Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Golden goal

2024-07-18T08:49:43Z

Tangoludwig:

{{Short description|Sports rule}}
{{About|the sports rule|the Norwegian TV series|Golden Goal (TV series)}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2010}}
The '''golden goal''' is a rule used in [[association football]], [[rugby league]], [[lacrosse]], [[field hockey]], and [[ice hockey]] to decide the winner of a match (typically a knock-out match) in which scores are equal at the end of normal time. It is a type of [[sudden death (sport)|sudden death]]. Under this rule, the game ends when a goal or point is scored; the team that scores that goal or point during [[extra time]] is the winner. Introduced formally in 1993, though with some history before that, the rule ceased to apply to most [[FIFA]]-authorized football games in 2004. The similar '''silver goal''' supplemented the golden goal between 2002 and 2004.

The golden goal used to be played in [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] matches up to 2021 but is still used in [[International Hockey Federation|FIH]] sanctioned [[field hockey]] games. A related concept, the [[golden point]], is used in [[National Rugby League]] games. A similar golden goal rule is also used in all National Hockey League (NHL) overtime games (followed by a shootout if needed, in the regular season and preseason); however, the term "golden goal" is not used. A rule similar to the golden goal also applies in [[National Football League]] regular season games (only if a touchdown or safety is scored, or any score on any possession after the first possession), although again the term itself is not used.

==Association football==

===Historical context===
The rules of the first known organized inter-club tournament in any code of football, the English [[Youdan Cup]] of 1867, featured a sudden-death rule. If scores were tied after 90 minutes, up to an hour of extra time was played, with the first team to score a goal or [[Sheffield_Rules#The_rouge|rouge]] being declared the winner.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Sporting Life |title=Sheffield: Youdan's Football Cup |date=1867-02-20 |page=1}}</ref> This rule came into effect in the second round tie between Norfolk FC and Broomhall FC played on 23 February 1867, when Norfolk scored a goal after two minutes of extra time to win the match, 1–0.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Youdan Prize for Football |journal=Sheffield and Rotherham Independent |date=1867-03-02 |page=10}}</ref>

A similar rule was used the following year in the [[Cromwell Cup]], which like the Youdan Cup was played under [[Sheffield Rules]]. In the final of this competition, played at [[Bramall Lane]], [[Sheffield]] in 1868, the deciding goal was scored by the then newly formed team called [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|The Wednesday]], now known as Sheffield Wednesday.

The golden goal was introduced due to perceived failings of other means of resolving a draw (tie) in [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] or [[knock-out]] tournaments where a winner is required. In particular, [[extra time]] periods can be tense and unentertaining as sides are too tired and nervous to attack, preferring to defend and play for penalties; whilst [[penalty shootout (football)|penalty shootouts]] are often described as based upon luck, and unrepresentative of football. [[FIFA]] introduced the golden goal rule in 1993. It was hoped that the golden goal would produce more attacking play during extra time, and would reduce the number of penalty shootouts.

===FIFA competitions===

The term ''golden goal'' was introduced by [[FIFA]] in 1993 along with the rule change because the alternative term, "[[sudden death (sport)|sudden death]]", was perceived to have negative connotations. In a knockout competition, following a draw, two fifteen-minute periods of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] are played. If either team [[Scoring in association football|scores a goal]] during extra time, the game ends immediately and the scoring team becomes the winner. The winning goal is known as the "golden goal". If there have been no goals scored after both periods of extra time, a [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]] decides the game. The golden goal was not compulsory, and individual competitions using extra time could choose whether to apply it during extra time. The first [[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] played with the rule was in [[UEFA Euro 1996|1996]], as was the first [[MLS Cup]] [[1996 MLS Cup|that year]]; the first [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] played with the rule was in [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]].<ref name="FIFAChangeShootoutRule1994"/>

The first golden goal recorded was on 13 March 1993 by [[Australia national under-20 soccer team|Australia]] against [[Uruguay national under-20 football team|Uruguay]] in a quarter-final match of the [[1993 FIFA World Youth Championship|World Youth Championship]]. The first major tournament final to be decided by such a goal was the [[1995 Football League Trophy final|1995 Football League Trophy]], where [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]] beat [[Carlisle United F.C.|Carlisle United]] 1–0, with a goal from [[Paul Tait (footballer, born 1971)|Paul Tait]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/frys-delight-as-carlisle-succumb-to-sudden-death-1616946.html|title=Fry's delight as Carlisle succumb to sudden death|date=24 April 1995|website=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104083519/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/frys-delight-as-carlisle-succumb-to-sudden-death-1616946.html|archive-date=4 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by the [[UEFA Euro 1996 final|1996 European Championship final]], won by [[Germany national football team|Germany]] over the [[Czech Republic national football team|Czech Republic]]. The golden goal in this final was scored by [[Oliver Bierhoff]]. In MLS Cup 1996, [[Eddie Pope]] scored 3:25 into extra time as [[D.C. United]] beat the [[LA Galaxy]] 3–2. The first golden goal in World Cup history took place in [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]], as [[Laurent Blanc]] scored to enable [[France national football team|France]] to defeat [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay]] in the round of 16.

In [[Barbados v Grenada (1994)|a qualification game]] for the [[1994 Caribbean Cup]], [[Barbados national football team|Barbados]] deliberately scored a late [[own goal]] in a successful attempt to qualify for the finals by forcing golden-goal extra time against [[Grenada national football team|Grenada]], as an unusual tournament rule stated that golden goals counted double in calculating goal difference. Needing a two-goal victory to qualify, Barbados found themselves 2–1 up with three minutes left of normal time. After the Barbadians scored an own goal to bring the scoreline level at 2–2, Grenada tried to score in either net while Barbados defended both goals for the final three minutes of normal time.<ref name="snopesowngoal">{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/sports/soccer/barbados.asp|title=Football Follies|date=July 6, 2008|website=Snopes.com|access-date=2008-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216023029/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/football-follies/|archive-date=2021-12-16|url-status=live}}</ref> Barbados won the game in extra time and advanced to the next round.<ref>''The Barbadian'', January 3 2008, p5 </ref>

In 2000, France defeated Italy in extra time in the [[UEFA Euro 2000 final|2000 European Championship final]] when [[David Trezeguet]] scored a golden goal. France thus became the first holder of both the FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship since [[Germany national football team|West Germany]] in [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]].

Also in 2000, [[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]] had a 2–1 victory over [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] in the [[2000 UEFA Super Cup]] in [[Stade Louis II]]. The 90 minutes had produced a 1-1 draw and in extra time the Brazilian player [[Mário Jardel]] scored the golden goal and won the first ever UEFA Super Cup in club history.

The following year, [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] overcame [[Deportivo Alavés]] in the [[2001 UEFA Cup final|UEFA Cup final]] with a golden [[own goal]] by [[Delfí Geli]] to make the score 5–4 to Liverpool.

The [[UEFA Champions League]] is one of few tournaments not to have been settled by a 'golden goal'.

The golden goal was used in the FIFA World Cup for the last time in [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]], when [[Turkey national football team|Turkey]] defeated [[Senegal national football team|Senegal]] in the quarter-finals when [[İlhan Mansız]] scored what would be the final golden goal in male tournaments. However, the [[2003 FIFA Women's World Cup final|2003 Women's World Cup final]] was decided by a golden goal as Germany defeated Sweden 2–1 with a header by [[Nia Künzer]] in the 98th minute. It was the last golden goal in FIFA Women's World Cup history.

'''FIFA Men's World Cup golden goals'''
{| class="wikitable"
! №!!Scorer!!Time!!Representing!!Score!!Opponent!!Tournament!!Round!!Date
|-
|1||[[Laurent Blanc]]||114'||{{fb|FRA|1974}}||1–0||{{fb|PAR|1990}}||[[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]]||Round of 16||28 June 1998
|-
|2||[[Henri Camara]]||104'||{{fb|SEN}}||2–1||{{fb|SWE}}||rowspan=3|[[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]]||Round of 16||16 June 2002
|-
|3||[[Ahn Jung-hwan]]||117'||{{fb|KOR|1997}}||2–1||{{fb|ITA}}||Round of 16||18 June 2002
|-
|4||[[İlhan Mansız]]||94'||{{fb|TUR}}||1–0||{{fb|SEN}}||Quarter-finals||22 June 2002
|}

'''FIFA Confederations Cup golden goals'''
{| class="wikitable"
! №!!Scorer!!Time!!Representing!!Score!!Opponent!!Tournament!!Round!!Date
|-
|1||[[Harry Kewell]]||92'||{{fb|AUS}}||1–0||{{fb|URU}}||[[1997 FIFA Confederations Cup|1997]]||Semi-finals||19 December 1997
|-
|2||[[Cuauhtémoc Blanco]]||97'||{{fb|MEX}}||1–0||{{fb|USA}}||[[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1999]]||Semi-finals||1 August 1999
|-
|3||[[Thierry Henry]]||97'||{{fb|FRA|1974}}||1–0||{{fb|CMR}}||[[2003 FIFA Confederations Cup|2003]]||[[2003 FIFA Confederations Cup final|Final]]||29 June 2003
|}

====Silver goal====
For the 2002–03 season, [[UEFA]] introduced a new rule, the silver goal, to decide a competitive match. If a team leads after the first fifteen-minute half of extra time, it is the winner, but the game no longer ends the instant a team scores. Competitions that operated extra time would be able to decide whether to use the golden goal, the silver goal, or neither procedure. The silver goal was seen as a means to "reduce the odds of a penalty shoot-out without the immediate jeopardy (and perceived unfairness) of Golden Goal" as it gave the losing team the remainder of the first fifteen-minute period of extra time to make a comeback.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.planetfootball.com/nostalgia/remembering-short-lived-silver-goal-2004-czech-side-robbed | title=Remembering the short-lived Silver Goal & the 2004 Czech side it robbed | date=July 2023 }}</ref>

On 27 August 2003, Dutch club [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] qualified for the group stage of the [[2003–04 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds|2003–04 UEFA Champions League]] by virtue of the silver goal against Austrian club [[Grazer AK|GAK]] after the two legs finished 1–1 each after 90 minutes. In extra time, Ajax was able to take advantage of GAK having two players sent off when [[Tomáš Galásek]] scored from a penalty in the 103rd minute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2003/matches/round=1711/match=73057/postmatch/report/index.html|title = Galásek saves Ajax blushes|date = 27 August 2003|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131003164553/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2003/matches/round=1711/match=73057/postmatch/report/index.html|archive-date = 3 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref>

Less than a year later on 1 July 2004, Galásek would be on the field when the silver goal was featured in the only major competitive match to be decided by a silver goal: that of the semi-final match at [[UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004]] between [[Greece national football team|Greece]] and the [[Czech Republic national football team|Czech Republic]]. However, the silver goal would eliminate the Czech Republic as [[Traianos Dellas]] scored for Greece after a [[corner kick]] in the last two seconds of the first period of extra time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2004/matches/round=1583/match=1059193/index.html|title=UEFA EURO 2004 - History - Greece-Czech Republic – UEFA.com|date=1 July 2004|publisher=UEFA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129193158/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2004/matches/round=1583/match=1059193/index.html|archive-date=29 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Czech team has been known for their come-from-behind wins earlier in the tournament against Latvia, Netherlands, and Germany, but the extremely late Greek score left the Czechs no chance to equalize. On the other hand if the Greeks had scored at the start of either period of extra time, the Czechs would have a decent opportunity to come back in the match. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.planetfootball.com/nostalgia/remembering-short-lived-silver-goal-2004-czech-side-robbed | title=Remembering the short-lived Silver Goal & the 2004 Czech side it robbed | date=July 2023 }}</ref> As well as being the only silver goal ever seen in an international match, it was also the only goal Dellas ever scored in his international career.

===Abolition===

Although both the golden goal and silver goal had their fans, both were also widely perceived as failed experiments. The golden goal in particular had not brought about more active and attacking play as originally intended and instead led to more cautious play along with furious angry reactions from a lot of players on the losing side. The silver goal, while in theory giving the remainder of the first fifteen-minute period of extra time to make a comeback, nonetheless could still effectively end the game if scored near the end of that period. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.planetfootball.com/nostalgia/remembering-short-lived-silver-goal-2004-czech-side-robbed | title=Remembering the short-lived Silver Goal & the 2004 Czech side it robbed | date=July 2023 }}</ref>
Furthermore, there was also confusion about when events could choose among several different extra time rules.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2004/m=3/news=footballing-world-cheers-end-golden-goal-90982.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524191058/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2004/m=3/news=footballing-world-cheers-end-golden-goal-90982.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 24, 2016|title=Footballing world cheers end of golden goal|work=FIFA.com|date=1 March 2004}}</ref>

In February 2004, the [[International Football Association Board|IFAB]] announced that, after Euro 2004, both the golden goal and silver goal methods would be removed from the [[Laws of the Game (association football)|Laws of the Game]]. Since the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] in [[Germany]], the golden goal has never been used in the event of a drawn match during the knockout stage,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur.i1.yimg.com/eur.yimg.com/i/eu/fifa/regen.pdf |title=2006 World Cup drops golden goal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060601061039/http://eur.i1.yimg.com/eur.yimg.com/i/eu/fifa/regen.pdf |archive-date=2006-06-01 }}</ref> as [[FIFA]] restored the previous rules: in the event of a drawn game after the regular 90 minutes, two straight 15-minute periods of extra time are played. If scores remain level, the winner is decided by a [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/en/news/feature/0,1451,74459,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524142244/http://www.fifa.com/en/news/feature/0,1451,74459,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 24, 2006|title=FIFA Rules}}</ref>

The golden goal rule was abolished in [[College soccer in the United States|NCAA soccer]] in 2022, and uses the FIFA overtime procedure as above. The championship games of the 1995, 1996, 2002, and 2013 [[NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship|women's tournament]]s were decided by a golden goal; this situation also happened in the [[NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Tournament|men's tournament]] in [[2017 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship Game|2017]] and [[2020 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship Game|2020]].

==Other sports==

===Field hockey===
International field hockey tournaments such as the [[Hockey World Cup]] and [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]] had used golden goals to decide the winners of elimination matches. During these matches, two extra periods of {{frac|7|1|2}} minutes each were played, and if no golden goals were scored after both periods of extra time, a [[penalty shootout|penalty stroke competition]] decided the game. [[International Hockey Federation|FIH]], the sport's governing body, did away with the overtime procedure in 2013, and now teams go directly to the shootout.

===Ice hockey===
{{main|Overtime (ice hockey)}}
The golden goal rule comes into use at the end of regulation of every [[National Hockey League]] game where the score is tied. In the regular season, five minutes of three-on-three sudden-death overtime are played, with the first goal winning the game. If, however, neither team scores after this period, a shootout determines the winner. In playoff games, shootouts are not used; 20-minute periods of five-on-five hockey are played until a goal is scored to end the game. This has resulted in [[Overtime_(ice_hockey)#Notable_NHL_playoff_overtime_games|extremely long contests]], such as the "[[Easter Epic]]", a playoff series-deciding match which ended in the midst of its fourth overtime. The term "golden goal" is not a commonly used term in hockey, rather the winning goal is known as an "overtime winner" or "overtime goal," while the format is known as "sudden death" in the NHL and "sudden victory" in college.

The [[Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics ice hockey tournament]] used the golden goal rule only in the gold medal game, with a 20-minute period of 5-on-5. The game ended if a goal is scored; otherwise, a penalty shootout determined the winner. This method was used to determine the [[Ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament#Gold medal game|2010 men's final]], where [[Sidney Crosby]] scored the game-winning goal 7:40 into overtime. As that goal won Canada the Gold Medal, it has become known as "The Golden Goal." Another happened at the [[Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics - Women's tournament#Gold medal game|2014 women's final]], as [[Marie-Philip Poulin]] scored at 8:10 of overtime for Canada. In both instances, the team they beat was the United States. The two teams met in the [[Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Women's tournament#Gold Medal Game|rematch]] four years later, and lasted the whole 20-minute overtime without a goal before the United States prevailed in a [[Shootout (ice hockey)|shootout]] for their first gold in 20 years. [[Jocelyne Lamoureux]] scored in the sixth round of the shootout while [[Meghan Agosta]] failed. [[Kirill Kaprizov]] scored at 9:40 of overtime as the Russian Olympic Committee beat Germany in the [[Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Men's tournament#Gold medal game|2018 men's final]]. Since 2022, the overtime procedure changed to multiple 20-minute periods of 3-on-3, until one team scores, and applies to both genders.

===Rugby league===
{{Main|Golden point}}
A "Golden point" system, whereby a [[rugby league]] game whose 80 minutes have ended in a draw is decided by whichever team scores the first point (by whatever means) during a period of extra time is the winner. It was first used in 1997's [[Super League Tri-series]].

===Australian rules football===
Prior to a rule change in 2016, the [[Australian Football League]] (AFL) replayed the entire [[AFL Grand Final]] if the game was tied at the end of regular time. This was known as a [[grand final replay]] and occurred three times in the AFL (1948, 1977, 2010). Because of the inconvenience of this, from the [[2016 AFL season]] onwards drawn grand finals were then to be resolved with two five-minute periods of extra time; if the scores are still tied at the end of the extra time period, play would continues until the next score.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afl.com.au/news/2016-04-19/no-more-grand-final-replays|title=No more Grand Final replays|publisher=Australian Football League|first=Callum|last=Twomey|date=19 April 2016|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420113537/http://www.afl.com.au/news/2016-04-19/no-more-grand-final-replays|archive-date=20 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> This was removed after the 2019 season, with level scores after an initial two three-minute extra time periods to be determined instead by further periods of extra time. Golden goal was never used in the four years it was part of the rules.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-18 |title=No more golden score: League changes finals tie-break rule |url=https://www.afl.com.au/news/344176/no-more-golden-score-league-changes-finals-tie-break-rule |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=afl.com.au |language=en}}</ref>

===Bandy===
At the 2022 Women's Bandy World Championship, [[2022 Women's Bandy World Championship#Final 2|the final of Pool B (second division)]] was decided by a golden goal.

==References==
{{reflist |refs=
<ref name="FIFAChangeShootoutRule1994">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=July 19, 1994 |title=FIFA to change shootout rule — Sudden-death format to be added before next World Cup |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114366048/fifa-to-change-shootout-rule/ |work=The Daily News |place=Pasadena, California |publication-place=Lebanon, Pennsylvania |access-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209233645/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114366048/fifa-to-change-shootout-rule/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=23698.html Golden goal explained] – [[UEFA]].com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Golden Goal}}

[[Category:Terminology used in multiple sports]]
[[Category:History of association football]]

Ostende, Buenos Aires

2024-05-22T08:26:14Z

Tangoludwig:

{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = City
| official_name = Ostende
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_shield =
| pushpin_map = Argentina
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Argentina]]
| pushpin_mapsize = 200
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{ARG}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Argentina|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:Bandera_de_Ostende.png|24px]] [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Partidos of Buenos Aires|Partido]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pinamar Partido|Pinamar]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party = [[Propuesta Republicana|PRO]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Martín Yeza
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = {{start date and age|1913}} <ref name=argob>[https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/la-historia-del-viejo-hotel-ostende La historia del Viejo Hotel Ostende] on Argentina.gob.ar, 22 Jan 2018</ref>
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_total = 6,073
| population_density_km2 =
| coordinates = {{coord|37|06|S|56|51|W|region:AR|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 14
| postal_code_type = [[Argentine postal code|CPA Base]]
| postal_code = [[ISO 3166-2:AR|B]] 7167
| area_code = +[[Telephone numbers in Argentina|54]] 2254
| website = {{url|https://www.pinamar.com/ostende|pinamar.gov.ar/ostende}}
| name =
}}
'''Ostende''' is a seaside resort on the [[Argentine Sea|Atlantic coast]] of [[Argentina]] belonging to the [[Pinamar Partido]]. The town limits to the north with the city of [[Pinamar]], to the northeast with Mar de Ostende, to the south with Valeria del Mar, to the east with the [[Argentine Sea]] and to the west with [[General Madariaga Partido]].

Its landscape is characterized by wide beaches and large dunes full of leafy tamarisk trees.<ref>{{cite web|title=Map of Ostende|url=https://www.welcomeargentina.com/ostende/map.html|language=English |accessdate=September 22, 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Background ===
In the XIX century, the region where the Pinamar Partido stays nowadays was a desertic area plenty of [[dune]]s facing the sea. Those dunes constituted the fields called "Los Montes Grandes de Juancho", which belonged to Don Martín de Alzaga, an older man and landowner, who had married Felicitas Guerrero in 1862, a young woman of only 16 years old.<ref name=hist>[https://pinamar.gob.ar/historia Historia] on Pinamar website</ref>

When Martín de Álzaga died in 1870, Felicitas inherited these lands that were part of the Bella Vista, La Postrera and Laguna de Juancho ranches. After the murder of Felicitas, victim of a femicide committed by Enrique Ocampo, these lands are inherited by her parents: Carlos José Guerrero and Felicitas González de Cueto. When the marriage dies, their children inherit, who would be Felicitas' brothers; and among these, Carlos and Manuel Guerrero would correspond to the lands that reached the sea and that finally Héctor Manuel and Valeria Guerrero would turn these moors into the most exclusive tourist destinations on the Argentine Atlantic coast.<ref name=hist/><ref name=pagina>[https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/turismo/9-2399-2012-09-16.html Recuerdos de Ostende] by Pablo Donadío on ''Página/12'', 16 Sep 2012</ref>

=== Foundation ===
{{multiple image
|header =
|align= left
|direction= vertical
|total_width= 230
|image1 = Coches del Decauville de Ostende en Estación Tokio rumbo a Ostende.jpg
|image2 = Decauville de Ostende. En el pie de la foto, comenta que poseía una extensión de 3 kilómetros. (Revista Fray Mocho Nº 48 del 23 de marzo de 1913).jpg
|footer = Two images of the Decauville railway of Ostende in 1913, (left): Campos (then, "Tokio") station, where passengers boarded the train after being transported by carriages; (right): the train running along the beach
}}
Ostende was the first town established in region currently known as [[Pinamar Partido]], having been founded by Belgian Fernando Robette and Italian Agustín Poli.<ref name=cente/> They had arrived in 1908 and bought the land from Don Manuel with the aim of designing a sophisticated seaside resort with the same model as that city of Belgian origin whose name, [[Ostend]] (Oostende in Dutch), means “End of the East”.<ref name=hist/> To go to Ostende, passengers went by train to Juancho station (via [[Constitución railway station|Constitución]]–General Madariaga), then being transported by [[carriage|horse-drawn carriages]] to "Colonia Tokio" (an ''[[estancia]]'' inhabited by [[Japan|Japanese]] immigrants)<ref name=vho/><ref>[https://www.turismodebolsillo.com.ar/mundo/los-guerrero-y-los-balnearios-de-pinamar-caril-oacute-y-ostende.html/115 LOS GUERRERO Y LOS BALNEARIOS DE PINAMAR, CARILÓ Y OSTENDE]</ref> where they took a [[narrow-gauge railway]] ([[Decauville]]) to Ostende.<ref name=pagina/> It was a 3 km-length railroad that reached the beach.<ref name=vho>[http://www.viejohotelostende.com.ar/es/centenario Cien años de historia] on Viejo Hotel Ostende</ref> On economic grounds, the coming of the train helped the zone to increase its production. Apart from cattle, producers commercialised apples and firewood, for which some small branches were built. One of those branches reached the point where the intersection of [[Provincial Route 11 (Buenos Aires)|RP 11]] and RP 74 is placed today, very close to the entrance to [[Pinamar]]. Nevertheless, most of those branches would be lifted in the 1940s.<ref name=ranchos>"Estación Pinamar" history on Museo Ferroviario Ranchos (blogsite)</ref>

When Robette was already settled he began the work to concretize his projects. Some of the constructions were a dock, and the "Hotel Termas"; That same year the construction of the Rambla Sur also began, which was intended to be an extensive coastal promenade. These works were made very hard, since in addition to the inclemency of the winds, the materials for the constructions had to be sent from Buenos Aires, being the Cabo Corrientes steamship one of the means used for transportation at that time.<ref name=hist/>

Finally, on April 6, 1913, the founding ceremony of the new city was celebrated and an important advertising campaign was produced to promote the sale of the lots. Then the houses of Fernando Robette were built, the House of Spiritual Retreats of the Carmelite Monks, the house of one of the first families to spend the summer in Ostende, called Villa Adela, and also a chapel whose owner was Mr. Domingo Repetto, which years later it would disappear due to abandonment and strong sand storms.<ref name=hist/>

=== Development ===
{{multiple image
|total_width=450
|image1 = Rambla ostende.jpg
|image2 = Hotel ostende postal.jpg
|footer = Two characteristic buildings in Ostende, (left): the "rambla" (boardwalk) built in 1912, and "Hotel Ostende" (right), opened in 1913
}}
To promote tourism on the zone, a hotel ("Hotel Termas", then "Hotel Ostende") was opened. It was inaugurated in December 1913 and had 80 rooms plus rooms for games, lecture, and [[fencing]], restaurants, winter gardens, and even a pasta factory and pastry shop.<ref>[https://www.cultura.gob.ar/se-viene-la-noche-de-las-ideas-2018-en-el-viejo-hotel-ostende_5322/ La historia del Viejo Hotel Ostende] on Cultura.gob.ar</ref><ref name=cinco>[https://www.infobae.com/tendencias/2022/01/23/5-lugares-emblematicos-que-invitan-a-conocer-el-pasado-de-pinamar/ 5 lugares emblemáticos que invitan a conocer el pasado de Pinamar] by Walter Vazquez on Infobae, 23 Jan 2022</ref>

During these years the Belgians return to Europe possibly because of the [[World War I]] and never returned. After several failed afforestation attempts, the sand buried several constructions, including the boulevard, evidencing the failure of the project to fix the dunes.<ref name=hist/>

In 1943 [[Pinamar]] was inaugurated as a seaside resort and the following year the Executive Power of the Province of Buenos Aires approved the urbanization plan of Jorge Bunge, who had great success with the afforestation of the area to fix the dunes, Bunge's initiative was based on previous agronomic studies carried out by the Belgian hydraulic engineer Paul-Vincent Levieux and the landscaper Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier.

The old Ostende project was temporarily eclipsed into oblivion, until on July 1, 1978, the Municipality of Pinamar (then "Pinamar Partido" in 1983) was created, annexing Ostende, among other localities, to its jurisdiction.<ref name=hist/><ref name=dp>[https://dpinamar.com.ar/noticias-pinamar/historia-de-pinamar-creacion.html Historia del nacimiento de Pinamar] on DPinamar</ref>

== Tourism ==
Ostende's beaches with their original dunes are covered by [[tamarisk]]s, which differentiates them from those in the center and north of the district of Pinamar. The tourist profile of Ostend, like that of its neighboring town of Valeria del Mar, is markedly predominantly family-oriented, since neither of these two destinations have the hectic nightlife that attracts groups of young people alone.

Given its particular proximity to the bustling and commercial town of Pinamar, Ostende has almost taken on the character of a "residential suburb", being chosen primarily by those tourists who seek tranquility, green, and enjoy its peaceful beaches, but at the same time take advantage of the comfort of being a few blocks from the wide range of products and services of the Pinamarense shopping center.

The small downtown mainly offers supply stores such as warehouses, supermarkets, butchers, and some service establishments such as laundries, internet cafes, call shops, etc. The geographical proximity to the center of Pinamar to the north, and Valeria del Mar or even Cariló to the south, makes the development of leisure businesses unnecessary.

The lodging offer is made up of a few hotels, several inns and aparts, added to a wide variety of cabin complexes and private properties for temporary rental.

Pinamar, Ostende, Valeria del Mar, and Carilo make up a suburban corridor also known as the "Green Coast", a nickname possibly due to its lush afforestation both on its beaches and in its streets. As these four localities are conurbated, it allows access from any of them to the other three neighbors without the need to use the route 11. This green corridor is also famous for the medium/high socioeconomic level of its regular tourists.

=== Sites of interest ===
[[File:Viejohotel ostende.jpg|thumb|"Viejo Hotel Ostende", opened in 1913, had Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and Adolfo Bioy Casares as some of its famous guests]]
* '''Viejo Hotel Ostende''': Regarded as the main Ostende's landmark, In the project of the founders Robette and Poli, the construction of a hotel with more than 80 rooms was planned. Originally named "Hotel Termas", it would later become the "Hotel Ostende". This site is also known as the "ghost hotel". It was always frequented by writers, who were inspired there to write some of their works. This is the case of the writer of ''[[The Little Prince]]'', [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]], who wrote his first texts during his two summers in Argentina. He stayed in room 51, a place that today is recreated just as he left it and open to public.<ref name=argob/><ref name=vho/> In addition, the walls of the bar keep copies of the sketches of his work. Likewise, writers [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]] and [[Silvina Ocampo]] wrote the police novel ''Aquellos que aman, odian'' ("Those who love, hate"), whose plot takes place in the hotel, which they had visited in the 1940s.<ref name=argob/><ref>[https://www.clarin.com/cultura/hotel-inspiro-bioy-casares-silvina-ocampo-ahora-libreria-homenaje-almudena-grandes_0_v18hNzB0U.html El hotel que inspiró a Bioy Casares y Silvina Ocampo] on Clarín, 17 Jan 2022</ref><ref name=cente>[https://www.perfil.com/noticias/turismo/el-centenario-viejo-hotel-ostende-reabrira-sus-puertas-en-el-verano-de-2022.phtml El centenario Viejo Hotel Ostende reabrirá sus puertas en el verano de 2022] on ''Perfil'', 2 Aug 2021</ref> The hotel was also an inspiration for musicians and composers such as [[Indio Solari]] who wrote ''Ostende Hotel'', a song of his album ''El ruiseñor, el amor y la muerte'' which describes a love story that takes place in the old hotel.<ref>[http://www.pulsogeselino.com.ar/el-guino-del-indio-solari-a-nuestras-playas-en-su-nuevo-disco/ El guiño del Indio Solari a nuestras playas en su nuevo disco] on Pulso Geselino</ref>
* '''Rambla''': Formerly, "Rambla Sur", it was another initiative of pioneers Robette and Poli with the purpose of emblellishing the spa. The "Compañía de Navegación Lloyd Ostende" granted concession to build a [[boardwalk]] and a [[Dock (maritime)|dock]] to promote urban development of a spa with European style. The cement boarwalk was designed to be 6 meters wide and included 16 chalets –with steps leading down to the beach– along its route. This would create an area dedicated exclusively to tourism that included changing rooms for bathers. Company 'Marcelo Prudent & Cia', concessionary of International Hennebique, was in charge of its construction which began in 1912 employing Japanese workforce from the "Colonia Tokio", a small town in the region distant few kilometers from there. Nevertheless, the coming of the World War I delayed works which abruptly ended. Over the years, the rambla would be buried by sand. It was not until the 1990s when an excavation work was carried out to preserve the construction. In 1995, the rambla was declared a "historical heritage" of the city.<ref name=cinco/> In summertime, it hosts cultural events.<ref>[https://www.infobae.com/turismo/2021/10/20/ostende-playas-con-aires-europeos-para-disfrutar-en-familia/ Ostende: playas con aires europeos para disfrutar en familia] on Infobae, 20 Oct 2021</ref>
* '''La Elenita''': In the 1930s, [[Arturo Frondizi]] discovered the local beaches and decided to build a wooden house facing the sea. This was the town's first summer home and for many years the former president spent his vacations with his wife, Elena Faggionato, his daughter Elenita, and his family.<ref>[https://www.lanacion.com.ar/propiedades/intacta-la-elenita-la-historica-casa-frente-al-mar-en-ostende-en-la-que-vivio-frondizi-nid10022021/ La Elenita: una casa presidencial frente al mar que se conserva], La Nación, 11 Feb 2021</ref><ref name=cinco/> In 1993, María Mercedes Faggionato, niece Frondizi's policy, decided to rebuild the house, since it was in poor condition. The house was declared as Provincial Heritage in 2002.<ref>[https://telegrafo.com.ar/noticias/72333-elenita-la-casa-de-veraneo-del-ex-presidente-frondizi-que-agoniza-en-silencio Elenita, la casa que agoniza en silencio] by Rocío Díaz, 18 Jul 2021</ref>
* '''House of Fernando Robette''': it was built by one of Ostende's founders in 1912 but when he returned to France two years later, the house was left,<ref>[https://sommergestioninmobiliaria.com/blog/ostende-una-localidad-con-historia OSTENDE UNA LOCALIDAD CON HISTORIA]</ref> and has remained abandoned since then.<ref>[http://elpionero.com.ar/En-busca-de-la-esencia-perdida En busca de la esencia perdida], El Pionero|August 2020</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://pinamar.gob.ar/ Pinamar Partido]
* [https://www.ecosdeostende.com/ostende-informacion/hoy.htm Ecos de Ostende]

[[Category:Populated places in Buenos Aires Province]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Argentina]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in Argentina]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1913]]

San Lorenzo de Almagro

2024-04-10T12:00:50Z

Tangoludwig:

{{Short description|Argentine sports club}}
{{Redirect|CASLA|the village in Ireland|Casla}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = San Lorenzo
| current = 2023–24 San Lorenzo de Almagro season
| image = File:Escudo del Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro.svg
| upright = 0.6
| fullname = Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro
| nickname = ''Los Santos'' (Saints), ''Los Cuervos'' (Crows), ''El Ciclón'' (Cyclone), ''Azulgrana'' (Blue and Red), ''Los Matadores'' (Killers), ''Gauchos de Boedo'' ([[Gaucho]]s of [[Boedo]])
| founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1908|04|01}}
| ground = [[Estadio Pedro Bidegain]]
| capacity = 47,964
| chairman = {{ill|Marcelo Moretti|es}}
| manager = [[Rubén Darío Insúa]]
| league = [[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]]
| season = [[2023 Argentine Primera División|2023]]
| position = 3rd
| website = https://sanlorenzo.com.ar/
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'''Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro''', commonly known as '''San Lorenzo de Almagro''' or simply '''San Lorenzo''' (in English: ''Saint Lawrence''), is a sports club of Argentina in the [[Boedo]] neighborhood of [[Buenos Aires]]. It is best known for its [[association football|football]] team, which plays in the [[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]], the first tier of the [[Argentine football league system]]. San Lorenzo is also considered one of the ''[[Big Five (Argentine football)|Big Five]]'' of [[Football in Argentina|Argentine football]], along with [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]], [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], [[Club Atlético Boca Juniors|Boca Juniors]], and [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]].

San Lorenzo plays its home games at [[Estadio Pedro Bidegain]], popularly known as ''Nuevo Gasómetro''. The stadium and sports facilities are located in the [[Bajo Flores]] neighborhood of Buenos Aires. The club's previous stadium was the ''[[Estadio Gasómetro|Viejo Gasómetro]]'', located in Boedo. In 1979, the ''Gasómetro'' was expropriated by the [[De facto government doctrine|de facto Government]] of [[Argentina]] and then sold to supermarket chain [[Carrefour]]. The club currently has six locations: three in Boedo, one in [[Monserrat, Buenos Aires|Monserrat]], one at Bajo Flores, and one in [[villa Gesell]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=La historia de Atlético-San Lorenzo, el clásico de nuestra ciudad|url=http://www.pulsogeselino.com.ar/la-historia-de-atletico-san-lorenzo-el-clasico-de-nuestra-ciudad/,%20http://www.pulsogeselino.com.ar/la-historia-de-atletico-san-lorenzo-el-clasico-de-nuestra-ciudad/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Pulso Geselino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Historial entre San Lorenzo y Huracán|url=https://sanlorenzowebsite.com.ar/historial-huracan-san-lorenzo/|access-date=2021-02-11|website=San Lorenzo Website|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128110231/https://sanlorenzowebsite.com.ar/historial-huracan-san-lorenzo/|url-status=live}}</ref> San Lorenzo also plans to expand its main seat on La Plata Avenue, while a 15-hectare campus in [[Ezeiza, Buenos Aires|Ezeiza]] is projected to develop an olympic football program.

San Lorenzo's historical rival is [[Club Atlético Huracán|Huracán]], located in [[Parque Patricios]]. The two clubs play one of the older derbies in Argentina. Some supporters consider this derby as the third-most important after [[Superclásico]] and [[Clásico de Avellaneda]], in addition to being one of the most uneven derbies of Argentine Football.

Other sports practised at the club are [[artistic roller skating]], [[San Lorenzo de Almagro (basketball)|basketball]], [[field hockey]], [[futsal]], [[handball]], [[martial arts]], [[roller hockey]], [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[tennis]], and [[volleyball]].<ref>[http://www.sanlorenzo.com.ar/deportes-listado.php Deportes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827011805/http://www.sanlorenzo.com.ar/deportes-listado.php |date=27 August 2015 }} on San Lorenzo official website</ref> Some years ago, San Lorenzo had also opened a [[rugby union]] section,<ref>[http://webbellisnews.blogspot.com.ar/2009/12/san-lorenzo-rugby-cierre-de-un-gran-ano.html "San Lorenzo rugby, cierre de un gran año", Argentine Webb Ellis website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523033122/http://webbellisnews.blogspot.com.ar/2009/12/san-lorenzo-rugby-cierre-de-un-gran-ano.html |date=23 May 2013 }}, 7 December 2009</ref> but it is no longer active. San Lorenzo gained international recognition in March 2013 with the election of [[Pope Francis]], a supporter and ''socio'' (member) of the club.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goni|first=Uki|date=2013-03-14|title=Pope Francis: the quiet man of Buenos Aires known for his humble tastes|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/14/pope-francis-quiet-buenos-aires|access-date=2021-11-01|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017082305/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/14/pope-francis-quiet-buenos-aires|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hernandez|first=Vladimir|date=2013-03-14|title=Pope Francis divides opinion in Argentina|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21780828|access-date=2021-11-01|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101200444/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21780828|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mancera|first=Diego|date=2016-02-17|title=El papa Francisco, loco por el fútbol|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/deportes/2016/02/16/actualidad/1455662124_035940.html|access-date=2021-11-01|issn=1134-6582|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101200444/https://elpais.com/deportes/2016/02/16/actualidad/1455662124_035940.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The players played with the Pope's photo on their shirts during a league match against [[Club Atlético Colón|Colón]] on 16 March 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.catholicreview.org/blogs/god-is-in-the-clouds/2014/07/09/argentina-s-good-luck-charm-what-you-should-know-about-pope-francis-love-of-soccer-and-the-world-cup |title=Argentina's good luck charm: What you should know about Pope Francis' love of soccer and the World Cup |first=Patti |last=Murphy Dohn |newspaper=The Catholic Review |date=9 July 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716122042/http://www.catholicreview.org/blogs/god-is-in-the-clouds/2014/07/09/argentina-s-good-luck-charm-what-you-should-know-about-pope-francis-love-of-soccer-and-the-world-cup |archive-date=16 July 2014}}</ref>

==History==

===Origins of the club===
[[File:Cura Lorenzo ca 1910.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|Father [[Lorenzo Massa]], honoured by the founders giving his first name to the institution]]
The roots of the institution are a team formed by a group of children that played football in the corner of México and Treinta y Tres Orientales streets of [[Buenos Aires]]. Due to increasing traffic in the city, playing football in the streets became a risky activity for the boys. [[Lorenzo Massa]], the Catholic priest of the neighbourhood's church, saw how a [[tram]] almost knocked down one of the boys while they were playing in the streets. As a way to prevent more accidents, he offered the boys to play in the church's backyard, under the condition they go to mass on Sundays.

[[File:San lorenzo father massa.jpg|thumb|An early San Lorenzo team posing with father Lorenzo Massa, {{Circa|1908}}]]
On 1 April 1908, an assembly was held in the [[Almagro, Buenos Aires|Almagro]] district of Buenos Aires with the purpose of establishing a club. During the meeting, several names were proposed. The first option was "Los Forzosos de Almagro" ("The Strongmen of Almagro", the name used by the boys for their street football squad), which did not sound good to Father Massa (who was present). The other proposal was to name the club "San Lorenzo" as an homage to Massa, but he declined to be so honoured.

Nevertheless, the name was finally accepted by the priest, explaining that the name would not honour himself but both [[Lawrence of Rome]] ("San Lorenzo" in Spanish) and the [[Battle of San Lorenzo]], one of the most significant combats for the Independence of Argentina. Another founding member, Federico Monti, suggested to add the name of the neighbourhood, [[Almagro, Buenos Aires|Almagro]] where most of the members lived, which was accepted by the assembly.

Due to the team not having its own a stadium, San Lorenzo began to play its home games in a field of the Club Martínez, placed in the [[Martínez, Buenos Aires|nearby town of the same name]]. The squad played its first match on 26 April 1914. At the end of the season, San Lorenzo had to play a final match against [[Excursionistas]] to declare a champion. San Lorenzo won the series (the results were 0–0 and 5–0). This title allowed San Lorenzo to enter the playoffs in for promotion to the [[Argentine Primera División]], which was finally obtained after beating Club Honor y Patria by 3–0.

===First years in Primera===
San Lorenzo began to play in the [[Argentine Football Association]] tournaments on 26 April 1914 in the second division, where the team finished sharing first place with [[Excursionistas]]. As a result, both teams played a two-match series to determine which team would proceed to the playoffs. San Lorenzo won the series after thrashing Excursionistas 5–0 in the second game.

In playoffs, San Lorenzo eliminated other teams before playing the final against Honor y Patria, winning 3–0 and being promoted to [[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.museodesanlorenzo.com.ar/contenido/jugadores/torneos/1911/1914/Pagina1.htm |title=Museo de San Lorenzo – Ascenso 1914 |access-date=27 February 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055553/http://www.museodesanlorenzo.com.ar/contenido/jugadores/torneos/1911/1914/Pagina1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>´

San Lorenzo made its debut in Primera on 4 April 1915, losing to [[Club Atlético Platense|Platense]] by 5–1. The first match won in the top division was the 7th fixture, when the team defeated Floresta by 3–1. San Lorenzo finished 12th at the end of the season, tied with [[Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires]].<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg15.html Argentina 1915] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120052147/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg15.html |date=20 November 2022 }} at [[RSSSF]]</ref>

On 7 May 1916 the club inaugurated its first stadium (popularly known as "[[Estadio Gasómetro|Viejo Gasómetro]]" during a match against [[Estudiantes de La Plata]], which San Lorenzo won by 2–1. That same year, the team finished 7th in the Primera División championship. In subsequent tournaments the team did not wage good campaigns, finishing 12th<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg17.html Argentina 1917] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128145045/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg17.html |date=28 November 2022 }} at [[RSSSF]]</ref> and 13th. In 1919 the Argentine league split into two leagues, the official Asociación Argentina and dissident Asociación Amateur (AAm),<ref>''Historia del Fútbol Amateur en la Argentina'', by Jorge Iwanczuk. Published by Autores Editores (1992) – {{ISBN|9504343848}}</ref> in which San Lorenzo took part, along with [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]], [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] and [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]], among other teams. San Lorenzo finished 9th.

===The success begins===
[[File:Campeón Argentino amateur 1923.jpg|thumb|The San Lorenzo team that won its first [[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] title in 1923]]
In 1920 and 1922, San Lorenzo finished third, finally winning its first title in [[1923 Argentine Primera División|1923]]. The squad won 17 of 20 games, only losing 2. San Lorenzo scored 34 goals in 20 fixtures, conceding 13.<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg23.html Argentina 1923] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209153415/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg23.html |date=9 December 2022 }} at [[RSSSF]]</ref> That same year the squad also won its first international title, The [[Copa Campeonato del Río de la Plata]] after beating [[Montevideo Wanderers]] 1–0 in the final.

San Lorenzo won its second consecutive Primera División title [[1924 Argentine Primera División|one year later]]. The team played 23 matches winning 18 with 2 losses, with a total of 48 goals scored and 15 conceded.<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg24.html Argentina 1924] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120052158/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg24.html |date=20 November 2022 }} at [[RSSSF]]</ref> In the following two seasons (1925 and 1926) San Lorenzo would make great performances finishing 2nd to [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] and [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] respectively finally achieving its 3rd title in 1927, when both leagues AAF and AAm had joined again. The squad totaled 57 points in 33 matches played with an outstanding mark of 86 goals scored (2,60 per game) and conceding only 26.<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg27.html Argentina 1927] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203164256/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg27.html |date=3 December 2022 }} at [[RSSSF]]</ref>

[[File:San lorenzo 1927.jpg|thumb|left|The 1927 team won both the [[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] and [[Copa Aldao]] championships]]
Apart from winning the domestic league, in [[1927 Argentine Primera División|1927]] San Lorenzo won its first and only [[Copa Aldao]], after defeating Uruguayan team ([[Rampla Juniors]]) by 1–0. The club soon became one of the most popular institutions in [[Argentina]], increasing its number of followers and being counted in the [[The Big Five of Argentine football|top five]] (''cinco grandes'') together with [[Boca Juniors]], [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]], [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] and [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]].

[[File:San lorenzo 1933.jpg|thumb|The team that won its third league championship in 1933]]
In the 1930s, Isidro Lángara and other players of [[Basque people|Basque]] descent endeared San Lorenzo to the Basque community. The team also relied on players from the provinces, known as ''los [[gaucho]]s''. San Lorenzo returned to success in 1933, when the team won its 4th league championship. The squad totaled 50 points with 22 wins, 6 losses and 6 draws. San Lorenzo scored 81 goals and conceded 48. [[Boca Juniors]] was the runner-up while [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] finished 3rd.

In [[1936 Argentine Primera División|1936]], there were two championships within the year, in a format of single-robin tournaments. San Lorenzo won the first round (named "[[1936 Argentine Primera División|Copa de Honor]]" for the occasion) while [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] won the second round ("[[1936 Argentine Primera División|Copa Campeonato]]"). Although titles were recognised as official by the Association,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://biblioteca.afa.org.ar/libros/libro_13/ |title=''Memoria y Balance General 1936'', p. 24 – Argentine Football Association Library |access-date=5 July 2013 |archive-date=24 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624014312/http://biblioteca.afa.org.ar/libros/libro_13/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.afa.org.ar/institucional/campeones-primera-division.php "Campeones de Primera División"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618022624/http://www.afa.org.ar/institucional/campeones-primera-division.php |date=18 June 2015 }} on AFA website</ref><ref>[http://www.goal.com/es-ar/news/4455/primera-divisi%C3%B3n/2013/07/05/4095511/river-y-san-lorenzo-campeones-de-1936 "¿River y San Lorenzo campeones... de 1936?" on Goal.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406090719/http://www.goal.com/es-ar/news/4455/primera-divisi%C3%B3n/2013/07/05/4095511/river-y-san-lorenzo-campeones-de-1936 |date=6 April 2018 }}, 5 July 2013</ref><ref>[http://canchallena.lanacion.com.ar/1598454-la-afa-le-dio-un-campeonato-a-river-y-san-lorenzo-y-se-desato-la-polemica "La AFA le dio un campeonato a River y a San Lorenzo y se desató la polémica" on CanchaLlena.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230452/http://canchallena.lanacion.com.ar/1598454-la-afa-le-dio-un-campeonato-a-river-y-san-lorenzo-y-se-desato-la-polemica |date=3 March 2016 }}, 5 July 2013</ref> both champions, San Lorenzo and [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], had to play a match (named "[[1936 Argentine Primera División|Copa de Oro]]") in order to define which team would play the [[Copa Aldao]] match v. the [[Uruguayan Primera División]] champion. Finally, [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] won the game by 4–2 and qualified to play [[Peñarol]].

===The 1940s: "The best team in the world"===
[[File:Campeón Argentino 1946.jpg|thumb|San Lorenzo league champion team in 1946]]
In 1943, San Lorenzo won the [[List of Argentine football national cups|national cup]], the [[Copa General Pedro Ramírez]], named in honor of [[Pedro Pablo Ramírez]], the ''de facto'' president of [[Argentina]] by then. San Lorenzo won the trophy by defeating General Paz Juniors 8–3.

After the 1936 success, San Lorenzo would not win a league title for ten years, when in [[1946 Argentine Primera División|1946]] proclaimed champion with a total of 46 points (the runner-up, Boca Juniors, finished 2nd. with 42). San Lorenzo also scored a record of 90 goals in 30 games played, only conceding 37.

That same year (1946), the team went on to a tour of [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] that was one of the highlights of the club's history. The team debuted playing [[Atlético de Madrid|Atlético Aviación]] winning 4–1. San Lorenzo played a total of 10 matches in Europe, with some extraordinary victories over the [[Spain national football team|Spanish national team]] (7–5 and 6–1). The Spanish crowd at the stadium acclaimed San Lorenzo as "Son els millor del mon" ("You are the best in the world" in [[Catalan language|Catalan]]). San Lorenzo then moved to [[Portugal]] where the squad showed its skilled play, thrashing [[FC Porto|Porto]] (9–4) and the [[Portugal national football team|Portugal national team]] by 10–4. The only team that defeated San Lorenzo was [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] by 4–1.

As a result of the successful tour, player [[René Pontoni]] was offered a contract with Barcelona, but declined to leave Argentina (Barcelona then drafted River Plate's [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]). Fellow player [[Rinaldo Martino]] did stay in [[UEFA|European football]] and would later become a star with [[Juventus]].<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/deportes/San-Lorenzo-mejor-mundo_0_780522095.html "Cuando San Lorenzo fue el mejor del mundo"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033725/http://www.clarin.com/deportes/San-Lorenzo-mejor-mundo_0_780522095.html |date=24 September 2015 }}, ''Clarín'', 26 September 2012</ref>

====European tour details====
[[File:Plantel San Lorenzo.jpg|thumb|San Lorenzo players taking the pitch before playing a friendly match v. [[Spain national football team|Spain]] on 16 January 1947]]

{| width="350" class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="3" style= "background: #cccccc" | '''1946–47 tour on Spain and Portugal'''<ref>[http://www.museodesanlorenzo.com.ar/contenido/jugadores/torneos/1941/1946/gira/Gira.htm "La historia oficial"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421062807/http://www.museodesanlorenzo.com.ar/contenido/jugadores/torneos/1941/1946/gira/Gira.htm |date=21 April 2015 }} on Museo de San Lorenzo website</ref>
|-
! width:100px | Date
! width:200px | Rival
! width:50px | Result
|-
| 1946-12-23 || [[Atlético de Madrid|Atlético Aviación]] || 4–1
|-
| 1946-12-25 || [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] || 1–4
|-
| 1947-01-01 || [[Spain national football team|Spain national team]] || 7–5
|-
| 1947-01-05 || [[Athletic de Bilbao]] || 3–3
|-
| 1947-01-16 || [[Spain national football team|Spain national team]] || 6–1
|-
| 1947-01-22 || [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] || 1–1
|-
| 1947-01-26 || [[Deportivo de La Coruña|Dep. La Coruña]] || 0–0
|-
| 1947-01-31 || [[FC Porto|Porto]] || 9–4
|-
| 1947-02-02 || [[Portugal national football team|Portugal national team]] || 10–4
|-
| 1947-01-26 || [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] || 5–5
|}

===The 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s===
In the 1960s, a generation of players known as ''carasucias'' (literally: dirty faces) were the darling of Argentine fans because of their offensive, careless playing and their bad-boy antics off the pitch. The 1968 team was nicknamed ''los matadores'' as it won the championship without losing a single game. This team was recognized as the best team in the world by many journalists. In the years 1968–1974 San Lorenzo won four league titles, its best harvest ever. In 1972, the club became the first Argentine team to win two league titles in one year.

Poor administrations, however, led San Lorenzo to a huge economic crisis. Argentina's military government coerced the club into selling the historic stadium located in Boedo. The team was relegated in 1981, only to return to the top division with great fanfare in the 1982 season, which set all-time attendance records for the club.

===The 1990s===
By that time, the club had no stadium and was plagued by debt and irregularities. Controversial president Fernando Miele (1986–2001) delivered both the new stadium and two league titles: the [[1994–95 Argentine Primera División|Clausura 1995]] (after 21 years without winning a first division title) and the [[2000–01 Argentine Primera División|Clausura 2001]] (in which the team achieved 11 consecutive victories). San Lorenzo finished the Clausura 2001 with 47 points in a tournament of 19 matches, setting the record for the highest points haul since the inception of the [[Apertura and Clausura]] system in 1990.

===The New Millennium===
In late 2001, San Lorenzo won their first international title: the [[Copa Mercosur]] 2001, becoming the only Argentine team to win that international cup, because the others champions were all from Brazil.

San Lorenzo also won the first edition of the [[Copa Sudamericana]], the [[2002 Copa Sudamericana|2002 edition]], beating Colombian club [[Atlético Nacional]] in the [[2002 Copa Sudamericana Finals|finals]]. This was their second international title, which gave them the opportunity to play the [[Recopa Sudamericana|Recopa]] against the [[2002 Copa Libertadores|Copa Libertadores]] champion, Paraguayan club [[Club Olimpia|Olimpia]]. In the [[2003 Recopa Sudamericana|2003 Recopa]] played in [[Los Angeles]], [[United States]], San Lorenzo lost to Olimpia 2–0 and finished runner-up.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=2003-07-13|title=Frustración: San Lorenzo perdió la Recopa|language=es-AR|work=La Nación|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/deportes/frustracion-san-lorenzo-perdio-la-recopa-nid511123/|access-date=2021-11-01|issn=0325-0946|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605230635/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=511123|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2007, San Lorenzo won the [[2006-07 Argentine Primera Division|Clausura 2007]] league title, beating Boca Juniors in the race for the title by 6 points, even though Boca had beaten them 7–1 in the Apertura 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2006-08-27|title=Histórico: Boca goleó 7-1 a San Lorenzo|url=https://www.clarin.com/ultimo-momento/historico-boca-goleo-san-lorenzo_0_S1pZbTmyAte.html|access-date=2021-11-01|website=Clarín|language=es|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101200444/https://www.clarin.com/ultimo-momento/historico-boca-goleo-san-lorenzo_0_S1pZbTmyAte.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Led by manager [[Ramón Díaz]], San Lorenzo secured the title after the 17th round of fixtures, with two games still left. They finished the tournament with 45 points.

[[File:11SanLorenzodeAlmagro2015.jpg|thumb|A San Lorenzo team of 2015]]
Six years later, and only one year after being relegation-threatened, the club managed to win their 15th league title, [[2013-14 Argentine Primera División season#Torneo Inicial|Torneo Inicial 2013]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2013|title=Soccer-San Lorenzo clinch Argentine title|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/news/soccer-san-lorenzo-clinch-argentine-title-004009859--sow.html|access-date=2021-11-01|website=Yahoo Sports|language=en-US|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101200445/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/soccer-san-lorenzo-clinch-argentine-title-004009859--sow.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[2014 Copa Libertadores|2014]], San Lorenzo won their first [[Copa Libertadores]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/copalibertadores/news/newsid/242/166/1/index.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140816094149/http://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/copalibertadores/news/newsid/242/166/1/index.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 16 August 2014|title= San Lorenzo seize the holy grail |date= 15 August 2014 |work=FIFA.com|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref> They began their campaign by finishing second in its group. In the [[2014 Copa Libertadores knockout stages|knockout stage]], they beat [[Gremio]] on penalties, [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]], and Bolivar with a very one sided 5–1 aggregate victory in the semi-finals. In the [[2014 Copa Libertadores Finals|finals]], they defeated [[Club Nacional|Nacional]] of [[Paraguay]] 2–1 on aggregate, concluding their championship run with a 1–0 victory in the second leg at [[Estadio Pedro Bidegain]]. This earned the club a berth in the [[2014 FIFA Club World Cup]] in [[Morocco]], their first trip to [[FIFA]]'s [[FIFA Club World Cup|premier club tournament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-libertadores-idUKKBN0GE05G20140814|title=Crucial penalty gives San Lorenzo first Libertadores Cup|date=13 August 2014|work=Reuters|access-date=20 August 2014|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306101436/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-libertadores-idUKKBN0GE05G20140814|url-status=live}}</ref> They would ultimately lose in the finals to [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]], and finish as runners-up.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=2014-12-20|title=San Lorenzo perdió 2-0 ante Real Madrid y el sueño se le apagó casi sin reaccionar|language=es-AR|work=La Nación|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/deportes/futbol/san-lorenzo-real-madrid-mundial-de-clubes-nid1754199/|access-date=2021-11-01|issn=0325-0946|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101200444/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/deportes/futbol/san-lorenzo-real-madrid-mundial-de-clubes-nid1754199/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Stadium==
[[File:San Lorenzo vs Racing 2015 (7).jpg|thumb|View of the [[Estadio Pedro Bidegain]]]]
The [[Estadio Gasómetro|Viejo Gasómetro]] stadium in what nowadays is known as [[Boedo]] was a venue of great renown, where many international games were held. During the military government in 1979 San Lorenzo was forced to sell the stadium for a small amount of money, and a few years later the supermarket chain [[Carrefour]] bought it. The price had mysteriously surged eightfold, but the Club did not get any extra money.

After 14 years of renting the stadium, San Lorenzo, with the help of fans, inaugurated the new stadium, [[Estadio Pedro Bidegain]] (nicknamed ''Nuevo Gasómetro''), which opened in December 1993 at the intersection of the Perito Moreno and Varela avenues in the [[Bajo Flores]] neighborhood. The fans, however, never forgot the old stadium, and its former lot is claimed by San Lorenzo and its fans to this day. On 8 March 2012, there was a demonstration attended by over 100,000 people in favour of reclaiming the place for the club, and on 15 November the [[Buenos Aires City Legislature]] passed a bill stipulating that, in the course of six months, [[Carrefour]] should negotiate a deal with San Lorenzo in order to share the land lot, and if no accommodation was reached then the city would expropriate it with San Lorenzo's funds. First, an extension was agreed to and one-and-a-half years later, it signed an agreement establishing that the multinational retailer will build a smaller new store on a corner of its current property, financed by funds provided by San Lorenzo. The rest of the lot will be handed over to the club, and there are plans to build another new stadium there.

The current stadium has a capacity of 47,964 and the pitch size is 110 x 70 m, among the biggest in Argentina.

==Nicknames==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2023}}
*''Los [[Gaucho]]s de [[Boedo]]'' (Boedo's Gauchos): In 1932, San Lorenzo brought players from different provinces from Argentina (principally from [[Santa Fe Province]]). Among them are, Alberto Chividini, Gabriel Magán y Genaro Cantelli.
* ''Los Santos'' (The Saints): The nickname emerged because the club used The San Antonio's Oratory for soccer activities.
* ''Los Cuervos'' (The Crows): Was called so, because of the attire of the priests (black)
* ''El Ciclón'' (The Cyclone): San Lorenzo's historical rival is [[Club Atlético Huracán]], which means "hurricane". The nickname is adopted since cyclones are stronger than hurricanes.
* ''Los Azulgrana'' (The Blue and Red): The color of the club (Blue and Red).
* ''Los Matadores'' (The Killers), originally used for the unbeaten 1968 champions.
* The fans' collective calls itself ''La Gloriosa'' (The Glorious).

==Players==
===Current squad===
{{Updated|1 February, 2024}} <ref name="Soccerway">{{cite news|title=San Lorenzo squad|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/argentina/club-atletico-san-lorenzo-de-almagro/109/squad/|access-date=22 March 2020|work=Soccerway|archive-date=10 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710203707/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/argentina/club-atletico-san-lorenzo-de-almagro/109/squad/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no= 2|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Nicolás Hernández (Colombian footballer)|Nicolás Hernández]]}}
{{Fs player|no= 3|nat=URU|pos=DF|name=[[Fabricio Formiliano]]}}
{{Fs player|no= 4|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Jhohan Romaña]]}}
{{Fs player|no= 5|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=[[Eric Remedi]]}}
{{Fs player|no= 6|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Carlos Sánchez (footballer, born 1986)|Carlos Sánchez]]}}
{{Fs player|no= 8|nat=ARG|pos=DF|name=[[Agustín Giay]]}}
{{Fs player|no= 9|nat=ARG|pos=FW|name=[[Cristian Tarragona]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=ARG|pos=FW|name=[[Nahuel Barrios]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=PAR|pos=FW|name=[[Adam Bareiro]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=ARG|pos=GK|name=[[Facundo Altamirano]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=ARG|pos=GK|name=Lautaro López Kaleniuk}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=Elián Irala}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=[[Cristian Ferreira]]|other=on loan from [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=[[Manuel Insaurralde]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=ARG|pos=FW|name=[[Malcom Braida]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=ARG|pos=DF|name=[[Gastón Campi]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=ARG|pos=DF|name=Gastón Hernández}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=ARG|pos=DF|name=Jeremías Griffths}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=ARG|pos=GK|name=[[Gastón Gómez]]|other=on loan from [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]]}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=ARG|pos=FW|name=[[Alexis Cuello]]|other=on loan from [[Club Almagro]]}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=[[Iván Tapia]]}}
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=ARG|pos=DF|name=Gonzalo Luján}}
{{Fs player|no=41|nat=PAR|pos=MF|name=Iván Leguizamón}}
{{Fs player|no=49|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=Diego Perea}}
{{Fs player|no=50|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=Francisco Perruzzi}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=[[Sebastián Blanco]]}}
{{Fs end}}

====Other players under contract====
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs end}}

====Out on loan====
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ARG|pos=GK|name=[[José Devecchi]]|other=at [[Atlético Tucumán]] until 31 December 2024}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ARG|pos=DF|name=Diego Calcaterra|other=at [[Club Atlético Sarmiento (Junín)|Sarmiento]] until 31 December 2024}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=[[Agustín Martegani]]|other=at [[US Salernitana 1919|Salernitana]] until 30 June 2024}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=[[Julián Palacios (footballer)|Julián Palacios]]|other=at [[Asteras Tripolis F.C.|Asteras Tripolis]] until 30 June 2025}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ARG|pos=FW|name=[[Alexander Díaz]]|other=at [[Clube de Regatas Brasil]] until 31 December 2024}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=[[Alexis Sabella]]|other=at [[Club Atlético Colón]] until 31 December 2024}}
{{Fs end}}

===Individual records===

====Most appearances====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction =
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Sapo villar sanlorenzo.jpg
| caption1 = [[Sergio Villar]] has the record of matches played.
| image2 = José Sanfilippo 1962.jpg
| caption2 = [[José Sanfilippo]] is the club's all-time top scorer.
| alt1 =
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width=50px |No.
! width=180px | Player
! width=60px | Pos.
! width=150px | Tenure
! width=60px | Match.
|-
| 1 || align=left| {{flagicon|URU}} '''[[Sergio Villar]]''' || [[defender (association football)|DF]] || 1968–81 || 446
|-
| 2 || align=left| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Roberto Telch]] || [[midfielder|MF]] || 1962–75 || 415
|-
| 3 || align=left| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Leandro Romagnoli]] || [[midfielder|MF]] || 1998–2004, 2009–18 || 383
|-
| 4 || align=left| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Ángel Zubieta]] || [[midfielder|MF]] || 1939–52 || 353
|-
| 5 || align=left| {{flagicon|ARG}} Josè Fossa || [[defender (association football)|DF]] || 1919–34 ||
|}

====Top scorers====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width=50px |No.
! width=180px | Player
! width=60px | Pos.
! width=150px | Tenure
! width=60px | Goals
|-
| 1 || align=left| {{flagicon|ARG}} '''[[José Sanfilippo]]''' || [[forward (association football)|FW]] || 1953–1963, 1972 || 217
|-
| 2 || align=left| {{flagicon|ARG}} Diego García || [[forward (association football)|FW]] || 1925–40 || 169
|-
| 3 || align=left| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rinaldo Martino]] || [[forward (association football)|FW]] || 1941–48|| 165
|-
| 4 || align=left| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rodolfo Fischer]] || [[forward (association football)|FW]] || 1965–72, 1977–78 || 143
|-
| 5 || align=left| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Héctor Scotta]] || [[Midfielder#Winger|RW]] || 1971–81 || 140
|}

===Notable former players===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Alfredo Carricaberry]] (1920–30)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Luis Monti]] (1922–30)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Diego García (footballer, born 1907)|Diego García]] (1925–40)
*{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Clotardo Dendi]] (1931)
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Waldemar de Brito]] (1934–36)
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Alberto Zarzur]] (1935)
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Isidro Lángara]] (1939–43)
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ángel Zubieta]] (1939–52)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rinaldo Martino]] (1941–48)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[René Pontoni]] (1945–48), (1954)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[José Sanfilippo]] (1953–62), (1972)
*{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Ángel Berni]] (1953–59)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Norberto Boggio]] (1957–62)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Raúl Páez]] (1958–67)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Héctor Facundo]] (1959–63)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Oscar Rossi]] (1960–64)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Alberto Mariotti]] (1962–64)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Narciso Horacio Doval|Narciso Doval]] (1962–68), (1979)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Roberto Telch]] (1962–75)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rafael Albrecht]] (1963–70)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Agustín Irusta]] (1963–76)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Héctor Veira]] (1963–69), (1973)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Alberto Rendo]] (1965–69)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rodolfo Fischer]] (1965–72), (1977–78)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Mario Chaldú]] (1966–67)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[José Varacka]] (1966–67)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Oscar Calics]] (1966–70)
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Antonio García Ameijenda]] (1967–74)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rubén Ayala]] (1968–73)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Antonio Rosl]] (1968–73)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Victorio Cocco]] (1968–74)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rubén Glaria]] (1968–74)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Carlos Veglio]] (1968–75)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rubén Glaria]] (1968–75)
*{{flagicon|URU}} [[Sergio Villar]] (1968–81)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Enrique Chazarreta]] (1970–75)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Héctor Horacio Scotta|Héctor Scotta]] (1971–75), (1979), (1981)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Oscar Ortiz (Argentine footballer)|Oscar Ortiz]] (1971–76)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Olguín]] (1971–79)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Ricardo Lavolpe]] (1975–79)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[José Luis Ceballos]] (1975), (1981)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Claudio Marangoni]] (1976–79)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rubén Darío Insúa]] (1978–86)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Walter Perazzo]] (1979–88)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Higuaín]] (1982–86)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Rinaldi]] (1983–85), (1991–92)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Blas Giunta]] (1983–88)
*{{flagicon|PAR}} [[José Luis Chilavert]] (1985–88)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Norberto Ortega Sánchez]] (1985–88), (1994–96)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Néstor Raúl Gorosito|Néstor Gorosito]] (1988–89), (1992–93), (1996–99)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Alberto Acosta]] (1988–90), (1992), (1998), (2001–03)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Leonardo Rodríguez]] (1990–91), (2001–02)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Borelli]] (1992–96)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Oscar Passet]] (1992–99)
*{{flagicon|HON}} [[Eduardo Bennet]] (1993–95)
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Paulo Silas]] (1993–97)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Esteban Fernando González|Esteban González]] (1994–95)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Oscar Ruggeri]] (1994–97)
*{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Gilberto Angelucci]] (1994–98)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Fernando Galetto]] (1994–99)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Claudio Biaggio]] (1994–99)
*{{flagicon|URU}} [[Sebastián Abreu]] (1996–97), (2000–01)
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Guillermo Franco]] (1996–02)
*{{flagicon|COL}} [[Iván Córdoba]] (1998–00)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Walter Erviti]] (1998–02)
*{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Claudio Morel Rodríguez]] (1998–04)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Bernardo Romeo]] (1998–01), (2007–10), (2012)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Leandro Romagnoli]] (1999–05), (2009–18)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Sebastián Saja]] (2000–03), (2005–06)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Fabricio Coloccini]] (2000–01), (2016–present)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Agustín Orion]] (2001–09)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Gonzalo Javier Rodríguez|Gonzalo Rodríguez]] (2002–04), (2017–20)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Pablo Zabaleta]] (2002–05)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Pablo Barrientos]] (2003–06), (2008–09), (2014–16)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Ezequiel Lavezzi]] (2004–07)
*{{flagicon|URU}} [[Paolo Montero]] (2005–06)
*{{flagicon|PAR}} [[José Cardozo]] (2005–06)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Claudio Husaín]] (2006)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Andrés D'Alessandro]] (2008)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Diego Placente]] (2008), (2010–11)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Gonzalo Bergessio]] (2008–09), (2016–17)
*{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Néstor Ortigoza]] (2011–12), (2013–17)
*{{flagicon|URU}} [[Carlos Bueno]] (2012)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Julio Buffarini]] (2012–16)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Juan Ignacio Mercier|Juan Mercier]] (2012–18)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Ignacio Piatti]] (2012–14), (2020–present)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Ángel Correa]] (2013–14)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Emmanuel Más]] (2013–16)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Sebastian Torrico]] (2013–present)
*{{flagicon|COL}} [[Mario Yepes]] (2014–15)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Fernando Belluschi]] (2016–20)
*{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Paulo Díaz]] (2016–18)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Tino Costa]] (2016–17)
{{div col end}}

==Managers==
{{div col|colwidth=35em|small=yes}}
*{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Máximo Garay]] (1938)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Guillermo Stábile]] (1939–40)
*{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[György Orth]] (1944)
*{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Victor Cuadros]] (1954)
*{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Isidro Lángara]] (1955)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Juan Carlos Lorenzo]] (1961–62)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[René Pontoni]] (1962)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Juan Carlos Lorenzo]] (1965)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Tim (footballer)|Tim]] (1967–68)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Pedro Dellacha]] (1969–70)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Rogelio Domínguez]] (1971)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Juan Carlos Lorenzo]] (1972)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Luis Carniglia]] (1973)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Osvaldo Zubeldía]] (1974)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Roberto Scarone]] (1975)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Rogelio Domínguez]] (1977)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Carlos Bilardo]] (1979)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Delém]] (1980)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Héctor Veira]] (1980)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Victorio Cocco]] (1981)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Juan Carlos Lorenzo]] (1981–82)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[José Yudica]] (1982)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Héctor Veira]] (1983–84)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Oscar López (born 1937)|Oscar López]] (1985)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Juan Carlos Lorenzo]] (1985)
*{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Bora Milutinović]] (1987)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Héctor Veira]] (1987–90)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Roberto Saporiti]] (1989–90)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ricardo Rezza]] (1990–91)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Fernando José Areán|Fernando Areán]] (1991–92)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Jorge Castelli]] (1992)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Héctor Veira]] (1992–96)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Carlos Aimar]] (1996)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Jorge Castelli]] (1997–98)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Alfio Basile]] (1998)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Oscar Ruggeri]] (1998–01)
*{{flagicon|Chile}} [[Manuel Pellegrini]] (1 January 2001 – 18 May 2002)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Rubén Darío Insúa|Rubén Insúa]] (1 June 2002 – 5 July 2003)
*{{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Gustavo Quinteros]] (6 July 2003 – 29 July 2003)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Néstor Gorosito]] (30 July 2003 – 25 August 2004)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Gabriel Orlando Rodriguez|Gabriel Rodríguez]] (26 August 2004 – 2 September 2004)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Héctor Veira]] (3 September 2004 – 22 April 2005)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Gabriel Orlando Rodriguez|Gabriel Rodríguez]] (23 April 2005 – 30 June 2005)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Gustavo Alfaro]] (1 July 2005 – 5 February 2006)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Fernando Berón]] ''(interim)'' (6 February 2006 – 14 February 2006)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Oscar Ruggeri]] (15 February 2006 – 20 December 2006)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ramón Díaz]] (1 January 2007 – 12 June 2008)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Norberto Batista]] (7 June 2008 – 30 June 2008)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Miguel Ángel Russo]] (1 July 2008 – 9 April 2009)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Alberto Fanesi]] ''(interim)'' (9 April 2009 – 13 April 2009)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Diego Simeone]] (20 April 2009 – 3 April 2010)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Sebastián Méndez]] ''(interim)'' (7 April 2010 – 30 June 2010)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ramón Díaz]] (1 July 2010 – 24 April 2011)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Omar Asad]] (12 May 2011 – 21 November 2011)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Leonardo Carol Madelón]] (22 November 2011 – 1 April 2012)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ricardo Caruso Lombardi]] (4 April 2012 – 8 October 2012)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Juan Antonio Pizzi]] (9 October 2012 – 20 December 2013)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Edgardo Bauza]] (26 December 2013 – 30 November 2015)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Pablo Guede]] (4 January 2016 – 15 June 2016)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Diego Aguirre]] (22 June 2016 – 22 September 2017)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Claudio Biaggio]] (22 September 2017 – 31 October 2018)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Jorge Almirón]] (5 November 2018 – 13 May 2019)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Diego Monarriz]] ''(interim)'' (13 May 2019 – 23 May 2019)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Juan Antonio Pizzi]] (1 July 2019 – 31 October 2019)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Diego Monarriz]] (1 November 2019 – 23 February 2020)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Hugo Tocalli]] ''(interim)'' (24 February 2020 – 15 March 2020)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Mariano Soso]] (16 March 2020 – 11 January 2021)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Diego Dabove]] (19 January 2021 – 9 May 2021)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Leandro Romagnoli]] ''(interim)'' (10 May 2021 – 16 June 2021)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Paolo Montero]] (17 June 2021 – 21 October 2021)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Diego Monarriz]] – {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[José Di Leo]] ''(interim)'' (22 October 2021 – 29 October 2021)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Diego Monarriz]] – {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[José Di Leo]] (30 October 2021 – 29 December 2021)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Pedro Troglio]] (6 January 2022 – 13 April 2022)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Fernando Berón]] ''(interim)'' (14 April 2022 – 18 May 2022)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Rubén Darío Insúa|Rubén Insúa]] (19 May 2022 – present)

{{div col end}}

==Records==
* The first Argentine football club to win two league titles in the same year, picking up the [[Metropolitano championship|Metropolitano]] and [[Nacional championship]]s in [[1972 Argentine Primera División|1972]].
* The first Argentine club to participate in the [[Copa Libertadores]] in [[1960 Copa Libertadores|1960]]
* The only Argentine club to win the [[Copa Mercosur]], in [[2001 Copa Mercosur|2001]].
* The first club to win the [[Copa Sudamericana]] in [[2002 Copa Sudamericana|2002]].
* San Lorenzo is also considered one of the FIFA Classic Clubs.<ref>''Facts About Association Football - History Timeline'' by David Laine, published by Lulu editions – Feb 2012 – {{ISBN|9781471612312}}</ref>
* Largest victory (Primera División): 7–0 v [[Argentino de Banfield]], on 9 Nov 1930.<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg30.html Argentina 1930] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225065808/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg30.html |date=25 February 2023 }} on the RSSSF</Ref>

==Honours==

===National===

====League====
*'''[[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] (15)''': [[1923 Argentine Primera División|1923 AAm]],{{efn|name=aam|The [[Asociación Amateurs de Football]] (AAmF) was a rival association which organized its own championships from 1919 to 1926.}} [[1924 Argentine Primera División|1924 AAm]],{{efn|name=aam}} [[1927 Argentine Primera División|1927]], [[1933 Argentine Primera División|1933 LAF]],{{efn|The [[Liga Argentina de Football]] was a dissident professional league that organised its own championships from 1931 to 1934, then merging with the official Association.}} [[1936 Argentine Primera División|1936 (Copa de Honor)]]{{efn|In July 2013, The Argentine Football Association recognized the 1936 Copa de Honor won by San Lorenzo as a Primera División honour. The information was also added to AFA's website.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.clarin.com/deportes/AFA-reconocio-San-Lorenzo-River_0_950905061.html |title="La AFA les reconoció otro título a San Lorenzo y a River", ''Clarín'', 6 July 2013 |access-date=8 July 2013 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231546/http://www.clarin.com/deportes/AFA-reconocio-San-Lorenzo-River_0_950905061.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://cronica.com.ar/diario/2013/07/05/50257-san-lorenzo-y-river-campeones.html "77 años después: San Lorenzo y River, campeones!", ''Crónica'', 5 July 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216002759/http://cronica.com.ar/diario/2013/07/05/50257-san-lorenzo-y-river-campeones.html |date=16 December 2013 }}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://biblioteca.afa.org.ar/libros/libro_13/ |title="Memoria y Balance 1936", p.41 – AFA Library |access-date=5 July 2013 |archive-date=24 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624014312/http://biblioteca.afa.org.ar/libros/libro_13/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[1946 Argentine Primera División|1946]], [[1959 Argentine Primera División|1959]], [[1968 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Metropolitano|1968 Metropolitano]], [[1972 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Metropolitano|1972 Metropolitano]], [[1972 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Nacional|1972 Nacional]], [[1974 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Nacional|1974 Nacional]], [[1994–95 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Clausura|1995 Clausura]], [[2000–01 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Clausura|2001 Clausura]], [[2006–07 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Clausura|2007 Clausura]], [[2013-14 Argentine Primera División season#Torneo Inicial|2013 Inicial]]
*'''[[Primera B Metropolitana|Primera B]] (2)''': 1914,{{efn|In 1914, the Primera B (named "Segunda División" by then) was actually the third level of [[Argentine football league system]] after [[Argentine División Intermedia|División Intermedia]], established in 1911.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cihf.com.ar/campeonesargentinos.htm |title=Campeones Argentinos – CIHF |access-date=23 May 2015 |archive-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217041448/http://www.cihf.com.ar/campeonesargentinos.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} 1982<ref>[http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1600 Segunda División – Campeones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702150053/http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1600 |date=2 July 2015 }} on AFA website</ref>

====National cups====
*'''[[Copa General Pedro Ramírez|Copa de la República]] (1)''': 1943<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg-rep43.html |title=Campeonato de la República at RSSSF |access-date=2 February 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207210833/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg-rep43.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''[[Supercopa Argentina]] (1):''' [[2015 Supercopa Argentina|2015]]

===International===
*'''[[Copa Libertadores]] (1)''': [[2014 Copa Libertadores|2014]]<ref>{{cite web|title=San Lorenzo win Copa Libertadores|url=http://www.espnfc.com/copa-libertadores/story/1984734/san-lorenzo-tops-paraguays-nacional-1-0-to-the-2014-copa-libertadores-final|publisher=ESPN FC|access-date=14 August 2014|date=14 August 2014|archive-date=14 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814130208/http://www.espnfc.com/copa-libertadores/story/1984734/san-lorenzo-tops-paraguays-nacional-1-0-to-the-2014-copa-libertadores-final|url-status=live}}</ref> {{#tag:ref|Conmebol competition|group=note|name=conme}}
*'''[[Copa Mercosur]] (1)''': [[2001 Copa Mercosur|2001]] {{#tag:ref|Conmebol competition|group=note|name=conme}}
*'''[[Copa Sudamericana]] (1)''': [[2002 Copa Sudamericana|2002]] {{#tag:ref|Conmebol competition|group=note|name=conme}}
*'''[[Copa Aldao]] (1)''': [[1927 Copa Aldao|1927]] {{#tag:ref|Organised by AFA and AUF together|group=note|name=riopl}}
*'''[[Copa Campeonato del Río de la Plata]] {{efn|The Copa Campeonato del Río de la Plata was an official football competition organized by the Amateur Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Federation. It was played with a similar format to the [[Copa Aldao]], but in this case, involving the champions of the dissident associations.}} (1)''': 1923 <ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/sacups/aldao.html Campeonato Rioplatense] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206103604/https://www.rsssf.org/sacups/aldao.html |date=6 February 2023 }} on RSSSF</ref> {{#tag:ref|Organised by AFA and AUF together|group=note|name=riopl}}

====Friendly====
Not recognized as official titles by the Argentine Football Association.<ref name=amateur>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18842:campeones-de-la-primera-division-del-futbol-argentino-amateurismo-1891-1934&catid=110:torneos-superiores&Itemid=78 |title=Campeones de la Primera División (era amateur 1891–1934) at AFA website |access-date=11 December 2014 |archive-date=16 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016205058/http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18842:campeones-de-la-primera-division-del-futbol-argentino-amateurismo-1891-1934&catid=110:torneos-superiores&Itemid=78 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=profes>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1599&Itemid=222 |title=Campeones de la Primera División (era profesional: desde 1931) at AFA website |access-date=11 December 2014 |archive-date=14 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314060803/http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1599&Itemid=222 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Copa San Martín de Tours {{efn|The matches of this Cup belonged to the league or National championship. From 1986 to 1996 it was played in the most important match between two Buenos Aireans teams.}} (1): 1994<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/argsanmartintours.html |title=Copa San Martín de Tours: historic results at RSSSF |access-date=2 February 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206032005/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/argsanmartintours.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Copa Jorge Newbery (1): 1964<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.museodesanlorenzo.com.ar/contenido/copas/1964/pagina.htm |title=Copa Jorge Newbery 1964, Museo de San Lorenzo website |access-date=5 July 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616080637/http://www.museodesanlorenzo.com.ar/contenido/copas/1964/pagina.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

;Notes
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==Women==
{{main article|San Lorenzo de Almagro (women)}}
The women's team has won the national championship, [[Campeonato de Fútbol Femenino]] in 2008/09 and 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.diariouno.com.ar/ovacion/Con-perfume-de-mujer-San-Lorenzo-es-campeon-de-AFA-20150926-0078.html | title=Con perfume de mujer: San Lorenzo es campeón de AFA | publisher=diariouno.com.ar | date=26 September 2015 | access-date=27 September 2015 | language=es | archive-date=28 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928051525/http://www.diariouno.com.ar/ovacion/Con-perfume-de-mujer-San-Lorenzo-es-campeon-de-AFA-20150926-0078.html | url-status=live }}</ref> They finished fourth of five in the group stage of the [[2009 Copa Libertadores Femenina]].

==Basketball==
{{Main|San Lorenzo de Almagro (basketball)}}
San Lorenzo has played [[basketball]] since 1930 when the club affiliated to the association. On 26 April 1985, San Lorenzo played the opening game of the recently created [[Liga Nacional de Básquetbol]] (LNB), facing Argentino de Firmat at [[Estadio Obras Sanitarias|Obras Sanitarias venue]].<ref>[http://deportes.telam.com.ar/notas/201504/103062-hace-30-anos-nacia-la-liga-nacional-de-basquetbol-en-argentina.html "Hace 30 años nacía la Liga Nacional de Básquetbol en Argentina"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928130256/http://deportes.telam.com.ar/notas/201504/103062-hace-30-anos-nacia-la-liga-nacional-de-basquetbol-en-argentina.html |date=28 September 2015 }}, Telam, 26 April 2015</ref>

The team returned to LNB in 2015.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.sanlorenzowebsite.com.ar/ Unofficial website]
* [http://www.mundoazulgrana.com.ar/ Mundo Azulgrana]

{{San Lorenzo de Almagro}}
{{Navboxes
| titlestyle = background:#073A70; color:#ffffff; border:2px solid #EB1E2A
|list1=
{{San Lorenzo squad}}
{{San Lorenzo matches}}
{{San Lorenzo de Almagro managers}}
{{San Lorenzo de Almagro seasons}}
{{Copa Libertadores winners}}
{{Primera División de Argentina}}
{{Argentine football national cups}}
{{Copa Sudamericana winners}}
{{Metropolitano de Hockey Primera A Women's}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:San Lorenzo de Almagro| ]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1908]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs in Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:Volleyball clubs in Argentina]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:1908 establishments in Argentina]]
[[Category:Copa Libertadores winning clubs]]
[[Category:Copa Sudamericana winning clubs]]
[[Category:Copa Mercosur winning clubs]]

Diego Latorre

2023-05-11T23:35:17Z

Tangoludwig: /* Career */Typo

{{short description|Argentine footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Diego Latorre
| image = Diego latorre jun15.jpg
| caption = Latorre in 2015
| fullname = Diego Fernando Latorre
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|8|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
| height = 1.70m<ref name="wf">{{cite web |title=Diego Latorre |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/diego-latorre/ |website=worldfootball.net |access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref>
| position = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]]<ref name="wf"/> [[Midfielder]]
| years1 = 1987–1992
| years2 = 1992–1993
| years3 = 1993–1995
| years4 = 1995–1996
| years5 = 1996–1998
| years6 = 1998–1999
| years7 = 1999–2000
| years8 = 2000
| years9 = 2000–2001
| years10 = 2001–2003
| years11 = 2003
| years12 = 2003–2004
| years13 = 2004–2005
| years14 = 2005–2006
| clubs1 = [[Boca Juniors]]
| clubs2 = [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]
| clubs3 = [[CD Tenerife|Tenerife]]
| clubs4 = [[UD Salamanca]]
| clubs5 = [[Boca Juniors]]
| clubs6 = [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]]
| clubs7 = [[Club Deportivo Cruz Azul|Cruz Azul]]
| clubs8 = [[Rosario Central]]
| clubs9 = [[Chacarita Juniors]]
| clubs10 = [[Club Celaya]]
| clubs11 = [[Comunicaciones]]
| clubs12 = [[Dorados de Sinaloa]]
| clubs13 = [[Comunicaciones]]
| clubs14 = [[Alacranes de Durango]]
| caps1 = 119
| caps2 = 2
| caps3 = 69
| caps4 = 22
| caps5 = 67
| caps6 = 29
| caps7 = 18
| caps8 = 14
| caps9 = 9
| caps10 = 68
| caps11 =
| caps12 =
| caps13 = 15
| caps14 = 13
| goals1 = 52
| goals2 = 0
| goals3 = 15
| goals4 = 1
| goals5 = 23
| goals6 = 10
| goals7 = 6
| goals8 = 2
| goals9 = 1
| goals10 = 27
| goals11 =
| goals12 =
| goals13 = 5
| goals14 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 1991
| nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]
| nationalcaps1 = 6
| nationalgoals1 = 1
|medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry | {{ARG}} }}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Association football|Football]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Copa América]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[1991 Copa América|1991 Chile]]|}}
}}
'''Diego Fernando Latorre''' (born 4 August 1969) is an Argentine former professional [[Association football|footballer]] who played as a [[Striker (association football)|striker]] or as an [[offensive midfielder]].

==Career==
Latorre was born in [[Buenos Aires]]. He made his professional debut for [[Boca Juniors]] on 18 October 1987 against [[Club Atlético Platense|Platense]] scoring his first goal at the same match. He won the 1991 [[Primera División Argentina|Argentine league]] with [[Boca Juniors]]. His good performance took him to play with the [[Argentina national football team]] scoring his first goal in a Copa America match against [[Peru national football team|Peru]].<ref name="What became of… Diego Latorre">{{cite web|url=http://www.laliga.es/en/news/what-became-of-diego-latorre|title=What became of… Diego Latorre|publisher=La Liga|date=24 July 2014|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>

In 1992, he joined [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] with [[Gabriel Batistuta]] after the pair helped [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] to win the [[Copa America]] in 1991. While Batistuta eventually became one of Fiorentina's all-time greats, Latorre only made two appearances with the club and quickly left for [[CD Tenerife]] in [[La Liga]]. He made 67 appearances 15 goals with the Spanish club. He moved to [[UD Salamanca]] in 1995, but only spent a single season there. He returned to [[Boca Juniors]] in 1996. He also played for [[Racing Club de Avellaneda]] and [[Rosario Central]] after returning from Europe. He later played in Mexico and Guatemala before retiring in 2005.<ref name="What became of… Diego Latorre"/>

==After retirement==
Latorre is a [[sportscaster]] for [[Fox Sports en Latinoamérica|Fox Sports Latinoamérica]], and has worked alongside Juan Manuel Pons or Gustavo Cima as a football commentator for Latin América (South Cone).

==Honours==
'''Boca Juniors'''<ref name="What became of… Diego Latorre"/>
*[[Supercopa Libertadores]]: [[1989 Supercopa Libertadores|1989]]
*[[Recopa Sudamericana]]: [[1990 Recopa Sudamericana|1990]]
*[[Argentine Primera División#Apertura and Clausura .281991.E2.80.932012.29|Argentine Primera División Torneo Apertura]]: [[1992–93 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Apertura|1992]]

'''Argentina'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asia.eurosport.com/football/diego-latorre_prs215231/person.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119170641/http://asia.eurosport.com/football/diego-latorre_prs215231/person.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2015|title=Diego Latorre|publisher=Eurosport|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>
*[[Copa América]]: [[1991 Copa América|1991]]

'''Individual'''
*[[List of Argentine Primera División top scorers|Argentine Primera División Top-scorer]]: [[1991–92 Argentine Primera División#Top Scorers 2|1992]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/argtops.html |title=Argentina - List of Topscorers |author1=Emmanuel Castro Serna |date=9 July 2009 |access-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live |website=[[RSSSF]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141016/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/argtops.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{NFT player|12588}}
* [http://www.argentinesoccer.com/crlatoen.html Argentina Soccer]
* [http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=76&id=823562006 News]

{{1991 South American Team of the Year}}
{{Argentina Primera Division top scorers}}
{{Argentina squad 1991 Copa América}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latorre, Diego}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]
[[Category:Argentine footballers]]
[[Category:Argentine people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Argentine people of Basque descent]]
[[Category:Boca Juniors footballers]]
[[Category:Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers]]
[[Category:Chacarita Juniors footballers]]
[[Category:Rosario Central footballers]]
[[Category:Cruz Azul footballers]]
[[Category:Dorados de Sinaloa footballers]]
[[Category:ACF Fiorentina players]]
[[Category:CD Tenerife players]]
[[Category:UD Salamanca players]]
[[Category:Comunicaciones F.C. players]]
[[Category:Argentine Primera División players]]
[[Category:La Liga players]]
[[Category:Serie A players]]
[[Category:Liga MX players]]
[[Category:Argentina international footballers]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Mexico]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Guatemala]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Mexico]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain]]
[[Category:1991 Copa América players]]
[[Category:Copa América-winning players]]

Lorenzo Ferro

2023-05-10T13:24:43Z

Tangoludwig:

{{Short description|Argentine actor and singer (born 1998)}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Lorenzo Ferro en los Premios Fénix de 2018 (cropped2).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ferro at the [[5th Fénix Awards]] in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|11|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
| other_names = Kiddo Toto
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|singer|songwriter}}
| years_active = 2018–present
| father = {{Ill|Rafael Ferro|es}}
}}

'''Lorenzo''' "'''Toto'''" '''Ferro''' ({{IPA-es|loˌɾenso ˈfero|am|link=no}}; born 9 November 1998) is an Argentine actor, singer and songwriter. He gained recognition for playing [[Robledo Puch]] in the 2018 film ''[[El Angel (film)|El ángel]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scholz |first=Pablo O. |date=5 August 2018 |title=Lorenzo Ferro, de ''El Ángel'': 'Apenas terminé el colegio conseguí un trabajo' |language=es |work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |url=https://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/cine/lorenzo-ferro-angel-apenas-termine-colegio-consegui-trabajo_0_rkHJ-OGrQ.html |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vera Rojas |first=Yumber |date=24 February 2022 |title=Toto Ferro: 'Descubrí el rock después del trap, y me pareció increíble' |language=es |work=[[Página 12]] |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/403797-toto-ferro-descubri-el-rock-despues-del-trap-y-me-parecio-in |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref> His television roles include Cristian Pardo in the third season of ''[[El marginal]]'' (2019) and Alex Hodoyan in the third season of ''[[Narcos: Mexico]]'' (2021). Ferro releases music under the stage name '''Kiddo Toto'''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Torres |first=Lupe |date=17 August 2022 |title=Lorenzo 'Toto' Ferro: la fama, los excesos y por qué se siente más cómodo como músico que como actor |language=es |work=[[La Nación]] |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/espectaculos/personajes/lorenzo-toto-ferro-la-fama-los-excesos-y-por-que-se-siente-mas-comodo-como-musico-que-como-actor-nid17082022 |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> He has released two studio albums: ''Resfriado''{{efn|name=KT1|Stylised as ''Re$friado''}} (2019) and ''Mansión helada'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alonso |first=Guillermo |date=29 July 2022 |title=Lorenzo Ferro: 'Todas las personas son medio malas. Quizá por suerte' |language=es |work=[[El País]] |url=https://elpais.com/icon/2022-07-29/lorenzo-ferro-todas-las-personas-son-medio-malas-quiza-por-suerte.html |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Lorenzo Ferro was born on 9 November 1998 in Buenos Aires. He is the eldest son of actor {{Ill|Rafael Ferro|es}} and costume designer Cecilia Allassia. He grew up in [[Belgrano, Buenos Aires|Belgrano]]. He attended a local Catholic school for his primary education, and later went to the Jewish Institute [[ORT Argentina|ORT]] for high school.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scherer |first=Fabiana |date=29 July 2018 |title=Lorenzo Ferro, en la piel de un asesino serial |language=es |work=[[La Nación]] |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/lifestyle/lorenzo-ferro-en-la-piel-de-un-asesino-serial-nid2156733 |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! scope="row" | 2018
| data-sort-value="Angel, El" | ''[[El Angel (film)|El ángel]]''
| [[Robledo Puch]]
| Main role
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
| data-sort-value="Marginal, El" | ''[[El marginal]]''
| Cristian Pardo
| Main role
|-
! scope="row" | 2021
| ''[[Narcos: Mexico]]
| Alex Hodoyan
| Main role
|-
! scope="row" | 2022
| ''[[Fanático]]''
| Lázaro / Salva Quimera
| Main role
|}

==Discography==
===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of studio albums, with selected details
! scope="col" style="width:9.5em" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:21.5em" | Details
|-
! scope="row" | ''Resfriado''{{efn|name=KT1}}
|
* Released: 15 March 2019
* Label: ''[[Self-publishing|self-released]]''
* Format: [[Music download|digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Mansión helada''
|
* Released: 2 December 2021
* Label: ''self-released''
* Format: digital download, streaming
|}

===Singles===
====As lead artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of singles as lead artist, showing year released, chart positions, and originating album
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em" | Year
! scope="col" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%" | [[Argentina Hot 100|ARG]] <ref>Peak chart positions in Argentina:
* "Two 1 Two": {{Cite web |title=Billboard Argentina Hot 100: The Week of 6 October 2019 |url=https://billboard.com.ar/chart/2019-10-05 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | "Choqué el auto e papá"
| 2018
| —
| rowspan="2" | ''Resfriado''
|-
! scope="row" | "Pary 10" {{small|(with Gandu)}}
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| —
|-
! scope="row" | "Kiddo Toto: Bzrp Music Sessions, Vol. 11" {{small|(with [[Bizarrap]])}}
| —
| rowspan="8" {{Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row" | "Two 1 Two" {{small|(with Cieloazul)}}
| 72
|-
! scope="row" | "Scoco" {{small|(with Louta and Bhavi)}}
| rowspan="5" | 2020
| —
|-
! scope="row" | "Jordan" {{small|(with Lucho SSJ)}}
| —
|-
! scope="row" | "Waxxa" {{small|(with Oniria, Big Soto and Jesse Baez)}}
| —
|-
! scope="row" | "Caen" {{small|(with Cieloazul)}}
| —
|-
! scope="row" | "Mucho" {{small|(with Malena Villa)}}
| —
|-
! scope="row" | "Penas idiotas"
| 2021
| —
|}

====As featured artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of singles as featured artist, showing year released, and originating album
! scope="col" style="width:8em" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:1em" | Year
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row" | "Jaguar" {{small|(Cieloazul featuring Kiddo Toto)}}
| 2020
| ''Selva''
|-
! scope="row" | "El mejor" {{small|(Elio Toffana featuring Kiddo Toto)}}
| 2022
| ''Shock Wave''
|}

===Guest appearances===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of non-single guest appearances, showing year released, other performing artists, and originating album
! scope="col" style="width:8em" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Other artist(s)
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row" | "Tiempo"
| 2020
| Gandu
| ''Tiempo''
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of awards and nominations received by Lorenzo Ferro
! scope="col" | Ceremony
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Nominated work
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Fénix Awards]]
| [[5th Fénix Awards|2018]]
| rowspan="6" data-sort-value="Angel, El" | ''[[El Angel (film)|El ángel]]''
| Best Actor
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2018 |title=''Zama'' y el actor de ''El Angel'', Lorenzo Ferro, ganadores en los Premios Fénix |language=es |work=[[La Nación]] |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/espectaculos/cine/zama-lucrecia-martel-gano-tres-premios-fenix-nid2189612 |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Havana Film Festival]]
| 2018
| Best Actor
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2018 |title=Lorenzo Ferro ganó el premio a mejor actor del Festival de Cine de La Habana |language=es |work=[[Télam]] |url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201812/315120-lorenzo-ferro-gana-el-premio-a-mejor-actor-del-festival-de-cine-de-la-habana.html |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Platino Awards]]
| [[6th Platino Awards|2019]]
| [[Platino Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2019 |title=Estos son los ganadores de los Premios Platino 2019 |language=es |work=[[Infobae]] |url=https://www.infobae.com/gente/lo-ultimo/2019/05/13/estos-son-los-ganadores-de-los-premios-platino-2019 |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Argentine Film Critics Association#Silver Condor|Silver Condor Awards]]
| {{Ill|67th Silver Condor Awards|lt=2019|es|Anexo:Premios Cóndor de Plata 2019}}
| Best Male Newcomer
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2019 |title=La lista completa de ganadores de los premios Cóndor de Plata |language=es |work=[[Infobae]] |url=https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/infoshow/2019/08/26/la-lista-de-ganadores-de-los-premios-condor-de-plata-2 |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Argentine Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences Awards|Sur Awards]]
| {{Ill|13th Sur Awards|lt=2018|es|Anexo:XIII edición de los Premios Sur}}
| Best Male Newcomer
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=23 September 2019 |title=La lista de ganadores de los premios Sur: 'La odisea de los giles' competirá para ser nominada a los Oscar |language=es |work=[[Infobae]] |url=https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/2019/09/24/la-lista-de-ganadores-de-los-premios-sur-2019-la-odisea-de-los-giles-competira-para-ser-nominada-a-los-oscar |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferro, Lorenzo}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Argentine male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Argentine male singers]]
[[Category:Argentine male film actors]]
[[Category:Argentine male television actors]]
[[Category:Argentine trap musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:Singers from Buenos Aires]]

{{Argentina-actor-stub}}
{{Argentina-singer-stub}}

Freestyle swimming

2023-04-17T17:14:57Z

Tangoludwig: alot is not a word, added a space.

{{short description|Category of swimming competition}}
{{About|the general unregulated swimming style|the most common freestyle stroke|Front crawl}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2011}}
[[File:2008 LEN European Championships Final 400m Freestyle Women.JPG|thumb|200px|Start of the women's 400 m freestyle at the [[2008 European Aquatics Championships|2008 European Championships]]]]

'''Freestyle''' is a category of [[Swimming (sport)|swimming competition]], defined by the rules of the [[Swimming Federation]] (SF), in which competitors are subject to a lot of limited restrictions<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fina.org/content/sw-5-freestyle|title=FINA|access-date=2017-12-07|archive-date=2018-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330133055/http://www.fina.org/content/sw-5-freestyle|url-status=dead}}</ref> on their [[swimming stroke]]. Freestyle races are the most common of all swimming competitions, with distances beginning with {{convert|50|m|yd|abbr=off|sp=us}} and reaching {{convert|1500|m|yd|abbr=off|sp=us}},<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cSSW4RhZOiwC&q=front+crawl&pg=PA219 Maglischo, Ernest W. ''Swimming fastest'' p. 95]</ref> also known as the mile. The term 'freestyle stroke' is sometimes used as a synonym for '[[front crawl]]',<ref>{{cite web|title=Breaststroker fished from Games triathlon race|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/commonwealth-games/other-events/10309753/Breaststroker-fished-from-Games-triathlon-race|website=www.stuff.co.nz|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> as front crawl is the fastest surface swimming stroke.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gonjo |first1=Tomohiro |last2=Narita |first2=Kenzo |last3=McCabe |first3=Carla |last4=Fernandes |first4=Ricardo J. |last5=Vilas-Boas |first5=João Paulo |last6=Takagi |first6=Hideki |last7=Sanders |first7=Ross |date=2020 |title=Front Crawl Is More Efficient and Has Smaller Active Drag Than Backstroke Swimming: Kinematic and Kinetic Comparison Between the Two Techniques at the Same Swimming Speeds |journal=Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |volume=8 |page=570657 |doi=10.3389/fbioe.2020.570657 |pmid=33072727 |pmc=7543982 |issn=2296-4185|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is now the most common stroke used in freestyle competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Common Swim Strokes {{!}} Butterfly Strokes |url=https://www.swimmingpool.com/blog/common-swim-strokes/ |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=www.swimmingpool.com |language=en}}</ref>

The first Olympics held open water swimming events, but after a few Olympics, closed water swimming was introduced. The front crawl or freestyle was the first event that was introduced.

