|80x80px]]
|[[Somsak Kiatsuranont|'''Somsak Kiatsuranont''']] สมศักดิ์ เกียรติสุรนนท์ (born 1954)
|3 August 2011
|9 December 2013
| style="background:{{party color|Pheu Thai Party}};" |
|[[Pheu Thai Party|Pheu Thai]]
|-
|'''(15)'''
|[[File:Chuan Leekpai 2010-04-01.jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Chuan Leekpai|'''Chuan Leekpai''']] ชวน หลีกภัย (born 1938)
|28 May 2019
|20 March 2023
| style="background:{{party color|Democrat Party (Thailand)}};" |
|[[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]
|-
|'''20'''
|[[File:Chiang Rai Mosque5 (cropped).jpg|107x107px]]
|[[Wan Muhamad Noor Matha|'''Wan Muhamad Noor Matha''']] วันมูหะมัดนอร์ มะทา (born 1944)
|4 July 2023
| Incumbent
| style="background:{{party color|Prachachart Party}};" |
|[[Prachachart Party]]
|}

==Sources==
* Various editions of ''The Europa World Year Book''

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Parliament of Thailand|House of Representatives, Speakers]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative speakers|Thailand]]