== Technique ==
Freestyle swimming implies the use of legs and arms for competitive swimming, except in the case of the [[Individual Medley|individual medley]] or [[Medley relay (athletics)|medley relay]] events. The [[front crawl]] is most commonly chosen by swimmers, as this provides the greatest speed. During a race, the competitor circles the arms forward in alternation, kicking the feet up and down ([[flutter kick]]). Individual freestyle events can also be swum using one of the officially regulated strokes ([[breaststroke]], [[butterfly stroke|butterfly]], or [[backstroke]]). For the freestyle part of [[medley swimming]] competitions, however, one cannot use breaststroke, butterfly, or backstroke. Front crawl is based on the [[Trudgen]] that was improved by [[Richmond Cavill]] from Sydney, Australia. Cavill developed the stroke by observing a young boy from the [[Solomon Islands]], [[Alick Wickham]]. Cavill and his brothers spread the Australian crawl to England, New Zealand and America, creating the freestyle used worldwide today. During the [[Olympic Games]], front crawl is swum almost exclusively during freestyle. Some of the few rules state that swimmers must touch the end of the pool during each length and cannot push off the bottom, hang on the wall, or pull on the lane lines during the course of the race. However, other than this any form or variation of strokes is considered legal with the race. As with all competitive events, [[false start]]s can lead to disqualification of the swimmer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fina.org/content/sw-4-start|title=FINA|access-date=2017-12-07|archive-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324161817/http://www.fina.org/content/sw-4-start|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<gallery class="center">
Freestyle swimming.gif|
Freestyle swimming2 without text.gif|
Freestyle swimming3 without text.gif|
</gallery>

== New developments in the sport ==
Times have consistently dropped over the years due to better training techniques and to new developments in the sport.

In the first four Olympics, swimming competitions were not held in pools, but in open water (1896 – the Mediterranean, 1900 – the [[Seine]] river, 1904 – an artificial lake, 1906 – the Mediterranean). The [[1904 Summer Olympics|1904 Olympics]] freestyle race was the only one ever measured at 100 yards, instead of the usual 100 meters. A 100-meter pool was built for the [[1908 Summer Olympics|1908 Olympics]] and sat in the center of the main stadium's track and field oval. The [[1912 Summer Olympics|1912 Olympics]], held in the [[Stockholm]] harbor, marked the beginning of electronic timing.

Male swimmers wore full body suits up until the 1940s, which caused more drag in the water than their modern swimwear counterparts. Also, over the years, some design considerations have reduced swimming [[Drag (physics)|resistance]], making the pool faster, namely: proper pool depth, elimination of currents, increased lane width, energy-absorbing racing lane lines and gutters, and the use of other innovative hydraulic, acoustic, and illumination designs.

The [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924 Olympics]] was the first to use the standard 50 meter pool with marked lanes. In freestyle events, swimmers originally dove from the pool walls, but diving blocks were eventually incorporated at the [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Olympics]]. The [[flip turn]] was developed in the 1950s, resulting in faster times. Lane design created in the early 1970s has also cut down turbulence in water, aiding in the more dynamic pool used today.

== Rules and regulation ==
Freestyle means "any style" for individual swims and any style but breaststroke, butterfly, or backstroke for both the individual medley, and medley relay competitions. The wall has to be touched at every turn and upon completion. Some part of the swimmer must be above water at any time, except for the first 15 meters after the start and every turn. This rule was introduced (see [[History of swimming]]) to prevent swimmers from using the faster underwater swimming, such as the [[fish kick]], to their advantage, or even swimming entire laps underwater. The exact FINA rules are:
* Freestyle means that in an event so designated the swimmer may swim any style, except that in individual medley or medley relay events, freestyle means any style other than backstroke, breaststroke, or butterfly
* Some part of the swimmer must touch the wall upon completion of each length and at the finish
* Some part of the swimmer must break the surface of the water throughout the race, except it shall be permissible for the swimmer to be completely submerged during the turn and for a distance of not more than 15 meters after the start and each turn. By that point the head must have broken the surface.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fina.org/H2O/docs/rules/FINAswrules_20132017.pdf|title= FINA Swimming Rules 2013-2017|website= www.fina.org|publisher= Federation Internationale de Natation|access-date= 23 January 2014|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140124172434/http://www.fina.org/H2O/docs/rules/FINAswrules_20132017.pdf|archive-date= 24 January 2014}}</ref>

== Competitions ==

[[File:EK Zwemmen 2006 100m vrij mannen.jpg|thumb|250px|Men's 100 m freestyle at the [[2006 European Aquatics Championships|2006 Euros]]]]
There are nine competitions used in freestyle swimming, both using either a long time (50 meter) or a short time (25 meter) pool. The United States also employs short time yards (25 yard pool). In the United States, it is common for swimmers to compete in a 25-yard pool during the Fall, Winter, and Spring, and then switch over to a 50-meter pool format during the Summer.
* 50 m freestyle (50 yards for short time yards)
* 100 m freestyle (100 yards for short time yards)
* 200 m freestyle (200 yards for short time yards)
* 400 m freestyle (500 yards for short time yards)
* 800 m freestyle (1000 yards for short time yards)
* 1500 m freestyle (1650 yards for short time yards)
* 4×50 m freestyle relay (4 x 50 yards for short time yards)
* 4 × 100 m freestyle [[relay race|relay]] (4 x 100 yards for short time yards)
* 4 × 200 m freestyle [[relay race|relay]] (4 x 200 yards for short time yards)

Young swimmers (typically 8 years old and younger) have the option to swim a 25 yard/meter freestyle event.

Freestyle is also part of the medley over the following distances:
* 100 m individual medley (short 25 m pool only)
* 200 m individual medley (200 yard individual medley in short time yards)
* 400 m individual medley (400 yards individual medley in short time yards)
* 4 × 100 m medley relay (4 x 100 yard medley relay in short time yards)
* 4 × 200 m medley relay (4 x 200 yard medley relay in short time yards)

In the long-distance races of the {{convert|800|and|1500|m|yd|abbr=off|sp=us}}, some meets hosted by FINA (including the Olympics) only have the {{convert|800|m|yd|abbr=off|sp=us}} distance for women and the {{convert|1500|m|yd|abbr=off|sp=us}} distance for men. However, FINA does keep records in the {{convert|1500|m|yd|abbr=off|sp=us}} distance for women and the {{convert|800|m|yd|abbr=off|sp=us}} distance for men, and the [[FINA World Aquatics Championships#Swimming|FINA World Championships]], as well as many other meets, have both distances for both sexes.<ref>The [[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships]] had an 800 metre distance for men, and 1500 metre distance for women, and appear to have been conducted on this basis since [[1989 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|1989]]. The [http://www.usaswimming.org/USASWeb/_Rainbow/Documents/e808fd4b-f718-49bd-b89c-c4dd598cd66f/Nationals06.pdf 2006 USA Swimming Summer Nationals] have both events, as do the [http://www.usaswimming.org/USASWeb/_Rainbow/Documents/e0dace75-503d-4471-bb5e-5e67ab8468c7/2006JuniorsRevised.pdf 2006 USA Swimming Summer Junior Nationals] and the [http://www.usms.org/comp/lcnats05/events.php 2005 USMS Long Course Nationals].</ref>

== Olympic or long course world champions in freestyle ==

=== Men ===
{{Footer Olympic Champions 50 m Freestyle Men}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions 100 m Freestyle Men}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions 200 m Freestyle Men}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions 400 m Freestyle Men}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions 1500 m Freestyle Men}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 50m Freestyle Men}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 100m Freestyle Men}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 200m Freestyle Men}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 400m Freestyle Men}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 800m Freestyle Men}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 1500m Freestyle Men}}

=== Women ===
{{Footer Olympic Champions 50 m Freestyle Women}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions 100 m Freestyle Women}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions 200 m Freestyle Women}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions 400 m Freestyle Women}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions 800 m Freestyle Women}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 50m Freestyle Women}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 100m Freestyle Women}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 200m Freestyle Women}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 400m Freestyle Women}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 800m Freestyle Women}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 1500m Freestyle Women}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
| last = Hines
| first = Emmett W.
| year = 1998
| title = Fitness Swimming
| publisher = Human Kinetics Publishers
| isbn = 0-88011-656-0
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/fitnessswimming00hine
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Laughlin
| first = Terry
| author-link = Terry Laughlin
| year = 2001
| title = Swimming Made Easy: The Total Immersion Way for Any Swimmer to Achieve Fluency, Ease, and Speed in Any Stroke
| publisher = Total Immersion Inc
| isbn = 1-931009-01-5
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Colwin
| first = Cecil
| year = 2002
| title = Breakthrough Swimming
| publisher = Human Kinetics Publishers
| isbn = 0-7360-3777-2
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/breakthroughswim0000colw
}}
* {{cite book
| year = 2007
| title = The Macquarie Dictionary Online
| publisher = Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd
}}

== See also ==
* [[100 metre freestyle]]
* [[List of world records in swimming]]
* [[History of swimming]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Freestyle swimming}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121226031151/http://www.swim.ee/models/models.html Swim.ee]: Detailed discussion of swimming techniques and speeds
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613130629/http://www.limmatsharks.com/crawl/freestyle.html How to learn efficient freestyle swimming]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130821181340/http://www.fina.org/project/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=682&Itemid=336 FINA World records list]
* [http://www.swimcoachtools.com/Spped.aspx Course Conversion Calculator] at SwimCoachTools
* [https://rocketswimming.com/freestyle-swimming-stroke-explained-new-improved-2022/ Freestyle Swimming Stroke Explained in Detail]

{{Swimming styles}}

[[Category:Freestyle swimming| ]]
[[Category:Swimming styles]]

[[bg:Свободен стил]]
[[he:שחייה תחרותית#חופשי]]

Sergio Martínez (boxer)

2023-03-22T08:00:14Z

Tangoludwig:

{{short description|Argentine boxer}}
{{Other people|Sergio Martinez}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox boxer
| name = Sergio Martínez
| image = Sergio Gabriel Martínez open workout 2 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Martínez in 2011
| realname = Sergio Gabriel Martínez
| nickname = ''Maravilla'' ("Marvel")
| weight = {{plainlist|
*[[Welterweight]]
*[[Light middleweight]]
*[[Middleweight]]
}}
| height = 5 ft 10 in
| reach = 73 in
| nationality = Argentine
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1975|2|21}}
| birth_place = [[Avellaneda]], [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], Argentina
| style = [[Southpaw stance|Southpaw]]
| total = 61
| wins = 56
| KO = 31
| losses = 3
| draws = 2
}}

'''Sergio Gabriel Martínez''' (born 21 February 1975) is an Argentine [[professional boxer]]. He has held world championships in two [[weight class (boxing)|weight classes]], including the [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] [[super welterweight]] title from 2009 to 2010; and the [[unified champion|unified]] WBC, [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]], ''[[The Ring (magazine)|Ring]]'' magazine and [[lineal championship|lineal]] [[middleweight]] titles between 2010 and 2014. With six successful defenses of the ''Ring'' and lineal middleweight titles, Martínez's 50-month reign as champion ranks as one of the longest in the history of that weight class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/middle.htm|title=The Lineal Middleweight Champions|publisher=The Cyber Boxing Zone Encyclopedia|access-date=18 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611032401/http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/middle.htm|archive-date=11 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2010 he was granted the [[Konex Award]] Merit Diploma as one of the five best boxers of the last decade in Argentina.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fundacionkonex.org/b4218-sergio-martinez|title=Sergio Martínez - Premio Konex: Diploma al Mérito 2010|language=es}}</ref> In 2011, Martínez reached a career high ranking as the world's third best active boxer, [[pound for pound]], behind [[Floyd Mayweather Jr.]] and [[Manny Pacquiao]], as voted by most sporting news and boxing publications, including ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', [[ESPN]], [[Yahoo! Sports]], and ''The Ring''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Iole |first=Kevin |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/box/news;_ylt=Agb5zRlQDI76VGWKp9zwfB6UxLYF?slug=ki-iole_boxing_rankings_heavyweights_emerge_051711 |title=Rankings: Heavyweight isn't deadweight – Boxing – Yahoo! Sports |publisher=Sports.yahoo.com |access-date=14 November 2011}}</ref> In 2010 he received Fighter of the Year awards by both ''[[The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year|The Ring]]'' and the [[Sugar Ray Robinson Award|Boxing Writers Association of America]], as well as ''The Ring'''s [[Ring Magazine knockouts of the year|Knockout of the Year]] for his rematch victory against [[Paul Williams (boxer)|Paul Williams]]. The WBC named him their Boxer of the Year in 2010 and 2012.<ref name="thesweetscience">{{cite web|url=http://www.thesweetscience.com/news/articles/15916-sergio-martinez-is-wbc-boxer-of-the-year|title=Sergio Martinez Is WBC Boxer of the Year|date=3 January 2013|publisher=thesweetscience.com|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227054030/http://www.thesweetscience.com/news/articles/15916-sergio-martinez-is-wbc-boxer-of-the-year|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[southpaw stance|southpaw]], Martínez was known as a fast and athletic fighter and his style has been described as "crowd-pleasing",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crunchsports.com/category/Boxing/Sergio-Martinez-v-Sergiy-Dzinziruk-201103100051/|title=Sergio Martinez v Sergiy Dzinziruk preview|publisher=Crunch Sports|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701170028/http://www.crunchsports.com/category/Boxing/Sergio-Martinez-v-Sergiy-Dzinziruk-201103100051/|archive-date=1 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> partly because of his tendency to fight with his hands down when out of his opponents' range.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.badlefthook.com/2010/4/18/1429499/final-thoughts-on-pavlik-martinez|title=Final Thoughts on Pavlik-Martinez|date=18 April 2010|publisher=Bad Left Hook|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007160837/http://www.badlefthook.com/2010/4/18/1429499/final-thoughts-on-pavlik-martinez|archive-date=7 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

Outside the ring, Martínez has been an active spokesperson in the fight against bullying and domestic violence against women. He is the author of a book, ''Corazón de Rey'' ("Heart of a King"),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hojasdelsur.com/Corazon-de-Rey.html |title=Hojas del Sur :: Libros :: Motivación :: Corazón de Rey |access-date=2014-07-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625083517/http://hojasdelsur.com/Corazon-de-Rey.html |archive-date=25 June 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and is said to be working on a second book.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/sampson-aims-sergio-martinez-meeting-on-future--79461|title=Sampson Aims For Sergio Martinez Meeting on Future}}</ref>

==Early life==

Sergio Martínez was born on 21 February 1975 in [[Avellaneda]] to parents Hugo Alberto Martínez and Susana Griselda.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120311125110/http://www.dbe1.com/node/77 Sergio "Maravilla" Martinez]. dbe1.com</ref> Shortly afterwards the family relocated to the nearby city of [[Quilmes]], which is also in the [[Buenos Aires Province]]. His father worked as a construction worker and metal worker, a trade which Sergio Martínez joined along with his two brothers, Sebastian and Hugo Jr. Martínez was [[bullying|bullied]] as a child in his "dirt-poor rural village."<ref name="bullying">{{cite news |title=Martinez champions fight against bullying outside the ring |author=Bob Velin |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/boxing/story/2012-03-13/boxing-martinez/53540206/1 |newspaper=[[USA TODAY]] |date=15 March 2012 |access-date=6 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411172419/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/boxing/story/2012-03-13/boxing-martinez/53540206/1 |archive-date=11 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Before boxing, Martínez was a keen cyclist and [[association football|football]] player and it was not until 1995 that he decided he would become a boxer. After being trained by his uncle, Ruben Paniagua, Martínez began boxing as an amateur and compiled a record of 39–2 (39 wins to 2 losses), the losses came by way of majority decision and knockout. His boxing career suffered a major setback in August 1996 when he broke his left hand, forcing him out of the sport for a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doghouseboxing.com/DHB/Montoya113010.htm|title=Sergio Martinez Part One: A King Goes in Search of his Crown|publisher=Dog House Boxing|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211121009/http://www.doghouseboxing.com/DHB/Montoya113010.htm|archive-date=11 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Although he considered competing for Argentina at the 2000 Olympics, he decided that he was too old to wait the two and a half years and chose to turn professional in December 1997.<ref name="Doghouse">{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/blog/124735-sergio-martinez-better-late-than-never|title=Sergio Martinez: Better late than never|publisher=The Ring|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810221246/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/blog/124735-sergio-martinez-better-late-than-never|archive-date=10 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Professional career==

===Early years in Argentina===
Martínez at the age of 22, had his first professional fight on 27 December 1997 in [[Ituzaingó, Buenos Aires|Ituzaingo]], Buenos Aires, Argentina. The opponent for his professional debut, Cristian Marcelo Vivas, was disqualified in the second round, giving Martínez his first win. Martínez fought the first 17 fights of his career in his native Argentina, compiling a record of 16–0–1. The only blemish on his record at this point occurred in his third fight, a draw against Mario Javier Nieva over four rounds. Martínez rematched Nieva four months later and won a six-round unanimous decision.<ref name="Boxrec">{{cite web|author=Boxrec|title=Sergio Gabriel Martinez|work=Boxrec Fighter Page|url=http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=14429&cat=boxer|access-date=26 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919210616/http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=14429&cat=boxer|archive-date=19 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

After facing a relatively low level of opposition for his first 17 fights in Argentina, Martínez fought abroad for the first time, travelling to the United States to face [[Antonio Margarito]] on the undercard to the first [[Érik Morales]] vs [[Marco Antonio Barrera]] bout. The fight took place on 19 February 2000 at the [[Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino|Mandalay Bay]] in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]. The contest started badly for Martínez as Margarito scored a knockdown in the first round. Although Martínez recovered and had some success in the early rounds, he was hurt by a number of punches in round seven leading to a stoppage by the referee, thus handing Martínez his first loss. Following the Margarito fight, Martínez returned to Argentina and fought eight times, all victories, from April 2000 – February 2002. During this run of fights he won the Argentina [[welterweight]] title after outpointing Javier Alejandro Blanco. He successfully defended the title once, knocking out Sergio Ernesto Acuna in the seventh round, before being stripped of the title.<ref name="Boxrec"/>

===Relocation to Spain===
After his final fight in Argentina, a February 2002 win over Francisco Mora, Martínez decided to relocate to Spain. It was there that he began his partnership with his current trainer Gabriel Sarmiento, who worked out of a gym in [[Azuqueca de Henares]]. During his time in Spain, Martínez also worked jobs such as; nightclub bouncer, dishwasher, construction worker and did modelling jobs for Adidas and Nike. From April 2002 – May 2003 he fought four times in Spain, all eight-round fights that he won against weak opposition, two of his opponents had lost their last six fights. This was to change in his next fight however, as he took on Richard Williams in England for the lightly regarded [[International Boxing Organization|IBO]] light middleweight title. Martínez, who entered the ring as an underdog, having had only eight days preparation,<ref name="Doghouse"/><ref name="Doghouse2">{{cite web|url=http://www.doghouseboxing.com/Gabriel/Montoya120210.htm|title=Sergio Martinez Part Two: The General Crowns his King|publisher=The Ring|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211120300/http://www.doghouseboxing.com/Gabriel/Montoya120210.htm|archive-date=11 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> won a unanimous decision. Although Williams scored knockdowns in the second and eleventh rounds, he was close to being stopped in the final round and the scorecards were heavily in Martínez's favour.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/boxing-brodie-defies-eye-damage-to-overpower-argentinian-opponent-541536.html|title=Boxing: Brodie defies eye damage to overpower Argentinian opponent| work= The Independent| access-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> He defended the IBO title twice in the United Kingdom; a twelfth round knock-out victory of Adrian Stone in Bristol was followed by a rematch against Williams in Belfast, on this occasion Williams was stopped in the ninth round. Over the next two and a half years, Martínez won seven fights in a row back in Spain, six of which were against boxers who had losing records.<ref name="Boxrec"/> Soon thereafter, Martínez began to gain recognition and pursue fights in the United States, under the guidance of adviser [[Sampson Lewkowicz]].

===Light middleweight===

====Martínez vs. Cintron====
Martínez claimed the Interim [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] light middleweight championship on 4 October 2008, beating Alex Bunema via an eighth round retirement.<ref name="Boxrec"/> On 14 February 2009 Martínez fought to a majority draw against [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] [[Kermit Cintron]]. The fight was controversial for a number of reasons; during the seventh round Martínez knocked Cintron down with a clean left hand shot and the referee reached the count of ten and waved the fight off. However, this was disputed by Cintron, who claimed that the knockdown was a result of a headbutt but actually the headbutt which Cintron claimed to have happened was actually an extremely powerful and accurate cross from Sergio Martínez. Cintron's protestations led to the referee overturning his decision and the fight continued. The fight went the twelve round distance and the scorecards revealed a draw, many ringside observers felt that the decision was a robbery and that Martínez easily outboxed Cintron and should have gained the victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/columns/story?columnist=rafael_dan&id=3909328|title=Martinez robbed of win against Cintron|date=16 February 2009|publisher=ESPN|access-date=19 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221055943/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/columns/story?columnist=rafael_dan%26id=3909328|archive-date=21 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 May 2009, WBC light middleweight champion [[Vernon Forrest]] was stripped of his title due to a rib injury that would leave him out of action indefinitely. Because of the injury and his inability to fight Sergio Martínez, Martínez's interim title was upgraded to full WBC title status. Although the organization also mandated that Martínez face Forrest, that bout would never happen. Less than a month later, Forrest was tragically murdered in Atlanta, GA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=4193977|title=Martinez now jr. middleweight champ|date=21 May 2009|publisher=ESPN|access-date=19 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526075525/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=4193977|archive-date=26 May 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Middleweight===

====Martínez vs. Williams I====
On 5 December 2009 Martínez fought [[Paul Williams (boxer)|Paul Williams]] in a non-title [[middleweight]] bout at [[Atlantic City]]'s [[Boardwalk Hall]] in a fight that was later described as a fight of the year candidate. In the first round Williams and Martínez would both knock each other down once. Martínez would then seem to control the next two rounds with effective power punching. Then Williams seemed to narrowly take control of the fight when he seemingly won rounds 4, 5, 6 and 7 by landing hard left hands to the side of Martínez's head. Rounds 8–10 then signified that the fight would be close on the score-cards when Martínez won those rounds by repeating what he did in rounds 2 and 3. Then in the final 2 rounds (11–12), both fighters began to fade although the exchanges remained very closely contested, although Williams was far more active and therefore would seemingly win those final 2 rounds based on the fact that he was far more active in the last 2 rounds of the fight. That would turn out to be the case as Williams would escape with a majority decision victory with scores of 114–114, 119–110 (for Williams) and 115–113 (for Williams).

====Martínez vs. Pavlik====
After an impressive performance against Paul Williams, Sergio Martínez stayed at middleweight and challenged WBC, WBO, ''The Ring'' and lineal middleweight champion [[Kelly Pavlik]]. The fight took place in Atlantic City's Boardwalk Hall on 17 April 2010. Martínez defeated Pavlik via unanimous decision in a bout which saw Martínez overcome a knockdown in the seventh round and go on to dominate a majority of the remaining rounds in the fight. Pavlik had cuts above both eyes for several rounds, which did not stop bleeding. He said they affected his vision and performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/columns/story?columnist=rafael_dan&id=5107479|title=Martinez proves his worth against Pavlik|date=18 April 2010|publisher=ESPN|access-date=19 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424013628/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/columns/story?columnist=rafael_dan&id=5107479|archive-date=24 April 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Although there was a rematch clause in the contract, Pavlik chose not to enforce it, stating his desire to move up in weight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=5180805|title=Pavlik to move up in weight|date=11 May 2010|publisher=ESPN|access-date=19 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514095817/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=5180805|archive-date=14 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The victory over Pavlik earned Martínez the WBC, WBO, ''Ring'' and lineal middleweight championships.

With Martínez winning the middleweight championship, he was required to make some decisions regarding his conflicting WBC light middleweight title. The sanctioning organizations for boxing recognize that boxers may choose to move up or down in the weight categories, yet they also wish to make all championship belts available to challenge. As such, their rules prohibit a fighter from simultaneously holding belts in multiple divisions. This prohibition includes holding a title with one sanctioning organization while also holding a title in a different weight class with a different organization. Eight weeks after the Pavlik fight, when Martínez failed to announce a preference to be a light middleweight or a middleweight champion (the WBO rules allow ten days to decide), the WBO stripped him of their middleweight title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=5238745|title=WBO strips Martinez of title|date=June 2010|publisher=ESPN|access-date=1 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604035736/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=5238745|archive-date=4 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> A week later, Martínez did inform the WBC that he was willing to vacate their Light Middleweight title and maintain his WBC Middleweight belt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=5294834|title=Martinez stays at middleweight|publisher=ESPN|access-date=16 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620024456/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=5294834|archive-date=20 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Martínez vs. Williams II====
{{See also|Sergio Martinez vs. Paul Williams II}}
On 20 November 2010, Sergio got a chance to avenge his loss to Williams. Both fighters were ranked among the top six pound-for-pound fighters, and Williams came into the fight as the ''Ring'' No. 2 ranked Middleweight. Many speculated that this would be a fight of the year candidate. Approximately one minute into the second round, Martínez knocked Williams out with an over-the-top left hand to retain his title. The knockout was called by many as the knockout of the year.
Williams stated to Max Kellerman after the fight, "He caught me with a punch I did not see."

====Martínez vs. Dzinziruk====
{{See also|Sergio Martinez vs. Sergiy Dzinziruk}}
Sergio Martínez's next fight was against undefeated [[Sergiy Dzindziruk]] on 12 March 2011 at the [[MGM Grand at Foxwoods|Foxwoods Resort Casino]], [[Mashantucket]], winning by TKO in 8 rounds. Dzindziruk, the WBO light middlweight champion, was knocked down five times in the fight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fightnews.com/Boxing/early-results-from-foxwoods-4-78231 |title=Boxing – Martinez KOs Dzinziruk |publisher=Fightnews.com |date=12 March 2011 |access-date=14 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915021930/http://www.fightnews.com/Boxing/early-results-from-foxwoods-4-78231 |archive-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Martinez was also awarded the WBC Diamond belt.

====Martínez vs. Barker====
{{See also|Sergio Martinez vs. Darren Barker}}
Martínez then fought undefeated [[European Boxing Union|EBU]] middleweight champion [[Darren Barker]] on 1 October at the [[Boardwalk Hall]] in [[Atlantic City]]. He knocked Barker out with an extremely powerful right hook and put Barker to his knees in the 11th round.

Many boxing analysts and experts said that Darren Barker has the skills and ring generalship to one day become a champion, but that his skills were not perfected enough to do anything against Martínez. The first few rounds showed that Barker was actually able to make Martínez uncomfortable in the ring and give him more trouble than expected. Throughout the fight, Barker consistently gave Martínez problems, while never hurting him or really ever winning any of the rounds, he gave Martínez a challenge by coming in but not giving much offence to let Martínez counter or land anything clean. He also managed to get Martínez's nose to bleed early in the rounds by an upper-cut. Martínez, however, fought through the difficulty and eventually found openings which led to a knock-out of Barker, in the 11th with a right [[hook (boxing)|hook]].

====Martínez vs. Macklin====
{{See also|Sergio Martinez vs. Matthew Macklin}}
Sergio successfully defended his ''The Ring'' title against the No. 3 Ring Middleweight [[Matthew Macklin]] of Ireland on 17 March 2012 at the [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City. Macklin was coming off a very impressive performance against middleweight champion [[Felix Sturm]] prior his fight with Martínez, a fight that many felt Macklin won, but he lost a controversial decision to Sturm in Germany. Macklin unexpectedly threw vigorous hooks and jabs that left Martínez behind on the scorecards and left Martínez in a sense of urgency. The [[Madison Square Garden]] crowd was largely pro-Macklin. The fight was featured on [[BBC]]'s boxing schedule for 2011:
"18: Madison Square Garden, New York City, Sergio Martinez beat Matthew Macklin by 11th-round KO (The Ring middleweight). ".

Martínez struggled in the first half of the fight, with Macklin able to time Martínez very well, which neutralized much of Sergio's offensive attack (and would even score a knock-down on Martínez in the seventh round). Martínez was able to turn the tide in the later rounds, finding his range with his left hand. After scoring two knockdowns in the 11th, Macklin's corner stopped the fight shortly before the 12th round.

====Martínez vs. Chávez Jr.====
{{multiple image
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| footer = Martínez being awarded the [[Olimpia Award|Olimpia de Oro]] for 2012
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This fight was notable in that the WBC did not initially want Chávez Jr. to fight Martinez. Chávez Jr.'s godfather was the head of WBC and refused to allow the fight, even after a unanimous vote to allow the unbeaten champion to fight the current title holder.

Martinez prepped for this fight against Chavez Jr. in Oxnard, California training under his career long coach, Gabriel Sarmiento. Martínez fought [[Julio César Chávez Jr.]] on 15 September 2012, at the [[Thomas & Mack Center]] in [[Paradise, Nevada]] for Chávez Jr.'s [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Middleweight title. Martínez won by unanimous decision after surviving a 12th round knock down following a dominant performance over the first 11 rounds. [[ESPN]], and [[The Los Angeles Times]] all gave round-by-round reports on the fight.

Martínez out worked and out landed Chávez throughout the first 11 rounds of the fight, in dominating fashion. Though Chávez had his moments trapping Martínez in the corner on the ropes, Martínez fought Chávez and used his fast lateral movement to avoid and neutralize Chávez' offensive attack. Chávez hurt Martinez in the 12th round, sending him to the canvas halfway through the round. Martínez got up with a little over one minute left in the fight, and rather than clinch or hold on to Chávez, Martínez continued to throw and trade blows with the Mexican. Despite being fatigued and clearly hurt, Sergio Martínez managed to survive the thrilling 12th round without holding. Martínez won the fight by unanimous decision, by the scores of 117–110, 118–109, and 118–109. After the fight, it was revealed that Martínez had broken his left hand (as early as the 4th round) and torn his right meniscus, the latter of which would require surgery.<ref>Rafael, Dan (19 September 2012). [http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/8400870/middleweight-titlist-sergio-martinez-faces-knee-surgery Multiple injuries idle Sergio Martinez] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029124729/http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/8400870/middleweight-titlist-sergio-martinez-faces-knee-surgery |date=29 October 2012 }}, ''[[ESPN.com]]''. Retrieved 17 November 2012.</ref><ref>Rafael, Dan (17 October 2012). [http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/8514426/middleweight-world-champion-sergio-martinez-decides-undergo-surgery Sergio Martinez to Have Knee Surgery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113224015/http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/8514426/middleweight-world-champion-sergio-martinez-decides-undergo-surgery |date=13 November 2012 }}, ''[[ESPN.com]]''. Retrieved 17 November 2012.</ref>

After the fight, Chávez tested positive for [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]].<ref>ESPN staff (20 September 2012). [http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/sport/story/170999.html Chavez fails drug test after Martinez defeat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021190125/http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/sport/story/170999.html |date=21 October 2012 }}, ''ESPN.co.uk''. Retrieved 17 November 2012.</ref> As a result, he received a fine of $20,000 and was indefinitely suspended by the [[World Boxing Council]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenewsstar.com/usatoday/article/1615363&usatref=sportsmod?odyssey=mod%7Cnewswell%7Ctext%7CSports%7Cp|title=Julio Cesar Chavez Jr. fined $20K, suspended by WBC|work=TheNewsStar|publisher=2012 www.thenewsstar.com|date=5 October 2012|access-date=6 October 2012|author=Bob Velin|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113190928/http://www.thenewsstar.com/usatoday/article/1615363%26usatref%3Dsportsmod?odyssey=mod%7Cnewswell%7Ctext%7CSports%7Cp|archive-date=13 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Martínez vs. Murray====
After his surgery, Martínez confirmed his next title defense would take place in his native [[Argentina]],<ref>Rafael, Dan (14 November 2012). [http://espn.go.com/blog/dan-rafael/post/_/id/2389/martinez-surgery-absolutely-perfect Surgery for Martinez 'perfect'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117044244/http://espn.go.com/blog/dan-rafael/post/_/id/2389/martinez-surgery-absolutely-perfect |date=17 November 2012 }}, ''[[ESPN.com]]''. Retrieved 17 November 2012.</ref> in what would be his first fight in his home country since leaving for Spain in 2002. News agency [[Reuters]] reported that Martínez could make his first title defense against British fighter [[Martin Murray (boxer)|Martin Murray]] on 27 April 2013 in [[Argentina]].<ref>Gowar, Rex (11 November 2012). [http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-boxing-argentina-martinez-idUKBRE8AA0ID20121111 Martinez to defend title against Briton Murray – reports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522160129/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/11/11/uk-boxing-argentina-martinez-idUKBRE8AA0ID20121111 |date=22 May 2014 }}, [[Reuters]]. Retrieved 17 November 2012.</ref> Martínez defeated ''Ring'' Top 10 Middleweight [[Martin Murray (boxer)|Martin Murray]] by a controversial unanimous decision. Many observers stated that there had been a clear deterioration in Martínez since the Chávez Jr. bout.

====Martínez vs. Cotto====
After a series of setbacks including further surgeries on his knees, Martínez fought again over a year after the Murray fight, losing his WBC, ''The Ring'' and lineal middleweight titles to three-division former world champion [[Miguel Cotto]] on 7 June 2014, at [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York City]]. It was evident straight away that Martinez's legs were not there, even with knee braces on and clearly visible, Cotto knocked Martínez down three times in the first round. After the first round however, he began to make the fight competitive with Cotto. He continued to fight back until round nine when Martínez went down once again. Following the ninth round, trainer Pablo Sarmiento decided to call off the fight prior to the tenth round while still in the corner, against the urging of Martínez. According to reports, Sarmiento told Martínez "Champion, your knees are not responding. Sergio, look at me ... I'm gonna stop this one. Sergio, you are the best for me. You'll always be the best champion, Sergio."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grantland.com/the-triangle/miguel-cotto-sergio-martinez-middleweight-championship-floyd-mayweather-jr-canelo-alvarez-madison-square-garden|title=Miguel Cotto–Sergio Martinez: The End of Maravilla|first=Rafe|last=Bartholomew|date=9 June 2014|access-date=17 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715060450/http://grantland.com/the-triangle/miguel-cotto-sergio-martinez-middleweight-championship-floyd-mayweather-jr-canelo-alvarez-madison-square-garden/|archive-date=15 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the bout, Martínez stated that he wanted to continue his boxing career, and expressed his desire to fight against [[Manny Pacquiao]] and [[Floyd Mayweather Jr.]] However, on 13 June 2015, Martínez announced his retirement from boxing at the age of 40, stating that both aging and knee injuries were the causes for his decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/sergio-martinez-announces-retirement-from-boxing--92290|title=Sergio Martinez Announces Retirement From Boxing}}</ref> Since 2020, Martinez has had a succession of comeback fights and is currently ranked in the top 10 at age 47.

==Personal life==
Martinez still resides in [[Madrid]], Spain. He is divorced and once dated sports commentator [[Silvana Carsetti]].<ref name="tiempodesanjuan">{{cite web|url=http://www.tiempodesanjuan.com/notas/2012/10/13/iria-revancha-maravilla-19238.asp|title=No sé si iría a la revancha de Maravilla – Tiempo de San Juan|publisher=tiempodesanjuan.com|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116201039/http://www.tiempodesanjuan.com/notas/2012/10/13/iria-revancha-maravilla-19238.asp|archive-date=16 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Activism===
Martinez has been presented with an award for helping [[bullying|bullied]] children. He has also championed the cause of stopping [[domestic violence against women]]. He attended a news conference to support legislation involving the [[Violence Against Women Act]]. Martinez was quoted as saying: "With domestic violence, no one wanted to touch the subject with a 10-foot pole. I was interested in the issue that a boxer, who dishes out violence, could also be thoughtful and do something and people would listen to someone like me. I thought I could have the most impact by speaking out on the issue."<ref name="bullying" />

==Professional boxing record==
{{BoxingRecordSummary
|draws=2
|ko-wins=31
|ko-losses=2
|dec-wins=24
|dec-losses=1
|dq-wins=1
|dq-losses=
}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Result
!Record
!Opponent
!Type
!Round, time
!Date
!Location
!Notes
|-
|62
|{{yes2}}Win
|57–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"|Jhon Teherán
|KO
|1 (12), {{small|1:27}}
|21 Mar 2023
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Estadio Luna Park]], [[Ciudad de Buenos Aires]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|61
|{{yes2}}Win
|56–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"|Noah Kidd
|KO
|2 (8), {{small|2:35}}
|11 Dec 2022
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Caribe Royale Orlando, [[Orlando, Florida]], US}}
|
|-
|60
|{{yes2}}Win
|55–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"|McCauley McGowan
|UD
|10
|27 Jan 2022
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid|WiZink Center]], Madrid, Spain}}
|
|-
|59
|{{yes2}}Win
|54–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Brian Rose (boxer)|Brian Rose]]
|UD
|10
|25 Sep 2021
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Valdemoro, Madrid, Spain}}
|
|-
|58
|{{yes2}}Win
|53–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Jussi Koivula]]
|TKO
|9 (10), {{small|0:36}}
|19 Dec 2020
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Bolera Severino Prieto, Torrelavega, Spain}}
|
|-
|57
|{{yes2}}Win
|52–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"| Jose Miguel Fandiño
|TKO
|7 (10), {{small|1:51}}
|21 Aug 2020
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|El Malecon, [[Torrelavega]], Spain}}
|
|-
|56
|{{no2}}Loss
|51–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Miguel Cotto]]
|RTD
|10 (12), {{small|0:06}}
|7 Jun 2014
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Madison Square Garden]], New York City, New York, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Lost WBC and ''The Ring'' middleweight titles}}
|-
|55
|{{yes2}}Win
|51–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Martin Murray (boxer)|Martin Murray]]
|UD
|12
|27 Apr 2013
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[José Amalfitani Stadium]], Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC and ''The Ring'' middleweight titles}}
|-
|54
|{{yes2}}Win
|50–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Julio César Chávez Jr.]]
|UD
|12
|15 Sep 2012
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Thomas & Mack Center]], Paradise, Nevada, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained ''The Ring'' middleweight title; Won WBC middleweight title}}
|-
|53
|{{yes2}}Win
|49–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Matthew Macklin]]
|RTD
|11 (12), {{small|3:00}}
|[[Sergio Martínez vs. Matthew Macklin|17 Mar 2012]]
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[The Theater at Madison Square Garden]], New York City, New York, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained ''The Ring'' middleweight title}}
|-
|52
|{{yes2}}Win
|48–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Darren Barker]]
|KO
|11 (12), {{small|1:29}}
|[[Sergio Martínez vs. Darren Barker|1 Oct 2011]]
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained ''The Ring'' middleweight title}}
|-
|51
|{{yes2}}Win
|47–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Sergiy Dzinziruk]]
|TKO
|8 (12), {{small|1:43}}
|[[Sergio Martínez vs. Sergiy Dzinziruk|12 Mar 2011]]
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Foxwoods Resort Casino]], [[Ledyard, Connecticut]], U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained ''The Ring'' middleweight title}}
|-
|50
|{{yes2}}Win
|46–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Paul Williams (boxer)|Paul Williams]]
|KO
|2 (12), {{small|1:10}}
|[[Sergio Martínez vs. Paul Williams II|20 Nov 2010]]
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC and ''The Ring'' middleweight titles}}
|-
|49
|{{yes2}}Win
|45–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Kelly Pavlik]]
|UD
|12
|17 Apr 2010
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won [[list of WBC world champions#Middleweight|WBC]], [[list of WBO world champions#Middleweight|WBO]], and [[list of The Ring world champions#Middleweight|''The Ring'' middleweight titles]]}}
|-
|48
|{{no2}}Loss
|44–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Paul Williams (boxer)|Paul Williams]]
|{{abbr|MD|Majority decision}}
|12
|5 Dec 2009
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Boardwalk Hall]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|47
|{{draw}}Draw
|44–1–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Kermit Cintrón]]
|{{abbr|MD|Majority draw}}
|12
|14 Feb 2009
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[BankAtlantic Center]], [[Sunrise, Florida]], U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC interim super welterweight title}}
|-
|46
|{{yes2}}Win
|44–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Alex Bunema
|RTD
|8 (12), {{small|3:00}}
|4 Oct 2008
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Pechanga Resort & Casino]], [[Temecula, California]], U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won vacant WBC [[interim championship|interim]] super welterweight title}}
|-
|45
|{{yes2}}Win
|43–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Archak TerMeliksetian
|TKO
|7 (10), {{small|2:14}}
|7 Jun 2008
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Mohegan Sun Arena]], [[Montville, Connecticut]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|44
|{{yes2}}Win
|42–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| David Toribio
|UD
|4
|16 Feb 2008
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[MGM Grand Garden Arena]], Paradise, Nevada, U.S.}}
|
|-
|43
|{{yes2}}Win
|41–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Russell Jordan
|TKO
|4 (10), {{small|0:59}}
|6 Dec 2007
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Paradise Theater (Bronx)|Paradise Theater]], [[New York City, New York]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|42
|{{yes2}}Win
|40–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Pavel Florin Madalin
|RTD
|4 (6), {{small|3:00}}
|6 Oct 2007
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Polideportivo Sage 2000, Madrid, Spain}}
|
|-
|41
|{{yes2}}Win
|39–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Saúl Román]]
|KO
|4 (12), {{small|2:25}}
|27 Apr 2007
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Grand Plaza Hotel, [[Houston, Texas]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|40
|{{yes2}}Win
|38–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Oliver Tchinda
|KO
|5 (8)
|7 Oct 2006
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Pabellón La Solidaridad, [[Fuenlabrada]], Spain}}
|
|-
|39
|{{yes2}}Win
|37–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Vasile Surcica
|UD
|12
|26 May 2006
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Poliesportiu Insular Blanca Dona, [[Ibiza]]}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC Latino super welterweight title}}
|-
|38
|{{yes2}}Win
|36–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Presente Brito
|TKO
|1 (8)
|1 Apr 2006
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estadio Rayo Vallecano, Madrid, Spain}}
|
|-
|37
|{{yes2}}Win
|35–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Tamaz Tskrialashvili
|RTD
|6 (8)
|4 Nov 2005
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|La Cubierta, Leganés, Spain}}
|
|-
|36
|{{yes2}}Win
|34–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Alvaro Moreno Gamboa
|KO
|2 (12)
|5 Oct 2005
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[La Línea de la Concepción]], Spain}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC Latino super welterweight title}}
|-
|35
|{{yes2}}Win
|33–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Albert Airapetian
|KO
|11 (12)
|4 Mar 2005
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[León, Spain|León]], Spain}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Latino super welterweight title}}
|-
|34
|{{yes2}}Win
|32–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Jorge Teixeira Pina
|TKO
|5 (8), {{small|0:23}}
|7 Jan 2005
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Pabellón Municipal, [[Lugo]], Spain}}
|
|-
|33
|{{yes2}}Win
|31–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Richard Williams (boxer)|Richard Williams]]
|RTD
|9 (12)
|17 Apr 2004
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[King's Hall, Belfast|King's Hall]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained IBO super welterweight title}}
|-
|32
|{{yes2}}Win
|30–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Adrian Stone
|KO
|12 (12), {{small|1:50}}
|9 Oct 2003
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Whitchurch Leisure Centre, [[Bristol]], England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained IBO super welterweight title}}
|-
|31
|{{yes2}}Win
|29–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Richard Williams (boxer)|Richard Williams]]
|UD
|12
|21 Jun 2003
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[MEN Arena]], [[Manchester]], England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won [[list of IBO world champions#Super welterweight|IBO super welterweight title]]}}
|-
|30
|{{yes2}}Win
|28–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Frank Oppong
|UD
|8
|9 May 2003
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|La Cubierta Palazo de Toros, [[Leganés]], Spain}}
|
|-
|29
|{{yes2}}Win
|27–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Miguel Angel Perez
|KO
|1 (8)
|7 Feb 2003
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Cubierta de Leganes, [[Madrid]], Spain}}
|
|-
|28
|{{yes2}}Win
|26–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Vasile Surcica
|UD
|8
|12 Jul 2002
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Campo de Futbol Las Americas, [[Parla]], Spain}}
|
|-
|27
|{{yes2}}Win
|25–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Alvaro Moreno Gamboa
|UD
|8
|26 Apr 2002
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Barcelona]], Spain}}
|
|-
|26
|{{yes2}}Win
|24–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Francisco Antonio Mora
|UD
|10
|2 Feb 2002
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estadio FAB, Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|
|-
|25
|{{yes2}}Win
|23–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Sergio Ernesto Acuna
|TKO
|7 (12), {{small|1:47}}
|27 Oct 2001
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estadio FAB, Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained ABF welterweight title}}
|-
|24
|{{yes2}}Win
|22–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Javier Alejandro Blanco
|UD
|10
|8 Sep 2001
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estadio FAB, Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won vacant [[Argentina Boxing Federation|ABF]] welterweight title}}
|-
|23
|{{yes2}}Win
|21–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Enrique Areco
|RTD
|8 (8), {{small|0:01}}
|14 Jul 2001
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Ce.De.M. N° 2, [[Caseros, Buenos Aires|Caseros]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|22
|{{yes2}}Win
|20–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Elbio Felipe Gonzlaez
|TKO
|6 (10)
|19 May 2001
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Nueve de Julio, Buenos Aires Province|Nueve de Julio]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|21
|{{yes2}}Win
|19–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Adrian Walter Daneff
|{{abbr|KO|Knockout}}
|4 (12)
|16 Jun 2000
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won vacant [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] Latino [[welterweight]] title}}
|-
|20
|{{yes2}}Win
|18–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Javier Alejandro Blanco
|UD
|8
|5 May 2000
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Santa Rosa, La Pampa|Santa Rosa]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|19
|{{yes2}}Win
|17–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Raul Eduardo Bejarano
|UD
|6
|15 Apr 2000
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|
|-
|18
|{{no2}}Loss
|16–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Antonio Margarito]]
|TKO
|7 (10), {{small|2:57}}
|[[Érik Morales vs. Marco Antonio Barrera|19 Feb 2000]]
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Mandalay Bay Events Center]], [[Paradise, Nevada]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|17
|{{yes2}}Win
|16–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Paulo Alejandro Sanchez
|UD
|10
|22 Oct 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|
|-
|16
|{{yes2}}Win
|15–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Silvio Walter Rojas
|UD
|10
|9 Oct 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Círculo General Belgrano, [[Ciudad Evita]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|15
|{{yes2}}Win
|14–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Walter Fabian Saporiti
|TKO
|2 (8)
|11 Sep 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|
|-
|14
|{{yes2}}Win
|13–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Ariel Gabriel Chaves
|UD
|10
|28 Aug 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|
|-
|13
|{{yes2}}Win
|12–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Paulo Alejandro Sanchez
|UD
|10
|17 Jul 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Villa Dominico]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|12
|{{yes2}}Win
|11–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Silvio Walter Rojas
|UD
|10
|26 Jun 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|
|-
|11
|{{yes2}}Win
|10–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Elio Vaca Anglarill
|UD
|8
|15 May 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|
|-
|10
|{{yes2}}Win
|9–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Jose Antonio Perez
|UD
|8
|17 Apr 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|
|-
|9
|{{yes2}}Win
|8–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Ignacio Ramon Caceres
|RTD
|4 (6)
|19 Mar 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club [[Argentino de Quilmes]], [[Quilmes]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|8
|{{yes2}}Win
|7–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Arnaldo Gabriel Molina
|RTD
|5 (6)
|5 Mar 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Mar del Plata]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|7
|{{yes2}}Win
|6–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Gabriel Leonidas Leiva
|TKO
|3 (8)
|4 Dec 1998
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estudios [[Canal 9 (Argentina)|Canal 9]], Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|
|-
|6
|{{yes2}}Win
|5–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Luis Alberto Baldomir
|{{abbr|RTD|Corner retirement}}
|5 (6)
|4 Sep 1998
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estadio FAB, Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|
|-
|5
|{{yes2}}Win
|4–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Juan Mauricio Marino
|UD
|6
|22 Aug 1998
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estadio FAB, Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|
|-
|4
|{{yes2}}Win
|3–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Mario Javier Nieva
|{{abbr|UD|Unanimous decision}}
|6
|25 Jul 1998
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estadio FAB, Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|
|-
|3
|{{draw}}Draw
|2–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Mario Javier Nieva
|{{abbr|PTS|Points decision}}
|4
|14 Mar 1998
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estudios [[América TV]], [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|2
|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Julio Cesar Villalva
|{{abbr|TKO|Technical knockout}}
|1 (6)
|20 Feb 1998
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Cipolletti]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|1
|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Cristian Marcelo Vivas
|{{abbr|DQ|Disqualification}}
|2 (6)
|27 Dec 1997
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Ituzaingó, Buenos Aires|Ituzaingó]], Argentina}}
|
|}

==Pay-per-view bouts==
{| class="wikitable"
! Date !! Fight !! Billing !! Buys !! Network
|-
|align=center|{{dts|2012|September |15|format=dmy}}
|'''Chávez Jr.''' vs. '''Martínez'''
|Chavez Jr.-Martínez
|475,000
|[[HBO]]
|-
|align=center|{{dts|2014|June|7|format=dmy}}
|'''Cotto''' vs. '''Martínez'''
|Cotto-Martínez
|350,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/11126080/miguel-cotto-sergio-martinez-promotors-say-pay-per-views-subpar |title=Cotto-Martinez PPV 'underperformed' |date=24 June 2014 |publisher=Espn.go.com |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160229/http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/11126080/miguel-cotto-sergio-martinez-promotors-say-pay-per-views-subpar |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[HBO]]
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of world light-middleweight boxing champions]]
*[[List of world middleweight boxing champions]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Boxrec|id=14429}}

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{{Ring magazine Fighter of the Year}}
{{Sugar Ray Robinson Award}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martinez, Sergio}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Avellaneda]]
[[Category:Bailando por un Sueño (Argentine TV series) participants]]
[[Category:People from Quilmes]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Oxnard, California]]
[[Category:Argentine male boxers]]
[[Category:Southpaw boxers]]
[[Category:Argentine people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain]]
[[Category:World Boxing Council champions]]
[[Category:World Boxing Organization champions]]
[[Category:World middleweight boxing champions]]
[[Category:The Ring (magazine) champions]]
[[Category:Welterweight boxers]]
[[Category:World light-middleweight boxing champions]]
[[Category:International Boxing Organization champions]]

Sergio Martínez (boxer)

2023-03-22T07:49:28Z

Tangoludwig: Updated record

{{short description|Argentine boxer}}
{{Other people|Sergio Martinez}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox boxer
| name = Sergio Martínez
| image = Sergio Gabriel Martínez open workout 2 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Martínez in 2011
| realname = Sergio Gabriel Martínez
| nickname = ''Maravilla'' ("Marvel")
| weight = {{plainlist|
*[[Welterweight]]
*[[Light middleweight]]
*[[Middleweight]]
}}
| height = 5 ft 10 in
| reach = 73 in
| nationality = Argentine
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1975|2|21}}
| birth_place = [[Avellaneda]], [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], Argentina
| style = [[Southpaw stance|Southpaw]]
| total = 61
| wins = 56
| KO = 31
| losses = 3
| draws = 2
}}

'''Sergio Gabriel Martínez''' (born 21 February 1975) is an Argentine [[professional boxer]]. He has held world championships in two [[weight class (boxing)|weight classes]], including the [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] [[super welterweight]] title from 2009 to 2010; and the [[unified champion|unified]] WBC, [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]], ''[[The Ring (magazine)|Ring]]'' magazine and [[lineal championship|lineal]] [[middleweight]] titles between 2010 and 2014. With six successful defenses of the ''Ring'' and lineal middleweight titles, Martínez's 50-month reign as champion ranks as one of the longest in the history of that weight class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/middle.htm|title=The Lineal Middleweight Champions|publisher=The Cyber Boxing Zone Encyclopedia|access-date=18 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611032401/http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/middle.htm|archive-date=11 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2010 he was granted the [[Konex Award]] Merit Diploma as one of the five best boxers of the last decade in Argentina.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fundacionkonex.org/b4218-sergio-martinez|title=Sergio Martínez - Premio Konex: Diploma al Mérito 2010|language=es}}</ref> In 2011, Martínez reached a career high ranking as the world's third best active boxer, [[pound for pound]], behind [[Floyd Mayweather Jr.]] and [[Manny Pacquiao]], as voted by most sporting news and boxing publications, including ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', [[ESPN]], [[Yahoo! Sports]], and ''The Ring''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Iole |first=Kevin |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/box/news;_ylt=Agb5zRlQDI76VGWKp9zwfB6UxLYF?slug=ki-iole_boxing_rankings_heavyweights_emerge_051711 |title=Rankings: Heavyweight isn't deadweight – Boxing – Yahoo! Sports |publisher=Sports.yahoo.com |access-date=14 November 2011}}</ref> In 2010 he received Fighter of the Year awards by both ''[[The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year|The Ring]]'' and the [[Sugar Ray Robinson Award|Boxing Writers Association of America]], as well as ''The Ring'''s [[Ring Magazine knockouts of the year|Knockout of the Year]] for his rematch victory against [[Paul Williams (boxer)|Paul Williams]]. The WBC named him their Boxer of the Year in 2010 and 2012.<ref name="thesweetscience">{{cite web|url=http://www.thesweetscience.com/news/articles/15916-sergio-martinez-is-wbc-boxer-of-the-year|title=Sergio Martinez Is WBC Boxer of the Year|date=3 January 2013|publisher=thesweetscience.com|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227054030/http://www.thesweetscience.com/news/articles/15916-sergio-martinez-is-wbc-boxer-of-the-year|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[southpaw stance|southpaw]], Martínez was known as a fast and athletic fighter and his style has been described as "crowd-pleasing",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crunchsports.com/category/Boxing/Sergio-Martinez-v-Sergiy-Dzinziruk-201103100051/|title=Sergio Martinez v Sergiy Dzinziruk preview|publisher=Crunch Sports|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701170028/http://www.crunchsports.com/category/Boxing/Sergio-Martinez-v-Sergiy-Dzinziruk-201103100051/|archive-date=1 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> partly because of his tendency to fight with his hands down when out of his opponents' range.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.badlefthook.com/2010/4/18/1429499/final-thoughts-on-pavlik-martinez|title=Final Thoughts on Pavlik-Martinez|date=18 April 2010|publisher=Bad Left Hook|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007160837/http://www.badlefthook.com/2010/4/18/1429499/final-thoughts-on-pavlik-martinez|archive-date=7 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

Outside the ring, Martínez has been an active spokesperson in the fight against bullying and domestic violence against women. He is the author of a book, ''Corazón de Rey'' ("Heart of a King"),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hojasdelsur.com/Corazon-de-Rey.html |title=Hojas del Sur :: Libros :: Motivación :: Corazón de Rey |access-date=2014-07-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625083517/http://hojasdelsur.com/Corazon-de-Rey.html |archive-date=25 June 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and is said to be working on a second book.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/sampson-aims-sergio-martinez-meeting-on-future--79461|title=Sampson Aims For Sergio Martinez Meeting on Future}}</ref>

==Early life==

Sergio Martínez was born on 21 February 1975 in [[Avellaneda]] to parents Hugo Alberto Martínez and Susana Griselda.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120311125110/http://www.dbe1.com/node/77 Sergio "Maravilla" Martinez]. dbe1.com</ref> Shortly afterwards the family relocated to the nearby city of [[Quilmes]], which is also in the [[Buenos Aires Province]]. His father worked as a construction worker and metal worker, a trade which Sergio Martínez joined along with his two brothers, Sebastian and Hugo Jr. Martínez was [[bullying|bullied]] as a child in his "dirt-poor rural village."<ref name="bullying">{{cite news |title=Martinez champions fight against bullying outside the ring |author=Bob Velin |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/boxing/story/2012-03-13/boxing-martinez/53540206/1 |newspaper=[[USA TODAY]] |date=15 March 2012 |access-date=6 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411172419/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/boxing/story/2012-03-13/boxing-martinez/53540206/1 |archive-date=11 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Before boxing, Martínez was a keen cyclist and [[association football|football]] player and it was not until 1995 that he decided he would become a boxer. After being trained by his uncle, Ruben Paniagua, Martínez began boxing as an amateur and compiled a record of 39–2 (39 wins to 2 losses), the losses came by way of majority decision and knockout. His boxing career suffered a major setback in August 1996 when he broke his left hand, forcing him out of the sport for a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doghouseboxing.com/DHB/Montoya113010.htm|title=Sergio Martinez Part One: A King Goes in Search of his Crown|publisher=Dog House Boxing|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211121009/http://www.doghouseboxing.com/DHB/Montoya113010.htm|archive-date=11 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Although he considered competing for Argentina at the 2000 Olympics, he decided that he was too old to wait the two and a half years and chose to turn professional in December 1997.<ref name="Doghouse">{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/blog/124735-sergio-martinez-better-late-than-never|title=Sergio Martinez: Better late than never|publisher=The Ring|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810221246/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/blog/124735-sergio-martinez-better-late-than-never|archive-date=10 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Professional career==

===Early years in Argentina===
Martínez at the age of 22, had his first professional fight on 27 December 1997 in [[Ituzaingó, Buenos Aires|Ituzaingo]], Buenos Aires, Argentina. The opponent for his professional debut, Cristian Marcelo Vivas, was disqualified in the second round, giving Martínez his first win. Martínez fought the first 17 fights of his career in his native Argentina, compiling a record of 16–0–1. The only blemish on his record at this point occurred in his third fight, a draw against Mario Javier Nieva over four rounds. Martínez rematched Nieva four months later and won a six-round unanimous decision.<ref name="Boxrec">{{cite web|author=Boxrec|title=Sergio Gabriel Martinez|work=Boxrec Fighter Page|url=http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=14429&cat=boxer|access-date=26 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919210616/http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=14429&cat=boxer|archive-date=19 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

After facing a relatively low level of opposition for his first 17 fights in Argentina, Martínez fought abroad for the first time, travelling to the United States to face [[Antonio Margarito]] on the undercard to the first [[Érik Morales]] vs [[Marco Antonio Barrera]] bout. The fight took place on 19 February 2000 at the [[Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino|Mandalay Bay]] in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]. The contest started badly for Martínez as Margarito scored a knockdown in the first round. Although Martínez recovered and had some success in the early rounds, he was hurt by a number of punches in round seven leading to a stoppage by the referee, thus handing Martínez his first loss. Following the Margarito fight, Martínez returned to Argentina and fought eight times, all victories, from April 2000 – February 2002. During this run of fights he won the Argentina [[welterweight]] title after outpointing Javier Alejandro Blanco. He successfully defended the title once, knocking out Sergio Ernesto Acuna in the seventh round, before being stripped of the title.<ref name="Boxrec"/>

===Relocation to Spain===
After his final fight in Argentina, a February 2002 win over Francisco Mora, Martínez decided to relocate to Spain. It was there that he began his partnership with his current trainer Gabriel Sarmiento, who worked out of a gym in [[Azuqueca de Henares]]. During his time in Spain, Martínez also worked jobs such as; nightclub bouncer, dishwasher, construction worker and did modelling jobs for Adidas and Nike. From April 2002 – May 2003 he fought four times in Spain, all eight-round fights that he won against weak opposition, two of his opponents had lost their last six fights. This was to change in his next fight however, as he took on Richard Williams in England for the lightly regarded [[International Boxing Organization|IBO]] light middleweight title. Martínez, who entered the ring as an underdog, having had only eight days preparation,<ref name="Doghouse"/><ref name="Doghouse2">{{cite web|url=http://www.doghouseboxing.com/Gabriel/Montoya120210.htm|title=Sergio Martinez Part Two: The General Crowns his King|publisher=The Ring|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211120300/http://www.doghouseboxing.com/Gabriel/Montoya120210.htm|archive-date=11 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> won a unanimous decision. Although Williams scored knockdowns in the second and eleventh rounds, he was close to being stopped in the final round and the scorecards were heavily in Martínez's favour.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/boxing-brodie-defies-eye-damage-to-overpower-argentinian-opponent-541536.html|title=Boxing: Brodie defies eye damage to overpower Argentinian opponent| work= The Independent| access-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> He defended the IBO title twice in the United Kingdom; a twelfth round knock-out victory of Adrian Stone in Bristol was followed by a rematch against Williams in Belfast, on this occasion Williams was stopped in the ninth round. Over the next two and a half years, Martínez won seven fights in a row back in Spain, six of which were against boxers who had losing records.<ref name="Boxrec"/> Soon thereafter, Martínez began to gain recognition and pursue fights in the United States, under the guidance of adviser [[Sampson Lewkowicz]].

===Light middleweight===

====Martínez vs. Cintron====
Martínez claimed the Interim [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] light middleweight championship on 4 October 2008, beating Alex Bunema via an eighth round retirement.<ref name="Boxrec"/> On 14 February 2009 Martínez fought to a majority draw against [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] [[Kermit Cintron]]. The fight was controversial for a number of reasons; during the seventh round Martínez knocked Cintron down with a clean left hand shot and the referee reached the count of ten and waved the fight off. However, this was disputed by Cintron, who claimed that the knockdown was a result of a headbutt but actually the headbutt which Cintron claimed to have happened was actually an extremely powerful and accurate cross from Sergio Martínez. Cintron's protestations led to the referee overturning his decision and the fight continued. The fight went the twelve round distance and the scorecards revealed a draw, many ringside observers felt that the decision was a robbery and that Martínez easily outboxed Cintron and should have gained the victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/columns/story?columnist=rafael_dan&id=3909328|title=Martinez robbed of win against Cintron|date=16 February 2009|publisher=ESPN|access-date=19 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221055943/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/columns/story?columnist=rafael_dan%26id=3909328|archive-date=21 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 May 2009, WBC light middleweight champion [[Vernon Forrest]] was stripped of his title due to a rib injury that would leave him out of action indefinitely. Because of the injury and his inability to fight Sergio Martínez, Martínez's interim title was upgraded to full WBC title status. Although the organization also mandated that Martínez face Forrest, that bout would never happen. Less than a month later, Forrest was tragically murdered in Atlanta, GA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=4193977|title=Martinez now jr. middleweight champ|date=21 May 2009|publisher=ESPN|access-date=19 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526075525/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=4193977|archive-date=26 May 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Middleweight===

====Martínez vs. Williams I====
On 5 December 2009 Martínez fought [[Paul Williams (boxer)|Paul Williams]] in a non-title [[middleweight]] bout at [[Atlantic City]]'s [[Boardwalk Hall]] in a fight that was later described as a fight of the year candidate. In the first round Williams and Martínez would both knock each other down once. Martínez would then seem to control the next two rounds with effective power punching. Then Williams seemed to narrowly take control of the fight when he seemingly won rounds 4, 5, 6 and 7 by landing hard left hands to the side of Martínez's head. Rounds 8–10 then signified that the fight would be close on the score-cards when Martínez won those rounds by repeating what he did in rounds 2 and 3. Then in the final 2 rounds (11–12), both fighters began to fade although the exchanges remained very closely contested, although Williams was far more active and therefore would seemingly win those final 2 rounds based on the fact that he was far more active in the last 2 rounds of the fight. That would turn out to be the case as Williams would escape with a majority decision victory with scores of 114–114, 119–110 (for Williams) and 115–113 (for Williams).

====Martínez vs. Pavlik====
After an impressive performance against Paul Williams, Sergio Martínez stayed at middleweight and challenged WBC, WBO, ''The Ring'' and lineal middleweight champion [[Kelly Pavlik]]. The fight took place in Atlantic City's Boardwalk Hall on 17 April 2010. Martínez defeated Pavlik via unanimous decision in a bout which saw Martínez overcome a knockdown in the seventh round and go on to dominate a majority of the remaining rounds in the fight. Pavlik had cuts above both eyes for several rounds, which did not stop bleeding. He said they affected his vision and performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/columns/story?columnist=rafael_dan&id=5107479|title=Martinez proves his worth against Pavlik|date=18 April 2010|publisher=ESPN|access-date=19 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424013628/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/columns/story?columnist=rafael_dan&id=5107479|archive-date=24 April 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Although there was a rematch clause in the contract, Pavlik chose not to enforce it, stating his desire to move up in weight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=5180805|title=Pavlik to move up in weight|date=11 May 2010|publisher=ESPN|access-date=19 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514095817/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=5180805|archive-date=14 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The victory over Pavlik earned Martínez the WBC, WBO, ''Ring'' and lineal middleweight championships.

With Martínez winning the middleweight championship, he was required to make some decisions regarding his conflicting WBC light middleweight title. The sanctioning organizations for boxing recognize that boxers may choose to move up or down in the weight categories, yet they also wish to make all championship belts available to challenge. As such, their rules prohibit a fighter from simultaneously holding belts in multiple divisions. This prohibition includes holding a title with one sanctioning organization while also holding a title in a different weight class with a different organization. Eight weeks after the Pavlik fight, when Martínez failed to announce a preference to be a light middleweight or a middleweight champion (the WBO rules allow ten days to decide), the WBO stripped him of their middleweight title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=5238745|title=WBO strips Martinez of title|date=June 2010|publisher=ESPN|access-date=1 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604035736/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=5238745|archive-date=4 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> A week later, Martínez did inform the WBC that he was willing to vacate their Light Middleweight title and maintain his WBC Middleweight belt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=5294834|title=Martinez stays at middleweight|publisher=ESPN|access-date=16 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620024456/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=5294834|archive-date=20 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Martínez vs. Williams II====
{{See also|Sergio Martinez vs. Paul Williams II}}
On 20 November 2010, Sergio got a chance to avenge his loss to Williams. Both fighters were ranked among the top six pound-for-pound fighters, and Williams came into the fight as the ''Ring'' No. 2 ranked Middleweight. Many speculated that this would be a fight of the year candidate. Approximately one minute into the second round, Martínez knocked Williams out with an over-the-top left hand to retain his title. The knockout was called by many as the knockout of the year.
Williams stated to Max Kellerman after the fight, "He caught me with a punch I did not see."

====Martínez vs. Dzinziruk====
{{See also|Sergio Martinez vs. Sergiy Dzinziruk}}
Sergio Martínez's next fight was against undefeated [[Sergiy Dzindziruk]] on 12 March 2011 at the [[MGM Grand at Foxwoods|Foxwoods Resort Casino]], [[Mashantucket]], winning by TKO in 8 rounds. Dzindziruk, the WBO light middlweight champion, was knocked down five times in the fight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fightnews.com/Boxing/early-results-from-foxwoods-4-78231 |title=Boxing – Martinez KOs Dzinziruk |publisher=Fightnews.com |date=12 March 2011 |access-date=14 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915021930/http://www.fightnews.com/Boxing/early-results-from-foxwoods-4-78231 |archive-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Martinez was also awarded the WBC Diamond belt.

====Martínez vs. Barker====
{{See also|Sergio Martinez vs. Darren Barker}}
Martínez then fought undefeated [[European Boxing Union|EBU]] middleweight champion [[Darren Barker]] on 1 October at the [[Boardwalk Hall]] in [[Atlantic City]]. He knocked Barker out with an extremely powerful right hook and put Barker to his knees in the 11th round.

Many boxing analysts and experts said that Darren Barker has the skills and ring generalship to one day become a champion, but that his skills were not perfected enough to do anything against Martínez. The first few rounds showed that Barker was actually able to make Martínez uncomfortable in the ring and give him more trouble than expected. Throughout the fight, Barker consistently gave Martínez problems, while never hurting him or really ever winning any of the rounds, he gave Martínez a challenge by coming in but not giving much offence to let Martínez counter or land anything clean. He also managed to get Martínez's nose to bleed early in the rounds by an upper-cut. Martínez, however, fought through the difficulty and eventually found openings which led to a knock-out of Barker, in the 11th with a right [[hook (boxing)|hook]].

====Martínez vs. Macklin====
{{See also|Sergio Martinez vs. Matthew Macklin}}
Sergio successfully defended his ''The Ring'' title against the No. 3 Ring Middleweight [[Matthew Macklin]] of Ireland on 17 March 2012 at the [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City. Macklin was coming off a very impressive performance against middleweight champion [[Felix Sturm]] prior his fight with Martínez, a fight that many felt Macklin won, but he lost a controversial decision to Sturm in Germany. Macklin unexpectedly threw vigorous hooks and jabs that left Martínez behind on the scorecards and left Martínez in a sense of urgency. The [[Madison Square Garden]] crowd was largely pro-Macklin. The fight was featured on [[BBC]]'s boxing schedule for 2011:
"18: Madison Square Garden, New York City, Sergio Martinez beat Matthew Macklin by 11th-round KO (The Ring middleweight). ".

Martínez struggled in the first half of the fight, with Macklin able to time Martínez very well, which neutralized much of Sergio's offensive attack (and would even score a knock-down on Martínez in the seventh round). Martínez was able to turn the tide in the later rounds, finding his range with his left hand. After scoring two knockdowns in the 11th, Macklin's corner stopped the fight shortly before the 12th round.

====Martínez vs. Chávez Jr.====
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Mauricio Macri entregó Olimpia de Oro a Sergio "Maravilla" Martinez.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Mauricio Macri entregó Olimpia de Oro a Sergio Martinez (cropped).jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = Martínez being awarded the [[Olimpia Award|Olimpia de Oro]] for 2012
| total_width = 220
}}
This fight was notable in that the WBC did not initially want Chávez Jr. to fight Martinez. Chávez Jr.'s godfather was the head of WBC and refused to allow the fight, even after a unanimous vote to allow the unbeaten champion to fight the current title holder.

Martinez prepped for this fight against Chavez Jr. in Oxnard, California training under his career long coach, Gabriel Sarmiento. Martínez fought [[Julio César Chávez Jr.]] on 15 September 2012, at the [[Thomas & Mack Center]] in [[Paradise, Nevada]] for Chávez Jr.'s [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Middleweight title. Martínez won by unanimous decision after surviving a 12th round knock down following a dominant performance over the first 11 rounds. [[ESPN]], and [[The Los Angeles Times]] all gave round-by-round reports on the fight.

Martínez out worked and out landed Chávez throughout the first 11 rounds of the fight, in dominating fashion. Though Chávez had his moments trapping Martínez in the corner on the ropes, Martínez fought Chávez and used his fast lateral movement to avoid and neutralize Chávez' offensive attack. Chávez hurt Martinez in the 12th round, sending him to the canvas halfway through the round. Martínez got up with a little over one minute left in the fight, and rather than clinch or hold on to Chávez, Martínez continued to throw and trade blows with the Mexican. Despite being fatigued and clearly hurt, Sergio Martínez managed to survive the thrilling 12th round without holding. Martínez won the fight by unanimous decision, by the scores of 117–110, 118–109, and 118–109. After the fight, it was revealed that Martínez had broken his left hand (as early as the 4th round) and torn his right meniscus, the latter of which would require surgery.<ref>Rafael, Dan (19 September 2012). [http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/8400870/middleweight-titlist-sergio-martinez-faces-knee-surgery Multiple injuries idle Sergio Martinez] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029124729/http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/8400870/middleweight-titlist-sergio-martinez-faces-knee-surgery |date=29 October 2012 }}, ''[[ESPN.com]]''. Retrieved 17 November 2012.</ref><ref>Rafael, Dan (17 October 2012). [http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/8514426/middleweight-world-champion-sergio-martinez-decides-undergo-surgery Sergio Martinez to Have Knee Surgery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113224015/http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/8514426/middleweight-world-champion-sergio-martinez-decides-undergo-surgery |date=13 November 2012 }}, ''[[ESPN.com]]''. Retrieved 17 November 2012.</ref>

After the fight, Chávez tested positive for [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]].<ref>ESPN staff (20 September 2012). [http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/sport/story/170999.html Chavez fails drug test after Martinez defeat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021190125/http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/sport/story/170999.html |date=21 October 2012 }}, ''ESPN.co.uk''. Retrieved 17 November 2012.</ref> As a result, he received a fine of $20,000 and was indefinitely suspended by the [[World Boxing Council]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenewsstar.com/usatoday/article/1615363&usatref=sportsmod?odyssey=mod%7Cnewswell%7Ctext%7CSports%7Cp|title=Julio Cesar Chavez Jr. fined $20K, suspended by WBC|work=TheNewsStar|publisher=2012 www.thenewsstar.com|date=5 October 2012|access-date=6 October 2012|author=Bob Velin|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113190928/http://www.thenewsstar.com/usatoday/article/1615363%26usatref%3Dsportsmod?odyssey=mod%7Cnewswell%7Ctext%7CSports%7Cp|archive-date=13 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Martínez vs. Murray====
After his surgery, Martínez confirmed his next title defense would take place in his native [[Argentina]],<ref>Rafael, Dan (14 November 2012). [http://espn.go.com/blog/dan-rafael/post/_/id/2389/martinez-surgery-absolutely-perfect Surgery for Martinez 'perfect'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117044244/http://espn.go.com/blog/dan-rafael/post/_/id/2389/martinez-surgery-absolutely-perfect |date=17 November 2012 }}, ''[[ESPN.com]]''. Retrieved 17 November 2012.</ref> in what would be his first fight in his home country since leaving for Spain in 2002. News agency [[Reuters]] reported that Martínez could make his first title defense against British fighter [[Martin Murray (boxer)|Martin Murray]] on 27 April 2013 in [[Argentina]].<ref>Gowar, Rex (11 November 2012). [http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-boxing-argentina-martinez-idUKBRE8AA0ID20121111 Martinez to defend title against Briton Murray – reports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522160129/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/11/11/uk-boxing-argentina-martinez-idUKBRE8AA0ID20121111 |date=22 May 2014 }}, [[Reuters]]. Retrieved 17 November 2012.</ref> Martínez defeated ''Ring'' Top 10 Middleweight [[Martin Murray (boxer)|Martin Murray]] by a controversial unanimous decision. Many observers stated that there had been a clear deterioration in Martínez since the Chávez Jr. bout.

====Martínez vs. Cotto====
After a series of setbacks including further surgeries on his knees, Martínez fought again over a year after the Murray fight, losing his WBC, ''The Ring'' and lineal middleweight titles to three-division former world champion [[Miguel Cotto]] on 7 June 2014, at [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York City]]. It was evident straight away that Martinez's legs were not there, even with knee braces on and clearly visible, Cotto knocked Martínez down three times in the first round. After the first round however, he began to make the fight competitive with Cotto. He continued to fight back until round nine when Martínez went down once again. Following the ninth round, trainer Pablo Sarmiento decided to call off the fight prior to the tenth round while still in the corner, against the urging of Martínez. According to reports, Sarmiento told Martínez "Champion, your knees are not responding. Sergio, look at me ... I'm gonna stop this one. Sergio, you are the best for me. You'll always be the best champion, Sergio."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grantland.com/the-triangle/miguel-cotto-sergio-martinez-middleweight-championship-floyd-mayweather-jr-canelo-alvarez-madison-square-garden|title=Miguel Cotto–Sergio Martinez: The End of Maravilla|first=Rafe|last=Bartholomew|date=9 June 2014|access-date=17 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715060450/http://grantland.com/the-triangle/miguel-cotto-sergio-martinez-middleweight-championship-floyd-mayweather-jr-canelo-alvarez-madison-square-garden/|archive-date=15 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the bout, Martínez stated that he wanted to continue his boxing career, and expressed his desire to fight against [[Manny Pacquiao]] and [[Floyd Mayweather Jr.]] However, on 13 June 2015, Martínez announced his retirement from boxing at the age of 40, stating that both aging and knee injuries were the causes for his decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/sergio-martinez-announces-retirement-from-boxing--92290|title=Sergio Martinez Announces Retirement From Boxing}}</ref> Since 2020, Martinez has had a succession of comeback fights and is currently ranked in the top 10 at age 47.

==Personal life==
Martinez still resides in [[Madrid]], Spain. He is divorced and once dated sports commentator [[Silvana Carsetti]].<ref name="tiempodesanjuan">{{cite web|url=http://www.tiempodesanjuan.com/notas/2012/10/13/iria-revancha-maravilla-19238.asp|title=No sé si iría a la revancha de Maravilla – Tiempo de San Juan|publisher=tiempodesanjuan.com|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116201039/http://www.tiempodesanjuan.com/notas/2012/10/13/iria-revancha-maravilla-19238.asp|archive-date=16 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Activism===
Martinez has been presented with an award for helping [[bullying|bullied]] children. He has also championed the cause of stopping [[domestic violence against women]]. He attended a news conference to support legislation involving the [[Violence Against Women Act]]. Martinez was quoted as saying: "With domestic violence, no one wanted to touch the subject with a 10-foot pole. I was interested in the issue that a boxer, who dishes out violence, could also be thoughtful and do something and people would listen to someone like me. I thought I could have the most impact by speaking out on the issue."<ref name="bullying" />

==Professional boxing record==
{{BoxingRecordSummary
|draws=2
|ko-wins=31
|ko-losses=2
|dec-wins=24
|dec-losses=1
|dq-wins=1
|dq-losses=
}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Result
!Record
!Opponent
!Type
!Round, time
!Date
!Location
!Notes
|-
|62
|{{yes2}}Win
|57–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"|Jhon Teherán
|KO
|2 (8), {{small|1:27}}
|21 Mar 2023
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Estadio Luna Park]], [[Ciudad de Buenos Aires]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|61
|{{yes2}}Win
|56–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"|Noah Kidd
|KO
|2 (8), {{small|2:35}}
|11 Dec 2022
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Caribe Royale Orlando, [[Orlando, Florida]], US}}
|
|-
|60
|{{yes2}}Win
|55–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"|McCauley McGowan
|UD
|10
|27 Jan 2022
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid|WiZink Center]], Madrid, Spain}}
|
|-
|59
|{{yes2}}Win
|54–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Brian Rose (boxer)|Brian Rose]]
|UD
|10
|25 Sep 2021
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Valdemoro, Madrid, Spain}}
|
|-
|58
|{{yes2}}Win
|53–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Jussi Koivula]]
|TKO
|9 (10), {{small|0:36}}
|19 Dec 2020
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Bolera Severino Prieto, Torrelavega, Spain}}
|
|-
|57
|{{yes2}}Win
|52–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"| Jose Miguel Fandiño
|TKO
|7 (10), {{small|1:51}}
|21 Aug 2020
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|El Malecon, [[Torrelavega]], Spain}}
|
|-
|56
|{{no2}}Loss
|51–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Miguel Cotto]]
|RTD
|10 (12), {{small|0:06}}
|7 Jun 2014
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Madison Square Garden]], New York City, New York, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Lost WBC and ''The Ring'' middleweight titles}}
|-
|55
|{{yes2}}Win
|51–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Martin Murray (boxer)|Martin Murray]]
|UD
|12
|27 Apr 2013
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[José Amalfitani Stadium]], Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC and ''The Ring'' middleweight titles}}
|-
|54
|{{yes2}}Win
|50–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Julio César Chávez Jr.]]
|UD
|12
|15 Sep 2012
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Thomas & Mack Center]], Paradise, Nevada, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained ''The Ring'' middleweight title; Won WBC middleweight title}}
|-
|53
|{{yes2}}Win
|49–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Matthew Macklin]]
|RTD
|11 (12), {{small|3:00}}
|[[Sergio Martínez vs. Matthew Macklin|17 Mar 2012]]
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[The Theater at Madison Square Garden]], New York City, New York, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained ''The Ring'' middleweight title}}
|-
|52
|{{yes2}}Win
|48–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Darren Barker]]
|KO
|11 (12), {{small|1:29}}
|[[Sergio Martínez vs. Darren Barker|1 Oct 2011]]
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained ''The Ring'' middleweight title}}
|-
|51
|{{yes2}}Win
|47–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Sergiy Dzinziruk]]
|TKO
|8 (12), {{small|1:43}}
|[[Sergio Martínez vs. Sergiy Dzinziruk|12 Mar 2011]]
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Foxwoods Resort Casino]], [[Ledyard, Connecticut]], U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained ''The Ring'' middleweight title}}
|-
|50
|{{yes2}}Win
|46–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Paul Williams (boxer)|Paul Williams]]
|KO
|2 (12), {{small|1:10}}
|[[Sergio Martínez vs. Paul Williams II|20 Nov 2010]]
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC and ''The Ring'' middleweight titles}}
|-
|49
|{{yes2}}Win
|45–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Kelly Pavlik]]
|UD
|12
|17 Apr 2010
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won [[list of WBC world champions#Middleweight|WBC]], [[list of WBO world champions#Middleweight|WBO]], and [[list of The Ring world champions#Middleweight|''The Ring'' middleweight titles]]}}
|-
|48
|{{no2}}Loss
|44–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Paul Williams (boxer)|Paul Williams]]
|{{abbr|MD|Majority decision}}
|12
|5 Dec 2009
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Boardwalk Hall]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|47
|{{draw}}Draw
|44–1–2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Kermit Cintrón]]
|{{abbr|MD|Majority draw}}
|12
|14 Feb 2009
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[BankAtlantic Center]], [[Sunrise, Florida]], U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC interim super welterweight title}}
|-
|46
|{{yes2}}Win
|44–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Alex Bunema
|RTD
|8 (12), {{small|3:00}}
|4 Oct 2008
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Pechanga Resort & Casino]], [[Temecula, California]], U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won vacant WBC [[interim championship|interim]] super welterweight title}}
|-
|45
|{{yes2}}Win
|43–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Archak TerMeliksetian
|TKO
|7 (10), {{small|2:14}}
|7 Jun 2008
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Mohegan Sun Arena]], [[Montville, Connecticut]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|44
|{{yes2}}Win
|42–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| David Toribio
|UD
|4
|16 Feb 2008
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[MGM Grand Garden Arena]], Paradise, Nevada, U.S.}}
|
|-
|43
|{{yes2}}Win
|41–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Russell Jordan
|TKO
|4 (10), {{small|0:59}}
|6 Dec 2007
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Paradise Theater (Bronx)|Paradise Theater]], [[New York City, New York]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|42
|{{yes2}}Win
|40–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Pavel Florin Madalin
|RTD
|4 (6), {{small|3:00}}
|6 Oct 2007
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Polideportivo Sage 2000, Madrid, Spain}}
|
|-
|41
|{{yes2}}Win
|39–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Saúl Román]]
|KO
|4 (12), {{small|2:25}}
|27 Apr 2007
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Grand Plaza Hotel, [[Houston, Texas]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|40
|{{yes2}}Win
|38–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Oliver Tchinda
|KO
|5 (8)
|7 Oct 2006
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Pabellón La Solidaridad, [[Fuenlabrada]], Spain}}
|
|-
|39
|{{yes2}}Win
|37–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Vasile Surcica
|UD
|12
|26 May 2006
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Poliesportiu Insular Blanca Dona, [[Ibiza]]}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC Latino super welterweight title}}
|-
|38
|{{yes2}}Win
|36–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Presente Brito
|TKO
|1 (8)
|1 Apr 2006
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estadio Rayo Vallecano, Madrid, Spain}}
|
|-
|37
|{{yes2}}Win
|35–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Tamaz Tskrialashvili
|RTD
|6 (8)
|4 Nov 2005
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|La Cubierta, Leganés, Spain}}
|
|-
|36
|{{yes2}}Win
|34–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Alvaro Moreno Gamboa
|KO
|2 (12)
|5 Oct 2005
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[La Línea de la Concepción]], Spain}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC Latino super welterweight title}}
|-
|35
|{{yes2}}Win
|33–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Albert Airapetian
|KO
|11 (12)
|4 Mar 2005
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[León, Spain|León]], Spain}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Latino super welterweight title}}
|-
|34
|{{yes2}}Win
|32–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Jorge Teixeira Pina
|TKO
|5 (8), {{small|0:23}}
|7 Jan 2005
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Pabellón Municipal, [[Lugo]], Spain}}
|
|-
|33
|{{yes2}}Win
|31–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Richard Williams (boxer)|Richard Williams]]
|RTD
|9 (12)
|17 Apr 2004
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[King's Hall, Belfast|King's Hall]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained IBO super welterweight title}}
|-
|32
|{{yes2}}Win
|30–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Adrian Stone
|KO
|12 (12), {{small|1:50}}
|9 Oct 2003
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Whitchurch Leisure Centre, [[Bristol]], England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained IBO super welterweight title}}
|-
|31
|{{yes2}}Win
|29–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Richard Williams (boxer)|Richard Williams]]
|UD
|12
|21 Jun 2003
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[MEN Arena]], [[Manchester]], England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won [[list of IBO world champions#Super welterweight|IBO super welterweight title]]}}
|-
|30
|{{yes2}}Win
|28–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Frank Oppong
|UD
|8
|9 May 2003
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|La Cubierta Palazo de Toros, [[Leganés]], Spain}}
|
|-
|29
|{{yes2}}Win
|27–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Miguel Angel Perez
|KO
|1 (8)
|7 Feb 2003
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Cubierta de Leganes, [[Madrid]], Spain}}
|
|-
|28
|{{yes2}}Win
|26–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Vasile Surcica
|UD
|8
|12 Jul 2002
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Campo de Futbol Las Americas, [[Parla]], Spain}}
|
|-
|27
|{{yes2}}Win
|25–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Alvaro Moreno Gamboa
|UD
|8
|26 Apr 2002
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Barcelona]], Spain}}
|
|-
|26
|{{yes2}}Win
|24–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Francisco Antonio Mora
|UD
|10
|2 Feb 2002
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estadio FAB, Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|
|-
|25
|{{yes2}}Win
|23–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Sergio Ernesto Acuna
|TKO
|7 (12), {{small|1:47}}
|27 Oct 2001
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estadio FAB, Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained ABF welterweight title}}
|-
|24
|{{yes2}}Win
|22–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Javier Alejandro Blanco
|UD
|10
|8 Sep 2001
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estadio FAB, Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won vacant [[Argentina Boxing Federation|ABF]] welterweight title}}
|-
|23
|{{yes2}}Win
|21–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Enrique Areco
|RTD
|8 (8), {{small|0:01}}
|14 Jul 2001
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Ce.De.M. N° 2, [[Caseros, Buenos Aires|Caseros]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|22
|{{yes2}}Win
|20–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Elbio Felipe Gonzlaez
|TKO
|6 (10)
|19 May 2001
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Nueve de Julio, Buenos Aires Province|Nueve de Julio]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|21
|{{yes2}}Win
|19–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Adrian Walter Daneff
|{{abbr|KO|Knockout}}
|4 (12)
|16 Jun 2000
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won vacant [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] Latino [[welterweight]] title}}
|-
|20
|{{yes2}}Win
|18–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Javier Alejandro Blanco
|UD
|8
|5 May 2000
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Santa Rosa, La Pampa|Santa Rosa]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|19
|{{yes2}}Win
|17–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Raul Eduardo Bejarano
|UD
|6
|15 Apr 2000
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|
|-
|18
|{{no2}}Loss
|16–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Antonio Margarito]]
|TKO
|7 (10), {{small|2:57}}
|[[Érik Morales vs. Marco Antonio Barrera|19 Feb 2000]]
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Mandalay Bay Events Center]], [[Paradise, Nevada]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|17
|{{yes2}}Win
|16–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Paulo Alejandro Sanchez
|UD
|10
|22 Oct 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|
|-
|16
|{{yes2}}Win
|15–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Silvio Walter Rojas
|UD
|10
|9 Oct 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Círculo General Belgrano, [[Ciudad Evita]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|15
|{{yes2}}Win
|14–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Walter Fabian Saporiti
|TKO
|2 (8)
|11 Sep 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|
|-
|14
|{{yes2}}Win
|13–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Ariel Gabriel Chaves
|UD
|10
|28 Aug 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|
|-
|13
|{{yes2}}Win
|12–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Paulo Alejandro Sanchez
|UD
|10
|17 Jul 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Villa Dominico]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|12
|{{yes2}}Win
|11–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Silvio Walter Rojas
|UD
|10
|26 Jun 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|
|-
|11
|{{yes2}}Win
|10–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Elio Vaca Anglarill
|UD
|8
|15 May 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|
|-
|10
|{{yes2}}Win
|9–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Jose Antonio Perez
|UD
|8
|17 Apr 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club Argentino de Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina}}
|
|-
|9
|{{yes2}}Win
|8–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Ignacio Ramon Caceres
|RTD
|4 (6)
|19 Mar 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Club [[Argentino de Quilmes]], [[Quilmes]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|8
|{{yes2}}Win
|7–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Arnaldo Gabriel Molina
|RTD
|5 (6)
|5 Mar 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Mar del Plata]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|7
|{{yes2}}Win
|6–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Gabriel Leonidas Leiva
|TKO
|3 (8)
|4 Dec 1998
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estudios [[Canal 9 (Argentina)|Canal 9]], Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|
|-
|6
|{{yes2}}Win
|5–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Luis Alberto Baldomir
|{{abbr|RTD|Corner retirement}}
|5 (6)
|4 Sep 1998
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estadio FAB, Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|
|-
|5
|{{yes2}}Win
|4–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Juan Mauricio Marino
|UD
|6
|22 Aug 1998
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estadio FAB, Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|
|-
|4
|{{yes2}}Win
|3–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Mario Javier Nieva
|{{abbr|UD|Unanimous decision}}
|6
|25 Jul 1998
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estadio FAB, Buenos Aires, Argentina}}
|
|-
|3
|{{draw}}Draw
|2–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Mario Javier Nieva
|{{abbr|PTS|Points decision}}
|4
|14 Mar 1998
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|Estudios [[América TV]], [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|2
|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Julio Cesar Villalva
|{{abbr|TKO|Technical knockout}}
|1 (6)
|20 Feb 1998
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Cipolletti]], Argentina}}
|
|-
|1
|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Cristian Marcelo Vivas
|{{abbr|DQ|Disqualification}}
|2 (6)
|27 Dec 1997
|style="text-align:left;"| {{small|[[Ituzaingó, Buenos Aires|Ituzaingó]], Argentina}}
|
|}

==Pay-per-view bouts==
{| class="wikitable"
! Date !! Fight !! Billing !! Buys !! Network
|-
|align=center|{{dts|2012|September |15|format=dmy}}
|'''Chávez Jr.''' vs. '''Martínez'''
|Chavez Jr.-Martínez
|475,000
|[[HBO]]
|-
|align=center|{{dts|2014|June|7|format=dmy}}
|'''Cotto''' vs. '''Martínez'''
|Cotto-Martínez
|350,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/11126080/miguel-cotto-sergio-martinez-promotors-say-pay-per-views-subpar |title=Cotto-Martinez PPV 'underperformed' |date=24 June 2014 |publisher=Espn.go.com |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160229/http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/11126080/miguel-cotto-sergio-martinez-promotors-say-pay-per-views-subpar |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[HBO]]
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of world light-middleweight boxing champions]]
*[[List of world middleweight boxing champions]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Boxrec|id=14429}}

{{s-start-collapsible|header={{s-sports}} }}
{{s-text|style=background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;|text=Regional boxing titles}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=Fabio Angel Vidal}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] Latino [[welterweight]] champion
|years=16 June 2000 – March 2001 Vacated}}
{{s-vac|next=Jose Joaquin Rosa Gomez}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=Sergio Ernesto Acuna}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Argentina Boxing Federation|ABF]] welterweight champion
|years=8 September 2001 – July 2002 Stripped}}
{{s-vac|next=Raul Eduardo Bejarano}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=Anderson Clayton}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Latino [[super welterweight]] champion
|years=4 March 2005 – October 2006 Vacated}}
{{s-vac|next=Rafael Sosa Pintos}}
{{s-text|style=background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;|text=Minor world boxing titles}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Richard Williams (boxer)|Richard Williams]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of IBO world champions#Super welterweight|IBO super welterweight champion]]
|years=21 June 2003 – January 2005 Vacated}}
{{s-vac|next=Mihály Kótai}}
{{s-text|style=background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;|text=Major world boxing titles}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Javier Castillejo]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of WBC world champions#Super welterweight|WBC super welterweight champion]] [[Interim title]]
|years=4 October 2008 – 21 May 2009 {{small|Promoted to world champion}}}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Sebastian Fundora]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vernon Forrest]] {{small|stripped}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=WBC super welterweight champion
|years=21 May 2009 – 16 June 2010 {{small|Vacated}}}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Manny Pacquiao]]}}
{{s-bef|rows=3|before=[[Kelly Pavlik]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of WBC world champions#Middleweight|WBC middleweight champion]]
|years=17 April 2010 – 18 January 2011 {{small|Status changed}}}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sebastian Zbik]] {{small|promoted from interim status}}}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of WBO world champions#Middleweight|WBO middleweight champion]]
|years=17 April 2010 – 1 June 2010 {{small|Stripped}}}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Dmitry Pirog]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of The Ring world champions#Middleweight|''The Ring'' middleweight champion]]
|years=17 April 2010 – 7 June 2014}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Miguel Cotto]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Julio César Chávez Jr.]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=WBC middleweight champion
|years=15 September 2012 – 7 June 2014}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-before|rows=2|before=[[Manny Pacquiao]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year#2010s|''The Ring'' Fighter of the Year]]
|years=2010}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Andre Ward]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Sugar Ray Robinson Award#2010s|BWAA Fighter of the Year]]
|years=2010}}
{{s-before|before=Manny Pacquiao {{small|[[Manny Pacquiao vs. Ricky Hatton|KO2 Ricky Hatton]]}} }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[The Ring magazine Knockout of the Year#2010s|''The Ring'' Knockout of the Year]] {{small|[[Sergio Martinez vs. Paul Williams II|KO2 Paul Williams]]}}
|years=2010}}
{{s-after|after=[[Nonito Donaire]] {{small|[[Fernando Montiel vs. Nonito Donaire|KO2 Fernando Montiel]]}} }}
{{s-before|before=[[Lionel Messi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Olimpia Award]]
|years=2012}}
{{s-after|after=[[Marcos Maidana]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Ring magazine Fighter of the Year}}
{{Sugar Ray Robinson Award}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martinez, Sergio}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Avellaneda]]
[[Category:Bailando por un Sueño (Argentine TV series) participants]]
[[Category:People from Quilmes]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Oxnard, California]]
[[Category:Argentine male boxers]]
[[Category:Southpaw boxers]]
[[Category:Argentine people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain]]
[[Category:World Boxing Council champions]]
[[Category:World Boxing Organization champions]]
[[Category:World middleweight boxing champions]]
[[Category:The Ring (magazine) champions]]
[[Category:Welterweight boxers]]
[[Category:World light-middleweight boxing champions]]
[[Category:International Boxing Organization champions]]

2022 FIFA World Cup qualification

2022-12-26T19:16:23Z

Tangoludwig: Added 2022 to the list of world cup titles won by Argentina

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox international football competition
| tourney_name = 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
| dates = 6 June 2019 – 14 June 2022<ref group=note>After a delay due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] rules and restrictions, the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)#Replay from matchday 6|Brazil v Argentina]] match was rescheduled to 27 September 2022, which was later cancelled.</ref>
| num_teams = 206<ref group=note>Cook Islands and North Korea withdrew, and Russia were suspended after playing some matches. American Samoa, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu withdrew before playing.</ref>
| confederations = 6
| matches = {{#expr: 229 +158 +118 +89 +11 +258 +2}}
| goals = {{#expr: 676 +361 +345 +223 +37 +781 +1}}
| attendance = {{#expr: 2332162 +1229510 +999020 +1307458 +0 +3044828 +0}}
| top_scorer = {{fbicon|UAE}} [[Ali Mabkhout]] (14 goals)
| updated =
| prevseason = [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification|2018]]
| nextseason = [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification|2026]]
|image=FIFA logo without slogan.svg}}
{{2022 FIFA World Cup sidebar}}
The '''2022 FIFA World Cup qualification'''<ref group=note>Also the "FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 Qualifiers".</ref> was the [[FIFA World Cup qualification|qualifying process]] which decided the 31 teams that would join hosts [[Qatar national football team|Qatar]], who received an automatic spot, at the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].

Parallel tournaments were organised by [[FIFA]]'s six [[FIFA#Structure|confederations]]. Qualification started on 6 June 2019 with several matches of [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|the AFC zone]], the first being between [[Mongolia national football team|Mongolia]] and [[Brunei national football team|Brunei]], and ended on 14 June 2022 with an [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)|inter-confederation play-off]] between [[Costa Rica national football team|Costa Rica]] and [[New Zealand national football team|New Zealand]].<ref group=note>At the time a rescheduled match of [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|the CONMEBOL section]] was still due to be played, but it was ultimately cancelled.</ref> Mongolian player [[Norjmoogiin Tsedenbal]] netted the first goal, while the last one was scored by [[Joel Campbell]] of Costa Rica. In contrast to previous editions, there was no general preliminary draw, with confederations carrying out separate draws due to their differing timelines.<ref>{{cite news |title=2022 World Cup: How qualifying works around the world |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/fifa-world-cup/story/3860182/2022-world-cup-how-qualifying-works-around-the-world |work=ESPN FC |publisher=ESPN |date=25 May 2019}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2022}} The qualification process [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football|suffered numerous postponements]] from March 2020 onwards due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

==Qualified teams==
[[File:2022_world_cup_qualification.jpg|thumb|center|upright=4.0|Status of countries with respect to the 2022 FIFA World Cup: {{legend|#0000ff|Team qualified}} {{legend|#ffcc00|Team failed to qualify}} {{legend|#000000|Team withdrew or suspended}} {{legend|#cccccc|Not a FIFA member}}]]

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team
!data-sort-type="text"|Method of qualification
!data-sort-type="date"|Date of qualification
!Total times qualified
!Last time qualified
!Current consecutive appearances
!data-sort-type="number"|Previous best performance
|-
|{{fb|QAT}} ||data-sort-value="a"|Hosts ||2 December 2010 ||1 ||– ||1 ||data-sort-value="1"|–
|-
|{{fb|GER}} ||data-sort-value="uefa.j"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group J|UEFA Group J]] winners ||11 October 2021 ||20{{efn|Germany between 1950 and 1990 competed as West Germany, as a separate [[East Germany national football team|East German team]] existed then.}} || [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||18 ||data-sort-value="84"|'''Winners''' ([[1954 FIFA World Cup|1954]], [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]], [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]], [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]])
|-
|{{fb|DEN}} ||data-sort-value="uefa.f"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group F|UEFA Group F]] winners ||12 October 2021 ||6 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||2 ||data-sort-value="41"|Quarter-finals ([[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]])
|-
|{{fb|BRA}} ||data-sort-value="conmebol1"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|CONMEBOL]] winners ||11 November 2021 ||22 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||22 ||data-sort-value="85"|'''Winners''' ([[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958]], [[1962 FIFA World Cup|1962]], [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]], [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]], [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]])
|-
|{{fb|FRA}} ||data-sort-value="uefa.d"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group D|UEFA Group D]] winners ||13 November 2021 ||16 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||7 ||data-sort-value="82"|'''Winners''' ([[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]], [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]])
|-
|{{fb|BEL}} ||data-sort-value="uefa.e"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group E|UEFA Group E]] winners ||13 November 2021 ||14 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||3 ||data-sort-value="61"|Third place ([[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]])
|-
|{{fb|SRB}} ||data-sort-value="uefa.a"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group A|UEFA Group A]] winners ||14 November 2021 ||13{{efn|This is the third appearance of Serbia at the FIFA World Cup. However, FIFA considers Serbia as the successor team of [[Yugoslavia national football team|Yugoslavia]] and [[Serbia and Montenegro national football team|Serbia and Montenegro]], who between them qualified on 10 occasions.}} ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||2 ||data-sort-value="52"|Fourth place ([[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]], [[1962 FIFA World Cup|1962]])
|-
|{{fb|ESP}} ||data-sort-value="uefa.b"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group B|UEFA Group B]] winners ||14 November 2021 ||16 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||12 ||data-sort-value="81"|'''Winners''' ([[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]])
|-
|{{fb|CRO}} ||data-sort-value="uefa.h"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group H|UEFA Group H]] winners ||14 November 2021 ||6 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||3 ||data-sort-value="71"|Runners-up ([[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]])
|-
|{{fb|CHE}} ||data-sort-value="uefa.c"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group C|UEFA Group C]] winners ||15 November 2021 ||12 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||5 ||data-sort-value="43"|Quarter-finals ([[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934]], [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]], [[1954 FIFA World Cup|1954]])
|-
|{{fb|ENG}} ||data-sort-value="uefa.i"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group I|UEFA Group I]] winners ||15 November 2021 ||16 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||7 ||data-sort-value="81"|'''Winners''' ([[1966 FIFA World Cup|1966]])
|-
|{{fb|NED}} ||data-sort-value="uefa.g"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group G|UEFA Group G]] winners ||16 November 2021 ||11 ||[[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]] ||1 ||data-sort-value="73"|Runners-up ([[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]], [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]], [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]])
|-
|{{fb|ARG}} ||data-sort-value="conmebol2"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|CONMEBOL]] runners-up ||16 November 2021 ||18 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||13 ||data-sort-value="82"|'''Winners''' ([[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]], [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]], [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]])
|-
|{{fb|IRN}} ||data-sort-value="afc.a1"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round#Group A|AFC third round Group A]] winners ||27 January 2022 ||6 || [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||3 ||data-sort-value="25"|Group stage ([[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]], [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]], [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]], [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]], [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]])
|-
|{{fb|KOR}} ||data-sort-value="afc.a2"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round#Group A|AFC third round Group A]] runners-up ||1 February 2022 ||11 || [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||10 ||data-sort-value="51"|Fourth place ([[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]])
|-
|{{fb|KSA}} ||data-sort-value="afc.b1"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round#Group B|AFC third round Group B]] winners ||24 March 2022 ||6 || [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||2 ||data-sort-value="31"|Round of 16 ([[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]])
|-
|{{fb|JPN}} ||data-sort-value="afc.b2"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round#Group B|AFC third round Group B]] runners-up ||24 March 2022 ||7 || [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||7 ||data-sort-value="33"|Round of 16 ([[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]], [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]], [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]])
|-
|{{fb|URU}} ||data-sort-value="conmebol3"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|CONMEBOL]] third place ||24 March 2022 ||14 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||4 ||data-sort-value="82"|'''Winners''' ([[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]], [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950]])
|-
|{{fb|ECU}} ||data-sort-value="conmebol4"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|CONMEBOL]] fourth place ||24 March 2022 ||4 ||[[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]] ||1 ||data-sort-value="31"|Round of 16 ([[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]])
|-
|{{fb|CAN}} ||data-sort-value="concacaf1"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF Third Round|CONCACAF third round]] winners ||27 March 2022 ||2 ||[[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]] ||1 ||data-sort-value="21"|Group stage ([[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]])
|-
|{{fb|GHA}} ||data-sort-value="caf"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Third Round|CAF third round]] winners ||29 March 2022 ||4 ||[[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]] ||1 ||data-sort-value="41"|Quarter-finals ([[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]])
|-
|{{fb|SEN}} ||data-sort-value="caf"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Third Round|CAF third round]] winners ||29 March 2022 ||3 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||2 ||data-sort-value="41"|Quarter-finals ([[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]])
|-
|{{fb|POL}} ||data-sort-value="uefa.pb"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round#Path B|UEFA play-offs Path B]] winners ||29 March 2022 ||9 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||2 ||data-sort-value="62"|Third place ([[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]], [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]])
|-
|{{fb|POR}} ||data-sort-value="uefa.pc"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round#Path C|UEFA play-offs Path C]] winners ||29 March 2022 ||8 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||6 ||data-sort-value="61"|Third place ([[1966 FIFA World Cup|1966]])
|-
|{{fb|TUN}} ||data-sort-value="caf"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Third Round|CAF third round]] winners ||29 March 2022 ||6 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||2 ||data-sort-value="25"|Group stage ([[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]], [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]], [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]], [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]], [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]])
|-
|{{fb|MAR}} ||data-sort-value="caf"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Third Round|CAF third round]] winners ||29 March 2022 ||6 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||2 ||data-sort-value="31"|Round of 16 ([[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]])
|-
|{{fb|CMR}} ||data-sort-value="caf"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Third Round|CAF third round]] winners ||29 March 2022 ||8 ||[[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]] ||1 ||data-sort-value="41"|Quarter-finals ([[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]])
|-
|{{fb|USA}} ||data-sort-value="concacaf3"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF Third Round|CONCACAF third round]] third place || 30 March 2022 ||11 ||[[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]] ||1 ||data-sort-value="61"|Third place ([[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]])
|-
|{{fb|MEX}} ||data-sort-value="concacaf2"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF Third Round|CONCACAF third round]] runners-up ||30 March 2022 ||17 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||8 ||data-sort-value="42"|Quarter-finals ([[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]], [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]])
|-
|{{fb|WAL}} ||data-sort-value="uefa.pa"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round#Path A|UEFA play-offs Path A]] winners || 5 June 2022 ||2 ||[[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958]] ||1 ||data-sort-value="41"|Quarter-finals ([[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958]])
|-
|{{fb|AUS}} ||data-sort-value="z"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC–CONMEBOL play-off)|AFC v CONMEBOL play-off]] winners || 13 June 2022 ||6 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||5 ||data-sort-value="31"|Round of 16 ([[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]])
|-
|{{fb|CRC}} ||data-sort-value="z"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF–OFC play-off)|CONCACAF v OFC play-off]] winners || 14 June 2022 ||6 ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] ||3 ||data-sort-value="41"|Quarter-finals ([[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]])
|}
;Notes
{{notelist}}

==Qualification process==
All [[Geography of association football|FIFA member associations]], of which there are currently 211, were eligible to enter qualification. [[Qatar national football team|Qatar]], as hosts, qualified automatically for the tournament. However, Qatar was obliged by the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] to participate in the Asian qualifying stage as the first two rounds also acted as [[2023 AFC Asian Cup qualification|qualification]] for the [[2023 AFC Asian Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Palmer |first1=Dan |title=Hosts Qatar to compete in qualifying for 2022 World Cup |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1053493/hosts-qatar-to-compete-in-qualifying-for-2022-world-cup |access-date=15 August 2017 |work=inside the games |publisher=Dunsar Media Company |date=31 July 2017}}</ref> Qatar won their group so the fifth-best group runners-up advanced to the AFC third round instead.<ref name=Groups>{{cite news |title=Groups finalised for Qatar 2022 & China 2023 race |url=http://www.china.org.cn/sports/2019-07/18/content_75003983.htm |work=China.org.cn |date=18 July 2019}}</ref> For the first time after the initial two tournaments of 1930 and 1934, the World Cup will be hosted by a country whose national team has never played a finals match before.<ref>{{cite news |last=Harding |first=David |date=6 September 2017 |title=World Cup failure puts Qatar back in spotlight |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/world-cup-failure-puts-qatar-back-spotlight-181903150--sow.html |work=Yahoo Sports |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref> The reigning [[List of FIFA World Cup finals|World Cup champions]] [[France national football team|France]] also participated in qualifying as normal.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world-cup/news/2022-world-cup-odds-france-favorite-to-repeat-in-qatar-usa-behind-mexico-with-16th-best-odds/ |title=2022 World Cup odds: France favorite to repeat in Qatar; USA behind Mexico with 16th-best odds |work=CBS Sports|date=15 July 2018|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref>

The allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the [[FIFA Council|FIFA Executive Committee]] on 30 May 2015 in [[Zürich]] after the FIFA Congress.<ref name="fifa20150320">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/qatar2022/news/y=2015/m=3/news=2022-fifa-world-cup-to-be-played-in-november-december-2568172.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320194337/http://www.fifa.com//worldcup/qatar2022/news/y=2015/m=3/news=2022-fifa-world-cup-to-be-played-in-november-december-2568172.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 March 2015 |title=2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November/December |publisher=FIFA |date=20 March 2015}}</ref> The committee decided that the same allocation used in 2006, 2010, and 2014 would be kept for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2015/m=5/news=current-allocation-of-fifa-world-cuptm-confederation-slots-maintained-2610611.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530211217/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2015/m=5/news=current-allocation-of-fifa-world-cuptm-confederation-slots-maintained-2610611.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2015 |title=Current allocation of FIFA World Cup confederation slots maintained |publisher=FIFA |date=30 May 2015}}</ref>

* [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] (Asia): 4 or 5
* [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] (Africa): 5
* [[CONCACAF]] (North, Central America and Caribbean): 3 or 4
* [[CONMEBOL]] (South America): 4 or 5
* [[Oceania Football Confederation|OFC]] (Oceania): 0 or 1
* [[UEFA]] (Europe): 13
* Hosts: 1

===Summary of qualification===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="white" |[[File:World Map FIFA2.svg|350px]]
|-
!width=100|Confederation
!width=80|Available slots {{nowrap|in finals}}
!width=80|Teams started
!width=80|Teams eliminated
!width=80|Teams qualified
!width=130|Qualifying start date
!width=130|Qualifying end date
|-
|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|AFC]] || 4+1 or 5+1 || 45+1 || 40 || 5+1 || 6 June 2019 || 13 June 2022
|-
|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)|CAF]] || 5 || 54 || 49 || 5 || 4 September 2019 || 29 March 2022
|-
|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)|CONCACAF]] || 3 or 4 || 34 || 30 || 4 || 24 March 2021 || 14 June 2022
|-
|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|CONMEBOL]] || 4 or 5 || 10 || 6 || 4 || 8 October 2020 || 13 June 2022
|-
|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)|OFC]] || 0 or 1 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 17 March 2022 || 14 June 2022
|-
|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|UEFA]] || 13 || 55 || 42 || 13 || 24 March 2021 || 5 June 2022
|-
!Total||31+1||205+1||174||31+1|| 6 June 2019 || 14 June 2022
|}
{{notelist}}

===Withdrew or suspended===
[[North Korea national football team|North Korea]] withdrew from the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Second Round|AFC second qualifying round]] for safety concerns related to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=South Korea: North Koreans pull out of World Cup qualifying |url=https://apnews.com/article/south-korea-north-korea-world-cup-international-soccer-soccer-fdd6542dd5b1f585b61ca4f3e3fcb167 |work=AP NEWS |date=4 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Other smaller island states likewise retracted their participation during the World Cup qualification: [[Saint Lucia national football team|Saint Lucia]], [[American Samoa national football team|American Samoa]], [[Samoa national football team|Samoa]], [[Vanuatu national football team|Vanuatu]] and [[Cook Islands national football team|Cook Islands]], while [[Tonga national football team|Tonga]] withdrew after the [[2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami]].

On 9 December 2019, the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] initially handed Russia a four-year ban from all major international sporting events, after [[Russian Anti-Doping Agency|RUSADA]] was found non-compliant for handing over manipulated lab data to investigators.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/50710598 |title=Russia banned for four years to include 2020 Olympics and 2022 World Cup |publisher=BBC |date=9 December 2019 |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> However, the [[Russia national football team|Russia national team]] could still enter qualification, as the ban only applies to the World Cup proper as a world championship. The WADA ruling allowed athletes who were not involved in doping or the coverup to compete, but prohibited the use of the Russian [[Flag of Russia|flag]] and [[National anthem of Russia|anthem]] at major international sporting events.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50716196 |title=Can Russia play at the World Cup 2022 and Euro 2020? |publisher=BBC |date=9 December 2019 |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> An appeal to the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] was filed,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2020-01/wada-files-official-request-with-court-of-arbitration-for-sport-to-resolve-rusada |title=WADA files official request with Court of Arbitration for Sport to resolve RUSADA dispute |work=[[World Anti-Doping Agency]] |date=9 January 2020 |access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref> but WADA's decision was upheld though reduced to a two-year ban.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CAS arbitration WADA v. RUSADA: Decision|url=https://www.tas-cas.org/en/general-information/news-detail/article/cas-arbitration-wada-v-rusada-decision.html|access-date=18 December 2020|website=TAS/CAS|date=17 December 2020}}</ref> The CAS ruling also allowed the name "Russia" to be displayed on uniforms if the words "Neutral Athlete" or "Neutral Team" have equal prominence.<ref name="ESPN">{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/30538012/russia-banned-using-name-flag-next-2-olympics|title=Russia banned from using its name, flag at next two Olympics|date=17 December 2020|publisher=ESPN|agency=Associated Press|access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref> If Russia had qualified for the tournament, its players would not have been able to use their country's name alone, flag or anthem at the World Cup, as a result of the nation's two-year ban from world championships and Olympic Games in all sports.<ref name="ESPN"/> On 27 February 2022, after the threat of boycotts by the [[Czech Republic national football team|Czech Republic]], [[Poland national football team|Poland]] and [[Sweden national football team|Sweden]] amid the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Poland to boycott game against Russia |language=en-GB |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60536030 |access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref> FIFA prohibited the [[Russia national football team]] from playing home matches in Russia; the team would have to play matches [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]] at neutral sites. In addition, the team would have been prohibited from competing under the name, flag, or national anthem of Russia, and had to compete under the name "Football Union of Russia" (RFU).<ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2022 |title=Bureau of the FIFA Council takes initial measures with regard to war in Ukraine |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/bureau-of-the-fifa-council-takes-initial-measures-with-regard-to-war-in |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association}}</ref> On 28 February, however, in accordance with a recommendation by the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC), FIFA suspended the participation of Russia.<ref name="Russia suspended-bbc">{{Cite news |title=Fifa and Uefa suspend all Russian teams |language=en-GB |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/60560567 |access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref><ref name="Russia suspended">{{cite press release|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/fifa-uefa-suspend-russian-clubs-and-national-teams-from-all-competitions |title=FIFA/UEFA suspend Russian clubs and national teams from all competitions |work=[[FIFA]] |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> Poland were subsequently given a [[walkover]] for their [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round#Poland v Russia|play-off semi-final match scheduled against Russia]].<ref name="Decisions on WC qualifiers">{{cite news |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/decisions-taken-concerning-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022-tm-qualifiers |title=Decisions taken concerning FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 qualifiers |work=[[FIFA]] |date=8 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> The [[Russian Football Union]] announced they would appeal the decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60607645 |title=Ukraine crisis: Russia to appeal against football ban imposed by Fifa and Uefa |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=3 March 2022 |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Their request for a temporary lift of the ban was rejected on 18 March.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60795131 |title=War in Ukraine: Russia request to suspend Fifa ban for World Cup play-offs rejected |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=18 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref>

==Format==
The formats of the qualifying competitions depended on each confederation ''(see below)''. Each round might be played in either of the following formats:<ref name="regulations">{{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/517ef2ad2bc3665e/original/ytkbpnxyvcghx6bebesv-pdf.pdf |title=Regulations FIFA World Cup 2022 Preliminary Competition: Including COVID-19 Regulations |publisher=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>
*League format, in which more than two teams formed groups to play home-and-away [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin matches]], or in exceptions permitted by the FIFA Organising Committee, single round-robin matches hosted by one of the participating teams or on neutral territory.
*[[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout format]], in which two teams play home-and-away [[Two-legged tie|two-legged matches]] or single-legged matches.

===Tiebreakers===
In league format, the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria (regulations Articles 20.4 and 20.6):<ref name="regulations"/>
# [[Three points for a win|Points]] (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss)
# Overall [[goal difference]]
# Overall goals scored
# Points in matches between tied teams
# Goal difference in matches between tied teams
# Goals scored in matches between tied teams
# [[Away goals rule|Away goals]] scored in matches between tied teams (if the tie is only between two teams in home-and-away league format)
# Fair play points
#* first yellow card: minus 1 point
#* indirect red card (second yellow card): minus 3 points
#* direct red card: minus 4 points
#* yellow card and direct red card: minus 5 points
# Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee

In cases when teams finishing in the same position across different groups are compared to determine which teams advance to the next stage, the criteria depend on the competition format and require the approval of FIFA (regulations Article 20.8).<ref name="regulations"/>

In knockout format, the team that has the higher aggregate score over the two legs progresses to the next round. If aggregate scores finish level, then the [[away goals rule]] is applied.{{efn|The team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs progresses. If away goals are also equal, then 30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] are played, divided into two 15-minute halves}} The away goals rule is again applied after extra time.{{efn|If there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level, the visiting team qualifies by virtue of more away goals scored}} If no goals are scored during extra time, the tie is decided by [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]] (regulations Article 20.10).<ref name="regulations"/>
{{notelist}}

==Confederation qualification==

===AFC===
{{Main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)}}
The opening two rounds of qualifying also served as [[2023 AFC Asian Cup qualification|qualification]] for the [[2023 AFC Asian Cup]]. Therefore, [[Qatar national football team|Qatar]], the 2022 FIFA World Cup host, only participated in the first two rounds of qualifying.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Palmer|first1=Dan|title=Hosts Qatar to compete in qualifying for 2022 World Cup|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1053493/hosts-qatar-to-compete-in-qualifying-for-2022-world-cup|access-date=20 August 2017|work=inside the games|date=31 July 2017}}</ref>

The qualification structure is as follows:<ref name=dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1471045/pakistan-to-learn-world-cup-asian-cup-qualifying-fate-on-april-17|title=Pakistan to learn World Cup, Asian Cup qualifying fate on April 17|work=Dawn.com|date=22 March 2019}}</ref>
*'''First round''': 12 teams (ranked 35–46) played home-and-away over [[two-legged tie|two legs]]. The six winners advanced to the second round.
*'''Second round''': 40 teams (ranked 1–34, including Qatar as the host, and the six winners from the first round) were divided into eight groups of five teams to play home-and-away [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] matches. The eight group winners and the four best group runners-up were set to advance to the third round. As Qatar won their group, the fifth-best runner-up advanced in their stead.<ref name=Groups/>
*'''Third round''': 12 teams that had advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of 6 teams to play home-and-away round-robin matches. The top two teams of each group qualified for the World Cup, and the two third-placed teams advanced to the fourth round.
*'''Fourth round''': One third-placed team in each third round group played against each other in a single match, the winners advanced to the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)|inter-confederation play-offs]].

====Final positions (third round)====
{{Main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round}}
{|
|-valign=top
!align="center"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round#Group A|Group A]]
!align="center"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round#Group B|Group B]]
|-valign=top
|align="left"|{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round|transcludesection=Group A|only_pld_pts=y|show_matches=n}}
|align="left"|{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round|transcludesection=Group B|only_pld_pts=y|show_matches=n}}
|}

====Fourth round====
{{main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Fourth Round}}
{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Fourth Round}}

===CAF===
{{Main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)}}
CAF announced on 10 July 2019 a reversion to the format used for [[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)|its 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification]] competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/6/54/337773/Sports/Africa/CAF-reverts-to-previous-format-for--African-World-.aspx|title=CAF reverts to previous format for 2022 African World Cup qualifiers|work=Ahram Online|date=10 July 2019}}</ref>

*'''First round''': Twenty-eight teams (ranked 27–54) played home-and-away over [[Two-legged tie|two legs]]. The fourteen winners advanced to the second round.
*'''Second round''': Forty teams (teams ranked 1–26 and fourteen first-round winners) were divided into ten groups of four teams to play home-and-away round-robin matches. The ten group winners advanced to the third round.
*'''Third round''': Ten teams that had advanced from the second round played home-and-away over two legs. The five winners qualified for the World Cup, and no teams advance to the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)|intercontinental playoffs]].

====Third round====
{{main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Third Round}}
{{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Third Round}}

===CONCACAF===
{{Main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)}}
CONCACAF initially announced on 10 July 2019 a [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)#Original format|restructured format]] for the qualifiers of the 2022 FIFA World Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.concacaf.com/en/world-cup-qualifying-men/article/concacaf-announces-format-for-the-2022-fifa-world-cup-confederation-qualifiers|title=Concacaf Announces Format for the 2022 FIFA World Cup Confederation Qualifiers|date=8 February 2021|publisher=CONCACAF}}</ref> However, on 25 June 2020, following FIFA's decision to postpone the September international window because of the pandemic, CONCACAF noted that "the challenges presented by postponements to the football calendar, and the incomplete FIFA rankings cycle in our confederation, means our current World Cup qualifying process has been compromised and will be changed."<ref>{{cite web |title=CONCACAF confirms 2022 World Cup qualifying will change |website=TSN |access-date=30 June 2020 |url = https://www.tsn.ca/concacaf-confirms-that-2022-world-cup-qualifying-is-to-change-but-no-details-yet-1.1489562 |agency=Canadian Press |date=25 June 2020}}</ref> On 27 July, CONCACAF announced a new qualifying format for the World Cup.<ref name="new">{{cite web |title=New Concacaf Qualifiers announced for regional qualification to FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 |url=https://www.concacaf.com/en/article/new-concacaf-qualifiers-announced-for-regional-qualification-to-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022 |website=Concacaf |access-date=27 July 2020 |date=27 July 2020}}</ref>

*'''First round''': Thirty CONCACAF teams, ranked 6 to 35 based on the FIFA rankings of July 2020, were drawn into six groups of five and played single round-robin matches (two home and two away), the six group winners advanced to the second round.
*'''Second round''': Six first round group winners played in a two-legged home-and-away series. The three winners advanced to the third round.
*'''Third round''': Eight teams, three second-round winners and the top five CONCACAF teams (Mexico, United States, Costa Rica, Jamaica, and Honduras)<ref name="new2">{{cite web |title=USMNT learns World Cup qualifying road including Mexico dates |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/usmnt-learns-world-cup-qualifying-175750089.html |website=Yahoo! Sports|last1=Mendola|first1=Nicholas|via=NBC Sports |access-date=20 August 2020 |date=20 August 2020}}</ref> also based on those FIFA rankings, played home-and-away round-robin matches in one single group. The top three teams qualified for the World Cup and the fourth-placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play-offs.

====Final positions (third round)====
{{main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF Third Round}}
{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF Third Round|only_pld_pts=y|show_matches=n}}

===CONMEBOL===
{{Main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)}}
The CONMEBOL Council decided on 24 January 2019 to maintain the same qualification structure used for the previous six tournaments.<ref name="dates">{{cite web|url=http://www.conmebol.com/es/clasificatorio-sudamericano-al-mundial-de-qatar-arrancara-en-marzo-del-2020|title=Clasificatorio sudamericano al Mundial de Qatar arrancará en marzo del 2020|publisher=Conmebol|date=24 January 2019|language=es}}</ref> From October 2020 to March 2022 (previously scheduled for March 2020 to November 2021, but later postponed by the pandemic), all ten CONMEBOL teams played in a league of home-and-away round-robin matches. The top four teams qualified for the World Cup and the fifth-placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play-offs.

====Final positions====
{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|only_pld_pts=yes|show_matches=no}}

===OFC===
{{Main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)}}
Qualifying was expected to begin in September 2020,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/football/nz-teams/118487762/new-zealand-football-successful-with-bid-to-host-the-2020-ofc-nations-cup|title=New Zealand Football successful with bid to host the 2020 OFC Nations Cup|last1=Voerman|first1=Andrew|website=Stuff|date=10 January 2020|access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref> but the FIFA international window in that month for the OFC was postponed by the pandemic.<ref name="covid-19">{{cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/fifa-council-unanimously-approves-covid-19-relief-plan|title=FIFA Council unanimously approves COVID-19 Relief Plan|publisher=FIFA|date=25 June 2020}}</ref>

Earlier in July that year, the OFC submitted a proposal to FIFA for the qualifiers in response to the pandemic, intending to organise a group stage in March and June 2021 followed by semi-finals and a final in September and October of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oceaniafootball.com/ofc-tournaments-update/|title=OFC tournaments update|publisher=Oceania Football Confederation|date=28 July 2020}}</ref> After continued delays,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oceaniafootball.com/ofc-announces-schedule-changes-for-early-2021/|title=OFC announces schedule changes for early 2021|publisher=Oceania Football Confederation|date=5 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oceaniafootball.com/ofc-confirms-schedule-changes/|title=OFC confirms schedule changes|publisher=Oceania Football Confederation|date=4 March 2021}}</ref> by September 2021 the OFC felt it was "not possible at this time to organise a qualifying competition within the Oceania region" and it was instead staged in Qatar in March 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oceaniafootball.com/ofc-update-on-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022-oceania-qualifiers/|title=OFC update on FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 – Oceania Qualifiers|author=Savannah Tafau-Levy|publisher=Oceania Football Confederation|date=16 September 2021|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/media-releases/update-on-fifa-club-world-cup-and-ofc-preliminary-competition-for-qatar-2022|title=Update on FIFA Club World Cup and OFC preliminary competition for Qatar 2022|date=29 November 2021|publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref>

The qualifying stage was to be a single match on 13 March 2022 between the two lowest-ranked participating OFC nations in the [[FIFA World Rankings]], with the winner advancing to the group stage. Then eight remaining teams were drawn into two groups of four, playing single leg [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]]. The top two teams from each group advanced to a single leg knockout stage. The final winner advanced to the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)|inter-confederation play-offs]].

====Final stage====
{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)|transcludesection=Final stage}}

===UEFA===
{{Main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)}}

The draw for the first round (group stage) was held in [[Zürich]], Switzerland, on 7 December 2020, 18:00 [[Central European Time|CET]] ([[UTC+01:00|UTC+1]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/news/road-to-qatar-2022-mapped-out-for-europe |title=Road to Qatar 2022 mapped out for Europe |work=FIFA |date=7 December 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> However, because of the pandemic, the draw was held as a virtual event without any representatives of member associations present. It was originally planned to be held on 29 November.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2633814.html |title=2020 European football calendar |website=UEFA.com |publisher=[[UEFA|Union of European Football Associations]] |date=1 January 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123150520/https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2633814.html |archive-date=23 January 2020}}</ref> Earlier on 18 June, the UEFA Executive Committee approved the draw regulations for the qualifying group stage.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2642261.html |title=Temporary emergency measures for Financial Fair Play |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=18 June 2020 |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> The 55 teams were seeded into six pots based on the [[FIFA Men's World Rankings]] of November 2020, after the league phase of the [[2020–21 UEFA Nations League]].

The qualification format was confirmed by the UEFA Executive Committee during their meeting in [[Nyon]], Switzerland on 4 December 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/newsid=2634046.html |title=UEFA Executive Committee agenda for Nyon meeting |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=27 November 2019 |access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="UNL regulations">{{cite web |url=https://documents.uefa.com/v/u/kR6ThiGf9hdVYMlldxMAMw |title=Regulations of the UEFA Nations League, 2020/21 |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |format=PDF |date=13 October 2019 |access-date=13 October 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116082336/https://documents.uefa.com/internal/api/webapp/documents/jJTWTpzi2KN9D8VRYz~Bpg/content |archive-date=16 November 2020}}</ref> The qualification depends, in part, on results from the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League, although to a lesser degree than [[UEFA Euro 2020]]. The structure maintained UEFA's usual 'group stage/playoff stage' structure, with only the specific format of the play-offs amended.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/newsid=2635809.html |title=Game changer: group stage for UEFA Women's Champions League |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=4 December 2019 |access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/205b8634751aa743/original/teq6xtba5j54gogrcemo-pdf.pdf |title=Regulatory articles for the 2020–2022 European qualifiers play-offs |work=[[FIFA]] |date=22 October 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref>
* '''First round (group stage)''': Ten groups of either five or six teams with group winners qualifying for the World Cup finals. The four teams in the [[2021 UEFA Nations League Finals]] (France, Belgium, Italy, and Spain) were put into the smaller groups.
* '''Second round (play-off stage)''': 12 teams (ten group runners-up and the best two Nations League group winners, based on the [[2020–21 UEFA Nations League#Overall ranking|Nations League overall ranking]], that finished outside the top two of their qualifying group) were drawn into three play-off paths, playing two rounds of single-match play-offs (semi-finals with the seeded teams to host, followed by finals, with the home teams to be drawn), with the three path winners qualifying for the World Cup.

====Final positions (first round)====
{|
|-valign=top
!align="center"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group A|Group A]]
!align="center"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group B|Group B]]
!align="center"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group C|Group C]]
|-valign=top
|align="left"|{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group A|only_pld_pts=y|show_matches=n}}
|align="left"|{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group B|only_pld_pts=y|show_matches=n}}
|align="left"|{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group C|only_pld_pts=y|show_matches=n}}
|-valign=top
!align="center"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group D|Group D]]
!align="center"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group E|Group E]]
!align="center"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group F|Group F]]
|-valign=top
|align="left"|{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group D|only_pld_pts=y|show_matches=n}}
|align="left"|{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group E|only_pld_pts=y|show_matches=n}}
|align="left"|{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group F|only_pld_pts=y|show_matches=n}}
|-valign=top
!align="center"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group G|Group G]]
!align="center"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group H|Group H]]
!align="center"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group I|Group I]]
|-valign=top
|align="left"|{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group G|only_pld_pts=y|show_matches=n}}
|align="left"|{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group H|only_pld_pts=y|show_matches=n}}
|align="left"|{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group I|only_pld_pts=y|show_matches=n}}
|-valign=top
!align="center"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group J|Group J]]
|-valign=top
|align="left"|{{:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group J|only_pld_pts=y|show_matches=n}}
|}

====Second round====
{{main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round}}
{{#section:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round|Bracket A}}
{{#section:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round|Bracket B}}
{{#section:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round|Bracket C}}

==Inter-confederation play-offs==
{{main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)}}
There were two inter-confederation play-offs<ref group=note>Described by FIFA's website as "FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 intercontinental play-offs".</ref> to determine the final two qualification spots for the finals. They were played in Qatar on 13–14 June 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/media-releases/draw-date-set-for-new-look-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022-tm-intercontinental|title=Draw date set for new-look FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 intercontinental play-offs|publisher=FIFA|date=19 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://en.as.com/en/2021/11/26/soccer/1637955253_226019.html |title=2022 World Cup inter-confederation play-off draw: fixtures and format |last=Allen |first=William |work=as.com |date=26 November 2021 |access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref>

===AFC v CONMEBOL===
{{main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC–CONMEBOL play-off)}}
{{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)|playoff1}}

===CONCACAF v OFC===
{{main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF–OFC play-off)}}
{{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)|playoff2}}

==Top goalscorers==
{{Goalscorers
|goals=2424 |matches=865

|14 goals=
*{{fbicon|UAE}} [[Ali Mabkhout]]

|13 goals=
*{{fbicon|CAN}} [[Cyle Larin]]

|12 goals=
*{{fbicon|CHN}} [[Wu Lei]]
*{{fbicon|ENG}} [[Harry Kane]]
*{{fbicon|NED}} [[Memphis Depay]]

|10 goals=
*{{fbicon|BOL}} [[Marcelo Martins Moreno|Marcelo Moreno]]
*{{fbicon|IRN}} [[Sardar Azmoun]]
*{{fbicon|JPN}} [[Takumi Minamino]]
*{{fbicon|JPN}} [[Yuya Osako]]

|9 goals=
*{{fbicon|CAN}} [[Jonathan David]]
*{{fbicon|POL}} [[Robert Lewandowski]]
*{{fbicon|SYR}} [[Omar Al Somah]]

|8 goals=
*{{fbicon|ALG}} [[Islam Slimani]]
*{{fbicon|BRA}} [[Neymar]]
*{{fbicon|SLV}} [[David Rugamas]]
*{{fbicon|ISR}} [[Eran Zahavi]]
*{{fbicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandar Mitrović]]
*{{fbicon|URU}} [[Luis Suárez]]
*{{fbicon|VIE}} [[Nguyễn Tiến Linh]]
}}
Below are goalscorer lists for all confederations and the inter-confederation play-offs:
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)#Top goalscorers|AFC]]
*[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)#Top goalscorers|CAF]]
*[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)#Top goalscorers|CONCACAF]]
*[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)#Goalscorers|CONMEBOL]]
*[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)#Goalscorers|OFC]]
*[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)#Top goalscorers|UEFA]]
*[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)#Goalscorers|Inter-confederation play-offs]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Official website|https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/qualifiers|Official FIFA World Cup website}}

{{2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers}}
{{2022 FIFA World Cup}}
{{FIFA World Cup qualification}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2022 Fifa World Cup Qualification}}
[[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification| ]]
[[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup|Qualification]]
[[Category:FIFA World Cup qualification]]
[[Category:Sports events affected by the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Sports events affected by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]

Argentina national football team

2022-12-19T10:57:54Z

Tangoludwig: updated to six finals

{{Short description|Men's association football team}}
{{About|the men's team|the women's team|Argentina women's national football team}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox national football team
| Name = Argentina
| Badge = Argentina national football team logo.svg
| Badge_size = 150
| FIFA Trigramme = ARG
| Nickname = ''La Albiceleste'' ('The White and Sky Blue')<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grove |first1=Daryl |title=An explanation: 2010 World Cup team nicknames |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/soccer-daryl-grove/explanation-2010-world-cup-team-nicknames--soccer.html |access-date=1 March 2022 |work=Dirty Tackle |date=19 June 2010}}</ref>
| Association = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Football Association]]}} (AFA)
| Confederation = [[CONMEBOL]] (South America)
| Coach = [[Lionel Scaloni]]
| Captain = [[Lionel Messi]]
| Most caps = Lionel Messi (172)
| Top scorer = Lionel Messi ([[List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi|98]])
| Home Stadium = [[#Home stadium|''Various'']]
| FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|ARG}}
| FIFA max = 1
| FIFA min = 20
| FIFA max date = March 2007, October 2007 – June 2008, July–October 2015, April 2016 – April 2017
| FIFA min date = August 1996
| Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Argentina}}
| Elo max = 1
| Elo max date = [[World Football Elo Ratings|29 times between 1902 and 2016]]
| Elo min = 26
| Elo min date = June 1990

| pattern_la1 = _arg22h
| pattern_b1 = _arg22h
| pattern_ra1 = _arg22h
| pattern_sh1 = _arg22h
| pattern_so1 = _arg22h
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| body1 = FFFFFF
| rightarm1 = FFFFFF
| shorts1 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = FFFFFF

| pattern_la2 = _arg22a
| pattern_b2 = _arg22a
| pattern_ra2 = _arg22a
| pattern_sh2 = _arg22a
| pattern_so2 = _arg22a
| leftarm2 = 1D1F76
| body2 = 1D1F76
| rightarm2 = 1D1F76
| shorts2 = 1D1F76
| socks2 = 1D1F76
| First game = {{fb|URU}} [[1902 Uruguay v Argentina football match|0–6]] {{fb-rt|ARG}} ([[Montevideo]], Uruguay; 20 July 1902)<ref name = "First match">{{cite web |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/argurures.html |title=Argentina-Uruguay Matches 1902–2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |first=Héctor Darío |last=Pelayes |date=24 September 2010 |access-date= 7 November 2010 }}</ref><ref name=iffhs/><ref name=nostalgia/><ref name=barnade/>
| Largest win = {{fb|ARG}} 12–0 {{fb-rt|ECU|1900}} (Montevideo, Uruguay; 22 January 1942)
| Largest loss = {{fb|Czechoslovakia}} 6–1 {{fb-rt|ARG}} ([[Helsingborg]], Sweden; 15 June 1958) {{fb|BOL}} 6–1 {{fb-rt|ARG}} ([[La Paz]], Bolivia; 1 April 2009)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historial entre Argentina y Bolivia|url=https://www.afa.com.ar/es/posts/historial-entre-argentina-y-bolivia-|access-date=2 February 2022|website=Sitio Oficial de la Asociación del Fútbol Argentino|language=es-AR}}</ref> {{fb|ESP}} 6–1 {{fb-rt|ARG}} ([[Madrid]], Spain; 27 March 2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spain 6–1 Argentina: Isco scores hat-trick as hosts dismantle Argentina|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12010/11306601/spain-6-1-argentina-isco-scores-hat-trick-as-hosts-dismantle-argentina|access-date=2 February 2022|website=Sky Sports|language=en}}</ref>
| World cup apps = 18
| World cup first = 1930
| World cup best = '''Champions''' ([[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]], [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]], [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]])
| Confederations cup apps = 3
| Confederations cup first = [[1992 King Fahd Cup|1992]]
| Confederations cup best = '''Champions''' ([[1992 King Fahd Cup|1992]])
| Regional name = [[Copa América]]
| Regional cup apps = 43
| Regional cup first = [[1916 South American Championship|1916]]
| Regional cup best = '''Champions''' ([[1921 South American Championship|1921]], [[1925 South American Championship|1925]], [[1927 South American Championship|1927]], [[1929 South American Championship|1929]], [[1937 South American Championship|1937]], [[1941 South American Championship|1941]], [[1945 South American Championship|1945]], [[1946 South American Championship|1946]], [[1947 South American Championship|1947]], [[1955 South American Championship|1955]], [[1957 South American Championship|1957]], [[1959 South American Championship (Argentina)|1959]], [[1991 Copa América|1991]], [[1993 Copa América|1993]], [[2021 Copa América|2021]])
| 2ndRegional name = [[Panamerican Championship]]
| 2ndRegional cup apps = 2
| 2ndRegional cup first = [[1956 Panamerican Championship|1956]]
| 2ndRegional cup best = '''Champions''' ([[1960 Panamerican Championship|1960]])
| 3rdRegional name = [[CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions]]
| 3rdRegional cup apps = 2
| 3rdRegional cup first = [[Artemio Franchi Trophy#Editions##1993|1993]]
| 3rdRegional cup best = '''Champions''' ([[Artemio Franchi Trophy#1993|1993]], [[2022 Finalissima|2022]])
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalOlympic}}<ref>After 1988, the tournament has been restricted to squads with no more than 3 players over the age of 23, and these matches are not regarded as part of the national team's record, nor are caps awarded.</ref>{{refn|From 1992 on, medals won by Argentina were with the [[Argentina national under-23 football team|U-23 team]], not the senior squad, as ruled by the IOC.<ref name=mem>{{Cite web |url=https://memoriasdelfutbol.com/futbol-juegos-olimpicos-historia-2/ |title=Fútbol en los Juegos Olímpicos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905111835/https://memoriasdelfutbol.com/futbol-juegos-olimpicos-historia-2/ |archive-date=5 September 2021 |first1=José M. |last1=Martín, 8 |date=August 2021}}</ref><ref name="as" />|group=note|name=sub23}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]]|[[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA World Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978 Argentina]]|[[1978 FIFA World Cup squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986 Mexico]]|[[1986 FIFA World Cup squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 Qatar]]|[[2022 FIFA World Cup squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930 Uruguay]]|[[1930 FIFA World Cup squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990 Italy]]|[[1990 FIFA World Cup squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014 Brazil]]|[[2014 FIFA World Cup squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Copa América]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1921 South American Championship|1921 Argentina]]|[[1921 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1925 South American Championship|1925 Argentina]]|[[1925 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1927 South American Championship|1927 Peru]]|[[1927 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1929 South American Championship|1929 Argentina]]|[[1929 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1937 South American Championship|1937 Argentina]]|[[1937 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1941 South American Championship|1941 Chile]]|[[1941 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1945 South American Championship|1945 Chile]]|[[1945 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1946 South American Championship|1946 Argentina]]|[[1946 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1947 South American Championship|1947 Ecuador]]|[[1947 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1955 South American Championship|1955 Chile]]|[[1955 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1957 South American Championship|1957 Peru]]|[[1957 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1959 South American Championship (Argentina)|1959 Argentina]]|[[1959 South American Championship (Argentina) squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1991 Copa América|1991 Chile]]|[[1991 Copa América squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1993 Copa América|1993 Ecuador]]|[[1993 Copa América squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 Copa América|2021 Brazil]]|[[2021 Copa América squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1916 South American Championship|1916 Argentina]]|[[1916 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1917 South American Championship|1917 Uruguay]]|[[1917 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1920 South American Championship|1920 Chile]]|[[1920 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1923 South American Championship|1923 Uruguay]]|[[1923 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1924 South American Championship|1924 Uruguay]]|[[1924 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1926 South American Championship|1926 Chile]]|[[1926 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1935 South American Championship|1935 Peru]]|[[1935 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1942 South American Championship|1942 Uruguay]]|[[1942 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1959 South American Championship (Ecuador)|1959 Ecuador]]|[[1959 South American Championship (Ecuador) squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1967 South American Championship|1967 Uruguay]]|[[1967 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2004 Copa América|2004 Peru]]|[[2004 Copa América squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2007 Copa América|2007 Venezuela]]|[[2007 Copa América squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2015 Copa América|2015 Chile]]|[[2015 Copa América squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2016 Copa América|2016 United States]]|[[2016 Copa América squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1919 South American Championship|1919 Brazil]]|[[1919 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1956 South American Championship|1956 Uruguay]]|[[1956 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1963 South American Championship|1963 Bolivia]]|[[1963 South American Championship squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1989 Copa América|1989 Brazil]]|[[1989 Copa América squads|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2019 Copa América|2019 Brazil]]|[[2019 Copa América squads|Team]]}}
}}
The '''Argentina national football team''' represents [[Argentina]] in men's international [[Association football|football]] and is administered by the [[Argentine Football Association]], the governing body for [[football in Argentina]].

''La Selección'' ({{Literally|The National Team}}), also known as ''La Albiceleste'' ('The White and Sky Blue'), are the reigning world champions, having won the [[2022 FIFA World Cup Final|most recent World Cup final]] in 2022. Overall, Argentina has appeared in the final of the World Cup six times, including the first final in [[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]], which they lost 4–2 to [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]]. Argentina won in their next final appearance in [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]], beating the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]] 3–1 in extra time. Argentina won again in [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]] with a 3–2 victory over [[Germany national football team|West Germany]], and a tournament campaign inspired by their captain [[Diego Maradona]]. They made the World Cup finals once more in [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]], and lost 1–0 to West Germany through an 87th minute penalty converted by [[Andreas Brehme]]. Argentina made their fifth appearance in a World Cup final in [[2014 FIFA World Cup Final|2014]], again losing to Germany 1–0 after extra time. In [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]], they won the World Cup for the third time, beating [[France national football team|France]] 4–2 on penalties following a 3–3 draw after extra time. The team's World Cup-winning managers are [[César Luis Menotti]] in 1978, [[Carlos Bilardo]] in 1986, and [[Lionel Scaloni]] in 2022.

Argentina has also been very successful in the [[Copa América]], winning it 15 times, most recently led by [[Lionel Messi]] in [[2021 Copa América|2021]], and is currently tied with Uruguay in most wins. The team also won the [[1992 King Fahd Cup|1992 FIFA Confederations Cup]]. Argentina is the most successful team in the [[CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions]], having won it twice ([[1993 Artemio Franchi Cup|1993]] and [[2022 Finalissima|2022]]). Argentina is known for having rivalries with [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]], [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]], [[England national football team|England]], [[Germany national football team|Germany]] and the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/2011/07/05/great-footballing-rivalries-argentina-vs-uruguay/ |title=Great Footballing Rivalries : Argentina vs. Uruguay " SportsKeeda |website=Sportskeeda |access-date=7 June 2012|date=4 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wetzel |first=Dan |url=http://g.sports.yahoo.com/soccer/world-cup/news/war-of-words-renews-argentina-germany-rivalry--fbintl_dw-warofwords070110.html |title=War of words renews Argentina-Germany rivalry – FBINTL – Yahoo! Sports |publisher=Yahoo! Sport |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709193634/http://g.sports.yahoo.com/soccer/world-cup/news/war-of-words-renews-argentina-germany-rivalry--fbintl_dw-warofwords070110.html |archive-date=9 July 2010 }}</ref> As of 2022, Argentina holds the record for most official titles won by a men's national team with 22.

==History==
{{main|History of the Argentina national football team}}
{{Further|Football in Argentina}}

The first match ever recorded for Argentina was against [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]], [[1902 Uruguay v Argentina football match|on 20 June 1902]].{{refn|There is a precedent of a match played between an Argentine representative v an Uruguayan side on 16 May 1901 in Paso del Molino. Nevertheless, most historians discard this match as the first, stating that match was not organised by the AUF but by the [[Albion F.C.]]. In fact, the initial line-up featured nine players from Albion and two from [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]].<ref name=nostalgia>[http://www.futbolnostalgia.com/amsud1.htm Primer partido de Selecciones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081619/http://www.futbolnostalgia.com/amsud1.htm |date=4 March 2016 }} on Fútbol Nostalgia</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deportesenuruguay.eluruguayo.com/Futbol-Uruguayo01.htm |title="Historia del Fútbol Uruguayo" at Deportes en Uruguay |publisher=Deportesenuruguay.eluruguayo.com |access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=iffhs>{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?f00b90b003e0f443e0f952bda55405fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeeda083c0a |title="Reasons for excluding or including full "A" internationals (1901–1910) at IFFHS |publisher=Iffhs.de |access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref>|group=note|name=albion}} The game (which was the first international for both sides) was held in [[Montevideo]] and Argentina won 6–0.<ref name = "First match"/><ref name=barnade>[https://www.clarin.com/deportes/argentina-uruguay-clasico-partidos-internacionales-mundo_0_MRvzzcUG.html Argentina-Uruguay: el clásico con más partidos del mundo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511071907/https://www.clarin.com/deportes/argentina-uruguay-clasico-partidos-internacionales-mundo_0_MRvzzcUG.html |date=11 May 2021 }} by Oscar Barnade on ''Clarín'', 18 November 2019</ref> During the first years of its existence, the Argentina national team only played friendly matches against other South American teams. The reasons for this varied, including long travel times between countries and the interruption of [[World War I]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150204014437/http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7857%3Aseleccion-nacional-los-comienzos&catid=181%3Aseleccion-nacional&Itemid=226 Los comienzos (1901–1930)], AFA website (Archived, 4 February 2015)</ref>

''La Selección'' (national team), also known as the ''Albicelestes'' (sky blue and whites), has appeared in six World Cup finals, including the first final in [[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]], which they lost, 4–2, to [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]]. Argentina won in their next final in [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]], beating the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]], 3–1. Argentina, led by [[Diego Maradona]] won again in [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]], a 3–2 victory over [[Germany national football team|West Germany]].
Argentina last reached the World Cup final in [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]], where it lost 1–0 to [[Germany national football team|Germany]].
Previous to this their last World Cup final was in [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]], which is also lost, 1–0, to [[Germany national football team|West Germany]] by a much-disputed penalty. In [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]], Argentina won the World Cup for the third time, beating [[France national football team|France]] 4–2 on penalties following a 3–3 draw after extra time. The team's World Cup-winning managers are [[César Luis Menotti]] in 1978, [[Carlos Bilardo]] in 1986, and [[Lionel Scaloni]] in 2022.

Argentina has been very successful in the [[Copa América]], winning it 15 times. The team also won the [[FIFA Confederations Cup]] and the [[Kirin Cup]], both in 1992, the [[CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions]] in 1993 and 2022, and the [[Taça das Nações|Nations' Cup]] in 1964. Argentina 'Olympic' team (with only three players of over 23 years of age included in the squad) won the [[Summer Olympic Games|Olympics]] football tournaments in [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|Athens 2004]] and [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing 2008]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics_2004/football/3607296.stm |work=BBC News |title=Football gold for Argentina |date=28 August 2004 |access-date=25 April 2010}}</ref>

Argentina also won seven of the 18 [[Football at the Pan American Games|football competitions at the Pan American Games]], winning in [[Football at the 1951 Pan American Games|1951]], [[Football at the 1955 Pan American Games|1955]], [[Football at the 1959 Pan American Games|1959]], [[Football at the 1971 Pan American Games|1971]], [[Football at the 1995 Pan American Games|1995]], [[Football at the 2003 Pan American Games – Men's tournament|2003]] and [[Football at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's tournament|2019]].

In March 2007, Argentina reached the top of the [[FIFA World Rankings]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/ranking/news/newsid=113242.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704195917/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/ranking/news/newsid=113242.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2007 |title=– Argentina first for first time |publisher=FIFA |access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref>

==Home stadium==
[[File:RiverPlateStadium.jpg|thumb|Estadio Monumental, frequent venue of Argentina]]
Argentina play most of their home matches at River Plate stadium, [[Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti|Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti]],<ref>[https://tntsports.com.ar/seleccion/Sorpresa-La-Seleccion-Argentina-no-jugara-en-el-Monumental-ante-Venezuela-por-las-Eliminatorias-20220304-0020.html ¿Sorpresa? La Selección Argentina no jugará en el Monumental ante Venezuela por las Eliminatorias] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116161849/https://tntsports.com.ar/seleccion/Sorpresa-La-Seleccion-Argentina-no-jugara-en-el-Monumental-ante-Venezuela-por-las-Eliminatorias-20220304-0020.html |date=16 November 2022 }} on TNT Sports, 4 March 2022</ref><ref>[https://www.afa.com.ar/es/posts/argentina-volvera-a-jugar-en-river La Selección Argentina volverá a jugar en River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325201448/https://www.afa.com.ar/es/posts/argentina-volvera-a-jugar-en-river |date=25 March 2022 }} on AFA, 16 September 2021</ref> although the team has also played in other venues such as [[Estadio Gigante de Arroyito|Rosario Central]],<ref>[https://www.impulsonegocios.com/rosario-central-gigante-de-arroyito-seleccion/ POLÉMICA POR LA SELECCIÓN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125132714/https://www.impulsonegocios.com/rosario-central-gigante-de-arroyito-seleccion/ |date=25 January 2022 }} by Hernán Cabrera at Impulso Negocios, 7 January 2022</ref> (during the [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|2010 World Cup qualification]])<ref>[https://www.espn.com.ar/futbol/reporte?juegoId=230068 La alegría fue brasileña] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011172004/https://www.espn.com.ar/futbol/reporte?juegoId=230068 |date=11 October 2022 }} match report on ESPN, 5 September 2009</ref><ref>[https://www.marca.com/2009/09/06/futbol/mundial_2010/1252217822.html Brasil conquista la casa de Messi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326162453/https://www.marca.com/2009/09/06/futbol/mundial_2010/1252217822.html |date=26 March 2022 }} on ''Marca'', 6 September 2009</ref> [[Estadio Único Madre de Ciudades]] in [[Santiago del Estero]],<ref>[https://www.elcomercial.com.ar/12922-la-seleccion-argentina-y-messi-volveran-a-jugar-en-santiago-del-estero-por-las-eliminatorias La Selección Argentina y Messi volverán a jugar en Santiago del Estero por las Eliminatorias] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208222635/https://www.elcomercial.com.ar/12922-la-seleccion-argentina-y-messi-volveran-a-jugar-en-santiago-del-estero-por-las-eliminatorias |date=8 December 2021 }} 8 December 2021 on ''Diario El Comercial''</ref><ref name=tycoct20>[https://www.tycsports.com/seleccion-argentina/seleccion-argentina-santiago-del-estero-uruguay-eliminatorias-id279035.html En marzo la Selección Argentina será local en Santiago del Estero por Eliminatorias] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326162523/https://www.tycsports.com/seleccion-argentina/seleccion-argentina-santiago-del-estero-uruguay-eliminatorias-id279035.html |date=26 March 2022 }} on TyC Sports, 28 October 2020</ref> [[Boca Juniors]]' stadium ([[La Bombonera]])<ref name=tycoct20/> Those venues were used in some matches of the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|2022 World Cup qualification]],<ref>[https://www.goal.com/es-ar/noticias/el-historial-de-la-seleccion-argentina-en-la-bombonera/lcuc6w0bp2ml1jbr1yirfmsaa El historial de la Selección argentina en La Bombonera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326162523/https://www.goal.com/es-ar/noticias/el-historial-de-la-seleccion-argentina-en-la-bombonera/lcuc6w0bp2ml1jbr1yirfmsaa |date=26 March 2022 }} on Goal.com, 25 March 2022</ref> along with [[Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes]] in [[Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba]] and [[Estadio San Juan del Bicentenario]] in [[San Juan Province, Argentina|the homonymous province]].<ref>[https://www.pagina12.com.ar/382770-como-le-fue-a-la-seleccion-argentina-en-san-juan ¿Cómo le fue a la Selección Argentina en San Juan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326163249/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/382770-como-le-fue-a-la-seleccion-argentina-en-san-juan |date=26 March 2022 }} by Cristian Dellocchio on Página/12. 16 November 2021</ref>

[[Estadio G.E.B.A.|GEBA Stadium]] was the venue where Argentina played their first international matches as local team. The match held on 13 September 1908, for the [[Copa Newton]] v. [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] has a historic relevance for being the first time Argentine wore the light blue and white striped jersey, which would be the definitive uniform up to present days.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arg-intres.html Argentine national team archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820042538/http://rsssf.com/tablesa/arg-intres.html |date=20 August 2012 }} by Héctor Pelayes on RSSSF.com</ref> GEBA was also venue for the [[Copa Centenario Revolución de Mayo]], the first international South American competition organised in 1910. The Argentina national team played its last game at GEBA on 19 October 1919, when the squad won the [[Copa Premier Honor Argentino]] after thrashing Uruguay by 6–1,<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesh/honorarg.html Copa Premio Honor Argentino] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220082314/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesh/honorarg.html |date=20 February 2020 }} on RSSSF</ref>

Other memorable venue for Argentina was [[Estadio Sportivo Barracas]], which holds an important anecdotal fact in its history on 2 October 1924, when Argentina beat Uruguay 2–1 with a [[goal (sport)|goal]] converted directly from a [[corner kick]] by forward [[Cesáreo Onzari]]. Since then, a goal like Onzari's is referred as a ''Gol olímpico'' or ''[[Olympic goal]]''.<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2004/10/02/deportes/d-07101.htm "El gol olímpico cumple 80"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828034003/http://www.clarin.com/diario/2004/10/02/deportes/d-07101.htm |date=28 August 2009 }}, ''Clarín'', 2 October 2004</ref> Sportivo Barracas was the usual venue for Argentina from 1920 to 1932. The stadium would be later demolished in 1937.

==Team image==
=== Kit ===
{{multiple image
|align= right
|direction = horizontal
|total_width = 550
|image1 = Argentina equipo v combinadopaulista 1908.jpg
|caption1 = The classic light blue and white striped jersey was first worn on 2 July 1908 in a friendly match at [[Sao Paulo]]
|image2 = Maradona vs england.jpg
|caption2 = The blue shirt worn v [[England national football team|England]] at the [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986 World Cup]], when [[Diego Maradona]] (1960–2020) scored "[[Argentina v England (1986 FIFA World Cup)|the Hand of God goal]]"
}}
{{Commons|Argentina national football team kits}}
The kit first worn by Argentina in their official debut v [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] in 1902 was a light blue shirt.<ref>[https://viejocasale.medium.com/uruguay-0-v-argentina-6-1902-bceb77689c9c Uruguay 0 v. Argentina 6 (1902)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004173541/https://viejocasale.medium.com/uruguay-0-v-argentina-6-1902-bceb77689c9c |date=4 October 2021 }} by T. Casale, 20 July 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.futbolnostalgia.com/amsud1.htm |title=Uruguay 0–6 Argentina |publisher=Fútbol Nostalgia |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> On 2 July 1908, Argentina debuted the light blue vertical stripe on white jersey, when the squad played vs a team formed by [[Liga Paulista]] players at [[Velódromo Paulistano]].<ref>"Foot-Ball: Sao Paulo vs. Argentina" on ''Correio Paulistano'' newspaper, published 3 July 1908</ref> That striped jersey has remained as the official kit since then. The away kits usually have been in dark blue shades, varying the colours of shorts and socks.

Argentina has sported other kits until the blue strip on white kit was made official. On 3 June 1919 in [[Rio de Janeiro]] playing the "Roberto Chery Cup" against [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]], Argentina wore a light blue kit, similar to [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]].<ref name=celeste>{{cite web |url=http://www.iffhs.de/?29dad5a85ad4a85b97291ad4e85fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeeda0a305 |title=Copa Roberto Chery, Brasil 3 – Argentina 3 |work=[[IFFHS]] |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> The trophy was established by [[Brazilian Football Confederation]], for the benefit of Roberto Chery's relatives. Chery was Uruguay's substitute goalkeeper and died during the [[1919 South American Championship]] after collapsing in a game against Chile.<ref>{{cite web|author=Federico Mauccione Pérez |url=http://gloriosomirasolfm.blogspot.com.ar/2007/10/el-3-de-junio-de-1919-la-seleccin-de.html |title=El 3 de Julio de 1919, la Selección de Brasil vistió la camiseta de Peñarol |website=GloriosoMirasol.com |date=26 February 2004 |access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref>

At the [[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958 World Cup]], Argentina wore the yellow jersey of Swedish club [[IFK Malmö]] in the match against [[Germany national football team|West Germany]], as the team arrived in Sweden without an away kit.

A last moment jersey changed at the [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986 World Cup in Mexico]] is memorable. Then manager, [[Carlos Bilardo]], asked the team kit supplier [[Le Coq Sportif]] for a lighter blue shirt for the quarter-final in three days against [[England national football team|England]], that could not be provided. A member of coaching staff scoured the shops of Mexico City for 38 shirt plain shirts. They were transformed with an improvised version of the AFA emblem embroidered on to the shirts,<ref name="viejos">{{Cite web|url=https://viejosestadios.blogspot.com/2017/02/el-escudo-de-la-argentina-en-las-copas.html|title=Viejos Estadios: El escudo de la Argentina en las Copas del Mundo}}</ref> and silvery [[American football]] numbers ironed to the backs.<ref name=shirts>{{cite web|title=Curious tales of World Cup shirts|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=5/news=curious-tales-of-world-cup-shirts-2340153.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516190959/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=5/news=curious-tales-of-world-cup-shirts-2340153.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2014|publisher=FIFA|access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref> [[Argentina v England (1986 FIFA World Cup)|Argentina beat England]] with [[Diego Maradona]]'s "Hand of God goal".<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/mundo/deportes-36595420 El día que Diego Maradona hizo "el gol del siglo" y se convirtió en villano por la "mano de Dios"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917140335/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/deportes-36595420 |date=17 September 2019 }} on BBC, 22 June 2016</ref><ref>[https://www.marca.com/claro-mx/futbol-internacional/argentina/2019/06/22/5d0e6bb222601d4a388b461a.html Se cumplen 33 años del 'gol del siglo'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904095341/https://www.marca.com/claro-mx/futbol-internacional/argentina/2019/06/22/5d0e6bb222601d4a388b461a.html |date=4 September 2019 }}, ''Marca'' (Spain), 22 June 2019</ref> The shirt style became an emblem of the occasion and a collector's item.<ref>[https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/1088/4944/1986-la-historia-de-la-camiseta-azul-contra-los-ingleses La historia de la camiseta azul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904094543/https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/1088/4944/1986-la-historia-de-la-camiseta-azul-contra-los-ingleses |date=4 September 2019 }} by Andrés Burgo on ''El Gráfico'', 24 April 2018</ref>

At the [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018 World Cup]] in Russia, Argentina debuted a black away kit, a first in their history,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world-cup/news/world-cup-kits-2018-ranking-the-best-and-worst-uniforms-to-be-showcased-in-russia-this-summer/ |title=World Cup kits 2018: Ranking the best and worst uniforms to be showcased in Russia this summer |last=Mello |first=Igor |date=21 June 2018 |access-date=22 June 2018 |work=[[CBS Sports]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive Inc.]]}}</ref> while for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] they used a purple away one.{{Fact|date=December 2022}}

===Kit suppliers===
[[File:Argentina Football Team Badge 1974 and 1978 (home).svg|thumb|right|90px|The AFA emblem that was added to playing kits in 1976]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Kit supplier
! Period
! Notes
|-
| [[Gath & Chaves]] || 1930–1934 ||<ref name=evoluc>[https://www.90min.com/es/posts/2629336-la-evolucion-de-la-camiseta-de-la-seleccion-argentina-a-lo-largo-de-su-historia La evolución de la camiseta de la Selección Argentina a lo largo de su historia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194442/https://www.90min.com/es/posts/2629336-la-evolucion-de-la-camiseta-de-la-seleccion-argentina-a-lo-largo-de-su-historia |date=3 August 2018 }} by Daniel Szwarc on 90min.com, 9 October 2015</ref>
|-
| Sportlandia || 1966 ||<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Palopoli|first1=Eugenio|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1112221401|title=Camisetas legendarias del fútbol argentino|last2=Ruggiero|first2=Sebastián|last3=Silber|first3=Diego|date=1 August 2019|publisher=Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial Argentina|isbn=978-950-28-1319-6|oclc=1112221401|language=es}}</ref>
|-
| [[Adidas]] || 1973–1979 ||<ref name=evoluc/><ref name=adid>[https://www.pasionfutbol.com/listas/Todas-las-camisetas-Adidas-de-la-Seleccion-Argentina-a-lo-largo-de-la-historia-20180130-0001.html Todas las camisetas Adidas de la Selección Argentina a lo largo de la historia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194523/https://www.pasionfutbol.com/listas/Todas-las-camisetas-Adidas-de-la-Seleccion-Argentina-a-lo-largo-de-la-historia-20180130-0001.html |date=3 August 2018 }} on Pasion Fútbol</ref>
|-
| [[Le Coq Sportif]] || 1980–1989 ||<ref name=evoluc/><ref>[https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/135253/deportes/camiseta-seleccion-argentina-segun-pasan-anos.html La camiseta de las selección argentina según pasan los años] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803223808/https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/135253/deportes/camiseta-seleccion-argentina-segun-pasan-anos.html |date=3 August 2018 }}, La Gaceta, 9 November 2005</ref>
|-
| [[Adidas]] || 1990–1998 ||<ref name=adid/><ref>[http://www.emol.com/noticias/deportes/2001/11/06/70562/adidas-recupera-a-la-seleccion-argentina.html Adidas recupera a la selección Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803093727/https://www.emol.com/noticias/deportes/2001/11/06/70562/adidas-recupera-a-la-seleccion-argentina.html |date=3 August 2021 }}, Emol Deportes, 6 November 2001</ref>
|-
| [[Reebok]] || 1999–2001 ||<ref>[https://www.lanacion.com.ar/107637-el-peso-de-la-camiseta El peso de la camiseta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194553/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/107637-el-peso-de-la-camiseta |date=3 August 2018 }}, ''La Nación'', 21 August 1998</ref>
|-
| [[Adidas]] || 2001–present ||<ref name=adid/>
|}

===Crest===
The [[Argentine Football Association]] ("AFA") logo has been always used as the team emblem. It debuted in the [[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958 World Cup]] held in Sweden, when Argentina added the AFA logo to their jackets, but not to the shirts.<ref name="viejos"/>

Nevertheless, the AFA emblem was not used on jerseys until 16 November 1976, when Argentina played the [[Soviet Union national football team|Soviet Union]] at [[Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti|Estadio Monumental]]. The first emblem was a simplified version of the crest (without the [[laurel wreath]],<ref name=escudo>[https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/escudo-camiseta-seleccion-argentina-cumple-41-anos_0_S1aTRQc1f.html El escudo de la camiseta de la Selección argentina cumple 41 años] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904094539/https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/escudo-camiseta-seleccion-argentina-cumple-41-anos_0_S1aTRQc1f.html |date=4 September 2019 }} by Daniela Aguinsky, ''Clarín'', 16 November 2017</ref> that was added for the [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982 World Cup]]).<ref name=viejos/>

In 2004, two stars were added above the crest, symbolising the national team's world championships in 1978 and 1986.<ref name=escudo/> A third star was added after Argentina won their third world championship in 2022.

==Results and fixtures==
{{main|Argentina national football team results (2020–present)}}
The following is a list of match results from the previous 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

===2022===
{{Football box collapsible
|format=1
|round = [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)#CHI v ARG|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|date = 27 January
|time = 21:15 [[Time in Chile|CLT]] ([[UTC−03:00|UTC−3]])
|team1 = {{fb-rt|CHI}}
|score = 1–2
|report = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/qualifiers/conmebol/match-center/400104621
|team2 = {{fb|ARG}}
|goals1 =
*[[Ben Brereton|Brereton]] {{goal|20}}
|goals2 =
*[[Ángel Di María|Di María]] {{goal|9}}
*[[Lautaro Martínez|La. Martínez]] {{goal|34}}
|stadium = [[Estadio Zorros del Desierto]]
|location = [[Calama, Chile]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Anderson Daronco]] ([[Brazilian Football Confederation|Brazil]])
|result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|format=1
|round = [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)#ARG v COL|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|date = 1 February
|time = 20:30 [[Time in Argentina|ART]] ([[UTC−03:00|UTC−3]])
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ARG}}
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/qualifiers/conmebol/match-center/400104625
|team2 = {{fb|COL}}
|goals1 =
*[[Lautaro Martínez|La. Martínez]] {{goal|29}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes|Chateau Carreras]]
|location = [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], Argentina
|attendance =
|referee = [[Raphael Claus]] ([[Brazilian Football Confederation|Brazil]])
|result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|format=1
|round = [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)#ARG v VEN|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|date = 25 March
|time = 20:30 [[Time in Argentina|ART]] ([[UTC−03:00|UTC−3]])
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ARG}}
|score =3–0
|report = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/qualifiers/conmebol/match-center/400104626
|team2 = {{fb|VEN}}
|goals1 =
*[[Nicolás González (footballer, born 1998)|González]] {{goal|34}}
*[[Ángel Di María|Di María]] {{goal|79}}
*[[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{goal|82}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[La Bombonera]]
|location = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|attendance =
|referee = [[Kevin Ortega]] ([[Peruvian Football Federation|Peru]])
|result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|format=1
|round = [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)#ECU v ARG|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|date = 29 March
|time = 18:30 [[Time in Ecuador|ECT]] ([[UTC−05:00|UTC−5]])
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ECU}}
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/qualifiers/conmebol/match-center/400104622
|team2 = {{fb|ARG}}
|goals1 =
*[[Enner Valencia|Valencia]] {{goal|90+3}}
|goals2 =
*[[Julián Álvarez (footballer)|Álvarez]] {{goal|24}}
|stadium = [[Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo]]
|location = [[Guayaquil]], Ecuador
|attendance =
|referee = [[Raphael Claus]] ([[Brazilian Football Confederation|Brazil]])
|result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round = [[2022 Finalissima]]
|date = 1 June
|time = 19:45 [[British Summer Time|BST]] ([[UTC+01:00|UTC+1]])
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ITA}}
|score = 0–3
|report = https://www.uefa.com/finalissima/match/2034625/
|team2 = {{fb|ARG}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Lautaro Martínez|La. Martínez]] {{goal|28}}
*[[Ángel Di María|Di María]] {{goal|45+1}}
*[[Paulo Dybala|Dybala]] {{goal|90+4}}
|stadium = [[Wembley Stadium]]
|location = London, England
|attendance = 87,112
|referee = [[Piero Maza]] ([[Football Federation of Chile|Chile]])
|result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[Friendly (sport)|Friendly]]
| date = 5 June
| time = 19:00 ([[UTC+02:00|UTC+2]])
| team1 = {{fb-rt|ARG}}
| score = 5–0
| team2 = {{fb|EST}}
| goals1 =
*[[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{goal|8|pen.|45||47||71||76}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Pamplona]], Spain
| stadium = [[El Sadar Stadium]]
| attendance = 18,332
| referee = [[Urs Schnyder]] ([[Swiss Football Association|Switzerland]])
| report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/05/world/friendlies/argentina/estonia/3792024/
| result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]]
| date = 23 September
| time = 20:00 ([[UTC-04:00|UTC-4]])
| team1 = {{fb-rt|ARG}}
| score = 3–0
| team2 = {{fb|HON}}
| report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/09/23/world/friendlies/argentina/honduras/3942777/
| goals1 =
*[[Lautaro Martínez|La. Martínez]] {{goal|16}}
*[[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{goal|45+2|pen.|69}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]], United States
| stadium = [[Hard Rock Stadium]]
| attendance =
| referee = Rubiel Vasquez ([[United States Soccer Federation|United States]])
| result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]]
| date = 27 September
| time = 20:00 ([[UTC-04:00|UTC-4]])
| team1 = {{fb-rt|JAM}}
| score = 0–3
| team2 = {{fb|ARG}}
| report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/09/28/world/friendlies/jamaica/argentina/3947834/
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*[[Julián Álvarez (footballer)|Álvarez]] {{goal|13}}
*[[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{goal|86||89}}
| location = [[Harrison, New Jersey|Harrison]], United States
| stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (New Jersey)|Red Bull Arena]]
| attendance =
| referee = Marco Antonio Ortíz Nava ([[Mexican Football Federation|Mexico]])
| result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]]
| date = 16 November
| time = 19:30 ([[UTC+04:00|UTC+4]])
| team1 = {{fb-rt|UAE}}
| score = 0–5
| team2 = {{fb|ARG}}
| report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/11/16/world/friendlies/united-arab-emirates/argentina/3958140/
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*[[Julián Álvarez (footballer)|Álvarez]] {{goal|17}}
*[[Ángel Di María|Di María]] {{goal|25||36}}
*[[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{goal|44}}
*[[Joaquín Correa|Correa]] {{goal|60}}
| location = [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
| stadium = [[Mohammed bin Zayed Stadium]]
| attendance =
| referee = [[Ibrahim Nour El Din]] ([[Egyptian Football Association|Egypt]])
| result = W
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2022 FIFA World Cup Group C|2022 FIFA World Cup]]
|date = 22 November
|time = 13:00 [[Time in Qatar|AST]] ([[UTC+03:00|UTC+3]])
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ARG}}
|score = 1–2
|team2 = {{fb|KSA}}
|report = https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/255711/285063/400235461
|goals1 =
*[[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{goal|10|pen.}}
|goals2 =
*[[Saleh Al-Shehri|Al-Shehri]] {{goal|48}}
*[[Salem Al-Dawsari|S. Al-Dawsari]] {{goal|53}}
|stadium = [[Lusail Iconic Stadium]]
|location = [[Lusail]], Qatar
|attendance = 88,012
|referee = [[Slavko Vinčić]] ([[Football Association of Slovenia|Slovenia]])
|result = L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2022 FIFA World Cup Group C|2022 FIFA World Cup]]
|date = 26 November
|time = 22:00 [[Time in Qatar|AST]] ([[UTC+03:00|UTC+3]])
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ARG}}
|score = 2–0
|team2 = {{fb|MEX}}
|report = https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/255711/285063/400235462
|goals1 =
*[[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{goal|64}}
*[[Enzo Fernández (footballer, born 2001)|Fernández]] {{goal|87}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Lusail Iconic Stadium]]
|location = [[Lusail]], Qatar
|attendance = 88,966
|referee = [[Daniele Orsato]] ([[Italian Football Federation|Italy]])
|result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2022 FIFA World Cup Group C|2022 FIFA World Cup]]
|date = 30 November
|time = 22:00 [[Time in Qatar|AST]] ([[UTC+03:00|UTC+3]])
|team1 = {{fb-rt|POL}}
|score = 0–2
|team2 = {{fb|ARG}}
|report = https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/255711/285063/400235464
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Alexis Mac Allister|Mac Allister]] {{goal|46}}
*[[Julián Álvarez (footballer)|Álvarez]] {{goal|67}}
|stadium = [[Stadium 974]]
|location = [[Doha]], Qatar
|attendance = 44,089
|referee = [[Danny Makkelie]] ([[Royal Dutch Football Association|Netherlands]])
|result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Argentina vs Australia|2022 FIFA World Cup R16]]
|date = 3 December
|time = 22:00 [[Time in Qatar|AST]] ([[UTC+03:00|UTC+3]])
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ARG}}
|score = 2–1
|team2 = {{fb|AUS}}
|report = https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/255711/285073/400128131
|goals1 =
*[[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{goal|35}}
*[[Julián Álvarez (footballer)|Álvarez]] {{goal|57}}
|goals2 =
*[[Enzo Fernández (footballer, born 2001)|Fernández]] {{goal|77|o.g.}}
|stadium = [[Ahmad bin Ali Stadium]]
|location = [[Al Rayyan]], Qatar
|attendance = 45,032
|referee = [[Szymon Marciniak]] ([[Polish Football Association|Poland]])
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Netherlands vs Argentina|2022 FIFA World Cup QF]]
|date = 9 December
|time = 22:00 [[Time in Qatar|AST]] ([[UTC+03:00|UTC+3]])
|team1 = {{fb-rt|NED}}
|score = 2–2
|aet = yes
|team2 = {{fb|ARG}}
|goals1 =
*[[Wout Weghorst|Weghorst]] {{goal|83||90+11}}
|goals2 =
*[[Nahuel Molina|Molina]] {{goal|35}}
*[[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{goal|73|pen.}}
|penaltyscore = 3–4
|penalties1 =
*[[Virgil van Dijk|Van Dijk]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Steven Berghuis|Berghuis]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Teun Koopmeiners|Koopmeiners]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Wout Weghorst|Weghorst]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Luuk de Jong|L. de Jong]] {{pengoal}}
|penalties2 =
*{{pengoal}} [[Lionel Messi|Messi]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Leandro Paredes|Paredes]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Gonzalo Montiel|Montiel]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Enzo Fernández|Fernández]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Lautaro Martínez|La. Martínez]]
|location = [[Lusail]], Qatar
|stadium = [[Lusail Iconic Stadium]]
|attendance = 88,235
|referee = [[Antonio Mateu Lahoz]] ([[Royal Spanish Football Federation|Spain]])
|report = https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/255711/285074/400128139
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Argentina vs Croatia|2022 FIFA World Cup SF]]
|date = 13 December
|time = 22:00 [[Time in Qatar|AST]] ([[UTC+03:00|UTC+3]])
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ARG}}
|score = 3–0
|team2 = {{fb|CRO}}
|goals1 =
*[[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{goal|34|pen.}}
*[[Julián Álvarez (footballer)|Álvarez]] {{goal|39||69}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Lusail]], Qatar
|stadium = [[Lusail Iconic Stadium]]
|attendance = 88,966
|referee = [[Daniele Orsato]] ([[Italian Football Federation|Italy]])
|report = https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/255711/285075/400128143
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2022 FIFA World Cup Final]]
|date = 18 December
|time = 18:00 [[Time in Qatar|AST]] ([[UTC+03:00|UTC+3]])
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ARG}}
|score = 3–3
|aet = yes
|team2 = {{fb|FRA}}
|goals1 =
*[[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{goal|23|pen.|109}}
*[[Ángel Di María|Di María]] {{goal|36}}
|goals2 =
*[[Kylian Mbappé|Mbappé]] {{goal|80|pen.|81||118|pen.}}
|penaltyscore = 4–2
|penalties1 =
*[[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Paulo Dybala|Dybala]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Leandro Paredes|Paredes]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Gonzalo Montiel|Montiel]] {{pengoal}}
|penalties2 =
*{{pengoal}} [[Kylian Mbappé|Mbappé]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Kingsley Coman|Coman]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Aurélien Tchouaméni|Tchouaméni]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Randal Kolo Muani|Kolo Muani]]
|location = [[Lusail]], Qatar
|stadium = [[Lusail Iconic Stadium]]
|attendance = 88,966
|referee = [[Szymon Marciniak]] ([[Polish Football Association|Poland]])
|report = https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/255711/285077/400128145
|result = D
|note = Argentina won on penalty kicks 4–2
}}

==Coaching staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lionel Scaloni]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Pablo Aimar]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Roberto Ayala]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Walter Samuel]]
|-
| Assistant coach (analyst)
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Matías Manna]]
|-
| Fitness coach
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Luis Martín (fitness coach)|Luis Martín]]
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Martín Tocalli]]
|}

=== Manager history ===
{{Main article|List of Argentina national football team managers}}
* Sources:<ref>[http://www.mdzol.com/nota/249156-de-olazar-a-batista-43-tecnicos-de-la-seleccion-argentina/ "De Olazar a Batista: 43 técnicos de la Selección Argentina", MDZ online.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102044150/http://www.mdzol.com/nota/249156-de-olazar-a-batista-43-tecnicos-de-la-seleccion-argentina/ |date=2 January 2015 }}, 1 November 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1064189-los-42-tecnicos-que-tuvo-la-seleccion "Los 42 técnicos que tuvo la Selección"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105004849/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1064189-los-42-tecnicos-que-tuvo-la-seleccion |date=5 November 2017 }}, ''La Nación''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arg-intres.html|title=ARGENTINA NATIONAL TEAM ARCHIVE|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref>[https://www.minutouno.com/notas/3079261-como-pep-guardiola-jose-lago-millan-el-espanol-que-dirigio-la-seleccion Como Pep Guardiola: José Lago Millán, el español que dirigió a la Selección] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704084419/https://www.minutouno.com/notas/3079261-como-pep-guardiola-jose-lago-millan-el-espanol-que-dirigio-la-seleccion |date=4 July 2018 }} on Minuto Uno, 4 July 2018</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ángel Vázquez]] (1924–1925)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[José Lago Millán]] (1927–1928)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Francisco Olazar]] (1928–1929)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Francisco Olazar]] & {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Juan José Tramutola|Juan J. Tramutola]] (1929–1930)
*{{flagicon|Italy|1861}} [[Felipe Pascucci]] (1934)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Manuel Seoane]] (1934–1937)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ángel Fernández Roca]] (1937–1939)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Guillermo Stábile]] (1939–1958)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Victorio Spinetto]] (1959)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Guillermo Stábile]] (1960–1961)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Juan Carlos Lorenzo]] (1962–1963)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Alejandro Galán]] (1963)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Horacio Torres]] (1963–1964)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[José María Minella]] (1964–1968)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Renato Cesarini]] (1968)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Humberto Maschio]] (1968–1969)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Adolfo Pedernera]] (1969)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Juan José Pizzuti]] (1969–1972)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Omar Sívori]] (1972–1974)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Vladislao Cap]] (1974)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[César Luis Menotti]] (1974–1983)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Carlos Bilardo]] (1983–1990)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Alfio Basile]] (1990–1994)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Daniel Passarella]] (1994–1998)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Marcelo Bielsa]] (1998–2004)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[José Pékerman]] (2004–2006)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Alfio Basile]] (2006–2008)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Diego Maradona]] (2008–2010)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Sergio Batista]] (2010–2011)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Alejandro Sabella]] (2011–2014)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Gerardo Martino]] (2014–2016)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Edgardo Bauza]] (2016–2017)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Jorge Sampaoli]] (2017–2018)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Lionel Scaloni]] (2018–present)
{{div col end}}

==Players==
{{see also|List of Argentina international footballers}}

===Current squad===
The following 26 players were named in the squad for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.afa.com.ar/es/posts/lista-de-convocados-de-la-seleccion-argentina-para-qatar-2022ok|title=Lista de convocados de la Selección Argentina para Qatar 2022 |date=11 November 2022 |access-date=11 November 2022 |language=es |website=AFA|publisher=[[Argentine Football Association|AFA]]}}</ref> On 17 November, [[Nicolás González (footballer, born 1998)|Nicolás González]] withdrew injured and was replaced by [[Ángel Correa]].<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=Argentina|number=1593315253227487233|title=#SelecciónMayor Tras el entrenamiento de hoy, el futbolista Nicolás González sufrió una lesión muscular y quedará desafectado de la nómina mundialista. En su reemplazo, el CT de @Argentina, convoca a Ángel Correa.|date=17 November 2022}}</ref> On the same day [[Joaquín Correa]] withdrew injured and was replaced by [[Thiago Almada]].<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Argentina national football team |author-link=Argentina national football team |user=Argentina |number=1593352407299153920 |date=17 November 2022 |title=El futbolista Thiago Almada se suma a la convocatoria mundialista de Qatar 2022. |trans-title=Thiago Almada has been added to the squad for Qatar 2022. |language=es |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref>

''Caps and goals are correct as of 18 December 2022, after the match against [[France national football team|France]].''{{Fact|date=December 2022}}

{{nat fs g start|background=#00000|color=#F70000}}
{{nat fs g player|no=1|pos=GK|name=[[Franco Armani]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|10|16}}|caps=18|goals=0|club=[[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]|clubnat=ARG}}
{{nat fs g player|no=12|pos=GK|name=[[Gerónimo Rulli]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|5|20}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]]|clubnat=ESP}}
{{nat fs g player|no=23|pos=GK|name=[[Emiliano Martínez]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|9|2}}|caps=26|goals=0|club=[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]|clubnat=ENG}}
{{nat fs break|background=#0B0B3F}}
{{nat fs g player|no=2|pos=DF|name=[[Juan Foyth]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|1|12}}|caps=17|goals=0|club=[[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]]|clubnat=ESP}}
{{nat fs g player|no=3|pos=DF|name=[[Nicolás Tagliafico]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|8|31}}|caps=48|goals=0|club=[[Olympique Lyonnais|Lyon]]|clubnat=FRA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=4|pos=DF|name=[[Gonzalo Montiel]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|1|1}}|caps=22|goals=0|club=[[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]|clubnat=ESP}}
{{nat fs g player|no=6|pos=DF|name=[[Germán Pezzella]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|6|27}}|caps=35|goals=2|club=[[Real Betis|Betis]]|clubnat=ESP}}
{{nat fs g player|no=8|pos=DF|name=[[Marcos Acuña]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|10|28}}|caps=49|goals=0|club=[[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]|clubnat=ESP}}
{{nat fs g player|no=13|pos=DF|name=[[Cristian Romero (footballer, born 1998)|Cristian Romero]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|4|27}}|caps=19||goals=1|club=[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]|clubnat=ENG}}
{{nat fs g player|no=19|pos=DF|name=[[Nicolás Otamendi]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|2|12}}|caps=100|goals=4|club=[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]|clubnat=POR}}
{{nat fs g player|no=25|pos=DF|name=[[Lisandro Martínez]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|1|18}}|caps=15|goals=0|club=[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]|clubnat=ENG}}
{{nat fs g player|no=26|pos=DF|name=[[Nahuel Molina]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|4|6}}|caps=27|goals=1|club=[[Atlético Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP}}
{{nat fs break|background=#0B0B3F}}
{{nat fs g player|no=5|pos=MF|name=[[Leandro Paredes]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|6|29}}|caps=51|goals=4|club=[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]|clubnat=ITA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=7|pos=MF|name=[[Rodrigo De Paul]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|5|24}}|caps=51|goals=2|club=[[Atlético Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP}}
{{nat fs g player|no=14|pos=MF|name=[[Exequiel Palacios]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|10|5}}|caps=23|goals=0|club=[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen|Bayer Leverkusen]]|clubnat=GER}}
{{nat fs g player|no=16|pos=MF|name=[[Thiago Almada]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|4|26}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Atlanta United FC|Atlanta United]]|clubnat=USA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=17|pos=MF|name=[[Papu Gómez|Alejandro Gómez]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|2|15}}|caps=17|goals=3|club=[[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]|clubnat=ESP}}
{{nat fs g player|no=18|pos=MF|name=[[Guido Rodríguez]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|4|12}}|caps=27|goals=1|club=[[Real Betis|Betis]]|clubnat=ESP}}
{{nat fs g player|no=20|pos=MF|name=[[Alexis Mac Allister]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|12|24}}|caps=14|goals=1|club=[[Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton & Hove Albion]]|clubnat=ENG}}
{{nat fs g player|no=24|pos=MF|name=[[Enzo Fernández]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|1|17}}|caps=10|goals=1|club=[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]|clubnat=POR}}
{{nat fs break|background=#0B0B3F}}
{{nat fs g player|no=9|pos=FW|name=[[Julián Álvarez (footballer)|Julián Álvarez]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|1|31}}|caps=19|goals=7||club=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]|clubnat=ENG}}
{{nat fs g player|no=10|pos=FW|name=[[Lionel Messi]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|6|24}}|caps=172|goals=98|club=[[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]]|clubnat=FRA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=11|pos=FW|name=[[Ángel Di María]]||age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|2|14}}|caps=129|goals=28|club=[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]|clubnat=ITA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=15|pos=FW|name=[[Ángel Correa]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|3|9}}|caps=23|goals=3|club=[[Atlético Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP}}
{{nat fs g player|no=21|pos=FW|name=[[Paulo Dybala]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|11|15}}|caps=36|goals=3|club=[[A.S. Roma|Roma]]|clubnat=ITA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=22|pos=FW|name=[[Lautaro Martínez]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|8|22}}|caps=46|goals=21|club=[[Inter Milan|Internazionale]]|clubnat=ITA}}
{{nat fs end|background=#0B0B3F}}

===Recent call-ups===
The following players have been called up for the team in the last twelve months.

{{nat fs r start|background=#0B0B3F|color=#ffffff}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Agustín Marchesín]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|3|16}}|caps=8|goals=0|club=[[RC Celta de Vigo|Celta de Vigo]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Juan Musso]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|5|6}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Agustín Rossi (footballer)|Agustín Rossi]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|8|21}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Boca Juniors]]|clubnat=ARG|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Esteban Andrada]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|1|26}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[C.F. Monterrey|Monterrey]]|clubnat=MEX|latest=v. {{fb|VEN}}, 24 March 2022 PRE}}
{{nat fs break|background=#0B0B3F}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Lucas Martínez Quarta]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|5|10}}|caps=11|goals=0|club=[[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Walter Kannemann]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|3|14}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]]|clubnat=BRA|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Facundo Medina]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1999|5|28}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[RC Lens|Lens]]|clubnat=FRA|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Marcos Senesi]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|5|10}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Nehuén Pérez]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|6|24}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Nicolás Fernández (footballer, born 2000)|Nicolás Fernández]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|1|11}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Elche CF|Elche]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Franco Carboni]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2003|4|4}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Cagliari Calcio|Cagliari]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=v. {{fb|ECU}}, 29 March 2022}}
{{nat fs break|background=#0B0B3F}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Giovani Lo Celso]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|4|9}}|caps=41|goals=2|club=[[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE/INJ}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Roberto Pereyra]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|1|7}}|caps=19|goals=2|club=[[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Maximiliano Meza (footballer, born 1992)|Maximiliano Meza]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|12|15}}|caps=11|goals=0|club=[[C.F. Monterrey|Monterrey]]|clubnat=MEX|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Nicolás Domínguez]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|6|28}}|caps=11|goals=1|club=[[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Lucas Ocampos]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|7|11}}|caps=10|goals=2|club=[[AFC Ajax|Ajax]]|clubnat=NED|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Emiliano Buendía]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|12|25}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Matías Soulé]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2003|4|15}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Nico Paz|Nicolás Paz]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2004|9|8}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Real Madrid Castilla|Real Madrid B]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Luka Romero]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2004|11|18}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Valentín Carboni]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2005|3|5}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Inter Milan Youth Sector|Internazionale U19]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Manuel Lanzini]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|2|15}}|caps=5|goals=1|club=[[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|ECU}}, 29 March 2022}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Tiago Geralnik]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2003|3|31}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Villarreal CF B|Villarreal B]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|ECU}}, 29 March 2022}}
{{nat fs break|background=#0B0B3F}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Joaquín Correa]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|8|13}}|caps=19|goals=4|club=[[Inter Milan|Internazionale]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] INJ}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Nicolás González (footballer, born 1998)|Nicolás González]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|4|6}}|caps=21|goals=3|club=[[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] INJ}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Lucas Alario]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|10|8}}|caps=9|goals=3|club=[[Eintracht Frankfurt]]|clubnat=GER|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Giovanni Simeone]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|7|5}}|caps=5|goals=1|club=[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Alejandro Garnacho]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2004|7|1}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=[[2022 FIFA World Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Lucas Boyé]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|2|28}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Elche CF|Elche]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|ECU}}, 29 March 2022}}
{{nat fs break|background=#0B0B3F}}
COV Withdrew from the squad due to quarantine or infection by [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] 
INJ Withdrew due to injury 
PRE Preliminary squad 
RET Retired from the national team 
SUS Suspended
{{nat fs end|background=#0B0B3F}}

== Individual records ==
{{main|Argentina national football team records and statistics}}
{{updated|18 December 2022}}<ref name=Argentina-Appearances>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/arg-recintlp.html#app |title=Appearances for Argentina National Team |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |first1=Roberto |last1=Mamrud |date=12 May 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022 |language=en }}</ref>
:''Players in '''bold''' are still active with Argentina.''

=== Most capped players ===
[[File:Lionel Messi WC2022.jpg|thumb|200px|Lionel Messi is Argentina's most capped player and all-time top scorer]]
{|class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center
|-
!width=30|Rank
!width=150|Player
!width=50|Caps
!width=50|Goals
!width=100|Career
|-
|1
|align=left|'''[[Lionel Messi]]'''
|'''172'''
|98
|{{nowrap|2005–present}}
|-
|2
|align=left|[[Javier Mascherano]]
|'''147'''
|3
|{{nowrap|2003–2018}}
|-
|3
|align=left|[[Javier Zanetti]]
|'''145'''
|5
|1994–2011
|-
|4
|align=left|'''[[Ángel Di María]]'''
|'''129'''
|28
|2008–present
|-
|5
|align=left|[[Roberto Ayala]]
|'''115'''
|7
|1994–2007
|-
|6
|align=left|[[Diego Simeone]]
|'''104'''
|11
|1988–2002
|-
|7
|align=left|[[Sergio Agüero]]
|'''101'''
|41
|2006–2021
|-
|8
|align=left|'''[[Nicolás Otamendi]]'''
|'''100'''
|4
|2009–present
|-
|9
|align=left|[[Oscar Ruggeri]]
|'''97'''
|7
|1983–1994
|-
|10
|align=left|[[Sergio Romero]]
|'''96'''
|0
|2009–2018
|}

===Top goalscorers===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center
|-
!width=35|Rank
!width=150|Player
!width=50|Goals
!width=50|Caps
!width=50|Ratio
!width=100|Career
|-
|1
| align="left" |'''[[Lionel Messi]]''' ([[List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi|list]])
|98
|172
|{{#expr: 98/172 round 2}}
|{{nowrap|2005–present}}
|-
|2
|align=left|[[Gabriel Batistuta]] ([[List of international goals scored by Gabriel Batistuta|list]])
|56
|78
|{{#expr: 56/78 round 2}}
|{{nowrap|1991–2002}}
|-
|3
|align=left|[[Sergio Agüero]]
|41
|101
|{{#expr: 41/101 round 2}}
|2006–2021
|-
|4
|align=left|[[Hernán Crespo]]
|35
|64
|{{#expr: 35/64 round 2}}
|1995–2007
|-
|5
|align=left|[[Diego Maradona]] ([[List of international goals scored by Diego Maradona|list]])
|34
|91
|{{#expr: 34/91 round 2}}
|1977–1994
|-
|6
|align=left|[[Gonzalo Higuaín]]
|31
|75
|{{#expr: 31/75 round 2}}
|2009–2018
|-
|7
|align=left|'''[[Ángel Di María]]'''
|28
|129
|{{#expr: 27/128 round 2}}
|2008–present
|-
|8
|align=left|[[Luis Artime]]
|24
|25
|{{#expr: 24/25 round 2}}
|1961–1967
|-
|rowspan=2|9
|align=left|[[Leopoldo Luque]]
|22
|45
|{{#expr: 22/45 round 2}}
|1975–1981
|-
|align=left|[[Daniel Passarella]]
|22
|70
|{{#expr: 22/70 round 2}}
|1976–1986
|}

===World Cup winning captains===
{{multiple image
|align = right
|direction= horizontal
|total_width= 400
|header = World Cup winning captains of Argentina
|image1 = Passarella copa mundo.jpg
|caption1 = Daniel Passarella in 1978
|image2 = Diego Maradona Argentina 1986 cup Azteca Stadium.jpg
|caption2 = Diego Maradona in 1986
|image3 = Argentina team raising world cup 2022 cropped.jpg
|caption3 = Lionel Messi in 2022
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Player
! Caps
! Goals
|-
| [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]]
| [[Daniel Passarella]]
| 70
| 22
|-
| [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]]
| [[Diego Maradona]]
| 91
| 34
|-
| [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]]
| [[Lionel Messi]]
| 172
| 98
|-
|}

===Caps===
* Most capped player: '''172''', [[Lionel Messi]], 2005–
* Youngest player: [[Diego Maradona]], 16 years, 3 months and 28 days old against [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] in 1977
* Youngest player to appear in a [[FIFA World Cup]] match: [[Lionel Messi]], 18 years, 11 months and 23 days old against [[Serbia and Montenegro national football team|Serbia and Montenegro]] in 2006<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lionel Messi's history at the World Cup: 2006 debut, 2010 Maradona pairing & 2014 final heartbreak {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-au/news/messis-history-at-the-world-cup-2006-debut-2010-maradona-pairing-/1p2w5ivpnun6p1nmvez0jw8acn |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=Goal (website)}}</ref>
* Oldest player: [[Ángel Labruna]], 39 years, 8 months and 18 days old against [[Czechoslovakia national football team|Czechoslovakia]] in the [[1958 FIFA World Cup]]

===Goals===
* Most goals scored: '''98''', [[Lionel Messi]], 2005–<ref name="FIFA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/live-scores/copaamerica/news/newsid/280/315/4/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623142753/http://www.fifa.com/live-scores/copaamerica/news/newsid/280/315/4/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2016|title=Messi & Batistuta react as record changes hands|publisher=FIFA|access-date=30 June 2016}}</ref>
* Oldest goalscorer: [[Martín Palermo]], 36 years and 7 months old in 2010 against [[Greece national football team|Greece]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
* Youngest goalscorer: [[Diego Maradona]], 18 years, 7 months and 4 days old in 1979 against [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlandfootballstats.co.uk/match-details/02-06-1979/scotland-argentina/|title=Match Stats|date=22 June 2016}}</ref>
* Youngest player to score in a [[FIFA World Cup]] match: Lionel Messi, 18 years and 357 days, against [[Serbia and Montenegro national football team|Serbia and Montenegro]] in 2006{{fact|date=December 2022}}
* Most goals scored in a single match: '''5''' – [[Manuel Seoane]] in 1925, [[Juan Marvezzi]] in 1941,{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} [[Lionel Messi]] in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maffei |first=Sergio |date=5 June 2022 |title=Con Messi la Selección vuela: ¡hizo cinco goles! |url=https://www.ole.com.ar/seleccion/argentina-estonia-amistoso_0_Sem7wPFEfR.html |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=ole.com.ar |language=es}}</ref>
* Most goals scored in a calendar year: '''18''' – [[Lionel Messi]], (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2012 |title=Lionel Messi's incredible record-breaking year in numbers|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2012/dec/10/lionel-messi-record-year-numbers |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

=== Manager records ===
; Most appearances
: [[Guillermo Stábile]]: 127<ref>[http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7700:los-cuarenta-nombres-que-dirigieron-la-seleccion-nacional-sp-1379213746&catid=164&Itemid=581&lang=en "Los 40 nombres que dirigieron la Selección Nacional"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011183427/http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7700:los-cuarenta-nombres-que-dirigieron-la-seleccion-nacional-sp-1379213746&catid=164&Itemid=581&lang=en |date=11 October 2017 }} on AFA website (1924–2006 period listed)</ref> Guillermo coached Argentina in 123 matches which made him among the few coaches who were in charge of more than 100 international matches. While still with the national team, he led them to victories in the [[Copa América|South American Championship]] in [[1941 South American Championship|1941]], [[1945 South American Championship|1945]], [[1946 South American Championship|1946]], [[1947 South American Championship|1947]], [[1955 South American Championship|1955]], and [[1957 South American Championship|1957]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Rhett |title=Argentina National Football Team: Known As The La Albiceleste |url=https://historyofsoccer.info/argentina-national-football-team |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=History Of Soccer |date=4 July 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Competitive record==
{{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} '''Champions'''  {{Color box|silver|border=darkgray}} '''Runners-up'''  {{Color box|#cc9966|border=darkgray}} '''Third place'''  {{legend-inline|white|border=3px solid red;}} Tournament played fully or partially on home soil  
===FIFA World Cup===
{{main|Argentina at the FIFA World Cup}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=10|[[FIFA World Cup]] record
!width=1% rowspan=26|
!colspan=7|[[FIFA World Cup qualification|Qualification]] record
|-
!Year
!Round
!Position
!{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
!{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}*
!{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!Squad
!{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
!{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
|-
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]]
| '''[[1930 FIFA World Cup Final|Runners-up]]'''
| '''2nd'''
| '''5'''
| '''4'''
| '''0'''
| '''1'''
| '''18'''
| '''9'''
| '''[[1930 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
| colspan=7|''Qualified as invitees''
|-
| {{flagicon|Italy|1861}} [[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934]]
| Round of 16
| 9th
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 2
| 3
| [[1934 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]
| colspan=7|''Qualified automatically''
|-
| {{flagicon|France|1794}} [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]]
| colspan=9 rowspan=3|''Withdrew''
| colspan=7 rowspan=3|''Withdrew''
|-
| {{flagicon|Brazil|1889}} [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[1954 FIFA World Cup|1954]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958]]
|rowspan=2| Group stage
| 13th
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 2
| 5
| 10
| [[1958 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]
| 4
| 3
| 0
| 1
| 10
| 2
|-
| {{flagicon|Chile}} [[1962 FIFA World Cup|1962]]
| 10th
| 3
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 2
| 3
| [[1962 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 11
| 3
|-
| {{flagicon|England}} [[1966 FIFA World Cup|1966]]
| Quarter-finals
| 5th
| 4
| 2
| 1
| 1
| 4
| 2
| [[1966 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]
| 4
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 9
| 2
|-
| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]]
| colspan=9|''Did not qualify''
| 4
| 1
| 1
| 2
| 4
| 6
|-
| {{flagicon|West Germany}} [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]]
| Second group stage
| 8th
| 6
| 1
| 2
| 3
| 9
| 12
| [[1974 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]
| 4
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 9
| 2
|-
|- style="background:Gold"
| style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]]
| '''[[1978 FIFA World Cup Final|Champions]]'''
| '''1st'''
| '''7'''
| '''5'''
| '''1'''
| '''1'''
| '''15'''
| '''4'''
| '''[[1978 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
| colspan=7|''Qualified as hosts''
|-
| {{flagicon|Spain}} [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]]
| Second group stage
| 11th
| 5
| 2
| 0
| 3
| 8
| 7
| [[1982 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]
| colspan=7|''Qualified as defending champions''
|- style="background:Gold;"
| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]]
| '''[[1986 FIFA World Cup Final|Champions]]'''
| '''1st'''
| '''7'''
| '''6'''
| '''1'''
| '''0'''
| '''14'''
| '''5'''
| '''[[1986 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
| 6
| 4
| 1
| 1
| 12
| 6
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]]
| '''[[1990 FIFA World Cup Final|Runners-up]]'''
| '''2nd'''
| '''7'''
| '''2'''
| '''3'''
| '''2'''
| '''5'''
| '''4'''
| '''[[1990 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
| colspan=7|''Qualified as defending champions''
|-
| {{flagicon|United States}} [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]]
| Round of 16
| 10th
| 4
| 2
| 0
| 2
| 8
| 6
| [[1994 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]
| 8
| 4
| 2
| 2
| 9
| 10
|-
| {{flagicon|France|1974}} [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]]
| Quarter-finals
| 6th
| 5
| 3
| 1
| 1
| 10
| 4
| [[1998 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]
| 16
| 8
| 6
| 2
| 23
| 13
|-
| {{flagicon|South Korea|1997}} {{flagicon|Japan}} [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]]
| Group stage
| 18th
| 3
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 2
| 2
| [[2002 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]
| 18
| 13
| 4
| 1
| 42
| 15
|-
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]]
|rowspan=2| Quarter-finals
| 6th
| 5
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 11
| 3
| [[2006 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]
| 18
| 10
| 4
| 4
| 29
| 17
|-
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]]
| 5th
| 5
| 4
| 0
| 1
| 10
| 6
| [[2010 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]
| 18
| 8
| 4
| 6
| 23
| 20
|-
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]]
| '''[[2014 FIFA World Cup Final|Runners-up]]'''
| '''2nd'''
| '''7'''
| '''5'''
| '''1'''
| '''1'''
| '''8'''
| '''4'''
| '''[[2014 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
| 16
| 9
| 5
| 2
| 35
| 15
|-
| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]]
| Round of 16
| 16th
| 4
| 1
| 1
| 2
| 6
| 9
| [[2018 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]
| 18
| 7
| 7
| 4
| 19
| 16
|- style="background:gold;"
| {{flagicon|Qatar}} [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]]
|'''[[2022 FIFA World Cup Final|Champions]]'''
|'''1st'''
|'''7'''
|'''4'''
|'''2'''
|'''1'''
|'''15'''
|'''8'''
|'''[[2022 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
| 17
| 11
| 6
| 0
| 27
| 8
|-
| {{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|Mexico}} {{flagicon|United States}} [[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]]
| colspan=9|''To be determined''
| colspan=6|''To be determined''
|-
!Total
! 3 Titles
! 18/22
! 88
! 47
! 17
! 24
! 152
! 101
!—
! 153
! 86
! 42
! 25
! 262
! 135
|}
:''*Draws include knockout matches decided on [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty kicks]].''

===Copa América===
{{main|Argentina at the Copa América}}Argentina has won a total of 15 Copa América
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="10" |[[Copa América|South American Championship / Copa América]] record
|-
! width="100" |Year
! width="95" |Round
! width="60" |Position
! width="20" |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|D|Drawn}}*
! width="20" |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}
! width="60" |Squad
|- style="background:Silver;"
| style="border: 3px solid red" |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[1916 South American Championship|1916]]|| '''Runners-up''' || '''2nd''' || '''3''' || '''1''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''7''' || '''2'''
|'''[[1916 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[1917 South American Championship|1917]]|| '''Runners-up''' || '''2nd''' || '''3''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''5''' || '''3'''
|'''[[1917 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:#c96;"
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[1919 South American Championship|1919]]|| Third place || 3rd || 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 7 || 7
|[[1919 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Chile}} [[1920 South American Championship|1920]]|| '''Runners-up''' || '''2nd''' || '''3''' || '''1''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''4''' || '''2'''
|'''[[1920 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Gold;"
| style="border: 3px solid red" |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[1921 South American Championship|1921]]|| '''Champions''' || '''1st''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''5''' || '''0'''
|'''[[1921 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[1922 South American Championship|1922]]|| Fourth place || 4th || 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 6 || 3
|[[1922 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[1923 South American Championship|1923]]|| '''Runners-up''' || '''2nd''' || '''3''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''6''' || '''6'''
|'''[[1923 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[1924 South American Championship|1924]]|| '''Runners-up''' || '''2nd''' || '''3''' || '''1''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''2''' || '''0'''
|'''[[1924 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Gold;"
| style="border: 3px solid red" |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[1925 South American Championship|1925]]|| '''Champions''' || '''1st''' || '''4''' || '''3''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''11''' || '''4'''
|'''[[1925 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Chile}} [[1926 South American Championship|1926]]|| '''Runners-up''' || '''2nd''' || '''4''' || '''2''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''14''' || '''3'''
|'''[[1926 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Gold;"
| {{flagicon|Peru}} [[1927 South American Championship|1927]]|| '''Champions''' || '''1st''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''15''' || '''4'''
|'''[[1927 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Gold;"
| style="border: 3px solid red" |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[1929 South American Championship|1929]]|| '''Champions''' || '''1st''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''9''' || '''1'''
|'''[[1929 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Peru}} [[1935 South American Championship|1935]]|| '''Runners-up''' || '''2nd''' || '''3''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''8''' || '''5'''
|'''[[1935 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Gold;"
| style="border: 3px solid red" |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[1937 South American Championship|1937]]|| '''Champions''' || '''1st''' || '''6''' || '''5''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''14''' || '''5'''
|'''[[1937 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|Peru}} [[1939 South American Championship|1939]]|| colspan="9" |''Withdrew''
|- style="background:Gold;"
| {{flagicon|Chile}} [[1941 South American Championship|1941]]|| '''Champions''' || '''1st''' || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''10''' || '''2'''
|'''[[1941 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[1942 South American Championship|1942]]||'''Runners-up''' || '''2nd''' || '''6''' || '''4''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''21''' || '''6'''
|'''[[1942 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Gold;"
| {{flagicon|Chile}} [[1945 South American Championship|1945]]|| '''Champions''' || '''1st''' || '''6''' || '''5''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''22''' || '''5'''
|'''[[1945 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Gold;"
| style="border: 3px solid red" |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[1946 South American Championship|1946]]|| '''Champions''' || '''1st''' || '''5''' || '''5''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''17''' || '''3'''
|'''[[1946 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Gold;"
| {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[1947 South American Championship|1947]]|| '''Champions''' || '''1st''' || '''7''' || '''6''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''28''' || '''4'''
|'''[[1947 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[1949 South American Championship|1949]]|| colspan="9" rowspan="2" |''Withdrew''
|-
| {{flagicon|Peru}} [[1953 South American Championship|1953]]
|- style="background:Gold;"
| {{flagicon|Chile}} [[1955 South American Championship|1955]]|| '''Champions''' || '''1st''' || '''5''' || '''4''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''18''' || '''6'''
|'''[[1955 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:#c96;"
| {{flagicon|Uruguay}}[[1956 South American Championship|1956]]|| Third place || 3rd || 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 5 || 3
|[[1956 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|- style="background:Gold;"
| {{flagicon|Peru}} [[1957 South American Championship|1957]]|| '''Champions''' || '''1st''' || '''6''' || '''5''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''25''' || '''6'''
|'''[[1957 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Gold;"
| style="border: 3px solid red" |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[1959 South American Championship (Argentina)|1959]]|| '''Champions''' || '''1st''' || '''6''' || '''5''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''19''' || '''5'''
|'''[[1959 South American Championship (Argentina) squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[1959 South American Championship (Ecuador)|1959]]|| '''Runners-up''' || '''2nd''' || '''4''' || '''2''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''9''' || '''9'''
|'''[[1959 South American Championship (Ecuador) squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:#c96;"
| {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[1963 South American Championship|1963]]|| Third place || 3rd || 6 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 15 || 10
|[[1963 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[1967 South American Championship|1967]]|| '''Runners-up''' || '''2nd''' || '''5''' || '''4''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''12''' || '''3'''
|'''[[1967 South American Championship squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|-
| style="border: 3px solid red" |{{flagicon|South America}} [[1975 Copa América|1975]]|| Group stage || 5th || 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 17 || 4
|[[1975 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|-
| style="border: 3px solid red" |{{flagicon|South America}} [[1979 Copa América|1979]]|| Group stage || 8th || 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 7 || 6
|[[1979 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|-
| style="border: 3px solid red" |{{flagicon|South America}} [[1983 Copa América|1983]]|| Group stage || 6th || 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 5 || 4
|[[1983 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|-
| style="border: 3px solid red" |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[1987 Copa América|1987]]|| Fourth place || 4th || 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 5 || 4
|[[1987 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|- style="background:#c96;"
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[1989 Copa América|1989]]|| Third place || 3rd || 7 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 4
|[[1989 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|- style="background:Gold;"
| {{flagicon|Chile}} [[1991 Copa América|1991]]|| '''Champions''' || '''1st''' || '''7''' || '''6''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''16''' || '''6'''
|'''[[1991 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Gold;"
| {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[1993 Copa América|1993]]|| '''[[1993 Copa América Final|Champions]]''' || '''1st''' || '''6''' || '''2''' || '''4''' || '''0''' || '''6''' || '''4'''
|'''[[1993 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[1995 Copa América|1995]]|| rowspan="3" |Quarter-finals || 5th || 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 8 || 6
|[[1995 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[1997 Copa América|1997]]|| 6th || 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 4 || 3
|[[1997 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[1999 Copa América|1999]]|| 8th || 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 6 || 6
|[[1999 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[2001 Copa América|2001]]|| colspan="9" |''Withdrew''
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Peru}} [[2004 Copa América|2004]]|| '''[[2004 Copa América Final|Runners-up]]''' || '''2nd''' || '''6''' || '''4''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''16''' || '''6'''
|'''[[2004 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[2007 Copa América|2007]]|| '''[[2007 Copa América Final|Runners-up]]''' || '''2nd''' || '''6''' || '''5''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''16''' || '''6'''
|'''[[2007 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|-
| style="border: 3px solid red" |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[2011 Copa América|2011]]|| Quarter-finals || 7th || 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 5 || 2
|[[2011 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|Chile}} [[2015 Copa América|2015]]|| '''[[2015 Copa América Final|Runners-up]]''' || '''2nd''' || '''6''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''0''' || '''10''' || '''3'''
|'''[[2015 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:Silver;"
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Copa América Centenario|2016]]|| '''[[Copa América Centenario Final|Runners-up]]''' || '''2nd''' || '''6''' || '''5''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''18''' || '''2'''
|'''[[Copa América Centenario squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- style="background:#c96;"
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[2019 Copa América|2019]]|| Third place || 3rd || 6 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 7 || 6
|[[2019 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|- style="background:Gold;"
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[2021 Copa América|2021]]|| '''[[2021 Copa América Final|Champions]]''' ||'''1st'''|| '''7''' || '''5''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''12''' || '''3'''
|'''[[2021 Copa América squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|-
| [[2024 Copa América|2024]]|| colspan="9" |''Qualified''
|-
! Total || 15 Titles || 43/47 || 202 || 127 || 42 || 33 || 474 || 182 ||—
|}

===FIFA Confederations Cup===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=10|[[FIFA Confederations Cup]] record
|-
!Year
!Round
!Position
!{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
!{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}*
!{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!Squad
|- align=center bgcolor=Gold
| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[1992 King Fahd Cup|1992]]
| '''[[1992 FIFA Confederations Cup Final|Champions]]''' || '''1st''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''7''' || '''1'''
|'''[[1992 King Fahd Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- align=center bgcolor=silver
| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[1995 King Fahd Cup|1995]]
| '''[[1995 FIFA Confederations Cup Final|Runners-up]]''' || '''2nd''' || '''3''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''5''' || '''3'''
|'''[[1995 King Fahd Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- align=center bgcolor=#f9f9f9
| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[1997 FIFA Confederations Cup|1997]]
| colspan=9 rowspan=4|''Did not qualify''
|- align=center bgcolor=#f9f9f9
| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1999]]
|- align=center bgcolor=#f9f9f9
| {{flagicon|South Korea|1997}} {{flagicon|Japan}} [[2001 FIFA Confederations Cup|2001]]
|- align=center bgcolor=#f9f9f9
| {{flagicon|France|1974}} [[2003 FIFA Confederations Cup|2003]]
|- align=center bgcolor=silver
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup|2005]]
| '''[[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup Final|Runners-up]]''' || '''2nd''' || '''5''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''1''' || '''10''' || '''10'''
|'''[[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|- align=center bgcolor=#f9f9f9
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup|2009]]
| colspan=9 rowspan=3|''Did not qualify''
|- align=center bgcolor=#f9f9f9
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]]
|- align=center bgcolor=#f9f9f9
| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup|2017]]
|- align=center bgcolor=#f9f9f9
|- class="sortbottom" align=center bgcolor=#f9f9f9
! Total
! 1 Title
! 3/10
! 10
! 5
! 3
! 2
! 22
! 14
!—
|}

===CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=9|[[CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions]] record
|-
!Year
!Round
!Position
!{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
!{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}*
!{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
|- align=center bgcolor=
| {{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[1985 Artemio Franchi Cup|1985]]
| colspan=9 rowspan=1|''Did not qualify''
|- align=center bgcolor=gold
| style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[1993 Artemio Franchi Cup|1993]]
| '''[[Champions]]''' || '''1st''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''1'''
|- align=center bgcolor=gold
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[2022 Finalissima|2022]]
| '''[[Champions]]''' || '''1st''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''3''' || '''0'''
|-
! Total
! 2 Titles
! 2/3
! 2
! 1
! 1
! 0
! 4
! 1
|}
:''*Draws include knockout matches decided on [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty kicks]].''

===Olympic Games===
{{for|1992 onwards|Argentina national under-23 football team}}
{{small div|
;Notes
* 1928: Senior squad{{refn|Rules of IOC stated that only amateur players could participate but football in South America was not professional in those years, Argentina compete with its senior squad.|group=note|name=senior}}
* 1928–1988: Amateur (youth) players<ref name=mem/>
* 1992–present: U-23 players<ref name=as>[https://as.com/juegos_olimpicos/2021/07/20/noticias/1626796241_067088.html Historia del fútbol en los Juegos Olímpicos: medallero, palmarés y ganadores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905110231/https://as.com/juegos_olimpicos/2021/07/20/noticias/1626796241_067088.html |date=5 September 2021 }} by Alberto P. Sierra on ''As'', 20 July 2021</ref><ref name=mem/>
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=10|[[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] record
|-
!Year
!Round
!Position
!{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
!{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}*
!{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!Squad
|-
| {{flagicon|Greece|old}} [[1896 Summer Olympics|1896]]
| colspan=9 rowspan=1|''No football tournament''
|-
| {{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Football at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900]]
| colspan=9 rowspan=6|''Did not participate''
|-
| {{flagicon|United States|1896}} [[Football at the 1904 Summer Olympics|1904]]
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Football at the 1908 Summer Olympics|1908]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|1912]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|1920]]
|-
| {{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|1924]]
|-
|- style="background:silver;"
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928]]||'''Silver medal'''||'''2nd'''||'''5'''||'''3'''||'''1'''||'''1'''||'''25'''||'''7'''
|'''[[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads#Argentina|Squad]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[1932 Summer Olympics|1932]]
| colspan=9 rowspan=1|''No football tournament''
|-
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Football at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936]]
| colspan=9 rowspan=4|''Did not participate''
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Football at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Association football at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]||Quarter-finals||7th||3||2||0||1||6||4
|[[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Japan|1947}} [[Football at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964]]||Group stage||10th||2||0||1||1||3||4
|[[Football at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Football at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968]]
| colspan=9 rowspan=3|''Did not qualify''
|-
| {{flagicon|West Germany}} [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980]]
| colspan=9|''Qualified but withdrew''
|-
| {{flagicon|United States}} [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984]]
| colspan=9|''Did not qualify''
|-
| {{flagicon|Korea|1984}} [[Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988]]|| Quarter-finals||8th||4||1||1||2||4||5
|[[Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads#Argentina|Squad]]
|-
!Total||4/19|| 0–1–0 ||14||6||3||5||38||20||—
|}

==Head-to-head record==
{{main|Argentina national football team records and statistics}}
Below is a result summary of all matches Argentina have played against [[FIFA]] recognised teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eloratings.net/Argentina|title=World Football Elo Ratings: Argentina}}</ref>

{{updated|18 December 2022}}

{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Positive record|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Neutral record|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFDACC|Negative record|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%;"
|- style="color:black;"
! style="width:145px;"|Opponents
!width=30|{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
!width=30|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width=30|{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!width=30|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!width=35|{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!width=35|{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!width=35|{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}}
!width=35|{{Tooltip|Win %|Win percentage}}
|-
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Albania}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || +4 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Algeria}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 3 || +1 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Angola}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0 || +2 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Australia}} || 8 || 6 || 1 || 1 || 14 || 8 || +6 || 75%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Austria}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 6 || 2 || +4 || 50%
|- bgcolor="#ffffbb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Belarus}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Belgium}} || 5 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 12 || 4 || +8 || 80%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Bolivia}} || 41 || 29 || 5 || 7 || 107 || 36 || +71 || 70.7%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 9 || 1 || +8 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#ffbbbb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Brazil}} || 109 || 40 || 26 || 43 || 162 || 166 || –4 || 36.7%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Bulgaria}} || 9 || 8 || 0 || 1 || 18 || 6 || +12 || 88.8%
|- bgcolor="#ffbbbb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Cameroon}} || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 3 || –1 || 0%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Canada}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || +5 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Chile}} || 94 || 61 || 27 || 6 || 196 || 74 || +122 || 64.9%
|- bgcolor="#ffbbbb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|China}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || –1 || 0%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Colombia}} || 40 || 20 || 11 || 9 || 71 || 39 || +32 || 50%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Costa Rica}} || 7 || 5 || 2 || 0 || 14 || 5 || +9 || 71.4%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Croatia}} || 6 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 8 || 7 || +1 || 50%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Czechoslovakia}} || 6 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 7 || 10 || –3 || 33.3%
|- bgcolor="#ffffbb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Denmark}} || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 4 || –1 || 33.3%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| ''{{fb|East Germany}}'' || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 1 || +2 || 50%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Ecuador}} || 38 || 22 || 11 || 5 || 96 || 35 || +61 || 57.9%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Egypt}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 8 || 0 || +8 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|El Salvador}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || +4 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#ffbbbb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|England}}<ref name="abandon" group="note">A match against England on 17 May 1953 was abandoned, and the result declared void, hence the number of matches played is greater than the total of wins/draws/losses.</ref> || 15 || 4 || 4 || 6 || 18 || 22 || –4 || 28.5%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Estonia}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || +5 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|France}} || 13 || 6 || 4 || 3 || 18 || 14 || +4 || 46.1%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Germany}}{{efn|Includes matches against {{fb|West Germany}}.}} || 23 || 10 || 6 || 7 || 34 || 33 || +1 || 43.4%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Ghana}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0 || +2 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Greece}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 0 || +6 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Guatemala}} || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 13 || 0 || +13 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Haiti}} || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 12 || 1 || +11 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Honduras}} || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 1 || +6 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Hong Kong}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 0 || +7 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Hungary}} || 7 || 5 || 1 || 1 || 15 || 6 || +9 || 71.4%
|- bgcolor="#ffffbb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Iceland}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|India}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || +1 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Iran}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1 || +1 || 50%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Iraq}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || +4 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Israel}} || 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 14 || 6 || +8 || 60%
|- bgcolor="#ffbbbb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Italy}} || 16 || 5 || 5 || 6 || 18 || 22 || –4 || 31.2%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Ivory Coast}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 1 || +5 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Jamaica}} || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 11 || 1 || +10 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Japan}} || 7 || 6 || 0 || 1 || 15 || 4 || +11 || 85.7%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Libya}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 1 || +2 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#ffffbb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Lithuania}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Mexico}} || 32 || 16 || 12 || 4 || 53 || 28 || +25 || 50%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Morocco}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 1 || +3 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#ffbbbb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Netherlands}} || 10 || 1 || 5 || 4 || 8 || 15 || –7 || 10%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Nicaragua}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 1 || +4 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Nigeria}} || 9 || 6 || 1 || 2 || 15 || 13 || +2 || 66.6%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Northern Ireland}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 1 || +2 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#ffbbbb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Norway}} || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 3 || –2 || 0%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Panama}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 8 || 1 || +7 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Paraguay}} || 106 || 55 || 35 || 16 || 217 || 111 || +106 || 51.8%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Peru}} || 53 || 34 || 14 || 5 || 105 || 45 || +60 || 64.1%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Poland}} || 12 || 7 || 2 || 3 || 20 || 12 || +8 || 58.3%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Portugal}} || 8 || 5 || 1 || 2 || 13 || 7 || +6 || 62.5%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Qatar}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || +5 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Republic of Ireland}} || 6 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 8 || 1 || +7 || 83.3%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Romania}} || 9 || 6 || 2 || 1 || 12 || 6 || +6 || 66.6%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Russia}}{{efn|Includes matches against {{fb|Soviet Union}}.}} || 13 || 4 || 7 || 2 || 13 || 11 || +2 || 30.7%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Saudi Arabia}} || 5 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 8 || 5 || +3 || 40%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Serbia and Montenegro}}{{efn|Includes matches against {{fb|Yugoslavia}}.}} || 10 || 5 || 2 || 3 || 21 || 15 || +6 || 50%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Scotland}} || 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 5 || 3 || +2 || 50%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Singapore}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 0 || +6 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|South Africa}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 1 || +2 || 50%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|South Korea}} || 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 10 || 4 || +6 || 75%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Slovakia}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 0 || +6 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Slovenia}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0 || +2 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#ffffbb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Spain}} || 14 || 6 || 2 || 6 || 18 || 19 || –1 || 42.8%
|- bgcolor="#ffffbb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Sweden}} || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 6 || 6 || 0 || 33.3%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Switzerland}} || 7 || 5 || 2 || 0 || 15 || 3 || +12 || 71.4%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Trinidad and Tobago}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || +3 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Tunisia}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 1 || +1 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|United Arab Emirates}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || +5 || 100%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|United States}} || 11 || 7 || 2 || 2 || 30 || 9 || +21 || 63.6%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Uruguay}} || 202 || 94 || 49 || 59 || 325 || 234 || +91 || 46.5%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Venezuela}} || 27 || 23 || 2 || 2 || 90 || 18 || +72 || 85.1%
|- bgcolor="#bbf3bb"
| style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|Wales}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1 || +1 || 50%
|- class="sortbottom"
!Total (80)
| 1063 || 580 || 262 || 220 || 2004 || 1088 || +916 || 54.6%
|}
{{notelist}}

==Rivalries==
===Brazil===
{{main|Argentina–Brazil football rivalry}}
Argentina have a long and fierce rivalry with their South American neighbour Brazil.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://amp.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/casual-football-fans-emerge-to-pack-out-mcg-for-superclasico-no108/news-story/951729e66c8916c33e6d52952cff0481|title=Casual football fans emerge to pack out MCG for 'Superclasico' No.108|date=10 June 2017|work=Herald Sun}}</ref>

===England===
{{main|Argentina–England football rivalry}}
With a rivalry stemming from the [[1966 World Cup]] and intensified by the [[Falklands War]] of 1982, Argentina and [[England national football team|England]] have had numerous confrontations in World Cup tournaments. Among them was the [[Argentina v England (1986 FIFA World Cup)|quarter-final match]] in [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]], where Diego Maradona scored two goals against England. The first was [[The hand of God|a handball]], but was ruled legal by the referee. The second, scored minutes later, saw Maradona passing five England outfield players before scoring, and is often described as one of the greatest goals in football history.

The nations were paired together in the Round of 16 at the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]], won by Argentina on penalties, and again at the group stage in [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]], England winning 1–0 through a penalty by [[David Beckham]] who had been sent off in the tie four years earlier.

===Germany===
[[File:Germany and Argentina face off in the final of the World Cup 2014 -2014-07-13 (29).jpg|thumb|Action from the [[2014 FIFA World Cup Final]] between Argentina and [[Germany national football team|Germany]]]]

Argentina have played [[Germany national football team|Germany]] in seven FIFA World Cup matches including three [[FIFA World Cup]] finals: In [[1986 FIFA World Cup Final|1986]] Argentina won 3–2, but in [[1990 FIFA World Cup Final|1990]] it was the Germans who were the victors by a 1–0 scoreline.

In [[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958]] they met for the first time in the group stage, where Argentina suffered a 1–3 loss to [[1954 FIFA World Cup Final|defending champions]] West Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=220/match=1323/live-blog.html|title=1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden ™ – Matches|publisher=FIFA|language=en|access-date=22 May 2019}}{{dead link|date=October 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In [[1966 FIFA World Cup|1966]] both again faced each other in the group stage which ended in a scoreless draw.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesoccerworldcups.com/head_to_head/argentina_vs_germany.php|title=Argentina vs. Germany Head-to-Head in the World Cups|website=thesoccerworldcups.com|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> In 2006 they met in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Germany vs Argentina|quarter-finals]]; Argentina lost on penalties after a 1–1 draw, which was followed by a brawl on the pitch involving several players.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/jul/01/worldcup2006.sport9 Argentina crash out in mass brawl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015538/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/jul/01/worldcup2006.sport9 |date=17 June 2018 }}, Michael Walker, The Guardian, 30 June 2006</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2006/SPORT/football/07/01/worldcup.brawl/ FIFA investigating Argentina brawl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116161849/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/SPORT/football/07/01/worldcup.brawl/ |date=16 November 2022 }}, CNN, 1 July 2006</ref> They met again at the [[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Argentina vs Germany|same stage in 2010]], this time ending with a 4–0 victory for Germany. They played each other for the third consecutive World Cup in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup|Brazil 2014 event's]] final, where Argentina was defeated [[2014 FIFA World Cup Final|in extra time by a score of 1–0]].

===Uruguay===
{{main|Argentina–Uruguay football rivalry}}
Argentina have a long-standing rivalry with their neighbours, that came into existence from the early [[Copa América|South American Championships]], the [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Summer Olympics]] and the [[1930 FIFA World Cup Final|first World Cup final]], held in 1930.

Argentina and Uruguay hold the record for most international matches played between two countries.<ref name="First match"/> The two teams have faced each other 197 times since 1902. The [[1902 Uruguay v Argentina football match|first match between Argentina and Uruguay]] was also the first official international match to be played outside the United Kingdom.<ref group="note">Although [[Canada men's national soccer team|Canada]] and the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]] played two internationals in 1885 and 1886, neither match is considered official; Canada did not play an official international until 1904 and the United States did not play one until 1916.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}</ref>

===Nigeria===
A minor rivalry developed from the 1990s between Argentina and [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria]], based not on geographical proximity, long-term battles for honours or factors outside football, but due to the frequency of significant matches between them.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/nigeria-argentina-a-rivalry-that-keeps-on-runnng-2384741| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030519/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/nigeria-argentina-a-rivalry-that-keeps-on-runnng-2384741| url-status = dead| archive-date = 16 June 2018| title = Nigeria-Argentina: A rivalry that keeps on running | publisher = [[FIFA]] | date = 25 June 2014 | access-date = 28 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=sick>{{Cite web | url = https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2018/6/26/17507812/nigeria-argentinia-world-cup-rivalry | title = Nigeria always loses to Argentina and I'm sick of it| publisher = [[SB Nation]] | date = 26 June 2018 | access-date = 28 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.eluniverso.com/deportes/2017/12/01/nota/6506806/argentina-vs-nigeria-clasico-mundiales-cuenta-pendiente-africanos| title = Argentina vs. Nigeria, un clásico en los Mundiales con cuenta pendiente para los africanos|trans-title=Argentina vs. Nigeria, a classic in the World Cup with the Africans still to open their account | publisher = [[El Universo]] |language=es | date = 1 December 2017| access-date = 29 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://segundoenfoque.com/desde-hace-cuanto-viene-la-rivalidad-entre-argentina-y-nigeria-2018-06-27| title = ¿Desde hace cuánto viene la rivalidad entre Argentina y Nigeria?|trans-title=How long has there been a rivalry between Argentina and Nigeria?| publisher = [[Segundo Enfoque]] |language=es | date = 27 June 2018 | access-date = 29 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.diariopublicable.com/futbol/2521-nigeria--un-viejo-conocido-de-argentina.html| title = Nigeria, un viejo conocido de Argentina|trans-title=Nigeria, an old acquaintance of Argentina | publisher = [[Diario Publicable]] |language=es | date = 23 June 2014 | access-date = 29 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.guioteca.com/futbol-argentino/argentina-vs-nigeria-el-historial-le-da-esperanzas-a-los-hinchas-albicelestes/| title = Argentina vs. Nigeria: El historial le da esperanzas a los hinchas "albicelestes"|trans-title=Argentina vs. Nigeria: History gives hope to "albiceleste" fans | publisher = [[Guioteca]] |language=es | date = 26 June 2018 | access-date = 29 June 2018}}</ref> This has included five World Cup group games, all won by Argentina by a single goal margin: [[1994 FIFA World Cup Group D#Argentina vs Nigeria|2–1 in 1994]], [[2002 FIFA World Cup Group F#Argentina vs Nigeria|1–0 in 2002]], [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B#Argentina vs Nigeria|1–0 in 2010]], [[2014 FIFA World Cup Group F#Nigeria vs Argentina|3–2 in 2014]] and [[2018 FIFA World Cup Group D#Nigeria vs Argentina|2–1 in 2018]]. The fixture is the most common in the competition's history involving an African nation,<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://qz.com/1313640/world-cup-2018-nigeria-v-argentina-for-the-fifth-time-photos/| title = Photos of the 24-year soccer rivalry between Nigeria and Argentina | work = [[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] | date = 26 June 2018 | access-date = 28 June 2018}}</ref> and has occurred in five of the six tournaments for which Nigeria has qualified. The sides also met in the [[1995 King Fahd Cup]] (the predecessor to the Confederations Cup) as champions of their respective continents, drawing 0–0.

Below full international level, their [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic teams]] also faced off in the gold medal match in [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament#Gold Medal match|1996 (3–2 to Nigeria)]], and [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament#Gold medal match|2008 (1–0 to Argentina)]]. The final of the [[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship]] was also played between them; both Argentina goals in their 2–1 win were scored by [[Lionel Messi]], who would go on to find the net for the senior team in the 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/06/25/sports/worldcup/world-cup-nigeria-vs-argentina.html|title=World Cup 2014: Argentina Defeats Nigeria, 3–2|last=Klein|first=Jeff|date=25 June 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=28 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202612/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/06/25/sports/worldcup/world-cup-nigeria-vs-argentina.html|archive-date=12 October 2017}}</ref> and 2018<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.bbc.com/sport/live/football/43974672| title = Nigeria 1–2 Argentina | work = BBC Sport | date = 26 June 2018 | access-date = 28 June 2018}}</ref> World Cup fixtures.

The sense of rivalry is more keenly felt on the Nigerian side, as Argentina have won almost all of their encounters and have much bigger rivalries with Brazil, England, Germany and Uruguay in contrast to the West Africans who remain keen to finally overcome a more illustrious foe.<ref name=sick/>

==Honours==
===Official===
* '''[[FIFA World Cup]]'''
** '''{{gold01}} Champions (3)''': [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]], [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]], [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]]
** {{silver02}} Runners-up (3): [[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]], [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]], [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]]
* '''[[Copa América|South American Championship / Copa América]]'''
** '''{{gold01}} Champions (15)''': [[1921 South American Championship|1921]], [[1925 South American Championship|1925]], [[1927 South American Championship|1927]], [[1929 South American Championship|1929]], [[1937 South American Championship|1937]], [[1941 South American Championship|1941]], [[1945 South American Championship|1945]], [[1946 South American Championship|1946]], [[1947 South American Championship|1947]], [[1955 South American Championship|1955]], [[1957 South American Championship|1957]], [[1959 South American Championship (Argentina)|1959]], [[1991 Copa América|1991]], [[1993 Copa América|1993]], [[2021 Copa América|2021]]
** {{silver02}} Runners-up (14): [[1916 South American Championship|1916]], [[1917 South American Championship|1917]], [[1920 South American Championship|1920]], [[1923 South American Championship|1923]], [[1924 South American Championship|1924]], [[1926 South American Championship|1926]], [[1935 South American Championship|1935]], [[1942 South American Championship|1942]], [[1959 South American Championship (Ecuador)|1959]], [[1967 South American Championship|1967]], [[2004 Copa América|2004]], [[2007 Copa América|2007]], [[2015 Copa América|2015]], [[Copa América Centenario|2016]]
** {{bronze03}} Third place (5): [[1919 South American Championship|1919]], [[1956 South American Championship|1956]], [[1963 South American Championship|1963]], [[1989 Copa América|1989]], [[2019 Copa América|2019]]
** Fourth place (2): [[1922 South American Championship|1922]], [[1987 Copa América|1987]]
* '''[[Panamerican Championship]]'''
** '''{{gold01}} Champions (1)''': [[1960 Panamerican Championship|1960]]
** {{silver02}} Runners-up (1): [[1956 Panamerican Championship|1956]]
* '''[[FIFA Confederations Cup]]'''
** '''{{gold01}} Champions (1)''': [[1992 King Fahd Cup|1992]]
** {{silver02}} Runners-up (2): [[1995 King Fahd Cup|1995]], [[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup|2005]]
* '''[[CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions]]'''
** '''{{gold01}} Champions (2)''': [[1993 Artemio Franchi Cup|1993]], [[2022 Finalissima|2022]]

=== Olympic team ===
{{about|senior team honours|results since 1983|Argentina national under-23 football team}}
* '''[[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]'''
**{{silver02}} Silver medal (1): [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928]]{{refn|Senior squad participations include the 1928–1936 period so only amateur players were allowed from the [[football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 Games]], and only U-23 players starting in [[Football at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992]]. For further information, see [[Argentina national under-23 football team]].|group=note3|name=olympunder}}

===Friendly===
* '''{{gold01}} [[Copa Newton|Newton Cup]]{{refn|group=note|name=afaauf}} (17)''': 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1916, 1918, 1924, 1927, 1928, 1937, 1942, 1945, 1957, 1973, 1975, 1976 '''(record)'''
* '''{{gold01}} [[Copa Lipton|Lipton Cup]]{{refn|Organised by [[Argentine Football Association|Argentine]] and [[Uruguayan Football Association|Uruguayan]] Associations|group=note|name=afaauf}} (18)''': 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1928, 1937, 1942, 1945, 1957, 1962, 1968, 1976, 1992 '''(record)'''
* '''{{gold01}} [[Copa Premier Honor Argentino]] (7)''': 1909, 1911, 1913, 1914,1918, 1919, 1980''' (record)'''
* '''{{gold01}} [[Copa Centenario Revolución de Mayo]]{{refn|Organised as part of the celebrations for the [[Argentine Centennial]].|group=note|name=centenn}} (1)''': 1910
* '''{{gold01}} [[Copa Premier Honor Uruguayo]] (5)''': 1915, 1916, 1917, 1923, 1924
* '''{{gold01}} [[Copa Juan Mignaburu]]{{refn|group=note|name=afaauf}} (5)''': 1935, 1936, 1938, 1940, 1943 '''(record)'''
* '''{{gold01}} [[Copa Héctor Rivadavia Gómez]]{{refn|group=note|name=afaauf}} (3)''': 1935, 1936, 1943 '''(record)'''
* '''{{gold01}} [[Roca Cup]]{{refn|Organised by [[Brazilian Football Confederation|Brazilian]] and [[Argentine Football Association|Argentine]] Associations|group=note|name=afacbf}} (4)''': 1923, 1939, 1940, 1971 (shared)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesr/roca.html |title=Copa Julio Roca at RSSSF |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref>
* '''{{gold01}} [[Superclásico de las Américas]]{{refn|group=note|name=afacbf}} (2)''': [[2017 Superclásico de las Américas|2017]], [[2019 Superclásico de las Américas|2019]]
* '''{{gold01}} [[Taça das Nações|Nations' Cup]]{{refn|Organised by the [[Brazilian Football Confederation|Brazilian Confederation]]|group=note|name=cbf}} (1)''': [[Taça das Nações|1964]]
* '''{{gold01}} [[Kirin Cup]]{{refn|Organised by Japanese [[Kirin Company]]|group=note|name=kirin}} (2)''': [[Kirin Cup#1992 Kirin Cup|1992]], [[Kirin Cup#2003 Kirin Cup|2003]]
* '''{{gold01}} Copa Times of India (1)''': 2011<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 September 2011|first=Nilesh|last=Bhattacharya|title=Venezuela: Messi magic mesmerizes Kolkata as Argentina beat Venezuela 1–0|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/messi-magic-mesmerizes-kolkata-as-argentina-beat-venezuela-1-0/articleshow/9842110.cms|access-date=18 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* '''{{gold01}} San Juan Cup (1)''': 2019<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 June 2019|title=Messi scores twice as Argentina routs Nicaragua 5–1|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190608-messi-scores-twice-argentina-routs-nicaragua-5-1|access-date=18 July 2021|publisher=France 24|language=en}}</ref>

===Chronology of titles===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Host Nation
!Tournament
!Year
!N.º
|-
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Argentina||[[Copa América]]||1921||style="text-align: center;"|1º
|-
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Argentina||[[Copa América]]||1925||style="text-align: center;"|2º
|-
|{{flagicon|PER}} Peru||[[Copa América]]||1927||style="text-align: center;"|3º
|-
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Argentina||[[Copa América]]||1929||style="text-align: center;"|4º
|-
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Argentina||[[Copa América]]||1937||style="text-align: center;"|5º
|-
|{{flagicon|CHI}} Chile||[[Copa América]]||1941||style="text-align: center;"|6º
|-
|{{flagicon|CHI}} Chile||[[Copa América]]||1945||style="text-align: center;"|7º
|-
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Argentina||[[Copa América]]||1946||style="text-align: center;"|8º
|-
|{{flagicon|ECU}} Ecuador||[[Copa América]]||1947||style="text-align: center;"|9º
|-
|{{flagicon|CHI}} Chile||[[Copa América]]||1955||style="text-align: center;"|10º
|-
|{{flagicon|PER}} Peru||[[Copa América]]||1957||style="text-align: center;"|11º
|-
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Argentina||[[Copa América]]||1959||style="text-align: center;"|12º
|-
|{{flagicon|CRC}} Costa Rica||[[Panamerican Championship]]||1960||style="text-align: center;"|13º
|-
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Argentina||[[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]||1978||style="text-align: center;"|14º
|-
|{{flagicon|MEX}} Mexico||[[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]||1986||style="text-align: center;"|15º
|-
|{{flagicon|CHI}} Chile||[[Copa América]]||1991||style="text-align: center;"|16º
|-
|{{flagicon|KSA}} Saudi Arabia||[[FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]]||1992||style="text-align: center;"|17º
|-
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Argentina||[[CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions]]||1993||style="text-align: center;"|18º
|-
|{{flagicon|ECU}} Ecuador||[[Copa América]]||1993||style="text-align: center;"|19º
|-
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Brazil||[[Copa América]]||2021||style="text-align: center;"|20º
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} England||[[CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions]]||2022||style="text-align: center;"|21º
|-
|{{flagicon|QAT}} Qatar||[[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]||2022||style="text-align: center;"|22º
|-
|}

===Summary===
{| class="wikitable" width=30% style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
!Senior Competition !!{{gold1}} !!{{silver2}} !!{{bronze3}} !!Total
|-
|align=left|[[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]
|3 || 3 || 0 || 6
|-
|align=left|[[Copa América]]
|15 || 14 || 5 || 34
|-
|align=left|[[FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]]
|1 || 2 || 0 || 3
|-
|align=left|[[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
|align=left|[[Panamerican Championship]]
|1 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
|align=left|[[CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions]]
|2 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
! Total !! 22 !! 21 !! 5 !! 48
|}

;Notes
{{reflist|group=note3}}

==See also==
* [[List of Argentina international footballers]]
* [[Argentina national under-23 football team]]
* [[Argentina national under-20 football team]]
* [[Argentina national under-17 football team]]
* ''[[Vamos, vamos, Argentina]]''

==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}

===References===
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|es}}
* [https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/associations/ARG Argentina FIFA profile]

{{Argentina national football team}}
{{Navboxes
|titlestyle=background:white;color:#0074E7;border:1px solid #0074E7
|list1=
{{Argentina national football team matches}}
{{Argentina national football team managers}}
{{FIFA World Cup winners}}
{{Copa América winners}}
{{FIFA Confederations Cup winners}}
{{Football in Argentina}}
{{Seasons in Argentine football}}
{{CONMEBOL teams}}
{{National sports teams of Argentina}}
}}

{{Portal bar|Association football|Argentina}}

[[Category:Argentina national football team| ]]
[[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winning countries]]
[[Category:FIFA World Cup-winning countries]]
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[[Category:Football teams in Argentina]]

Florencia de la V

2022-04-02T13:18:43Z

Tangoludwig:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2009}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Florencia de la V
| image = Florencia de la V (2012).jpg
| caption = de la V in her play ''¡Que gauchita mi mucama!'', January 2012
| alt =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|03|2}}
| birth_place = [[Monte Grande]], Argentina
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|m=1.78}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|television personality|comedian|vedette}}
| years_active = 1998–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Pablo Goycochea|2011}}
| partner =
| children = 2
| website =
}}

'''Florencia Trinidad''' (born '''Roberto Carlos Trinidad'''; March 2, 1975), better known by her [[stage name]] '''Flor de la V''', is an Argentine actress, television personality, comedian and [[Vedette (cabaret)|vedette]]. As producer [[Gerardo Sofovich]]'s protégée, who discovered her in a 1998 [[revue]] in Buenos Aires, De La V gained media exposure and got small television roles. Her role in the widely successful ''[[Los Roldán]]'' gave her international notoriety. Over the years, she has become a household name in Argentine [[show business]].

In 2014, [[GLAAD]] stated that "through her advocacy and proud visibility, [she] has contributed immensely to advancing the equality movement around the world and particularly [[LGBT rights in Argentina|in Argentina]]."<ref name="glaad">{{cite web |url=http://www.glaad.org/blog/glaad-global-voices-transgender-star-paved-way-argentinians-her|title=GLAAD Global Voices: This transgender star paved the way for Argentinians like her|last1=Murray|first1=Ross|date=4 April 2014|publisher=[[GLAAD]]|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> She became the first [[transgender]] person in Argentina to get her name and the gender on her government-issued ID legally changed without pathologizing her gender identity,<ref name="glaad" /><ref name="gaceta">{{cite web |url=http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/412966/informacion-general/flor-v-recibio-dni-ahora-florencia-trinidad.html|title=Flor de la V recibió su DNI y ahora es Florencia Trinidad|language=es|last1=Murray|first1=Ross|date=14 December 2010|work=[[La Gaceta (Tucumán)|La Gaceta]]|publisher=La Gaceta S.A.|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> two years before the national Gender Identity Law was established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/195000-199999/197860/norma.htm|title=Ley 26.743: Establécese el derecho a la identidad de género de las personas.|language=es|date=9 May 2012|publisher=InfoLEG. [[Ministry of Economy and Public Finances (Argentina)|Ministry of Economy and Public Finances]]|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>

In 2021, Flor de la V announced that she identified as a [[Travesti (gender identity)|travesti]], writing: "I discovered a more correct way to get in touch with how I feel: neither woman, nor heterosexual, nor homosexual, nor bisexual. I am a dissident of the gender system, my political construction in this society is that of a pure-bred travesti. That what I am and what I want and choose to be."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/infoshow/2021/03/03/flor-de-la-v-compartio-una-foto-de-su-adolescencia-y-reflexiono-sobre-la-identidad-de-genero-soy-travesti-de-pura-cepa/|language=Spanish|publisher=[[Infobae]]|title=Flor de la V compartió una foto de su adolescencia y reflexionó sobre la identidad de género: "Soy travesti de pura cepa"|date=2 March 2021|accessdate=13 June 2021}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Florencia was born in the city of [[Monte Grande]], [[Buenos Aires Province]]. The family home was located in Villa Los Lirios. When De La V was two years old, her mother died,{{refn|group=lower-alpha|De La V has publicly stated both that her mother died from cancer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flor de la V cuenta su experiencia con una bruja que le predijo que...|url=https://ciudad.com.ar/espectaculos/94670/flor-v-cuenta-experiencia-bruja-predijo|date=22 June 2012|access-date=4 May 2018|publisher=Ciudad Magazine|language=es}}</ref> and that her mother died from complications from an abortion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flor de la V y un desgarrador relato: "Yo perdí a mi madre por un aborto clandestino"|date=26 April 2018|url=https://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/fama/flor-desgarrador-relato-perdi-madre-aborto-clandestino_0_HJ9sGs1az.html|access-date=4 May 2018|publisher=Clarin|language=es}}</ref>}} and she moved to Lomas de Zamora (Province of Buenos Aires) with her father and brother.

At age 16, De La V dressed-up as a young lady to attend the sweet 16th birthday party of her best friend. From then on she became known as Karen, until she was renamed by a friend as “Florencia de la Vega”; eventually for legal reasons her name was adapted to Florencia de la V.

=== Education ===

She completed her primary and high-school in the suburbs of Lomas de Zamora, located in the southwest part of greater Buenos Aires. A fashion enthusiast since she made her first dress, she decided to follow a career in fashion design at the UNNE, the National University of the Northeast, Argentina. As Karen, she began her career producing outfits and theatrical garments for Burlesque and Musical productions.

=== Career summary ===
* Florencia de La V began [[cross-dressing]] at the age of 16. She enrolled in a [[university]] in [[fashion design]], and later took jobs as a designer and promoter.
* She also worked at the popular [[Buenos Aires]] club "Tabaris", replacing [[Cris Miró]], a well known [[transvestism|transvestite]], in the show. It was while working there that she became a [[vedette (entertainer)|vedette]], catching the eyes of [[television]] and [[theater]] producer [[Gerardo Sofovich]].
* She made her acting debut in the TV show ''Polémica en el Bar'' ("Controversy at the Bar").
* De La V subsequently played small roles in many [[telenovela]]s and variety shows for Argentina's [[Telefe]], but the show that made her an internationally known star has arguably been ''[[Los Roldán]]'' (2004), a [[sitcom]] that became a hit across [[South America]] and among [[digital television]] viewers in the [[United States]]. In ''Los Roldán'', she played as "Raul Roldán", a transvestite who goes under the name "Laisa Roldán" when dressed as a woman.
* In 2012 she became the hostess of the semi-acted comedy and gossip show "La Pelu", with actress and comedian Gladys Florimonte.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/personajes/pelu-punto-abrir_0_679732269.html|title=La Pelu, a punto de abrir|date=10 April 2012|access-date=5 November 2012|language=es}}</ref>

Florencia de La V expressed that she felt a little uncomfortable at first with being given a job as a transvestite in the [[soap opera]]. Later on, however, she accepted the fact that her character shares some life characteristics with her, which made her more comfortable about playing "Laisa Roldán".{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} She has said, however, that for her next roles, she would prefer to play a woman. After ''Los Roldán'' ended, Florencia De La V worked in [[Mar Del Plata]].

In 1998 she met her partner, [[Dentistry|dentist]] Pablo Goycochea, whom she married on 2011 in Buenos Aires. She has two children, twins, a boy and girl.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ambito.com/espectaculos/se-caso-florencia-la-v-n3689788|title=Se casó Florencia de la V|date=June 28, 2011|access-date=January 15, 2021|language=es}}</ref>

=== Gender controversy ===
During August 2014, well-known Argentine reporter [[Jorge Lanata]] declared that De La V was not a woman but a transsexual. Actor [[Dario Grandinetti]] made a public comment on a Buenos Aires radio station supporting De La V and Lanata threatened Grandinetti with a perjury lawsuit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diaadia.com.ar/show/lanata-le-hara-juicio-grandinetti|title=Lanata le hará juicio a Grandinetti|date=August 24, 2014|access-date=January 15, 2021|language=es}}</ref>

==Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170916032700/http://florenciadelav.com/ FlorenciaDeLaV.com (Spanish)]
* {{IMDb name|id=0479142|name=Florencia De La Vega}}
* {{Cinenacional name|id=florencia-de-la-v|old_id=12636|name=Florencia de la V}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070106095640/http://www.enterate.com.ar/delavega/ Personal webpage (Spanish)]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box| title=[[Bailando por un sueño (Argentina)|''Bailando Por un Sueño'' (Argentina)]] Winner | before=[[Carmen Barbieri]] | years=Season 2 (August - September 2006) |after=Carla Conte}}
{{S-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:De La V, Florencia}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Argentine actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Argentine actresses]]
[[Category:Argentine musical theatre actresses]]
[[Category:Argentine musical theatre directors]]
[[Category:Argentine musical theatre producers]]
[[Category:Argentine people of Paraguayan descent]]
[[Category:Argentine vedettes]]
[[Category:LGBT entertainers from Argentina]]
[[Category:LGBT actors from Argentina]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Buenos Aires Province]]
[[Category:Transgender and transsexual actresses]]
[[Category:Travestis]]
[[Category:Participants in Argentine reality television series]]
[[Category:Bailando por un Sueño (Argentine TV series) participants]]
[[Category:Bailando por un Sueño (Argentine TV series) winners]]

Florencia de la V

2022-04-02T13:15:55Z

Tangoludwig:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2009}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Florencia de la V
| image = Florencia de la V (2012).jpg
| caption = de la V in her play ''¡Que gauchita mi mucama!'', January 2012
| alt =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|03|2}}
| birth_place = [[Monte Grande]], Argentina
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|m=1.78}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|television personality|comedian|vedette}}
| years_active = 1998–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Pablo Goycochea|2011}}
| partner =
| children = 2
| website =
}}

'''Florencia Trinidad''' (born Roberto Carlos Trinidad; March 2, 1975), better known by her [[stage name]] '''Flor de la V''', is an Argentine actress, television personality, comedian and [[Vedette (cabaret)|vedette]]. As producer [[Gerardo Sofovich]]'s protégée, who discovered her in a 1998 [[revue]] in Buenos Aires, De La V gained media exposure and got small television roles. Her role in the widely successful ''[[Los Roldán]]'' gave her international notoriety. Over the years, she has become a household name in Argentine [[show business]].

In 2014, [[GLAAD]] stated that "through her advocacy and proud visibility, [she] has contributed immensely to advancing the equality movement around the world and particularly [[LGBT rights in Argentina|in Argentina]]."<ref name="glaad">{{cite web |url=http://www.glaad.org/blog/glaad-global-voices-transgender-star-paved-way-argentinians-her|title=GLAAD Global Voices: This transgender star paved the way for Argentinians like her|last1=Murray|first1=Ross|date=4 April 2014|publisher=[[GLAAD]]|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> She became the first [[transgender]] person in Argentina to get her name and the gender on her government-issued ID legally changed without pathologizing her gender identity,<ref name="glaad" /><ref name="gaceta">{{cite web |url=http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/412966/informacion-general/flor-v-recibio-dni-ahora-florencia-trinidad.html|title=Flor de la V recibió su DNI y ahora es Florencia Trinidad|language=es|last1=Murray|first1=Ross|date=14 December 2010|work=[[La Gaceta (Tucumán)|La Gaceta]]|publisher=La Gaceta S.A.|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> two years before the national Gender Identity Law was established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/195000-199999/197860/norma.htm|title=Ley 26.743: Establécese el derecho a la identidad de género de las personas.|language=es|date=9 May 2012|publisher=InfoLEG. [[Ministry of Economy and Public Finances (Argentina)|Ministry of Economy and Public Finances]]|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>

In 2021, Flor de la V announced that she identified as a [[Travesti (gender identity)|travesti]], writing: "I discovered a more correct way to get in touch with how I feel: neither woman, nor heterosexual, nor homosexual, nor bisexual. I am a dissident of the gender system, my political construction in this society is that of a pure-bred travesti. That what I am and what I want and choose to be."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/infoshow/2021/03/03/flor-de-la-v-compartio-una-foto-de-su-adolescencia-y-reflexiono-sobre-la-identidad-de-genero-soy-travesti-de-pura-cepa/|language=Spanish|publisher=[[Infobae]]|title=Flor de la V compartió una foto de su adolescencia y reflexionó sobre la identidad de género: "Soy travesti de pura cepa"|date=2 March 2021|accessdate=13 June 2021}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Florencia was born in the city of [[Monte Grande]], [[Buenos Aires Province]]. The family home was located in Villa Los Lirios. When De La V was two years old, her mother died,{{refn|group=lower-alpha|De La V has publicly stated both that her mother died from cancer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flor de la V cuenta su experiencia con una bruja que le predijo que...|url=https://ciudad.com.ar/espectaculos/94670/flor-v-cuenta-experiencia-bruja-predijo|date=22 June 2012|access-date=4 May 2018|publisher=Ciudad Magazine|language=es}}</ref> and that her mother died from complications from an abortion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flor de la V y un desgarrador relato: "Yo perdí a mi madre por un aborto clandestino"|date=26 April 2018|url=https://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/fama/flor-desgarrador-relato-perdi-madre-aborto-clandestino_0_HJ9sGs1az.html|access-date=4 May 2018|publisher=Clarin|language=es}}</ref>}} and she moved to Lomas de Zamora (Province of Buenos Aires) with her father and brother.

At age 16, De La V dressed-up as a young lady to attend the sweet 16th birthday party of her best friend. From then on she became known as Karen, until she was renamed by a friend as “Florencia de la Vega”; eventually for legal reasons her name was adapted to Florencia de la V.

=== Education ===

She completed her primary and high-school in the suburbs of Lomas de Zamora, located in the southwest part of greater Buenos Aires. A fashion enthusiast since she made her first dress, she decided to follow a career in fashion design at the UNNE, the National University of the Northeast, Argentina. As Karen, she began her career producing outfits and theatrical garments for Burlesque and Musical productions.

=== Career summary ===
* Florencia de La V began [[cross-dressing]] at the age of 16. She enrolled in a [[university]] in [[fashion design]], and later took jobs as a designer and promoter.
* She also worked at the popular [[Buenos Aires]] club "Tabaris", replacing [[Cris Miró]], a well known [[transvestism|transvestite]], in the show. It was while working there that she became a [[vedette (entertainer)|vedette]], catching the eyes of [[television]] and [[theater]] producer [[Gerardo Sofovich]].
* She made her acting debut in the TV show ''Polémica en el Bar'' ("Controversy at the Bar").
* De La V subsequently played small roles in many [[telenovela]]s and variety shows for Argentina's [[Telefe]], but the show that made her an internationally known star has arguably been ''[[Los Roldán]]'' (2004), a [[sitcom]] that became a hit across [[South America]] and among [[digital television]] viewers in the [[United States]]. In ''Los Roldán'', she played as "Raul Roldán", a transvestite who goes under the name "Laisa Roldán" when dressed as a woman.
* In 2012 she became the hostess of the semi-acted comedy and gossip show "La Pelu", with actress and comedian Gladys Florimonte.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/personajes/pelu-punto-abrir_0_679732269.html|title=La Pelu, a punto de abrir|date=10 April 2012|access-date=5 November 2012|language=es}}</ref>

Florencia de La V expressed that she felt a little uncomfortable at first with being given a job as a transvestite in the [[soap opera]]. Later on, however, she accepted the fact that her character shares some life characteristics with her, which made her more comfortable about playing "Laisa Roldán".{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} She has said, however, that for her next roles, she would prefer to play a woman. After ''Los Roldán'' ended, Florencia De La V worked in [[Mar Del Plata]].

In 1998 she met her partner, [[Dentistry|dentist]] Pablo Goycochea, whom she married on 2011 in Buenos Aires. She has two children, twins, a boy and girl.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ambito.com/espectaculos/se-caso-florencia-la-v-n3689788|title=Se casó Florencia de la V|date=June 28, 2011|access-date=January 15, 2021|language=es}}</ref>

=== Gender controversy ===
During August 2014, well-known Argentine reporter [[Jorge Lanata]] declared that De La V was not a woman but a transsexual. Actor [[Dario Grandinetti]] made a public comment on a Buenos Aires radio station supporting De La V and Lanata threatened Grandinetti with a perjury lawsuit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diaadia.com.ar/show/lanata-le-hara-juicio-grandinetti|title=Lanata le hará juicio a Grandinetti|date=August 24, 2014|access-date=January 15, 2021|language=es}}</ref>

==Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170916032700/http://florenciadelav.com/ FlorenciaDeLaV.com (Spanish)]
* {{IMDb name|id=0479142|name=Florencia De La Vega}}
* {{Cinenacional name|id=florencia-de-la-v|old_id=12636|name=Florencia de la V}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070106095640/http://www.enterate.com.ar/delavega/ Personal webpage (Spanish)]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box| title=[[Bailando por un sueño (Argentina)|''Bailando Por un Sueño'' (Argentina)]] Winner | before=[[Carmen Barbieri]] | years=Season 2 (August - September 2006) |after=Carla Conte}}
{{S-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:De La V, Florencia}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Argentine actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Argentine actresses]]
[[Category:Argentine musical theatre actresses]]
[[Category:Argentine musical theatre directors]]
[[Category:Argentine musical theatre producers]]
[[Category:Argentine people of Paraguayan descent]]
[[Category:Argentine vedettes]]
[[Category:LGBT entertainers from Argentina]]
[[Category:LGBT actors from Argentina]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Buenos Aires Province]]
[[Category:Transgender and transsexual actresses]]
[[Category:Travestis]]
[[Category:Participants in Argentine reality television series]]
[[Category:Bailando por un Sueño (Argentine TV series) participants]]
[[Category:Bailando por un Sueño (Argentine TV series) winners]]

Wheel-well stowaway

2021-04-27T08:57:50Z

Tangoludwig: origin destination instead of just destination airport

{{short description|People who have stowed away in the wheel wells of commercial passenger plaes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Boeing 747-230 Schleswig-Holstein 61.JPG|thumb|200px|Wheel well of a [[Boeing 747]]]]
This page lists known flights with [[stowaway]]s, who traveled inside the wheel well ([[landing gear]] compartment, also known as wheel bay) of an aircraft. In the United States alone, between 1947 and June 2015, the U.S. [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) had recorded 113 such attempts on 101 flights either departing from or landing in the U.S. Of these 113 people, all male to date and predominantly under 30,<ref name="2021 Guardian story">{{cite news|last=Kale|first=Sirin|title=Out of thin air: the mystery of the man who fell from the sky|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/15/man-who-fell-from-the-sky-airplane-stowaway-kenya-london|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=April 15, 2021|access-date=April 18, 2021}}</ref> 86 (76 percent) died.<ref name=motherboard>Motherboard, [https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkv9pw/the-science-of-stowing-away-in-an-airplane The Science of Stowing Away in an Airplane], June 20, 2015</ref> Many [[unidentified decedent|have never been identified]].

In other instances, stowaways traveled either in a [[cargo hold]]<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/stowaway-found-aboard-emirates-flight-china-dubai-n583751|title=Stowaway Found Aboard Emirates Flight From China to Dubai|publisher=NBC News| date=June 1, 2016| access-date =August 6, 2017}}</ref> or in a spare parts compartment,<ref>{{cite web | url =http://allafrica.com/stories/201707140056.html|title=Nigeria: Stowaways and Their Desperation to Leave Nigeria|publisher=allAfrica| date=July 14, 2017| access-date =August 6, 2017}}</ref> both of which are [[Cabin pressurization|pressurized]]. Those incidents are excluded.

Wheel-well stowaways face considerable risk of death during all phases of flight. Some have been unable to remain in the well during [[takeoff]] and have fallen out, either onto the runway at high speeds or at lower altitudes, almost always fatally. Immediately after takeoff, the landing gear retracts into the wheel wells, with the potential to crush the stowaway.<ref name=mostdie>USA Today, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/04/21/stowaway-planes-hawaii/7957357/ FAA: Most plane stowaways in wheel well die], April 21, 2014</ref> At altitudes above approximately {{convert|2,500|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, [[hypothermia]] becomes a risk and reduced [[atmospheric pressure]] and [[partial pressure of oxygen]], which drop below the level required to support brain consciousness at the cruising altitudes of jet aircraft, may impair physiological processes.<ref name="FSF">{{cite web | url =http://flightsafety.org/hf/hf_may-jun97.pdf|title=Wheel-well Stowaways Risk Lethal Levels of Hypoxia and Hypothermia|publisher=[[Flight Safety Foundation]]| date=May–June 1997| access-date =June 15, 2015}}</ref>

At altitudes above {{convert|6,000|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, stowaways may also develop [[decompression sickness]] and nitrogen [[Air embolism|gas embolism]].<ref name="FSF" /> Temperatures also decrease with altitude, and may drop as low as {{convert|-63|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref name="FSF" /> As the plane descends to lower altitudes, a gradual rewarming and reoxygenation occur;<ref name="FSF" /> if the stowaway does not regain consciousness and mobility by the time the landing gear is lowered during final approach, or has already died, the body may fall from the aircraft.<ref name="motherboard" /> According to the FAA, it is likely that the number of stowaways is higher than records show because bodies have fallen into the ocean or onto undeveloped terrain.<ref name="cbsnews">CBS News, [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/questions-abound-over-teen-stowaways-miracle-flight/ Questions abound over teen stowaway's "miracle" flight], April 21, 2014</ref>

How those wheel-well stowaways who have survived have done so is a questions scientists have not yet been able to answer. "Something happens that we don't understand" says one. Stephen Véronneau, described as the world's foremost expert on the phenomenon, wrote in a 1996 paper for the FAA that he believes humans, when placed in an environment that overwhelms the body's ability to control its own temperature, become [[poikilotherm]]ic and "a state somewhat reminscent of hibernation occurs, during which the body's requirement for oxygen is greatly diminished".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Véronneau|first1=S.J.H.|last2=Mohler|first2=S.R.|last3=Pennybaker|first3=A.L.|last4=Wilcox|first4=B.C.|last5=Sahiar|first5=F.|title=Survival at High Altitudes: Wheel-Well Passengers|url=https://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1990s/media/AM96-25.pdf|publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] Civil Aeromedical Institute|date=October 1996|access-date=April 19, 2021}}</ref>

Many wheel-well stowaways are found, dead or alive, with their bodies covered in frost, suggesting severe hypothermia during flight. Fidel Maruhi, who survived a wheel-well flight from [[Tahiti]] to [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]] in 2000, had a body temperature of {{convert|79|F|C|disp=flip}}, well below the level usually considered fatal, when emergency personnel began treating him on the runway.<ref name="ABC News Maruhi story">{{cite news|title=Stowaway Found Alive in Jet's Wheel Well|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=96267&page=1|newspaper=[[ABC News]]|date=January 7, 2006|accessdate=April 19, 2021}}</ref>

One survivor, Armando Socarras Ramirez, who defected from Cuba aboard an [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] flight from [[Havana]] to [[Madrid]] in 1969, recalled in 2021 that his earliest post-flight memories are of Spanish doctors calling him "Mr. Popsicle" because ice covered his body when the pilot discovered him after his arrival. He had boarded the plane while it was [[taxiing]], carrying a flashlight, rope and wool to stuff his ears; a companion fell out of the other wheel well before takeoff and a third backed out at the last moment. After takeoff, he had suffered [[frostbite]] on his middle finger so severe it turned black holding on until the wheels retracted, but then remembered nothing save shivering and shaking from the extreme cold until he lost consciousness. It took him a month in a Spanish hospital to regain his hearing, but he reports no lingering medical issues from the experience.<ref name="2021 Guardian story" />

In at least one instance, on July 31, 2013, a cat survived a flight from [[Athens]] to [[Zürich]] in the front undercarriage of an [[Airbus A321]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thelocal.ch/20130802/stowaway-cat-survives-flight-from-athens| title =Stowaway cat survives flight from Athens |website =[[The Local]]|date=August 2, 2013| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>

==List==
{{Inc-transport|date=September 2017}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date
! Stowaway(s)
! Flight
! Aircraft
! Stowaway's fate
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1946|08|07|abbr=on}}
| Bas Wie, 12
| [[Kupang]]–[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]]
| [[Douglas DC-3]]
| Survived, naturalised in Australia in 1958 and married<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-17/the-kupang-kid/6542742|title=The Kupang Kid: Orphaned boy who risked life to come to Australia as stowaway in 1946|author=Louise Maher|publisher=[[ABC Online]]| date=June 17, 2015| access-date =June 17, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1947|08|05|abbr=on}}
| Male, 30
| [[Lisbon]]–[[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]]
| [[Douglas DC-3]]
| Survived<ref name="faa">{{cite web | url =http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1990s/media/AM96-25.pdf| title =Survival at High Altitudes: Wheel-Well Passengers|publisher =[[FAA]]|date=October 1996| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1960|09|09|abbr=on}}
|Daniel Melo, 16
|[[Santa Maria Airport (Azores)|Santa Maria]]-[[L.F. Wade International Airport|Bermuda]]
|[[Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation]]
|Survived, caught by [[Linea Aeropostal Venezolana|LAV]]'s ground team and deported.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avozdeportugal.com/oacoriano/arquivos/2016/2016-04.pdf|title=O Furnense que Viajou para os Eua num Trem De Um Avião}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|09|28|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Mexico City]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Survived at 34,000 ft<ref name="faa"/><ref>"Viaja de Bogota a Mexico en el 'Tren' de un Jet", ''El Tiempo'' (Bogota, Colombia), September 28, 1966, p30</ref><ref>"Tells 4-Hour Ride in Jet's Wheel Well", ''Chicago Tribune'', September 28, 1966, p1</ref><ref>"Rugged Mexican Boy Survives Trip in Jet's Wheel Well", ''Abilene (TX) Reporter-News'', September 28, 1966</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|04|18|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified man, about 24
| [[Moscow]]–[[Paris]]
| [[Sud Aviation Caravelle]]
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/18/1966-moscow-paris-stowaway-dies/ |title=1966: Moscow-Paris Stowaway Dies|work=[[International Herald Tribune]] | date=April 18, 2016| access-date =April 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/oxnard-press-courier-apr-18-1966-p-10/|title=Oxnard Press Courier Archives, Apr 18, 1966, p. 10|website=newspaperarchive.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|04|19|abbr=on}}
| Unknown youth, 20/21
| [[Orly]]–[[Morocco]]
| [[Sud Aviation Caravelle]]
| Died (froze)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1969|06|04|abbr=on}}
| Armando Socarras Ramírez, 17, Jorge Pérez Blanco, 16
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]] ([[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] Flight 904)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Pérez fell out before takeoff and survived to be imprisoned by the Cuban government. Socarras made to Madrid, was released after 52 days in a Spanish hospital, and as of 2021 lives in the U.S. state of Virginia.<ref name="2021 Guardian story" />
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1969|07|26|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17 and a second unknown
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]]
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| One survived, second fell to death<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1970|02|22|abbr=on}}
| Keith Sapsford, 14
| [[Sydney]]–[[Tokyo]] ([[Japan Airlines]] flight)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Sapsford fell to his death after the landing gear doors opened underneath him as the gear retracted, falling from {{convert|200|ft|m}} during the take off sequence.<ref name="faa"/> His fatal fall was inadvertently captured by amateur photographer John Gilpin and the photograph was published in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=MDQ-9Oe3GGUC&dat=19700223&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "Death dive from Sydney airliner"], ''The Age'' (Melbourne), February 23, 1970, p1</ref><ref name=salon>Salon, [http://www.salon.com/2010/12/14/stowaways/ The boy who fell to earth], December 14, 2010</ref><ref name=unusualdeaths>Unusual Deaths, [http://unusualdeaths.com/2016/05/24/the-boy-who-fell-out-of-a-japan-airlines-jet/ The Boy Who Fell Out of a Japan Airlines Jet], May 24, 2016</ref><ref name=nbcnews>NBC News, [https://www.nbcnews.com/business/travel/dead-wheel-well-stowaway-went-undiscovered-7-flights-f6C10287982 Dead wheel-well stowaway went undiscovered for 7 flights], June 12, 2013</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1970|06|21|abbr=on}}
| Male, 13
| [[Lyon]]–[[Abidjan]]
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Died (fell at Abidjan when landing gear lowered)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1972|4|14|abbr=on}}
| Male, 18
| [[San Diego]]–[[New York City]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Died (froze)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1975|3|23|abbr=on}}
| Unknown youth
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Miami]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Died (fell)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1986|11|14|abbr=on}}
| Male, 35
| [[Panama (city)|Panama]]–[[Miami]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Survived at {{convert|39000|ft|m}}<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1990|2|19|abbr=on}}
| Two men from Trinidad
| [[Trinidad]]–[[Toronto]]
| [[BWIA West Indies Airways]] [[Lockheed L1011]]
| Both survived 5 hour flight<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airliners.net/forum/?id=713046|title=Airliners.net - Aviation Forums|website=www.airliners.net}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|3|15|abbr=on}}
| Shamsul Ramli, 17
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]–[[Johannesburg]] ([[Malaysia Airlines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died. Body found in the 747's wheel well at Johannesburg Airport on arrival.<ref>http://www.searcct.gov.my/publications/our-publications?id=38</ref>
|-
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|6|4|abbr=on}}
| [[Juan Carlos Guzmán-Betancourt]], 17
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Miami]] (Arca Airline flight)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Survived at 35,000 ft, but frosted<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|8|4|abbr=on}}
| Male, 19
| [[Bogotá]]–[[New York City]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died<ref name="fs">{{cite web | url =http://flightsafety.org/hf/hf_may-jun97.pdf| title =Wheel-well Stowaway Flights |publisher =[[Flight Safety Foundation]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1995}}
| Unknown migrant worker
| To [[Shanghai]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (froze and fell during landing at [[Pudong International Airport]])<ref name="chinadaily">{{cite news | url =http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-05/25/content_445697.htm| title =Boy hiding in gear compartment killed |newspaper =[[China Daily]]|author=Cao Desheng| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1996|8|2|abbr=on}}
| Two Mongolian boys, about 9 and 12

| [[Ulan Bator]]–[[Kadena Air Base]]
| [[U.S. Air Force]] [[Lockheed C-141 Starlifter#C-141B|Lockheed C-141B]]
| 12-year-old died declared dead after discovery. Other child died two days later.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1996/Two-Mongolian-Boys-One-Dead-Found-on-U-S-Air-Force-Flight/id-dedba952bf78dfe5fb76986510fbe542| title =Two Mongolian Boys, One Dead, Found on U.S. Air Force Flight |publisher =[[Associated Press]]| access-date =April 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/08/04/Stowaway-boys-die-in-US-military-plane/6915839131200/| title =Stowaway boys die in US Military Plane |publisher =[[UPI]]| access-date =January 10, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1996|10|14|abbr=on}}
| Pardeep Saini, 22, Vijay Saini, 19
| [[New Delhi]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Pardeep survived in the nose wheel well at 35,000 ft,<ref name="fs"/> Vijay died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/22/travel/successful-stowaways/| title =5 stowaway attempts that didn't end tragically|publisher =[[CNN]]| access-date =April 25, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1997|3|22|abbr=on}}
| Male, adolescent
| [[Nairobi]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (crushed in nosewheel well)<ref name="fs"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998}}
| Trevor Jacobs, 30
| [[Antigua]]–[[Trinidad]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas MD-80]]
| Died (Trevor Jacobs was wanted on several criminal charges, including kidnapping)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19981223&slug=2790535|title=Business | Norwegian Mother Goes To Jail For Giving Son An Illegal Name | Seattle Times Newspaper|website=community.seattletimes.nwsource.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|2|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Baku]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 2028)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died, body discovered upon arrival at [[Gatwick Airport]] on February 8<ref>{{cite news | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/54651.stm| title =Body found in plane undercarriage|publisher =[[BBC]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|6|28|abbr=on}}
| Chinese male, 23
| [[Shanghai]]–[[Tokyo]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Survived, but hospitalized in critical condition<ref>{{cite news | url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19980803&id=3bZOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5843,1132422| title =Stowaway survives flight |newspaper =[[Star-News]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|9|14|abbr=on}}
| Emilio Dominguez, 23
| [[San Pedro Sula]]–[[Miami]] ([[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] Flight 6130)
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]]
| Survived at 33,000 ft, traveled seeking work,<ref>{{cite news | url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19980915&id=A91PAAAAIBAJ&pg=4644,8880265| title =Stowaway survives Honduras-to-Miami flight at 33,000 feet |newspaper =[[Ocala Star-Banner]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref> but was returned to Honduras
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1999|6|28|abbr=on}}
| [[Yaguine Koita and Fodé Tounkara]], 14 and 13
| [[Conakry]]–[[Brussels]] ([[Sabena]] Flight 520)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Both died (froze)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://articles.latimes.com/2000/mar/19/news/mn-10355| title =For a Pair of African Stowaways, Only Europe Held Hope of a Future|newspaper =[[Los Angeles Times]]|authors=Tim Sullivan, Raf Casert| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2000|8|4|abbr=on}}
| Fidel Maruhi, 24
| [[Papeete]]–[[Los Angeles]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] Flight 71)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Survived at 38,000 ft.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=96267| title =Stowaway Found Alive in Jet's Wheel Well|publisher =[[ABC News]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref> Discovered during a refueling stopover in Los Angeles, where his body temperature had dropped to {{convert|26|C|F}}, well below levels usually considered lethal,<ref name="ABC News Maruhi story" /> Maruhi later told, that the main motive behind his travel to France was to "shake hands" with [[Zinedine Zidane]].<ref>{{cite news| url =http://pidp.org/archive/2000/September/09-08-07.htm| title =Tahitian Stowaway to Los Angeles Found Guilty| publisher =Pacific Islands Development Program| access-date =April 22, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140424210736/http://pidp.org/archive/2000/September/09-08-07.htm| archive-date =April 24, 2014| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = J'ai vu le train d'atterrissage se fermer sous moi |url = http://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/j-ai-vu-le-train-d-atterrissage-se-fermer-sous-moi-15-08-2000-2001565734.php|access-date = September 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name=slate>Slate, [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/12/do_jet_stowaways_ever_survive.html Do Jet Stowaways Ever Survive?], December 31, 2003</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|6|abbr=on}}
| Mohammed Ayaz, 21
| [[Muharraq]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died (traveled to London because of job hardships in Pakistan and Bahrain)<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/18/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices| title =The man who fell to earth |newspaper =[[The Guardian]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|8|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[London]]–[[New York City]] ([[American Airlines]] Flight 131)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died (fell from {{convert|1500|ft|m}} on approach to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/09/nyregion/stowaway-fell-from-jet-near-airport-police-say.html| title = Stowaway Fell From Jet Near Airport, Police Say |newspaper =[[The New York Times]]|author=Al Baker| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|9|abbr=on}}
| Mikhail Semenyaga, 24
| [[Perm, Russia|Perm]]–[[Yekaterinburg]]–[[Frankfurt]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url =http://www.nr2.ru/ekb/13_30013.html/print/|script-title =ru:Труп в самолете «Люфтганзы» – пермяк или екатеринбуржец?|publisher =NR2|language =ru|access-date =April 24, 2014|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140424125058/http://www.nr2.ru/ekb/13_30013.html/print/|archive-date =April 24, 2014|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|12|24|abbr=on}}
| Alberto Rodriguez, 15, Maikel Almira, 16
| [[Havana]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Both died (planned on hiding on a flight to [[Miami]])<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/mar/21/cuba.immigration| title = Error that cost the lives of teenage Cuban stowaways|newspaper =[[The Guardian]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|7|abbr=on}}
| Cameroonian male, 34
| [[Rio de Janeiro]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] flight)
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.africareview.com/News/Cameroonian-stowaway-dies-on-Paris-flight/-/979180/1743584/-/2n9785/-/index.html| title = Cameroonian stowaway dies on Paris-bound flight|publisher =Africa Review| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|12|abbr=on}}
| Victor Alvarez Molina, 24
| [[Havana]]–[[Montreal]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]
| Survived, received refugee status in Canada<ref name=slate /><ref name="usatoday">{{cite news | url =http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/flights/2007-07-20-united-body_N.htm| title =Body found in wheel well of United 747 jumbojet |newspaper =[[USA Today]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|12|5|abbr=on}}
| Two boys, 12 and 14
| [[Accra]]–[[London]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]
| Both died<ref>{{cite news |author=Gary Jones| url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/FROZEN+STOWAWAYS%3B+Lax+security+blamed+after+2+boys+die+in+jet...-a094967415| title =Frozen Stowaways; Lax security blamed after 2 boys die in jet undercarriage |newspaper =[[Daily Mirror]]|date=December 6, 2002| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|1|11|abbr=on}}
| Mariano Alexis Herrera-Ba, [[Punta Cana International Airport]] technician
| [[Punta Cana]]–[[Toronto]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://lenta.ru/world/2003/01/11/body| script-title=ru:В отсеке шасси самолета найден труп безбилетника |publisher =[[Lenta.ru]]|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|1|23|abbr=on}}
| Two unidentified men
| [[Paris]]–[[Shanghai]] ([[Air France]] Flight 112)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Both died (fell on approach to [[Pudong International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Jan/54359.htm| title =Two Foreigners Fall Dead from Plane in Shanghai |publisher =[[China Internet Information Center]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|2|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Mali]] or [[Gabon]]–[[Paris]]?
|
| Died (fell near Paris)<ref name="ltt">{{cite book | title =Living Through Terror| publisher =Routledge | year =2013 | page =154 | isbn =978-1317982340}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|3|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 19
| To [[Frankfurt]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20030327/357047.html| script-title=ru:В Германии обнаружено тело россиянина, погибшего при попытке "зайцем" долететь до Франкфурта-на-Майне|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 26, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|12|24|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, about 25
| [[Montego Bay]]–[[New York City]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Body+found+in+wheel+well+of+American+Airlines+aircraft.-a0111706092| title =Body found in wheel well of American Airlines aircraft |publisher =Airline Industry Information| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|12|30|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 30s
| [[Lagos]]–[[London]]–[[New York City]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 117)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (body found upon arrival at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BODY+FIND+ON+BA+JET.-a0111780486| title =Body Find On BA Jet |newspaper =[[Daily Mirror]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|7|21|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 20
| [[Dominican Republic]]–[[Düsseldorf]]
|
| Died (froze)<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|10|22|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 20s
| [[Miami]]–[[Detroit]]
| [[Boeing 737]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Stowaway found dead in wheel well of jet after Detroit landing|url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/102304/nat_1023040067.shtml|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal|date=October 23, 2004}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Body+of+man+discovered+in+aircraft%27s+wheel+well.-a0123512808| title =Body of man discovered in aircraft's wheel well |publisher =Airline Industry Information| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|11|abbr=on}}
| Liang Kailong, 14, Su Qing, 13
| [[Kunming]]–[[Chongqing]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Liang survived, Su died (fell shortly after takeoff)<ref name="chinadaily"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|16|abbr=on}}
| Unknown
| [[Mali]]–[[Paris]]
|
| Died<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|30|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
|
|
| Died (fell, body found in Louvain)<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2005|05|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown boy, about 10
| [[Dunhuang]]–[[Lanzhou]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref name="chinadaily"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2005|06|7|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Dakar]]–[[New York City]] ([[South African Airways]] Flight 203)
| [[Airbus A340]]<ref>{{cite news|title=South African Officials 'Mystified' At Stowaway Reports|url=http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=73455d1a-ce75-45aa-9495-be3116bc7cf1|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Aero News|date=June 8, 2008}}</ref>
| Died (crushed on approach to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://articles.latimes.com/2005/jun/08/nation/na-stowaway8| title =Stowaway's Leg Falls From Jet|newspaper =[[Los Angeles Times]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|12|abbr=on}}
| Male
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Dakar]]–[[Atlanta]] ([[Delta Air Lines]] Flight 35)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died (frozen and crushed)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.cbsnews.com/news/stowaways-body-found-in-delta-jet/| title =Stowaway's Body Found In Delta Jet |publisher =[[CBS News]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|15|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified
| [[Banjul]]–[[Dakar]]–[[Brussels]]
| [[Airbus A330-300]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wastnage|first1=Justin|title=SN Brussels engineers find dead body in A330 wheel well after flight from Dakar, second this weekend after Friday identical Delta 767 incident|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sn-brussels-engineers-find-dead-body-in-a-wheel-well-after-flight-from-dakar-second-this-weekend-after-friday-identical-delta-incident-211556/|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Flightglobal|date=January 15, 2007}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://allafrica.com/stories/200701180109.html| title =Gambia: In SN Brussels Aircraft Incident Belgian Authorities Mount Investigation |publisher =[[allAfrica.com]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|28|abbr=on}}
| Samuel Peter Benjamin, 17
| [[Singapore]]–[[Vancouver]]–[[Hong Kong]]–[[Cape Town]]–[[London]]–[[Los Angeles]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died in the front wheel well, presumably after hitching the aircraft in his hometown Cape Town on January 22, body discovered in Los Angeles<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1541417/Body-may-have-been-week-on-plane.html| title =Body 'may have been week on plane'|newspaper =[[The Daily Telegraph]]|author=Catherine Elsworth|access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|07|19|abbr=on}}
| Asian, 50s
| [[Shanghai]]–[[San Francisco]] ([[United Airlines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (in the nose gear wheel well)<ref name="usatoday"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|09|21|abbr=on}}
| Andrey Shcherbakov, 15
| [[Perm, Russia|Perm]]–[[Moscow]]
| [[Boeing 737]]
| Survived, but suffered severe frostbite<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20070924/80658076.html| title =Подросток пролетел в крыле Boeing-737 из Перми до "Внуково"|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|10|12|abbr=on}}
| Osama R.M. Shublaq, Palestinian
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]–[[Singapore]] ([[Singapore Airlines]] Flight 119)
| [[Boeing 777-200]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news| url =http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20071012-29740.html| title =Stowaway survives SIA flight from KL hidden in wheel well| work =[[AsiaOne]]| access-date =April 24, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160413231607/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20071012-29740.html| archive-date =April 13, 2016| url-status =dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|10|21|abbr=on}}
| Ilgar Ashumov, 15
| [[Baku]]–[[Moscow]]
|
| Died on approach to [[Domodedovo International Airport]], body found 12 km from the airport<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.gazeta.ru/social/2007/10/30/2276251.shtml| script-title=ru:«Зачем воспитанному мальчику российская столица»|publisher =[[Gazeta.ru]]|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2009|08|9|abbr=on}}
| Filipp Yurchenko, 19
| [[Irkutsk]]–[[Khabarovsk]]–[[Vladivostok]] ([[Vladivostok Avia]] Flight 486)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/society/20090813/180706111.html| script-title=ru:Прокуратура устанавливает, как погибший мужчина попал в шасси самолета |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|02|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[New York City]]–[[Narita, Chiba|Narita]] ([[Delta Air Lines]] Flight 59)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/world/20100208/208156129.html| script-title=ru:Японская полиция выясняет, как мужчина попал в шасси борта из США |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|02|18|abbr=on}}
| Unknown Dominican male
| [[Santo Domingo]]–[[Miami]] ([[Amerijet]] flight)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died (fell during takeoff)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20100219/209896777.html| script-title=ru:Безбилетник погиб в нише для шасси самолета в аэропорту Доминиканы|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|03|abbr=on}}
| Okechukwu Okeke, Nigerian
| [[Lagos]] to the United States ([[Delta Air Lines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died in the nose wheel well<ref name="NTribune">{{cite news| url =http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/features/item/31324-nigerian-stowaways-when-youths-reach-end-of-their-dreams-so-soon| title =Nigerian stowaways: When youths reach end of their dreams so soon...| work =[[Nigerian Tribune]]| date =March 8, 2015| access-date =March 8, 2015| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123350/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/features/item/31324-nigerian-stowaways-when-youths-reach-end-of-their-dreams-so-soon| archive-date =April 2, 2015| df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|04|abbr=on}}
| Unknown African male
| To [[Zürich]]
|
| Died (fell after landing gear was lowered on approach to Zürich, body found in [[Weisslingen]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/world/20100506/231336199.html| script-title=ru:Нелегальный мигрант погиб на пути в Швейцарию, выпав из отсека шасси |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|06|06|abbr=on}}
| Romanian male, 20
| [[Vienna]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10280238| title =Romanian stowaway found at Heathrow freed after caution|publisher =[[BBC]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|07|9|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Beirut]]–[[Riyadh]] ([[Nasair]] flight)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|title=Stowaway's body found in plane's landing gear|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/stowaways-body-found-in-planes-landing-gear/story-e6frfq80-1225890680713|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=News.com.au|agency=AFP|date=July 12, 2010}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|09|10|abbr=on}}
| Nigerian national
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Lagos]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
|
| Died (crushed)<ref name="NTribune"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|11|2|abbr=on}}
| Roman Sorokovikov, 16
| [[Yerbogachen]]–[[Kirensk]]
| [[Antonov An-24]]
| Survived, but planned to reach [[Irkutsk]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://izvestia.ru/news/480314| script-title=ru:В Иркутской области подросток совершил перелет в отсеке шасси Ан-24|newspaper =[[Izvestia]]|language=ru| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|11|15|abbr=on}}
| Delvonte Tisdale, 16
| [[Charlotte]]–[[Boston]] ([[US Airways]] Flight 1776)
| [[Boeing 737]]
| Died (possible fatal injury inside wheel well from landing gear, fell on approach to Boston)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://clclt.com/charlotte/the-last-days-of-delvonte-tisdale/Content?oid=2177028 |title= The Last Days of Delvonte Tisdale |publisher=[[Creative Loafing|Creative Loafing Charlotte]]| access-date =February 22, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2011|01|15|abbr=on}}
| Qasim Siddique
| [[Lahore]]–[[Dubai]] ([[Airblue]] flight)
|
| Died (fell shortly after takeoff)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://tribune.com.pk/story/105606/stowaway-case-body-identified-as-9th-grade-student/|title=Stowaway case: Body identified as 9th grade student|work=[[The Express Tribune]]| date=January 18, 2011| access-date =June 30, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2011|07|13|abbr=on}}
| Adonis Guerrero Barrios, 23
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]]
| [[Airbus A340]]<ref>{{cite news|title=El cadáver de Adonis volverá a Cuba|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/07/22/actualidad/1311322620_850215.html|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=El País|date=July 22, 2011|language=es}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://news.travel.aol.com/2011/07/14/dead-cuban-stowaway-found-in-iberia-plane-landing-gear/| title =Dead Cuban Stowaway Found in Iberia Plane Landing Gear |publisher =[[AOL]]|date=July 14, 2011| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|07|26|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[Cape Town]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://travel.usatoday.com/flights/post/2012/08/stowaway-found-in-landing-gear-of-british-airways-747/831689/1| title =Apparent stowaway found in landing gear of British Airways 747 |newspaper =[[USA Today]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|09|09|abbr=on}}
| Jose Matada, 27
| [[Luanda]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walker|first1=Peter|title=Man found dead on London street 'was probably stowaway who fell from plane'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/apr/25/man-street-stowaway-fell-plane|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=The Guardian|date=April 25, 2013}}</ref>
| Died (fell)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/04/11/heathrow-stowaway-jose-_n_3061644.html| title = Heathrow Stowaway, Jose Matada, Who Fell To His Death Over London Is Finally Identified |work=[[The Huffington Post]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 6, 2014 |title=The final episode of a stowaway's story |author=Rob Walker |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25576086 |access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|10|26|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[London]]–[[Lagos]]
| [[Airbus A340|Airbus A340-500]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/10/mans-body-found-in-undercarriage-of-nigerian-plane/| title =Man's body found in undercarriage of Nigerian plane|newspaper =[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|04|8|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[Yaoundé]]–[[Paris]] ([[Camair-Co]] flight)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20130409-stowaway-found-dead-cameroon-paris-plane-landing-gear| title =Stowaway found dead in Cameroon-Paris plane landing gear |publisher =RFI| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|06|6|abbr=on}}
| Georgian national, 22 (presumably)
| [[Rimini]]–[[Moscow]] ([[I-Fly]] flight)
| [[Airbus A321]]
| Died<ref name=nbcnews /><ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.mk.ru/daily/hotnews/article/2013/06/06/865934-italyanskiy-zayats-nasmert-zamerzshiy-v-samolete-okazalsya-gruzinom.html| script-title=ru:Итальянский "заяц", насмерть замерзший в самолете, оказался грузином|newspaper =[[Moskovskij Komsomolets]]|language=ru| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|07|18|abbr=on}}
| Hikmet Komur, 32
| [[Istanbul]]–[[London]] (British Airways Flight 675)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died (froze), body found upon arrival at [[Heathrow Airport]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/turkish-stowaway-found-dead-in-heathrow-airline-landing-gear-29433153.html| title =Turkish stowaway found dead in Heathrow airline landing gear|newspaper =[[Belfast Telegraph]]| date=July 19, 2013|access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|07|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Ouagadougou]]–[[Niamey]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] Flight 547)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Died (fell during landing in Niamey)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.utro.ru/articles/2013/07/26/1133796.shtml| script-title=ru:Безбилетник выпал из самолета при посадке |publisher =Utro.ru|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|08|24|abbr=on}}
| Daniel Ihekina, 13/14
| [[Benin City]]–[[Lagos]]
|
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.yahoo.com/teen-survives-flight-aircraft-wheel-nigeria-195500754.html | title=Teen survives flight in aircraft wheel in Nigeria | author=Michelle Faul | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=August 26, 2013 | access-date=February 19, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|01|5|abbr=on}}
| Unknown
| [[Mashhad]]–[[Medina]] (emergency landing due to landing gear failure)
| [[Boeing 767-300ER]]
| Died (body parts fell at an intersection in Mushrefa, [[Jeddah]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-incidents/body-parts-fall-from-sky-in-suspected-stowaway-incident-20140106-30co8.html| title =Body parts fall from sky in suspected stowaway incident|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|02|22|abbr=on}}
| Chris Dikeh, Nigerian national
| [[Dakar]]–[[Washington, D.C.]]
| [[Airbus A340|Airbus A340-300]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.africanspotlight.com/2014/02/27/nigerian-stowaway-found-dead-plane-us/| title =Nigerian stowaway found dead under plane in the US| publisher =AfricanSpotlight| access-date =April 21, 2014| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140903225512/http://africanspotlight.com/2014/02/27/nigerian-stowaway-found-dead-plane-us/| archive-date =September 3, 2014| df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|04|20|abbr=on}}
| Yahya Abdi, Somali national, 16
| [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]–[[Kahului]] ([[Hawaiian Airlines]] Flight 45)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2014/04/21/stow-away-flight/7953325/|title =Teen survives 5-hour flight in jet's wheel well|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date= April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|07|5|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17
| [[Sandefjord]]–[[Amsterdam]] ([[KLM Cityhopper]] flight)
| [[Embraer 190]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/corpse-found-in-wheel-well-of-klm-plane-at-amsterdam-s-schiphol-airport-1.1854173|title=Corpse found in wheel well of KLM plane at Amsterdam's Schiphol airport|date=June 5, 2014|publisher=Associated press/CTV|access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| July 27, 2014
| Unknown male teenager
| [[Mali]] (presumably)–[[Ramstein Air Base]]
| [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/body-young-stowaway-found-us-military-plane-220936705.html|title=Body of young stowaway found in US military plane|date=July 29, 2014|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|access-date=August 1, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| March 14, 2015
| Unidentified male, 40s
| [[Lagos]]–[[New York City]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
| [[Airbus A340-500]]
| Died (the body was presumed to be in the wheel well from March 11, 2015 when the aircraft had its last flight from New York)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201503161421.html|title=Nigeria: After Roundtrip to U.S., Stowaway Dies in Arik Aircraft Wheel|date=March 15, 2015|work=[[AllAfrica.com]]|author=Chinedu Eze|access-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| April 7, 2015
| Mario Steven Ambarita, 21
| [[Pekanbaru]]–[[Jakarta]] ([[Garuda Indonesia]] Flight 177)
| [[Boeing 737-800]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news|url=http://regional.kompas.com/read/2015/04/07/19472581/Kronologi.Pria.Menyelinap.Masuk.ke.Ruang.Roda.Pesawat.Garuda|title=Kronologi Pria Menyelinap Masuk ke Ruang Roda Pesawat Garuda|newspaper=[[Kompas]]|language=id|access-date= April 7, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| June 19, 2015
| Carlito Vale, Mozambican national, 28/29, and Themba Cabeka, 24
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 54)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Vale died (fell during approach, body recovered from a roof in [[Richmond, London|Richmond]]). Cabeka survived with life-changing injuries and has been granted leave to remain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/jan/04/i-passed-out-with-the-lack-of-oxygen-truth-of-heathrow-stowaways-tragic-journey|title='I passed out with the lack of oxygen': truth of Heathrow stowaways' tragic journey|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=January 4, 2021}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/19/europe/london-british-airways-stowaway-dies/index.html|title=Stowaway dies after falling from British Airways plane in London|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=June 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-33196210|title='Plane stowaway' theory probed as body found on Richmond roof|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=June 19, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| September 12, 2015
| Unidentified stowaway
| [[Nairobi]]–[[Amsterdam]] ([[Emirates SkyCargo]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777-200]]
| Died, body discovered upon arrival at [[Schiphol Airport]]<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/12/europe-migrants-stowaway-idUSL5N11I0A820150912|title=Body of stowaway found in cargo plane in Amsterdam|work=[[Reuters]]| date=September 12, 2015| access-date =September 12, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| January 11, 2016
| Unidentified male
| [[São Paulo]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died, body discovered during maintenance operations on the Boeing 777 at [[Orly Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/country-news/Body-found-in-landing-gear-of-plane-at-Paris-airport_572860.html|title=Body found in landing gear of plane at Paris airport|publisher=[[Expatica]]| date=January 11, 2016| access-date =January 11, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| February 14, 2016
| Unidentified man
| [[Munich]]–[[Durban]] ([[Western Global Airlines]] flight)
| [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]]
| Died, body discovered during refuelling at [[Harare International Airport]], Zimbabwe.<ref name=nytimeszimbabwe>New York Times, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/17/world/africa/zimbabwe-owner-of-impounded-jet-says-body-on-board-was-a-stowaway.html Zimbabwe: Owner of Impounded Jet Says Body on Board Was a Stowaway], February 16, 2016</ref><ref>Business Wire, [http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160216006782/en Western Global Airlines Issues Update on Aircraft Situation], February 16, 2016</ref><ref name=voazimbabwe>Voice of America, [https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-politics/3195326.html Impounded US Cargo Aircraft Owners Claim Harare Airport Death Stowaway], February 17, 2016</ref>
|-
| June 7, 2016
| Unidentified male
| [[Dakar]]–[[Brussels]] ([[Brussels Airlines]] Flight 204)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Died, body discovered during regular maintenance at [[Brussels Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/binnenland/1.2676008|title=Lichaam gevonden in landingsgestel vliegtuig|publisher=[[De Redactie]]| date=June 7, 2016| access-date =June 7, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| September 21, 2016
| Unidentified African male
| [[Nigeria]]–[[Jeddah]] ([[Flynas]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died, body discovered in the rear wheel well during regular check at [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/09/stowaways-corpse-saudi-jets-wheel-bay-nigeria-trip/|title=Stowaway's corpse in Saudi jet's wheel bay after Nigeria trip|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=September 21, 2016| access-date =September 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.gdnonline.com/Details/114501/Body-of-African-stowaway-found-in-wheel-of-Flynas-plane |title=Body of African stowaway found in wheel of Flynas plane|publisher=Gulf Digital News|access-date =September 24, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| November 30, 2016
| Unidentified stowaway
| [[Lagos]]–[[Johannesburg]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
| [[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-200]]
| Died, body discovered at the [[O. R. Tambo International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/nigeria-south-africa-stowaway-dies-arik-air-plane/|title=Nigeria to South Africa: Stowaway dies on Arik Air plane|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=December 1, 2016| access-date =December 2, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|August 12, 2017
|Unidentified Dominican male
|[[Santo Domingo]]–[[Miami]] ([[American Airlines]] Flight 1026)
|[[Airbus A321]]
|Survived, was returned to Dominican Republic<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/miami-dade/fl-reg-miami-airport-stowaway-20170815-story.html|title=Stowaway emerges from plane's wheel well after flight lands|agency=Associated Press|work=Sun-Sentinel.com|access-date=August 15, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|-
|January 13, 2018
|Unidentified male
|Honolulu–Japan ([[Delta Air Lines]] flight)
|
|Died, body fell on take-off.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/37280693/security-concerns-grow-after-apparent-stowaway-attempt-at-honolulu-airport/|title=Police: Man who died at airport during apparent stowaway attempt was homeless|last=Kawano|first=Lynn|work=Hawaii News Now|access-date=November 29, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|February 11, 2018
|Unidentified African man
|[[Kinshasa]]–[[Ukunda]] ([[Kenya Airways]] flight)
|
|Died, found after emergency landing at [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.mwakilishi.com/article/kenya-news/2018-02-12/body-of-a-stowaway-recovered-in-a-kenya-airways-flight-from-dr-congo |title=Body of a Stowaway Recovered on a Kenya Airways Flight From DR Congo |publisher=Mwakilishi| date=February 12, 2018| access-date =February 17, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| February 26, 2018
| Marco Vinicio PG, 17, and Luis Manuel Ch. P., 16
| [[Guayaquil]]–[[New York City|New York]] ([[LATAM Airlines Group|LATAM]] Flight 1438)
| [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300]]
| Both died (bodies fell on take off)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.eluniverso.com/guayaquil/2018/02/26/nota/6641857/tress-personas-caen-tren-aterrizaje-nave-aeropuerto-guayaquil |title=Dos personas caen del tren de aterrizaje de nave en el aeropuerto de Guayaquil|newspaper=El Universo| date=February 26, 2018| access-date =February 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2018/02/27/two-stowaways-hid-in-a-planes-landing-gear-and-fell-to-their-death-during-takeoff/|title=Two stowaway teens hid in a plane's landing gear — and fell to their death during takeoff|work=The Washington Post|access-date =July 24, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| August 2018
| Unidentified male
| [[Caracas]]–[[La Fría]]
|
| Died (fell on takeoff from [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Simón Bolívar International Airport]])<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.aex.ru/news/2018/8/15/187237/ |title=В Венесуэле мужчина погиб при попытке улететь в отсеке шасси
|publisher=Aviation EXplorer|language=ru| date=August 15, 2018| access-date =August 29, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|April 13, 2019
|Unidentified male
|[[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport|Pointe-à-Pitre]]–[[Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport|Cayenne]]
([[Air France]] Flight 600)
|[[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]]
|Survived. Homeless man found on the tarmac of the [[Félix Eboué Airport|Félix Éboué Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/guyane/passager-clandestin-train-atterrissage-avion-703128.html|title=Un passager clandestin dans le train d'atterrissage d'un avion|website=Guyane la 1ère|language=fr|access-date=April 29, 2019}}</ref> The flight made a refuelling stop at [[Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport]] in [[Martinique]] between Pointe-à-Pitre and Cayenne.
|-
|June 30, 2019
|Unidentified male, 29
|[[Nairobi]]–[[London]]
([[Kenya Airways]] Flight 100)
|[[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner]]
|Died (froze during the flight and fell from the [[landing gear]] on approach to [[Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow Airport]]. The body fell into a garden in [[Clapham]], one metre away from a sunbathing resident).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-48830212|title=Clapham 'stowaway': Body which 'fell from Kenya flight' found in garden|website=BBC News|access-date=July 1, 2019}}</ref> An investigation by [[Sky News]] initially identified the man as 29-year old Paul Manyasi, an employee of Colnet, a cleaning company contracted by [[Kenya Airports Authority|Kenya Airports Authority (KAA)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/who-was-the-man-who-fell-from-the-sky-11859868|title=Plane stowaway: Who was Kenyan man who fell into London garden?|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> KAA and Colnet both claimed that their records showed that Manyasi was never employed by Colnet, nor did his name appear on any airport staff registers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/stowaway-kenya-authorities-dispute-identity-of-man-who-fell-from-plane-11860606|title=Stowaway: Kenya authorities dispute identity of man who fell from plane|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> Later reporting by [[KTN News Kenya]] found that the family who claimed to have positively identified Manyasi as their son was not even named Manyasi, had no son named Paul and had been paid US$200 to make the claim.<ref name="2021 Guardian story" /> Sky retracted the story and apologized to its readers for having been misled and Colnet for having erroneously reported the man had been an employee.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sky News correction|url=https://news.sky.com/story/sky-news-correction-11866380|newspaper=[[Sky News]]|date=November 22, 2019|access-date=April 18, 2021}}</ref>
|-
|September 30, 2019
|Unidentified male
|[[Conakry]]–[[Paris]]
([[Royal Air Maroc]] Flight 526)
|[[Boeing 737-800]]
|Died (froze to death midair).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/10/01/airline-stowaway-found-frozen-to-death-in-jets-landing-gear/|title=Airline stowaway found frozen to death in jet's landing gear|website=New York Post|access-date=October 4, 2019}}</ref>
|-
|January 7, 2020
|Unidentified male
|[[Abidjan]]–[[Paris]]
([[Air France]] Flight 703)
|[[Boeing 777-300]]
|Died (cause unknown; body found in plane's landing gear upon arrival at Paris-[[Charles de Gaulle Airport]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/09/europe/air-france-stowaway-body-intl-scli/index.html|title=Body of stowaway found in Air France plane's landing gear|author1=Saskya Vandoorne |author2=Amy Woodyatt|website=CNN|access-date=January 9, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|February 4, 2021
|Kenyan national, 16
|[[London Stansted]]–[[Maastricht]]
([[Turkish Airlines]] Flight 6305)
|[[Airbus A330]]
|Survived. Was hospitalized but doing reasonably well.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maastricht stowaway a 16 y.o. boy; Doing reasonably well|url=https://nltimes.nl/2021/02/05/maastricht-stowaway-16-yo-boy-reasonably-well|access-date=2021-02-06|website=NL Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Luitwieler|first=Neal|date=2021-02-04|title=Verstekeling aangetroffen in landingsgestel vliegtuig op Maastricht Aachen Airport|url=https://www.luchtvaartnieuws.nl/nieuws/categorie/3/airports/verstekeling-aangetroffen-in-landingsgestel-vliegtuig-op-maastricht-aachen-airport|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Luchtvaartnieuws|language=nl}}</ref>
|-
|April 19, 2021
|Unidentified male
|Lagos–Amsterdam
([[KLM]] Flight 588)
|[[Airbus A330-200]]
|Died during the flight, likely of hypothermia.<ref>https://simpleflying.com/amsterdam-stowaway-found-dead/</ref><ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/stowaway-body-plane-netherlands-nigeria-b1834435.html</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Lists of aviation accidents and incidents}}
{{Unidentified decedent}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:wheel-well stowaway flights}}
[[Category:Flight lists]]
[[Category:Lists of aviation accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Unidentified decedents]]

Wheel-well stowaway

2021-04-27T08:51:17Z

Tangoludwig: added new case

{{short description|People who have stowed away in the wheel wells of commercial passenger plaes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Boeing 747-230 Schleswig-Holstein 61.JPG|thumb|200px|Wheel well of a [[Boeing 747]]]]
This page lists known flights with [[stowaway]]s, who traveled inside the wheel well ([[landing gear]] compartment, also known as wheel bay) of an aircraft. In the United States alone, between 1947 and June 2015, the U.S. [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) had recorded 113 such attempts on 101 flights either departing from or landing in the U.S. Of these 113 people, all male to date and predominantly under 30,<ref name="2021 Guardian story">{{cite news|last=Kale|first=Sirin|title=Out of thin air: the mystery of the man who fell from the sky|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/15/man-who-fell-from-the-sky-airplane-stowaway-kenya-london|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=April 15, 2021|access-date=April 18, 2021}}</ref> 86 (76 percent) died.<ref name=motherboard>Motherboard, [https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkv9pw/the-science-of-stowing-away-in-an-airplane The Science of Stowing Away in an Airplane], June 20, 2015</ref> Many [[unidentified decedent|have never been identified]].

In other instances, stowaways traveled either in a [[cargo hold]]<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/stowaway-found-aboard-emirates-flight-china-dubai-n583751|title=Stowaway Found Aboard Emirates Flight From China to Dubai|publisher=NBC News| date=June 1, 2016| access-date =August 6, 2017}}</ref> or in a spare parts compartment,<ref>{{cite web | url =http://allafrica.com/stories/201707140056.html|title=Nigeria: Stowaways and Their Desperation to Leave Nigeria|publisher=allAfrica| date=July 14, 2017| access-date =August 6, 2017}}</ref> both of which are [[Cabin pressurization|pressurized]]. Those incidents are excluded.

Wheel-well stowaways face considerable risk of death during all phases of flight. Some have been unable to remain in the well during [[takeoff]] and have fallen out, either onto the runway at high speeds or at lower altitudes, almost always fatally. Immediately after takeoff, the landing gear retracts into the wheel wells, with the potential to crush the stowaway.<ref name=mostdie>USA Today, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/04/21/stowaway-planes-hawaii/7957357/ FAA: Most plane stowaways in wheel well die], April 21, 2014</ref> At altitudes above approximately {{convert|2,500|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, [[hypothermia]] becomes a risk and reduced [[atmospheric pressure]] and [[partial pressure of oxygen]], which drop below the level required to support brain consciousness at the cruising altitudes of jet aircraft, may impair physiological processes.<ref name="FSF">{{cite web | url =http://flightsafety.org/hf/hf_may-jun97.pdf|title=Wheel-well Stowaways Risk Lethal Levels of Hypoxia and Hypothermia|publisher=[[Flight Safety Foundation]]| date=May–June 1997| access-date =June 15, 2015}}</ref>

At altitudes above {{convert|6,000|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, stowaways may also develop [[decompression sickness]] and nitrogen [[Air embolism|gas embolism]].<ref name="FSF" /> Temperatures also decrease with altitude, and may drop as low as {{convert|-63|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref name="FSF" /> As the plane descends to lower altitudes, a gradual rewarming and reoxygenation occur;<ref name="FSF" /> if the stowaway does not regain consciousness and mobility by the time the landing gear is lowered during final approach, or has already died, the body may fall from the aircraft.<ref name="motherboard" /> According to the FAA, it is likely that the number of stowaways is higher than records show because bodies have fallen into the ocean or onto undeveloped terrain.<ref name="cbsnews">CBS News, [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/questions-abound-over-teen-stowaways-miracle-flight/ Questions abound over teen stowaway's "miracle" flight], April 21, 2014</ref>

How those wheel-well stowaways who have survived have done so is a questions scientists have not yet been able to answer. "Something happens that we don't understand" says one. Stephen Véronneau, described as the world's foremost expert on the phenomenon, wrote in a 1996 paper for the FAA that he believes humans, when placed in an environment that overwhelms the body's ability to control its own temperature, become [[poikilotherm]]ic and "a state somewhat reminscent of hibernation occurs, during which the body's requirement for oxygen is greatly diminished".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Véronneau|first1=S.J.H.|last2=Mohler|first2=S.R.|last3=Pennybaker|first3=A.L.|last4=Wilcox|first4=B.C.|last5=Sahiar|first5=F.|title=Survival at High Altitudes: Wheel-Well Passengers|url=https://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1990s/media/AM96-25.pdf|publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] Civil Aeromedical Institute|date=October 1996|access-date=April 19, 2021}}</ref>

Many wheel-well stowaways are found, dead or alive, with their bodies covered in frost, suggesting severe hypothermia during flight. Fidel Maruhi, who survived a wheel-well flight from [[Tahiti]] to [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]] in 2000, had a body temperature of {{convert|79|F|C|disp=flip}}, well below the level usually considered fatal, when emergency personnel began treating him on the runway.<ref name="ABC News Maruhi story">{{cite news|title=Stowaway Found Alive in Jet's Wheel Well|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=96267&page=1|newspaper=[[ABC News]]|date=January 7, 2006|accessdate=April 19, 2021}}</ref>

One survivor, Armando Socarras Ramirez, who defected from Cuba aboard an [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] flight from [[Havana]] to [[Madrid]] in 1969, recalled in 2021 that his earliest post-flight memories are of Spanish doctors calling him "Mr. Popsicle" because ice covered his body when the pilot discovered him after his arrival. He had boarded the plane while it was [[taxiing]], carrying a flashlight, rope and wool to stuff his ears; a companion fell out of the other wheel well before takeoff and a third backed out at the last moment. After takeoff, he had suffered [[frostbite]] on his middle finger so severe it turned black holding on until the wheels retracted, but then remembered nothing save shivering and shaking from the extreme cold until he lost consciousness. It took him a month in a Spanish hospital to regain his hearing, but he reports no lingering medical issues from the experience.<ref name="2021 Guardian story" />

In at least one instance, on July 31, 2013, a cat survived a flight from [[Athens]] to [[Zürich]] in the front undercarriage of an [[Airbus A321]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thelocal.ch/20130802/stowaway-cat-survives-flight-from-athens| title =Stowaway cat survives flight from Athens |website =[[The Local]]|date=August 2, 2013| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>

==List==
{{Inc-transport|date=September 2017}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date
! Stowaway(s)
! Flight
! Aircraft
! Stowaway's fate
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1946|08|07|abbr=on}}
| Bas Wie, 12
| [[Kupang]]–[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]]
| [[Douglas DC-3]]
| Survived, naturalised in Australia in 1958 and married<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-17/the-kupang-kid/6542742|title=The Kupang Kid: Orphaned boy who risked life to come to Australia as stowaway in 1946|author=Louise Maher|publisher=[[ABC Online]]| date=June 17, 2015| access-date =June 17, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1947|08|05|abbr=on}}
| Male, 30
| [[Lisbon]]–[[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]]
| [[Douglas DC-3]]
| Survived<ref name="faa">{{cite web | url =http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1990s/media/AM96-25.pdf| title =Survival at High Altitudes: Wheel-Well Passengers|publisher =[[FAA]]|date=October 1996| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1960|09|09|abbr=on}}
|Daniel Melo, 16
|[[Santa Maria Airport (Azores)|Santa Maria]]-[[L.F. Wade International Airport|Bermuda]]
|[[Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation]]
|Survived, caught by [[Linea Aeropostal Venezolana|LAV]]'s ground team and deported.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avozdeportugal.com/oacoriano/arquivos/2016/2016-04.pdf|title=O Furnense que Viajou para os Eua num Trem De Um Avião}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|09|28|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Mexico City]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Survived at 34,000 ft<ref name="faa"/><ref>"Viaja de Bogota a Mexico en el 'Tren' de un Jet", ''El Tiempo'' (Bogota, Colombia), September 28, 1966, p30</ref><ref>"Tells 4-Hour Ride in Jet's Wheel Well", ''Chicago Tribune'', September 28, 1966, p1</ref><ref>"Rugged Mexican Boy Survives Trip in Jet's Wheel Well", ''Abilene (TX) Reporter-News'', September 28, 1966</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|04|18|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified man, about 24
| [[Moscow]]–[[Paris]]
| [[Sud Aviation Caravelle]]
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/18/1966-moscow-paris-stowaway-dies/ |title=1966: Moscow-Paris Stowaway Dies|work=[[International Herald Tribune]] | date=April 18, 2016| access-date =April 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/oxnard-press-courier-apr-18-1966-p-10/|title=Oxnard Press Courier Archives, Apr 18, 1966, p. 10|website=newspaperarchive.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|04|19|abbr=on}}
| Unknown youth, 20/21
| [[Orly]]–[[Morocco]]
| [[Sud Aviation Caravelle]]
| Died (froze)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1969|06|04|abbr=on}}
| Armando Socarras Ramírez, 17, Jorge Pérez Blanco, 16
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]] ([[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] Flight 904)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Pérez fell out before takeoff and survived to be imprisoned by the Cuban government. Socarras made to Madrid, was released after 52 days in a Spanish hospital, and as of 2021 lives in the U.S. state of Virginia.<ref name="2021 Guardian story" />
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1969|07|26|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17 and a second unknown
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]]
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| One survived, second fell to death<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1970|02|22|abbr=on}}
| Keith Sapsford, 14
| [[Sydney]]–[[Tokyo]] ([[Japan Airlines]] flight)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Sapsford fell to his death after the landing gear doors opened underneath him as the gear retracted, falling from {{convert|200|ft|m}} during the take off sequence.<ref name="faa"/> His fatal fall was inadvertently captured by amateur photographer John Gilpin and the photograph was published in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=MDQ-9Oe3GGUC&dat=19700223&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "Death dive from Sydney airliner"], ''The Age'' (Melbourne), February 23, 1970, p1</ref><ref name=salon>Salon, [http://www.salon.com/2010/12/14/stowaways/ The boy who fell to earth], December 14, 2010</ref><ref name=unusualdeaths>Unusual Deaths, [http://unusualdeaths.com/2016/05/24/the-boy-who-fell-out-of-a-japan-airlines-jet/ The Boy Who Fell Out of a Japan Airlines Jet], May 24, 2016</ref><ref name=nbcnews>NBC News, [https://www.nbcnews.com/business/travel/dead-wheel-well-stowaway-went-undiscovered-7-flights-f6C10287982 Dead wheel-well stowaway went undiscovered for 7 flights], June 12, 2013</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1970|06|21|abbr=on}}
| Male, 13
| [[Lyon]]–[[Abidjan]]
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Died (fell at Abidjan when landing gear lowered)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1972|4|14|abbr=on}}
| Male, 18
| [[San Diego]]–[[New York City]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Died (froze)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1975|3|23|abbr=on}}
| Unknown youth
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Miami]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Died (fell)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1986|11|14|abbr=on}}
| Male, 35
| [[Panama (city)|Panama]]–[[Miami]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Survived at {{convert|39000|ft|m}}<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1990|2|19|abbr=on}}
| Two men from Trinidad
| [[Trinidad]]–[[Toronto]]
| [[BWIA West Indies Airways]] [[Lockheed L1011]]
| Both survived 5 hour flight<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airliners.net/forum/?id=713046|title=Airliners.net - Aviation Forums|website=www.airliners.net}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|3|15|abbr=on}}
| Shamsul Ramli, 17
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]–[[Johannesburg]] ([[Malaysia Airlines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died. Body found in the 747's wheel well at Johannesburg Airport on arrival.<ref>http://www.searcct.gov.my/publications/our-publications?id=38</ref>
|-
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|6|4|abbr=on}}
| [[Juan Carlos Guzmán-Betancourt]], 17
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Miami]] (Arca Airline flight)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Survived at 35,000 ft, but frosted<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|8|4|abbr=on}}
| Male, 19
| [[Bogotá]]–[[New York City]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died<ref name="fs">{{cite web | url =http://flightsafety.org/hf/hf_may-jun97.pdf| title =Wheel-well Stowaway Flights |publisher =[[Flight Safety Foundation]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1995}}
| Unknown migrant worker
| To [[Shanghai]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (froze and fell during landing at [[Pudong International Airport]])<ref name="chinadaily">{{cite news | url =http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-05/25/content_445697.htm| title =Boy hiding in gear compartment killed |newspaper =[[China Daily]]|author=Cao Desheng| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1996|8|2|abbr=on}}
| Two Mongolian boys, about 9 and 12

| [[Ulan Bator]]–[[Kadena Air Base]]
| [[U.S. Air Force]] [[Lockheed C-141 Starlifter#C-141B|Lockheed C-141B]]
| 12-year-old died declared dead after discovery. Other child died two days later.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1996/Two-Mongolian-Boys-One-Dead-Found-on-U-S-Air-Force-Flight/id-dedba952bf78dfe5fb76986510fbe542| title =Two Mongolian Boys, One Dead, Found on U.S. Air Force Flight |publisher =[[Associated Press]]| access-date =April 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/08/04/Stowaway-boys-die-in-US-military-plane/6915839131200/| title =Stowaway boys die in US Military Plane |publisher =[[UPI]]| access-date =January 10, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1996|10|14|abbr=on}}
| Pardeep Saini, 22, Vijay Saini, 19
| [[New Delhi]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Pardeep survived in the nose wheel well at 35,000 ft,<ref name="fs"/> Vijay died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/22/travel/successful-stowaways/| title =5 stowaway attempts that didn't end tragically|publisher =[[CNN]]| access-date =April 25, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1997|3|22|abbr=on}}
| Male, adolescent
| [[Nairobi]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (crushed in nosewheel well)<ref name="fs"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998}}
| Trevor Jacobs, 30
| [[Antigua]]–[[Trinidad]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas MD-80]]
| Died (Trevor Jacobs was wanted on several criminal charges, including kidnapping)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19981223&slug=2790535|title=Business | Norwegian Mother Goes To Jail For Giving Son An Illegal Name | Seattle Times Newspaper|website=community.seattletimes.nwsource.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|2|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Baku]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 2028)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died, body discovered upon arrival at [[Gatwick Airport]] on February 8<ref>{{cite news | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/54651.stm| title =Body found in plane undercarriage|publisher =[[BBC]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|6|28|abbr=on}}
| Chinese male, 23
| [[Shanghai]]–[[Tokyo]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Survived, but hospitalized in critical condition<ref>{{cite news | url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19980803&id=3bZOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5843,1132422| title =Stowaway survives flight |newspaper =[[Star-News]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|9|14|abbr=on}}
| Emilio Dominguez, 23
| [[San Pedro Sula]]–[[Miami]] ([[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] Flight 6130)
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]]
| Survived at 33,000 ft, traveled seeking work,<ref>{{cite news | url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19980915&id=A91PAAAAIBAJ&pg=4644,8880265| title =Stowaway survives Honduras-to-Miami flight at 33,000 feet |newspaper =[[Ocala Star-Banner]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref> but was returned to Honduras
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1999|6|28|abbr=on}}
| [[Yaguine Koita and Fodé Tounkara]], 14 and 13
| [[Conakry]]–[[Brussels]] ([[Sabena]] Flight 520)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Both died (froze)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://articles.latimes.com/2000/mar/19/news/mn-10355| title =For a Pair of African Stowaways, Only Europe Held Hope of a Future|newspaper =[[Los Angeles Times]]|authors=Tim Sullivan, Raf Casert| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2000|8|4|abbr=on}}
| Fidel Maruhi, 24
| [[Papeete]]–[[Los Angeles]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] Flight 71)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Survived at 38,000 ft.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=96267| title =Stowaway Found Alive in Jet's Wheel Well|publisher =[[ABC News]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref> Discovered during a refueling stopover in Los Angeles, where his body temperature had dropped to {{convert|26|C|F}}, well below levels usually considered lethal,<ref name="ABC News Maruhi story" /> Maruhi later told, that the main motive behind his travel to France was to "shake hands" with [[Zinedine Zidane]].<ref>{{cite news| url =http://pidp.org/archive/2000/September/09-08-07.htm| title =Tahitian Stowaway to Los Angeles Found Guilty| publisher =Pacific Islands Development Program| access-date =April 22, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140424210736/http://pidp.org/archive/2000/September/09-08-07.htm| archive-date =April 24, 2014| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = J'ai vu le train d'atterrissage se fermer sous moi |url = http://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/j-ai-vu-le-train-d-atterrissage-se-fermer-sous-moi-15-08-2000-2001565734.php|access-date = September 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name=slate>Slate, [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/12/do_jet_stowaways_ever_survive.html Do Jet Stowaways Ever Survive?], December 31, 2003</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|6|abbr=on}}
| Mohammed Ayaz, 21
| [[Muharraq]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died (traveled to London because of job hardships in Pakistan and Bahrain)<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/18/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices| title =The man who fell to earth |newspaper =[[The Guardian]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|8|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[London]]–[[New York City]] ([[American Airlines]] Flight 131)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died (fell from {{convert|1500|ft|m}} on approach to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/09/nyregion/stowaway-fell-from-jet-near-airport-police-say.html| title = Stowaway Fell From Jet Near Airport, Police Say |newspaper =[[The New York Times]]|author=Al Baker| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|9|abbr=on}}
| Mikhail Semenyaga, 24
| [[Perm, Russia|Perm]]–[[Yekaterinburg]]–[[Frankfurt]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url =http://www.nr2.ru/ekb/13_30013.html/print/|script-title =ru:Труп в самолете «Люфтганзы» – пермяк или екатеринбуржец?|publisher =NR2|language =ru|access-date =April 24, 2014|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140424125058/http://www.nr2.ru/ekb/13_30013.html/print/|archive-date =April 24, 2014|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|12|24|abbr=on}}
| Alberto Rodriguez, 15, Maikel Almira, 16
| [[Havana]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Both died (planned on hiding on a flight to [[Miami]])<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/mar/21/cuba.immigration| title = Error that cost the lives of teenage Cuban stowaways|newspaper =[[The Guardian]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|7|abbr=on}}
| Cameroonian male, 34
| [[Rio de Janeiro]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] flight)
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.africareview.com/News/Cameroonian-stowaway-dies-on-Paris-flight/-/979180/1743584/-/2n9785/-/index.html| title = Cameroonian stowaway dies on Paris-bound flight|publisher =Africa Review| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|12|abbr=on}}
| Victor Alvarez Molina, 24
| [[Havana]]–[[Montreal]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]
| Survived, received refugee status in Canada<ref name=slate /><ref name="usatoday">{{cite news | url =http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/flights/2007-07-20-united-body_N.htm| title =Body found in wheel well of United 747 jumbojet |newspaper =[[USA Today]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|12|5|abbr=on}}
| Two boys, 12 and 14
| [[Accra]]–[[London]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]
| Both died<ref>{{cite news |author=Gary Jones| url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/FROZEN+STOWAWAYS%3B+Lax+security+blamed+after+2+boys+die+in+jet...-a094967415| title =Frozen Stowaways; Lax security blamed after 2 boys die in jet undercarriage |newspaper =[[Daily Mirror]]|date=December 6, 2002| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|1|11|abbr=on}}
| Mariano Alexis Herrera-Ba, [[Punta Cana International Airport]] technician
| [[Punta Cana]]–[[Toronto]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://lenta.ru/world/2003/01/11/body| script-title=ru:В отсеке шасси самолета найден труп безбилетника |publisher =[[Lenta.ru]]|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|1|23|abbr=on}}
| Two unidentified men
| [[Paris]]–[[Shanghai]] ([[Air France]] Flight 112)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Both died (fell on approach to [[Pudong International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Jan/54359.htm| title =Two Foreigners Fall Dead from Plane in Shanghai |publisher =[[China Internet Information Center]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|2|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Mali]] or [[Gabon]]–[[Paris]]?
|
| Died (fell near Paris)<ref name="ltt">{{cite book | title =Living Through Terror| publisher =Routledge | year =2013 | page =154 | isbn =978-1317982340}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|3|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 19
| To [[Frankfurt]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20030327/357047.html| script-title=ru:В Германии обнаружено тело россиянина, погибшего при попытке "зайцем" долететь до Франкфурта-на-Майне|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 26, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|12|24|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, about 25
| [[Montego Bay]]–[[New York City]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Body+found+in+wheel+well+of+American+Airlines+aircraft.-a0111706092| title =Body found in wheel well of American Airlines aircraft |publisher =Airline Industry Information| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|12|30|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 30s
| [[Lagos]]–[[London]]–[[New York City]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 117)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (body found upon arrival at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BODY+FIND+ON+BA+JET.-a0111780486| title =Body Find On BA Jet |newspaper =[[Daily Mirror]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|7|21|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 20
| [[Dominican Republic]]–[[Düsseldorf]]
|
| Died (froze)<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|10|22|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 20s
| [[Miami]]–[[Detroit]]
| [[Boeing 737]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Stowaway found dead in wheel well of jet after Detroit landing|url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/102304/nat_1023040067.shtml|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal|date=October 23, 2004}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Body+of+man+discovered+in+aircraft%27s+wheel+well.-a0123512808| title =Body of man discovered in aircraft's wheel well |publisher =Airline Industry Information| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|11|abbr=on}}
| Liang Kailong, 14, Su Qing, 13
| [[Kunming]]–[[Chongqing]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Liang survived, Su died (fell shortly after takeoff)<ref name="chinadaily"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|16|abbr=on}}
| Unknown
| [[Mali]]–[[Paris]]
|
| Died<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|30|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
|
|
| Died (fell, body found in Louvain)<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2005|05|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown boy, about 10
| [[Dunhuang]]–[[Lanzhou]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref name="chinadaily"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2005|06|7|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Dakar]]–[[New York City]] ([[South African Airways]] Flight 203)
| [[Airbus A340]]<ref>{{cite news|title=South African Officials 'Mystified' At Stowaway Reports|url=http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=73455d1a-ce75-45aa-9495-be3116bc7cf1|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Aero News|date=June 8, 2008}}</ref>
| Died (crushed on approach to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://articles.latimes.com/2005/jun/08/nation/na-stowaway8| title =Stowaway's Leg Falls From Jet|newspaper =[[Los Angeles Times]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|12|abbr=on}}
| Male
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Dakar]]–[[Atlanta]] ([[Delta Air Lines]] Flight 35)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died (frozen and crushed)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.cbsnews.com/news/stowaways-body-found-in-delta-jet/| title =Stowaway's Body Found In Delta Jet |publisher =[[CBS News]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|15|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified
| [[Banjul]]–[[Dakar]]–[[Brussels]]
| [[Airbus A330-300]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wastnage|first1=Justin|title=SN Brussels engineers find dead body in A330 wheel well after flight from Dakar, second this weekend after Friday identical Delta 767 incident|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sn-brussels-engineers-find-dead-body-in-a-wheel-well-after-flight-from-dakar-second-this-weekend-after-friday-identical-delta-incident-211556/|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Flightglobal|date=January 15, 2007}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://allafrica.com/stories/200701180109.html| title =Gambia: In SN Brussels Aircraft Incident Belgian Authorities Mount Investigation |publisher =[[allAfrica.com]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|28|abbr=on}}
| Samuel Peter Benjamin, 17
| [[Singapore]]–[[Vancouver]]–[[Hong Kong]]–[[Cape Town]]–[[London]]–[[Los Angeles]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died in the front wheel well, presumably after hitching the aircraft in his hometown Cape Town on January 22, body discovered in Los Angeles<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1541417/Body-may-have-been-week-on-plane.html| title =Body 'may have been week on plane'|newspaper =[[The Daily Telegraph]]|author=Catherine Elsworth|access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|07|19|abbr=on}}
| Asian, 50s
| [[Shanghai]]–[[San Francisco]] ([[United Airlines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (in the nose gear wheel well)<ref name="usatoday"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|09|21|abbr=on}}
| Andrey Shcherbakov, 15
| [[Perm, Russia|Perm]]–[[Moscow]]
| [[Boeing 737]]
| Survived, but suffered severe frostbite<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20070924/80658076.html| title =Подросток пролетел в крыле Boeing-737 из Перми до "Внуково"|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|10|12|abbr=on}}
| Osama R.M. Shublaq, Palestinian
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]–[[Singapore]] ([[Singapore Airlines]] Flight 119)
| [[Boeing 777-200]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news| url =http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20071012-29740.html| title =Stowaway survives SIA flight from KL hidden in wheel well| work =[[AsiaOne]]| access-date =April 24, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160413231607/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20071012-29740.html| archive-date =April 13, 2016| url-status =dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|10|21|abbr=on}}
| Ilgar Ashumov, 15
| [[Baku]]–[[Moscow]]
|
| Died on approach to [[Domodedovo International Airport]], body found 12 km from the airport<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.gazeta.ru/social/2007/10/30/2276251.shtml| script-title=ru:«Зачем воспитанному мальчику российская столица»|publisher =[[Gazeta.ru]]|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2009|08|9|abbr=on}}
| Filipp Yurchenko, 19
| [[Irkutsk]]–[[Khabarovsk]]–[[Vladivostok]] ([[Vladivostok Avia]] Flight 486)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/society/20090813/180706111.html| script-title=ru:Прокуратура устанавливает, как погибший мужчина попал в шасси самолета |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|02|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[New York City]]–[[Narita, Chiba|Narita]] ([[Delta Air Lines]] Flight 59)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/world/20100208/208156129.html| script-title=ru:Японская полиция выясняет, как мужчина попал в шасси борта из США |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|02|18|abbr=on}}
| Unknown Dominican male
| [[Santo Domingo]]–[[Miami]] ([[Amerijet]] flight)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died (fell during takeoff)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20100219/209896777.html| script-title=ru:Безбилетник погиб в нише для шасси самолета в аэропорту Доминиканы|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|03|abbr=on}}
| Okechukwu Okeke, Nigerian
| [[Lagos]] to the United States ([[Delta Air Lines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died in the nose wheel well<ref name="NTribune">{{cite news| url =http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/features/item/31324-nigerian-stowaways-when-youths-reach-end-of-their-dreams-so-soon| title =Nigerian stowaways: When youths reach end of their dreams so soon...| work =[[Nigerian Tribune]]| date =March 8, 2015| access-date =March 8, 2015| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123350/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/features/item/31324-nigerian-stowaways-when-youths-reach-end-of-their-dreams-so-soon| archive-date =April 2, 2015| df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|04|abbr=on}}
| Unknown African male
| To [[Zürich]]
|
| Died (fell after landing gear was lowered on approach to Zürich, body found in [[Weisslingen]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/world/20100506/231336199.html| script-title=ru:Нелегальный мигрант погиб на пути в Швейцарию, выпав из отсека шасси |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|06|06|abbr=on}}
| Romanian male, 20
| [[Vienna]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10280238| title =Romanian stowaway found at Heathrow freed after caution|publisher =[[BBC]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|07|9|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Beirut]]–[[Riyadh]] ([[Nasair]] flight)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|title=Stowaway's body found in plane's landing gear|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/stowaways-body-found-in-planes-landing-gear/story-e6frfq80-1225890680713|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=News.com.au|agency=AFP|date=July 12, 2010}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|09|10|abbr=on}}
| Nigerian national
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Lagos]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
|
| Died (crushed)<ref name="NTribune"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|11|2|abbr=on}}
| Roman Sorokovikov, 16
| [[Yerbogachen]]–[[Kirensk]]
| [[Antonov An-24]]
| Survived, but planned to reach [[Irkutsk]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://izvestia.ru/news/480314| script-title=ru:В Иркутской области подросток совершил перелет в отсеке шасси Ан-24|newspaper =[[Izvestia]]|language=ru| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|11|15|abbr=on}}
| Delvonte Tisdale, 16
| [[Charlotte]]–[[Boston]] ([[US Airways]] Flight 1776)
| [[Boeing 737]]
| Died (possible fatal injury inside wheel well from landing gear, fell on approach to Boston)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://clclt.com/charlotte/the-last-days-of-delvonte-tisdale/Content?oid=2177028 |title= The Last Days of Delvonte Tisdale |publisher=[[Creative Loafing|Creative Loafing Charlotte]]| access-date =February 22, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2011|01|15|abbr=on}}
| Qasim Siddique
| [[Lahore]]–[[Dubai]] ([[Airblue]] flight)
|
| Died (fell shortly after takeoff)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://tribune.com.pk/story/105606/stowaway-case-body-identified-as-9th-grade-student/|title=Stowaway case: Body identified as 9th grade student|work=[[The Express Tribune]]| date=January 18, 2011| access-date =June 30, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2011|07|13|abbr=on}}
| Adonis Guerrero Barrios, 23
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]]
| [[Airbus A340]]<ref>{{cite news|title=El cadáver de Adonis volverá a Cuba|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/07/22/actualidad/1311322620_850215.html|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=El País|date=July 22, 2011|language=es}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://news.travel.aol.com/2011/07/14/dead-cuban-stowaway-found-in-iberia-plane-landing-gear/| title =Dead Cuban Stowaway Found in Iberia Plane Landing Gear |publisher =[[AOL]]|date=July 14, 2011| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|07|26|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[Cape Town]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://travel.usatoday.com/flights/post/2012/08/stowaway-found-in-landing-gear-of-british-airways-747/831689/1| title =Apparent stowaway found in landing gear of British Airways 747 |newspaper =[[USA Today]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|09|09|abbr=on}}
| Jose Matada, 27
| [[Luanda]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walker|first1=Peter|title=Man found dead on London street 'was probably stowaway who fell from plane'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/apr/25/man-street-stowaway-fell-plane|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=The Guardian|date=April 25, 2013}}</ref>
| Died (fell)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/04/11/heathrow-stowaway-jose-_n_3061644.html| title = Heathrow Stowaway, Jose Matada, Who Fell To His Death Over London Is Finally Identified |work=[[The Huffington Post]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 6, 2014 |title=The final episode of a stowaway's story |author=Rob Walker |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25576086 |access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|10|26|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[London]]–[[Lagos]]
| [[Airbus A340|Airbus A340-500]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/10/mans-body-found-in-undercarriage-of-nigerian-plane/| title =Man's body found in undercarriage of Nigerian plane|newspaper =[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|04|8|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[Yaoundé]]–[[Paris]] ([[Camair-Co]] flight)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20130409-stowaway-found-dead-cameroon-paris-plane-landing-gear| title =Stowaway found dead in Cameroon-Paris plane landing gear |publisher =RFI| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|06|6|abbr=on}}
| Georgian national, 22 (presumably)
| [[Rimini]]–[[Moscow]] ([[I-Fly]] flight)
| [[Airbus A321]]
| Died<ref name=nbcnews /><ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.mk.ru/daily/hotnews/article/2013/06/06/865934-italyanskiy-zayats-nasmert-zamerzshiy-v-samolete-okazalsya-gruzinom.html| script-title=ru:Итальянский "заяц", насмерть замерзший в самолете, оказался грузином|newspaper =[[Moskovskij Komsomolets]]|language=ru| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|07|18|abbr=on}}
| Hikmet Komur, 32
| [[Istanbul]]–[[London]] (British Airways Flight 675)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died (froze), body found upon arrival at [[Heathrow Airport]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/turkish-stowaway-found-dead-in-heathrow-airline-landing-gear-29433153.html| title =Turkish stowaway found dead in Heathrow airline landing gear|newspaper =[[Belfast Telegraph]]| date=July 19, 2013|access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|07|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Ouagadougou]]–[[Niamey]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] Flight 547)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Died (fell during landing in Niamey)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.utro.ru/articles/2013/07/26/1133796.shtml| script-title=ru:Безбилетник выпал из самолета при посадке |publisher =Utro.ru|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|08|24|abbr=on}}
| Daniel Ihekina, 13/14
| [[Benin City]]–[[Lagos]]
|
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.yahoo.com/teen-survives-flight-aircraft-wheel-nigeria-195500754.html | title=Teen survives flight in aircraft wheel in Nigeria | author=Michelle Faul | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=August 26, 2013 | access-date=February 19, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|01|5|abbr=on}}
| Unknown
| [[Mashhad]]–[[Medina]] (emergency landing due to landing gear failure)
| [[Boeing 767-300ER]]
| Died (body parts fell at an intersection in Mushrefa, [[Jeddah]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-incidents/body-parts-fall-from-sky-in-suspected-stowaway-incident-20140106-30co8.html| title =Body parts fall from sky in suspected stowaway incident|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|02|22|abbr=on}}
| Chris Dikeh, Nigerian national
| [[Dakar]]–[[Washington, D.C.]]
| [[Airbus A340|Airbus A340-300]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.africanspotlight.com/2014/02/27/nigerian-stowaway-found-dead-plane-us/| title =Nigerian stowaway found dead under plane in the US| publisher =AfricanSpotlight| access-date =April 21, 2014| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140903225512/http://africanspotlight.com/2014/02/27/nigerian-stowaway-found-dead-plane-us/| archive-date =September 3, 2014| df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|04|20|abbr=on}}
| Yahya Abdi, Somali national, 16
| [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]–[[Kahului]] ([[Hawaiian Airlines]] Flight 45)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2014/04/21/stow-away-flight/7953325/|title =Teen survives 5-hour flight in jet's wheel well|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date= April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|07|5|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17
| [[Sandefjord]]–[[Amsterdam]] ([[KLM Cityhopper]] flight)
| [[Embraer 190]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/corpse-found-in-wheel-well-of-klm-plane-at-amsterdam-s-schiphol-airport-1.1854173|title=Corpse found in wheel well of KLM plane at Amsterdam's Schiphol airport|date=June 5, 2014|publisher=Associated press/CTV|access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| July 27, 2014
| Unknown male teenager
| [[Mali]] (presumably)–[[Ramstein Air Base]]
| [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/body-young-stowaway-found-us-military-plane-220936705.html|title=Body of young stowaway found in US military plane|date=July 29, 2014|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|access-date=August 1, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| March 14, 2015
| Unidentified male, 40s
| [[Lagos]]–[[New York City]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
| [[Airbus A340-500]]
| Died (the body was presumed to be in the wheel well from March 11, 2015 when the aircraft had its last flight from New York)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201503161421.html|title=Nigeria: After Roundtrip to U.S., Stowaway Dies in Arik Aircraft Wheel|date=March 15, 2015|work=[[AllAfrica.com]]|author=Chinedu Eze|access-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| April 7, 2015
| Mario Steven Ambarita, 21
| [[Pekanbaru]]–[[Jakarta]] ([[Garuda Indonesia]] Flight 177)
| [[Boeing 737-800]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news|url=http://regional.kompas.com/read/2015/04/07/19472581/Kronologi.Pria.Menyelinap.Masuk.ke.Ruang.Roda.Pesawat.Garuda|title=Kronologi Pria Menyelinap Masuk ke Ruang Roda Pesawat Garuda|newspaper=[[Kompas]]|language=id|access-date= April 7, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| June 19, 2015
| Carlito Vale, Mozambican national, 28/29, and Themba Cabeka, 24
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 54)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Vale died (fell during approach, body recovered from a roof in [[Richmond, London|Richmond]]). Cabeka survived with life-changing injuries and has been granted leave to remain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/jan/04/i-passed-out-with-the-lack-of-oxygen-truth-of-heathrow-stowaways-tragic-journey|title='I passed out with the lack of oxygen': truth of Heathrow stowaways' tragic journey|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=January 4, 2021}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/19/europe/london-british-airways-stowaway-dies/index.html|title=Stowaway dies after falling from British Airways plane in London|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=June 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-33196210|title='Plane stowaway' theory probed as body found on Richmond roof|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=June 19, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| September 12, 2015
| Unidentified stowaway
| [[Nairobi]]–[[Amsterdam]] ([[Emirates SkyCargo]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777-200]]
| Died, body discovered upon arrival at [[Schiphol Airport]]<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/12/europe-migrants-stowaway-idUSL5N11I0A820150912|title=Body of stowaway found in cargo plane in Amsterdam|work=[[Reuters]]| date=September 12, 2015| access-date =September 12, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| January 11, 2016
| Unidentified male
| [[São Paulo]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died, body discovered during maintenance operations on the Boeing 777 at [[Orly Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/country-news/Body-found-in-landing-gear-of-plane-at-Paris-airport_572860.html|title=Body found in landing gear of plane at Paris airport|publisher=[[Expatica]]| date=January 11, 2016| access-date =January 11, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| February 14, 2016
| Unidentified man
| [[Munich]]–[[Durban]] ([[Western Global Airlines]] flight)
| [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]]
| Died, body discovered during refuelling at [[Harare International Airport]], Zimbabwe.<ref name=nytimeszimbabwe>New York Times, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/17/world/africa/zimbabwe-owner-of-impounded-jet-says-body-on-board-was-a-stowaway.html Zimbabwe: Owner of Impounded Jet Says Body on Board Was a Stowaway], February 16, 2016</ref><ref>Business Wire, [http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160216006782/en Western Global Airlines Issues Update on Aircraft Situation], February 16, 2016</ref><ref name=voazimbabwe>Voice of America, [https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-politics/3195326.html Impounded US Cargo Aircraft Owners Claim Harare Airport Death Stowaway], February 17, 2016</ref>
|-
| June 7, 2016
| Unidentified male
| [[Dakar]]–[[Brussels]] ([[Brussels Airlines]] Flight 204)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Died, body discovered during regular maintenance at [[Brussels Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/binnenland/1.2676008|title=Lichaam gevonden in landingsgestel vliegtuig|publisher=[[De Redactie]]| date=June 7, 2016| access-date =June 7, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| September 21, 2016
| Unidentified African male
| [[Nigeria]]–[[Jeddah]] ([[Flynas]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died, body discovered in the rear wheel well during regular check at [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/09/stowaways-corpse-saudi-jets-wheel-bay-nigeria-trip/|title=Stowaway's corpse in Saudi jet's wheel bay after Nigeria trip|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=September 21, 2016| access-date =September 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.gdnonline.com/Details/114501/Body-of-African-stowaway-found-in-wheel-of-Flynas-plane |title=Body of African stowaway found in wheel of Flynas plane|publisher=Gulf Digital News|access-date =September 24, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| November 30, 2016
| Unidentified stowaway
| [[Lagos]]–[[Johannesburg]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
| [[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-200]]
| Died, body discovered at the [[O. R. Tambo International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/nigeria-south-africa-stowaway-dies-arik-air-plane/|title=Nigeria to South Africa: Stowaway dies on Arik Air plane|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=December 1, 2016| access-date =December 2, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|August 12, 2017
|Unidentified Dominican male
|[[Santo Domingo]]–[[Miami]] ([[American Airlines]] Flight 1026)
|[[Airbus A321]]
|Survived, was returned to Dominican Republic<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/miami-dade/fl-reg-miami-airport-stowaway-20170815-story.html|title=Stowaway emerges from plane's wheel well after flight lands|agency=Associated Press|work=Sun-Sentinel.com|access-date=August 15, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|-
|January 13, 2018
|Unidentified male
|Honolulu–Japan ([[Delta Air Lines]] flight)
|
|Died, body fell on take-off.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/37280693/security-concerns-grow-after-apparent-stowaway-attempt-at-honolulu-airport/|title=Police: Man who died at airport during apparent stowaway attempt was homeless|last=Kawano|first=Lynn|work=Hawaii News Now|access-date=November 29, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|February 11, 2018
|Unidentified African man
|[[Kinshasa]]–[[Ukunda]] ([[Kenya Airways]] flight)
|
|Died, found after emergency landing at [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.mwakilishi.com/article/kenya-news/2018-02-12/body-of-a-stowaway-recovered-in-a-kenya-airways-flight-from-dr-congo |title=Body of a Stowaway Recovered on a Kenya Airways Flight From DR Congo |publisher=Mwakilishi| date=February 12, 2018| access-date =February 17, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| February 26, 2018
| Marco Vinicio PG, 17, and Luis Manuel Ch. P., 16
| [[Guayaquil]]–[[New York City|New York]] ([[LATAM Airlines Group|LATAM]] Flight 1438)
| [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300]]
| Both died (bodies fell on take off)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.eluniverso.com/guayaquil/2018/02/26/nota/6641857/tress-personas-caen-tren-aterrizaje-nave-aeropuerto-guayaquil |title=Dos personas caen del tren de aterrizaje de nave en el aeropuerto de Guayaquil|newspaper=El Universo| date=February 26, 2018| access-date =February 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2018/02/27/two-stowaways-hid-in-a-planes-landing-gear-and-fell-to-their-death-during-takeoff/|title=Two stowaway teens hid in a plane's landing gear — and fell to their death during takeoff|work=The Washington Post|access-date =July 24, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| August 2018
| Unidentified male
| [[Caracas]]–[[La Fría]]
|
| Died (fell on takeoff from [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Simón Bolívar International Airport]])<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.aex.ru/news/2018/8/15/187237/ |title=В Венесуэле мужчина погиб при попытке улететь в отсеке шасси
|publisher=Aviation EXplorer|language=ru| date=August 15, 2018| access-date =August 29, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|April 13, 2019
|Unidentified male
|[[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport|Pointe-à-Pitre]]–[[Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport|Cayenne]]
([[Air France]] Flight 600)
|[[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]]
|Survived. Homeless man found on the tarmac of the [[Félix Eboué Airport|Félix Éboué Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/guyane/passager-clandestin-train-atterrissage-avion-703128.html|title=Un passager clandestin dans le train d'atterrissage d'un avion|website=Guyane la 1ère|language=fr|access-date=April 29, 2019}}</ref> The flight made a refuelling stop at [[Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport]] in [[Martinique]] between Pointe-à-Pitre and Cayenne.
|-
|June 30, 2019
|Unidentified male, 29
|[[Nairobi]]–[[London]]
([[Kenya Airways]] Flight 100)
|[[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner]]
|Died (froze during the flight and fell from the [[landing gear]] on approach to [[Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow Airport]]. The body fell into a garden in [[Clapham]], one metre away from a sunbathing resident).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-48830212|title=Clapham 'stowaway': Body which 'fell from Kenya flight' found in garden|website=BBC News|access-date=July 1, 2019}}</ref> An investigation by [[Sky News]] initially identified the man as 29-year old Paul Manyasi, an employee of Colnet, a cleaning company contracted by [[Kenya Airports Authority|Kenya Airports Authority (KAA)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/who-was-the-man-who-fell-from-the-sky-11859868|title=Plane stowaway: Who was Kenyan man who fell into London garden?|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> KAA and Colnet both claimed that their records showed that Manyasi was never employed by Colnet, nor did his name appear on any airport staff registers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/stowaway-kenya-authorities-dispute-identity-of-man-who-fell-from-plane-11860606|title=Stowaway: Kenya authorities dispute identity of man who fell from plane|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> Later reporting by [[KTN News Kenya]] found that the family who claimed to have positively identified Manyasi as their son was not even named Manyasi, had no son named Paul and had been paid US$200 to make the claim.<ref name="2021 Guardian story" /> Sky retracted the story and apologized to its readers for having been misled and Colnet for having erroneously reported the man had been an employee.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sky News correction|url=https://news.sky.com/story/sky-news-correction-11866380|newspaper=[[Sky News]]|date=November 22, 2019|access-date=April 18, 2021}}</ref>
|-
|September 30, 2019
|Unidentified male
|[[Conakry]]–[[Paris]]
([[Royal Air Maroc]] Flight 526)
|[[Boeing 737-800]]
|Died (froze to death midair).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/10/01/airline-stowaway-found-frozen-to-death-in-jets-landing-gear/|title=Airline stowaway found frozen to death in jet's landing gear|website=New York Post|access-date=October 4, 2019}}</ref>
|-
|January 7, 2020
|Unidentified male
|[[Abidjan]]–[[Paris]]
([[Air France]] Flight 703)
|[[Boeing 777-300]]
|Died (cause unknown; body found in plane's landing gear upon arrival at Paris-[[Charles de Gaulle Airport]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/09/europe/air-france-stowaway-body-intl-scli/index.html|title=Body of stowaway found in Air France plane's landing gear|author1=Saskya Vandoorne |author2=Amy Woodyatt|website=CNN|access-date=January 9, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|February 4, 2021
|Kenyan national, 16
|[[London Stansted]]–[[Maastricht]]
([[Turkish Airlines]] Flight 6305)
|[[Airbus A330]]
|Survived. Was hospitalized but doing reasonably well.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maastricht stowaway a 16 y.o. boy; Doing reasonably well|url=https://nltimes.nl/2021/02/05/maastricht-stowaway-16-yo-boy-reasonably-well|access-date=2021-02-06|website=NL Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Luitwieler|first=Neal|date=2021-02-04|title=Verstekeling aangetroffen in landingsgestel vliegtuig op Maastricht Aachen Airport|url=https://www.luchtvaartnieuws.nl/nieuws/categorie/3/airports/verstekeling-aangetroffen-in-landingsgestel-vliegtuig-op-maastricht-aachen-airport|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Luchtvaartnieuws|language=nl}}</ref>
|-
|April 19, 2021
|Male Nigerian national
|[[Schiphol]]
([[KLM]] Flight 588)
|[[Airbus A330-200]]
|Died during the flight, likely of hypothermia.<ref>https://simpleflying.com/amsterdam-stowaway-found-dead/</ref><ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/stowaway-body-plane-netherlands-nigeria-b1834435.html</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Lists of aviation accidents and incidents}}
{{Unidentified decedent}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:wheel-well stowaway flights}}
[[Category:Flight lists]]
[[Category:Lists of aviation accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Unidentified decedents]]

Carlos Timoteo Griguol

2021-04-26T19:09:41Z

Tangoludwig:

{{BLP sources|date=September 2020}}

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Carlos Griguol
| image = Carlos Timoteo Griguol.JPG
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| fullname = Carlos Timoteo Griguol
| height =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1936|9|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Las Palmas, Córdoba]], [[Argentina]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1957–1965
| years2 = 1966–1969
| clubs1 = [[Club Atlético Atlanta|Atlanta]]
| clubs2 = [[Rosario Central]]
| caps1 = 236
| caps2 = 138
| goals1 = 16
| goals2 = 13
| manageryears1 = 1971
| manageryears3 = 1973–1975
| manageryears4 = 1975
| manageryears5 = 1977–1978
| manageryears6 = 1979
| manageryears7 = 1979–1987
| manageryears8 = 1987–1988
| manageryears9 = 1988–1993
| manageryears10 = 1994–1999
| manageryears11 = 1999–2000
| manageryears12 = 2000–2001
| manageryears13 = 2002
| manageryears14 = 2003–2004
| managerclubs1 = [[Rosario Central]]
| managerclubs3 = [[Rosario Central]]
| managerclubs4 = [[Estudiantes Tecos|Tecos de Guadalajara]]
| managerclubs5 = [[Rosario Central]]
| managerclubs6 = [[Kimberley de Mar del Plata|Kimberley]]
| managerclubs7 = [[Ferro Carril Oeste]]
| managerclubs8 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]
| managerclubs9 = [[Ferro Carril Oeste]]
| managerclubs10 = [[Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata|Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata]]
| managerclubs11 = [[Real Betis]]
| managerclubs12 = [[Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata|Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata]]
| managerclubs13 = [[Unión de Santa Fe]]
| managerclubs14 = [[Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata|Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata]]
| pcupdate = June 2008
}}
'''Carlos Timoteo Griguol''' (born 4 September 1936 in Las Palmas, [[Córdoba Province (Argentina)|Córdoba]] is an [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[Association football|football (soccer)]] coach and former player, who played as a [[midfielder]].

His playing career was spent with [[Club Atlético Atlanta|Atlanta]] and [[Rosario Central]]. As a coach, after winning the championship with Rosario Central in 1973. He had three spells and a successful career in the Rosario's club. In the 1980s he soared to the top ranks of [[Football in Argentina|Argentine football]] by guiding [[Ferro Carril Oeste]] to two [[Primera División Argentina|championships]], in 1982 and 1984, featuring players such as [[Adolfino Cañete]], [[Héctor Cúper]], Gerónimo Saccardi, [[Juan Domingo Rocchia]], [[Julio Cesar Jiménez]], [[Oscar Garré]] and [[Alberto Márcico]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=El Grafico|title=Ferro homenajeó a Griguol|url=https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/1038/15074/ferro-homenajeo-a-griguol|language=es|date=10 October 2016|access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>

During his Ferrocarril Oeste days, Griguol would videotape the basketball team, and basketball coach [[Leon Najnudel]] would return the favor.

His conservative style made Griguol a non-contender for the job of national coach. He did get a chance to coach [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] in the mid-1980s, but despite winning the [[Copa Interamericana]] in 1987 he was swiftly dismissed when results were not forthcoming and the team's style did not please the fans.

In the 1990s, Griguol took [[Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata]] under his wing, propelling it to its best harvest ever: two second-place finishes. He would return to Gimnasia twice.

He has also worked in Spain as the manager of [[Real Betis]].

His trademark was a most unusual token of encouragement: he would slap each player in the face before the team entered the pitch. TV cameras caught this ritual more than once.

Timoteo is known mostly by his middle name, or as ''el viejo'' ("the old man").

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Carlos Griguol}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020025524/http://futbolfactory.futbolweb.net/index.php?ff=historicos&f2=00001&idjugador=674 |date=October 20, 2007 |title=Futbol Factory profile }} {{in lang|es}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080306004218/http://www.soloferro.com.ar/griguol.htm Ferro Carril Oeste biography] {{in lang|es}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060910020439/http://vendehumo.blogcindario.com/2006/03/00138-carlos-timoteo-griguol-una-leyenda-de-nuestro-futbol.html Vende Humo biography] {{in lang|es}}
{{Clear}}

{{Argentine Primera División winning managers}}
{{Argentina squad 1959 South American Championship (Argentina)}}
{{Argentina squad 1959 South American Championship (Ecuador)}}
{{Argentina squad 1963 South American Championship}}
{{Rosario Central managers}}
{{River Plate managers}}
{{Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata managers}}
{{Real Betis managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Griguol, Carlos Timoteo}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Córdoba Province, Argentina]]
[[Category:Argentine footballers]]
[[Category:Club Atlético Atlanta footballers]]
[[Category:Rosario Central footballers]]
[[Category:Argentine football managers]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriate football managers]]
[[Category:Ferro Carril Oeste managers]]
[[Category:Club Atlético River Plate managers]]
[[Category:Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata managers]]
[[Category:Real Betis managers]]
[[Category:Rosario Central managers]]
[[Category:Tecos F.C. managers]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]

Carlos Timoteo Griguol

2021-04-26T19:08:13Z

Tangoludwig: dup line

{{BLP sources|date=September 2020}}

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Carlos Griguol
| image = Carlos Timoteo Griguol.JPG
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| fullname = Carlos Timoteo Griguol
| height =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1936|9|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Las Palmas, Córdoba]], [[Argentina]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1957–1965
| years2 = 1966–1969
| clubs1 = [[Club Atlético Atlanta|Atlanta]]
| clubs2 = [[Rosario Central]]
| caps1 = 236
| caps2 = 138
| goals1 = 16
| goals2 = 13
| manageryears1 = 1971
| manageryears3 = 1973–1975
| manageryears4 = 1975
| manageryears5 = 1977–1978
| manageryears6 = 1979
| manageryears7 = 1979–1987
| manageryears8 = 1987–1988
| manageryears9 = 1988–1993
| manageryears10 = 1994–1999
| manageryears11 = 1999–2000
| manageryears12 = 2000–2001
| manageryears13 = 2002
| manageryears14 = 2003–2004
| managerclubs1 = [[Rosario Central]]
| managerclubs3 = [[Rosario Central]]
| managerclubs4 = [[Estudiantes Tecos|Tecos de Guadalajara]]
| managerclubs5 = [[Rosario Central]]
| managerclubs6 = [[Kimberley de Mar del Plata|Kimberley]]
| managerclubs7 = [[Ferro Carril Oeste]]
| managerclubs8 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]
| managerclubs9 = [[Ferro Carril Oeste]]
| managerclubs10 = [[Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata|Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata]]
| managerclubs11 = [[Real Betis]]
| managerclubs12 = [[Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata|Gimnasia de La Plata]]
| managerclubs13 = [[Unión de Santa Fe]]
| managerclubs14 = [[Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata|Gimnasia de La Plata]]
| pcupdate = June 2008
}}
'''Carlos Timoteo Griguol''' (born 4 September 1936 in Las Palmas, [[Córdoba Province (Argentina)|Córdoba]] is an [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[Association football|football (soccer)]] coach and former player, who played as a [[midfielder]].

His playing career was spent with [[Club Atlético Atlanta|Atlanta]] and [[Rosario Central]]. As a coach, after winning the championship with Rosario Central in 1973. He had three spells and a successful career in the Rosario's club. In the 1980s he soared to the top ranks of [[Football in Argentina|Argentine football]] by guiding [[Ferro Carril Oeste]] to two [[Primera División Argentina|championships]], in 1982 and 1984, featuring players such as [[Adolfino Cañete]], [[Héctor Cúper]], Gerónimo Saccardi, [[Juan Domingo Rocchia]], [[Julio Cesar Jiménez]], [[Oscar Garré]] and [[Alberto Márcico]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=El Grafico|title=Ferro homenajeó a Griguol|url=https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/1038/15074/ferro-homenajeo-a-griguol|language=es|date=10 October 2016|access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>

During his Ferrocarril Oeste days, Griguol would videotape the basketball team, and basketball coach [[Leon Najnudel]] would return the favor.

His conservative style made Griguol a non-contender for the job of national coach. He did get a chance to coach [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] in the mid-1980s, but despite winning the [[Copa Interamericana]] in 1987 he was swiftly dismissed when results were not forthcoming and the team's style did not please the fans.

In the 1990s, Griguol took [[Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata]] under his wing, propelling it to its best harvest ever: two second-place finishes. He would return to Gimnasia twice.

He has also worked in Spain as the manager of [[Real Betis]].

His trademark was a most unusual token of encouragement: he would slap each player in the face before the team entered the pitch. TV cameras caught this ritual more than once.

Timoteo is known mostly by his middle name, or as ''el viejo'' ("the old man").

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Carlos Griguol}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020025524/http://futbolfactory.futbolweb.net/index.php?ff=historicos&f2=00001&idjugador=674 |date=October 20, 2007 |title=Futbol Factory profile }} {{in lang|es}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080306004218/http://www.soloferro.com.ar/griguol.htm Ferro Carril Oeste biography] {{in lang|es}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060910020439/http://vendehumo.blogcindario.com/2006/03/00138-carlos-timoteo-griguol-una-leyenda-de-nuestro-futbol.html Vende Humo biography] {{in lang|es}}
{{Clear}}

{{Argentine Primera División winning managers}}
{{Argentina squad 1959 South American Championship (Argentina)}}
{{Argentina squad 1959 South American Championship (Ecuador)}}
{{Argentina squad 1963 South American Championship}}
{{Rosario Central managers}}
{{River Plate managers}}
{{Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata managers}}
{{Real Betis managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Griguol, Carlos Timoteo}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Córdoba Province, Argentina]]
[[Category:Argentine footballers]]
[[Category:Club Atlético Atlanta footballers]]
[[Category:Rosario Central footballers]]
[[Category:Argentine football managers]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriate football managers]]
[[Category:Ferro Carril Oeste managers]]
[[Category:Club Atlético River Plate managers]]
[[Category:Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata managers]]
[[Category:Real Betis managers]]
[[Category:Rosario Central managers]]
[[Category:Tecos F.C. managers]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]

Wheel-well stowaway

2021-02-06T20:02:13Z

Tangoludwig: Added source

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Boeing 747-230 Schleswig-Holstein 61.JPG|thumb|200px|Wheel well of a [[Boeing 747]]]]
This page lists known flights with [[stowaway]]s, who for various reasons traveled inside the wheel well ([[landing gear]] compartment, also known as wheel bay) of an aircraft. In the United States alone, between 1947 and June 2015, the U.S. [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) had recorded 113 such attempts on 101 flights either departing from or landing in the U.S. Of these 113 people, 86 (76%) died.<ref name=motherboard>Motherboard, [https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkv9pw/the-science-of-stowing-away-in-an-airplane The Science of Stowing Away in an Airplane], June 20, 2015</ref>

In other instances, stowaways traveled either in a [[cargo hold]]<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/stowaway-found-aboard-emirates-flight-china-dubai-n583751|title=Stowaway Found Aboard Emirates Flight From China to Dubai|publisher=NBC News| date=June 1, 2016| access-date =August 6, 2017}}</ref> or in a spare parts compartment,<ref>{{cite web | url =http://allafrica.com/stories/201707140056.html|title=Nigeria: Stowaways and Their Desperation to Leave Nigeria|publisher=allAfrica| date=July 14, 2017| access-date =August 6, 2017}}</ref> both of which are [[Cabin pressurization|pressurized]]. Those incidents are excluded.

Wheel well stowaways face considerable danger during [[takeoff]], [[Cruise (aeronautics)|cruise]], and [[landing]]. Immediately after takeoff, the landing gear retracts into the wheel wells, potentially crushing the stowaway.<ref name=mostdie>USA Today, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/04/21/stowaway-planes-hawaii/7957357/ FAA: Most plane stowaways in wheel well die], April 21, 2014</ref> During flight at altitudes above approximately {{convert|2,500|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, [[hypothermia]] becomes a risk and reduced [[atmospheric pressure]] and [[partial pressure of oxygen]] may impair physiological processes.<ref name="FSF">{{cite web | url =http://flightsafety.org/hf/hf_may-jun97.pdf|title=Wheel-well Stowaways Risk Lethal Levels of Hypoxia and Hypothermia|publisher=[[Flight Safety Foundation]]| date=May–June 1997| access-date =June 15, 2015}}</ref> At all [[cruising altitude]]s of [[jet aircraft]], the partial pressure of oxygen in a wheel well is below that required to support brain consciousness.<ref name="FSF" /> At altitudes above {{convert|6,000|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, stowaways may also develop [[decompression sickness]] and nitrogen [[Air embolism|gas embolism]].<ref name="FSF" /> Temperatures also decrease with altitude, and may drop as low as {{convert|-63|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref name="FSF" /> As the plane descends to lower altitudes, a gradual rewarming and reoxygenation occur;<ref name="FSF" /> however, if the stowaway does not regain consciousness and mobility by the time the landing gear is lowered during final approach, or has already died, the body may fall from the aircraft.<ref name="motherboard" /> According to the FAA, it is likely that the number of stowaways is higher than records show due to bodies having fallen into the ocean.<ref name="cbsnews">CBS News, [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/questions-abound-over-teen-stowaways-miracle-flight/ Questions abound over teen stowaway's "miracle" flight], April 21, 2014</ref>

In at least one instance, on July 31, 2013, a cat survived a flight from [[Athens]] to [[Zürich]] in the front undercarriage of an [[Airbus A321]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thelocal.ch/20130802/stowaway-cat-survives-flight-from-athens| title =Stowaway cat survives flight from Athens |website =[[The Local]]|date=August 2, 2013| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>

==Known List==
{{Inc-transport|date=September 2017}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date
! Stowaway(s)
! Flight
! Aircraft
! Stowaway's fate
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1946|08|07|abbr=on}}
| Bas Wie, 12
| [[Kupang]]–[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]]
| [[Douglas DC-3]]
| Survived, naturalised in Australia in 1958 and married<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-17/the-kupang-kid/6542742|title=The Kupang Kid: Orphaned boy who risked life to come to Australia as stowaway in 1946|author=Louise Maher|publisher=[[ABC Online]]| date=June 17, 2015| access-date =June 17, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1947|08|05|abbr=on}}
| Male, 30
| [[Lisbon]]–[[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]]
| [[Douglas DC-3]]
| Survived<ref name="faa">{{cite web | url =http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1990s/media/AM96-25.pdf| title =Survival at High Altitudes: Wheel-Well Passengers|publisher =[[FAA]]|date=October 1996| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1960|09|09|abbr=on}}
|Daniel Melo, 16
|[[Santa Maria Airport (Azores)|Santa Maria]]-[[L.F. Wade International Airport|Bermuda]]
|[[Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation]]
|Survived, caught by [[Linea Aeropostal Venezolana|LAV]]'s ground team and deported.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avozdeportugal.com/oacoriano/arquivos/2016/2016-04.pdf|title=O Furnense que Viajou para os Eua num Trem De Um Avião}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|09|28|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Mexico City]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Survived at 34,000 ft<ref name="faa"/><ref>"Viaja de Bogota a Mexico en el 'Tren' de un Jet", ''El Tiempo'' (Bogota, Colombia), September 28, 1966, p30</ref><ref>"Tells 4-Hour Ride in Jet's Wheel Well", ''Chicago Tribune'', September 28, 1966, p1</ref><ref>"Rugged Mexican Boy Survives Trip in Jet's Wheel Well", ''Abilene (TX) Reporter-News'', September 28, 1966</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|04|18|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified man, about 24
| [[Moscow]]–[[Paris]]
| [[Sud Aviation Caravelle]]
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/18/1966-moscow-paris-stowaway-dies/ |title=1966: Moscow-Paris Stowaway Dies|work=[[International Herald Tribune]] | date=April 18, 2016| access-date =April 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/oxnard-press-courier-apr-18-1966-p-10/|title=Oxnard Press Courier Archives, Apr 18, 1966, p. 10|website=newspaperarchive.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|04|19|abbr=on}}
| Unknown youth, 20/21
| [[Orly]]–[[Morocco]]
| [[Sud Aviation Caravelle]]
| Died (froze)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1969|06|04|abbr=on}}
| Armando Socarras Ramírez, 17, Jorge Pérez Blanco, 16
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]] ([[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] Flight 904)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Socarras survived, Pérez died<ref>{{cite book| title =Desperate Journeys, Abandoned Souls: True Stories of Castaways and Other Survivors| publisher =Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| year =1998| page =[https://archive.org/details/desperatejourney00edwa/page/469 469]| isbn =0395911508| url =https://archive.org/details/desperatejourney00edwa/page/469}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1969|07|26|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17 and a second unknown
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]]
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| One survived, second fell to death<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1970|02|22|abbr=on}}
| Keith Sapsford, 14
| [[Sydney]]–[[Tokyo]] ([[Japan Airlines]] flight)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Sapsford fell to his death after the landing gear doors opened underneath him as the gear retracted, falling from {{convert|200|ft|m}} during the take off sequence.<ref name="faa"/> His fatal fall was inadvertently captured by amateur photographer John Gilpin and the photograph was published in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=MDQ-9Oe3GGUC&dat=19700223&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "Death dive from Sydney airliner"], ''The Age'' (Melbourne), February 23, 1970, p1</ref><ref name=salon>Salon, [http://www.salon.com/2010/12/14/stowaways/ The boy who fell to earth], December 14, 2010</ref><ref name=unusualdeaths>Unusual Deaths, [http://unusualdeaths.com/2016/05/24/the-boy-who-fell-out-of-a-japan-airlines-jet/ The Boy Who Fell Out of a Japan Airlines Jet], May 24, 2016</ref><ref name=nbcnews>NBC News, [https://www.nbcnews.com/business/travel/dead-wheel-well-stowaway-went-undiscovered-7-flights-f6C10287982 Dead wheel-well stowaway went undiscovered for 7 flights], June 12, 2013</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1970|06|21|abbr=on}}
| Male, 13
| [[Lyon]]–[[Abidjan]]
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Died (fell at Abidjan when landing gear lowered)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1972|4|14|abbr=on}}
| Male, 18
| [[San Diego]]–[[New York City]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Died (froze)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1975|3|23|abbr=on}}
| Unknown youth
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Miami]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Died (fell)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1986|11|14|abbr=on}}
| Male, 35
| [[Panama (city)|Panama]]–[[Miami]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Survived at {{convert|39000|ft|m}}<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1990|2|19|abbr=on}}
| Two men from Trinidad
| [[Trinidad]]–[[Toronto]]
| [[BWIA West Indies Airways]] [[Lockheed L1011]]
| Both survived 5 hour flight<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airliners.net/forum/?id=713046|title=Airliners.net - Aviation Forums|website=www.airliners.net}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|3|15|abbr=on}}
| Shamsul Ramli, 17
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]–[[Johannesburg]] ([[Malaysia Airlines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died. Body found in the 747's wheel well at Johannesburg Airport on arrival.<ref>http://www.searcct.gov.my/publications/our-publications?id=38</ref>
|-
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|6|4|abbr=on}}
| [[Juan Carlos Guzmán-Betancourt]], 17
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Miami]] (Arca Airline flight)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Survived at 35,000 ft, but frosted<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|8|4|abbr=on}}
| Male, 19
| [[Bogotá]]–[[New York City]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died<ref name="fs">{{cite web | url =http://flightsafety.org/hf/hf_may-jun97.pdf| title =Wheel-well Stowaway Flights |publisher =[[Flight Safety Foundation]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1995}}
| Unknown migrant worker
| To [[Shanghai]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (froze and fell during landing at [[Pudong International Airport]])<ref name="chinadaily">{{cite news | url =http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-05/25/content_445697.htm| title =Boy hiding in gear compartment killed |newspaper =[[China Daily]]|author=Cao Desheng| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1996|8|2|abbr=on}}
| Two Mongolian boys, about 9 and 12

| [[Ulan Bator]]–[[Kadena Air Base]]
| [[U.S. Air Force]] [[Lockheed C-141 Starlifter#C-141B|Lockheed C-141B]]
| 12-year-old died declared dead after discovery. Other child died two days later.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1996/Two-Mongolian-Boys-One-Dead-Found-on-U-S-Air-Force-Flight/id-dedba952bf78dfe5fb76986510fbe542| title =Two Mongolian Boys, One Dead, Found on U.S. Air Force Flight |publisher =[[Associated Press]]| access-date =April 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/08/04/Stowaway-boys-die-in-US-military-plane/6915839131200/| title =Stowaway boys die in US Military Plane |publisher =[[UPI]]| access-date =January 10, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1996|10|14|abbr=on}}
| Pardeep Saini, 22, Vijay Saini, 19
| [[New Delhi]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Pardeep survived in the nose wheel well at 35,000 ft,<ref name="fs"/> Vijay died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/22/travel/successful-stowaways/| title =5 stowaway attempts that didn't end tragically|publisher =[[CNN]]| access-date =April 25, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1997|3|22|abbr=on}}
| Male, adolescent
| [[Nairobi]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (crushed in nosewheel well)<ref name="fs"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998}}
| Trevor Jacobs, 30
| [[Antigua]]–[[Trinidad]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas MD-80]]
| Died (Trevor Jacobs was wanted on several criminal charges, including kidnapping)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19981223&slug=2790535|title=Business | Norwegian Mother Goes To Jail For Giving Son An Illegal Name | Seattle Times Newspaper|website=community.seattletimes.nwsource.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|2|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Baku]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 2028)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died, body discovered upon arrival at [[Gatwick Airport]] on February 8<ref>{{cite news | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/54651.stm| title =Body found in plane undercarriage|publisher =[[BBC]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|6|28|abbr=on}}
| Chinese male, 23
| [[Shanghai]]–[[Tokyo]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Survived, but hospitalized in critical condition<ref>{{cite news | url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19980803&id=3bZOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5843,1132422| title =Stowaway survives flight |newspaper =[[Star-News]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|9|14|abbr=on}}
| Emilio Dominguez, 23
| [[San Pedro Sula]]–[[Miami]] ([[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] Flight 6130)
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]]
| Survived at 33,000 ft, traveled seeking work,<ref>{{cite news | url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19980915&id=A91PAAAAIBAJ&pg=4644,8880265| title =Stowaway survives Honduras-to-Miami flight at 33,000 feet |newspaper =[[Ocala Star-Banner]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref> but was returned to Honduras
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1999|6|28|abbr=on}}
| [[Yaguine Koita and Fodé Tounkara]], 14 and 13
| [[Conakry]]–[[Brussels]] ([[Sabena]] Flight 520)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Both died (froze)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://articles.latimes.com/2000/mar/19/news/mn-10355| title =For a Pair of African Stowaways, Only Europe Held Hope of a Future|newspaper =[[Los Angeles Times]]|authors=Tim Sullivan, Raf Casert| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2000|8|4|abbr=on}}
| Fidel Maruhi, 24
| [[Papeete]]–[[Los Angeles]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] Flight 71)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Survived at 38,000 ft.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=96267| title =Stowaway Found Alive in Jet's Wheel Well|publisher =[[ABC News]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref> Discovered during a refueling stopover in Los Angeles, Maruhi later told, that the main motive behind his travel to France was to "shake hands" with [[Zinedine Zidane]].<ref>{{cite news| url =http://pidp.org/archive/2000/September/09-08-07.htm| title =Tahitian Stowaway to Los Angeles Found Guilty| publisher =Pacific Islands Development Program| access-date =April 22, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140424210736/http://pidp.org/archive/2000/September/09-08-07.htm| archive-date =April 24, 2014| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = J'ai vu le train d'atterrissage se fermer sous moi |url = http://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/j-ai-vu-le-train-d-atterrissage-se-fermer-sous-moi-15-08-2000-2001565734.php|access-date = September 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name=slate>Slate, [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/12/do_jet_stowaways_ever_survive.html Do Jet Stowaways Ever Survive?], December 31, 2003</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|6|abbr=on}}
| Mohammed Ayaz, 21
| [[Muharraq]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died (traveled to London due to job hardships in Pakistan and Bahrain)<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/18/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices| title =The man who fell to earth |newspaper =[[The Guardian]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|8|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[London]]–[[New York City]] ([[American Airlines]] Flight 131)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died (fell from {{convert|1500|ft|m}} on approach to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/09/nyregion/stowaway-fell-from-jet-near-airport-police-say.html| title = Stowaway Fell From Jet Near Airport, Police Say |newspaper =[[The New York Times]]|author=Al Baker| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|9|abbr=on}}
| Mikhail Semenyaga, 24
| [[Perm, Russia|Perm]]–[[Yekaterinburg]]–[[Frankfurt]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url =http://www.nr2.ru/ekb/13_30013.html/print/|script-title =ru:Труп в самолете «Люфтганзы» – пермяк или екатеринбуржец?|publisher =NR2|language =ru|access-date =April 24, 2014|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140424125058/http://www.nr2.ru/ekb/13_30013.html/print/|archive-date =April 24, 2014|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|12|24|abbr=on}}
| Alberto Rodriguez, 15, Maikel Almira, 16
| [[Havana]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Both died (planned on hiding on a flight to [[Miami]])<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/mar/21/cuba.immigration| title = Error that cost the lives of teenage Cuban stowaways|newspaper =[[The Guardian]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|7|abbr=on}}
| Cameroonian male, 34
| [[Rio de Janeiro]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] flight)
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.africareview.com/News/Cameroonian-stowaway-dies-on-Paris-flight/-/979180/1743584/-/2n9785/-/index.html| title = Cameroonian stowaway dies on Paris-bound flight|publisher =Africa Review| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|12|abbr=on}}
| Victor Alvarez Molina, 24
| [[Havana]]–[[Montreal]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]
| Survived, received refugee status in Canada<ref name=slate /><ref name="usatoday">{{cite news | url =http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/flights/2007-07-20-united-body_N.htm| title =Body found in wheel well of United 747 jumbojet |newspaper =[[USA Today]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|12|5|abbr=on}}
| Two boys, 12 and 14
| [[Accra]]–[[London]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]
| Both died<ref>{{cite news |author=Gary Jones| url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/FROZEN+STOWAWAYS%3B+Lax+security+blamed+after+2+boys+die+in+jet...-a094967415| title =Frozen Stowaways; Lax security blamed after 2 boys die in jet undercarriage |newspaper =[[Daily Mirror]]|date=December 6, 2002| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|1|11|abbr=on}}
| Mariano Alexis Herrera-Ba, [[Punta Cana International Airport]] technician
| [[Punta Cana]]–[[Toronto]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://lenta.ru/world/2003/01/11/body| script-title=ru:В отсеке шасси самолета найден труп безбилетника |publisher =[[Lenta.ru]]|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|1|23|abbr=on}}
| Two unidentified men
| [[Paris]]–[[Shanghai]] ([[Air France]] Flight 112)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Both died (fell on approach to [[Pudong International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Jan/54359.htm| title =Two Foreigners Fall Dead from Plane in Shanghai |publisher =[[China Internet Information Center]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|2|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Mali]] or [[Gabon]]–[[Paris]]?
|
| Died (fell near Paris)<ref name="ltt">{{cite book | title =Living Through Terror| publisher =Routledge | year =2013 | page =154 | isbn =978-1317982340}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|3|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 19
| To [[Frankfurt]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20030327/357047.html| script-title=ru:В Германии обнаружено тело россиянина, погибшего при попытке "зайцем" долететь до Франкфурта-на-Майне|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 26, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|12|24|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, about 25
| [[Montego Bay]]–[[New York City]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Body+found+in+wheel+well+of+American+Airlines+aircraft.-a0111706092| title =Body found in wheel well of American Airlines aircraft |publisher =Airline Industry Information| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|12|30|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 30s
| [[Lagos]]–[[London]]–[[New York City]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 117)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (body found upon arrival at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BODY+FIND+ON+BA+JET.-a0111780486| title =Body Find On BA Jet |newspaper =[[Daily Mirror]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|7|21|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 20
| [[Dominican Republic]]–[[Düsseldorf]]
|
| Died (froze)<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|10|22|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 20s
| [[Miami]]–[[Detroit]]
| [[Boeing 737]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Stowaway found dead in wheel well of jet after Detroit landing|url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/102304/nat_1023040067.shtml|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal|date=October 23, 2004}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Body+of+man+discovered+in+aircraft%27s+wheel+well.-a0123512808| title =Body of man discovered in aircraft's wheel well |publisher =Airline Industry Information| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|11|abbr=on}}
| Liang Kailong, 14, Su Qing, 13
| [[Kunming]]–[[Chongqing]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Liang survived, Su died (fell shortly after takeoff)<ref name="chinadaily"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|16|abbr=on}}
| Unknown
| [[Mali]]–[[Paris]]
|
| Died<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|30|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
|
|
| Died (fell, body found in Louvain)<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2005|05|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown boy, about 10
| [[Dunhuang]]–[[Lanzhou]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref name="chinadaily"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2005|06|7|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Dakar]]–[[New York City]] ([[South African Airways]] Flight 203)
| [[Airbus A340]]<ref>{{cite news|title=South African Officials 'Mystified' At Stowaway Reports|url=http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=73455d1a-ce75-45aa-9495-be3116bc7cf1|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Aero News|date=June 8, 2008}}</ref>
| Died (crushed on approach to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://articles.latimes.com/2005/jun/08/nation/na-stowaway8| title =Stowaway's Leg Falls From Jet|newspaper =[[Los Angeles Times]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|12|abbr=on}}
| Male
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Dakar]]–[[Atlanta]] ([[Delta Air Lines]] Flight 35)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died (frozen and crushed)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.cbsnews.com/news/stowaways-body-found-in-delta-jet/| title =Stowaway's Body Found In Delta Jet |publisher =[[CBS News]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|15|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified
| [[Banjul]]–[[Dakar]]–[[Brussels]]
| [[Airbus A330-300]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wastnage|first1=Justin|title=SN Brussels engineers find dead body in A330 wheel well after flight from Dakar, second this weekend after Friday identical Delta 767 incident|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sn-brussels-engineers-find-dead-body-in-a-wheel-well-after-flight-from-dakar-second-this-weekend-after-friday-identical-delta-incident-211556/|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Flightglobal|date=January 15, 2007}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://allafrica.com/stories/200701180109.html| title =Gambia: In SN Brussels Aircraft Incident Belgian Authorities Mount Investigation |publisher =[[allAfrica.com]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|28|abbr=on}}
| Samuel Peter Benjamin, 17
| [[Singapore]]–[[Vancouver]]–[[Hong Kong]]–[[Cape Town]]–[[London]]–[[Los Angeles]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died in the front wheel well, presumably after hitching the aircraft in his hometown Cape Town on January 22, body discovered in Los Angeles<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1541417/Body-may-have-been-week-on-plane.html| title =Body 'may have been week on plane'|newspaper =[[The Daily Telegraph]]|author=Catherine Elsworth|access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|07|19|abbr=on}}
| Asian, 50s
| [[Shanghai]]–[[San Francisco]] ([[United Airlines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (in the nose gear wheel well)<ref name="usatoday"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|09|21|abbr=on}}
| Andrey Shcherbakov, 15
| [[Perm, Russia|Perm]]–[[Moscow]]
| [[Boeing 737]]
| Survived, but suffered severe frostbite<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20070924/80658076.html| title =Подросток пролетел в крыле Boeing-737 из Перми до "Внуково"|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|10|12|abbr=on}}
| Osama R.M. Shublaq, Palestinian
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]–[[Singapore]] ([[Singapore Airlines]] Flight 119)
| [[Boeing 777-200]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news| url =http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20071012-29740.html| title =Stowaway survives SIA flight from KL hidden in wheel well| work =[[AsiaOne]]| access-date =April 24, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160413231607/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20071012-29740.html| archive-date =April 13, 2016| url-status =dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|10|21|abbr=on}}
| Ilgar Ashumov, 15
| [[Baku]]–[[Moscow]]
|
| Died on approach to [[Domodedovo International Airport]], body found 12 km from the airport<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.gazeta.ru/social/2007/10/30/2276251.shtml| script-title=ru:«Зачем воспитанному мальчику российская столица»|publisher =[[Gazeta.ru]]|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2009|08|9|abbr=on}}
| Filipp Yurchenko, 19
| [[Irkutsk]]–[[Khabarovsk]]–[[Vladivostok]] ([[Vladivostok Avia]] Flight 486)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/society/20090813/180706111.html| script-title=ru:Прокуратура устанавливает, как погибший мужчина попал в шасси самолета |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|02|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[New York City]]–[[Narita, Chiba|Narita]] ([[Delta Air Lines]] Flight 59)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/world/20100208/208156129.html| script-title=ru:Японская полиция выясняет, как мужчина попал в шасси борта из США |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|02|18|abbr=on}}
| Unknown Dominican male
| [[Santo Domingo]]–[[Miami]] ([[Amerijet]] flight)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died (fell during takeoff)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20100219/209896777.html| script-title=ru:Безбилетник погиб в нише для шасси самолета в аэропорту Доминиканы|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|03|abbr=on}}
| Okechukwu Okeke, Nigerian
| [[Lagos]] to the United States ([[Delta Air Lines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died in the nose wheel well<ref name="NTribune">{{cite news| url =http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/features/item/31324-nigerian-stowaways-when-youths-reach-end-of-their-dreams-so-soon| title =Nigerian stowaways: When youths reach end of their dreams so soon...| work =[[Nigerian Tribune]]| date =March 8, 2015| access-date =March 8, 2015| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123350/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/features/item/31324-nigerian-stowaways-when-youths-reach-end-of-their-dreams-so-soon| archive-date =April 2, 2015| df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|04|abbr=on}}
| Unknown African male
| To [[Zürich]]
|
| Died (fell after landing gear was lowered on approach to Zürich, body found in [[Weisslingen]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/world/20100506/231336199.html| script-title=ru:Нелегальный мигрант погиб на пути в Швейцарию, выпав из отсека шасси |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|06|06|abbr=on}}
| Romanian male, 20
| [[Vienna]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10280238| title =Romanian stowaway found at Heathrow freed after caution|publisher =[[BBC]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|07|9|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Beirut]]–[[Riyadh]] ([[Nasair]] flight)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|title=Stowaway's body found in plane's landing gear|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/stowaways-body-found-in-planes-landing-gear/story-e6frfq80-1225890680713|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=News.com.au|agency=AFP|date=July 12, 2010}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|09|10|abbr=on}}
| Nigerian national
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Lagos]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
|
| Died (crushed)<ref name="NTribune"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|11|2|abbr=on}}
| Roman Sorokovikov, 16
| [[Yerbogachen]]–[[Kirensk]]
| [[Antonov An-24]]
| Survived, but planned to reach [[Irkutsk]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://izvestia.ru/news/480314| script-title=ru:В Иркутской области подросток совершил перелет в отсеке шасси Ан-24|newspaper =[[Izvestia]]|language=ru| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|11|15|abbr=on}}
| Delvonte Tisdale, 16
| [[Charlotte]]–[[Boston]] ([[US Airways]] Flight 1776)
| [[Boeing 737]]
| Died (possible fatal injury inside wheel well from landing gear, fell on approach to Boston)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://clclt.com/charlotte/the-last-days-of-delvonte-tisdale/Content?oid=2177028 |title= The Last Days of Delvonte Tisdale |publisher=[[Creative Loafing|Creative Loafing Charlotte]]| access-date =February 22, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2011|01|15|abbr=on}}
| Qasim Siddique
| [[Lahore]]–[[Dubai]] ([[Airblue]] flight)
|
| Died (fell shortly after takeoff)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://tribune.com.pk/story/105606/stowaway-case-body-identified-as-9th-grade-student/|title=Stowaway case: Body identified as 9th grade student|work=[[The Express Tribune]]| date=January 18, 2011| access-date =June 30, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2011|07|13|abbr=on}}
| Adonis Guerrero Barrios, 23
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]]
| [[Airbus A340]]<ref>{{cite news|title=El cadáver de Adonis volverá a Cuba|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/07/22/actualidad/1311322620_850215.html|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=El País|date=July 22, 2011|language=es}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://news.travel.aol.com/2011/07/14/dead-cuban-stowaway-found-in-iberia-plane-landing-gear/| title =Dead Cuban Stowaway Found in Iberia Plane Landing Gear |publisher =[[AOL]]|date=July 14, 2011| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|07|26|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[Cape Town]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://travel.usatoday.com/flights/post/2012/08/stowaway-found-in-landing-gear-of-british-airways-747/831689/1| title =Apparent stowaway found in landing gear of British Airways 747 |newspaper =[[USA Today]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|09|09|abbr=on}}
| Jose Matada, 27
| [[Luanda]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walker|first1=Peter|title=Man found dead on London street 'was probably stowaway who fell from plane'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/apr/25/man-street-stowaway-fell-plane|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=The Guardian|date=April 25, 2013}}</ref>
| Died (fell)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/04/11/heathrow-stowaway-jose-_n_3061644.html| title = Heathrow Stowaway, Jose Matada, Who Fell To His Death Over London Is Finally Identified |work=[[The Huffington Post]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 6, 2014 |title=The final episode of a stowaway's story |author=Rob Walker |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25576086 |access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|10|26|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[London]]–[[Lagos]]
| [[Airbus A340|Airbus A340-500]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/10/mans-body-found-in-undercarriage-of-nigerian-plane/| title =Man's body found in undercarriage of Nigerian plane|newspaper =[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|04|8|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[Yaoundé]]–[[Paris]] ([[Camair-Co]] flight)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20130409-stowaway-found-dead-cameroon-paris-plane-landing-gear| title =Stowaway found dead in Cameroon-Paris plane landing gear |publisher =RFI| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|06|6|abbr=on}}
| Georgian national, 22 (presumably)
| [[Rimini]]–[[Moscow]] ([[I-Fly]] flight)
| [[Airbus A321]]
| Died<ref name=nbcnews /><ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.mk.ru/daily/hotnews/article/2013/06/06/865934-italyanskiy-zayats-nasmert-zamerzshiy-v-samolete-okazalsya-gruzinom.html| script-title=ru:Итальянский "заяц", насмерть замерзший в самолете, оказался грузином|newspaper =[[Moskovskij Komsomolets]]|language=ru| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|07|18|abbr=on}}
| Hikmet Komur, 32
| [[Istanbul]]–[[London]] (British Airways Flight 675)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died (froze), body found upon arrival at [[Heathrow Airport]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/turkish-stowaway-found-dead-in-heathrow-airline-landing-gear-29433153.html| title =Turkish stowaway found dead in Heathrow airline landing gear|newspaper =[[Belfast Telegraph]]| date=July 19, 2013|access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|07|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Ouagadougou]]–[[Niamey]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] Flight 547)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Died (fell during landing in Niamey)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.utro.ru/articles/2013/07/26/1133796.shtml| script-title=ru:Безбилетник выпал из самолета при посадке |publisher =Utro.ru|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|08|24|abbr=on}}
| Daniel Ihekina, 13/14
| [[Benin City]]–[[Lagos]]
|
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.yahoo.com/teen-survives-flight-aircraft-wheel-nigeria-195500754.html | title=Teen survives flight in aircraft wheel in Nigeria | author=Michelle Faul | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=August 26, 2013 | access-date=February 19, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|01|5|abbr=on}}
| Unknown
| [[Mashhad]]–[[Medina]] (emergency landing due to landing gear failure)
| [[Boeing 767-300ER]]
| Died (body parts fell at an intersection in Mushrefa, [[Jeddah]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-incidents/body-parts-fall-from-sky-in-suspected-stowaway-incident-20140106-30co8.html| title =Body parts fall from sky in suspected stowaway incident|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|02|22|abbr=on}}
| Chris Dikeh, Nigerian national
| [[Dakar]]–[[Washington, D.C.]]
| [[Airbus A340|Airbus A340-300]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.africanspotlight.com/2014/02/27/nigerian-stowaway-found-dead-plane-us/| title =Nigerian stowaway found dead under plane in the US| publisher =AfricanSpotlight| access-date =April 21, 2014| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140903225512/http://africanspotlight.com/2014/02/27/nigerian-stowaway-found-dead-plane-us/| archive-date =September 3, 2014| df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|04|20|abbr=on}}
| Yahya Abdi, Somali national, 16
| [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]–[[Kahului]] ([[Hawaiian Airlines]] Flight 45)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2014/04/21/stow-away-flight/7953325/|title =Teen survives 5-hour flight in jet's wheel well|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date= April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|07|5|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17
| [[Sandefjord]]–[[Amsterdam]] ([[KLM Cityhopper]] flight)
| [[Embraer 190]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/corpse-found-in-wheel-well-of-klm-plane-at-amsterdam-s-schiphol-airport-1.1854173|title=Corpse found in wheel well of KLM plane at Amsterdam's Schiphol airport|date=June 5, 2014|publisher=Associated press/CTV|access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| July 27, 2014
| Unknown male teenager
| [[Mali]] (presumably)–[[Ramstein Air Base]]
| [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/body-young-stowaway-found-us-military-plane-220936705.html|title=Body of young stowaway found in US military plane|date=July 29, 2014|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|access-date=August 1, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| March 14, 2015
| Unidentified male, 40s
| [[Lagos]]–[[New York City]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
| [[Airbus A340-500]]
| Died (the body was presumed to be in the wheel well from March 11, 2015 when the aircraft had its last flight from New York)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201503161421.html|title=Nigeria: After Roundtrip to U.S., Stowaway Dies in Arik Aircraft Wheel|date=March 15, 2015|work=[[AllAfrica.com]]|author=Chinedu Eze|access-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| April 7, 2015
| Mario Steven Ambarita, 21
| [[Pekanbaru]]–[[Jakarta]] ([[Garuda Indonesia]] Flight 177)
| [[Boeing 737-800]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news|url=http://regional.kompas.com/read/2015/04/07/19472581/Kronologi.Pria.Menyelinap.Masuk.ke.Ruang.Roda.Pesawat.Garuda|title=Kronologi Pria Menyelinap Masuk ke Ruang Roda Pesawat Garuda|newspaper=[[Kompas]]|language=id|access-date= April 7, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| June 19, 2015
| Carlito Vale, Mozambican national, 28/29, and Themba Cabeka, 24
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 54)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Vale died (fell during approach, body recovered from a roof in [[Richmond, London|Richmond]]). Cabeka survived with life-changing injuries and has been granted leave to remain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/jan/04/i-passed-out-with-the-lack-of-oxygen-truth-of-heathrow-stowaways-tragic-journey|title='I passed out with the lack of oxygen': truth of Heathrow stowaways' tragic journey|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=January 4, 2021}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/19/europe/london-british-airways-stowaway-dies/index.html|title=Stowaway dies after falling from British Airways plane in London|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=June 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-33196210|title='Plane stowaway' theory probed as body found on Richmond roof|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=June 19, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| September 12, 2015
| Unidentified stowaway
| [[Nairobi]]–[[Amsterdam]] ([[Emirates SkyCargo]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777-200]]
| Died, body discovered upon arrival at [[Schiphol Airport]]<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/12/europe-migrants-stowaway-idUSL5N11I0A820150912|title=Body of stowaway found in cargo plane in Amsterdam|work=[[Reuters]]| date=September 12, 2015| access-date =September 12, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| January 11, 2016
| Unidentified male
| [[São Paulo]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died, body discovered during maintenance operations on the Boeing 777 at [[Orly Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/country-news/Body-found-in-landing-gear-of-plane-at-Paris-airport_572860.html|title=Body found in landing gear of plane at Paris airport|publisher=[[Expatica]]| date=January 11, 2016| access-date =January 11, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| February 14, 2016
| Unidentified man
| [[Munich]]–[[Durban]] ([[Western Global Airlines]] flight)
| [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]]
| Died, body discovered during refuelling at [[Harare International Airport]], Zimbabwe.<ref name=nytimeszimbabwe>New York Times, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/17/world/africa/zimbabwe-owner-of-impounded-jet-says-body-on-board-was-a-stowaway.html Zimbabwe: Owner of Impounded Jet Says Body on Board Was a Stowaway], February 16, 2016</ref><ref>Business Wire, [http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160216006782/en Western Global Airlines Issues Update on Aircraft Situation], February 16, 2016</ref><ref name=voazimbabwe>Voice of America, [https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-politics/3195326.html Impounded US Cargo Aircraft Owners Claim Harare Airport Death Stowaway], February 17, 2016</ref>
|-
| June 7, 2016
| Unidentified male
| [[Dakar]]–[[Brussels]] ([[Brussels Airlines]] Flight 204)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Died, body discovered during regular maintenance at [[Brussels Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/binnenland/1.2676008|title=Lichaam gevonden in landingsgestel vliegtuig|publisher=[[De Redactie]]| date=June 7, 2016| access-date =June 7, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| September 21, 2016
| Unidentified African male
| [[Nigeria]]–[[Jeddah]] ([[Flynas]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died, body discovered in the rear wheel well during regular check at [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/09/stowaways-corpse-saudi-jets-wheel-bay-nigeria-trip/|title=Stowaway's corpse in Saudi jet's wheel bay after Nigeria trip|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=September 21, 2016| access-date =September 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.gdnonline.com/Details/114501/Body-of-African-stowaway-found-in-wheel-of-Flynas-plane |title=Body of African stowaway found in wheel of Flynas plane|publisher=Gulf Digital News|access-date =September 24, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| November 30, 2016
| Unidentified stowaway
| [[Lagos]]–[[Johannesburg]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
| [[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-200]]
| Died, body discovered at the [[O. R. Tambo International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/nigeria-south-africa-stowaway-dies-arik-air-plane/|title=Nigeria to South Africa: Stowaway dies on Arik Air plane|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=December 1, 2016| access-date =December 2, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|August 12, 2017
|Unidentified Dominican male
|[[Santo Domingo]]–[[Miami]] ([[American Airlines]] Flight 1026)
|[[Airbus A321]]
|Survived, was returned to Dominican Republic<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/miami-dade/fl-reg-miami-airport-stowaway-20170815-story.html|title=Stowaway emerges from plane's wheel well after flight lands|agency=Associated Press|work=Sun-Sentinel.com|access-date=August 15, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|-
|January 13, 2018
|Unidentified male
|Honolulu–Japan ([[Delta Air Lines]] flight)
|
|Died, body fell on take-off.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/37280693/security-concerns-grow-after-apparent-stowaway-attempt-at-honolulu-airport/|title=Police: Man who died at airport during apparent stowaway attempt was homeless|last=Kawano|first=Lynn|work=Hawaii News Now|access-date=November 29, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|February 11, 2018
|Unidentified African man
|[[Kinshasa]]–[[Ukunda]] ([[Kenya Airways]] flight)
|
|Died, found after emergency landing at [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.mwakilishi.com/article/kenya-news/2018-02-12/body-of-a-stowaway-recovered-in-a-kenya-airways-flight-from-dr-congo |title=Body of a Stowaway Recovered on a Kenya Airways Flight From DR Congo |publisher=Mwakilishi| date=February 12, 2018| access-date =February 17, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| February 26, 2018
| Marco Vinicio PG, 17, and Luis Manuel Ch. P., 16
| [[Guayaquil]]–[[New York City|New York]] ([[LATAM Airlines Group|LATAM]] Flight 1438)
| [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300]]
| Both died (bodies fell on take off)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.eluniverso.com/guayaquil/2018/02/26/nota/6641857/tress-personas-caen-tren-aterrizaje-nave-aeropuerto-guayaquil |title=Dos personas caen del tren de aterrizaje de nave en el aeropuerto de Guayaquil|newspaper=El Universo| date=February 26, 2018| access-date =February 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2018/02/27/two-stowaways-hid-in-a-planes-landing-gear-and-fell-to-their-death-during-takeoff/|title=Two stowaway teens hid in a plane's landing gear — and fell to their death during takeoff|work=The Washington Post|access-date =July 24, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| August 2018
| Unidentified male
| [[Caracas]]–[[La Fría]]
|
| Died (fell on takeoff from [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Simón Bolívar International Airport]])<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.aex.ru/news/2018/8/15/187237/ |title=В Венесуэле мужчина погиб при попытке улететь в отсеке шасси
|publisher=Aviation EXplorer|language=ru| date=August 15, 2018| access-date =August 29, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|April 13, 2019
|Unidentified male
|[[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport|Pointe-à-Pitre]]–[[Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport|Cayenne]]
([[Air France]] Flight 600)
|[[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]]
|Survived. Homeless man found on the tarmac of the [[Félix Eboué Airport|Félix Éboué Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/guyane/passager-clandestin-train-atterrissage-avion-703128.html|title=Un passager clandestin dans le train d'atterrissage d'un avion|website=Guyane la 1ère|language=fr|access-date=April 29, 2019}}</ref> The flight made a refuelling stop at [[Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport|Fort-de-France]] between Pointe-à-Pitre and Cayenne.
|-
|June 30, 2019
|Paul Manyasi, 29 (identity disputed)
|[[Nairobi]]–[[London]]
([[Kenya Airways]] Flight 100)
|[[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner]]
|Died (froze during the flight and fell from the [[landing gear]] on approach to [[Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow Airport]]. The body fell into a garden in [[Clapham]], one metre away from a sunbathing resident).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-48830212|title=Clapham 'stowaway': Body which 'fell from Kenya flight' found in garden|website=BBC News|access-date=July 1, 2019}}</ref> Following an investigation by [[Sky News]] it is believed that the man was 29-year old Paul Manyasi, an employee of Colnet, a cleaning company contracted by [[Kenya Airports Authority|Kenya Airports Authority (KAA)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/who-was-the-man-who-fell-from-the-sky-11859868|title=Plane stowaway: Who was Kenyan man who fell into London garden?|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> Manyasi's family and friends were shown photographs of the stowaway's belongings alongside an [[E-FIT]]. They confirmed that the E-FIT did bear a resemblance to Manyasi, and recognised his belongings which included a backpack which had his nickname written on it.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Stowaway: Who was the man who fell from the sky?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iiUGEeGDnM|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> Despite this evidence, the findings from Sky News has been disputed by both the KAA and Colnet who both claimed that their records showed that Manyasi was never employed by Colnet, nor did his name appear on any airport staff registers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/stowaway-kenya-authorities-dispute-identity-of-man-who-fell-from-plane-11860606|title=Stowaway: Kenya authorities dispute identity of man who fell from plane|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref>
|-
|September 30, 2019
|Unidentified male
|[[Conakry]]–[[Paris]]
([[Royal Air Maroc]] Flight 526)
|[[Boeing 737-800]]
|Died (froze to death midair).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/10/01/airline-stowaway-found-frozen-to-death-in-jets-landing-gear/|title=Airline stowaway found frozen to death in jet's landing gear|website=New York Post|access-date=October 4, 2019}}</ref>
|-
|January 7, 2020
|Unidentified male
|[[Abidjan]]–[[Paris]]
([[Air France]] Flight 703)
|[[Boeing 777-300]]
|Died (cause unknown; body found in plane's landing gear upon arrival at Paris-[[Charles de Gaulle Airport]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/09/europe/air-france-stowaway-body-intl-scli/index.html|title=Body of stowaway found in Air France plane's landing gear|author1=Saskya Vandoorne |author2=Amy Woodyatt|website=CNN|access-date=January 9, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|February 4, 2021
|Kenyan national, 16
|[[London Stansted]]–[[Maastricht]]
([[Turkish Airlines]] Flight 6305)
|[[Airbus A330]]
|Survived. Was hospitalized but doing reasonably well.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maastricht stowaway a 16 y.o. boy; Doing reasonably well|url=https://nltimes.nl/2021/02/05/maastricht-stowaway-16-yo-boy-reasonably-well|access-date=2021-02-06|website=NL Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Luitwieler|first=Neal|date=2021-02-04|title=Verstekeling aangetroffen in landingsgestel vliegtuig op Maastricht Aachen Airport|url=https://www.luchtvaartnieuws.nl/nieuws/categorie/3/airports/verstekeling-aangetroffen-in-landingsgestel-vliegtuig-op-maastricht-aachen-airport|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Luchtvaartnieuws|language=nl}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:wheel-well stowaway flights}}
[[Category:Flight lists]]
[[Category:Lists of aviation accidents and incidents]]

Wheel-well stowaway

2021-02-06T19:49:16Z

Tangoludwig: Added flight number, aircraft, and airport.

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Boeing 747-230 Schleswig-Holstein 61.JPG|thumb|200px|Wheel well of a [[Boeing 747]]]]
This page lists known flights with [[stowaway]]s, who for various reasons traveled inside the wheel well ([[landing gear]] compartment, also known as wheel bay) of an aircraft. In the United States alone, between 1947 and June 2015, the U.S. [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) had recorded 113 such attempts on 101 flights either departing from or landing in the U.S. Of these 113 people, 86 (76%) died.<ref name=motherboard>Motherboard, [https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkv9pw/the-science-of-stowing-away-in-an-airplane The Science of Stowing Away in an Airplane], June 20, 2015</ref>

In other instances, stowaways traveled either in a [[cargo hold]]<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/stowaway-found-aboard-emirates-flight-china-dubai-n583751|title=Stowaway Found Aboard Emirates Flight From China to Dubai|publisher=NBC News| date=June 1, 2016| access-date =August 6, 2017}}</ref> or in a spare parts compartment,<ref>{{cite web | url =http://allafrica.com/stories/201707140056.html|title=Nigeria: Stowaways and Their Desperation to Leave Nigeria|publisher=allAfrica| date=July 14, 2017| access-date =August 6, 2017}}</ref> both of which are [[Cabin pressurization|pressurized]]. Those incidents are excluded.

Wheel well stowaways face considerable danger during [[takeoff]], [[Cruise (aeronautics)|cruise]], and [[landing]]. Immediately after takeoff, the landing gear retracts into the wheel wells, potentially crushing the stowaway.<ref name=mostdie>USA Today, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/04/21/stowaway-planes-hawaii/7957357/ FAA: Most plane stowaways in wheel well die], April 21, 2014</ref> During flight at altitudes above approximately {{convert|2,500|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, [[hypothermia]] becomes a risk and reduced [[atmospheric pressure]] and [[partial pressure of oxygen]] may impair physiological processes.<ref name="FSF">{{cite web | url =http://flightsafety.org/hf/hf_may-jun97.pdf|title=Wheel-well Stowaways Risk Lethal Levels of Hypoxia and Hypothermia|publisher=[[Flight Safety Foundation]]| date=May–June 1997| access-date =June 15, 2015}}</ref> At all [[cruising altitude]]s of [[jet aircraft]], the partial pressure of oxygen in a wheel well is below that required to support brain consciousness.<ref name="FSF" /> At altitudes above {{convert|6,000|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, stowaways may also develop [[decompression sickness]] and nitrogen [[Air embolism|gas embolism]].<ref name="FSF" /> Temperatures also decrease with altitude, and may drop as low as {{convert|-63|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref name="FSF" /> As the plane descends to lower altitudes, a gradual rewarming and reoxygenation occur;<ref name="FSF" /> however, if the stowaway does not regain consciousness and mobility by the time the landing gear is lowered during final approach, or has already died, the body may fall from the aircraft.<ref name="motherboard" /> According to the FAA, it is likely that the number of stowaways is higher than records show due to bodies having fallen into the ocean.<ref name="cbsnews">CBS News, [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/questions-abound-over-teen-stowaways-miracle-flight/ Questions abound over teen stowaway's "miracle" flight], April 21, 2014</ref>

In at least one instance, on July 31, 2013, a cat survived a flight from [[Athens]] to [[Zürich]] in the front undercarriage of an [[Airbus A321]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thelocal.ch/20130802/stowaway-cat-survives-flight-from-athens| title =Stowaway cat survives flight from Athens |website =[[The Local]]|date=August 2, 2013| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>

==Known List==
{{Inc-transport|date=September 2017}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date
! Stowaway(s)
! Flight
! Aircraft
! Stowaway's fate
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1946|08|07|abbr=on}}
| Bas Wie, 12
| [[Kupang]]–[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]]
| [[Douglas DC-3]]
| Survived, naturalised in Australia in 1958 and married<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-17/the-kupang-kid/6542742|title=The Kupang Kid: Orphaned boy who risked life to come to Australia as stowaway in 1946|author=Louise Maher|publisher=[[ABC Online]]| date=June 17, 2015| access-date =June 17, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1947|08|05|abbr=on}}
| Male, 30
| [[Lisbon]]–[[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]]
| [[Douglas DC-3]]
| Survived<ref name="faa">{{cite web | url =http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1990s/media/AM96-25.pdf| title =Survival at High Altitudes: Wheel-Well Passengers|publisher =[[FAA]]|date=October 1996| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1960|09|09|abbr=on}}
|Daniel Melo, 16
|[[Santa Maria Airport (Azores)|Santa Maria]]-[[L.F. Wade International Airport|Bermuda]]
|[[Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation]]
|Survived, caught by [[Linea Aeropostal Venezolana|LAV]]'s ground team and deported.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avozdeportugal.com/oacoriano/arquivos/2016/2016-04.pdf|title=O Furnense que Viajou para os Eua num Trem De Um Avião}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|09|28|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Mexico City]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Survived at 34,000 ft<ref name="faa"/><ref>"Viaja de Bogota a Mexico en el 'Tren' de un Jet", ''El Tiempo'' (Bogota, Colombia), September 28, 1966, p30</ref><ref>"Tells 4-Hour Ride in Jet's Wheel Well", ''Chicago Tribune'', September 28, 1966, p1</ref><ref>"Rugged Mexican Boy Survives Trip in Jet's Wheel Well", ''Abilene (TX) Reporter-News'', September 28, 1966</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|04|18|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified man, about 24
| [[Moscow]]–[[Paris]]
| [[Sud Aviation Caravelle]]
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/18/1966-moscow-paris-stowaway-dies/ |title=1966: Moscow-Paris Stowaway Dies|work=[[International Herald Tribune]] | date=April 18, 2016| access-date =April 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/oxnard-press-courier-apr-18-1966-p-10/|title=Oxnard Press Courier Archives, Apr 18, 1966, p. 10|website=newspaperarchive.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|04|19|abbr=on}}
| Unknown youth, 20/21
| [[Orly]]–[[Morocco]]
| [[Sud Aviation Caravelle]]
| Died (froze)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1969|06|04|abbr=on}}
| Armando Socarras Ramírez, 17, Jorge Pérez Blanco, 16
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]] ([[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] Flight 904)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Socarras survived, Pérez died<ref>{{cite book| title =Desperate Journeys, Abandoned Souls: True Stories of Castaways and Other Survivors| publisher =Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| year =1998| page =[https://archive.org/details/desperatejourney00edwa/page/469 469]| isbn =0395911508| url =https://archive.org/details/desperatejourney00edwa/page/469}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1969|07|26|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17 and a second unknown
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]]
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| One survived, second fell to death<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1970|02|22|abbr=on}}
| Keith Sapsford, 14
| [[Sydney]]–[[Tokyo]] ([[Japan Airlines]] flight)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Sapsford fell to his death after the landing gear doors opened underneath him as the gear retracted, falling from {{convert|200|ft|m}} during the take off sequence.<ref name="faa"/> His fatal fall was inadvertently captured by amateur photographer John Gilpin and the photograph was published in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=MDQ-9Oe3GGUC&dat=19700223&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "Death dive from Sydney airliner"], ''The Age'' (Melbourne), February 23, 1970, p1</ref><ref name=salon>Salon, [http://www.salon.com/2010/12/14/stowaways/ The boy who fell to earth], December 14, 2010</ref><ref name=unusualdeaths>Unusual Deaths, [http://unusualdeaths.com/2016/05/24/the-boy-who-fell-out-of-a-japan-airlines-jet/ The Boy Who Fell Out of a Japan Airlines Jet], May 24, 2016</ref><ref name=nbcnews>NBC News, [https://www.nbcnews.com/business/travel/dead-wheel-well-stowaway-went-undiscovered-7-flights-f6C10287982 Dead wheel-well stowaway went undiscovered for 7 flights], June 12, 2013</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1970|06|21|abbr=on}}
| Male, 13
| [[Lyon]]–[[Abidjan]]
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Died (fell at Abidjan when landing gear lowered)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1972|4|14|abbr=on}}
| Male, 18
| [[San Diego]]–[[New York City]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Died (froze)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1975|3|23|abbr=on}}
| Unknown youth
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Miami]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Died (fell)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1986|11|14|abbr=on}}
| Male, 35
| [[Panama (city)|Panama]]–[[Miami]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Survived at {{convert|39000|ft|m}}<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1990|2|19|abbr=on}}
| Two men from Trinidad
| [[Trinidad]]–[[Toronto]]
| [[BWIA West Indies Airways]] [[Lockheed L1011]]
| Both survived 5 hour flight<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airliners.net/forum/?id=713046|title=Airliners.net - Aviation Forums|website=www.airliners.net}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|3|15|abbr=on}}
| Shamsul Ramli, 17
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]–[[Johannesburg]] ([[Malaysia Airlines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died. Body found in the 747's wheel well at Johannesburg Airport on arrival.<ref>http://www.searcct.gov.my/publications/our-publications?id=38</ref>
|-
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|6|4|abbr=on}}
| [[Juan Carlos Guzmán-Betancourt]], 17
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Miami]] (Arca Airline flight)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Survived at 35,000 ft, but frosted<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|8|4|abbr=on}}
| Male, 19
| [[Bogotá]]–[[New York City]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died<ref name="fs">{{cite web | url =http://flightsafety.org/hf/hf_may-jun97.pdf| title =Wheel-well Stowaway Flights |publisher =[[Flight Safety Foundation]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1995}}
| Unknown migrant worker
| To [[Shanghai]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (froze and fell during landing at [[Pudong International Airport]])<ref name="chinadaily">{{cite news | url =http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-05/25/content_445697.htm| title =Boy hiding in gear compartment killed |newspaper =[[China Daily]]|author=Cao Desheng| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1996|8|2|abbr=on}}
| Two Mongolian boys, about 9 and 12

| [[Ulan Bator]]–[[Kadena Air Base]]
| [[U.S. Air Force]] [[Lockheed C-141 Starlifter#C-141B|Lockheed C-141B]]
| 12-year-old died declared dead after discovery. Other child died two days later.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1996/Two-Mongolian-Boys-One-Dead-Found-on-U-S-Air-Force-Flight/id-dedba952bf78dfe5fb76986510fbe542| title =Two Mongolian Boys, One Dead, Found on U.S. Air Force Flight |publisher =[[Associated Press]]| access-date =April 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/08/04/Stowaway-boys-die-in-US-military-plane/6915839131200/| title =Stowaway boys die in US Military Plane |publisher =[[UPI]]| access-date =January 10, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1996|10|14|abbr=on}}
| Pardeep Saini, 22, Vijay Saini, 19
| [[New Delhi]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Pardeep survived in the nose wheel well at 35,000 ft,<ref name="fs"/> Vijay died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/22/travel/successful-stowaways/| title =5 stowaway attempts that didn't end tragically|publisher =[[CNN]]| access-date =April 25, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1997|3|22|abbr=on}}
| Male, adolescent
| [[Nairobi]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (crushed in nosewheel well)<ref name="fs"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998}}
| Trevor Jacobs, 30
| [[Antigua]]–[[Trinidad]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas MD-80]]
| Died (Trevor Jacobs was wanted on several criminal charges, including kidnapping)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19981223&slug=2790535|title=Business | Norwegian Mother Goes To Jail For Giving Son An Illegal Name | Seattle Times Newspaper|website=community.seattletimes.nwsource.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|2|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Baku]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 2028)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died, body discovered upon arrival at [[Gatwick Airport]] on February 8<ref>{{cite news | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/54651.stm| title =Body found in plane undercarriage|publisher =[[BBC]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|6|28|abbr=on}}
| Chinese male, 23
| [[Shanghai]]–[[Tokyo]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Survived, but hospitalized in critical condition<ref>{{cite news | url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19980803&id=3bZOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5843,1132422| title =Stowaway survives flight |newspaper =[[Star-News]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|9|14|abbr=on}}
| Emilio Dominguez, 23
| [[San Pedro Sula]]–[[Miami]] ([[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] Flight 6130)
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]]
| Survived at 33,000 ft, traveled seeking work,<ref>{{cite news | url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19980915&id=A91PAAAAIBAJ&pg=4644,8880265| title =Stowaway survives Honduras-to-Miami flight at 33,000 feet |newspaper =[[Ocala Star-Banner]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref> but was returned to Honduras
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1999|6|28|abbr=on}}
| [[Yaguine Koita and Fodé Tounkara]], 14 and 13
| [[Conakry]]–[[Brussels]] ([[Sabena]] Flight 520)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Both died (froze)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://articles.latimes.com/2000/mar/19/news/mn-10355| title =For a Pair of African Stowaways, Only Europe Held Hope of a Future|newspaper =[[Los Angeles Times]]|authors=Tim Sullivan, Raf Casert| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2000|8|4|abbr=on}}
| Fidel Maruhi, 24
| [[Papeete]]–[[Los Angeles]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] Flight 71)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Survived at 38,000 ft.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=96267| title =Stowaway Found Alive in Jet's Wheel Well|publisher =[[ABC News]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref> Discovered during a refueling stopover in Los Angeles, Maruhi later told, that the main motive behind his travel to France was to "shake hands" with [[Zinedine Zidane]].<ref>{{cite news| url =http://pidp.org/archive/2000/September/09-08-07.htm| title =Tahitian Stowaway to Los Angeles Found Guilty| publisher =Pacific Islands Development Program| access-date =April 22, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140424210736/http://pidp.org/archive/2000/September/09-08-07.htm| archive-date =April 24, 2014| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = J'ai vu le train d'atterrissage se fermer sous moi |url = http://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/j-ai-vu-le-train-d-atterrissage-se-fermer-sous-moi-15-08-2000-2001565734.php|access-date = September 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name=slate>Slate, [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/12/do_jet_stowaways_ever_survive.html Do Jet Stowaways Ever Survive?], December 31, 2003</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|6|abbr=on}}
| Mohammed Ayaz, 21
| [[Muharraq]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died (traveled to London due to job hardships in Pakistan and Bahrain)<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/18/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices| title =The man who fell to earth |newspaper =[[The Guardian]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|8|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[London]]–[[New York City]] ([[American Airlines]] Flight 131)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died (fell from {{convert|1500|ft|m}} on approach to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/09/nyregion/stowaway-fell-from-jet-near-airport-police-say.html| title = Stowaway Fell From Jet Near Airport, Police Say |newspaper =[[The New York Times]]|author=Al Baker| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|9|abbr=on}}
| Mikhail Semenyaga, 24
| [[Perm, Russia|Perm]]–[[Yekaterinburg]]–[[Frankfurt]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url =http://www.nr2.ru/ekb/13_30013.html/print/|script-title =ru:Труп в самолете «Люфтганзы» – пермяк или екатеринбуржец?|publisher =NR2|language =ru|access-date =April 24, 2014|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140424125058/http://www.nr2.ru/ekb/13_30013.html/print/|archive-date =April 24, 2014|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|12|24|abbr=on}}
| Alberto Rodriguez, 15, Maikel Almira, 16
| [[Havana]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Both died (planned on hiding on a flight to [[Miami]])<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/mar/21/cuba.immigration| title = Error that cost the lives of teenage Cuban stowaways|newspaper =[[The Guardian]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|7|abbr=on}}
| Cameroonian male, 34
| [[Rio de Janeiro]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] flight)
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.africareview.com/News/Cameroonian-stowaway-dies-on-Paris-flight/-/979180/1743584/-/2n9785/-/index.html| title = Cameroonian stowaway dies on Paris-bound flight|publisher =Africa Review| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|12|abbr=on}}
| Victor Alvarez Molina, 24
| [[Havana]]–[[Montreal]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]
| Survived, received refugee status in Canada<ref name=slate /><ref name="usatoday">{{cite news | url =http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/flights/2007-07-20-united-body_N.htm| title =Body found in wheel well of United 747 jumbojet |newspaper =[[USA Today]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|12|5|abbr=on}}
| Two boys, 12 and 14
| [[Accra]]–[[London]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]
| Both died<ref>{{cite news |author=Gary Jones| url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/FROZEN+STOWAWAYS%3B+Lax+security+blamed+after+2+boys+die+in+jet...-a094967415| title =Frozen Stowaways; Lax security blamed after 2 boys die in jet undercarriage |newspaper =[[Daily Mirror]]|date=December 6, 2002| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|1|11|abbr=on}}
| Mariano Alexis Herrera-Ba, [[Punta Cana International Airport]] technician
| [[Punta Cana]]–[[Toronto]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://lenta.ru/world/2003/01/11/body| script-title=ru:В отсеке шасси самолета найден труп безбилетника |publisher =[[Lenta.ru]]|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|1|23|abbr=on}}
| Two unidentified men
| [[Paris]]–[[Shanghai]] ([[Air France]] Flight 112)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Both died (fell on approach to [[Pudong International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Jan/54359.htm| title =Two Foreigners Fall Dead from Plane in Shanghai |publisher =[[China Internet Information Center]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|2|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Mali]] or [[Gabon]]–[[Paris]]?
|
| Died (fell near Paris)<ref name="ltt">{{cite book | title =Living Through Terror| publisher =Routledge | year =2013 | page =154 | isbn =978-1317982340}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|3|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 19
| To [[Frankfurt]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20030327/357047.html| script-title=ru:В Германии обнаружено тело россиянина, погибшего при попытке "зайцем" долететь до Франкфурта-на-Майне|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 26, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|12|24|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, about 25
| [[Montego Bay]]–[[New York City]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Body+found+in+wheel+well+of+American+Airlines+aircraft.-a0111706092| title =Body found in wheel well of American Airlines aircraft |publisher =Airline Industry Information| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|12|30|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 30s
| [[Lagos]]–[[London]]–[[New York City]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 117)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (body found upon arrival at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BODY+FIND+ON+BA+JET.-a0111780486| title =Body Find On BA Jet |newspaper =[[Daily Mirror]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|7|21|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 20
| [[Dominican Republic]]–[[Düsseldorf]]
|
| Died (froze)<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|10|22|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 20s
| [[Miami]]–[[Detroit]]
| [[Boeing 737]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Stowaway found dead in wheel well of jet after Detroit landing|url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/102304/nat_1023040067.shtml|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal|date=October 23, 2004}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Body+of+man+discovered+in+aircraft%27s+wheel+well.-a0123512808| title =Body of man discovered in aircraft's wheel well |publisher =Airline Industry Information| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|11|abbr=on}}
| Liang Kailong, 14, Su Qing, 13
| [[Kunming]]–[[Chongqing]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Liang survived, Su died (fell shortly after takeoff)<ref name="chinadaily"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|16|abbr=on}}
| Unknown
| [[Mali]]–[[Paris]]
|
| Died<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|30|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
|
|
| Died (fell, body found in Louvain)<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2005|05|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown boy, about 10
| [[Dunhuang]]–[[Lanzhou]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref name="chinadaily"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2005|06|7|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Dakar]]–[[New York City]] ([[South African Airways]] Flight 203)
| [[Airbus A340]]<ref>{{cite news|title=South African Officials 'Mystified' At Stowaway Reports|url=http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=73455d1a-ce75-45aa-9495-be3116bc7cf1|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Aero News|date=June 8, 2008}}</ref>
| Died (crushed on approach to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://articles.latimes.com/2005/jun/08/nation/na-stowaway8| title =Stowaway's Leg Falls From Jet|newspaper =[[Los Angeles Times]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|12|abbr=on}}
| Male
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Dakar]]–[[Atlanta]] ([[Delta Air Lines]] Flight 35)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died (frozen and crushed)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.cbsnews.com/news/stowaways-body-found-in-delta-jet/| title =Stowaway's Body Found In Delta Jet |publisher =[[CBS News]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|15|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified
| [[Banjul]]–[[Dakar]]–[[Brussels]]
| [[Airbus A330-300]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wastnage|first1=Justin|title=SN Brussels engineers find dead body in A330 wheel well after flight from Dakar, second this weekend after Friday identical Delta 767 incident|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sn-brussels-engineers-find-dead-body-in-a-wheel-well-after-flight-from-dakar-second-this-weekend-after-friday-identical-delta-incident-211556/|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Flightglobal|date=January 15, 2007}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://allafrica.com/stories/200701180109.html| title =Gambia: In SN Brussels Aircraft Incident Belgian Authorities Mount Investigation |publisher =[[allAfrica.com]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|28|abbr=on}}
| Samuel Peter Benjamin, 17
| [[Singapore]]–[[Vancouver]]–[[Hong Kong]]–[[Cape Town]]–[[London]]–[[Los Angeles]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died in the front wheel well, presumably after hitching the aircraft in his hometown Cape Town on January 22, body discovered in Los Angeles<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1541417/Body-may-have-been-week-on-plane.html| title =Body 'may have been week on plane'|newspaper =[[The Daily Telegraph]]|author=Catherine Elsworth|access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|07|19|abbr=on}}
| Asian, 50s
| [[Shanghai]]–[[San Francisco]] ([[United Airlines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (in the nose gear wheel well)<ref name="usatoday"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|09|21|abbr=on}}
| Andrey Shcherbakov, 15
| [[Perm, Russia|Perm]]–[[Moscow]]
| [[Boeing 737]]
| Survived, but suffered severe frostbite<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20070924/80658076.html| title =Подросток пролетел в крыле Boeing-737 из Перми до "Внуково"|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|10|12|abbr=on}}
| Osama R.M. Shublaq, Palestinian
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]–[[Singapore]] ([[Singapore Airlines]] Flight 119)
| [[Boeing 777-200]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news| url =http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20071012-29740.html| title =Stowaway survives SIA flight from KL hidden in wheel well| work =[[AsiaOne]]| access-date =April 24, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160413231607/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20071012-29740.html| archive-date =April 13, 2016| url-status =dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|10|21|abbr=on}}
| Ilgar Ashumov, 15
| [[Baku]]–[[Moscow]]
|
| Died on approach to [[Domodedovo International Airport]], body found 12 km from the airport<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.gazeta.ru/social/2007/10/30/2276251.shtml| script-title=ru:«Зачем воспитанному мальчику российская столица»|publisher =[[Gazeta.ru]]|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2009|08|9|abbr=on}}
| Filipp Yurchenko, 19
| [[Irkutsk]]–[[Khabarovsk]]–[[Vladivostok]] ([[Vladivostok Avia]] Flight 486)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/society/20090813/180706111.html| script-title=ru:Прокуратура устанавливает, как погибший мужчина попал в шасси самолета |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|02|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[New York City]]–[[Narita, Chiba|Narita]] ([[Delta Air Lines]] Flight 59)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/world/20100208/208156129.html| script-title=ru:Японская полиция выясняет, как мужчина попал в шасси борта из США |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|02|18|abbr=on}}
| Unknown Dominican male
| [[Santo Domingo]]–[[Miami]] ([[Amerijet]] flight)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died (fell during takeoff)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20100219/209896777.html| script-title=ru:Безбилетник погиб в нише для шасси самолета в аэропорту Доминиканы|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|03|abbr=on}}
| Okechukwu Okeke, Nigerian
| [[Lagos]] to the United States ([[Delta Air Lines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died in the nose wheel well<ref name="NTribune">{{cite news| url =http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/features/item/31324-nigerian-stowaways-when-youths-reach-end-of-their-dreams-so-soon| title =Nigerian stowaways: When youths reach end of their dreams so soon...| work =[[Nigerian Tribune]]| date =March 8, 2015| access-date =March 8, 2015| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123350/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/features/item/31324-nigerian-stowaways-when-youths-reach-end-of-their-dreams-so-soon| archive-date =April 2, 2015| df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|04|abbr=on}}
| Unknown African male
| To [[Zürich]]
|
| Died (fell after landing gear was lowered on approach to Zürich, body found in [[Weisslingen]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/world/20100506/231336199.html| script-title=ru:Нелегальный мигрант погиб на пути в Швейцарию, выпав из отсека шасси |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|06|06|abbr=on}}
| Romanian male, 20
| [[Vienna]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10280238| title =Romanian stowaway found at Heathrow freed after caution|publisher =[[BBC]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|07|9|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Beirut]]–[[Riyadh]] ([[Nasair]] flight)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|title=Stowaway's body found in plane's landing gear|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/stowaways-body-found-in-planes-landing-gear/story-e6frfq80-1225890680713|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=News.com.au|agency=AFP|date=July 12, 2010}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|09|10|abbr=on}}
| Nigerian national
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Lagos]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
|
| Died (crushed)<ref name="NTribune"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|11|2|abbr=on}}
| Roman Sorokovikov, 16
| [[Yerbogachen]]–[[Kirensk]]
| [[Antonov An-24]]
| Survived, but planned to reach [[Irkutsk]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://izvestia.ru/news/480314| script-title=ru:В Иркутской области подросток совершил перелет в отсеке шасси Ан-24|newspaper =[[Izvestia]]|language=ru| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|11|15|abbr=on}}
| Delvonte Tisdale, 16
| [[Charlotte]]–[[Boston]] ([[US Airways]] Flight 1776)
| [[Boeing 737]]
| Died (possible fatal injury inside wheel well from landing gear, fell on approach to Boston)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://clclt.com/charlotte/the-last-days-of-delvonte-tisdale/Content?oid=2177028 |title= The Last Days of Delvonte Tisdale |publisher=[[Creative Loafing|Creative Loafing Charlotte]]| access-date =February 22, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2011|01|15|abbr=on}}
| Qasim Siddique
| [[Lahore]]–[[Dubai]] ([[Airblue]] flight)
|
| Died (fell shortly after takeoff)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://tribune.com.pk/story/105606/stowaway-case-body-identified-as-9th-grade-student/|title=Stowaway case: Body identified as 9th grade student|work=[[The Express Tribune]]| date=January 18, 2011| access-date =June 30, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2011|07|13|abbr=on}}
| Adonis Guerrero Barrios, 23
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]]
| [[Airbus A340]]<ref>{{cite news|title=El cadáver de Adonis volverá a Cuba|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/07/22/actualidad/1311322620_850215.html|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=El País|date=July 22, 2011|language=es}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://news.travel.aol.com/2011/07/14/dead-cuban-stowaway-found-in-iberia-plane-landing-gear/| title =Dead Cuban Stowaway Found in Iberia Plane Landing Gear |publisher =[[AOL]]|date=July 14, 2011| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|07|26|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[Cape Town]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://travel.usatoday.com/flights/post/2012/08/stowaway-found-in-landing-gear-of-british-airways-747/831689/1| title =Apparent stowaway found in landing gear of British Airways 747 |newspaper =[[USA Today]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|09|09|abbr=on}}
| Jose Matada, 27
| [[Luanda]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walker|first1=Peter|title=Man found dead on London street 'was probably stowaway who fell from plane'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/apr/25/man-street-stowaway-fell-plane|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=The Guardian|date=April 25, 2013}}</ref>
| Died (fell)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/04/11/heathrow-stowaway-jose-_n_3061644.html| title = Heathrow Stowaway, Jose Matada, Who Fell To His Death Over London Is Finally Identified |work=[[The Huffington Post]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 6, 2014 |title=The final episode of a stowaway's story |author=Rob Walker |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25576086 |access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|10|26|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[London]]–[[Lagos]]
| [[Airbus A340|Airbus A340-500]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/10/mans-body-found-in-undercarriage-of-nigerian-plane/| title =Man's body found in undercarriage of Nigerian plane|newspaper =[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|04|8|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[Yaoundé]]–[[Paris]] ([[Camair-Co]] flight)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20130409-stowaway-found-dead-cameroon-paris-plane-landing-gear| title =Stowaway found dead in Cameroon-Paris plane landing gear |publisher =RFI| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|06|6|abbr=on}}
| Georgian national, 22 (presumably)
| [[Rimini]]–[[Moscow]] ([[I-Fly]] flight)
| [[Airbus A321]]
| Died<ref name=nbcnews /><ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.mk.ru/daily/hotnews/article/2013/06/06/865934-italyanskiy-zayats-nasmert-zamerzshiy-v-samolete-okazalsya-gruzinom.html| script-title=ru:Итальянский "заяц", насмерть замерзший в самолете, оказался грузином|newspaper =[[Moskovskij Komsomolets]]|language=ru| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|07|18|abbr=on}}
| Hikmet Komur, 32
| [[Istanbul]]–[[London]] (British Airways Flight 675)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died (froze), body found upon arrival at [[Heathrow Airport]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/turkish-stowaway-found-dead-in-heathrow-airline-landing-gear-29433153.html| title =Turkish stowaway found dead in Heathrow airline landing gear|newspaper =[[Belfast Telegraph]]| date=July 19, 2013|access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|07|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Ouagadougou]]–[[Niamey]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] Flight 547)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Died (fell during landing in Niamey)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.utro.ru/articles/2013/07/26/1133796.shtml| script-title=ru:Безбилетник выпал из самолета при посадке |publisher =Utro.ru|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|08|24|abbr=on}}
| Daniel Ihekina, 13/14
| [[Benin City]]–[[Lagos]]
|
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.yahoo.com/teen-survives-flight-aircraft-wheel-nigeria-195500754.html | title=Teen survives flight in aircraft wheel in Nigeria | author=Michelle Faul | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=August 26, 2013 | access-date=February 19, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|01|5|abbr=on}}
| Unknown
| [[Mashhad]]–[[Medina]] (emergency landing due to landing gear failure)
| [[Boeing 767-300ER]]
| Died (body parts fell at an intersection in Mushrefa, [[Jeddah]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-incidents/body-parts-fall-from-sky-in-suspected-stowaway-incident-20140106-30co8.html| title =Body parts fall from sky in suspected stowaway incident|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|02|22|abbr=on}}
| Chris Dikeh, Nigerian national
| [[Dakar]]–[[Washington, D.C.]]
| [[Airbus A340|Airbus A340-300]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.africanspotlight.com/2014/02/27/nigerian-stowaway-found-dead-plane-us/| title =Nigerian stowaway found dead under plane in the US| publisher =AfricanSpotlight| access-date =April 21, 2014| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140903225512/http://africanspotlight.com/2014/02/27/nigerian-stowaway-found-dead-plane-us/| archive-date =September 3, 2014| df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|04|20|abbr=on}}
| Yahya Abdi, Somali national, 16
| [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]–[[Kahului]] ([[Hawaiian Airlines]] Flight 45)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2014/04/21/stow-away-flight/7953325/|title =Teen survives 5-hour flight in jet's wheel well|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date= April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|07|5|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17
| [[Sandefjord]]–[[Amsterdam]] ([[KLM Cityhopper]] flight)
| [[Embraer 190]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/corpse-found-in-wheel-well-of-klm-plane-at-amsterdam-s-schiphol-airport-1.1854173|title=Corpse found in wheel well of KLM plane at Amsterdam's Schiphol airport|date=June 5, 2014|publisher=Associated press/CTV|access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| July 27, 2014
| Unknown male teenager
| [[Mali]] (presumably)–[[Ramstein Air Base]]
| [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/body-young-stowaway-found-us-military-plane-220936705.html|title=Body of young stowaway found in US military plane|date=July 29, 2014|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|access-date=August 1, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| March 14, 2015
| Unidentified male, 40s
| [[Lagos]]–[[New York City]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
| [[Airbus A340-500]]
| Died (the body was presumed to be in the wheel well from March 11, 2015 when the aircraft had its last flight from New York)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201503161421.html|title=Nigeria: After Roundtrip to U.S., Stowaway Dies in Arik Aircraft Wheel|date=March 15, 2015|work=[[AllAfrica.com]]|author=Chinedu Eze|access-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| April 7, 2015
| Mario Steven Ambarita, 21
| [[Pekanbaru]]–[[Jakarta]] ([[Garuda Indonesia]] Flight 177)
| [[Boeing 737-800]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news|url=http://regional.kompas.com/read/2015/04/07/19472581/Kronologi.Pria.Menyelinap.Masuk.ke.Ruang.Roda.Pesawat.Garuda|title=Kronologi Pria Menyelinap Masuk ke Ruang Roda Pesawat Garuda|newspaper=[[Kompas]]|language=id|access-date= April 7, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| June 19, 2015
| Carlito Vale, Mozambican national, 28/29, and Themba Cabeka, 24
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 54)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Vale died (fell during approach, body recovered from a roof in [[Richmond, London|Richmond]]). Cabeka survived with life-changing injuries and has been granted leave to remain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/jan/04/i-passed-out-with-the-lack-of-oxygen-truth-of-heathrow-stowaways-tragic-journey|title='I passed out with the lack of oxygen': truth of Heathrow stowaways' tragic journey|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=January 4, 2021}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/19/europe/london-british-airways-stowaway-dies/index.html|title=Stowaway dies after falling from British Airways plane in London|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=June 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-33196210|title='Plane stowaway' theory probed as body found on Richmond roof|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=June 19, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| September 12, 2015
| Unidentified stowaway
| [[Nairobi]]–[[Amsterdam]] ([[Emirates SkyCargo]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777-200]]
| Died, body discovered upon arrival at [[Schiphol Airport]]<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/12/europe-migrants-stowaway-idUSL5N11I0A820150912|title=Body of stowaway found in cargo plane in Amsterdam|work=[[Reuters]]| date=September 12, 2015| access-date =September 12, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| January 11, 2016
| Unidentified male
| [[São Paulo]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died, body discovered during maintenance operations on the Boeing 777 at [[Orly Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/country-news/Body-found-in-landing-gear-of-plane-at-Paris-airport_572860.html|title=Body found in landing gear of plane at Paris airport|publisher=[[Expatica]]| date=January 11, 2016| access-date =January 11, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| February 14, 2016
| Unidentified man
| [[Munich]]–[[Durban]] ([[Western Global Airlines]] flight)
| [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]]
| Died, body discovered during refuelling at [[Harare International Airport]], Zimbabwe.<ref name=nytimeszimbabwe>New York Times, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/17/world/africa/zimbabwe-owner-of-impounded-jet-says-body-on-board-was-a-stowaway.html Zimbabwe: Owner of Impounded Jet Says Body on Board Was a Stowaway], February 16, 2016</ref><ref>Business Wire, [http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160216006782/en Western Global Airlines Issues Update on Aircraft Situation], February 16, 2016</ref><ref name=voazimbabwe>Voice of America, [https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-politics/3195326.html Impounded US Cargo Aircraft Owners Claim Harare Airport Death Stowaway], February 17, 2016</ref>
|-
| June 7, 2016
| Unidentified male
| [[Dakar]]–[[Brussels]] ([[Brussels Airlines]] Flight 204)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Died, body discovered during regular maintenance at [[Brussels Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/binnenland/1.2676008|title=Lichaam gevonden in landingsgestel vliegtuig|publisher=[[De Redactie]]| date=June 7, 2016| access-date =June 7, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| September 21, 2016
| Unidentified African male
| [[Nigeria]]–[[Jeddah]] ([[Flynas]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died, body discovered in the rear wheel well during regular check at [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/09/stowaways-corpse-saudi-jets-wheel-bay-nigeria-trip/|title=Stowaway's corpse in Saudi jet's wheel bay after Nigeria trip|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=September 21, 2016| access-date =September 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.gdnonline.com/Details/114501/Body-of-African-stowaway-found-in-wheel-of-Flynas-plane |title=Body of African stowaway found in wheel of Flynas plane|publisher=Gulf Digital News|access-date =September 24, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| November 30, 2016
| Unidentified stowaway
| [[Lagos]]–[[Johannesburg]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
| [[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-200]]
| Died, body discovered at the [[O. R. Tambo International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/nigeria-south-africa-stowaway-dies-arik-air-plane/|title=Nigeria to South Africa: Stowaway dies on Arik Air plane|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=December 1, 2016| access-date =December 2, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|August 12, 2017
|Unidentified Dominican male
|[[Santo Domingo]]–[[Miami]] ([[American Airlines]] Flight 1026)
|[[Airbus A321]]
|Survived, was returned to Dominican Republic<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/miami-dade/fl-reg-miami-airport-stowaway-20170815-story.html|title=Stowaway emerges from plane's wheel well after flight lands|agency=Associated Press|work=Sun-Sentinel.com|access-date=August 15, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|-
|January 13, 2018
|Unidentified male
|Honolulu–Japan ([[Delta Air Lines]] flight)
|
|Died, body fell on take-off.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/37280693/security-concerns-grow-after-apparent-stowaway-attempt-at-honolulu-airport/|title=Police: Man who died at airport during apparent stowaway attempt was homeless|last=Kawano|first=Lynn|work=Hawaii News Now|access-date=November 29, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|February 11, 2018
|Unidentified African man
|[[Kinshasa]]–[[Ukunda]] ([[Kenya Airways]] flight)
|
|Died, found after emergency landing at [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.mwakilishi.com/article/kenya-news/2018-02-12/body-of-a-stowaway-recovered-in-a-kenya-airways-flight-from-dr-congo |title=Body of a Stowaway Recovered on a Kenya Airways Flight From DR Congo |publisher=Mwakilishi| date=February 12, 2018| access-date =February 17, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| February 26, 2018
| Marco Vinicio PG, 17, and Luis Manuel Ch. P., 16
| [[Guayaquil]]–[[New York City|New York]] ([[LATAM Airlines Group|LATAM]] Flight 1438)
| [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300]]
| Both died (bodies fell on take off)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.eluniverso.com/guayaquil/2018/02/26/nota/6641857/tress-personas-caen-tren-aterrizaje-nave-aeropuerto-guayaquil |title=Dos personas caen del tren de aterrizaje de nave en el aeropuerto de Guayaquil|newspaper=El Universo| date=February 26, 2018| access-date =February 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2018/02/27/two-stowaways-hid-in-a-planes-landing-gear-and-fell-to-their-death-during-takeoff/|title=Two stowaway teens hid in a plane's landing gear — and fell to their death during takeoff|work=The Washington Post|access-date =July 24, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| August 2018
| Unidentified male
| [[Caracas]]–[[La Fría]]
|
| Died (fell on takeoff from [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Simón Bolívar International Airport]])<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.aex.ru/news/2018/8/15/187237/ |title=В Венесуэле мужчина погиб при попытке улететь в отсеке шасси
|publisher=Aviation EXplorer|language=ru| date=August 15, 2018| access-date =August 29, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|April 13, 2019
|Unidentified male
|[[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport|Pointe-à-Pitre]]–[[Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport|Cayenne]]
([[Air France]] Flight 600)
|[[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]]
|Survived. Homeless man found on the tarmac of the [[Félix Eboué Airport|Félix Éboué Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/guyane/passager-clandestin-train-atterrissage-avion-703128.html|title=Un passager clandestin dans le train d'atterrissage d'un avion|website=Guyane la 1ère|language=fr|access-date=April 29, 2019}}</ref> The flight made a refuelling stop at [[Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport|Fort-de-France]] between Pointe-à-Pitre and Cayenne.
|-
|June 30, 2019
|Paul Manyasi, 29 (identity disputed)
|[[Nairobi]]–[[London]]
([[Kenya Airways]] Flight 100)
|[[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner]]
|Died (froze during the flight and fell from the [[landing gear]] on approach to [[Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow Airport]]. The body fell into a garden in [[Clapham]], one metre away from a sunbathing resident).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-48830212|title=Clapham 'stowaway': Body which 'fell from Kenya flight' found in garden|website=BBC News|access-date=July 1, 2019}}</ref> Following an investigation by [[Sky News]] it is believed that the man was 29-year old Paul Manyasi, an employee of Colnet, a cleaning company contracted by [[Kenya Airports Authority|Kenya Airports Authority (KAA)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/who-was-the-man-who-fell-from-the-sky-11859868|title=Plane stowaway: Who was Kenyan man who fell into London garden?|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> Manyasi's family and friends were shown photographs of the stowaway's belongings alongside an [[E-FIT]]. They confirmed that the E-FIT did bear a resemblance to Manyasi, and recognised his belongings which included a backpack which had his nickname written on it.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Stowaway: Who was the man who fell from the sky?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iiUGEeGDnM|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> Despite this evidence, the findings from Sky News has been disputed by both the KAA and Colnet who both claimed that their records showed that Manyasi was never employed by Colnet, nor did his name appear on any airport staff registers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/stowaway-kenya-authorities-dispute-identity-of-man-who-fell-from-plane-11860606|title=Stowaway: Kenya authorities dispute identity of man who fell from plane|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref>
|-
|September 30, 2019
|Unidentified male
|[[Conakry]]–[[Paris]]
([[Royal Air Maroc]] Flight 526)
|[[Boeing 737-800]]
|Died (froze to death midair).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/10/01/airline-stowaway-found-frozen-to-death-in-jets-landing-gear/|title=Airline stowaway found frozen to death in jet's landing gear|website=New York Post|access-date=October 4, 2019}}</ref>
|-
|January 7, 2020
|Unidentified male
|[[Abidjan]]–[[Paris]]
([[Air France]] Flight 703)
|[[Boeing 777-300]]
|Died (cause unknown; body found in plane's landing gear upon arrival at Paris-[[Charles de Gaulle Airport]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/09/europe/air-france-stowaway-body-intl-scli/index.html|title=Body of stowaway found in Air France plane's landing gear|author1=Saskya Vandoorne |author2=Amy Woodyatt|website=CNN|access-date=January 9, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|February 4, 2021
|Kenyan national, 16
|[[London Stansted]]–[[Maastricht]]
([[Turkish Airlines]] Flight 6305)
|[[Airbus A330]]
|Survived. Was hospitalized but doing reasonably well.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maastricht stowaway a 16 y.o. boy; Doing reasonably well|url=https://nltimes.nl/2021/02/05/maastricht-stowaway-16-yo-boy-reasonably-well|access-date=2021-02-06|website=NL Times|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:wheel-well stowaway flights}}
[[Category:Flight lists]]
[[Category:Lists of aviation accidents and incidents]]

Wheel-well stowaway

2021-02-06T09:44:13Z

Tangoludwig: Added links to cities and corrected dash

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Boeing 747-230 Schleswig-Holstein 61.JPG|thumb|200px|Wheel well of a [[Boeing 747]]]]
This page lists known flights with [[stowaway]]s, who for various reasons traveled inside the wheel well ([[landing gear]] compartment, also known as wheel bay) of an aircraft. In the United States alone, between 1947 and June 2015, the U.S. [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) had recorded 113 such attempts on 101 flights either departing from or landing in the U.S. Of these 113 people, 86 (76%) died.<ref name=motherboard>Motherboard, [https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkv9pw/the-science-of-stowing-away-in-an-airplane The Science of Stowing Away in an Airplane], June 20, 2015</ref>

In other instances, stowaways traveled either in a [[cargo hold]]<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/stowaway-found-aboard-emirates-flight-china-dubai-n583751|title=Stowaway Found Aboard Emirates Flight From China to Dubai|publisher=NBC News| date=June 1, 2016| access-date =August 6, 2017}}</ref> or in a spare parts compartment,<ref>{{cite web | url =http://allafrica.com/stories/201707140056.html|title=Nigeria: Stowaways and Their Desperation to Leave Nigeria|publisher=allAfrica| date=July 14, 2017| access-date =August 6, 2017}}</ref> both of which are [[Cabin pressurization|pressurized]]. Those incidents are excluded.

Wheel well stowaways face considerable danger during [[takeoff]], [[Cruise (aeronautics)|cruise]], and [[landing]]. Immediately after takeoff, the landing gear retracts into the wheel wells, potentially crushing the stowaway.<ref name=mostdie>USA Today, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/04/21/stowaway-planes-hawaii/7957357/ FAA: Most plane stowaways in wheel well die], April 21, 2014</ref> During flight at altitudes above approximately {{convert|2,500|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, [[hypothermia]] becomes a risk and reduced [[atmospheric pressure]] and [[partial pressure of oxygen]] may impair physiological processes.<ref name="FSF">{{cite web | url =http://flightsafety.org/hf/hf_may-jun97.pdf|title=Wheel-well Stowaways Risk Lethal Levels of Hypoxia and Hypothermia|publisher=[[Flight Safety Foundation]]| date=May–June 1997| access-date =June 15, 2015}}</ref> At all [[cruising altitude]]s of [[jet aircraft]], the partial pressure of oxygen in a wheel well is below that required to support brain consciousness.<ref name="FSF" /> At altitudes above {{convert|6,000|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, stowaways may also develop [[decompression sickness]] and nitrogen [[Air embolism|gas embolism]].<ref name="FSF" /> Temperatures also decrease with altitude, and may drop as low as {{convert|-63|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref name="FSF" /> As the plane descends to lower altitudes, a gradual rewarming and reoxygenation occur;<ref name="FSF" /> however, if the stowaway does not regain consciousness and mobility by the time the landing gear is lowered during final approach, or has already died, the body may fall from the aircraft.<ref name="motherboard" /> According to the FAA, it is likely that the number of stowaways is higher than records show due to bodies having fallen into the ocean.<ref name="cbsnews">CBS News, [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/questions-abound-over-teen-stowaways-miracle-flight/ Questions abound over teen stowaway's "miracle" flight], April 21, 2014</ref>

In at least one instance, on July 31, 2013, a cat survived a flight from [[Athens]] to [[Zürich]] in the front undercarriage of an [[Airbus A321]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thelocal.ch/20130802/stowaway-cat-survives-flight-from-athens| title =Stowaway cat survives flight from Athens |website =[[The Local]]|date=August 2, 2013| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>

==Known List==
{{Inc-transport|date=September 2017}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date
! Stowaway(s)
! Flight
! Aircraft
! Stowaway's fate
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1946|08|07|abbr=on}}
| Bas Wie, 12
| [[Kupang]]–[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]]
| [[Douglas DC-3]]
| Survived, naturalised in Australia in 1958 and married<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-17/the-kupang-kid/6542742|title=The Kupang Kid: Orphaned boy who risked life to come to Australia as stowaway in 1946|author=Louise Maher|publisher=[[ABC Online]]| date=June 17, 2015| access-date =June 17, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1947|08|05|abbr=on}}
| Male, 30
| [[Lisbon]]–[[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]]
| [[Douglas DC-3]]
| Survived<ref name="faa">{{cite web | url =http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1990s/media/AM96-25.pdf| title =Survival at High Altitudes: Wheel-Well Passengers|publisher =[[FAA]]|date=October 1996| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1960|09|09|abbr=on}}
|Daniel Melo, 16
|[[Santa Maria Airport (Azores)|Santa Maria]]-[[L.F. Wade International Airport|Bermuda]]
|[[Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation]]
|Survived, caught by [[Linea Aeropostal Venezolana|LAV]]'s ground team and deported.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avozdeportugal.com/oacoriano/arquivos/2016/2016-04.pdf|title=O Furnense que Viajou para os Eua num Trem De Um Avião}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|09|28|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Mexico City]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Survived at 34,000 ft<ref name="faa"/><ref>"Viaja de Bogota a Mexico en el 'Tren' de un Jet", ''El Tiempo'' (Bogota, Colombia), September 28, 1966, p30</ref><ref>"Tells 4-Hour Ride in Jet's Wheel Well", ''Chicago Tribune'', September 28, 1966, p1</ref><ref>"Rugged Mexican Boy Survives Trip in Jet's Wheel Well", ''Abilene (TX) Reporter-News'', September 28, 1966</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|04|18|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified man, about 24
| [[Moscow]]–[[Paris]]
| [[Sud Aviation Caravelle]]
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/18/1966-moscow-paris-stowaway-dies/ |title=1966: Moscow-Paris Stowaway Dies|work=[[International Herald Tribune]] | date=April 18, 2016| access-date =April 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/oxnard-press-courier-apr-18-1966-p-10/|title=Oxnard Press Courier Archives, Apr 18, 1966, p. 10|website=newspaperarchive.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|04|19|abbr=on}}
| Unknown youth, 20/21
| [[Orly]]–[[Morocco]]
| [[Sud Aviation Caravelle]]
| Died (froze)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1969|06|04|abbr=on}}
| Armando Socarras Ramírez, 17, Jorge Pérez Blanco, 16
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]] ([[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] Flight 904)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Socarras survived, Pérez died<ref>{{cite book| title =Desperate Journeys, Abandoned Souls: True Stories of Castaways and Other Survivors| publisher =Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| year =1998| page =[https://archive.org/details/desperatejourney00edwa/page/469 469]| isbn =0395911508| url =https://archive.org/details/desperatejourney00edwa/page/469}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1969|07|26|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17 and a second unknown
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]]
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| One survived, second fell to death<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1970|02|22|abbr=on}}
| Keith Sapsford, 14
| [[Sydney]]–[[Tokyo]] ([[Japan Airlines]] flight)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Sapsford fell to his death after the landing gear doors opened underneath him as the gear retracted, falling from {{convert|200|ft|m}} during the take off sequence.<ref name="faa"/> His fatal fall was inadvertently captured by amateur photographer John Gilpin and the photograph was published in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=MDQ-9Oe3GGUC&dat=19700223&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "Death dive from Sydney airliner"], ''The Age'' (Melbourne), February 23, 1970, p1</ref><ref name=salon>Salon, [http://www.salon.com/2010/12/14/stowaways/ The boy who fell to earth], December 14, 2010</ref><ref name=unusualdeaths>Unusual Deaths, [http://unusualdeaths.com/2016/05/24/the-boy-who-fell-out-of-a-japan-airlines-jet/ The Boy Who Fell Out of a Japan Airlines Jet], May 24, 2016</ref><ref name=nbcnews>NBC News, [https://www.nbcnews.com/business/travel/dead-wheel-well-stowaway-went-undiscovered-7-flights-f6C10287982 Dead wheel-well stowaway went undiscovered for 7 flights], June 12, 2013</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1970|06|21|abbr=on}}
| Male, 13
| [[Lyon]]–[[Abidjan]]
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Died (fell at Abidjan when landing gear lowered)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1972|4|14|abbr=on}}
| Male, 18
| [[San Diego]]–[[New York City]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Died (froze)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1975|3|23|abbr=on}}
| Unknown youth
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Miami]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Died (fell)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1986|11|14|abbr=on}}
| Male, 35
| [[Panama (city)|Panama]]–[[Miami]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Survived at {{convert|39000|ft|m}}<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1990|2|19|abbr=on}}
| Two men from Trinidad
| [[Trinidad]]–[[Toronto]]
| [[BWIA West Indies Airways]] [[Lockheed L1011]]
| Both survived 5 hour flight<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airliners.net/forum/?id=713046|title=Airliners.net - Aviation Forums|website=www.airliners.net}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|3|15|abbr=on}}
| Shamsul Ramli, 17
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]–[[Johannesburg]] ([[Malaysia Airlines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died. Body found in the 747's wheel well at Johannesburg Airport on arrival.<ref>http://www.searcct.gov.my/publications/our-publications?id=38</ref>
|-
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|6|4|abbr=on}}
| [[Juan Carlos Guzmán-Betancourt]], 17
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Miami]] (Arca Airline flight)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Survived at 35,000 ft, but frosted<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|8|4|abbr=on}}
| Male, 19
| [[Bogotá]]–[[New York City]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died<ref name="fs">{{cite web | url =http://flightsafety.org/hf/hf_may-jun97.pdf| title =Wheel-well Stowaway Flights |publisher =[[Flight Safety Foundation]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1995}}
| Unknown migrant worker
| To [[Shanghai]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (froze and fell during landing at [[Pudong International Airport]])<ref name="chinadaily">{{cite news | url =http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-05/25/content_445697.htm| title =Boy hiding in gear compartment killed |newspaper =[[China Daily]]|author=Cao Desheng| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1996|8|2|abbr=on}}
| Two Mongolian boys, about 9 and 12

| [[Ulan Bator]]–[[Kadena Air Base]]
| [[U.S. Air Force]] [[Lockheed C-141 Starlifter#C-141B|Lockheed C-141B]]
| 12-year-old died declared dead after discovery. Other child died two days later.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1996/Two-Mongolian-Boys-One-Dead-Found-on-U-S-Air-Force-Flight/id-dedba952bf78dfe5fb76986510fbe542| title =Two Mongolian Boys, One Dead, Found on U.S. Air Force Flight |publisher =[[Associated Press]]| access-date =April 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/08/04/Stowaway-boys-die-in-US-military-plane/6915839131200/| title =Stowaway boys die in US Military Plane |publisher =[[UPI]]| access-date =January 10, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1996|10|14|abbr=on}}
| Pardeep Saini, 22, Vijay Saini, 19
| [[New Delhi]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Pardeep survived in the nose wheel well at 35,000 ft,<ref name="fs"/> Vijay died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/22/travel/successful-stowaways/| title =5 stowaway attempts that didn't end tragically|publisher =[[CNN]]| access-date =April 25, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1997|3|22|abbr=on}}
| Male, adolescent
| [[Nairobi]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (crushed in nosewheel well)<ref name="fs"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998}}
| Trevor Jacobs, 30
| [[Antigua]]–[[Trinidad]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas MD-80]]
| Died (Trevor Jacobs was wanted on several criminal charges, including kidnapping)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19981223&slug=2790535|title=Business | Norwegian Mother Goes To Jail For Giving Son An Illegal Name | Seattle Times Newspaper|website=community.seattletimes.nwsource.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|2|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Baku]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 2028)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died, body discovered upon arrival at [[Gatwick Airport]] on February 8<ref>{{cite news | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/54651.stm| title =Body found in plane undercarriage|publisher =[[BBC]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|6|28|abbr=on}}
| Chinese male, 23
| [[Shanghai]]–[[Tokyo]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Survived, but hospitalized in critical condition<ref>{{cite news | url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19980803&id=3bZOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5843,1132422| title =Stowaway survives flight |newspaper =[[Star-News]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|9|14|abbr=on}}
| Emilio Dominguez, 23
| [[San Pedro Sula]]–[[Miami]] ([[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] Flight 6130)
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]]
| Survived at 33,000 ft, traveled seeking work,<ref>{{cite news | url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19980915&id=A91PAAAAIBAJ&pg=4644,8880265| title =Stowaway survives Honduras-to-Miami flight at 33,000 feet |newspaper =[[Ocala Star-Banner]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref> but was returned to Honduras
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1999|6|28|abbr=on}}
| [[Yaguine Koita and Fodé Tounkara]], 14 and 13
| [[Conakry]]–[[Brussels]] ([[Sabena]] Flight 520)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Both died (froze)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://articles.latimes.com/2000/mar/19/news/mn-10355| title =For a Pair of African Stowaways, Only Europe Held Hope of a Future|newspaper =[[Los Angeles Times]]|authors=Tim Sullivan, Raf Casert| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2000|8|4|abbr=on}}
| Fidel Maruhi, 24
| [[Papeete]]–[[Los Angeles]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] Flight 71)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Survived at 38,000 ft.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=96267| title =Stowaway Found Alive in Jet's Wheel Well|publisher =[[ABC News]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref> Discovered during a refueling stopover in Los Angeles, Maruhi later told, that the main motive behind his travel to France was to "shake hands" with [[Zinedine Zidane]].<ref>{{cite news| url =http://pidp.org/archive/2000/September/09-08-07.htm| title =Tahitian Stowaway to Los Angeles Found Guilty| publisher =Pacific Islands Development Program| access-date =April 22, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140424210736/http://pidp.org/archive/2000/September/09-08-07.htm| archive-date =April 24, 2014| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = J'ai vu le train d'atterrissage se fermer sous moi |url = http://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/j-ai-vu-le-train-d-atterrissage-se-fermer-sous-moi-15-08-2000-2001565734.php|access-date = September 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name=slate>Slate, [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/12/do_jet_stowaways_ever_survive.html Do Jet Stowaways Ever Survive?], December 31, 2003</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|6|abbr=on}}
| Mohammed Ayaz, 21
| [[Muharraq]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died (traveled to London due to job hardships in Pakistan and Bahrain)<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/18/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices| title =The man who fell to earth |newspaper =[[The Guardian]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|8|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[London]]–[[New York City]] ([[American Airlines]] Flight 131)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died (fell from {{convert|1500|ft|m}} on approach to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/09/nyregion/stowaway-fell-from-jet-near-airport-police-say.html| title = Stowaway Fell From Jet Near Airport, Police Say |newspaper =[[The New York Times]]|author=Al Baker| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|9|abbr=on}}
| Mikhail Semenyaga, 24
| [[Perm, Russia|Perm]]–[[Yekaterinburg]]–[[Frankfurt]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url =http://www.nr2.ru/ekb/13_30013.html/print/|script-title =ru:Труп в самолете «Люфтганзы» – пермяк или екатеринбуржец?|publisher =NR2|language =ru|access-date =April 24, 2014|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140424125058/http://www.nr2.ru/ekb/13_30013.html/print/|archive-date =April 24, 2014|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|12|24|abbr=on}}
| Alberto Rodriguez, 15, Maikel Almira, 16
| [[Havana]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Both died (planned on hiding on a flight to [[Miami]])<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/mar/21/cuba.immigration| title = Error that cost the lives of teenage Cuban stowaways|newspaper =[[The Guardian]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|7|abbr=on}}
| Cameroonian male, 34
| [[Rio de Janeiro]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] flight)
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.africareview.com/News/Cameroonian-stowaway-dies-on-Paris-flight/-/979180/1743584/-/2n9785/-/index.html| title = Cameroonian stowaway dies on Paris-bound flight|publisher =Africa Review| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|12|abbr=on}}
| Victor Alvarez Molina, 24
| [[Havana]]–[[Montreal]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]
| Survived, received refugee status in Canada<ref name=slate /><ref name="usatoday">{{cite news | url =http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/flights/2007-07-20-united-body_N.htm| title =Body found in wheel well of United 747 jumbojet |newspaper =[[USA Today]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|12|5|abbr=on}}
| Two boys, 12 and 14
| [[Accra]]–[[London]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]
| Both died<ref>{{cite news |author=Gary Jones| url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/FROZEN+STOWAWAYS%3B+Lax+security+blamed+after+2+boys+die+in+jet...-a094967415| title =Frozen Stowaways; Lax security blamed after 2 boys die in jet undercarriage |newspaper =[[Daily Mirror]]|date=December 6, 2002| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|1|11|abbr=on}}
| Mariano Alexis Herrera-Ba, [[Punta Cana International Airport]] technician
| [[Punta Cana]]–[[Toronto]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://lenta.ru/world/2003/01/11/body| script-title=ru:В отсеке шасси самолета найден труп безбилетника |publisher =[[Lenta.ru]]|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|1|23|abbr=on}}
| Two unidentified men
| [[Paris]]–[[Shanghai]] ([[Air France]] Flight 112)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Both died (fell on approach to [[Pudong International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Jan/54359.htm| title =Two Foreigners Fall Dead from Plane in Shanghai |publisher =[[China Internet Information Center]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|2|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Mali]] or [[Gabon]]–[[Paris]]?
|
| Died (fell near Paris)<ref name="ltt">{{cite book | title =Living Through Terror| publisher =Routledge | year =2013 | page =154 | isbn =978-1317982340}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|3|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 19
| To [[Frankfurt]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20030327/357047.html| script-title=ru:В Германии обнаружено тело россиянина, погибшего при попытке "зайцем" долететь до Франкфурта-на-Майне|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 26, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|12|24|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, about 25
| [[Montego Bay]]–[[New York City]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Body+found+in+wheel+well+of+American+Airlines+aircraft.-a0111706092| title =Body found in wheel well of American Airlines aircraft |publisher =Airline Industry Information| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|12|30|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 30s
| [[Lagos]]–[[London]]–[[New York City]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 117)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (body found upon arrival at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BODY+FIND+ON+BA+JET.-a0111780486| title =Body Find On BA Jet |newspaper =[[Daily Mirror]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|7|21|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 20
| [[Dominican Republic]]–[[Düsseldorf]]
|
| Died (froze)<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|10|22|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 20s
| [[Miami]]–[[Detroit]]
| [[Boeing 737]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Stowaway found dead in wheel well of jet after Detroit landing|url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/102304/nat_1023040067.shtml|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal|date=October 23, 2004}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Body+of+man+discovered+in+aircraft%27s+wheel+well.-a0123512808| title =Body of man discovered in aircraft's wheel well |publisher =Airline Industry Information| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|11|abbr=on}}
| Liang Kailong, 14, Su Qing, 13
| [[Kunming]]–[[Chongqing]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Liang survived, Su died (fell shortly after takeoff)<ref name="chinadaily"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|16|abbr=on}}
| Unknown
| [[Mali]]–[[Paris]]
|
| Died<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|30|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
|
|
| Died (fell, body found in Louvain)<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2005|05|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown boy, about 10
| [[Dunhuang]]–[[Lanzhou]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref name="chinadaily"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2005|06|7|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Dakar]]–[[New York City]] ([[South African Airways]] Flight 203)
| [[Airbus A340]]<ref>{{cite news|title=South African Officials 'Mystified' At Stowaway Reports|url=http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=73455d1a-ce75-45aa-9495-be3116bc7cf1|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Aero News|date=June 8, 2008}}</ref>
| Died (crushed on approach to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://articles.latimes.com/2005/jun/08/nation/na-stowaway8| title =Stowaway's Leg Falls From Jet|newspaper =[[Los Angeles Times]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|12|abbr=on}}
| Male
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Dakar]]–[[Atlanta]] ([[Delta Air Lines]] Flight 35)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died (frozen and crushed)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.cbsnews.com/news/stowaways-body-found-in-delta-jet/| title =Stowaway's Body Found In Delta Jet |publisher =[[CBS News]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|15|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified
| [[Banjul]]–[[Dakar]]–[[Brussels]]
| [[Airbus A330-300]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wastnage|first1=Justin|title=SN Brussels engineers find dead body in A330 wheel well after flight from Dakar, second this weekend after Friday identical Delta 767 incident|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sn-brussels-engineers-find-dead-body-in-a-wheel-well-after-flight-from-dakar-second-this-weekend-after-friday-identical-delta-incident-211556/|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Flightglobal|date=January 15, 2007}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://allafrica.com/stories/200701180109.html| title =Gambia: In SN Brussels Aircraft Incident Belgian Authorities Mount Investigation |publisher =[[allAfrica.com]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|28|abbr=on}}
| Samuel Peter Benjamin, 17
| [[Singapore]]–[[Vancouver]]–[[Hong Kong]]–[[Cape Town]]–[[London]]–[[Los Angeles]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died in the front wheel well, presumably after hitching the aircraft in his hometown Cape Town on January 22, body discovered in Los Angeles<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1541417/Body-may-have-been-week-on-plane.html| title =Body 'may have been week on plane'|newspaper =[[The Daily Telegraph]]|author=Catherine Elsworth|access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|07|19|abbr=on}}
| Asian, 50s
| [[Shanghai]]–[[San Francisco]] ([[United Airlines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (in the nose gear wheel well)<ref name="usatoday"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|09|21|abbr=on}}
| Andrey Shcherbakov, 15
| [[Perm, Russia|Perm]]–[[Moscow]]
| [[Boeing 737]]
| Survived, but suffered severe frostbite<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20070924/80658076.html| title =Подросток пролетел в крыле Boeing-737 из Перми до "Внуково"|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|10|12|abbr=on}}
| Osama R.M. Shublaq, Palestinian
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]–[[Singapore]] ([[Singapore Airlines]] Flight 119)
| [[Boeing 777-200]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news| url =http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20071012-29740.html| title =Stowaway survives SIA flight from KL hidden in wheel well| work =[[AsiaOne]]| access-date =April 24, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160413231607/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20071012-29740.html| archive-date =April 13, 2016| url-status =dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|10|21|abbr=on}}
| Ilgar Ashumov, 15
| [[Baku]]–[[Moscow]]
|
| Died on approach to [[Domodedovo International Airport]], body found 12 km from the airport<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.gazeta.ru/social/2007/10/30/2276251.shtml| script-title=ru:«Зачем воспитанному мальчику российская столица»|publisher =[[Gazeta.ru]]|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2009|08|9|abbr=on}}
| Filipp Yurchenko, 19
| [[Irkutsk]]–[[Khabarovsk]]–[[Vladivostok]] ([[Vladivostok Avia]] Flight 486)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/society/20090813/180706111.html| script-title=ru:Прокуратура устанавливает, как погибший мужчина попал в шасси самолета |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|02|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[New York City]]–[[Narita, Chiba|Narita]] ([[Delta Air Lines]] Flight 59)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/world/20100208/208156129.html| script-title=ru:Японская полиция выясняет, как мужчина попал в шасси борта из США |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|02|18|abbr=on}}
| Unknown Dominican male
| [[Santo Domingo]]–[[Miami]] ([[Amerijet]] flight)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died (fell during takeoff)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20100219/209896777.html| script-title=ru:Безбилетник погиб в нише для шасси самолета в аэропорту Доминиканы|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|03|abbr=on}}
| Okechukwu Okeke, Nigerian
| [[Lagos]] to the United States ([[Delta Air Lines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died in the nose wheel well<ref name="NTribune">{{cite news| url =http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/features/item/31324-nigerian-stowaways-when-youths-reach-end-of-their-dreams-so-soon| title =Nigerian stowaways: When youths reach end of their dreams so soon...| work =[[Nigerian Tribune]]| date =March 8, 2015| access-date =March 8, 2015| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123350/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/features/item/31324-nigerian-stowaways-when-youths-reach-end-of-their-dreams-so-soon| archive-date =April 2, 2015| df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|04|abbr=on}}
| Unknown African male
| To [[Zürich]]
|
| Died (fell after landing gear was lowered on approach to Zürich, body found in [[Weisslingen]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/world/20100506/231336199.html| script-title=ru:Нелегальный мигрант погиб на пути в Швейцарию, выпав из отсека шасси |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|06|06|abbr=on}}
| Romanian male, 20
| [[Vienna]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10280238| title =Romanian stowaway found at Heathrow freed after caution|publisher =[[BBC]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|07|9|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Beirut]]–[[Riyadh]] ([[Nasair]] flight)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|title=Stowaway's body found in plane's landing gear|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/stowaways-body-found-in-planes-landing-gear/story-e6frfq80-1225890680713|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=News.com.au|agency=AFP|date=July 12, 2010}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|09|10|abbr=on}}
| Nigerian national
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Lagos]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
|
| Died (crushed)<ref name="NTribune"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|11|2|abbr=on}}
| Roman Sorokovikov, 16
| [[Yerbogachen]]–[[Kirensk]]
| [[Antonov An-24]]
| Survived, but planned to reach [[Irkutsk]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://izvestia.ru/news/480314| script-title=ru:В Иркутской области подросток совершил перелет в отсеке шасси Ан-24|newspaper =[[Izvestia]]|language=ru| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|11|15|abbr=on}}
| Delvonte Tisdale, 16
| [[Charlotte]]–[[Boston]] ([[US Airways]] Flight 1776)
| [[Boeing 737]]
| Died (possible fatal injury inside wheel well from landing gear, fell on approach to Boston)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://clclt.com/charlotte/the-last-days-of-delvonte-tisdale/Content?oid=2177028 |title= The Last Days of Delvonte Tisdale |publisher=[[Creative Loafing|Creative Loafing Charlotte]]| access-date =February 22, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2011|01|15|abbr=on}}
| Qasim Siddique
| [[Lahore]]–[[Dubai]] ([[Airblue]] flight)
|
| Died (fell shortly after takeoff)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://tribune.com.pk/story/105606/stowaway-case-body-identified-as-9th-grade-student/|title=Stowaway case: Body identified as 9th grade student|work=[[The Express Tribune]]| date=January 18, 2011| access-date =June 30, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2011|07|13|abbr=on}}
| Adonis Guerrero Barrios, 23
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]]
| [[Airbus A340]]<ref>{{cite news|title=El cadáver de Adonis volverá a Cuba|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/07/22/actualidad/1311322620_850215.html|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=El País|date=July 22, 2011|language=es}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://news.travel.aol.com/2011/07/14/dead-cuban-stowaway-found-in-iberia-plane-landing-gear/| title =Dead Cuban Stowaway Found in Iberia Plane Landing Gear |publisher =[[AOL]]|date=July 14, 2011| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|07|26|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[Cape Town]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://travel.usatoday.com/flights/post/2012/08/stowaway-found-in-landing-gear-of-british-airways-747/831689/1| title =Apparent stowaway found in landing gear of British Airways 747 |newspaper =[[USA Today]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|09|09|abbr=on}}
| Jose Matada, 27
| [[Luanda]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walker|first1=Peter|title=Man found dead on London street 'was probably stowaway who fell from plane'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/apr/25/man-street-stowaway-fell-plane|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=The Guardian|date=April 25, 2013}}</ref>
| Died (fell)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/04/11/heathrow-stowaway-jose-_n_3061644.html| title = Heathrow Stowaway, Jose Matada, Who Fell To His Death Over London Is Finally Identified |work=[[The Huffington Post]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 6, 2014 |title=The final episode of a stowaway's story |author=Rob Walker |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25576086 |access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|10|26|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[London]]–[[Lagos]]
| [[Airbus A340|Airbus A340-500]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/10/mans-body-found-in-undercarriage-of-nigerian-plane/| title =Man's body found in undercarriage of Nigerian plane|newspaper =[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|04|8|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[Yaoundé]]–[[Paris]] ([[Camair-Co]] flight)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20130409-stowaway-found-dead-cameroon-paris-plane-landing-gear| title =Stowaway found dead in Cameroon-Paris plane landing gear |publisher =RFI| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|06|6|abbr=on}}
| Georgian national, 22 (presumably)
| [[Rimini]]–[[Moscow]] ([[I-Fly]] flight)
| [[Airbus A321]]
| Died<ref name=nbcnews /><ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.mk.ru/daily/hotnews/article/2013/06/06/865934-italyanskiy-zayats-nasmert-zamerzshiy-v-samolete-okazalsya-gruzinom.html| script-title=ru:Итальянский "заяц", насмерть замерзший в самолете, оказался грузином|newspaper =[[Moskovskij Komsomolets]]|language=ru| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|07|18|abbr=on}}
| Hikmet Komur, 32
| [[Istanbul]]–[[London]] (British Airways Flight 675)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died (froze), body found upon arrival at [[Heathrow Airport]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/turkish-stowaway-found-dead-in-heathrow-airline-landing-gear-29433153.html| title =Turkish stowaway found dead in Heathrow airline landing gear|newspaper =[[Belfast Telegraph]]| date=July 19, 2013|access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|07|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Ouagadougou]]–[[Niamey]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] Flight 547)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Died (fell during landing in Niamey)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.utro.ru/articles/2013/07/26/1133796.shtml| script-title=ru:Безбилетник выпал из самолета при посадке |publisher =Utro.ru|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|08|24|abbr=on}}
| Daniel Ihekina, 13/14
| [[Benin City]]–[[Lagos]]
|
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.yahoo.com/teen-survives-flight-aircraft-wheel-nigeria-195500754.html | title=Teen survives flight in aircraft wheel in Nigeria | author=Michelle Faul | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=August 26, 2013 | access-date=February 19, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|01|5|abbr=on}}
| Unknown
| [[Mashhad]]–[[Medina]] (emergency landing due to landing gear failure)
| [[Boeing 767-300ER]]
| Died (body parts fell at an intersection in Mushrefa, [[Jeddah]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-incidents/body-parts-fall-from-sky-in-suspected-stowaway-incident-20140106-30co8.html| title =Body parts fall from sky in suspected stowaway incident|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|02|22|abbr=on}}
| Chris Dikeh, Nigerian national
| [[Dakar]]–[[Washington, D.C.]]
| [[Airbus A340|Airbus A340-300]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.africanspotlight.com/2014/02/27/nigerian-stowaway-found-dead-plane-us/| title =Nigerian stowaway found dead under plane in the US| publisher =AfricanSpotlight| access-date =April 21, 2014| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140903225512/http://africanspotlight.com/2014/02/27/nigerian-stowaway-found-dead-plane-us/| archive-date =September 3, 2014| df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|04|20|abbr=on}}
| Yahya Abdi, Somali national, 16
| [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]–[[Kahului]] ([[Hawaiian Airlines]] Flight 45)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2014/04/21/stow-away-flight/7953325/|title =Teen survives 5-hour flight in jet's wheel well|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date= April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|07|5|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17
| [[Sandefjord]]–[[Amsterdam]] ([[KLM Cityhopper]] flight)
| [[Embraer 190]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/corpse-found-in-wheel-well-of-klm-plane-at-amsterdam-s-schiphol-airport-1.1854173|title=Corpse found in wheel well of KLM plane at Amsterdam's Schiphol airport|date=June 5, 2014|publisher=Associated press/CTV|access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| July 27, 2014
| Unknown male teenager
| [[Mali]] (presumably)–[[Ramstein Air Base]]
| [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/body-young-stowaway-found-us-military-plane-220936705.html|title=Body of young stowaway found in US military plane|date=July 29, 2014|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|access-date=August 1, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| March 14, 2015
| Unidentified male, 40s
| [[Lagos]]–[[New York City]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
| [[Airbus A340-500]]
| Died (the body was presumed to be in the wheel well from March 11, 2015 when the aircraft had its last flight from New York)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201503161421.html|title=Nigeria: After Roundtrip to U.S., Stowaway Dies in Arik Aircraft Wheel|date=March 15, 2015|work=[[AllAfrica.com]]|author=Chinedu Eze|access-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| April 7, 2015
| Mario Steven Ambarita, 21
| [[Pekanbaru]]–[[Jakarta]] ([[Garuda Indonesia]] Flight 177)
| [[Boeing 737-800]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news|url=http://regional.kompas.com/read/2015/04/07/19472581/Kronologi.Pria.Menyelinap.Masuk.ke.Ruang.Roda.Pesawat.Garuda|title=Kronologi Pria Menyelinap Masuk ke Ruang Roda Pesawat Garuda|newspaper=[[Kompas]]|language=id|access-date= April 7, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| June 19, 2015
| Carlito Vale, Mozambican national, 28/29, and Themba Cabeka, 24
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 54)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Vale died (fell during approach, body recovered from a roof in [[Richmond, London|Richmond]]). Cabeka survived with life-changing injuries and has been granted leave to remain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/jan/04/i-passed-out-with-the-lack-of-oxygen-truth-of-heathrow-stowaways-tragic-journey|title='I passed out with the lack of oxygen': truth of Heathrow stowaways' tragic journey|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=January 4, 2021}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/19/europe/london-british-airways-stowaway-dies/index.html|title=Stowaway dies after falling from British Airways plane in London|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=June 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-33196210|title='Plane stowaway' theory probed as body found on Richmond roof|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=June 19, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| September 12, 2015
| Unidentified stowaway
| [[Nairobi]]–[[Amsterdam]] ([[Emirates SkyCargo]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777-200]]
| Died, body discovered upon arrival at [[Schiphol Airport]]<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/12/europe-migrants-stowaway-idUSL5N11I0A820150912|title=Body of stowaway found in cargo plane in Amsterdam|work=[[Reuters]]| date=September 12, 2015| access-date =September 12, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| January 11, 2016
| Unidentified male
| [[São Paulo]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died, body discovered during maintenance operations on the Boeing 777 at [[Orly Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/country-news/Body-found-in-landing-gear-of-plane-at-Paris-airport_572860.html|title=Body found in landing gear of plane at Paris airport|publisher=[[Expatica]]| date=January 11, 2016| access-date =January 11, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| February 14, 2016
| Unidentified man
| [[Munich]]–[[Durban]] ([[Western Global Airlines]] flight)
| [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]]
| Died, body discovered during refuelling at [[Harare International Airport]], Zimbabwe.<ref name=nytimeszimbabwe>New York Times, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/17/world/africa/zimbabwe-owner-of-impounded-jet-says-body-on-board-was-a-stowaway.html Zimbabwe: Owner of Impounded Jet Says Body on Board Was a Stowaway], February 16, 2016</ref><ref>Business Wire, [http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160216006782/en Western Global Airlines Issues Update on Aircraft Situation], February 16, 2016</ref><ref name=voazimbabwe>Voice of America, [https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-politics/3195326.html Impounded US Cargo Aircraft Owners Claim Harare Airport Death Stowaway], February 17, 2016</ref>
|-
| June 7, 2016
| Unidentified male
| [[Dakar]]–[[Brussels]] ([[Brussels Airlines]] Flight 204)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Died, body discovered during regular maintenance at [[Brussels Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/binnenland/1.2676008|title=Lichaam gevonden in landingsgestel vliegtuig|publisher=[[De Redactie]]| date=June 7, 2016| access-date =June 7, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| September 21, 2016
| Unidentified African male
| [[Nigeria]]–[[Jeddah]] ([[Flynas]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died, body discovered in the rear wheel well during regular check at [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/09/stowaways-corpse-saudi-jets-wheel-bay-nigeria-trip/|title=Stowaway's corpse in Saudi jet's wheel bay after Nigeria trip|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=September 21, 2016| access-date =September 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.gdnonline.com/Details/114501/Body-of-African-stowaway-found-in-wheel-of-Flynas-plane |title=Body of African stowaway found in wheel of Flynas plane|publisher=Gulf Digital News|access-date =September 24, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| November 30, 2016
| Unidentified stowaway
| [[Lagos]]–[[Johannesburg]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
| [[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-200]]
| Died, body discovered at the [[O. R. Tambo International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/nigeria-south-africa-stowaway-dies-arik-air-plane/|title=Nigeria to South Africa: Stowaway dies on Arik Air plane|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=December 1, 2016| access-date =December 2, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|August 12, 2017
|Unidentified Dominican male
|[[Santo Domingo]]–[[Miami]] ([[American Airlines]] Flight 1026)
|[[Airbus A321]]
|Survived, was returned to Dominican Republic<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/miami-dade/fl-reg-miami-airport-stowaway-20170815-story.html|title=Stowaway emerges from plane's wheel well after flight lands|agency=Associated Press|work=Sun-Sentinel.com|access-date=August 15, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|-
|January 13, 2018
|Unidentified male
|Honolulu–Japan ([[Delta Air Lines]] flight)
|
|Died, body fell on take-off.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/37280693/security-concerns-grow-after-apparent-stowaway-attempt-at-honolulu-airport/|title=Police: Man who died at airport during apparent stowaway attempt was homeless|last=Kawano|first=Lynn|work=Hawaii News Now|access-date=November 29, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|February 11, 2018
|Unidentified African man
|[[Kinshasa]]–[[Ukunda]] ([[Kenya Airways]] flight)
|
|Died, found after emergency landing at [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.mwakilishi.com/article/kenya-news/2018-02-12/body-of-a-stowaway-recovered-in-a-kenya-airways-flight-from-dr-congo |title=Body of a Stowaway Recovered on a Kenya Airways Flight From DR Congo |publisher=Mwakilishi| date=February 12, 2018| access-date =February 17, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| February 26, 2018
| Marco Vinicio PG, 17, and Luis Manuel Ch. P., 16
| [[Guayaquil]]–[[New York City|New York]] ([[LATAM Airlines Group|LATAM]] Flight 1438)
| [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300]]
| Both died (bodies fell on take off)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.eluniverso.com/guayaquil/2018/02/26/nota/6641857/tress-personas-caen-tren-aterrizaje-nave-aeropuerto-guayaquil |title=Dos personas caen del tren de aterrizaje de nave en el aeropuerto de Guayaquil|newspaper=El Universo| date=February 26, 2018| access-date =February 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2018/02/27/two-stowaways-hid-in-a-planes-landing-gear-and-fell-to-their-death-during-takeoff/|title=Two stowaway teens hid in a plane's landing gear — and fell to their death during takeoff|work=The Washington Post|access-date =July 24, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| August 2018
| Unidentified male
| [[Caracas]]–[[La Fría]]
|
| Died (fell on takeoff from [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Simón Bolívar International Airport]])<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.aex.ru/news/2018/8/15/187237/ |title=В Венесуэле мужчина погиб при попытке улететь в отсеке шасси
|publisher=Aviation EXplorer|language=ru| date=August 15, 2018| access-date =August 29, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|April 13, 2019
|Unidentified male
|[[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport|Pointe-à-Pitre]]–[[Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport|Cayenne]]
([[Air France]] Flight 600)
|[[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]]
|Survived. Homeless man found on the tarmac of the [[Félix Eboué Airport|Félix Éboué Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/guyane/passager-clandestin-train-atterrissage-avion-703128.html|title=Un passager clandestin dans le train d'atterrissage d'un avion|website=Guyane la 1ère|language=fr|access-date=April 29, 2019}}</ref> The flight made a refuelling stop at [[Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport|Fort-de-France]] between Pointe-à-Pitre and Cayenne.
|-
|June 30, 2019
|Paul Manyasi, 29 (identity disputed)
|[[Nairobi]]–[[London]]
([[Kenya Airways]] Flight 100)
|[[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner]]
|Died (froze during the flight and fell from the [[landing gear]] on approach to [[Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow Airport]]. The body fell into a garden in [[Clapham]], one metre away from a sunbathing resident).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-48830212|title=Clapham 'stowaway': Body which 'fell from Kenya flight' found in garden|website=BBC News|access-date=July 1, 2019}}</ref> Following an investigation by [[Sky News]] it is believed that the man was 29-year old Paul Manyasi, an employee of Colnet, a cleaning company contracted by [[Kenya Airports Authority|Kenya Airports Authority (KAA)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/who-was-the-man-who-fell-from-the-sky-11859868|title=Plane stowaway: Who was Kenyan man who fell into London garden?|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> Manyasi's family and friends were shown photographs of the stowaway's belongings alongside an [[E-FIT]]. They confirmed that the E-FIT did bear a resemblance to Manyasi, and recognised his belongings which included a backpack which had his nickname written on it.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Stowaway: Who was the man who fell from the sky?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iiUGEeGDnM|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> Despite this evidence, the findings from Sky News has been disputed by both the KAA and Colnet who both claimed that their records showed that Manyasi was never employed by Colnet, nor did his name appear on any airport staff registers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/stowaway-kenya-authorities-dispute-identity-of-man-who-fell-from-plane-11860606|title=Stowaway: Kenya authorities dispute identity of man who fell from plane|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref>
|-
|September 30, 2019
|Unidentified male
|[[Conakry]]–[[Paris]]
([[Royal Air Maroc]] Flight 526)
|[[Boeing 737-800]]
|Died (froze to death midair).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/10/01/airline-stowaway-found-frozen-to-death-in-jets-landing-gear/|title=Airline stowaway found frozen to death in jet's landing gear|website=New York Post|access-date=October 4, 2019}}</ref>
|-
|January 7, 2020
|Unidentified male
|[[Abidjan]]–[[Paris]]
([[Air France]] Flight 703)
|[[Boeing 777-300]]
|Died (cause unknown; body found in plane's landing gear upon arrival at Paris-[[Charles de Gaulle Airport]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/09/europe/air-france-stowaway-body-intl-scli/index.html|title=Body of stowaway found in Air France plane's landing gear|author1=Saskya Vandoorne |author2=Amy Woodyatt|website=CNN|access-date=January 9, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|February 4, 2021
|Kenyan national, 16
|[[London]]–[[Maastricht]]
|
|Survived. Was hospitalized but doing reasonably well.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maastricht stowaway a 16 y.o. boy; Doing reasonably well|url=https://nltimes.nl/2021/02/05/maastricht-stowaway-16-yo-boy-reasonably-well|access-date=2021-02-06|website=NL Times|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:wheel-well stowaway flights}}
[[Category:Flight lists]]
[[Category:Lists of aviation accidents and incidents]]

Wheel-well stowaway

2021-02-06T09:27:37Z

Tangoludwig: Added new stowaway case.

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Boeing 747-230 Schleswig-Holstein 61.JPG|thumb|200px|Wheel well of a [[Boeing 747]]]]
This page lists known flights with [[stowaway]]s, who for various reasons traveled inside the wheel well ([[landing gear]] compartment, also known as wheel bay) of an aircraft. In the United States alone, between 1947 and June 2015, the U.S. [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) had recorded 113 such attempts on 101 flights either departing from or landing in the U.S. Of these 113 people, 86 (76%) died.<ref name=motherboard>Motherboard, [https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkv9pw/the-science-of-stowing-away-in-an-airplane The Science of Stowing Away in an Airplane], June 20, 2015</ref>

In other instances, stowaways traveled either in a [[cargo hold]]<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/stowaway-found-aboard-emirates-flight-china-dubai-n583751|title=Stowaway Found Aboard Emirates Flight From China to Dubai|publisher=NBC News| date=June 1, 2016| access-date =August 6, 2017}}</ref> or in a spare parts compartment,<ref>{{cite web | url =http://allafrica.com/stories/201707140056.html|title=Nigeria: Stowaways and Their Desperation to Leave Nigeria|publisher=allAfrica| date=July 14, 2017| access-date =August 6, 2017}}</ref> both of which are [[Cabin pressurization|pressurized]]. Those incidents are excluded.

Wheel well stowaways face considerable danger during [[takeoff]], [[Cruise (aeronautics)|cruise]], and [[landing]]. Immediately after takeoff, the landing gear retracts into the wheel wells, potentially crushing the stowaway.<ref name=mostdie>USA Today, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/04/21/stowaway-planes-hawaii/7957357/ FAA: Most plane stowaways in wheel well die], April 21, 2014</ref> During flight at altitudes above approximately {{convert|2,500|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, [[hypothermia]] becomes a risk and reduced [[atmospheric pressure]] and [[partial pressure of oxygen]] may impair physiological processes.<ref name="FSF">{{cite web | url =http://flightsafety.org/hf/hf_may-jun97.pdf|title=Wheel-well Stowaways Risk Lethal Levels of Hypoxia and Hypothermia|publisher=[[Flight Safety Foundation]]| date=May–June 1997| access-date =June 15, 2015}}</ref> At all [[cruising altitude]]s of [[jet aircraft]], the partial pressure of oxygen in a wheel well is below that required to support brain consciousness.<ref name="FSF" /> At altitudes above {{convert|6,000|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, stowaways may also develop [[decompression sickness]] and nitrogen [[Air embolism|gas embolism]].<ref name="FSF" /> Temperatures also decrease with altitude, and may drop as low as {{convert|-63|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref name="FSF" /> As the plane descends to lower altitudes, a gradual rewarming and reoxygenation occur;<ref name="FSF" /> however, if the stowaway does not regain consciousness and mobility by the time the landing gear is lowered during final approach, or has already died, the body may fall from the aircraft.<ref name="motherboard" /> According to the FAA, it is likely that the number of stowaways is higher than records show due to bodies having fallen into the ocean.<ref name="cbsnews">CBS News, [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/questions-abound-over-teen-stowaways-miracle-flight/ Questions abound over teen stowaway's "miracle" flight], April 21, 2014</ref>

In at least one instance, on July 31, 2013, a cat survived a flight from [[Athens]] to [[Zürich]] in the front undercarriage of an [[Airbus A321]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thelocal.ch/20130802/stowaway-cat-survives-flight-from-athens| title =Stowaway cat survives flight from Athens |website =[[The Local]]|date=August 2, 2013| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>

==Known List==
{{Inc-transport|date=September 2017}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date
! Stowaway(s)
! Flight
! Aircraft
! Stowaway's fate
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1946|08|07|abbr=on}}
| Bas Wie, 12
| [[Kupang]]–[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]]
| [[Douglas DC-3]]
| Survived, naturalised in Australia in 1958 and married<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-17/the-kupang-kid/6542742|title=The Kupang Kid: Orphaned boy who risked life to come to Australia as stowaway in 1946|author=Louise Maher|publisher=[[ABC Online]]| date=June 17, 2015| access-date =June 17, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1947|08|05|abbr=on}}
| Male, 30
| [[Lisbon]]–[[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]]
| [[Douglas DC-3]]
| Survived<ref name="faa">{{cite web | url =http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1990s/media/AM96-25.pdf| title =Survival at High Altitudes: Wheel-Well Passengers|publisher =[[FAA]]|date=October 1996| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1960|09|09|abbr=on}}
|Daniel Melo, 16
|[[Santa Maria Airport (Azores)|Santa Maria]]-[[L.F. Wade International Airport|Bermuda]]
|[[Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation]]
|Survived, caught by [[Linea Aeropostal Venezolana|LAV]]'s ground team and deported.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avozdeportugal.com/oacoriano/arquivos/2016/2016-04.pdf|title=O Furnense que Viajou para os Eua num Trem De Um Avião}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|09|28|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Mexico City]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Survived at 34,000 ft<ref name="faa"/><ref>"Viaja de Bogota a Mexico en el 'Tren' de un Jet", ''El Tiempo'' (Bogota, Colombia), September 28, 1966, p30</ref><ref>"Tells 4-Hour Ride in Jet's Wheel Well", ''Chicago Tribune'', September 28, 1966, p1</ref><ref>"Rugged Mexican Boy Survives Trip in Jet's Wheel Well", ''Abilene (TX) Reporter-News'', September 28, 1966</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|04|18|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified man, about 24
| [[Moscow]]–[[Paris]]
| [[Sud Aviation Caravelle]]
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/18/1966-moscow-paris-stowaway-dies/ |title=1966: Moscow-Paris Stowaway Dies|work=[[International Herald Tribune]] | date=April 18, 2016| access-date =April 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/oxnard-press-courier-apr-18-1966-p-10/|title=Oxnard Press Courier Archives, Apr 18, 1966, p. 10|website=newspaperarchive.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1966|04|19|abbr=on}}
| Unknown youth, 20/21
| [[Orly]]–[[Morocco]]
| [[Sud Aviation Caravelle]]
| Died (froze)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1969|06|04|abbr=on}}
| Armando Socarras Ramírez, 17, Jorge Pérez Blanco, 16
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]] ([[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] Flight 904)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Socarras survived, Pérez died<ref>{{cite book| title =Desperate Journeys, Abandoned Souls: True Stories of Castaways and Other Survivors| publisher =Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| year =1998| page =[https://archive.org/details/desperatejourney00edwa/page/469 469]| isbn =0395911508| url =https://archive.org/details/desperatejourney00edwa/page/469}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1969|07|26|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17 and a second unknown
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]]
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| One survived, second fell to death<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1970|02|22|abbr=on}}
| Keith Sapsford, 14
| [[Sydney]]–[[Tokyo]] ([[Japan Airlines]] flight)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Sapsford fell to his death after the landing gear doors opened underneath him as the gear retracted, falling from {{convert|200|ft|m}} during the take off sequence.<ref name="faa"/> His fatal fall was inadvertently captured by amateur photographer John Gilpin and the photograph was published in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=MDQ-9Oe3GGUC&dat=19700223&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "Death dive from Sydney airliner"], ''The Age'' (Melbourne), February 23, 1970, p1</ref><ref name=salon>Salon, [http://www.salon.com/2010/12/14/stowaways/ The boy who fell to earth], December 14, 2010</ref><ref name=unusualdeaths>Unusual Deaths, [http://unusualdeaths.com/2016/05/24/the-boy-who-fell-out-of-a-japan-airlines-jet/ The Boy Who Fell Out of a Japan Airlines Jet], May 24, 2016</ref><ref name=nbcnews>NBC News, [https://www.nbcnews.com/business/travel/dead-wheel-well-stowaway-went-undiscovered-7-flights-f6C10287982 Dead wheel-well stowaway went undiscovered for 7 flights], June 12, 2013</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1970|06|21|abbr=on}}
| Male, 13
| [[Lyon]]–[[Abidjan]]
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Died (fell at Abidjan when landing gear lowered)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1972|4|14|abbr=on}}
| Male, 18
| [[San Diego]]–[[New York City]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Died (froze)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1975|3|23|abbr=on}}
| Unknown youth
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Miami]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Died (fell)<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1986|11|14|abbr=on}}
| Male, 35
| [[Panama (city)|Panama]]–[[Miami]]
| [[Boeing 707]]
| Survived at {{convert|39000|ft|m}}<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1990|2|19|abbr=on}}
| Two men from Trinidad
| [[Trinidad]]–[[Toronto]]
| [[BWIA West Indies Airways]] [[Lockheed L1011]]
| Both survived 5 hour flight<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airliners.net/forum/?id=713046|title=Airliners.net - Aviation Forums|website=www.airliners.net}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|3|15|abbr=on}}
| Shamsul Ramli, 17
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]–[[Johannesburg]] ([[Malaysia Airlines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died. Body found in the 747's wheel well at Johannesburg Airport on arrival.<ref>http://www.searcct.gov.my/publications/our-publications?id=38</ref>
|-
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|6|4|abbr=on}}
| [[Juan Carlos Guzmán-Betancourt]], 17
| [[Bogotá]]–[[Miami]] (Arca Airline flight)
| [[Douglas DC-8]]
| Survived at 35,000 ft, but frosted<ref name="faa"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1993|8|4|abbr=on}}
| Male, 19
| [[Bogotá]]–[[New York City]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died<ref name="fs">{{cite web | url =http://flightsafety.org/hf/hf_may-jun97.pdf| title =Wheel-well Stowaway Flights |publisher =[[Flight Safety Foundation]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1995}}
| Unknown migrant worker
| To [[Shanghai]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (froze and fell during landing at [[Pudong International Airport]])<ref name="chinadaily">{{cite news | url =http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-05/25/content_445697.htm| title =Boy hiding in gear compartment killed |newspaper =[[China Daily]]|author=Cao Desheng| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1996|8|2|abbr=on}}
| Two Mongolian boys, about 9 and 12

| [[Ulan Bator]]–[[Kadena Air Base]]
| [[U.S. Air Force]] [[Lockheed C-141 Starlifter#C-141B|Lockheed C-141B]]
| 12-year-old died declared dead after discovery. Other child died two days later.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1996/Two-Mongolian-Boys-One-Dead-Found-on-U-S-Air-Force-Flight/id-dedba952bf78dfe5fb76986510fbe542| title =Two Mongolian Boys, One Dead, Found on U.S. Air Force Flight |publisher =[[Associated Press]]| access-date =April 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/08/04/Stowaway-boys-die-in-US-military-plane/6915839131200/| title =Stowaway boys die in US Military Plane |publisher =[[UPI]]| access-date =January 10, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1996|10|14|abbr=on}}
| Pardeep Saini, 22, Vijay Saini, 19
| [[New Delhi]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Pardeep survived in the nose wheel well at 35,000 ft,<ref name="fs"/> Vijay died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/22/travel/successful-stowaways/| title =5 stowaway attempts that didn't end tragically|publisher =[[CNN]]| access-date =April 25, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1997|3|22|abbr=on}}
| Male, adolescent
| [[Nairobi]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (crushed in nosewheel well)<ref name="fs"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998}}
| Trevor Jacobs, 30
| [[Antigua]]–[[Trinidad]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas MD-80]]
| Died (Trevor Jacobs was wanted on several criminal charges, including kidnapping)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19981223&slug=2790535|title=Business | Norwegian Mother Goes To Jail For Giving Son An Illegal Name | Seattle Times Newspaper|website=community.seattletimes.nwsource.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|2|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Baku]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 2028)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died, body discovered upon arrival at [[Gatwick Airport]] on February 8<ref>{{cite news | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/54651.stm| title =Body found in plane undercarriage|publisher =[[BBC]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|6|28|abbr=on}}
| Chinese male, 23
| [[Shanghai]]–[[Tokyo]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Survived, but hospitalized in critical condition<ref>{{cite news | url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19980803&id=3bZOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5843,1132422| title =Stowaway survives flight |newspaper =[[Star-News]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1998|9|14|abbr=on}}
| Emilio Dominguez, 23
| [[San Pedro Sula]]–[[Miami]] ([[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] Flight 6130)
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]]
| Survived at 33,000 ft, traveled seeking work,<ref>{{cite news | url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19980915&id=A91PAAAAIBAJ&pg=4644,8880265| title =Stowaway survives Honduras-to-Miami flight at 33,000 feet |newspaper =[[Ocala Star-Banner]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref> but was returned to Honduras
|-
| {{Date table sorting|1999|6|28|abbr=on}}
| [[Yaguine Koita and Fodé Tounkara]], 14 and 13
| [[Conakry]]–[[Brussels]] ([[Sabena]] Flight 520)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Both died (froze)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://articles.latimes.com/2000/mar/19/news/mn-10355| title =For a Pair of African Stowaways, Only Europe Held Hope of a Future|newspaper =[[Los Angeles Times]]|authors=Tim Sullivan, Raf Casert| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2000|8|4|abbr=on}}
| Fidel Maruhi, 24
| [[Papeete]]–[[Los Angeles]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] Flight 71)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Survived at 38,000 ft.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=96267| title =Stowaway Found Alive in Jet's Wheel Well|publisher =[[ABC News]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref> Discovered during a refueling stopover in Los Angeles, Maruhi later told, that the main motive behind his travel to France was to "shake hands" with [[Zinedine Zidane]].<ref>{{cite news| url =http://pidp.org/archive/2000/September/09-08-07.htm| title =Tahitian Stowaway to Los Angeles Found Guilty| publisher =Pacific Islands Development Program| access-date =April 22, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140424210736/http://pidp.org/archive/2000/September/09-08-07.htm| archive-date =April 24, 2014| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = J'ai vu le train d'atterrissage se fermer sous moi |url = http://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/j-ai-vu-le-train-d-atterrissage-se-fermer-sous-moi-15-08-2000-2001565734.php|access-date = September 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name=slate>Slate, [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/12/do_jet_stowaways_ever_survive.html Do Jet Stowaways Ever Survive?], December 31, 2003</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|6|abbr=on}}
| Mohammed Ayaz, 21
| [[Muharraq]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died (traveled to London due to job hardships in Pakistan and Bahrain)<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/18/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices| title =The man who fell to earth |newspaper =[[The Guardian]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|8|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[London]]–[[New York City]] ([[American Airlines]] Flight 131)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died (fell from {{convert|1500|ft|m}} on approach to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/09/nyregion/stowaway-fell-from-jet-near-airport-police-say.html| title = Stowaway Fell From Jet Near Airport, Police Say |newspaper =[[The New York Times]]|author=Al Baker| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|9|abbr=on}}
| Mikhail Semenyaga, 24
| [[Perm, Russia|Perm]]–[[Yekaterinburg]]–[[Frankfurt]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url =http://www.nr2.ru/ekb/13_30013.html/print/|script-title =ru:Труп в самолете «Люфтганзы» – пермяк или екатеринбуржец?|publisher =NR2|language =ru|access-date =April 24, 2014|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140424125058/http://www.nr2.ru/ekb/13_30013.html/print/|archive-date =April 24, 2014|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2001|12|24|abbr=on}}
| Alberto Rodriguez, 15, Maikel Almira, 16
| [[Havana]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Both died (planned on hiding on a flight to [[Miami]])<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/mar/21/cuba.immigration| title = Error that cost the lives of teenage Cuban stowaways|newspaper =[[The Guardian]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|7|abbr=on}}
| Cameroonian male, 34
| [[Rio de Janeiro]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] flight)
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.africareview.com/News/Cameroonian-stowaway-dies-on-Paris-flight/-/979180/1743584/-/2n9785/-/index.html| title = Cameroonian stowaway dies on Paris-bound flight|publisher =Africa Review| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|12|abbr=on}}
| Victor Alvarez Molina, 24
| [[Havana]]–[[Montreal]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]
| Survived, received refugee status in Canada<ref name=slate /><ref name="usatoday">{{cite news | url =http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/flights/2007-07-20-united-body_N.htm| title =Body found in wheel well of United 747 jumbojet |newspaper =[[USA Today]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2002|12|5|abbr=on}}
| Two boys, 12 and 14
| [[Accra]]–[[London]]
| [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]
| Both died<ref>{{cite news |author=Gary Jones| url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/FROZEN+STOWAWAYS%3B+Lax+security+blamed+after+2+boys+die+in+jet...-a094967415| title =Frozen Stowaways; Lax security blamed after 2 boys die in jet undercarriage |newspaper =[[Daily Mirror]]|date=December 6, 2002| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|1|11|abbr=on}}
| Mariano Alexis Herrera-Ba, [[Punta Cana International Airport]] technician
| [[Punta Cana]]–[[Toronto]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://lenta.ru/world/2003/01/11/body| script-title=ru:В отсеке шасси самолета найден труп безбилетника |publisher =[[Lenta.ru]]|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|1|23|abbr=on}}
| Two unidentified men
| [[Paris]]–[[Shanghai]] ([[Air France]] Flight 112)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Both died (fell on approach to [[Pudong International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Jan/54359.htm| title =Two Foreigners Fall Dead from Plane in Shanghai |publisher =[[China Internet Information Center]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|2|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Mali]] or [[Gabon]]–[[Paris]]?
|
| Died (fell near Paris)<ref name="ltt">{{cite book | title =Living Through Terror| publisher =Routledge | year =2013 | page =154 | isbn =978-1317982340}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|3|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 19
| To [[Frankfurt]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20030327/357047.html| script-title=ru:В Германии обнаружено тело россиянина, погибшего при попытке "зайцем" долететь до Франкфурта-на-Майне|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 26, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|12|24|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, about 25
| [[Montego Bay]]–[[New York City]]
|
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Body+found+in+wheel+well+of+American+Airlines+aircraft.-a0111706092| title =Body found in wheel well of American Airlines aircraft |publisher =Airline Industry Information| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2003|12|30|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 30s
| [[Lagos]]–[[London]]–[[New York City]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 117)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (body found upon arrival at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BODY+FIND+ON+BA+JET.-a0111780486| title =Body Find On BA Jet |newspaper =[[Daily Mirror]]| access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|7|21|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 20
| [[Dominican Republic]]–[[Düsseldorf]]
|
| Died (froze)<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|10|22|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male, 20s
| [[Miami]]–[[Detroit]]
| [[Boeing 737]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Stowaway found dead in wheel well of jet after Detroit landing|url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/102304/nat_1023040067.shtml|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal|date=October 23, 2004}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Body+of+man+discovered+in+aircraft%27s+wheel+well.-a0123512808| title =Body of man discovered in aircraft's wheel well |publisher =Airline Industry Information| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|11|abbr=on}}
| Liang Kailong, 14, Su Qing, 13
| [[Kunming]]–[[Chongqing]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Liang survived, Su died (fell shortly after takeoff)<ref name="chinadaily"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|16|abbr=on}}
| Unknown
| [[Mali]]–[[Paris]]
|
| Died<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2004|11|30|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
|
|
| Died (fell, body found in Louvain)<ref name="ltt"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2005|05|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown boy, about 10
| [[Dunhuang]]–[[Lanzhou]]
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref name="chinadaily"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2005|06|7|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Dakar]]–[[New York City]] ([[South African Airways]] Flight 203)
| [[Airbus A340]]<ref>{{cite news|title=South African Officials 'Mystified' At Stowaway Reports|url=http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=73455d1a-ce75-45aa-9495-be3116bc7cf1|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Aero News|date=June 8, 2008}}</ref>
| Died (crushed on approach to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://articles.latimes.com/2005/jun/08/nation/na-stowaway8| title =Stowaway's Leg Falls From Jet|newspaper =[[Los Angeles Times]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|12|abbr=on}}
| Male
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Dakar]]–[[Atlanta]] ([[Delta Air Lines]] Flight 35)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died (frozen and crushed)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.cbsnews.com/news/stowaways-body-found-in-delta-jet/| title =Stowaway's Body Found In Delta Jet |publisher =[[CBS News]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|15|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified
| [[Banjul]]–[[Dakar]]–[[Brussels]]
| [[Airbus A330-300]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wastnage|first1=Justin|title=SN Brussels engineers find dead body in A330 wheel well after flight from Dakar, second this weekend after Friday identical Delta 767 incident|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sn-brussels-engineers-find-dead-body-in-a-wheel-well-after-flight-from-dakar-second-this-weekend-after-friday-identical-delta-incident-211556/|access-date=April 27, 2016|work=Flightglobal|date=January 15, 2007}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://allafrica.com/stories/200701180109.html| title =Gambia: In SN Brussels Aircraft Incident Belgian Authorities Mount Investigation |publisher =[[allAfrica.com]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|01|28|abbr=on}}
| Samuel Peter Benjamin, 17
| [[Singapore]]–[[Vancouver]]–[[Hong Kong]]–[[Cape Town]]–[[London]]–[[Los Angeles]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died in the front wheel well, presumably after hitching the aircraft in his hometown Cape Town on January 22, body discovered in Los Angeles<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1541417/Body-may-have-been-week-on-plane.html| title =Body 'may have been week on plane'|newspaper =[[The Daily Telegraph]]|author=Catherine Elsworth|access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|07|19|abbr=on}}
| Asian, 50s
| [[Shanghai]]–[[San Francisco]] ([[United Airlines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died (in the nose gear wheel well)<ref name="usatoday"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|09|21|abbr=on}}
| Andrey Shcherbakov, 15
| [[Perm, Russia|Perm]]–[[Moscow]]
| [[Boeing 737]]
| Survived, but suffered severe frostbite<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20070924/80658076.html| title =Подросток пролетел в крыле Boeing-737 из Перми до "Внуково"|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|10|12|abbr=on}}
| Osama R.M. Shublaq, Palestinian
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]–[[Singapore]] ([[Singapore Airlines]] Flight 119)
| [[Boeing 777-200]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news| url =http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20071012-29740.html| title =Stowaway survives SIA flight from KL hidden in wheel well| work =[[AsiaOne]]| access-date =April 24, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160413231607/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20071012-29740.html| archive-date =April 13, 2016| url-status =dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2007|10|21|abbr=on}}
| Ilgar Ashumov, 15
| [[Baku]]–[[Moscow]]
|
| Died on approach to [[Domodedovo International Airport]], body found 12 km from the airport<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.gazeta.ru/social/2007/10/30/2276251.shtml| script-title=ru:«Зачем воспитанному мальчику российская столица»|publisher =[[Gazeta.ru]]|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2009|08|9|abbr=on}}
| Filipp Yurchenko, 19
| [[Irkutsk]]–[[Khabarovsk]]–[[Vladivostok]] ([[Vladivostok Avia]] Flight 486)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/society/20090813/180706111.html| script-title=ru:Прокуратура устанавливает, как погибший мужчина попал в шасси самолета |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|02|7|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[New York City]]–[[Narita, Chiba|Narita]] ([[Delta Air Lines]] Flight 59)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/world/20100208/208156129.html| script-title=ru:Японская полиция выясняет, как мужчина попал в шасси борта из США |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|02|18|abbr=on}}
| Unknown Dominican male
| [[Santo Domingo]]–[[Miami]] ([[Amerijet]] flight)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died (fell during takeoff)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/incidents/20100219/209896777.html| script-title=ru:Безбилетник погиб в нише для шасси самолета в аэропорту Доминиканы|publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|03|abbr=on}}
| Okechukwu Okeke, Nigerian
| [[Lagos]] to the United States ([[Delta Air Lines]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died in the nose wheel well<ref name="NTribune">{{cite news| url =http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/features/item/31324-nigerian-stowaways-when-youths-reach-end-of-their-dreams-so-soon| title =Nigerian stowaways: When youths reach end of their dreams so soon...| work =[[Nigerian Tribune]]| date =March 8, 2015| access-date =March 8, 2015| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123350/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/features/item/31324-nigerian-stowaways-when-youths-reach-end-of-their-dreams-so-soon| archive-date =April 2, 2015| df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|04|abbr=on}}
| Unknown African male
| To [[Zürich]]
|
| Died (fell after landing gear was lowered on approach to Zürich, body found in [[Weisslingen]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://ria.ru/world/20100506/231336199.html| script-title=ru:Нелегальный мигрант погиб на пути в Швейцарию, выпав из отсека шасси |publisher =[[RIA Novosti]]|language=ru| access-date =April 23, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|06|06|abbr=on}}
| Romanian male, 20
| [[Vienna]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10280238| title =Romanian stowaway found at Heathrow freed after caution|publisher =[[BBC]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|07|9|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Beirut]]–[[Riyadh]] ([[Nasair]] flight)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|title=Stowaway's body found in plane's landing gear|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/stowaways-body-found-in-planes-landing-gear/story-e6frfq80-1225890680713|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=News.com.au|agency=AFP|date=July 12, 2010}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|09|10|abbr=on}}
| Nigerian national
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[Lagos]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
|
| Died (crushed)<ref name="NTribune"/>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|11|2|abbr=on}}
| Roman Sorokovikov, 16
| [[Yerbogachen]]–[[Kirensk]]
| [[Antonov An-24]]
| Survived, but planned to reach [[Irkutsk]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://izvestia.ru/news/480314| script-title=ru:В Иркутской области подросток совершил перелет в отсеке шасси Ан-24|newspaper =[[Izvestia]]|language=ru| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2010|11|15|abbr=on}}
| Delvonte Tisdale, 16
| [[Charlotte]]–[[Boston]] ([[US Airways]] Flight 1776)
| [[Boeing 737]]
| Died (possible fatal injury inside wheel well from landing gear, fell on approach to Boston)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://clclt.com/charlotte/the-last-days-of-delvonte-tisdale/Content?oid=2177028 |title= The Last Days of Delvonte Tisdale |publisher=[[Creative Loafing|Creative Loafing Charlotte]]| access-date =February 22, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2011|01|15|abbr=on}}
| Qasim Siddique
| [[Lahore]]–[[Dubai]] ([[Airblue]] flight)
|
| Died (fell shortly after takeoff)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://tribune.com.pk/story/105606/stowaway-case-body-identified-as-9th-grade-student/|title=Stowaway case: Body identified as 9th grade student|work=[[The Express Tribune]]| date=January 18, 2011| access-date =June 30, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2011|07|13|abbr=on}}
| Adonis Guerrero Barrios, 23
| [[Havana]]–[[Madrid]]
| [[Airbus A340]]<ref>{{cite news|title=El cadáver de Adonis volverá a Cuba|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/07/22/actualidad/1311322620_850215.html|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=El País|date=July 22, 2011|language=es}}</ref>
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://news.travel.aol.com/2011/07/14/dead-cuban-stowaway-found-in-iberia-plane-landing-gear/| title =Dead Cuban Stowaway Found in Iberia Plane Landing Gear |publisher =[[AOL]]|date=July 14, 2011| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|07|26|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[Cape Town]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://travel.usatoday.com/flights/post/2012/08/stowaway-found-in-landing-gear-of-british-airways-747/831689/1| title =Apparent stowaway found in landing gear of British Airways 747 |newspaper =[[USA Today]]| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|09|09|abbr=on}}
| Jose Matada, 27
| [[Luanda]]–[[London]]
| [[Boeing 777]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walker|first1=Peter|title=Man found dead on London street 'was probably stowaway who fell from plane'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/apr/25/man-street-stowaway-fell-plane|access-date=April 26, 2016|work=The Guardian|date=April 25, 2013}}</ref>
| Died (fell)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/04/11/heathrow-stowaway-jose-_n_3061644.html| title = Heathrow Stowaway, Jose Matada, Who Fell To His Death Over London Is Finally Identified |work=[[The Huffington Post]]| access-date =April 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 6, 2014 |title=The final episode of a stowaway's story |author=Rob Walker |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25576086 |access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2012|10|26|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[London]]–[[Lagos]]
| [[Airbus A340|Airbus A340-500]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/10/mans-body-found-in-undercarriage-of-nigerian-plane/| title =Man's body found in undercarriage of Nigerian plane|newspaper =[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|04|8|abbr=on}}
| Unidentified male
| [[Yaoundé]]–[[Paris]] ([[Camair-Co]] flight)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20130409-stowaway-found-dead-cameroon-paris-plane-landing-gear| title =Stowaway found dead in Cameroon-Paris plane landing gear |publisher =RFI| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|06|6|abbr=on}}
| Georgian national, 22 (presumably)
| [[Rimini]]–[[Moscow]] ([[I-Fly]] flight)
| [[Airbus A321]]
| Died<ref name=nbcnews /><ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.mk.ru/daily/hotnews/article/2013/06/06/865934-italyanskiy-zayats-nasmert-zamerzshiy-v-samolete-okazalsya-gruzinom.html| script-title=ru:Итальянский "заяц", насмерть замерзший в самолете, оказался грузином|newspaper =[[Moskovskij Komsomolets]]|language=ru| access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|07|18|abbr=on}}
| Hikmet Komur, 32
| [[Istanbul]]–[[London]] (British Airways Flight 675)
| [[Airbus A320]]
| Died (froze), body found upon arrival at [[Heathrow Airport]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/turkish-stowaway-found-dead-in-heathrow-airline-landing-gear-29433153.html| title =Turkish stowaway found dead in Heathrow airline landing gear|newspaper =[[Belfast Telegraph]]| date=July 19, 2013|access-date =April 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|07|25|abbr=on}}
| Unknown male
| [[Ouagadougou]]–[[Niamey]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] Flight 547)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Died (fell during landing in Niamey)<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.utro.ru/articles/2013/07/26/1133796.shtml| script-title=ru:Безбилетник выпал из самолета при посадке |publisher =Utro.ru|language=ru| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2013|08|24|abbr=on}}
| Daniel Ihekina, 13/14
| [[Benin City]]–[[Lagos]]
|
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.yahoo.com/teen-survives-flight-aircraft-wheel-nigeria-195500754.html | title=Teen survives flight in aircraft wheel in Nigeria | author=Michelle Faul | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=August 26, 2013 | access-date=February 19, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|01|5|abbr=on}}
| Unknown
| [[Mashhad]]–[[Medina]] (emergency landing due to landing gear failure)
| [[Boeing 767-300ER]]
| Died (body parts fell at an intersection in Mushrefa, [[Jeddah]])<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-incidents/body-parts-fall-from-sky-in-suspected-stowaway-incident-20140106-30co8.html| title =Body parts fall from sky in suspected stowaway incident|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]| access-date =April 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|02|22|abbr=on}}
| Chris Dikeh, Nigerian national
| [[Dakar]]–[[Washington, D.C.]]
| [[Airbus A340|Airbus A340-300]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.africanspotlight.com/2014/02/27/nigerian-stowaway-found-dead-plane-us/| title =Nigerian stowaway found dead under plane in the US| publisher =AfricanSpotlight| access-date =April 21, 2014| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140903225512/http://africanspotlight.com/2014/02/27/nigerian-stowaway-found-dead-plane-us/| archive-date =September 3, 2014| df =mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|04|20|abbr=on}}
| Yahya Abdi, Somali national, 16
| [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]–[[Kahului]] ([[Hawaiian Airlines]] Flight 45)
| [[Boeing 767]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2014/04/21/stow-away-flight/7953325/|title =Teen survives 5-hour flight in jet's wheel well|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date= April 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{Date table sorting|2014|07|5|abbr=on}}
| Male, 17
| [[Sandefjord]]–[[Amsterdam]] ([[KLM Cityhopper]] flight)
| [[Embraer 190]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/corpse-found-in-wheel-well-of-klm-plane-at-amsterdam-s-schiphol-airport-1.1854173|title=Corpse found in wheel well of KLM plane at Amsterdam's Schiphol airport|date=June 5, 2014|publisher=Associated press/CTV|access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| July 27, 2014
| Unknown male teenager
| [[Mali]] (presumably)–[[Ramstein Air Base]]
| [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules]]
| Died<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/body-young-stowaway-found-us-military-plane-220936705.html|title=Body of young stowaway found in US military plane|date=July 29, 2014|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|access-date=August 1, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| March 14, 2015
| Unidentified male, 40s
| [[Lagos]]–[[New York City]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
| [[Airbus A340-500]]
| Died (the body was presumed to be in the wheel well from March 11, 2015 when the aircraft had its last flight from New York)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201503161421.html|title=Nigeria: After Roundtrip to U.S., Stowaway Dies in Arik Aircraft Wheel|date=March 15, 2015|work=[[AllAfrica.com]]|author=Chinedu Eze|access-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| April 7, 2015
| Mario Steven Ambarita, 21
| [[Pekanbaru]]–[[Jakarta]] ([[Garuda Indonesia]] Flight 177)
| [[Boeing 737-800]]
| Survived<ref>{{cite news|url=http://regional.kompas.com/read/2015/04/07/19472581/Kronologi.Pria.Menyelinap.Masuk.ke.Ruang.Roda.Pesawat.Garuda|title=Kronologi Pria Menyelinap Masuk ke Ruang Roda Pesawat Garuda|newspaper=[[Kompas]]|language=id|access-date= April 7, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| June 19, 2015
| Carlito Vale, Mozambican national, 28/29, and Themba Cabeka, 24
| [[Johannesburg]]–[[London]] ([[British Airways]] Flight 54)
| [[Boeing 747-400]]
| Vale died (fell during approach, body recovered from a roof in [[Richmond, London|Richmond]]). Cabeka survived with life-changing injuries and has been granted leave to remain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/jan/04/i-passed-out-with-the-lack-of-oxygen-truth-of-heathrow-stowaways-tragic-journey|title='I passed out with the lack of oxygen': truth of Heathrow stowaways' tragic journey|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=January 4, 2021}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/19/europe/london-british-airways-stowaway-dies/index.html|title=Stowaway dies after falling from British Airways plane in London|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=June 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-33196210|title='Plane stowaway' theory probed as body found on Richmond roof|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=June 19, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| September 12, 2015
| Unidentified stowaway
| [[Nairobi]]–[[Amsterdam]] ([[Emirates SkyCargo]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777-200]]
| Died, body discovered upon arrival at [[Schiphol Airport]]<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/12/europe-migrants-stowaway-idUSL5N11I0A820150912|title=Body of stowaway found in cargo plane in Amsterdam|work=[[Reuters]]| date=September 12, 2015| access-date =September 12, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| January 11, 2016
| Unidentified male
| [[São Paulo]]–[[Paris]] ([[Air France]] flight)
| [[Boeing 777]]
| Died, body discovered during maintenance operations on the Boeing 777 at [[Orly Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/country-news/Body-found-in-landing-gear-of-plane-at-Paris-airport_572860.html|title=Body found in landing gear of plane at Paris airport|publisher=[[Expatica]]| date=January 11, 2016| access-date =January 11, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| February 14, 2016
| Unidentified man
| [[Munich]]–[[Durban]] ([[Western Global Airlines]] flight)
| [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]]
| Died, body discovered during refuelling at [[Harare International Airport]], Zimbabwe.<ref name=nytimeszimbabwe>New York Times, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/17/world/africa/zimbabwe-owner-of-impounded-jet-says-body-on-board-was-a-stowaway.html Zimbabwe: Owner of Impounded Jet Says Body on Board Was a Stowaway], February 16, 2016</ref><ref>Business Wire, [http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160216006782/en Western Global Airlines Issues Update on Aircraft Situation], February 16, 2016</ref><ref name=voazimbabwe>Voice of America, [https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-politics/3195326.html Impounded US Cargo Aircraft Owners Claim Harare Airport Death Stowaway], February 17, 2016</ref>
|-
| June 7, 2016
| Unidentified male
| [[Dakar]]–[[Brussels]] ([[Brussels Airlines]] Flight 204)
| [[Airbus A330]]
| Died, body discovered during regular maintenance at [[Brussels Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/binnenland/1.2676008|title=Lichaam gevonden in landingsgestel vliegtuig|publisher=[[De Redactie]]| date=June 7, 2016| access-date =June 7, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| September 21, 2016
| Unidentified African male
| [[Nigeria]]–[[Jeddah]] ([[Flynas]] flight)
| [[Boeing 747]]
| Died, body discovered in the rear wheel well during regular check at [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/09/stowaways-corpse-saudi-jets-wheel-bay-nigeria-trip/|title=Stowaway's corpse in Saudi jet's wheel bay after Nigeria trip|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=September 21, 2016| access-date =September 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.gdnonline.com/Details/114501/Body-of-African-stowaway-found-in-wheel-of-Flynas-plane |title=Body of African stowaway found in wheel of Flynas plane|publisher=Gulf Digital News|access-date =September 24, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| November 30, 2016
| Unidentified stowaway
| [[Lagos]]–[[Johannesburg]] ([[Arik Air]] flight)
| [[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-200]]
| Died, body discovered at the [[O. R. Tambo International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/nigeria-south-africa-stowaway-dies-arik-air-plane/|title=Nigeria to South Africa: Stowaway dies on Arik Air plane|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=December 1, 2016| access-date =December 2, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|August 12, 2017
|Unidentified Dominican male
|[[Santo Domingo]]–[[Miami]] ([[American Airlines]] Flight 1026)
|[[Airbus A321]]
|Survived, was returned to Dominican Republic<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/miami-dade/fl-reg-miami-airport-stowaway-20170815-story.html|title=Stowaway emerges from plane's wheel well after flight lands|agency=Associated Press|work=Sun-Sentinel.com|access-date=August 15, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|-
|January 13, 2018
|Unidentified male
|Honolulu–Japan ([[Delta Air Lines]] flight)
|
|Died, body fell on take-off.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/37280693/security-concerns-grow-after-apparent-stowaway-attempt-at-honolulu-airport/|title=Police: Man who died at airport during apparent stowaway attempt was homeless|last=Kawano|first=Lynn|work=Hawaii News Now|access-date=November 29, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|February 11, 2018
|Unidentified African man
|[[Kinshasa]]–[[Ukunda]] ([[Kenya Airways]] flight)
|
|Died, found after emergency landing at [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.mwakilishi.com/article/kenya-news/2018-02-12/body-of-a-stowaway-recovered-in-a-kenya-airways-flight-from-dr-congo |title=Body of a Stowaway Recovered on a Kenya Airways Flight From DR Congo |publisher=Mwakilishi| date=February 12, 2018| access-date =February 17, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| February 26, 2018
| Marco Vinicio PG, 17, and Luis Manuel Ch. P., 16
| [[Guayaquil]]–[[New York City|New York]] ([[LATAM Airlines Group|LATAM]] Flight 1438)
| [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300]]
| Both died (bodies fell on take off)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.eluniverso.com/guayaquil/2018/02/26/nota/6641857/tress-personas-caen-tren-aterrizaje-nave-aeropuerto-guayaquil |title=Dos personas caen del tren de aterrizaje de nave en el aeropuerto de Guayaquil|newspaper=El Universo| date=February 26, 2018| access-date =February 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2018/02/27/two-stowaways-hid-in-a-planes-landing-gear-and-fell-to-their-death-during-takeoff/|title=Two stowaway teens hid in a plane's landing gear — and fell to their death during takeoff|work=The Washington Post|access-date =July 24, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| August 2018
| Unidentified male
| [[Caracas]]–[[La Fría]]
|
| Died (fell on takeoff from [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Simón Bolívar International Airport]])<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.aex.ru/news/2018/8/15/187237/ |title=В Венесуэле мужчина погиб при попытке улететь в отсеке шасси
|publisher=Aviation EXplorer|language=ru| date=August 15, 2018| access-date =August 29, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|April 13, 2019
|Unidentified male
|[[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport|Pointe-à-Pitre]]–[[Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport|Cayenne]]
([[Air France]] Flight 600)
|[[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]]
|Survived. Homeless man found on the tarmac of the [[Félix Eboué Airport|Félix Éboué Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/guyane/passager-clandestin-train-atterrissage-avion-703128.html|title=Un passager clandestin dans le train d'atterrissage d'un avion|website=Guyane la 1ère|language=fr|access-date=April 29, 2019}}</ref> The flight made a refuelling stop at [[Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport|Fort-de-France]] between Pointe-à-Pitre and Cayenne.
|-
|June 30, 2019
|Paul Manyasi, 29 (identity disputed)
|[[Nairobi]]–[[London]]
([[Kenya Airways]] Flight 100)
|[[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner]]
|Died (froze during the flight and fell from the [[landing gear]] on approach to [[Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow Airport]]. The body fell into a garden in [[Clapham]], one metre away from a sunbathing resident).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-48830212|title=Clapham 'stowaway': Body which 'fell from Kenya flight' found in garden|website=BBC News|access-date=July 1, 2019}}</ref> Following an investigation by [[Sky News]] it is believed that the man was 29-year old Paul Manyasi, an employee of Colnet, a cleaning company contracted by [[Kenya Airports Authority|Kenya Airports Authority (KAA)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/who-was-the-man-who-fell-from-the-sky-11859868|title=Plane stowaway: Who was Kenyan man who fell into London garden?|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> Manyasi's family and friends were shown photographs of the stowaway's belongings alongside an [[E-FIT]]. They confirmed that the E-FIT did bear a resemblance to Manyasi, and recognised his belongings which included a backpack which had his nickname written on it.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Stowaway: Who was the man who fell from the sky?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iiUGEeGDnM|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> Despite this evidence, the findings from Sky News has been disputed by both the KAA and Colnet who both claimed that their records showed that Manyasi was never employed by Colnet, nor did his name appear on any airport staff registers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/stowaway-kenya-authorities-dispute-identity-of-man-who-fell-from-plane-11860606|title=Stowaway: Kenya authorities dispute identity of man who fell from plane|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref>
|-
|September 30, 2019
|Unidentified male
|[[Conakry]]–[[Paris]]
([[Royal Air Maroc]] Flight 526)
|[[Boeing 737-800]]
|Died (froze to death midair).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/10/01/airline-stowaway-found-frozen-to-death-in-jets-landing-gear/|title=Airline stowaway found frozen to death in jet's landing gear|website=New York Post|access-date=October 4, 2019}}</ref>
|-
|January 7, 2020
|Unidentified male
|[[Abidjan]]–[[Paris]]
([[Air France]] Flight 703)
|[[Boeing 777-300]]
|Died (cause unknown; body found in plane's landing gear upon arrival at Paris-[[Charles de Gaulle Airport]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/09/europe/air-france-stowaway-body-intl-scli/index.html|title=Body of stowaway found in Air France plane's landing gear|author1=Saskya Vandoorne |author2=Amy Woodyatt|website=CNN|access-date=January 9, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|February 4, 2021
|Kenyan national, 16
|London-Maastricht
|
|Survived. Was hospitalized but doing reasonably well.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maastricht stowaway a 16 y.o. boy; Doing reasonably well|url=https://nltimes.nl/2021/02/05/maastricht-stowaway-16-yo-boy-reasonably-well|access-date=2021-02-06|website=NL Times|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:wheel-well stowaway flights}}
[[Category:Flight lists]]
[[Category:Lists of aviation accidents and incidents]]

List of Unilever brands

2020-06-28T21:09:46Z

Tangoludwig: Added Argentina in the places where it's known as kibon

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
This is a list of brands owned by the Anglo-Dutch multinational company '''[[Unilever]]'''.

== Billion-euro ==
These brands have annual sales of one billion euros or more:<ref>[http://www.unilever.com/images/ir_ar08_annual-report_tcm13-163124.pdf 2008 Annual Report and Accounts] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102004220/http://unilever.com/images/ir_ar08_annual-report_tcm13-163124.pdf |date=2010-01-02 }} pp. 5–6.</ref>

{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Hellmann's and Best Foods]]
* [[Axe (brand)|Axe/Lynx]]
* [[Dermalogica]]
* [[Heartbrand]]
* [[Knorr (brand)|Knorr]]
* [[Lipton]]
* [[Lux (soap)|Lux]]
* [[Magnum (ice cream)|Magnum]]
* [[Omo (detergent)|Omo]]/[[Surf Excel]]/[[Breeze detergent|Breeze]]/[[Skip (brand)|Skip]]
* [[Rexona]]/[[Sure (brand)|Sure]]/[[Rexona|Degree]]/[[Rexona|Shield]]
* [[Surf (detergent)|Surf]]
* [[Sunsilk]]
{{colend}}

== Food and beverages ==

=== Condiments and extracts ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Amino (soup)|Amino]] – dehydrated soup (Poland){{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
* [[Amora (mustard)|Amora]] – French mayonnaise and dressings
* [[Aromat]] – seasoning (South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland)
* [[Best Foods]] – mayonnaise, sandwich spreads, peanut butter and salad dressings
* [[Bovril]] – beef extract
* [[Calvé]] – sauces, ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, peanut butter
* [[Chicken Tonight]] – wet sauces range (excluding the United Kingdom and Ireland)
* [[Colman's]] – mustard, condiments, packet sauces, OK Fruity Sauce
* [[Conimex]] – [[Asia]]n spices (Netherlands)
* [[Continental (food brand)|Continental]] – side dishes
* [[Fanaco]] – mayonnaise, mustard, ketchup (Argentina and for export to Latin America)
* [[Fruc]] – ketchup, mayonnaise and condiments
* [[Hellmann's]] – [[mayonnaise]]
* [[:id:Jawara | Jawara]] – hot sauce (Indonesia)
* [[Kecap Bango]] – [[soya sauce]] in Indonesia
* [[Kissan]] – ketchups, squashes and jams (India and Pakistan)
* [[Lady's Choice]] – mayonnaise, peanut butter and sandwich spreads (Philippines, Malaysia)
* [[Lao Cai]] – seasoning
* [[Salsa Lizano]] – Costa Rican condiment
* [[Maille (company)|Maille]] – French mustard
* [[Marmite]] – yeast extract spread (except in Australia and New Zealand, called Our Mate)
* [[Robertson's]] – spices/seasoning (South Africa)
* [[Royco]] – stock cubes, non-MSG stock (only in Indonesia)
* [[Sir Kensington's]] – Ketchup, Mustard, Mayonnaise, Ranch, Vinaigrettes (US, Canada)
* [[Slott's]] – mustard (Sweden)
* [[Sunce]] (Sun) – mayonnaise (Serbia, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro), brand now discontinued, Sunce factory now produces Unilever brand Knorr mayonnaise
* [[Tortex]] – ketchup (Poland)
* [[Turun sinappi]] – mustard (Finland/Sweden)
* [[Unox]] – soups, smoked sausages
}}

=== Desserts ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[:fr:Alsa (marque)|Alsa]] – desserts and syrups
* [[Ben & Jerry's]] – ice cream
* [[Breyers]] – ice cream
* [[Darko (brand)|Darko]] (Дарко) – ice cream (Bulgaria)
* [[Popsicle (brand)|Fudgsicle]] – ice pops
* [[Grom (company)|Grom]] – gelato (Italy)
* [[Heartbrand]] – ice cream (umbrella logo)
* [[Klondike bar|Klondike]] – ice cream sandwiches
* [[Paddle Pop]] – ice cream (Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia [incorporated with Wall's], discontinued in the Philippines)
* [[Popsicle (brand)|Popsicle]] – frozen treats
* Seru – low-cost ice cream (Indonesia)
* [[Streets (ice cream)|Streets]] – ice cream (Australia/New Zealand)
* [[Talenti]] – gelato
* [[Weis (frozen foods company)|Weis]] – frozen fruit desserts, ice cream
}}

=== Other foods ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Annapurna (flour)|Annapurna]] – salt and wheat flour (India)
* [[Knorr (brand)|Knorr]] (Knorr-Suiza in Argentina, Royco in Indonesia, Continental in Australia) – sauces, stock cubes, ready-meals, meal kits, ready-soups, frozen food range
* [[Maizena]] – cornstarch
* [[Mãe Terra]] – Brazilian natural and organic food business
* [[Pfanni]] – Bavarian potato mixes
* [[Pot Noodle]] – cup noodle
* [[Red Red]] – ready meals
* [[Prep Co]] – ready meals
* [[Sealtest]] – milk products
* [[The Vegetarian Butcher]] – Vegetarian and Vegan products
* [[Telma (brand)|Telma]] – breakfast cereal (Israel)
* [[Unilever Food Solutions]] – professional markets (food service)
}}

=== Teas ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Brooke Bond]] – tea
* [[Bushell's]] – tea (Australia, New Zealand)
* [[Choysa]] – tea, marketed mainly in Australia and New Zealand
* [[Joko (brand)|Joko]] – tea (South Africa)
* [[Lan-Choo]] – tea (Australia/New Zealand)
* [[Lipton]] – tea
* [[Lipton Ice Tea]] – ready-to-drink tea (partnership with [[PepsiCo]])
* [[Lyons]] – tea (Ireland)
* [[McCollins]] – tea ([[Peru]])
* [[PG Tips]] – tea (UK / USA / Canada)
* [[Pukka Herbs]] – herbal tea
* [[Pure Leaf]] – bottled tea
* [[Red Rose Tea]] – tea (Canada)
* Saga – tea (Poland)
* [[Sariwangi]] – tea (Indonesia)
* [[Scottish Blend]] – tea
* [[T2 (Australian company)|T2]] – Australian Premium Tea Retailer. Limited overseas presence in the UK, US, and Singapore
* [[Tazo]] – premium tea
}}

=== Other beverages ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Bru (brand)|Bru]] – [[instant coffee]] (India)
* [[:id:Buavita|Buavita]] – fruit juice (Indonesia, acquired from [[:id:Ultrajaya Milk|Ultrajaya]])
* [[Horlicks]] – malted milk powder (India only, acquired from [[GlaxoSmithKline]])
* [[Jif (lemon juice)|Jif]] – lemon and lime juice
* [[Rani]] – fruit juice (Middle East, acquired from Aujan Industries)
}}

== Ice cream ==
{{refimprove|section|date=October 2017}}
[[File:Heartbrand, no text.svg|thumb|The Heartbrand logo]]
[[File:2017-02 Langnese-Verkaufsstand in Heidelberg.jpg|thumb|A Langnese ice cream selling booth in the [[Heidelberg Zoo|Zoo Heidelberg]]]]
[[File:Swirls.JPG|thumb|A Swirl's ice cream parlour at [[Den Haag Centraal railway station]]]]
[[Unilever]] is the world's biggest [[ice cream]] manufacturer, with an annual turnover of €5 billion.<ref name="heartbrand">{{cite web|url=http://www.unileverbestfoods.com/ourbrands/foods/Heartbrand.asp |publisher=Unilever |title=Unilever Heartbrand |accessdate=2006-09-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123065631/http://www.unileverbestfoods.com/ourbrands/foods/Heartbrand.asp |archivedate=2006-11-23 }}</ref> With the exception of its U.S. brands [[Popsicle (brand)|Popsicle]], [[Klondike bar|Klondike]], [[Talenti]] gelato, [[Breyers]] and [[Ben & Jerry's]], the bulk of the company's ice cream business falls under its "Heartbrand" brand umbrella, so called because of the brand's heart-shaped logo. Unilever currently operates eleven ice cream factories in Europe; the biggest include factories at [[Hellendoorn]] in The Netherlands, [[Heppenheim]] in Germany, [[Caivano]] in Italy, [[Saint-Dizier]] in France, [[Gloucester]] in the United Kingdom and {{Interlanguage link multi|Santa Iria de Azóia|pt||WD=}} in Portugal.<ref name="Ice Cream Park">{{cite web |url=http://www.icecreampark.com/Unilever.html |publisher=Ice Cream Park|title=Unilever Company Profile |accessdate=2015-11-05}}</ref>

The Heartbrand was launched in 1998 (and slightly modified in 2003) as an effort to increase international brand awareness and promote cross-border synergies in manufacturing and marketing ("centralisation"). It is present in more than 40 countries.<ref name="heartbrand" /> Although the logo is common worldwide, each country retained the local brand name so as to keep the familiarity built over the years, one notable exception being Hungary where the previous Eskimo brand was replaced with Algida in 2003.

In 2005, the Israeli food conglomerate [[Strauss Group|Strauss]], whose ice cream brand is a joint venture between Strauss and Unilever and marketed under the Heartbrand logo, received special permission from Unilever to export its brand of ice cream, Glidat Strauss to the United States because of the strict [[Kosher foods|kosher]] [[Hechsher|certification]] the products in Israel have. Under terms of the agreement, Strauss ice cream and [[krembo]] may be sold only in kosher supermarkets and import shops. It is distributed in North America by Dairy Delight, a subsidiary of Norman's Dairy.

Prior to the heart logo, each country could choose its own logo, although the most common one consisted of a blue circle with the local brand's name over a background of red and white stripes; the second most common old logo, used by [[Wall's ice cream|Wall's]] in the UK and other countries, was a yellow logo with Wall's in blue text.

Unilever generally manufactures the same ice cream with the same names, with rare occasions of regional availability, under different brands. Some of these ice creams include [[Carte D'Or]], [[Cornetto (ice cream)|Cornetto]], [[Magnum (ice cream)|Magnum]], [[Solero (ice cream)|Solero]], [[Twister (ice cream)|Twister]], [[Choc Ice]], [[Super Split]], [[Fat Frog]], Feast, Brunch and [[Viennetta]].


In addition, a Dutch-based [[ice cream parlour]] [[franchising|franchise]] called '''Swirl's''' has been in operation since 1994, and adopted the Heartbrand logo in 2001 following its acquisition by Unilever that same year. There are Swirl's stores in the Netherlands, UK, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Germany, India, Indonesia and Israel, which sell ice cream products corresponding to each country's Heartbrand sub-brand. Belgium formerly had a single Swirl's store at [[Kinepolis]] Antwerpen in [[Antwerp]] which closed in August 2018.

=== Partial list of national brands variants of the Heartbrand ===
Many of these sub-brands were previously independent local ice cream vendors while others were introduced into the country by Unilever.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country
|-
|[[Algida]] || [[Italy]], [[Albania]], [[Algeria]], [[Belarus]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Cyprus]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Greece]], [[Hungary]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kosovo]], [[Malta]], [[Moldova]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Turkey]] (as ALGİDA), [[Turkmenistan]], [[Ukraine]], [[Uzbekistan]]
|-
| [[Bresler]] ||[[Bolivia]], [[Chile]]
|-
| [[Cargills]] ||[[Sri Lanka]]
|-
| [[Eskimo (Unilever)|Eskimo]] ||[[Austria]], [[Croatia]]
|-
| [[Frigo (ice cream)|Frigo]] || [[Spain]]
|-
| [[Frisko]] || [[Denmark]]
|-
| [[GB Glace]] ||[[Sweden]]
|-
| [[Strauss Group|Glidat Strauss]] ||[[Israel]], [[United States]]
|-
|[[Good Humor]] ||[[Canada]], [[United States]]
|-
|[[HB Ice Cream|HB]] || [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Northern Ireland]]
|-
|nowrap| [[Helados La Fuente]] || [[Colombia]]
|-
| [[Holanda (ice cream)|Holanda]] ||[[Central America]], [[Mexico]]
|-
| [[Ingman (ice cream)|Ingman]] || [[Finland]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Estonia]]
|-
| [[Inmarko]] || [[Russia]], [[Kazakhstan]]
|-
| [[Kibon]] || [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Suriname]]''
|-
| [[Kwality Wall's]] || [[India]], [[Bhutan]], [[Brunei]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]]
|-
| [[Langnese]] ||[[Germany]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Nestle steps up ice-cream war with Unilever by buying Dreyer's |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/nestl-steps-up-ice-cream-war-with-unilever-by-buying-dreyers-180510.html |accessdate=27 July 2018 |work=The Independent |date=18 June 2002}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lusso (ice cream)|Lusso]] || [[Switzerland]]
|-
| [[Miko]] || [[France]], [[Morocco]], [[Egypt]] (ميكو)
|-
| [[Napoca (ice cream)|Napoca]] ||[[Romania]]
|-
| [[Ola South Africa|Ola]] ||[[South Africa]]
|-
| [[Ola (ice cream)|Ola]] ||[[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Netherlands]]
|-
| [[Olá (ice cream)|Olá]] ||[[Cape Verde]], [[Macau]], [[Portugal]], [[Angola]]
|-
| [[Pingüino]] || [[Ecuador]]
|-
|[[Selecta (dairy products)|Selecta]] ||[[Comoros]], [[Philippines]], [[Tanzania]]
|-
|[[Streets (ice cream)|Streets]] || [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]]
|-
| [[Swedish Glace]] || A non-dairy soya based Heartbrand product sold in Britain and Ireland
|-
| [[Tio Rico]] || [[Venezuela]]
|-
| [[TofuLine]] || A non-dairy soya based Heartbrand product sold in Sweden and Finland
|-
|[[Wall's (ice cream)|Wall's/和路雪]] ||[[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[Great Britain]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Indonesia]], [[Laos]], [[Malaysia]], [[Moldova]], [[Pakistan]], [[Singapore]], [[Taiwan]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]]
|-
| [[Wall's HB]] || [[Northern Ireland]]
|}

== Home care and beauty & personal care brands ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* All – [[laundry detergent]] (except the United States)
* Ala – laundry detergent (Argentina and North/Northeast Brazil)
* Andrelon
* [[Aviance]] – cosmetics
* [[Axe (deodorant)|Axe]] – [[deodorant]], shower gel, [[body spray]] ([[Lynx (deodorant)|Lynx]] in the UK, Ireland and Australia)
* Ayush (India)
* Baba (East Europe)
* [[Badedas]] – shower gels
* Biotex – laundry detergent
* Block & White – whitening lotion (Philippines)
* [[Breeze detergent|Breeze]] – laundry detergent (Philippines [discontinued in 2002 and reintroduced in 2013], Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand)
* [[Brilhante (detergent)|Brilhante]] – laundry detergent (Brazil)
* Brisk – hair-styling products for men (Southeast Asia, North America)
* [[Brylcreem]] – hair-styling products for men
* Caress – soap
* [[Cif]] – cleaning products (Jif in Australia, New Zealand and the Middle East)
* Citra – women's hand and body lotion, beauty soap, and scrubs (Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and the Middle East)
* [[Clear (shampoo)|Clear]] (Linic in Portugal, Ultrex in Greece) – anti-dandruff, scalp care shampoo and conditioner (China, Southeast Asia, Australia, Romania, Pakistan, Poland, South Africa, Hungary, United States, Canada, Latin America)
* Clinic – dandruff shampoo
* [[Close-Up (toothpaste)|Close-Up]] – toothpaste
* Coccolino – softener (Hungary, Italy, Croatia, Poland, Romania)
* [[Comfort (fabric softener)|Comfort]] – fabric softener
* Cream Silk – conditioner (Philippines)
* Dimension (Southeast Asia, South Asia, Middle East, North America, South America)
* [[Dollar Shave Club]] – razors and other personal grooming products direct to consumer by mail (United States)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recode.net/2016/7/19/12232698/dollar-shave-club-just-sold-for-1-billion-to-unilever|title=Dollar Shave Club just sold for $1 billion to Unilever|date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
* [[Domestos]] (Vim in Bangladesh, Canada, India, Pakistan and Vietnam; Domex in the Philippines, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) – bleach (Australia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Turkey and the United Kingdom)
* [[Dove (toiletries)|Dove]] – skin care, hair care, and deodorant
* Dove Spa
* Dr. Kaufmann – sulfur soap (Philippines)
* Dusch Das – shower gels and deodorants (Germany)
* Eskinol – women's facial wash and cleanser (Philippines)
* [[Fair & Lovely (cosmetics)|Fair & Lovely]] – [[skin lightening]] product (available in [[India]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Singapore]], [[Brunei]] and [[Timor Leste]])
* Fissan – foot powder (Philippines) / baby skin care products (South Africa)
* FDS – skin care range
* Gessy (Brazil) – soap
* Glorix (Netherlands)
* Good Morning – soap (Egypt)
* Hijab Fresh – body lotion for hijab wearers (Indonesia)
* [[Impulse (body mist)|Impulse]] – deodorant and body spray
* Ioma – premium skin care range
* Korea Glow – skin care range (Indonesia)
* [[Lakmé Cosmetics|Lakmé]] – cosmetics
* [[Draft:Lever 2000|Lever 2000]];– soap
* [[Lifebuoy (soap)|Lifebuoy]] – soap (discontinued in the Philippines in 2008)
* Living Proof: Prestige Hair Care Brand
* [[Clear (shampoo)|Linic]] – dandruff shampoo (Portugal)
* Love Beauty & Planet - vegan hair and body care
* [[Lux (soap)|Lux]] – women's soap, shower gel, and lotions (Caress in the United States)
* Lysoform – home care (Italy)
* Master – men's facial wash and cleanser (Philippines)
* Matey – children's bubble bath
* [[Mentadent]] – toothpaste<ref name=Mentadent001>{{cite web |title=Our brands Mentadent |url=https://www.unilever.com/brands/?brand=413680-410037 |publisher=Unilever |website=unilever.com |accessdate=13 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=Mentadent002>{{cite web |title=Mentadent |url= https://pioti.unilever.com/pioti/en/p3.asp?selectCountry=UK&language=EN&brandid=MENTADENT |publisher=Unilever |website=unilever.com |accessdate=13 July 2017}}</ref> (except for North America)
* Minerva – laundry and dishwasher detergents (Brazil)
* Mist – soap (Egypt)
* Molto – fabric softener (Indonesia)
* Nameera – halal skin care range (Indonesia)
* Neutral – laundry detergent
* [[Noxzema]] – skin care range
* Omo (Australia, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, South Africa, Norway, Brazil and Chile) – laundry detergent
* Organics – shampoo and conditioner
* [[Pears Transparent Soap]]
* [[Pepsodent]] – dental (outside of the United States) (P/S in Vietnam)
* [[Persil]] (Malaysia, Singapore, Ireland, United Kingdom, France, New Zealand) (OMO in Vietnam)
* [[Pond's]] - beauty lotion, anti-aging,beauty cleansing foam, lightning toner and lightning cream
* Prodent – toothpaste
* Pukka tea
* Quix – dishwashing liquid (Chile)
* [[Q-Tips]] – cotton swabs
* [[Radox]] – shower gels and bubble bath
* Regenerate – toothpaste
* [[Rexona]] (Degree in the United States and Canada; Sure in the United Kingdom, Ireland and India; Shield in South Africa; Rexena in Japan, Australia, and New Zealand) – deodorant
* [[Rin (detergent)|Rin]]  – laundry detergent (India)
* [[Rinso]] (except the United States)
* Robijn – softener
* Sahaja – cleaning products for Muslims (Indonesia)
* [[Seventh Generation Inc.|Seventh Generation]] – home and personal care products including [[bobble water bottle|bobble]]
* [[Signal (toothpaste)|Signal]] – toothpaste
* [[Simple Skincare|Simple]] – skin and body care range
* Skip – laundry detergent
* [[Mentadent SR|SR]] – toothpaste
* St Ives – hand and body care
* [[Suave]] – personal care (United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina)
* Sun – dishwasher detergent
* [[Sunlight (detergent)|Sunlight]] (discontinued in the Philippines in 1998 as laundry detergent and reintroduced in 2015 as dishwashing liquid)
* [[Sunsilk]] (Sedal in Spanish-speaking Latin American countries, Seda in Brazil, Elidor in Turkey; Hazeline in China) – shampoo and conditioner (discontinued in the United States and Canada in 2007)
* Super Pell – floor cleaning fluid (Indonesia)
* [[Surf (detergent)|Surf]] – laundry detergent (worldwide) and fabric conditioner (Philippines only) (DERO in Romania and Vietnam)
* Surf Excel – laundry detergent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka)
* [[Swan Soap]] (defunct)
* Tatcha – Luxury skin care brand acquired on June 10, 2019 for close to $500 million dollars
* Thermasilk – shampoo and conditioner
* Tholl – skin care
* TIGI – shampoo and conditioner for hair salons<ref name=tigi>{{cite journal|journal=GCI Magazine|url=http://www.gcimagazine.com/business/suppliers/acquisitions/42958262.html|title=Unilever Completes TIGI Acquisition|date=14 April 2009}}</ref><ref name=TIGI2>{{cite web|url=http://www.tigihaircare.com/consumer/en-NZ/home/ |title=TIGI consumer site |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619232940/http://www.tigihaircare.com/consumer/en-NZ/home/ |archivedate=2010-06-19 }}</ref>
* [[Timotei]] – shampoo and conditioner
* [[Toni & Guy]] – hair care range
* [[TRESemmé]] – hair care range (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Finland, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Norway, New Zealand, Philippines, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States)
* [[Vaseline]] – body lotion, shower gel, deodorant (Vasenol in Portugal, Brazil, Italy, Spain and Mexico)
* Vibrance – shampoo and conditioner
* Vinólia – soap (Brazil)
* Viso – laundry detergent ([[Vietnam]] and [[Indonesia]])
* Vixal – porcelain cleaner (Indonesia)
* [[Wheel|Wheel (detergent)]] (India)
* [[White Beauty]] – [[skin lightening]] cream
* Wipol – carbolic floor cleaner (Indonesia)
* Williams – men's care
* [[Alberto VO5|VO5]] – hair care/styling (except the United States)
* Xedex
* [[zendium]] – toothpaste
* Zhonghua – toothpaste
* Zwitsal – baby care range (Netherlands and Indonesia)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zwitsal.nl/article/detail/367883/missie-geschiedenis|title=Over Zwitsal}}</ref>
* Unilever Professional – professional markets (home and personal care)
{{div col end}}

Source: <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unilever.com/brands/ |title=Brands in action | Unilever Global |publisher= |website=Unilever.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Unilever}}

[[Category:Unilever brands]]
[[Category:Lists of brands by company|Unilever brands]]

Mens sana in corpore sano

2020-05-17T11:02:04Z

Tangoludwig: Added example to the list

{{Italic title}}
'''''Mens sana in corpore sano''''' is a [[Latin language|Latin]] phrase, usually translated as "a healthy mind in a healthy body". The phrase is widely used in sporting and educational contexts to express the theory that physical exercise is an important or essential part of mental and psychological well-being.

==History==

The phrase comes from [[Satires (Juvenal)#Satire X: Wrong Desire is the Source of Suffering|''Satire'' X]] of the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] poet [[Juvenal]] (10.356). It is the first in a list of what is desirable in life:
{{verse translation|lang=el|
'''orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano.'''
fortem posce animum mortis terrore carentem,
qui spatium vitae extremum inter munera ponat
naturae, qui ferre queat quoscumque labores,
nesciat irasci, cupiat nihil et potiores
Herculis aerumnas credat saevosque labores
et venere et cenis et pluma Sardanapalli.
monstro quod ipse tibi possis dare; semita certe
tranquillae per virtutem patet unica vitae.
|
'''You should pray for a healthy mind in a healthy body.'''
Ask for a stout heart that has no fear of death,
and deems length of days the least of Nature's gifts
that can endure any kind of toil,
that knows neither wrath nor desire and thinks
the woes and hard labors of Hercules better than
the loves and banquets and downy cushions of [[Sardanapalus]].
What I commend to you, you can give to yourself;
For assuredly, the only road to a life of peace is virtue.
|attr1=Roman poet [[Juvenal]] (10.356-64)
}}


Traditional commentators believe that Juvenal's intention was to teach his fellow [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] citizens that in the main, their prayers for such things as long life are misguided. That the gods had provided man with virtues which he then lists for them.

Over time and separated from its context, the phrase has come to have a range of meanings. It can be construed to mean that only a healthy mind can lead to a healthy body, or equally that only a healthy body can produce or sustain a healthy mind. Its most general usage is to express the hierarchy of needs: with physical and mental health at the root.

An earlier, similar saying is attributed to the pre-Socratic philosopher [[Thales]]:
{{verse translation|lang=el|italicsoff=yes|
τίς εὐδαίμων, "ὁ τὸ μὲν σῶμα ὑγιής, τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν εὔπορος, τὴν δὲ φύσιν εὐπαίδευτος"
|
What man is happy? "He who has a healthy body, a resourceful mind and a docile nature."<ref>As quoted by [[Diogenes Laërtius]], (R. D. Hicks, ed.), ''Lives of Eminent Philosophers'' '''I''':37 ([http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0257%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1 Greek]; [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1 English]).</ref>
}}

==Usages==

* Usage in other writings
** [[John Locke]] (1632–1704) uses the phrase in his book ''[[Some Thoughts Concerning Education]]''.
** [[Heinrich von Treitschke]] used this phrase in his work titled ''The Army''. He uses the phrase to highlight a sound principle of his German nationalistic doctrine. His work echoes the principles of late nineteenth century Prussian society.
** {{ill|Koenraad Keyer|nl|lt=Dr. K. Keyer}}, leader of the Public Health Council of the Netherlands during the Second World War, used the phrase as goal for public health care.<ref>http://leiden.courant.nu/issue/LD/1942-10-30/edition/0/page/1?query=Keyer&sort=relevance</ref>
* Usage as the [[motto]] of athletic clubs:
** [[Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires]]
** [[Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata]]
** [[Georgetown Hoyas]]
** [[R.S.C. Anderlecht]]
** The [[Turners]] Organization American Turners<ref>[http://www.americanturners.com/ americanturners.com]</ref> and their local organizations like the Los Angeles turners.<ref>[http://www.laturners.org laturners.org]</ref>
** [[Carlton Football Club]]
** [[Asociacion Atletica Argentinos Juniors]]
** [[Technion|The Israeli Institute of Technology]] athletics teams
** [[Mens Sana Basket]]
** Beale [[Gaelic Football]] Club from [[County Kerry]]
** Torrens Rowing Club
** [[Sydney Rowing Club]]
* Usage as the motto of military institutions:
** [[Royal Marines]] physical training instructors (PTI).
** [[Riverside Military Academy]] in [[Gainesville, Georgia]]
** [[Hargrave Military Academy]] in [[Chatham, Virginia]]
** [[Army Physical Training Corps]] (APTC)
** PERI (Physical Education & Recreation Instructors), which is part of the [[Canadian Military]]
** [[New Zealand Defence Force]] [[Physical Training Instructor]]s.
* Usage as the motto of educational institutions:
**[[Windham High School (Ohio)]]
**[[Hiranandani Foundation School]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
** [[Teacher's College]] of [[Columbia University]] has this phrase engraved on its [[Horace Mann]] hall, on 120th [[Street]] in [[New York City]]
** The [[University College London]] Men's Rugby Football Club, Based out of the Bloomsbury in [[London]]
** [[Grant Medical College]] and Sir J.J. Hospital, [[Mumbai]]
** [[Widener University]] and the [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York|State University of New York at Buffalo]]
** The phrase appears in stone on the western [[facade]] of the School of Public Health at [[Indiana University]] in [[Bloomington, Indiana]]
** The phrase appears in stone above the entranceway to the Athletic Center at [[Mount Allison University]] in Sackville, New Brunswick
** Albert Schweitzer Pastoral Medicine Institute
** Dhaka Physical Education College in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
** [[Sparta High School (New Jersey)|Sparta High School]] in [[Sparta, New Jersey]]
** [[Charleston Female Seminary]]
** [[Detroit Country Day School]] in [[Beverly Hills, Michigan]]
** [[Erskine Academy]] in [[South China, Maine]]
** [[Roger Bacon High School]], [[St. Bernard, Ohio]]
** [[Bjelke-Petersen]] School of [[Physical Culture]], [[Australia]]
** [[Bridgewater Junior Senior High School]] in [[Bridgewater, Nova Scotia]]
** [[Kongsbakken videregående skole]] in [[Tromsø]], [[Norway]]
**[[Lakefield College School]] in [[Smith-Ennismore-Lakefield|Lakefield]], [[Canada]]
** Polish Association of Sport named SOKÓŁ before [[World War I]]. [[Poland]], Galicja in that time Austria
** The [[Internado Nacional Barros Arana]] in Santiago, Chile.
** Used as a line in the school song of [[Bangor Grammar School]], in [[Bangor, County Down]], [[Northern Ireland]].
** Used as motto for [[Lundsbergs skola]], an elite school in [[Sweden]].
** Used as motto for [[Foxcroft School]], an all-girls' boarding school in [[Middleburg, Virginia]].
** [[Westholme School]], an independent school set on the edge of the countryside of [[Blackburn]], England
** [[Loyola High School (Montreal)|Loyola High School]] in [[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]], Canada
* Usage in other cases:
** The phrase was a favorite of [[Harry S. Truman]], the 33rd [[President of the United States|President]] of the [[United States]].
** The sports equipment company [[ASICS|Asics]] takes its name from an acronym of a variant: "anima sana in corpore sano" 'a healthy soul in a healthy body'.
** [[Mensa International|Mensa]], the High IQ Society, derives its name both from the Latin word for table, ''"mensa"'' as well as a pun on the phrase ''"mens sana"''.
** [[Sound Body Sound Mind]], a United States nonprofit organization (501(c)(3) that promotes self-confidence and healthy lifestyle choices among children.
** A variant, in Danish ''En sund sjæl i et sundt legeme'' was the motto of Captain [[:da:J.P. Jespersen|J.P. Jespersen]], a Danish gymnastics educator/instructor.
** [[Nikola Tesla]], in his work titled "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy" opposes the idea<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1900-06-00.htm|title="The Problem of Increasing Human Energy" by Nikola Tesla|website=www.tfcbooks.com|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{wiktionary}}
* [http://plaza.ufl.edu/tbohland/latin3/Young05IJHS.pdf Young, David C., "''Mens Sana in Corpore Sano''? Body and Mind in Ancient Greece", ''The International Journal of the History of Sport'', Vol.22, No.1, (January 2005), pp.22–41.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mens sana in corpore sano}}
[[Category:Latin words and phrases]]

Guillermo Calvo

2018-10-20T13:30:22Z

Tangoludwig: change the name of the University of Buenos Aires

{{Infobox economist
| name = Guillermo Antonio Calvo
| school_tradition = [[New Keynesian economics]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1941}}
| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Argentine-American]]
| institution = [[Columbia University]]
| field = [[Macroeconomics]] [[Monetary economics]]
| alma_mater = [[Yale University|Yale]] (Ph.D. 1974, M.A. 1965)
[[University of Buenos Aires]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Tjalling Koopmans]]
| academic_advisors=
| doctoral_students=
| notable_students =
| influences = [[Edmund Phelps]]
| influenced = [[Carmen Reinhart]]
| contributions =
| awards =
| signature = 
| repec_prefix = f | repec_id = pca694
}}

'''Guillermo Antonio Calvo''' (born 1941) is an [[Argentine-American]] [[economist]] who is Director of [[Columbia University]]'s mid-career Program in Economic Policy Management in their School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA).

He published significant research in [[macroeconomics]], especially [[monetary economics]] and the economics of [[emerging market]]s and [[transition economy|transition economies]].<ref name="Columbia Announcement">[http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/academics/directory/gc2286-fac.html Announcement of Guillermo Calvo's Appointment at Columbia University]</ref>

==Biography==
Guillermo Antonio Calvo is Professor of Economics, International and Public Affairs, and Director of the Program in Economic Policy Management (PEPM) at Columbia University since January 2007. He is a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). He is the former Chief Economist of the Inter-American Development Bank (2001–2006), President of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association, LACEA, 2000–2001, and President of the International Economic Association, IEA, 2005–2008. He graduated with a Ph.D. from Yale in 1974.

He was professor of economics at Columbia University (1973–1986), the University of Pennsylvania (1986–1989), and Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland (1993–2006). He was Senior Advisor in the Research Department of the IMF (1988–1993), and afterwards advised several governments in Latin America and Eastern Europe.

His award and honors include the following: Fellow of the National Academy of Economic Sciences (Argentina), since 1993. Fellow of the Econometric Society, since 1995. King Juan Carlos Prize in Economics, October 2000.
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, since 2005. The Latin America and Caribbean Association (LACEA) Carlos Diaz Alejandro Prize, 2006. Doctor Honoris Causa, Di Tella University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2012. On April 15–16, 2004, the Research Department of the IMF sponsored a conference in his honor.

Calvo showed his commitment to narrowing the gap between academic and practitioners by splitting his time between academia and international financial institutions. In the latter, he was instrumental in helping to set up world class research departments in the International Monetary Fund (where he was a Senior Advisor during 1990–1992) and the Inter-American Development Bank (where he was the Chief Economist during 2001–2006). His IMF research on the relevance of external factors and the bond market, led eventually to a refocusing of the analysis in the IMF area departments, paying more attention to external financial conditions, and maturity and currency denomination of public and private debt (for further details, see the various Interviews in the list of references).

==Contributions to economics==
Calvo's research is impressive in that it covers a wide variety of relevant issues in a rigorous fashion and with high policy content. The focus of his current research is Emerging Market economies (EMs) that has also proven relevant for advanced economies like those in the eurozone. Calvo has been a frontrunner in incorporating financial sector issues in macroeconomic models and in emphasizing the role of external factors in EMs. His research has helped to highlight factors that conventional macroeconomics tended to ignore, and that have come back with a vengeance to everybody's attention in the context of the subprime crisis. His contributions remain widely cited in academic and policy circles, even though several of them were produced more than twenty years ago, such as his 1988 “Servicing the Public Debt: The Role of Expectations” and his 1991 “Perils of Sterilization.”

The ''Calvo pricing'' approach widely used by global central banks is named after him. This is one way of modelling sticky prices for example in [[New Keynesian economics#New Keynesian DSGE models|New Keynesian DSGE-models]] (compare [[Calvo (staggered) contracts]]).<ref>Walsh, Carl E. Monetary theory and policy. MIT press, 2010. p. 333.</ref>

His analysis is typically couched in terms of rigorous but elegant models, unencumbered by superfluous detail. This has helped to bring his ideas to a wide public, and influence public policy. Expressions like "Calvo equation," "Sudden Stop," "Fear of Floating" – found in, or linked to, his papers – are common currency in the financial jargon. Several EMs have benefited from his research showing the severe risks imposed by the combination of high current account deficit, "dollarization," and [[financial contagion]]. This line of research led several economies in Latin America to taking defensive action and, thus, to navigate through the Lehman crisis without plunging into deep and long-lasting crisis, as was the case in other economies that exhibited large current account deficits (e.g., Iceland and the Baltic economies). Calvo's research illustrate the enormous synergy of the two worlds, a fact that he has managed to convey in inspiring ways in his two MIT books with a collection of his works.

Calvo has published several books and over 100 journal articles.<ref name="Columbia Announcement" /> Selected contributions follow

;1. Equilibrium Indeterminacy or Sunspot Equilibriums
* 1a.“On the Indeterminacy of Interest Rates and Wages with Perfect Foresight,” Journal of Economic Theory, December 1978.

This paper is a frontrunner in the theory of Sunspot Equilibrium. It shows that a conventional overlapping-generations model can give rise to equilibrium multiplicity and, moreover, that the latter phenomenon is more likely to arise if the propensity to save is relatively inelastic with respect to the real interest rate, a case akin to that emphasized in Keynes's General Theory.

;2. Unemployment and Efficiency Wages
* 2a.“Quasi-Walrasian Theories of Unemployment,” Proceedings of the American Economic Association, American Economic Review, May 1979.
* 2b.“The Inefficiency of Unemployment: The Supervision Perspective,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1985.

These papers show examples in which incomplete labor contracts could give rise to unemployment. The AER 1978 paper (Ref. 2a) is a seminal paper in this field and predates by more than five years the celebrated paper by Carl Shapiro and Joseph Stiglitz ("Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device," in: American Economic Review 1984, p. 433–444). Ref. 2b further shows that this type of unemployment equilibrium is Pareto inefficient, and can be improved upon by fiscal policy. This is another 'first' in this literature.

;3. Time Inconsistency and Credibility Issues
* 3a.“On the Time Consistency of Optimal Policy in a Monetary Economy,” Econometrica, November 1978. Reprinted in Rational Expectations and Econometric Practice, edited by R.E. Lucas Jr. and T.J. Sargent (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1981).
* 3b.“Temporary Stabilization: Predetermined Exchange Rates,” Journal of Political Economy, December 1986.

These are papers in the area of “policy credibility.” The Econometrica 1978 Time Inconsistency paper (Ref. 3a) follows on the lines of the paper by Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott (for which the authors deservedly got a Nobel Prize. According to Calvo (in his book Money, Exchange Rate and Output, MIT Press 1996), his research was independent and he only became aware of the Kydland-Prescott paper when his paper was about to be accepted for publication (Prescott was one of the referees). In contrast with the Kydland-Prescott paper, Calvo's starts from standard micro-foundations in a Patinkin-Sidrauski economy. However, the paper's major value added was not so much getting an alternative proof of Time Inconsistency but, rather, proving that time inconsistency holds even if the government aims at maximizing social welfare. This is a fundamental result because it dispels any doubt one might have that time inconsistency follows from just the government trying to cheat the public by making promises that it does not intend to honor.

Calvo’s Time Inconsistency paper was the first step in a research program involving credibility issues. Ref. 3b sets the grounds for the conjecture that inflation stabilization is especially hard to achieve and enhances social costs if policymakers cannot convey a credible message that they are willing and able to implement the necessary policies to secure lower and more stable inflation. Prior to this paper, the dominant explanation for costly price stabilization programs relied on mechanical factors like adaptive expectations/Phillips curve. An advantage of Calvo's approach is that it highlights the relevance of central banks' ability to communicate with the public and the importance of getting strong support from the rest of the government and political apparatus, even though individuals are fully rational. Ref. 3b spawned a large literature dealing with EMs.

;4. Supervision and Wage Distribution at the Firm
* 4a.“Hierarchy, Ability and Income Distribution,” with S. Wellisz, Journal of Political Economy, October 1979.

The 1979 JPE paper (Ref. 4a), contains a model examining the implications of imperfect information within the firm on the firm's wage distribution. This paper received considerable attention; it provides one of the earliest frameworks that help to explain, for instance, why a CEO can earn multiples of his/her underlings' salaries. The supervision technology in this paper is similar to the one utilized in Ref. 2 in connection with the issue of efficiency wages. The two key assumption are "loss of control" – which give rise to a hierarchical supervisory firm structure – and costly supervision. The combination of these two factors is shown to imply that the wage rate is a function of one's position in the hierarchy: the closer to the top of the hierarchical ladder, the higher the wage, even if individuals are, to all intents and purposes, identical. Ref. 2 & 4 are two outstanding examples of Calvo's research inspired by the conjecture that salient macro phenomena could be rooted in frictions within firms, a conjecture linked to the pioneering papers by Edmund Phelps et al.

;5. Sticky Prices
* 5a.“[[Calvo (Staggered) contracts|Staggered Contracts]] in a Utility-Maximizing Framework,” Journal of Monetary Economics, September 1983.

This paper ranks first in Calvo's citations (more than 5700 citations according to Google Scholar, henceforth GM).<ref>{{cite web|title=Citations|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=30LFrlkAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao|publisher=[[Google Scholar]]}}</ref> The approach was first developed to clarify price stabilization puzzles in EMs, but was eventually incorporated as a fundamental component in New Keynesian economics. It does not involve an original idea, which hails back to papers by Edmund Phelps and John B. Taylor. The main value added is 'simplicity.' This highlights another characteristic of Calvo's research: simplicity, a feature that is highly valuable in macroeconomics, a field in which 'complexity' is the norm. Complex structures are also valuable but, as a general rule, are very hard to test empirically, a fact that detracts from complexity's scientific value. On the other hand, the risk of simplicity is oversimplification. Ref. 5 continues being a key assumption in central banks' monetary models — where it is usually referred to as 'the Calvo Equation' – and, on the whole, it has passed careful empirical tests.

;6. Public Debt
* 6a.“Servicing the Public Debt: The Role of Expectations,” American Economic Review, September 1988.

This paper shows that under incomplete capital markets, public debt can give rise to multiple equilibriums which can be Pareto ranked. In the 'bad' equilibrium interest rates are high and lead to counterproductive behavior, e.g., high inflation or debt default; while in the 'good' equilibrium none of the latter takes place. The AER 1988 paper was motivated by stubborn high inflation in Brazil, despite low public debt and positive primary fiscal surplus. According to the paper this situation may result from a long record of high inflation that lead individuals to disbelieve official stabilization announcements, keeping interest rates high. The latter feeds into high fiscal deficit, validating high-inflation expectations – even under rational expectations. These ideas have acquired new significance in the present EU crisis. In this case, default, not high inflation, is at the heart of the debate. However, the model can also be applied (as shown in the original Calvo paper). This has led to active research in this subfield, and already appears to have guided ECB policy of trying to keep sovereign debt interest rates low by promising to purchase 'unlimited' amounts of public debt obligations in the euro zone. This is another example of the relevance of Calvo's research in the debate of central policy issues.

;7. International Capital Markets
* 7a.“Capital Inflows and Real Exchange Rate Appreciation in Latin America: The Role of External Factors,” with L. Leiderman and C. Reinhart, Staff Papers, March 1993.
* 7b.“Varieties of Capital-Market Crises,” in G. Calvo and M. King (eds.) The Debt Burden and its Consequences for Monetary Policy, Macmillan, 1998. Also in G. Calvo Emerging Capital Markets in Turmoil: Bad Luck or Bad Policy?, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press 2005.
* 7c.“Capital Flows and Capital-Market Crises: The Simple Economics of Sudden Stops,” Journal of Applied Economics, November 1998. Also in G. Calvo Emerging Capital Markets in Turmoil: Bad Luck or Bad Policy?, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press 2005.
* 7d.“Explaining Sudden Stops, Growth Collapse and BOP Crises: The case of distortionary output taxes”, IMF Mundell-Fleming Lecture, IMF Staff Papers, 2003. Also in G. Calvo Emerging Capital Markets in Turmoil: Bad Luck or Bad Policy?, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press 2005
* 7e.“Fear of Floating”(with C. Reinhart), Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2002. Also in G. Calvo Emerging Capital Markets in Turmoil: Bad Luck or Bad Policy?, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press 2005.
* 7f.Calvo, Guillermo, Alejandro Izquierdo and Luis-Fernando Mejia, 2008, “Systemic Sudden Stop: The Relevance of Balance-Sheet Effects and Financial Integration,” NBER Working Paper No. 14026.

This is a short list of Calvo's papers focused on capital flows and financial crises. It is an area in which Calvo is still actively engaged. His first papers go back to the early 1980s, but his research on these topic took flight after the Mexican Tequila crisis in 1994/5 triggered by a sudden increase in US interest rates. Ref. 7b highlighting the relevance of the balance-sheet approach for understanding some of the puzzling dynamics of financial crisis, an issue that had so far been largely obliterated in the literature. This paper was circulated soon after that episode and helped to set the stage for sharply different explanations from the one offered in the seminal paper on the mechanics of balance of payment crisis by Paul Krugman. Ref.7c crowned this effort by defining and offering some simple but fundamental rationalization for a new concept that since then has become part of the economists’ jargon in the discussion of financial crises, namely, ‘Sudden Stop’. The paper focuses on large and largely unexpected declines in capital inflows, a characteristic of all major crises in EMs since at least the 1990s. Sudden Stop and empirical analyses carried out in 7f have become familiar staple in the literature that now stretches beyond EU.

Ref 7e shows that despite fixed exchange rates being singled out as a major factor in EM crises in the 1990s, governments in those economies continue 'pegging' their currencies in one way or another. This is an empirical paper which is still very visible and has more than 3100 citations according to GS. Finally, 7a is another empirical paper showing that capital inflows in Latin America are highly sensitive to external factors. The paper is widely cited (more than 1450 citations according to GS) and has become highly topical in the current conjuncture.

== Interviews ==

# Enrique G. Mendoza, 2005, "Toward and Economic Theory of Reality: An Interview with Guillermo A. Calvo," Macroeconomic Dynamics, 9, pp. 123–145. http://www.columbia.edu/~gc2286/documents/interview.pdf.
# James L. Rowe, 2007, "A Master of Theory and Practice," Finance and Development, March, 44, 1. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2007/03/people.htm
# (in Spanish). Juan Carlos De Pablo, 2006, "Entrevista a Guillermo Antonio Roberto Calvo," Instituto de Economía y Finanzas. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad de Córdoba.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.columbia.edu/~gc2286/vita.html Vita at Columbia]
* {{cite book|author1=Carmen M. Reinhart|author2=Carlos A. Végh Gramont|author3=Andrés Velasco|title=Money, Crises, and Transition: Essays in Honor of Guillermo A. Calvo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QC4UAQAAIAAJ|year=2008|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-18266-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Guillermo A. Calvo|title=Money, Exchange Rates, and Output|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBGAYYW9gqwC|year=1996|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-03236-0}}

{{Keynesians}}
{{Presidents of the International Economic Association}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:1941 births]]
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[[Category:Argentine economists]]
[[Category:20th-century economists]]
[[Category:21st-century economists]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania faculty]]
[[Category:University of Maryland, College Park faculty]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society]]
[[Category:New Keynesian economists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]

Fear of floating

2018-10-20T13:27:16Z

Tangoludwig: Added links in the names in the first paragraph (were only many paragraphs below)

'''Fear of floating''' refers to situations where a country prefers a fixed exchange rate to a [[floating exchange rate]] regime. This is more relevant in [[emerging economies]], especially when they suffered from financial crisis in last two decades. In [[foreign exchange market]]s of the emerging market economies, there is evidence showing that countries who claim they are floating their currency, are actually reluctant to let the nominal exchange rate fluctuate in response to macroeconomic shocks. In the literature, this is first convincingly documented by [[Guillermo Calvo|Calvo]] and [[Carmen Reinhart|Reinhart]] with "fear of floating" as the title of one of their papers in 2000.<ref name="Long-Run Volatility Puzzle" /> Since then, this widespread phenomenon of reluctance to adjust exchange rates in emerging markets is usually called "fear of floating". Most of the studies on "fear of floating" are closely related to literature on costs and benefits of different exchange rate regimes.

== Floating vs. Fixed exchange rate ==

To understand the benefits and costs of floating a currency, we need to make a simple comparison between a floating exchange rate and a fixed (or pegged) exchange rate. A [[floating exchange rate]] refers to the situation when the currency's value is allowed to fluctuate according to the foreign exchange market. The value of this currency is determined by the supply and demand shocks in the market of the currency (foreign exchange market). Most of the countries adopting the free, floating exchange rate regimes (floaters) are developed small open economies, such as Canada, Australia, Sweden.

The basic debate between fixed and floating exchange rate regimes is mentioned in most principle of macroeconomics textbooks, where the [[Mundell–Fleming model]] is presented to explain the exchange rate regimes. Three, potentially desirable policies, are called "[[Impossible_trinity|impossible trinity]]" because a country could not achieve all three at the same time.<ref name="The Trilemma Indexes">{{cite web | url=http://web.pdx.edu/~ito/trilemma_indexes.htm | title=Impossible trinity | accessdate=March 4, 2012}}</ref>

* fixed exchange rate
* open to capital flows
* independent central bank and monetary policy

Some economists believe, in most circumstances, floating exchange rates are preferable to fixed exchange rates. Firstly, giving up the fixed exchange rate could gain more flexibility in monetary policy. For some countries, inflation is the main policy target by the [[central bank]]. It is often true that a high degree of exchange rate flexibility would help [[inflation targeting]] to be more successful. Secondly, as floating exchange rates automatically adjust, they enable a country to dampen the impact of shocks and foreign business cycles, and to preempt the possibility of having a balance of payments crisis.

In practice, a central bank would not ignore substantial movements in exchange rate. Most monetary authorities in emerging market economies have two implicit targets, they aim to maintain a low inflation while also avoiding large currency movements.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ostry|first=Jonathan |author2=Atish Ghosh |author3=Marcos Chamon|title=Two Targets, Two Instruments: Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies in Emerging Market Economies|journal=IMF Staff Discussion Note|date=Feb 2012|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2012/sdn1201.pdf}}</ref>

Central banks in emerging economies will usually intervene to stabilize the currency when there is too much fluctuation in a short time period by using policy instruments. Thus, a pure floating exchange rate regime is quite rare in reality, most of floating currencies may be classified as a "[[managed float]]". However, the extent to which some developing countries control the fluctuation in nominal exchange rates appears to go beyond merely dampening large exchange rate changes. Other reasons are required to justify this "fear of floating" phenomenon.

== Empirical evidence ==

To find out empirical statistics to assess this phenomenon, we could consider some countries with relatively pure floating regimes as benchmark cases, for example United States and Japan. After calculating the monthly variation in percentage for developing countries in data sample, Calvo and Reinhart constructed a statistic to measure the flexibility of exchange rate. They compute the probability that the monthly change in the nominal exchange rate lies inside the 2.5 percent band. A higher probability implies a less flexible exchange rate time series.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reinhart|first=Carmen|title=Fear of Floating: Exchange Rate Flexibility Indices|journal=MPRA Paper 13196, University Library of Munich, Germany.|year=2001|url=http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13196/}}</ref>

As indicated in Table 1 of Calvo and Reinhart (2002), the probability is 58.7% for United States and 61.2% for Japan. Nevertheless, for developing countries who are classified as floaters (both free floaters and managed floaters), the probability on average reaches 77.4%.

This is even more surprising since in conventional wisdom, developing countries are subject to larger shocks.<ref name="Long-Run Volatility Puzzle">{{cite journal|last=Hausmann|first=Ricardo |first2=Ugo |last2=Panizza |first3=Roberto |last3=Rigobon |title=The Long-Run Volatility Puzzle of the Real Exchange Rate |journal=Journal of International Money and Finance |year=2006 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=93–124 |doi=10.1016/j.jimonfin.2005.10.006 }}</ref> These statistics reveals preference for a relative stable exchange rate fluctuations in developing countries with floating exchange rate, or "fear of floating".

Following this preference for low variability in exchange rate, these countries try to smooth out exchange rate fluctuations though they announced intentions to float. In practice, the monetary authorities achieve so by two instruments, actively intervening in the foreign exchange markets and engaging in an active interest rate defense of the currency. These two policy reactions are also suggested by the data on interest rates and foreign reserves in emerging countries. The corresponding data indicates that there is a much larger variability in for international reserves and substantially smaller variation in interest rate in developing countries.

Here are a list of examples. More examples are provided by reviewing history of exchange rate regimes in different countries.<ref>{{cite web|last=The Chinese University of Hong Kong|title=Historical Exchange Rate Regime of Asian Countries|url=http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?}}</ref> Bolivia announced it would freely float on September 1985, but actually the exchange rate is not quite floating. It is closely pegged to the US dollar so that the regime was reclassified as a managed float.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bolivia exchange rate|url=http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=14}}</ref>

In recent Asian financial crisis in 1997-1998, there is a substantial output drop as well as high inflation associated with a large decline in currency value.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Mohsen Bahmani-Oskooee |author2=Souphala Chomsisengphet |author3=Magda Kandil |title=Are Devaluations Contractionary in Asia? |journal=Journal of Post Keynesian Economics|year=2002|volume=25|issue=1|pages=69–81|jstor=4538812}}</ref> Although Korea and Thailand adopt the new floating regime, they seem to accumulate foreign reserves by control the exchange rate with intervention in the foreign market. This could be regarded as precautionary accumulation of international reserves to avoid similar financial crisis as 1997-98 crisis in the future. It is also claimed that by tying their currencies to the dollar, Asian governments are creating global economic strains, the fear of floating does exist in Asian emerging economies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asian currencies, fear of floating|url=http://www.economist.com/node/1912021|newspaper=Economist|date=2003-07-10}}</ref>

There also is evidence that the predominance of foreign currency liabilities in the banks’ balance sheets in Turkey induces a selling pressure in the exchange market as well as a fear of floating.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Feridun |first=Mete |year=2012 |title=Liability dollarization, exchange market pressure and fear of floating: empirical evidence for Turkey |journal=Applied Economics |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=1041–1056 |doi=10.1080/00036846.2010.534073 }}</ref>

== Explanations ==

Why might a country prefer a smooth exchange rate with low volatility and be reluctant to float the currency? A free floating exchange rate would increase foreign exchange volatility. The volatility might be very large during crisis period. This could cause serious problems, especially in emerging economies.<ref>{{cite web|title=exchange rate volatility|url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/ifdp/2005/845/ifdp845.htm}}</ref>

=== Liability dollarization and original sin ===

Firstly, liability dollarization (see [[Domestic liability dollarization]]) is one main reason against floating exchange rate.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Levy Yeyati |first=E |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0327.2006.00154.x |year=2006 |title=Financial Dollarization: Evaluating the Consequences |journal=Economic Policy |volume=21 |issue=45 |pages=61–118 }}</ref> It refers to the situations where liabilities are denominated in foreign currencies (usually denominated in US dollar) while assets are in the local currency. Consequently. liability dollarization is also used interchangeably with [[currency mismatch]]. Under this currency mismatch, an unexpected depreciation of local currency would deteriorate bank and corporation's balance sheets, and the shrink in asset relative to foreign currency debts would threaten the stability of the financial system in local country. In countries with significant currency mismatches, the balance sheet effect is quite substantial, ignoring the high exchange rate volatility can prove to be very costly. This could provide an argument for sterilized foreign market intervention.

The situation that "most developing countries are not able to borrow abroad in their domestic currency" is referred to "[[original sin]]" in economics literature. Original sin is present among most of the [[developing economies]], especially in periods with high inflation rate and currency depreciation. This global capital [[market failure|market imperfection]] contributes a lot to the widespread liability dollarization phenomenon. International [[transaction costs]], [[network externalities]], lack of credible domestic policies and underdeveloped local bond market are claimed to be the main reasons to the original sin.<ref>Eichengreen, B., Hausmann, R., and Panizza, U., (2002). [http://www.financialpolicy.org/financedev/hausmann2002.pdf "Original Sin: The Pain, the Mystery and the Road to Redemption"], paper presented at a conference on Currency and Maturity Matchmaking: Redeeming Debt from Original Sin, Inter-American Development Bank</ref>

=== Contractionary depreciation ===

The cases of fear of floating mainly focus on the case of currency depreciation. Following the currency mismatch channel and balance sheet effects above, there is an output cost associated with depreciation of domestic currency, sometimes this adverse effect in output is called contractionary depreciation/devaluation.

More generally, uncertainty in real exchange rate would reduce investment, and thus generating extra output costs. Actually, volatility affects economic growth not only through its direct impact on lowering investment, but may also harm productivity growth by affecting the effciency of investment allocation. For example, some economists find strong evidence of how relative price volatility affect sectoral allocation of investment away from what [[total factor productivity]] (TFP) differences would indicate.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Eduardo Alfredo Cavallo |author2=Arturo José Galin |author3=Alejandro Izquierdo |author4=John Jairo León Díaz |title=The Role of Relative Price Volatility in the Efficiency of Investment Allocation|journal=Inter-American Development Bank, Working Paper|year=2010|url=http://www.iadb.org/research/pub_hits.cfm?pub_id=IDB-WP-208&pub_file_name=pubIDB-WP-208.pdf}}</ref> Furthermore, to smooth out exchange rate fluctuations, emerging countries are usually engaged in an active interest rate defense of the currency. There is also an output cost of raising interest rates. In a model with nominal wage rigidities,changes in exchange rate implies changes in actual real wage. As a result, "[[involuntary unemployment]]" and "voluntary unemployment" would arise due to labor market wage distortions.

If these output costs due to exchange rate fluctuations are sufficiently large relative to the cost of intervention, it is optimal of the decision maker to stabilize the exchange rate.

=== Concern of credibility and inflation ===

Another main reason for fear of floating arises from the combination of lack of credibility, a high pass-through from exchange rates to prices and inflation targeting. This is also motivated by the fact that there is trend in emerging markets to couple floating with explicit inflation target. [[Guillermo Calvo|Calvo]] and [[Carmen Reinhart|Reinhart]] present a simple model to show "fear of floating" is attributed to lack of credibility and inflation targeting. The main idea is that large exchange rate volatility may lead to inflation volatility, which reduces the credibility of monetary policymakers for inflation targeting. This high inflation volatility is very costly due to higher risk premia, hedging costs and unforeseen redistribution of wealth.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Victor Pontines|title=THE NEXUS BETWEEN INFLATION TARGETING AND EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY|journal=The South East Asian Central Banks (SEACEN)|date=August 2011|url=http://www.seacen.org/GUI/pdf/publications/staff_paper/2011/staffpaper84.pdf}}</ref>

=== Fear of appreciation ===

The term "fear of floating" has been mainly used to describe intervention in foreign exchange market to avoid sudden or large depreciation. However, in some cases, intervention has also been aimed at avoiding quick appreciations of domestic currency. One typical example is the debate on undervalued Chinese currency,<ref>{{cite news|title=Yuan appreciation nightmarish for US|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90780/7614727.html|newspaper=People's Daily (English)}}</ref> RMB and the huge [[foreign reserve]] accumulated from trade surplus.

The well-known argument against appreciation against US dollar comes from a neo-mercantilist (see [[Neomercantilism]]) view. A depreciated real exchange rate could stimulate the export industries, and provide protection for domestic industries since foreign good are more expensive in terms of domestic currency.

A large number of scholars and policy makers examine whether this "fear of appreciation" has a positive impact on growth performance in developing economies. Some economists show that depreciated exchange rates appear to induce higher growth, but that the effect works largely through the deepening of domestic savings and capital accumulation, rather than through import substitution or export booms as argued by the mercantilism view. Some other studies believe the recent reserve accumulation in east Asia from increasing net export could enhance economic growth.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Levy |first=Eduardo |authorlink2=Federico Sturzenegger |last2=Sturzenegger |first2=Federico |title=Fear of Appreciation |journal=[[Journal of Development Economics]] |volume=101 |year=2013 |pages=233–247 |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.11.008 }}</ref> They develop a model showing that foreign reserve accumulation by currency under-devaluation could be a second-best policy in economies with learning-by-investing externality. Though there is static loss, a higher relative price of tradables could lead to a dynamic gain through higher rate of capital accumulation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Korinek|first=Anton|author2=Luis Serven|title=Undervaluation through Foreign Reserve Accumulation: Static Losses, Dynamic Gains|journal=Journal of International Money and Finance |volume=64 |year=2016 |pages=104–136 |doi=10.1016/j.jimonfin.2016.02.012 }}</ref>

== Implication in favor of monetary union ==

=== In favor of monetary union ===

Within one monetary union (e.g. the Euro zone), countries share a single currency or the exchange rate is fixed. So the previous reasons for fears of floating might make the idea of common currency area more alluring to the would-be entrants of the euro zone.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fear of floating:The financial crisis has made the euro look more alluring|url=http://www.economist.com/node/13767437|newspaper=Economist|date=2007-06-11}}</ref>

For these countries in Europe, since there is long border, heavy trade and industry links with the euro zone, it is extremely difficult to control the capital flows.<ref>{{cite web|title=Map of Euro area, 1999-2011|url=http://www.ecb.int/euro/intro/html/map.en.html}}</ref> For these economies to have an independent monetary policy, it had to let its currency float against the main currencies in the world. In principle, floating exchange rates adjust automatically to keep economy in balance, but in real practice, these fluctuations would sometimes veer wildly from the ideal level. These variations of exchange rates can be a source of instability.

For the countries who recently joined euro zone, most of them are small and very open economies. Exports account for a significant share of the GDP and international trade, the trade with EU countries playing an essential role. As emerging countries, when the currency value becomes volatile they are prone to sudden shifts of investments and capital flows (perhaps by foreign investor "animal spirits" and this is similar to sudden flow stops in Latin American countries).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Calvo |first=Guillermo A. |year=1998 |title=Capital Flows and Capital-Market Crises: The Simple Economics of Sudden Stops |journal=[[Journal of Applied Economics]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=35–54 |doi= |url=http://ideas.repec.org/a/cem/jaecon/v1y1998n1p35-54.html }}</ref>

The exchange rate stability is quite attractive for these emerging countries, in this trade-off between exchange rate stability and monetary independence, the former would dominate since there is less scope to manage domestic prices through an independent monetary policy relative to a closed economy and a large country.

=== Lessons from the recent European debt crisis ===

Monetary Union may also have some adverse effect in the recent [[European sovereign debt crisis]]. This fixed exchange rate regime makes it impossible for the central bank to use the exchange rate as a policy instrument. It can not depreciate the currency to dampen the impact of negative shocks and restore balance in [[current account]].

For the recent Greek government debt crisis, a key priority for Greece is to bring the government's budget in a sustainable position. The main problem appears to be the high and still rising net foreign indebtedness. Much of this high level of external debt could attribute to the current account deficits accumulated since the 1990s. One way to deal with the huge current account deficit is to leave the euro area and devalue the domestic currency drachma. The lower exchange rate could promote export and enhance the competitiveness of Greek economy. By quitting the euro area, the central [[Bank of Greece]] regains exchange rate as a policy instrument to reduce the huge current account deficit.

On the other hand, each country has an independent fiscal policy to some extent, if there is no credible commitment on fiscal budget, some countries might end up in an over-borrowing problem (e.g. Greece) and trigger the debt crisis.<ref>{{cite news|title=Euro zone Debt Levels|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/interactive-graphics/graphic-of-the-day/8851210/Graphic-eurozone-debt-levels-and-bailout-fund.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Sebastian|last=Payne|date=2011-10-26}}</ref> One possible solution is an intergovernmental treaty to put strict caps on government spending and borrowing relative to the current year GDP.<ref>{{cite news|last= Baker|first= Luke|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/09/eurozone-idUSL5E7N900120111209 |title=WRAPUP 5-Europe moves ahead with fiscal union, UK isolated |publisher=Reuters |date=2011-12-09 |accessdate=2011-12-09}}</ref>

Those situations illustrate that we should not ignore the warnings against currency unions though there is plenty of benefits from joining common currency union. Sometimes it may be very desirable to have the [[exchange rate]] as an adjustment tool,<ref>{{cite web|title=Exchange rate policy|url=http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2-macro-exchange-rate.html}}</ref> especially in large [[financial crisis]], or large upward pressure on exchange rates when defending the currency could be very costly and government does not have sufficient international foreign reserve to fight with speculators. That is why large exchange rate changes are often observed despite of "fear of floating."

One typical example is Thailand in 1998 Asian financial crisis.<ref>{{cite news|title=Timeline for the panic: 1998|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/crash/etc/cron.html}}</ref> The baht was pegged at 25 to the US dollar before the crisis. During the crisis, the slowdown in export growth caused Thailand to abandon the dollar peg and devalue its currency in order to promote exports.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Quan B. Lai|title=Currency Crisis in Thailand|journal=The Park Place Economist|series=Illinois Wesleyan University|url=http://www.iwu.edu/economics/PPE08/quan.pdf}}</ref> The baht devalued rapidly and lost more than half of its value. In January 1998, the baht reached its lowest point of 56 units to the US dollar.

==See also==

* [[Exchange rate]]
* [[Floating exchange rate]]
* [[Domestic Liability Dollarization]]
* [[Mundell–Fleming model]]
* [[Inflation targeting]]
* [[Domestic Liability Dollarization]]
* [[Monetary union]]
* [[Impossible trinity]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:International macroeconomics]]
[[Category:Monetary policy]]

Dunglish

2018-06-05T18:29:56Z

Tangoludwig: added an example regarding the pronunciation of the letter v

{{Refimprove |date=January 2011}}
'''Dunglish''' ([[portmanteau]] of ''Dutch'' and ''English''; in Dutch '''''steenkolenengels''''', literally: "coal-English") is a popular term for mistakes native [[Dutch language|Dutch]] speakers make when trying to speak [[English language|English]]. The term's usage is loosely connected to that of other English language [[Corruption (linguistics)|corruptions]], such as ''[[Engrish]]''.

English instruction in the Netherlands begins in elementary school or secondary school, and Dutch-speaking Belgians are usually taught English from the age of twelve. In addition, like all foreign-language films, English-spoken movies are subtitled rather than being dubbed in the [[Netherlands]] and in [[Flanders]], the Dutch-speaking part of [[Belgium]].

The Dutch word for the poorest form of Dunglish, ''steenkolenengels'' (''"Coal English"''), goes back to the early twentieth century when Dutch port workers used a rudimentary form of English to communicate with the personnel of English coal ships.

Errors occur mainly in [[pronunciation]], [[word order]], and the meaning of words, so-called [[false friends]] and [[false cognates]]. Former Dutch ambassador and prime minister [[Dries van Agt]] supposedly once said "I can stand my little man" (translation of ''ik kan mijn mannetje staan'', a Dutch idiom meaning roughly "I can stand up for myself"). The former leader of the Dutch Liberal Party, [[Frits Bolkestein]], repeatedly referred to economic prospects as "[[Urolagnia|golden showers]]", unaware of the term's sexual connotation.<ref name="undutchables">{{cite book | title =The Undutchables |author1=White, C. |author2=Boucke, L. | location =Amsterdam, Netherlands | publisher =Nijgh and Van Ditmar | year =2011 | isbn =9789038894324 }}</ref>

== Incorrect meaning of words ==

Errors often occur because of the ''[[false friend]]'' or [[false cognate]] possibility: words are incorrectly translated for understandable reasons. Examples are:
* Former prime minister [[Joop den Uyl]] once remarked that "''the Dutch are a nation of undertakers''". The Dutch verb ''ondernemen'' is literally the English ''undertake'' (as ''onder'' is ''under'', and ''nemen'' is ''take''). The noun ''ondernemer'' is thus literally ''undertaker''; however the idiomatic English usage is instead the French loanword ''entrepreneur''.<ref name="undutchables" /> (Dutch uses the more specific ''begrafenisondernemer'' for a funeral director.)
* Former prime minister [[Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy]] had a meeting with [[Winston Churchill]] in London. Gerbrandy entered the room and shook Churchill's hand, saying: "Good-day!" Churchill responded: "This is the shortest meeting I have ever had". Gerbrandy had looked up the English translation of ''goedendag'', which in Dutch is often used as a formal [[Salutation|greeting]], yet "good day" is most often used as [[valediction]] in Britain (as opposed to "good morning" or "good afternoon").
* The Dutch word "actueel" means "current" (whereas "actual" in English means "genuine"). A Dutch person unfamiliar with the English word might therefore be confused if he or she were asked about the "actual time" an appointment was supposed to start.
* The Dutch verb ''solliciteren'' means to apply for a job, which can lead to an embarrassing situation if someone claims that they have come to solicit.
* The word ''eventueel'' in Dutch means ''potentially'' (like ''éventuel'' in [[French language|French]], ''eventuell'' in [[German language|German]], ''eventual'' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], ''eventuale'' in [[Italian language|Italian]], ''eventual'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], ''eventuell'' in [[Swedish language|Swedish]]) and not ''eventually'', which is ''uiteindelijk'' in Dutch. This mistake caused a row between the Scottish and Belgian football associations when the Belgian football association invited delegates from various associations over for the "eventual qualification of the Belgian national football team" before the play-offs against Scotland started. While the Scottish federation accused the Belgians of sheer arrogance, the Belgian association had actually meant to hold the drink after a "possible qualification".<ref name="undutchables" />

==Word order==
[[File:Meetingpoint caves.png|thumb|left|Two typical Dutch mistakes in English – wrong order for [[noun adjunct]]s ("meeting point caves" instead of "Meeting point for caves" or "Cave meeting point") and compound nouns written as one word ("meetingpoint")]]
Some Dutch speakers may use Dutch syntax inappropriately when using English, creating errors such as ''What mean you?'' instead of ''What do you mean?''

This is because English and Dutch do not follow exactly the same word order. English has a [[subject–verb–object]] word order, but this is shared only partially by Dutch, which has a [[V2 word order|verb-second]] order, causing the subject to follow the verb if another constituent already precedes it; e.g., ''Hij is daar'' ("He is there"), but ''Daar is hij''; literally "There is he".

Also, Dutch places [[perfect participle]]s towards the end of a clause while the [[auxiliary verb|auxiliary]] remains at the verb-second position, allowing for the two to be separated and for many other elements to stand in between; e.g. ''Ik '''heb''' dat gisteren [meteen na de lunch toen ik aankwam etc.] '''gedaan'''''; literally "I '''have''' that yesterday [immediately after the lunch when I arrived etc.] '''done'''".

In questions, English employs [[periphrastic]] constructions involving the verb ''to do'', a rare feature crosslinguistically. Dutch does not use this construction, but instead utilizes a [[verb–subject–object|VSO]] word order, inverting the subject and verb.

In English [[noun adjunct]]s, such as ''Schiphol'' in the phrase ''Schiphol Meeting Point'', the modifying noun comes before the other noun. In Dutch this is the reverse, giving rise to errors like "Meeting Point Schiphol".

==Compound nouns written as one word==
[[File:Compound noun error.jpg|thumb|Dutch compound noun error in English "boardingpass" instead of "boarding pass", as seen on [[KLM]] sign at [[Schiphol Airport]], 2013]]

In English, only certain compound nouns (such as "schoolteacher") can be written as one word, whereas in Dutch the default is to write compound nouns as a single word.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bruce Donaldson|title=Colloquial Dutch: A Complete Language Course|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6oAawATeU4C&pg=PA171|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-68299-5|pages=171}}</ref> This is witnessed in errors in English texts on signs – at [[Schiphol Airport]] alone one can see signs for "meetingpoint", "boardingpass" and "traintickets". In some cases the English compound noun spelled as two words in English has been officially absorbed by the Dutch language – as is the case with ''[[:nl:creditcard|creditcard]]'' (credit card) and ''jetlag'' (jet lag).

==Verb conjugation==

English and Dutch are both [[West Germanic languages]], with many [[cognate]] verbs with identical or nearly identical meanings. This similarity between verbs may cause speakers of Dutch to conjugate English verbs according to [[Dutch grammar]].
* ''We kisse(n) her.'' (Dutch ''kussen'' means and is cognate with English ''to kiss''. In Dutch grammar, verbs with plural subjects take a form identical to the infinitive, which in most cases has an ''en'' suffix.)
* ''What do you now?'' for ''What are you doing right now?'' (In Dutch, ''Wat doe je nu?'')
* ''How goes it now?'' for ''How are you doing now?'' (The phrase is used particularly after someone has had a bad spell. A similarly constructed phrase is found in Shakespeare, carrying a slightly different meaning, which underlines the even closer similarities between English and Dutch historically.)

== Errors in pronunciation ==

* Words like ''third'' and ''the'' are commonly mispronounced by Dutch speakers as ''turd'' and ''duh'', replacing the [[dental consonant|dental]] [[fricative consonant|fricative]] consonants that are not present in Dutch with dental [[plosive consonant|plosives]], the nearest equivalent.
* Many Dutch speakers have trouble distinguishing between ''bat'', ''bad'', ''bet'' and ''bed'' or between ''back'', ''bag'', ''beck'' and ''beg'' for that reason. This is because Dutch [[final-obstruent devoicing|devoices obstruents]] at the end of a word, and also because Dutch does not distinguish between {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ɛ]}}.
* Some pronounce the word ''idea'' (in Dutch: ''idee'') without the ending sound, making "Do you have an idea?" and "Do you have an ID?" sound the same.
* Most Dutch speakers mispronounce the english ''v'', being particularly evident when this is the starting letter of a word. For example, many Dutch would pronounce /ˈfɪdiəʊ/ for the word ''video'' instead of /ˈvɪdiəʊ/, or /fæn/ instead of /væn/ for the word ''van''.
== Other clues ==

* Using ''greetings'' (often abbreviated to ''grtz'') to end an email or an SMS as a literal translation of ''(met vriendelijke) groeten'' (reinforced by German ''(mit freundlichen) Grüßen'') - in English however a greeting is usually to describe the start of an exchange and it is odd to use it at the end. Note also that ''greeting'' is generally used in English only to describe the act of welcoming someone into your house, usage in text as a form of salutation is restricted to Christmas cards (Season's Greetings) and would always be used at the start (never at the end).
* Using possessive forms like ''that is the Lamborghini of Patrick'' instead of the use of an [[apostrophe]] to indicate possession. Saying ''that Lamborghini is Patrick's'' is a marked improvement, and a native English speaker would say ''that's Patrick's Lamborghini''.
* Concatenation of words like ''officemanager'' is a common Dutch habit that sometimes also creates unintended [[mondegreens]].
* Excessive and incorrect use of the [[apostrophe]] particularly when using acronyms in the plural form. Note, however, that this is quite common in many countries, especially in America.

== Use in media ==
* A 2009 Dutch TV ad by the [[Eneco Energie|Eneco]] utility, promoting [[wind energy]], poked fun at the [[Dutch people]]'s tendency to speak Dunglish.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EjyS6PP-Ro |title=Eneco commercial - 'From the wind, we can not live' |publisher=Youtube.com |date=2009-11-11 |accessdate=2013-12-10}}</ref>

==Literature==
Dutch author Maarten H. Rijkens has written two books on the subject for Dutch readers: "I always get my sin" and "We always get our sin too".<ref>{{cite web|author=Maarten H. Rijkens (Author) |url=https://www.amazon.com/I-Always-Get-My-Sin/dp/9045305615 |title=I always get my sin |publisher=Amazon.com |date=2006-01-01 |accessdate=2013-12-10}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Netherlands}}
* [[Non-native pronunciations of English]]

== References ==
<references />

{{interlanguage varieties}}
{{English dialects by continent}}

[[Category:Macaronic forms of English]]
[[Category:Dutch language]]

STATPHYS

2018-05-28T08:16:22Z

Tangoludwig: There is no source to see when in 2019 the next one will take place. In any case, summer is a bit ambiguous in this case since most likely will be in July which would be plain winter in the southern hemisphere.

{{unreferenced|date=October 2015}}
'''STATPHYS''' is an international conference on [[statistical physics]] of the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]] (IUPAP). The series of conferences take place every three years in a different continent to give the maximum international relevance and visibility to the event. It is the world event for the broad field of statistical physics and all its interdisciplinary developments. The first meeting was in Florence in 1948. After a pioneering period the periodicity of three years was established and the conference has acquired more and more importance. The participation has reached peaks up to 1500 participants in the recent years. Also on the occasion of this conference the prestigious [[Boltzmann medal]] is awarded. In addition several satellite meetings are usually held along with the main event, adding to the scientific value of the meeting.

Recent meetings:

STATPHYS17, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 31-August 04, 1989 [https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Statistical_Physics.html?id=nfeMjwEACAAJ]

STATPHYS18, Berlin, Germany, August 2-8, 1992 [https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Statistical_Physics.html?id=nfeMjwEACAAJ]

STATPHYS19, Xiamen, China, July 31–August 04, 1995 [http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/2799]

STATPHYS20, Paris, France, July 20-24, 1998, [http://www.worldcat.org/title/statphys-20-proceedings-of-the-20th-iupap-international-conference-on-statistical-physics-held-in-the-unesco-conference-center-and-in-the-grand-amphitheatre-of-sorbonne-university-paris-france-20-24-july-1998/oclc/652410839]

STATPHYS21, Cancun, Mexico, July 15-21, 2001, [http://at.yorku.ca/cgi-bin/calendar/d/faay62]

STATPHYS22, Bangalore, India, July 4-9, 2004, [http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/~statphys22/]

STATPHYS23, Genova, Italy, July 9-13, 2007 [http://www.statphys23.org/]

STATPHYS24, Cairns, Australia, July 19-23, 2010 [http://inspirehep.net/record/1340349]

STATPHYS25, Seoul, Korea, July 22-26, 2013 [http://www.statphys25.org]

STATPHYS26, Lyon, France, July 18-22, 2016 [https://statphys26.sciencesconf.org/]

STATPHYS27 is planned to be held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2019 [https://twitter.com/search?q=%23StatPhys27&lang=en]

[[Category:International conferences]]

Larry Abbott

2018-02-22T13:36:27Z

Tangoludwig: Undid revision 825391331 by 124.186.203.92 (talk) VANDALISM

'''Larry Abbott''' (born 1950) is the William Bloor Professor of Theoretical Neuroscience at [[Columbia University]], where he helped create the Center for Theoretical Neuroscience. He is widely regarded as one of the leaders of [[theoretical neuroscience]], and is coauthor on the first comprehensive textbook on theoretical neuroscience.

==Biography==
He was originally a theoretical particle physicist at [[Brandeis University]], but joined [[Eve Marder]]’s laboratory in 1998 and spent the next 10 years there studying neural networks. Along with Marder, he helped invent the [[dynamic clamp technique]].<ref name="MyUser_Symmetrymagazine.org_May_12_2015c">{{cite web |url=http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/july-2014/a-physicist-in-the-neurobiology-lab |title=A physicist in the neurobiology lab |newspaper=Symmetrymagazine.org |date= |author= |accessdate= May 12, 2015}}</ref>

In 2004, he moved from Brandeis to Columbia.<ref name="MyUser_The_New_York_Times_May_12_2015c">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/science/learning-how-little-we-know-about-the-brain.html |title=Learning How Little We Know About the Brain |newspaper=The New York Times |date= November 10, 2014 |author= |accessdate= May 12, 2015}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
* 2004 [[National Institutes of Health Director's Pioneer Award]]<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://commonfund.nih.gov/pioneer/Recipients04 |title= 2004 Pioneer Award Recipients |accessdate= May 15, 2015 |website= National Institutes of Health}}</ref>
* 2014 [[Swartz Prize]]<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.sfn.org/Press-Room/News-Release-Archives/2010/Abbott-Receives-Swartz-Prize-for-Theoretical-and-Computational-Neuroscience |title= Abbott Receives Swartz Prize for Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience |date= November 15, 2010 |accessdate= May 15, 2015 |website= Society for Neuroscience}}</ref>
* 2014 [[National Academy of Sciences]] member<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20033167.html |title= Larry Abbott |accessdate= May 15, 2015 |website= National Academy of Sciences}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite journal|last=Prinz |first=Astrid A. |last2=Abbott |first2=L.F. |last3=Marder |first3=Eve |date=April 2004 |title=The dynamic clamp comes of age |url=http://neurotheory.columbia.edu/~larry/PrinzTINS04.pdf |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |publisher=Elsevier |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=218–224 |access-date=May 15, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508195723/http://neurotheory.columbia.edu/~larry/PrinzTINS04.pdf |archivedate=May 8, 2014 |df= |doi=10.1016/j.tins.2004.02.004}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbott, Larry}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Columbia Medical School faculty]]
[[Category:Brandeis University faculty]]
[[Category:Brandeis University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]

Desigual

2017-08-22T11:33:27Z

Tangoludwig: /* Locations */Minor edits, space after comma

{{Infobox company
| name = Desigual
| logo = Desigual logo.jpg
| type = [[Sociedad limitada unipersonal]] (SLU)
| predecessor =
| successor =
| founder = [[Thomas Madner (Desigual)|Thomas Meyer]]
| defunct =
| fate =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| industry = Fashion
| genre =
| products = Clothing
| revenue = €963.5 million (2014)
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 3,563 (2013)
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|www.desigual.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
| foundation = [[Ibiza]], Spain (1984)
| location_city = [[Barcelona]], Catalonia
| location_country = Spain
| locations =
}}

'''Desigual''' ({{IPA-es|desiˈɣwal|lang}}, {{IPA-ca|dəziˈɣwaɫ|lang}}; meaning "unequal, uneven") is a clothing brand headquartered in [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportswearnet.com/marketnews/pages/show.prl?params=keyword%3D%26all%3D%26type%3D1%26laufzeit%3D&id=771&currPage=100&ori=find|title=Desigual Continues Worldwide Rollout|date=25 February 2008|publisher=Sportswear International Magazine|accessdate=30 March 2010}}</ref> which is notable for its trendy patchwork designs,<ref name="d2009">[http://celebrityhunted.com/like/desigual_the_new_spanish_phenomenon/265217/ Desigual: the new Spanish phenomenon]</ref> intense prints, graffiti art, asymmetrical designs (hence the name) and flamboyant splashes of colour.<ref name="karger">kargergallery.com, [http://kargergallery.com/clothing/Designers/SitePages/Desigual.aspx Desigual – Barcelona Spain]</ref> Founded in 1984 by [[Swiss]] businessman [[Thomas Meyer (Desigual)|Thomas Meyer]] on the island of Ibiza,<ref name="ahlan">{{cite web|url=http://www.ahlanlive.com/desigual-gets-designer-cred-13976.html|title=Desigual gets designer cred|publisher=Ahlan! Live.com|accessdate=30 March 2010}}</ref> Desigual was managed by Manel Adell from 2002 until December 2013.<ref name="fashionmag">[http://uk.fashionmag.com/news/Manel-Adell-parts-ways-with-Desigual-in-January,269776.html Manel Adell parts ways with Desigual]</ref> Manel Jadraque then became the new CEO.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swiss Billionaire Meyer Forms Fortune with Kissing Party|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-28/swiss-billionaire-meyer-forms-fortune-with-kissing-party.html|website=Bloomberg News|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref>

Desigual sells men's, women's, children's clothing, accessories and women's shoes. It achieved a 60% annual growth from 2002 to 2009, and a turnover of €250 million in 2009,<ref name="d2009" /> €440 million in 2010<ref>ESADE, [http://www.esade.edu/web/eng/about-esade/today/events/viewelement/156203/1/27-01-2011/matins-esade-with-manel-adell,-ceo-and-partner-of-desigual Matins ESADE with Manel Adell, CEO and partner of Desigual]</ref> and €560 million in 2011. In 2011 it employed 2,900 people of 72 nationalities.<ref name="cirque">{{cite web|url=http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/press/news/2011/desigual-partnership-announcement.aspx|title=Cirque du Soleil and Desigual Sign a Worldwide Partnership|date=1 June 2011|accessdate=27 June 2011}}</ref>

== Concepts, partners and promotions ==
[[File:Desigual at The Brandery Winter Edition 2010.jpg|thumb|180 px|left|Desigual at [[The Brandery]] fashion show 2010]]
Desigual claims to have a philosophy based on positivity, tolerance, commitment and fun.<ref name="g2011">ghananation.com, 16/06/2011, [http://news1.ghananation.com/femail-stuff/173253-desigual-gives-away-clothes-to-100-who-queued-in-their-underwear.html Desigual gives away clothes to 100 who queued in their underwear]</ref> Each season the Desigual design team, comprising 25 designers, prepares a collection of over 1,000 items, including clothes and accessories, built around a unified concept.<ref name="karger"/>

Some of the concepts used by the company are Real Life, Magic Stories, Luxury Feelings, Me&You, Better&Better, Wow, Life is Cool, All Together and Handmade.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

In 2011 the company started collaborating with the French designer [[Christian Lacroix]].<ref>telegraph.co.uk, [http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8274279/Christian-Lacroix-designs-for-Desigual.html Christian Lacroix designs for Desigual]</ref> In June 2011 Desigual signed a worldwide partnership with [[Cirque du Soleil]] to develop a clothing collection named ''Desigual inspired by Cirque du Soleil'' including sixty items of clothing and accessories. The clothing will be made available at Desigual stores as well as Cirque du Soleil show boutiques.<ref name="cirque"/>

In January 2011 Desigual launched a campaign in Spain and Portugal by promising shoppers "Come in undressed and go out dressed". At the Madrid store some 200 people queued outside ready to strip down to their underwear to take advantage of the shop's winter sale offer.<ref name="d2011">dailymail.co.uk, 3 January 2011, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1343608/Spanish-Portuguese-shop-Desigual-underwear-free-clothes.html Bums' rush! Spanish and Portuguese shoppers arrive at Desigual outlets in their underwear... to be clothed for free]</ref> The same campaign was repeated in June 2011 in London, Berlin, Stockholm, Madrid, Prague and New York City.<ref name="g2011"/>

== Locations==
[[File:Desigual shop.jpg|thumb|A Desigual store in [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]]]]
Desigual shops are located in Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Curaçao, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, the Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, South Korea, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Saint Martin, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Taiwan, Trinidad, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay and Venezuela.

== References ==
;Notes
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.desigual.com/}}
* [http://blog.desigual.com/ Official Desigual blog]

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}

[[Category:Clothing brands of Spain]]
[[Category:Clothing companies of Spain]]
[[Category:Companies based in Barcelona]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Spain]]
[[Category:Clothing brands]]

Desigual

2017-08-22T11:32:03Z

Tangoludwig: /* Locations */ added Argentina, and removed Amsterdam since there are countries, not cities listed.

{{Infobox company
| name = Desigual
| logo = Desigual logo.jpg
| type = [[Sociedad limitada unipersonal]] (SLU)
| predecessor =
| successor =
| founder = [[Thomas Madner (Desigual)|Thomas Meyer]]
| defunct =
| fate =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| industry = Fashion
| genre =
| products = Clothing
| revenue = €963.5 million (2014)
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 3,563 (2013)
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|www.desigual.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
| foundation = [[Ibiza]], Spain (1984)
| location_city = [[Barcelona]], Catalonia
| location_country = Spain
| locations =
}}

'''Desigual''' ({{IPA-es|desiˈɣwal|lang}}, {{IPA-ca|dəziˈɣwaɫ|lang}}; meaning "unequal, uneven") is a clothing brand headquartered in [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportswearnet.com/marketnews/pages/show.prl?params=keyword%3D%26all%3D%26type%3D1%26laufzeit%3D&id=771&currPage=100&ori=find|title=Desigual Continues Worldwide Rollout|date=25 February 2008|publisher=Sportswear International Magazine|accessdate=30 March 2010}}</ref> which is notable for its trendy patchwork designs,<ref name="d2009">[http://celebrityhunted.com/like/desigual_the_new_spanish_phenomenon/265217/ Desigual: the new Spanish phenomenon]</ref> intense prints, graffiti art, asymmetrical designs (hence the name) and flamboyant splashes of colour.<ref name="karger">kargergallery.com, [http://kargergallery.com/clothing/Designers/SitePages/Desigual.aspx Desigual – Barcelona Spain]</ref> Founded in 1984 by [[Swiss]] businessman [[Thomas Meyer (Desigual)|Thomas Meyer]] on the island of Ibiza,<ref name="ahlan">{{cite web|url=http://www.ahlanlive.com/desigual-gets-designer-cred-13976.html|title=Desigual gets designer cred|publisher=Ahlan! Live.com|accessdate=30 March 2010}}</ref> Desigual was managed by Manel Adell from 2002 until December 2013.<ref name="fashionmag">[http://uk.fashionmag.com/news/Manel-Adell-parts-ways-with-Desigual-in-January,269776.html Manel Adell parts ways with Desigual]</ref> Manel Jadraque then became the new CEO.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swiss Billionaire Meyer Forms Fortune with Kissing Party|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-28/swiss-billionaire-meyer-forms-fortune-with-kissing-party.html|website=Bloomberg News|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref>

Desigual sells men's, women's, children's clothing, accessories and women's shoes. It achieved a 60% annual growth from 2002 to 2009, and a turnover of €250 million in 2009,<ref name="d2009" /> €440 million in 2010<ref>ESADE, [http://www.esade.edu/web/eng/about-esade/today/events/viewelement/156203/1/27-01-2011/matins-esade-with-manel-adell,-ceo-and-partner-of-desigual Matins ESADE with Manel Adell, CEO and partner of Desigual]</ref> and €560 million in 2011. In 2011 it employed 2,900 people of 72 nationalities.<ref name="cirque">{{cite web|url=http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/press/news/2011/desigual-partnership-announcement.aspx|title=Cirque du Soleil and Desigual Sign a Worldwide Partnership|date=1 June 2011|accessdate=27 June 2011}}</ref>

== Concepts, partners and promotions ==
[[File:Desigual at The Brandery Winter Edition 2010.jpg|thumb|180 px|left|Desigual at [[The Brandery]] fashion show 2010]]
Desigual claims to have a philosophy based on positivity, tolerance, commitment and fun.<ref name="g2011">ghananation.com, 16/06/2011, [http://news1.ghananation.com/femail-stuff/173253-desigual-gives-away-clothes-to-100-who-queued-in-their-underwear.html Desigual gives away clothes to 100 who queued in their underwear]</ref> Each season the Desigual design team, comprising 25 designers, prepares a collection of over 1,000 items, including clothes and accessories, built around a unified concept.<ref name="karger"/>

Some of the concepts used by the company are Real Life, Magic Stories, Luxury Feelings, Me&You, Better&Better, Wow, Life is Cool, All Together and Handmade.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

In 2011 the company started collaborating with the French designer [[Christian Lacroix]].<ref>telegraph.co.uk, [http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8274279/Christian-Lacroix-designs-for-Desigual.html Christian Lacroix designs for Desigual]</ref> In June 2011 Desigual signed a worldwide partnership with [[Cirque du Soleil]] to develop a clothing collection named ''Desigual inspired by Cirque du Soleil'' including sixty items of clothing and accessories. The clothing will be made available at Desigual stores as well as Cirque du Soleil show boutiques.<ref name="cirque"/>

In January 2011 Desigual launched a campaign in Spain and Portugal by promising shoppers "Come in undressed and go out dressed". At the Madrid store some 200 people queued outside ready to strip down to their underwear to take advantage of the shop's winter sale offer.<ref name="d2011">dailymail.co.uk, 3 January 2011, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1343608/Spanish-Portuguese-shop-Desigual-underwear-free-clothes.html Bums' rush! Spanish and Portuguese shoppers arrive at Desigual outlets in their underwear... to be clothed for free]</ref> The same campaign was repeated in June 2011 in London, Berlin, Stockholm, Madrid, Prague and New York City.<ref name="g2011"/>

== Locations==
[[File:Desigual shop.jpg|thumb|A Desigual store in [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]]]]
Desigual shops are located in Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Curaçao,the Czech Republic, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, the Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, South Korea, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Saint Martin, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Taiwan, Trinidad, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay and Venezuela.

== References ==
;Notes
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.desigual.com/}}
* [http://blog.desigual.com/ Official Desigual blog]

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}

[[Category:Clothing brands of Spain]]
[[Category:Clothing companies of Spain]]
[[Category:Companies based in Barcelona]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Spain]]
[[Category:Clothing brands]]

Patagonia

2017-07-24T13:01:37Z

Tangoludwig: Just added more information to the location of the pictures.

{{Other uses|Patagonia (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}
[[File:Pat map.PNG|thumb|300px|Patagonia as usually defined]]

'''Patagonia''' ({{IPA-es|pataˈɣonja}}) is a sparsely populated region located at the southern end of [[South America]], shared by [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]]. The region comprises the southern section of the [[Andes]] mountains as well as the [[Patagonian Desert|deserts]], [[pampas]] and [[grassland]]s east of this southern portion of the Andes. Patagonia has two coasts: western facing the [[Pacific Ocean]] and eastern facing the [[Atlantic Ocean]].

The [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]] and [[Barrancas River|Barrancas]] rivers, which run from the Andes to the Atlantic, are commonly considered the northern limit of Argentine Patagonia.<ref>The Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego Volumen 11 de Developments in quaternary science, pág. 13. Autor: Jorge Rabassa. Editor: Jorge Rabassa. Editor: Elsevier, 2008. {{ISBN|0-444-52954-3}}, 9780444529541</ref> The archipelago of [[Tierra del Fuego]] is sometimes included as part of Patagonia. Most geographers and historians locate the northern limit of Chilean Patagonia at [[Reloncaví Estuary]].<ref>Ciudadanía, territorio y desarrollo endógeno: resistencias y mediaciones de las políticas locales en las encrucijadas del neoliberalismo. Pág. 205. Autores: Rubén Zárate, Liliana Artesi, Oscar Madoery. Editor: Editorial Biblos, 2007. {{ISBN|950-786-616-7}}, 9789507866166</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Patagonia comes from the word ''[[patagon|patagón]]''<ref name="Pigafetta">[[Antonio Pigafetta]], ''[[:wikisource:it:Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo|Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo]]'', 1524: "Il capitano generale nominò questi popoli Patagoni." [https://archive.org/stream/firstthreeenglis00arberich#page/252/mode/1up/search/Patagoni A Brief Declaration of the Vyage abowte the Worlde by Antonie Pygafetta Vincentine, Rycharde Eden, ''The Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India,'' London, William Powell, 1555.] The original word would probably be in [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan]]'s native Portuguese (''patagão'') or the Spanish of his men (''patagón''). It has been interpreted later as "big foot" but the etymology refers to a literary character in a Spanish novel of the early 16th century (see text). [http://eebo.chadwyck.com/search/full_rec?SOURCE=pgimages.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=99850463&FILE=&SEARCHSCREEN=param(SEARCHSCREEN)&VID=177262&PAGENO=238&ZOOM=50&VIEWPORT=&SEARCHCONFIG=param(SEARCHCONFIG)&DISPLAY=param(DISPLAY)&HIGHLIGHT_KEYWORD=param(HIGHLIGHT_KEYWORD) Anthony Munday, ''The Famous and Renowned Historie of Primaleon of Greece,'' 1619, cap.XXXIII: "How Primaleon… found the Grand Patagon ".]</ref> used by [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan]] in 1520 to describe the native people that his expedition thought to be giants. It is now believed that the people he called the Patagons were [[Tehuelche people|Tehuelches]], who tended to be taller than Europeans of the time.<ref>{{cite book |last= Fondebrider|first= Jorge|editor= |others= |title= Versiones de la Patagonia|month= |url= |edition= 1st|year= 2003|publisher= Emecé Editores S.A.|location= Buenos Aires, Argentina|language= Spanish|isbn= 950-04-2498-3|page= 29|chapter=Chapter 1 – Ámbitos y voces}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asimovs.com/assets/1/6/Reflections_StrangeCase-Dec11.pdf |title=The Strange Case of the Patagonian Giants |author=Robert Silverberg |quote=To the voyagers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the average height of an adult European male was just over five feet [1.55 meters], the Patagonians surely must have looked very large, as, to any child, all adults seem colossal. Then, too, an element of understandable human exaggeration must have entered these accounts of men who had traveled so far and endured so much, and the natural wish not to be outdone by one’s predecessors helped to produce these repeated fantasies of Goliaths ten feet tall or even more. |publisher=Asimov's Science Fiction |year=2011}}</ref>

The Argentine researcher [[Miguel Doura]] observed that the name Patagonia possibly derives from the ancient Greek region of modern Turkey called [[Paphlagonia|Paflagonia]], possible home of the ''patagon'' personage in the chivalric romances ''Primaleon'' printed in 1512, ten years before Magellan arrived in these southern lands. The hypothesis was accepted and published in the ''New Review of Spanish Philology'' in the 2011 [http://biblio-codex.colmex.mx/exlibris/aleph/a21_1/apache_media/D2NGUE8D3NX79514PQIS6598LNS4EI.pdf article].<ref>Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 59 (1): pp. 37-78. 2011. ISSN 0185-0121</ref>

==Population and land area==
{{expand section|date=May 2013}}
{{Patagonia}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country/region !! Area !! Population !! Density
|-
| Argentina || 2,780,400 km2 || 40,091,359 || 14.4 per km2
|-
| Chile || 743,812 km2 || 16,601,707 || 22.3 per km2
|-
| Patagonia || 1,043,076 km2 || 1,999,540 || 1.9 per km2
|}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html |title=Argentina: CIA The World Factbook, est July 2009 |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=20 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html |title=Chile: CIA The World Factbook, est July 2009 |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=20 December 2012}}</ref>

=== Largest cities ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" cellpadding="5"
|-----
! Nº.
! City
! Population
! Province / Region
! Country
|-----
| 1°
| [[Neuquén, Argentina|Neuquén]]
| 345,097 ([[Neuquén – Plottier – Cipolletti|Metropolitan area]])
| [[Neuquén Province]]
| {{ARG}}
|-----
| 2°
| [[Comodoro Rivadavia]]
| 173,300
| [[Chubut Province]]
| {{ARG}}
|-----
| 3°
| [[Punta Arenas]]
| 116,005
| [[Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region|Magallanes Region]]
| {{CHI}}
|-----
| 4°
| [[San Carlos de Bariloche]]
| 108,250<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laangosturadigital.com.ar/v3/home/interna.php?id_not=20767&ori=|title=Aseguran que en Bariloche viven 30 mil personas más que las censadas ::: ANGOSTURA DIGITAL - DIARIO DE VILLA LA ANGOSTURA Y REGION DE LOS LAGOS - PATAGONIA ARGENTINA - Actualidad, cuentos, efemerides, turismo, nieve, pesca, montañismo,cursos, historia, reportajes|publisher=|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref>
| [[Río Negro Province]]
| {{ARG}}
|-----
| 5°
| [[Trelew]]
| 99,201
| [[Chubut Province]]
| {{ARG}}
|-----
| 6°
| [[Río Gallegos]]
| 97,742
| [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz Province]]
| {{ARG}}
|-----
| 7°
| [[General Roca (Río Negro)|General Roca]]
| 85,883
| [[Río Negro Province]]
| {{ARG}}
|-----
| 8°
| [[Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego|Río Grande]]
| 67,038
| [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego Province]]
| {{ARG}}
|-----
| 9°
| [[Cipolletti]]
| 79,097
| [[Río Negro Province]]
| {{ARG}}
|-----
| 10°
| [[Puerto Madryn]]
| 80,101
| [[Chubut Province]]
| {{ARG}}
|-----
| 11°
| [[Ushuaia]]
| 56,956
| [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego Province]]
| {{ARG}}
|-----
| 12°
| [[Coyhaique]]
| 50,041
| [[Aysén Region]]
| {{CHI}}
|-----
| 13°
| [[Viedma]]
| 52,704
| [[Río Negro Province]]
| {{ARG}}
|-----
| 14°
| [[Esquel]]
| 39,848
| [[Chubut Province]]
| {{ARG}}
|-----
|}

==Physical geography==
{{see also|Geography of Argentina|Geography of Chile}}
[[File:Sea birds and Lighthouse.jpg|thumb|Island - seabirds and lighthouse in foreground with mountain rising in background]]
Argentine Patagonia is for the most part a region of [[steppe]]like plains, rising in a succession of 13 abrupt [[wiktionary:terrace|terraces]] about {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=off}} at a time, and covered with an enormous bed of [[Gravel|shingle]] almost bare of vegetation.<ref name="Princeton">''Patagonia: Natural History, Prehistory and Ethnography at the Uttermost End of the Earth'', C. McEwan, L.A. and A. Prieto (eds), [[Princeton University Press]] with [[British Museum]] Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-691-05849-0}}</ref> In the hollows of the plains are [[lake|ponds or lakes]] of fresh and brackish water. Towards Chilean territory the shingle gives place to [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]], [[granite]], and [[basalt]] lavas, animal life becomes more abundant and vegetation more luxuriant, consisting principally of [[southern beech]] and [[conifer]]s. The high rainfall against the western Andes ([[Wet Andes]]) and the low sea surface temperatures offshore give rise to cold and humid air masses, contributing to the ice-fields and [[glacier]]s, the largest ice-fields in the [[Southern hemisphere]] outside of Antarctica.<ref name="Princeton"/>

Among the depressions by which the [[plateau]] is intersected transversely, the principal ones are the [[Gualichu]], south of the [[Río Negro (Argentina)|Río Negro]], the [[Maquinchao]] and [[Valcheta]] (through which previously flowed the waters of [[Nahuel Huapi Lake]], which now feed the river Limay); the [[Senguerr]] (spelled Senguer on most Argentine maps and within the corresponding region), the [[Deseado River]]. Besides these transverse depressions (some of them marking lines of ancient inter-oceanic communication), there are others which were occupied by more or less extensive lakes, such as the [[Yagagtoo]], [[Musters Lake|Musters]] and [[Lake Colhue Huapi|Colhue Huapi]], and others situated to the south of Puerto Deseado, in the centre of the country.

In the central region [[volcanic eruption]]s, which have taken part in the formation of the plateau during the [[Cenozoic]], cover a large part of the land with basaltic lava-caps; and in the western third, more recent glacial deposits appear above the [[lava]]. There, erosion which is caused principally by the sudden melting and retreat of ice aided by [[tectonics|tectonic]] changes, has scooped out a deep longitudinal depression. Best in evidence where in contact with folded [[Cretaceous]] rocks which are uplifted by the Cenozoic granite. It generally separates the plateau from the first lofty hills, the ridges generally called the pre-Cordillera. To the west of these, a similar longitudinal depression extends all along the foot of the snowy Andean Cordillera. This latter depression contains the richest and most fertile land of Patagonia. Lake basins along the Cordillera were also excavated by ice-streams, including [[Lake Argentino]] and [[Lake Fagnano]], as well as coastal bays such as [[Bahía Inútil]].<ref name="Princeton"/>

===Geology===
{{see also|Tectonic evolution of Patagonia}}
The geological limit of Patagonia has been proposed to be [[Huincul Fault]] which forms a major discontinuity. The fault truncates various [[structural geology|structures]] including the [[Pampean orogeny|Pampean orogen]]. Ages of basement rocks changes abruptly across the fault.<ref name=Ramosetal2004>{{cite journal |last1=Ramos |first1=V.A. |last2=Riccardi |first2=A.C. |last3=Rolleri |first3=E.O. |date=2004 |title=Límites naturales del norte de la Patagonia |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0004-48222004000400024&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en |journal=[[Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina]] |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages= |doi= |access-date= |language=Spanish }}</ref> There have been discrepancies among [[geologist]]s on the origin of the Patagonian landmass. [[Víctor Alberto Ramos|Víctor Ramos]] has proposed that the Patagonian landmass originated as an [[Allochthon|allochtonous]] [[terrane]] that separated from [[Antarctica]] and docked in [[South America]] 250 to 270 [[million years ago|Ma]] in the [[Permian|Permian era]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cienciauanl.uanl.mx/?p=1384 |title=Entrevista al Dr. Víctor Alberto Ramos, Premio México Ciencia y Tecnología 2013 |last1=Jaramillo |first1=Jessica |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=Incluso ahora continúa la discusión sobre el origen de la Patagonia, la cual lleva más de veinte años sin lograr un consenso entre la comunidad científica. Lo que propone el grupo de investigación en el que trabaja el geólogo es que la Patagonia se originó en el continente Antártico, para después separarse y formar parte de Gondwana, alrededor de 250 a 270 millones de años.|language=Spanish}}</ref> A 2014 study by [[Robert John Pankhurst]] and coworkers reject any idea of a far-travelled Patagonia claiming it is likely of [[Autochthon (geology)|parautochtonous]] origin (nearby origin).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pankhurst |first=R.J. |last2=Rapela |first2=C.W. |last3=López de Luchi |first3=M.G.|last4=Rapalini |first4=A.E.|last5=Fanning |first5=C.M. |last6=Galindo |first6=C. |date=2014 |title=The Gondwana connections of northern Patagonia |url= |journal=Journal of the Geological Society, London |publisher= |volume=171 |issue= |pages=313–328 |doi= 10.1144/jgs2013-081|access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref>

The [[Mesozoic]] and [[Cenozoic]] deposits have revealed a most interesting [[vertebrate]] fauna. This, together with the discovery of the perfect [[cranium]] of a chelonian of the genus ''[[Myolania]]'', which is almost identical with ''Myolania oweni'' of the [[Pleistocene]] age in [[Queensland]], forms an evident proof of the connection between the Australian and South American continents. The Patagonian ''Myolania'' belongs to the Upper Chalk, having been found associated with remains of [[Dinosaur]]ia. Fossils of the mid-Cretaceous ''[[Argentinosaurus]]'', which may be the largest of all dinosaurs, have been found in Patagonia, and a model of the mid-[[Jurassic]] ''[[Piatnitzkysaurus]]'' graces the concourse of the [[Trelew]] airport (the skeleton is in the Trelew paleontological museum; the museum's staff has also announced the discovery of a species of dinosaur even bigger than ''Argentinosaurus''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27441156|title=BBC News - 'Biggest dinosaur ever' discovered|work=BBC News|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref>). Of more than paleontological interest,<ref>Though not without it where the formations surface; see [[Chacaicosaurus]] and [[Mollesaurus]] from the Los Molles, and [[Caypullisaurus]], [[Cricosaurus]], [[Geosaurus]], [[Herbstosaurus]], and [[Wenupteryx]] from the Vaca Muerta.</ref> the middle Jurassic [[Los Molles Formation]] and the still richer late Jurassic ([[Tithonian]]) and early Cretaceous ([[Berriasian]]) [[Vaca Muerta]] formation above it in the Neuquén basin are reported to contain huge hydrocarbon reserves (mostly gas in Los Molles, both gas and oil in Vaca Muerta) partly accessible through [[hydraulic fracturing]].<ref>U.S. Energy Information Administration, ''Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States'', June 2013, pp. V-1 through V-13. According to the same study, the Austral (Argentine name)/Magallanes (Chilean name) basin under the southern Patagonian mainland and Tierra del Fuego may also have massive hydrocarbon reserves in early Cretaceous shales; see pp. V-23 and VII-17 in particular. On May 21, 2014, YPF also announced the first oil and gas discovery in the D-129 shale formation of the Golfo San Jorge area in Chubut, and on August 14, 2014, the first shale oil discovery in yet another Cretaceous formation in the Neuquén basin, the Valanginian/Hauterivian Agrio formation; see http://www.ypf.com/YPFHoy/YPFSalaPrensa/Paginas/YPF-confirmo-la-presencia-de-hidrocarburos-no-convencionales-en-Chubut.aspx, and http://www.ypf.com/YPFHoy/YPFSalaPrensa/Paginas/Galuccio-inauguro-el-Espacio-de-la-Energia-de-YPF-en-Tecnopolis.aspx</ref> Other specimens of the interesting fauna of Patagonia, belonging to the Middle Cenozoic, are the gigantic wingless birds, exceeding in size any hitherto known, and the singular mammal [[Pyrotherium]], also of very large dimensions. In the Cenozoic marine formation, a considerable number of [[cetacea]]ns has been discovered.

During the [[Oligocene]] and [[Miocene|Early Miocene]] large swathes of Patagonia were subject to a [[marine transgression]]. The transgression might have temporarily linked the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, as inferred from the findings of marine invertebrate fossils of both Atlantic and Pacific affinity in [[La Cascada Formation]].<ref name=Encinasetal2014>{{cite journal|author-last= Encinas |author-first= Alfonso |author-last2=Pérez |author-first2=Felipe |author-last3=Nielsen|author-first3=Sven|author-last4=Finger |author-first4=Kenneth L. |author-last5=Valencia|author-first5=Victor |author-last6=Duhart|author-first6=Paul |date=2014|title=Geochronologic and paleontologic evidence for a Pacific–Atlantic connection during the late Oligocene–early Miocene in the Patagonian Andes (43–44°S) |journal=[[Journal of South American Earth Sciences]]|volume=55|issue=|pages= 1–18 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2014.06.008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author-last=Nielsen|author-first=S.N. |date=2005|title= Cenozoic Strombidae, Aporrhaidae, and Struthiolariidae (Gastropoda, Stromboidea) from Chile: their significance to biogeography of faunas and climate of the south-east Pacific |journal=[[Journal of Paleontology]] |volume=79|issue=|pages=1120–1130. |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[1120:csaasg]2.0.co;2}}</ref> Connection would have occurred through narrow [[inland sea|epicontinental seaways]] that formed channels in a [[river incision|dissected topography]].<ref name=Encinasetal2014/><ref name=Guillaumeetal2009/> The [[Antarctic Plate]] started to [[subduction|subduct]] beneath South America 14 million years ago in the Miocene forming the [[Chile Triple Junction]]. At first the Antarctic Plate subducted only in the southernmost tip of Patagonia, meaning that the Chile Triple Junction was located near the [[Strait of Magellan]]. As the southern part of [[Nazca Plate]] and the [[Chile Rise]] became consumed by subduction the more northerly regions of the Antarctic Plate begun to subduct beneath Patagonia so that the Chile Triple Junction advanced to the north over time.<ref>{{cite journal|author-last=Cande|author-first=S.C.|author-last2=Leslie|author-first2=R.B. |date=1986|title=Late Cenozoic Tectonics of the Southern Chile Trench|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets |volume=91|issue=|pages= 471–496|doi=10.1029/jb091ib01p00471|bibcode=1986JGR....91..471C}}</ref> The [[asthenospheric window]] associated to the triple junction disturbed previous patterns of [[mantle convection]] beneath Patagonia [[dynamic topography|inducing an uplift]] of ca. 1 km that reversed the Miocene transgression.<ref name=Guillaumeetal2009>{{cite journal|author-last=Guillame|author-first=Benjamin |author-last2=Martinod|author-first2=Joseph |author-last3=Husson|author-first3=Laurent|author-last4=Roddaz|author-first4=Martin |author-last5=Riquelme|author-first5=Rodrigo |date=2009 |title=Neogene uplift of central eastern Patagonia: Dynamic response to active spreading ridge subduction?|journal=[[Tectonics (journal)|Tectonics]] |volume=28|issue=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author-last=Guillaume|author-first=Benjamin|author-last2=Gautheron|author-first2=Cécile |author-last3=Simon-Labric|author-first3=Thibaud|author-last4=Martinod|author-first4=Joseph |author-last5=Roddaz|author-first5=Martin |author-last6=Douville|author-first6=Eric |date=2013 |title=Dynamic topography control on Patagonian relief evolution as inferred from low temperature thermochronology |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=3 |issue=|pages=157–167}}</ref>

==Political divisions==
At a state level, Patagonia lies inside two countries: 10% in [[Chile]] and 90% in [[Argentina]]. Both countries have organised their Patagonian territories into non-equivalent administrative subdivisions: [[Provinces of Argentina|Provinces]] and [[Departments of Argentina|departments]] in Argentina; and [[Regions of Chile|regions]], [[Provinces of Chile|provinces]] and [[Communes of Chile|communes]] in Chile. Being parts of a [[unitary state]], Chile's first level administrative divisions—the regions—enjoy far less autonomy than Argentine provinces. Argentine provinces have elected governors and parliaments, while Chilean regions have government-appointed intendants.

The Patagonian Provinces of Argentina are [[Neuquén Province|Neuquén]], [[Río Negro Province|Río Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]], [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], and [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego]]. The southernmost part of [[Buenos Aires Province]] can also be considered part of Patagonia.

The two Chilean regions indisputedly located entirely within Patagonia are [[Aysén Region|Aysén]] and [[Magallanes Region|Magallanes]]. [[Palena Province]], a part of the [[Los Lagos Region]], is also located within Patagonia. By some definitions Chiloé Archipelago, the rest of the Los Lagos Region, and part of the Los Ríos Region are also part of Patagonia.

==Climate==
{{Refimprove section|date=November 2011}}
{{See also|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina|Climate of Chile}}
[[File:Punta Arenas con nieve.jpeg|thumb|left|View of Punta Arenas, Chile in midwinter]]
Overall climate is cool and dry. The east coast is warmer than the west, especially in summer, as a branch of the southern equatorial current reaches its shores, whereas the west coast is washed by a cold current. However, winters are colder on the inland plateaus east of the slopes and further down the coast on the south east end of the Patagonian region. For example, at [[Puerto Montt]], on the inlet behind Chiloé Island, the mean annual temperature is {{convert|11|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and the average extremes are {{convert|25.5|and|-1.5|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, whereas at [[Bahía Blanca]] near the Atlantic coast and just outside the northern confines of Patagonia the annual temperature is {{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and the range much greater, as temperatures above 35 °C and below −5 °C are recorded every year. At Punta Arenas, in the extreme south, the mean temperature is {{convert|6|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and the average extremes are {{convert|24.5|and|-2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The prevailing winds are westerly, and the westward slope has a much heavier precipitation than the eastern in a [[rainshadow]] effect;<ref name="Princeton"/> the western islands close to [[Torres del Paine]] receive an annual precipitation of 4,000 to 7,000 mm, whilst the eastern hills are less than 800 mm and the plains may be as low as 200 mm annual precipitation.<ref name="Princeton"/>

Precipitation is highly seasonal in northwestern Patagonia. For example, Villa La Angostura in Argentina, close to the border with Chile, receives up to 434 mm of rain and snow in May, 297 mm in June, 273 in July, compared to 80 in February and 72 in March. The total for the city is 2074 mm, making it one of the rainiest in Argentina. Further west, some areas receive up to 4,000 mm and more, especially on the Chilean side. In the northeast, the seasons for rain are reversed: most rain falls from occasional summer thunderstorms, but totals barely reach 500 mm in the northeast corner, and rapidly decrease to less than 300 mm. The Patagonian west coast, which belongs exclusively to Chile, has a cool oceanic climate, with summer maximum temperatures ranging from 14 °C in the south to 19 °C in the north (and nights between 5 °C and 11 °C) and very high precipitation, from 2,000 to more than 7,000 mm in local micro-climates. Snow is uncommon at the coast in the north, but happens more often in the south, and frost is usually not very intense.

Immediately east from the coast are the Andes, cut by deep fjords in the south and by deep lakes in the north, and with varying temperatures according to the altitude. The tree line ranges from close to 2,000 m on the northern side (except for the Andes in northern Neuquén in Argentina, where sunnier and dryer conditions allow trees to grow up to close to 3,000 m), and diminishes southward to only 600–800 m in Tierra del Fuego. Precipitation changes dramatically from one spot to the other, and diminishes very quickly eastward. An example of this is Laguna Frías, in Argentina, receives 4,400 mm yearly. The city of Bariloche, about 40 km further east, receives about 1,000 mm, and the airport, another 15 km east, receives less than 600 mm. The easterly slopes of the Andes are home to several Argentine cities: San Martín de los Andes, Bariloche, El Bolsón, Esquel, El Calafate. Temperatures there are milder in the summer (in the north, between 20 °C and 24 °C, with cold nights between 4 °C and 9 °C; in the south, summers are between 16 °C and 20 °C, at night temperatures are similar to the north) and much colder in the winter, with frequent snowfall (although snow cover rarely lasts very long). Daytime highs range from 3 °C to 9 °C in the north, and from 0 °C to 7 °C in the south, whereas nights range from −5 °C to 2 °C everywhere. Cold waves can bring much colder values: -21 °C have been recorded in Bariloche, and most places can often see temperatures between −12 °C and −15 °C and highs staying around 0 °C for a few days.

Directly east of these areas, the weather becomes much harsher: precipitation drops to between 150 and 300 mm, the mountains no longer protect the cities from the wind, and temperatures become more extreme. Maquinchao is a couple hundred kilometers east of Bariloche, at the same altitude on a plateau, and summer daytime temperatures are usually about 5 °C warmer, rising up to 35 °C sometimes, but winter temperatures are much more extreme: the record is −35 °C, and it is not uncommon to see some nights 10 °C colder than Bariloche. The plateaus in Santa Cruz province and parts of Chubut usually have snow cover through the winter, and often experience very cold temperatures. In Chile, the city of Balmaceda is known for being situated in this region (which is otherwise almost exclusively in Argentina), and for being the coldest place in Chile, with temperatures below −20 °C every once in a while.

The northern Atlantic coast has warm summers (28 °C to 32 °C, but with relatively cool nights at 15 °C) and mild winters, with highs of about 12 °C and lows about 2–3 °C. Occasionally, temperatures reach −10 °C or 40 °C, and rainfall is very scarce. It only gets a bit colder further south in Chubut, and the city of Comodoro Rivadavia has summer temperatures of 24 °C to 28 °C, nights of 12 °C to 16 °C, and winters with days around 10 °C and nights around 3 °C, and less than 250 mm of rain. However, there is a drastic drop as we move south to Santa Cruz: Rio Gallegos, in the south of the province, has summer temps of 17 °C to 21 °C, (nights between 6 °C and 10 °C) and winter temperatures of 2 °C to 6 °C, with nights between −5 °C and 0 °C despite being right on the coast. Snowfall is common despite the dryness, and temperatures are known to fall to under −18 °C and to remain below freezing for several days in a row. Rio Gallegos is also among the windiest places on Earth, with winds reaching 100 km h occasionally.

Tierra del Fuego is extremely wet in the west, relatively damp in the south, and dry in the north and east. Summers are cool (13 °C to 18 °C in the north, 12 °C to 16 °C in the south, with nights generally between 3 °C and 8 °C), cloudy in the south, and very windy. Winters are dark and cold, but without extreme temperatures in the south and west ([[Ushuaia]] rarely reaches −10 °C, but hovers around 0 °C for several months, and snow can be heavy). In the east and north, winters are much more severe, with cold snaps bringing temperatures down to −20 °C all the way to Rio Grande on the Atlantic coast. Snow can fall even in the summer in most areas as well.

The depletion of the [[ozone layer]] over the [[South Pole]] has been reported as being responsible for blindness and skin cancer in sheep in Tierra del Fuego, and concerns for human health and ecosystems.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/10/10/radiation.chile.reut/index.html Southern Chile warned of high radiation levels under ozone hole], [[CNN.com]], 10 October 2000, accessed 2006-08-11</ref>

==Fauna==
[[File:Black-browed Albatross, Beagle Channel.jpg|thumb|[[Black-browed albatross]], near [[Ushuaia]]]]

The [[guanaco]] (''Lama guanicoe''), the [[cougar]], the [[South American gray fox|Patagonian fox]] (''Lycalopex griseus''), the [[Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk|Patagonian hog-nosed skunk]] (''Conepatus humboldtii''), and the [[Magellanic tuco-tuco]] (''Ctenomys magellanicus''; a subterranean [[rodent]]) are the most characteristic mammals of the Patagonian plains. The [[Patagonian steppe]] is one of the last strongholds of the [[guanaco]] and [[Darwin's rhea]]s (''Rhea pennata''),<ref name="Wildlife Conservation Society">{{cite web|last1=WCS|title=Patagonia and Southern Andean Steppe, Argentina|url=http://www.wcs.org/saving-wild-places/latin-america-and-the-caribbean/patagonia-and-southern-andean-steppe-argentina.aspx|website=Saving Wild Places|publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society|accessdate=19 June 2015}}</ref> which had been hunted for their skins by the [[Tehuelches]], on foot using [[boleadoras]], before the diffusion of [[firearms]] and [[horses]];<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rhys|first1=David Hall|title=A geographic study of the Welsh colonization in Chubut, Patagonia|date=1976|publisher=Xerox University Microfilms|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|pages=84–88}}</ref> they were formerly the chief means of subsistence for the natives, who hunted them on horseback with dogs and [[bolas]]. [[Vizcacha]]s (''Lagidum'' spp.) and the [[Patagonian mara]]<ref name="Wildlife Conservation Society"/> (''Dolichotis patagonum'') are also characteristic of the steppe and the [[Pampas]] to the north.

Bird-life is often abundant. The [[southern caracara]] (''Caracara plancus'') is one of the characteristic objects of a Patagonian landscape; the presence of [[austral parakeet]]s (''Enicognathus ferrugineus'') as far south as the shores of the strait attracted the attention of the earlier navigators; and [[green-backed firecrown]]s (''Sephanoides sephaniodes''), a species of [[hummingbird]], may be seen flying amidst the falling snow. One of the largest birds in the world, the [[Andean condor]] (''Vultur gryphus'') can be seen in Patagonia.<ref>{{cite web|last1=WCS|title=Andean condor|url=http://www.wcs.org/saving-wildlife/birds/andean-condor.aspx|website=Saving wildlife|publisher=World Conservation Society|accessdate=19 June 2015}}</ref> Of the many kinds of waterfowl<ref name="Wildlife Conservation Society"/> it is enough to mention the [[Chilean flamingo]] (''Phoenicopterus chilensis''), the [[upland goose]] (''Chloephaga picta''), and in the strait the remarkable [[steamer duck]]s.

Signature marine fauna include the [[southern right whale]], the [[Magellanic penguin]] (''Spheniscus magellanicus''), the [[orca]] and [[elephant seal]]s. The [[Valdes Peninsula|Valdés Peninsula]] is a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]], designated for its global significance as a site for the conservation of [[marine mammals]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=UNESCO|title=Península Valdés|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/937/|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=19 June 2015}}</ref>

The Patagonian freshwater fish fauna is relatively restricted compared to other similar Southern Hemisphere regions. The Argentine part is home to a total of 29 freshwater fish species; 18 of which are native.<ref name="freshfish">{{cite journal | last1 = Baigun | first1 = C. | last2 = Ferriz | first2 = R.A. | year = 2003 | title = Distribution patterns of freshwater fishes in Patagonia (Argentina) | url = | journal = Organisms Diversity & Evolution | volume = 3 | issue = | pages = 151–159 | doi=10.1078/1439-6092-00075}}</ref> The [[Introduced species|introduced]] are several species of [[trout]], [[common carp]] and various species that originated in more northerly parts of South American. The natives are [[Osmeriformes|osmeriforms]] (''[[Aplochiton]]'' and ''[[Galaxias]]''), [[temperate perch]]es (''[[Percichthys]]''), [[catfish]] (''[[Diplomystes]]'', ''[[Hatcheria]]'' and ''[[Trichomycterus]]''), [[Neotropical silverside]]s (''[[Odontesthes]]'') and [[characiform]]s (''[[Astyanax (fish)|Astyanax]]'', ''[[Cheirodon]]'', ''[[Gymnocharacinus]]'' and ''[[Oligosarcus]]'').<ref name="freshfish"/> Other Patagonian freshwater fauna include the highly unusual [[Aeglidae|aeglid]] crustacean.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Memoirs of Museum Victoria]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=63–70 |year=2003 |title=Endemic and enigmatic: the reproductive biology of ''Aegla'' (Crustacea: Anomura: Aeglidae) with observations on sperm structure |author =Christopher C. Tudge}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|History of Argentina|History of Chile|Argentina–Chile relations}}

===Pre-Columbian Patagonia (10,000 BC–1520 AD)===
Human habitation of the region dates back thousands of years,<ref>{{cite news |last=SCHLOSSBERG |first=TATIANA |date=17 June 2016 |title=12,000 Years Ago, Humans and Climate Change Made a Deadly Team |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/18/science/patagonia-extinctions-global-warming.html |newspaper=NYT |location=NYC |access-date=19 June 2016 }}</ref> with some early archaeological findings in the area dated to at least the [[13th millennium BC]], although later dates of around the [[10th millennium BC]] are more securely recognized. There is evidence of human activity at [[Monte Verde]] in [[Llanquihue Province]], Chile dated to around 12,500 BC.<ref name="Princeton"/> The glacial period ice-fields and subsequent large meltwater streams would have made settlement difficult at that time.

The region seems to have been inhabited continuously since 10,000 BC, by various cultures and alternating waves of migration, the details of which are as yet poorly understood. Several sites have been excavated, notably caves such as [[Cueva del Milodon]]<ref>C. Michael Hogan (2008) ''Cueva del Milodon'', The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18820]</ref> in Última Esperanza in southern Patagonia, and [[Tres Arroyos]] on Tierra del Fuego, that support this date.<ref name="Princeton"/> Hearths, stone scrapers, animal remains dated to 9400–9200 BC have been found east of the Andes.<ref name="Princeton"/>
[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cueva de las Manos]] site in Santa Cruz, Argentina]]
The ''[[Cueva de las Manos]]'' is a famous site in Santa Cruz, Argentina. A cave at the foot of a cliff is covered in wall paintings, particularly the negative images of hundreds of hands, believed to date from around 8000 BC.<ref name="Princeton"/>

Based on artifacts found in the region, it appears that hunting of [[guanaco]], and to a lesser extent [[rhea (bird)|rhea]] (''ñandú''), were the primary food sources of tribes living on the eastern plains .<ref name="Princeton"/> It is unclear whether the [[megafauna]] of Patagonia, including the [[ground sloth]] and horse, were extinct in the area before the arrival of humans, although this is now the more widely accepted account. It is also not clear if domestic dogs were part of early human activity. ''[[Bolas]]'' are commonly found and were used to catch guanaco and rhea.<ref name="Princeton"/> A maritime tradition existed along the Pacific coast; whose latest exponents were the [[Yámana]] to the south of Tierra del Fuego, the [[Kaweshqar]] between [[Taitao Peninsula]] and Tierra del Fuego and the [[Chono people]] in the [[Chonos Archipelago]].

The [[indigenous peoples]] of the region included the [[Tehuelche people|Tehuelche]]s, whose numbers and society were reduced to near extinction not long after the first contacts with Europeans. Tehuelches included the [[Gununa'kena]] to the north, [[Mecharnuekenk]] in south central Patagonia and the [[Aonikenk]] or Southern Tehuelche in the far South, north of the Magellan channel. On [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]], the [[Selk'nam]] (Ona) and [[Haush]] ([[Manek'enk|Mannekenk]]) lived in the north and south east respectively. In the archipelagos to the south of Tierra del Fuego were Yámana, with the [[Kawéskar]] (Alakaluf) in the coastal areas and islands in western Tierra del Fuego and the south west of the mainland.<ref name="Princeton"/> In the Patagonian archipelagoes north of [[Taitao Peninsula]] lived the [[Chono]]s. These groups were encountered in the first periods of European contact with different lifestyles, body decoration and language, although it is unclear when this configuration emerged.

Towards the end of the 16th century, [[Mapuche]]-speaking agriculturalists penetrated the western Andes and from there across into the eastern plains and down to the far south. Through confrontation and technological ability, they came to dominate the other peoples of the region in a short period of time, and are the principal indigenous community today.<ref name="Princeton"/> The Mapuche model of domination through technological superiority and armed confrontation was later repeated as Europeans implemented a succeeding but conceptually identical cycle, essentially replacing the position of the former dominators with a new, albeit predominately European class.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

===Early European exploration (1520–1669)===
[[File:NaoVictoria.JPG|thumb|[[Victoria (ship)|Nao Victoria]], the replica of [[Museo Nao Victoria|the first ship]] to pass through the [[Strait of Magellan]]]]

It is possible that navigators such as [[Gonçalo Coelho]] and [[Amerigo Vespucci]] had reached the area (his own account of 1502 has it that they reached the latitude 52° S), however Vespucci's failure to accurately describe the main geographical features of the region such as the [[Río de la Plata]] casts serious doubt on this claim.

Possibly the first European description of a part of the Patagonian coast was in a Portuguese voyage around 1512, traditionally attributed to captain Diogo Ribeiro, who after his death was replaced by Estevão de Frois, and was guided by the pilot and cosmographer [[João de Lisboa]]). It has been claimed that the expedition, after reaching Rio de la Plata (which they would explore on the return voyage, contacting the [[Charrúa people|Charrúa]] and other peoples) eventually reached [[San Matias Gulf]], at 42° S. The expedition reported that after going south of the 40th parallel, they found a "land" or a "point extending into the sea", and further south, a gulf. The expedition is said to have rounded the gulf for nearly {{convert|300|km|0|abbr=on}} and sighted a continent on the southern side of the gulf.<ref name=Spate>{{cite book| author=Oskar Hermann Khristian Spate| title=The Spanish Lake| publisher=Canberra: ANU E Press, 2004| page=37 }}[https://books.google.com/books?hl=pt-PT&id=JH9SIogNd3sC&q=San+Matias#v=snippet&q=San%20Matias&f=false]</ref><ref>Newen Zeytung auss Presillg Landt (in ancient german and portuguese) [http://biblio.wdfiles.com/local--files/schuller-1915-nova/schuller_1915_nova.pdf Newen Zeytung auss Presillg Landt]</ref>

The Atlantic coast of Patagonia was first fully explored in 1520 by the [[Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation|Spanish expedition]] led by [[Ferdinand Magellan]], who on his passage along the coast named many of its more striking features – San Matías Gulf, Cape of 11,000 Virgins (now simply [[Cape Virgenes]]), and others. Magellan's fleet spent a difficult winter at what he named [[Puerto San Julián]] before resuming its voyage further south on 21 August 1520. During this time it encountered the local inhabitants, likely to be [[Tehuelche people]], described by his reporter, [[Antonio Pigafetta]], as giants called [[Patagon]]s.<ref name=bergreen>{{cite book| author=[[Laurence Bergreen]] |title=Over the Edge of the World| publisher=Harper Perennial, 2003| page=163 |isbn=0-06-621173-5}}</ref>

[[Rodrigo de Isla]], sent inland in 1535 from San Matías by [[Simón de Alcazaba Sotomayor]] (on whom western Patagonia had been conferred by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I of Spain]], is presumed to have been the first European to have traversed the great Patagonian plain. If the men under his charge had not mutinied, he might have crossed the [[Andes]] to reach the Pacific coast.

[[Pedro de Mendoza]], on whom the country was next bestowed, founded [[Buenos Aires]], but did not venture south. [[Alonzo de Camargo]] (1539), [[Juan Ladrilleros]] (1557) and [[Hurtado de Mendoza]] (1558) helped to make known the Pacific coasts, and while [[Francis Drake|Sir Francis Drake]]'s voyage in 1577 down the Atlantic coast, through the [[Strait of Magellan]] and northward along the Pacific coast was memorable, yet the descriptions of the geography of Patagonia owe much more to the Spanish explorer [[Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa]] (1579–1580), who, devoting himself especially to the south-west region, made careful and accurate surveys. The settlements which he founded at [[Nombre de Dios (mission)|Nombre de Dios]] and San Felipe were neglected by the Spanish government, the latter being abandoned before [[Thomas Cavendish]] visited it in 1587 and so desolate that he called it [[Port Famine]]. After the discovery of the route around Cape Horn the Spanish Crown lost interest in southern Patagonia until the eighteenth century when the coastal settlements Carmen de Patagones, San José, Puerto Deseado, and Nueva Colonia Floridablanca were established, although it maintained its claim of a ''[[de jure]]'' sovereignty over area.

In 1669, the district around [[Puerto Deseado]] was explored by [[John Davis (English explorer)|John Davis]] and was claimed in 1670 by Sir [[John Narborough]] for King [[Charles II of England]], but the English made no attempt to establish settlements or explore the interior.

====Patagonian giants: early European perceptions====
The first European explorers of Patagonia observed that the indigenous people in the region were taller than the average Europeans of the time, prompting some of them to believe that Patagonians were giants.

According to [[Antonio Pigafetta]],<ref name="Pigafetta"/> one of the Magellan expedition's few survivors and its published chronicler, Magellan bestowed the name ''"Patagão"'' (or ''Patagón'') on the inhabitants they encountered there, and the name "Patagonia" for the region. Although Pigafetta's account does not describe how this name came about, subsequent popular interpretations gave credence to a derivation meaning 'land of the big feet'. However, this [[etymology]] is questionable. The term is most likely derived from an actual character name, "''Patagón''", a savage creature confronted by Primaleón of Greece, the hero in the homonymous Spanish chivalry novel (or ''[[Knight-errant|knight-errantry tale]]'') by Francisco Vázquez.<ref>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Growth and Development,
By Stanley J. Ulijaszek, Francis E. Johnston, M. A. Preece. Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 380: "''Patagonian Giants: Myths and Possibilities.''"</ref> This book, published in 1512, was the sequel of the romance "Palmerín de Oliva," much in fashion at the time, and a favourite reading of Magellan. Magellan's perception of the natives, dressed in skins, and eating raw meat, clearly recalled the uncivilized ''Patagón'' in Vázquez's book. Novelist and travel writer [[Bruce Chatwin]] suggests etymological roots of both Patagon and Patagonia in his book, ''[[In Patagonia]]'',<ref>Chatwin, Bruce. ''In Patagonia'' (1977). Ch. 49</ref> noting the similarity between "Patagon" and the [[Greek language|Greek]] word παταγος,{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} which means "a roaring" or "gnashing of teeth" (in his chronicle, Pigafetta describes the Patagonians as "roaring like bulls").

[[File:Urville-Patagonians2.jpg|thumb|1840s illustration of indigenous [[Patagon]]ians from near the [[Straits of Magellan]]; from ''"Voyage au pole sud et dans l'Océanie ....."'' by French explorer [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]]]]
The main interest in the region sparked by Pigafetta's account came from his reports of their meeting with the local inhabitants, whom they claimed to measure some nine to twelve feet in height —''"...so tall that we reached only to his waist"''—, and hence the later idea that Patagonia meant "big feet". This supposed race of Patagonian giants or [[Patagon]]es entered into the common European perception of this little-known and distant area, to be further fuelled by subsequent reports of other expeditions and famous-name travellers like Sir Francis Drake, which seemed to confirm these accounts. Early charts of the [[New World]] sometimes added the legend ''regio gigantum'' ("region of the giants") to the Patagonian area. By 1611 the Patagonian god Setebos (Settaboth in Pigafetta) was familiar to the hearers of ''The Tempest''.

The concept and general belief persisted for a further 250 years, and was to be sensationally re-ignited in 1767 when an "official" (but anonymous) account was published of [[Commodore (RN)|Commodore]] [[John Byron]]'s recent voyage of global [[circumnavigation]] in [[HMS Dolphin (1751)|HMS ''Dolphin'']]. Byron and crew had spent some time along the coast, and the publication (''Voyage Round the World in His Majesty's Ship the Dolphin'') seemed to give proof positive of their existence; the publication became an overnight best-seller, thousands of extra copies were to be sold to a willing public, and other prior accounts of the region were hastily re-published (even those in which giant-like folk were not mentioned at all).

However, the Patagonian giant frenzy was to die down substantially only a few years later, when some more sober and analytical accounts were published. In 1773 [[John Hawkesworth (book editor)|John Hawkesworth]] published on behalf of the [[Admiralty]] a compendium of noted English southern-hemisphere explorers' journals, including that of [[James Cook]] and John Byron. In this publication, drawn from their official logs, it became clear that the people Byron's expedition had encountered were no taller than {{convert|6|ft|6|in|m|adj=on}}, very tall but by no means giants. Interest soon subsided, although awareness of and belief in the [[mythology|myth]] persisted in some quarters even up into the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web| author=Carolyne Ryan| title=European Travel Writings and the Patagonian giants| work=Lawrence University | url=http://archive.is/iCvg | accessdate=24 October 2013}}</ref>

===Scientific exploration (1764–1842)===
In the second half of the 18th century, European knowledge of Patagonia was further augmented by the voyages of the previously mentioned John Byron (1764–1765), [[Samuel Wallis]] (1766, in the same HMS ''Dolphin'' which Byron had earlier sailed in) and [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] (1766). [[Thomas Falkner]], a Jesuit who resided near forty years in those parts, published his ''Description of Patagonia'' (Hereford, 1774); [[Francisco Viedma]] founded ''El Carmen'', nowadays [[Carmen de Patagones]] and Antonio settled the area of [[San Julian Bay]], where he founded the colony of [[Floridablanca (Patagonia)|Floridablanca]] and advanced inland to the Andes (1782). [[Basilio Villarino]] ascended the Rio Negro (1782).

Two [[hydrography|hydrographic]] surveys of the coasts were of first-rate importance: the first expedition (1826–1830) including [[HMS Aid (1809)|HMS ''Adventure'']] and [[HMS Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']] under [[Phillip Parker King]], and the second (1832–1836) being the [[second voyage of HMS Beagle|voyage of the ''Beagle'']] under [[Robert FitzRoy]]. The latter expedition is particularly noted for the participation of [[Charles Darwin]] who spent considerable time investigating various areas of Patagonia onshore, including long rides with [[gaucho]]s in [[Río Negro (Argentina)|Río Negro]], and who joined FitzRoy in a {{convert|200|mi|km|abbr=off}} expedition taking ships boats up the course of the [[Santa Cruz River (Argentina)|Santa Cruz river]].

===Chilean and Argentine colonisation (1843–1902)===

In the early 19th century, the [[Araucanization of Patagonia|araucanization]] of the natives of northern Patagonia intensified and a lot of [[Mapuche]]s migrated to Patagonia to live as nomads raising cattle or pillaging the Argentine countryside. The cattle stolen in the incursions ([[Malón|malones]]) would later be taken to Chile through the mountain passes and traded for goods, especially alcoholic beverages. The main trail for this trade was called [[Camino de los chilenos]] and run a length of about 1000 km from the [[Buenos Aires Province]] to the [[mountain pass]]es of [[Neuquén Province]]. The [[lonco]] [[Calfucurá]] crossed the [[Andes]] from Chile to the [[Pampas]] around 1830, after a call from the governor of [[Buenos Aires]], [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], to fight the [[Boroano people]]. In 1859, he attacked [[Bahía Blanca]] in Argentina with 3,000 warriors. As in the case of Calfucura, many other bands of Mapuches got involved in the internal conflicts of Argentina until [[Conquest of the Desert]]. To counter the cattle raids, a trench called [[Zanja de Alsina]] was built by Argentina in the pampas in the 1870s.

In the mid-19th century, the newly independent nations of Argentina and Chile began an aggressive phase of expansion into the south, increasing confrontation with the indigenous populations.
In 1860, a French adventurer [[Orelie-Antoine de Tounens]] proclaimed himself king of the [[Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia]] of the [[Mapuche]].

[[File:Mapa ARGENTINA frontera.png|thumb|Map of the advance of the Argentina frontier until the establishment of [[zanja de Alsina]]]]

Following the last instructions of [[Bernardo O'Higgins]], the Chilean president [[Manuel Bulnes]] sent an expedition to the [[Strait of Magellan]] and founded [[Fuerte Bulnes]] in 1843. Five years later, the Chilean government moved the main settlement to the current location of [[Punta Arenas, Chile|Punta Arenas]], the oldest permanent settlement in Southern Patagonia. The creation of Punta Arenas was instrumental in making Chile's claim of the Strait of Magellan permanent. In the 1860s sheep from the [[Falkland Islands]] were introduced to the lands around the Straits of Magellan, and throughout the 19th century the sheepfarming grew to be the most important economic sector in southern Patagonia.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

[[George Chaworth Musters]] in 1869 wandered in company with a band of [[Tehuelche people|Tehuelches]] through the whole length of the country from the strait to the Manzaneros in the north-west, and collected a great deal of information about the people and their mode of life.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=19679|first=John|last=Dickenson|title=Musters, George Chaworth}}</ref>

====The Conquest of the Desert and the 1881 treaty====
{{Main article|Conquest of the Desert|Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina}}
Argentine authorities worried that the strong connections araucanized tribes had with Chile would allegedly gave Chile certain influence over the [[pampa]]s.<ref name="cite journal|jstor=981291">{{cite journal|jstor=981291 | volume=36 | pages=347–363|title=Argentina and Chile: The Struggle For Patagonia 1843-1881}}</ref> Argentine authorities feared an eventual war with Chile over Patagonia where the natives would side with the Chileans and that it would therefore be fought in the vicinities of [[Buenos Aires]].<ref name="cite journal|jstor=981291"/>

The decision of planning and executing the Conquest of the Desert was probably triggered by the 1872 attack of [[Cufulcurá]] and his 6,000 followers on the cities of [[General Alvear, Mendoza|General Alvear]], [[Veinticinco de Mayo, Buenos Aires|Veinticinco de Mayo]] and [[Nueve de Julio, Buenos Aires Province|Nueve de Julio]], where 300 ''[[Creole peoples|criollos]]'' were killed, and 200,000 heads of cattle taken.

In the 1870s, the [[Conquest of the Desert]] was a controversial campaign by the Argentine government, executed mainly by [[General Julio Argentino Roca]], to subdue or, some claim, to exterminate the native peoples of the South.

In 1885, a mining expeditionary party under the [[Romania]]n adventurer [[Julius Popper]] landed in southern Patagonia in search of gold, which they found after travelling southwards towards the lands of [[Tierra del Fuego]]. This further opened up some of the area to prospectors. European missionaries and settlers arrived through the 19th and 20th centuries, notably the [[Y Wladfa|Welsh settlement]] of the [[Chubut Valley]].

During the first years of the 20th century, the border between the two nations in Patagonia was established by the mediation of the British crown. But it has undergone a lot of modifications since then, being the last conflict solved in 1994 by an arbitral tribunal constituted in [[Rio de Janeiro]], granting Argentina sovereignty over the [[Southern Patagonia Icefield]], [[Cerro Fitz Roy]] and [[Laguna del Desierto]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tgZmgHCVuPkC&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=mediacion%20papal%20hielos%20continentales&source=bl&ots=wBtI3WkAI9&sig=2NPsLWNmDEVnZ6_bb1-tJP_mibU&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIqNjPn5vLxwIVAQuQCh16Rg5O#v=onepage&q=mediacion%20papal%20hielos%20continentales&f=false|title=Acuerdo sobre los hielos continentales: razones para su aprobación|first=Carlos Leonardo de la|last=Rosa|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Ediciones Jurídicas Cuyo|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>[[:es:Disputa de la laguna del Desierto]]</ref>{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=September 2015}}

Until 1902, a large proportion of Patagonia's population were natives of [[Chiloé Archipelago]] (Chilotes) who worked as peons in large livestock farming [[estancia]]s. As [[manual labour]] they had status below the [[gaucho]]s and the Argentine, Chilean and European landowners and administrators.

Before and after 1902, when the boundaries were drawn, a lot of Chilotes were expelled from the Argentine side due to fear of what having a large Chilean population in Argentina could lead into in the future. These workers founded the first inland Chilean settlement in what is now the [[Aysén Region]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turistel.cl/v2/secciones/destinos/ciudad_pueblo/sur/undecima/coihaique.htm |title=Coihaique – Ciudades y Pueblos del sur de Chile |publisher=Turistel.cl |accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=Fuego>Luis Otero, La Huella del Fuego: Historia de los bosques y cambios en el paisaje del sur de Chile (Valdivia, Editorial Pehuen)</ref> [[Balmaceda, Chile|Balmaceda]]. Lacking good grasslands on the forest-covered Chilean side, the immigrants burned down the forest, setting fires that could last more than two years.<ref name=Fuego/>

==Economy==
[[File:Ovejas afuera de un galpon de esquila SETF.jpg|thumb|left|Tierra del Fuego sheep ranch, 1942. The region's primary activity then, it's been eclipsed by the decline in the global [[wool]] market as much as by [[petroleum]] and [[gas]] extraction.]]

The area's principal economic activities have been mining, whaling, livestock (notably sheep throughout) agriculture (wheat and fruit production near the Andes towards the north), and oil after its discovery near [[Comodoro Rivadavia]] in 1907.<ref name="time out">''Time Out Patagonia'', Cathy Runciman (ed), [[Penguin Books]], 2002. {{ISBN|0-14-101240-4}}</ref>

Energy production is also a crucial part of the local economy. Railways were planned to cover continental Argentine Patagonia to serve the oil, mining, agricultural and energy industries, and a line was built connecting [[San Carlos de Bariloche]] to [[Buenos Aires]]. Portions of other lines were built to the south, but the only lines still in use are [[La Trochita]] in [[Esquel]], the '[[Train of the End of the World]]' in [[Ushuaia]], both [[heritage line]]s,<ref>[http://www.latrochita.org.ar/TrochiIngles/historia.htm History of the Old Patagonian Express], La Trochita, accessed 2006-08-11</ref>
and a short run Tren Histórico de [[San Carlos de Bariloche|Bariloche]] to Perito Moreno.

In the western forest covered Patagonian Andes and archipelagoes [[wood lodging]] has historically been an important part of the economy, and was driving force behind the colonization of the areas of [[Nahuel Huapi Lake|Nahuel Huapi]] and [[Lácar Lake|Lácar]] lakes in Argentina and [[Guaitecas Archipelago]] in Chile.

===Livestock===
{{see also|Patagonian sheep farming boom}}
[[File:Mustering sheep in Patagonia.jpg|thumb|[[Gauchos]] mustering sheep in Patagonia]]

Sheep farming introduced in the late 19th century has been a principal economic activity. After reaching its heights during the First World War, the decline in world [[wool]] prices affected sheep farming in Argentina. Nowadays about half of Argentina's 15 million sheep are in Patagonia, a percentage that is growing as sheep farming disappears in the Pampa (to the North). Chubut (mainly [[Merino]]) is the top wool producer with Santa Cruz (Corriedale and some Merino) second. Sheep farming revived in 2002 with the devaluation of the peso and firmer global demand for wool (led by China and the EU). Still there is little investment in new abbatoirs (mainly in Comodoro Rivadavia, Trelew and Rio Gallegos), and often there are [[Phytosanitary certification|phytosanitary]] restrictions to the export of sheep meat. Extensive valleys in the [[Cordilleran range]] have provided sufficient grazing lands, and the low humidity and weather of the southern region make raising [[Merino]] and [[Corriedale]] sheep common.

Livestock also includes small numbers of cattle, and in lesser numbers pigs and horses. Sheep farming provides small but important jobs located in rural areas where there is little else.

===Tourism===
[[File:Ballenas en Península Valdès.jpg|thumb|Whale watching off the [[Valdes Peninsula]]]]

In the second half of the 20th century, tourism became an ever more important part of Patagonia's economy. Originally a remote backpacking destination, the region has attracted increasing numbers of upmarket visitors, cruise passengers rounding [[Cape Horn]] or visiting Antarctica, and adventure and activity holiday-makers. Principal tourist attractions include the [[Perito Moreno glacier]], the [[Valdés Peninsula]], the [[Argentine Lake District]] and [[Ushuaia]] and Tierra del Fuego (the city is also a jumping off place for travel to [[Antarctica]], bringing in still more visitors). Places like EcoCamp Pantagonia take you close to the nature.With dome type restaurants & eco-friendly surroundings added by tours which show you real magic of pantagonia. With the concept Tourism has created new markets locally and for export for traditional crafts such as Mapuche handicrafts, guanaco textiles, and confectionery and preserves.<ref name="time out"/>

A spin-off from increased tourism has been the buying of often enormous tracts of land by foreigners, often as a prestige purchase rather than for agriculture. Buyers have included [[Sylvester Stallone]], [[Ted Turner]] and [[Christopher Lambert]], and most notably [[Luciano Benetton]], Patagonia's largest landowner.<ref name="time out"/> His ''Compañia de Tierras Sud'' has brought new techniques to the ailing sheep-rearing industry and sponsored museums and community facilities, but has been controversial particularly for its treatment of local Mapuche communities.<ref>[http://www.mapuche-nation.org/english/main/benetton/main/info.htm 'The Invisible Colours of Benetton'], [[Mapuche International Link]], accessed 2006-08-11</ref>

===Energy===
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2013}}
At the urging of the Chilean government, the Spanish company [[Endesa (Spain)|Endesa]] hopes to build a number of large hydro-electric dams in the Chilean Patagonia, which has raised environmental concerns from a large number of local and international NGOs. The first [[HidroAysén|dams proposed]] would be built on the [[Baker River (Chile)|Baker]] and [[Pascua River|Pascua]] rivers, but dams have also been proposed on others, including the famed [[Futaleufú River]] in Chile and Santa Cruz river in Argentina. The dams would affect the minimum ecological flows and threaten the fishing, wilderness-tourism and agricultural interests along the river. The electricity would be fed into high-voltage lines (to be built by a Canadian company) and taken {{convert|1200|mi|km}} north to the industry and mining hub around [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]. The lines would cut through a number of previously pristine national parks and protected areas. The rightist Piñera government considered the power to be essential for economic growth, while opponents claimed it would destroy Patagonia's growing tourism industry. On June 11, 2014, the new leftist Bachelet government rejected the dam project, estimated to be worth about 8 billion dollars, after years of pressure from environmental groups. [[File:LaTrochita12EnNahuelPanFormacionEstacionada.jpg|thumb|''[[La Trochita]]'' on its [[Chubut Province]] route. Formerly the sole rapid transport means in the province, ''La Trochita'' is now a tourist attraction.]]
Due to its sparse rainfall in agricultural areas, Argentine Patagonia already has numerous dams for irrigation, some of which are also used for hydropower. The [[Limay River]] is used to generate hydroelectricity at five dams built on its course: [[Alicurá Dam|Alicurá]], [[Piedra del Águila Dam|Piedra del Águila]], [[Pichi Picún Leufú Dam|Pichi Picún Leufú]], [[El Chocón Dam|El Chocón]], and [[Arroyito Dam|Arroyito]]; together with the [[Cerros Colorados Complex]] on the Neuquén River they contribute with more than one quarter of the total hydroelectric generation in the country. Coal is mined in the [[Rio Turbio]] area and used for electrical generation. Patagonia's notorious winds have already made the area Argentina's main source of wind power, and there are plans for major increases in wind power generation.
Patagonia has always been Argentina's main area, and Chile's only area, of conventional oil and gas production. Oil and gas have played an important role in the rise of Neuquén-Cipolleti as Patagonia's most populous urban area, and in the growth of Comodoro Rivadavia,<ref>Comodoro's coat of arms bears an oil derrick in the center.</ref> Punta Arenas, and Rio Grande as well. The development of the Neuquén basin's enormous [[unconventional oil]] and gas reserves through hydraulic fracturing has just begun, but the [[YPF]]-[[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] Loma Campana field in the Vaca Muerta formation is already the world's largest producing shale oil field outside North America according to YPF CEO Miguel Gallucio.

==Cuisine==
Argentine Patagonian cuisine is largely the same as the cuisine of [[Buenos Aires]] – grilled meats and pasta – with extensive{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} use of local ingredients and less use of those products which have to be imported into the region. Lamb is considered the traditional Patagonian meat, grilled for several hours over an open fire. Some guide books{{Which|date=October 2010}} have reported that game, especially guanaco and introduced deer and boar, are popular in restaurant cuisine. However, since the guanaco is a protected animal in both Chile and Argentina, it is unlikely to appear commonly as restaurant fare. Trout and ''[[centolla]]'' ([[king crab]]) are also common, though over-fishing of centolla has made it increasingly scarce. In the area around Bariloche, there is a noted [[Alps|Alpine]] cuisine tradition, with chocolate bars and even [[fondue]] restaurants, and [[tea room]]s are a feature of the Welsh communities in [[Gaiman, Chubut|Gaiman]] and [[Trevelin]] as well as in the mountains.<ref name="time out"/> Since the mid-1990s there has been some success with winemaking in Argentine Patagonia, especially in Neuquén.

==Foreign land buyers issue==
Foreign investors, including Italian multinational [[Benetton Group]], [[Ted Turner]], Joseph Lewis<ref name="patagonia-argentina.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.patagonia-argentina.com/i/content/accesoalagosyrios.php |title=''Rivers of blood''from Patagonia-argentina.com}}</ref> and the environmentalist [[Douglas Tompkins]], own major land areas. This situation has caused several conflicts with local inhabitants and the governments of Chile and Argentina; for example the opposition by Douglas Tompkins to the planned route for [[Carretera Austral]] in [[Pumalín Park]]. A scandal is also brewing about two properties owned by Ted Turner: the estancia La Primavera, located inside [[Nahuel Huapi National Park]]; and the estancia Collón Cura.<ref name="patagonia-argentina.com"/> Benetton has faced criticism from [[Mapuche]] organizations, including [[Mapuche International Link]], over its purchase of traditional Mapuche lands in Patagonia. The Curiñanco-Nahuelquir family was evicted from their land in 2002 following Benetton's claim to it, but the land was restored in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santarosarecuperada.com.ar/english/index.html |title=Recovered Mapuche territory in Patagonia: Benetton vs. Mapuche|publisher=MAPU Association|accessdate=7 April 2008}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Llao LLao.jpg|[[Nahuel Huapi Lake]], near [[Bariloche]], Argentina [[Chaitén (volcano)|Chaitén volcano]] stretching across Patagonia into [[San Jorge Basin]] in the Atlantic Ocean
Image:Perito Moreno Glacier - Satelite - NASA - ISS004-E-9707.JPG|Satellite view of the [[Perito Moreno Glacier]] (Santa Cruz Province) and the Andean ice-sheet
File:Chile (3), Patagonia, Road Y-50 towards Rio Verde.JPG|Road Y-50 towards Estancia Rio Verde, Magallanes, Chile
File:Chile (2), Patagonia, Laguna Cabeza de Mar.JPG|Laguna Cabeza de Mar, 50 km north of [[Punta Arenas]], Magallanes, Chile
Image:Perito Moreno Glacier Patagonia Argentina Luca Galuzzi 2005.JPG|[[Perito Moreno Glacier]], Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
File:Cavalli Al Pascolo Ai Piedi Del Massiccio Del Fitz Roy, Patagonia.jpg|[[Monte Fitz Roy]], Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
Image:Trelew-Chubut.jpg|The city of [[Trelew]], Chubut Province, Argentina
File:Guanako.jpg|[[Guanaco]]s.
File:Welshpeople.jpg|[[Y Wladfa|Welsh]] settlement in Patagonia. (Chubut Province, [[Argentina]])
File:southern right whale.jpg|[[Southern right whale]] in Península Valdés, Chubut Province, [[Argentina]].
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Apostolic Prefecture of Southern Patagonia]]
* [[Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Patagonia]]
* [[Domuyo]]
* [[Francisco Moreno Museum of Patagonia]]
* [[Lago Puelo National Park]]
* [[Lanín]] volcano
* [[Lanín National Park]]
* [[List of deserts by area]]
* [[Los Alerces National Park]]
* [[Los Glaciares National Park]]
* [[Mount Hudson]]
* [[Nahuel Huapi National Park]]
* [[Patagonian Expedition Race]]
* [[Patagonian Ice Sheet]]
* [[Southern Cone]]
* [[Torres del Paine National Park]]
* [[Y Wladfa]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{EB1911|title=Patagonia|url=http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/p/patagonia.html|first=|last=|volume=|pages=}}

==Further reading==
*''The Last Cowboys at the End of the World: The Story of the Gauchos of Patagonia'', Nick Reding, 2002. {{ISBN|0-609-81004-9}}
*''[[The Old Patagonian Express]]'', [[Paul Theroux]], 1979.
*''In Patagonia'', [[Bruce Chatwin]], 1977 and 1988. {{ISBN|0-14-243719-0}}
*''Patagonia: A Cultural History'', Chris Moss, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-904955-38-2}}
*''Patagonia: A Forgotten Land: From Magellan to Peron'', C. A. Brebbia, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-84564-061-3}}
*''The Wild Shores of Patagonia: The Valdés Peninsula & Punta Tombo'', Jasmine Rossi, 2000. {{ISBN|0-8109-4352-2}}
*''Luciana Vismara, Maurizio OM Ongaro, ''[http://www.amazon.it/dp/B0063DK026 PATAGONIA – E-BOOK W/ UNPUBLISHED FOTOS, MAPS, TEXTS]'' (Formato Kindle – 6 November 2011) – eBook Kindle
*''Adventures in Patagonia: a missionary's exploring trip'', Titus Coan, 1880. Library of Congress Control Number 03009975. A list of writings relating to Patagonia, 320-21.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Patagonia}}
*[http://info.australis.com/content/guide-vacation-patagonia Planning a vacation to Patagonia GUIDE]
*[http://uzonphoto.com/GALLERY/Patagonia2008-2010.htm Photos from Chilean Patagonia (2008–2011) by Jorge Uzon]
*[http://www.atacamaphoto.com/patagonia Patagonia Nature Photo Gallery: Landscapes, flora and fauna from Argentina and Chile]
*[http://www.patagonjournal.com/ Patagon Journal, magazine about Patagonia]
*[http://www.patagonia-argentina.com/i/content/aborigenes.htm Aborigines of Patagonia]
*[http://www.patagoniasinrepresas.cl/ Patagonia SinRepresas] {{sp icon}}
*[http://www.patagoniadechile.cl/ Patagonia de Chile] {{sp icon}}
*[http://polomski.art.pl/blog/portfolio-2/argentina-2011/patagonia/?lang=en Gallery of photos from Patagonia – February]
*[http://gearjunkie.com/wenger-patagonian-expedition-race-essay 'Race to the End of the Earth' – article about competing in Patagonian Expedition Race]
*[http://www.accidentalexplorer.com/?p=126 'The Accidental Explorer' – article about travels in Patagonia]

{{Regions of the world}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|-41.81015|-68.90627|display=title}}

[[Category:Patagonia| ]]
[[Category:Argentina–Chile border]]
[[Category:Deserts of Argentina]]
[[Category:Deserts of Chile]]
[[Category:Geography of Aysén Region]]
[[Category:Geography of Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region]]
[[Category:Natural regions of South America]]
[[Category:Regions of Argentina]]
[[Category:Regions of Chile]]
[[Category:Regions of South America]]

Copahue

2017-01-15T11:57:47Z

Tangoludwig: addes argentina to the location

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Copahue
| photo = Astronaut Photography of Earth - Quick View - Copahue Volcano.PNG
| photo_caption = Copahue Volcano photographed from space
| elevation_m = 2997
| elevation_ref = <ref name=gvp>{{cite gvp|vnum=1507-09=|name=Copahue|accessdate=2005-02-11}}</ref>
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref=
| location = [[Neuquén Province]], {{ARG}}
[[Bío Bío Region]], {{CHI}}
| range = [[Andes]]
| map = Chile
| map_caption = Argentina-Chile
| map_size = 200
| label_position = right
| lat_d = 37 | lat_m = 51 | lat_s = | lat_NS = S
| long_d = 71 | long_m = 10 | long_s = | long_EW = W
| coordinates_ref = <ref name=gvp/>
| topo =
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]
| age =
| last_eruption = January 6 2016<ref name=gvp/>
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Copahue''' ({{IPA-es|koˈpawe}}) is a [[stratovolcano]] in the [[Andes]] on the border of [[Bío Bío Region]], [[Chile]] and [[Neuquén Province]], [[Argentina]]. There are nine [[volcanic crater]]s along a {{convert|2|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} line, the easternmost of which is historically the most active, and contains a 300 m (1000 ft) wide [[crater lake]] with a [[pH]] ranging between 0.18 and 0.30.<ref name=Naranjo /> Eruptions from this crater lake have ejected [[pyroclastic rock]]s and chilled liquid [[sulfur]] fragments.<ref name=gvp/> Although the lake emptied during the 2000 eruption, it later returned to its previous levels. ''Copahue'' means "sulphur waters" in [[Mapuche language|Mapuche]].<ref name="BBC"/>

Copahue sits on a [[Basement (geology)|basement]] of [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] and volcanic rocks ranging in age from [[Eocene]] to [[Pliocene]].<ref name=Naranjo>{{cite journal |last1=Naranjo |first1=Jose |last2=Polanco |first2=Edmundo |year=2004 |title=The 2000 AD eruption of Copahue Volcano, Southern Andes |journal=Revisita Geologica de Chile |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=279–292}}</ref> The modern volcano sits in a volcanically active area, with a [[caldera]] from the Pliocene, measuring 20 km by 15 km, lying to the east of Copahue. The modern volcano became active roughly 1.2 million years ago (Ma).<ref name=Naranjo /> The modern caldera formed 0.6 to 0.4 Ma, and produced large [[pyroclastic flows]], extending up to 37 km from the volcano.<ref name=Naranjo />
[[File:Eruption of Copahue Volcano, Argentina-Chile 12-22-2012.PNG|thumb|left|Satellite image of the December 2012 eruption]]
The modern structure is an elongated [[shield volcano]], with a maximum thickness of 22 km and a minimum of 8 km.<ref name=Naranjo /> It has erupted ten times since 1900, most recently in March 2016.<ref name="gvp" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite news|title=Chile and Argentina on alert over Copahue volcano eruption|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20828832|newspaper=BBC News|date=23 December 2012}}</ref><ref>[https://www.inverse.com/article/13432-watch-the-copahue-volcano-chile-erupt-from-space]</ref> On 27 May 2013, it was reported that a red alert had been issued and the evacuation of around 2,000 people was to begin.<ref name="sky">{{cite news|title=Red Alert Issued For Chile Volcano|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1096220/red-alert-issued-for-chile-volcano|newspaper=Sky News|date=27 May 2013}}</ref>
[[File:CopahueCraterLake.jpg|thumb|right|alt=The crater lake at the eastern summit of Copahue Volcano.|Copahue Crater Lake.]]

==See also==
*[[List of volcanoes in Chile]]
*[[List of volcanoes in Argentina]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last = González-Ferrán | first = Oscar | title = Volcanes de Chile | publisher = Santiago, Chile: Instituto Geográfico Militar | year = 1995 | isbn =956-202-054-1 }} (in Spanish; also includes volcanoes of Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru)
* {{cite book | last = Biggar | first = John | title = The Andes: A Guide for Climbers | edition = 3rd | publisher = Andes Publishing (Scotland) | year = 2005 | url=http://www.andes.org.uk/ | isbn = 0-9536087-2-7 }}

==External links==
* [https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/sites/default/files/public/dia/CopahueVolcanics_withlegend_800w.jpg USGS Geologic Map of the Copahue Volcanics]

{{andean volcanoes}}

[[Category:Active volcanoes]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Bío Bío Region]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Neuquén Province]]
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Chile]]
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Argentina]]
[[Category:Subduction volcanoes]]
[[Category:Crater lakes]]
[[Category:Argentina–Chile border]]
[[Category:International mountains of South America]]

Ronnie Biggs

2016-11-28T23:03:23Z

Tangoludwig: Name of the son that talked to the press was michael, as stated in the quotes.

{{pp-pc1}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox criminal
| image_name = Ronnie Biggs Buckingham Constabulary mugshot 1960s.jpg
| name = Ronnie Biggs
| image_size =
| image_caption = Buckingham Constabulary mug-shot, 1964
| birth_name = Ronald Arthur Biggs
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|8|8}}
| birth_place = [[Stockwell]], [[Lambeth]], London, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|12|18|1929|8|8|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chipping Barnet|Barnet]], London, England
| motive = Financial gain/enjoyment<ref name=OddManOut/>
| charge = Robbery
| conviction_penalty = '''1947:''' robbery of a chemist shop, [[dishonorably discharged]] on charges of [[desertion]] '''1950:''' stealing a car, prison '''1955:''' failed robbery of a bookmaker, prison ([[HMP Wandsworth]]) '''1963:''' Great train robbery. 30 years in prison, served 10 years: 1963–1965; 2001–2009
| conviction_status = Released on compassionate grounds<ref name=BBC8188479/>
| occupation = [[Theft|Thief]], [[carpenter]]
| spouse = Charmian Powell (1960–1976, divorced) Raimunda de Castro (2002–2013, his death)
| children = Nicholas (deceased) [[Chris Brent|Chris]] Farley Paul [[Michael Biggs|Michael]]
}}
'''Ronald Arthur "Ronnie" Biggs''' (8 August 1929 – 18 December 2013) was an English [[thief]], known for his role in the [[Great Train Robbery (1963)|Great Train Robbery of 1963]], for his escape from prison in 1965, for living as a fugitive for 36 years and for his various [[publicity stunt]]s while in exile. In 2001, he returned to the United Kingdom and spent several years in prison, where his health rapidly declined. Biggs was released from prison on [[Compassionate release|compassionate grounds]] in August 2009<ref name=BBC8188479/> and died in a nursing home in December 2013.

==Early life==
Biggs was born in [[Stockwell]], [[London Borough of Lambeth|Lambeth]], London, on 8 August 1929.<ref name=OddManOut/> As a child during the [[Second World War]], he was [[Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II|evacuated]] to [[Flitwick]], Bedfordshire, and then [[Cornwall]].<ref name=BBCObit/>

==Career==
In 1947, at age 18, Biggs enlisted in the [[RAF]]. However, he was [[dishonorably discharged]] for [[desertion]] two years later, after breaking into a local chemist shop. One month after that, he was convicted of stealing a car and sentenced to prison. On his release, he took part in a failed robbery attempt of a bookmaker office in [[Lambeth]], [[South London]]. During his incarceration in [[HMP Wandsworth]], he met [[Bruce Reynolds]].<ref name=BBCObit/>

This time after his release, Biggs tried to go straight and trained as a [[carpenter]]. In February 1960, he married 21-year-old Charmian (Brent) Powell in [[Swanage]],<ref name=RTMrsBiggs/> the daughter of a primary school headmaster.<ref name=RTMrsBiggs/> They had three sons together.<ref name=BBCObit>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-10209584|title=Obituary: Ronnie Biggs|publisher=BBC News|date=18 December 2013|accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=RTMrsBiggs/>

==Great Train Robbery==
{{main article|Great Train Robbery (1963)}}
Biggs, who needed money to fund a deposit on the purchase of a house for his family,<ref name=OddManOut/> happened to be working on the house of a train driver who was about to retire. The driver has been variously identified as "Stan Agate", or because of his age, "Old Pete" or "Pop". His real name is unknown, since he was never caught. However, he was the one that introduced Biggs to the train robbery plot.<ref>{{cite web|title=QI Series G - Greats|url=http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/qi/episodes/7/10/|website=British Comedy Guide|accessdate=30 December 2014}}</ref> Reynolds gave Biggs the job of arranging for Agate to move the train after it had been waylaid.<ref name=OddManOut/><ref name=BBCObit/>

On the night of the hold up, Biggs told his wife he was off logging with Reynolds in [[Wiltshire]].<ref name=RTMrsBiggs/> The gang then stopped the [[Travelling Post Office|mail train]] from [[Glasgow]] to London in the early hours of 8 August 1963, which was Biggs's 34th birthday.<ref name=ronnie>Camber, Rebecca, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1214894/Ronnie-Biggs-making-escape-care-home.html Ronnie Biggs, making his escape from the care home...] September 2009, ''Daily Mail''. Retrieved March 2011</ref><ref name=biggs>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/aug/06/timeline-ronnie-biggs-prison-release Life and Crimes of Ronnie Biggs: from Brazil to Belmarsh] August 2009, ''The Guardian''. Retrieved March 2011</ref> Stan Agate was unable to operate the main line [[diesel-electric locomotive]] because he had only driven [[shunting (rail)|shunting]] locomotives on the [[Southern Region of British Railways|Southern Region]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The day crime gang stopped a train and shocked the world|url=http://www.nottinghampost.com/day-crime-gang-stopped-train-shocked-world/story-19620002-detail/story.html|accessdate=30 December 2014|work=Nottingham Post|date=6 August 2013}}{{dead link|date=November 2016}}</ref> Therefore, driver of the intercepted train, [[Jack Mills]], was [[Club (weapon)|coshed]] with an iron bar and forced to move the engine and mail carriages forward to a nearby bridge over a roadway, which had been chosen as the unloading point.<ref name=OddManOut/> Biggs' main task had been to get Agate to move the train and when it became obvious that the two were useless in that regard, they were banished to a waiting vehicle while the train was looted.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Moore|first1=Patrick H.|title=Dead Legends File – Ronnie Biggs the Great Train Robbery Rogue, Checks Out at Last|url=http://www.allthingscrimeblog.com/2014/01/04/dead-legends-file-ronnie-biggs-the-great-train-robbery-rogue-checks-out-at-last/|website=All Things Crime|accessdate=30 December 2014}}</ref>

Having unloaded 120 of the 128 mailbags from the train within Reynolds' allotted timetable, and returned to their hideout at Leatherslade Farm, various sources show that the robbery yielded the participants [[£]]2.6 million; Biggs's share was £147,000.<ref name="RB147">{{cite news | url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/100cb9c6-67bc-11e3-8ada-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2nr6vPQtm | title=Ronnie Biggs, train robber, 1929–2013 | work=Financial Times | date=18 December 2013 | accessdate=19 December 2013 | author=Chapman, Peter}}</ref> With their timetable brought forward due to the police investigation closing in, Biggs returned home on the following Friday, with his stash in two canvas bags.<ref name=OddManOut/>

After an accomplice failed to carry out his instructions to burn down Leatherslade Farm to destroy any evidence there,<ref name=OddManOut/> Biggs's fingerprints were found on a [[ketchup]] bottle by [[Metropolitan Police]] investigators. Three weeks later, he was arrested in South London, along with 11 other members of the gang.<ref name=OddManOut/> In 1964, nine of the 15-strong gang, including Biggs, were jailed for the crime. Most received sentences of 30 years.<ref name=OddManOut/>

==Escape and abscondment==
Biggs served 15 months before escaping from [[Wandsworth (HM Prison)|Wandsworth Prison]] on 8 July 1965, scaling the wall with a [[rope ladder]] and dropping onto a waiting removal van.<ref name=ronnie/><ref name=profile>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3548190.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - Profile: Ronnie Biggs|publisher=}}</ref> He fled to [[Brussels]] by boat then sent a note to his wife to join him in Paris where he had acquired new identity papers and was undergoing [[plastic surgery]].<ref name=OddManOut/><ref name=biggs/> During his time in prison, Charmian had started an extramarital relationship and was pregnant by the time of his escape to the Continent.<ref name=RTMrsBiggs/> Choosing to support her husband, she had an [[abortion]] in London and then travelled with their two sons to Paris to join Biggs.<ref name=RTMrsBiggs/>

===Australia===
In 1966, Biggs fled to Sydney, where he lived for several months before moving to the seaside suburb of [[Glenelg, South Australia|Glenelg]] in [[Adelaide]], South Australia.<ref name=biggs/> Biggs loved his new life in Australia although, by the time his family arrived in 1966, all but £7,000 of his £143,000 share of the haul had been spent: £40,000 on plastic surgery in Paris; £55,000 paid as a package deal to get him out of the UK to Australia; the rest on legal fees and expenses.<ref name=OddManOut/><ref name=RTMrsBiggs/>

In 1967, just after their third child was born, Biggs received an anonymous letter from Britain telling him that [[Interpol]] suspected that he was in Australia and that he should move. In May 1967, the family moved to [[Melbourne]] where he rented a house in the suburb of [[Blackburn North, Victoria|Blackburn North]] while his wife Charmian and their three sons lived in [[Doncaster, Victoria|Doncaster East]]. He had a number of jobs in Melbourne before undertaking set construction work at the [[Nine Network|Channel 9]] TV studios. In October 1969, a newspaper report by a [[Reuters]] correspondent revealed that Biggs was living in Melbourne and claimed that police were closing in on him. The story led the 6 o'clock news at Channel 9 and Biggs fled his home, staying with family friends in the outer eastern suburbs of Melbourne. Five months later, he fled on a passenger liner from the [[Port of Melbourne]], using the altered passport of a friend; his wife and sons remained in Australia. Twenty days later, the ship berthed in [[Panama]] and within two weeks Biggs had flown to [[Brazil]].<ref name=biggs/>

Following disclosure of his fathering a child in Brazil, Charmian agreed to divorce Biggs in 1974, which was completed in 1976.<ref name=RTMrsBiggs/> Allowed by authorities to remain in Australia, she reverted to her maiden name of Brent and sold her story for £40,000 to an Australian media group<ref name=DMail2119938/> to enable her to purchase the rented house that the family had lived in at the time of Biggs's flight to Brazil.<ref name=RTMrsBiggs/> She later undertook a degree and became an editor, publisher and journalist. Her sons - who later visited Biggs a few times in Brazil - live anonymously. In 2012 she acted as a consultant on the five-part [[ITV Studios]] docu-drama ''[[Mrs Biggs]]'' – in which she was played by actress [[Sheridan Smith]] – which recounts the couple's time from first meeting to Biggs's flight to Brazil.<ref name=RTMrsBiggs>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2012-09-05/the-first-mrs-biggs-id-do-it-all-again|title=The first Mrs Biggs: "I'd do it all again"|work=[[Radio Times]]|author=Claire Webb|date=5 September 2012|accessdate=19 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=DMail2119938>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2119938/Biggs-frame-How-wife-finds-crime-DOES-pay-.html|title=Biggs is in the frame again|author=Chris Hastings|work=[[Daily Mail]]|date=25 March 2012|accessdate=19 December 2013|location=London}}</ref>

===Rio de Janeiro===
In 1970, when Biggs arrived in Rio de Janeiro, [[Brazil]] did not have an [[extradition]] treaty with the United Kingdom.<ref name=profile/> In 1971, Biggs's eldest son, Nicholas, aged 10, died in a car crash<ref name=Nicky>{{cite web | url= http://www.thisisgloucestershire.co.uk/news/Biggs-family-vow-fight/article-1130691-detail/article.html |title=Biggs family vow to fight on }}{{dead link|date=November 2016}}</ref> in Melbourne.<ref>''[[Mrs Biggs]]''</ref>

In 1974, ''[[Daily Express]]'' reporter Colin MacKenzie received information suggesting that Biggs was in [[Rio de Janeiro]]; a team consisting of MacKenzie, photographer Bill Lovelace and reporter Michael O'Flaherty confirmed this and broke the story. [[Scotland Yard]] detective [[Jack Slipper]] arrived soon afterwards, but Biggs could not be extradited because his girlfriend, nightclub dancer Raimunda de Castro, was pregnant. Brazilian law at the time did not allow a parent of a Brazilian child to be extradited.<ref name=extradite1>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/18206.stm UK asks for extradition of Ronnie Biggs] 30 October 1997, BBC. Retrieved August 2011</ref>

During 1974, in Rio, Biggs, an avid jazz fan, collaborated with Bruce Henri (an American double-bass player), Jaime Shields and Aureo de Souza to record ''Mailbag Blues'', a musical narrative of his life that he intended to use as a movie soundtrack. This album was left undiscovered until it was finally released in 2004 by whatmusic.com.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whatmusic.com/info/productinfo.php?productid=280 |title=WhatMusic.com official site |publisher=WhatMusic.com |accessdate=2 November 2009}}</ref>

In April 1977 Biggs attended a cocktail party on board the [[Royal Navy]] frigate {{HMS|Danae|F47}}, which was in Rio for a courtesy visit, but he was not arrested.<ref name=Nicky/> Though in Brazil he was safe from extradition, Biggs's status as a known felon meant he could not work, visit bars or be away from home after 10 p.m.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hu0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40&dq=ronnie+biggs#v=onepage&q=ronnie%20biggs&f=false |title=Prisoner in Paradise |publisher=World Weekly News |date=8 August 1989 }}</ref> To provide an income, Biggs's family hosted barbecues at his home in Rio, where tourists could meet Biggs and hear him recount his involvement in the robbery, which, in fact, was minor. Biggs was even visited by former footballer [[Stanley Matthews]], whom Biggs afterwards invited to his apartment after hearing that he was in Rio. "We had tea on the small balcony at the rear of his home, and one of the first things he asked was, 'How are [[Charlton Athletic F.C.|Charlton Athletic]] doing?' It turned out he had supported Charlton from being a small boy and had often seen me play at [[the Valley (London)|The Valley]]."<ref name=autobio>Matthews, Stanley. ''The Way It Was: My Autobiography'', Headline, 2000 (ISBN 0747271089)</ref> Around this time, "Ronnie Biggs" mugs, coffee cups and T-shirts also appeared throughout Rio.

Biggs recorded vocals on two songs for ''[[The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle]]'', [[Julien Temple]]'s film about the [[Sex Pistols]]. The basic tracks for "[[No One Is Innocent (song)|No One is Innocent]]" (a.k.a. "The Biggest Blow (A Punk Prayer)"/"Cosh The Driver") and "[[Belsen Was a Gas]]" were recorded with guitarist [[Steve Jones (musician)|Steve Jones]] and drummer [[Paul Cook]] at a studio in Brazil shortly after the Sex Pistols' final performance, with [[overdub]]s added in an English studio at a later date. "No One is Innocent" was released as a single in the UK on 30 June 1978 and reached number 7 in the [[UK Singles Chart]]. The sleeve showed a British actor dressed as Nazi leader [[Martin Bormann]] playing bass with the group.

[[File:Ronnie-Biggs-celebrates-70th-birthday-1999.jpg|upright=1.3636364|thumb|Biggs's 70th birthday, 1999 ''(from left)'': Biggs, his son Michael, Nick Reynolds, and Nick's father [[Bruce Reynolds|Bruce]], the robbery mastermind]]
In March 1981, Biggs was [[kidnapping|kidnapped]] by a gang of British ex-soldiers. The boat they took him aboard suffered mechanical problems off Barbados, and the stranded kidnappers and Biggs were rescued by the Barbados coastguard and towed into port in [[Barbados]]. The kidnappers hoped to collect a reward from the British police; however, like Brazil, Barbados was found to have had no valid extradition treaty with the United Kingdom<ref>{{cite news |author=John Hiscock |title=Loophole may let Biggs off hook |newspaper=The Sun |location=London |date=9 April 1981 |page=2 |quote= A legal loophole that could let train robber Ronnie Biggs off the hook does exist, a judge was told yesterday. Barbados parliamentary clerk Ronald Kelman said he could find no official approval of an extradition treaty with Britain.}}</ref> (a fact which Chess player [[David Levy (chess player)|David Levy]] claimed to have paid lawyers to unearth)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kingpinchess.net/2013/12/the-chess-player-and-the-train-robber-3/|title=Kingpin Chess Magazine » The Chess Player and the Train Robber|website=www.kingpinchess.net|access-date=18 August 2016}}</ref> and Biggs was sent back to Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/mar/25/ronnie-biggs-train-robbery-kidnap|title=From the archive, 25 March 1981: Kidnapping of Ronnie Biggs ends in farce|publisher= guardian.com|accessdate= 24 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/p/1997/oct/05/news/mn-39479 | title=Great Train Robber on the Lam in Brazil Finds British Lion on Trail | work=Los Angeles Times | date=5 October 1997 | first=Peter | last=Muello | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> In February 2006, [[Channel 4]] aired a documentary featuring dramatisations of the attempted kidnapping and interviews with John Miller, the ex-[[British Army]] soldier who carried it out. The team was headed by security consultant Patrick King. In the documentary, King claimed that the kidnapping may have been a [[Plausible deniability|deniable operation]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/kidnap-ronnie-biggs |title=Kidnap Ronnie Biggs- Documentary|date=9 February 2006|publisher=[[Channel 4]] |accessdate=2 November 2009}}</ref> The ITN reporter [[Desmond Hamill]] paid to accompany Biggs on the private [[Learjet]] returning him to Brazil and secured an exclusive interview as well as convincing Biggs to kiss the tarmac upon landing.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10028668/Desmond-Hamill.html ''Daily Telegraph'' Obituary]. Retrieved 3 May 2013</ref> The kidnapping attempt was the subject of the film ''[[Prisoner of Rio]]'' (1988), which was co-written by Biggs. In the film Biggs was played by [[Paul Freeman (actor)|Paul Freeman]].

Biggs's son by de Castro, [[Michael Biggs]], eventually became a member of the successful children's programme and music band [[Turma do Balão Mágico]], bringing a new source of income to his father. In a short time, however, the band faded into obscurity and dissolved, leaving father and son in financial difficulty again.

In 1991, Biggs sang vocals for the songs "[[Police on My Back (song)|Police on My Back]]" and "[[Carnival in Rio (Punk Was)|Carnival in Rio]]" by German punk band [[Die Toten Hosen]]. In 1993, Biggs sang on three tracks for the album "Bajo otra bandera" by [[Argentina|Argentinian]] punk band [[Pilsen (band)|Pilsen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/radar/9-724-2003-05-04.html |language=Spanish |title=Mi papá es un punk |publisher=pagina12 |date=4 May 2006 |accessdate=2 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://unkilo.blogspot.com/2009/03/pil-trafa-y-ronald-biggs-i-solo-para.html |title=Pil Trafa y Ronald Biggs |language=Spanish |publisher=BlogSpot.com |date=7 March 2009 |accessdate=2 November 2009}}{{dead link|date=November 2016}}</ref>

In 1997 the UK and Brazil ratified an extradition treaty. Two months later, the UK Government made a formal request to the Brazilian government for Biggs's extradition. Biggs had stated that he would no longer oppose extradition.<ref name=extradite1/> English lawyer Nigel Sangster QC travelled to Brazil to advise Biggs. The extradition request was rejected by the Brazilian Supreme Court, giving Biggs the right to live in Brazil for the rest of his life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-43178/Ronnie-Biggs--From-train-robber-fugitive.html|title=Ronnie Biggs - From train robber to fugitive|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stpaulschambers.com/case-experience-of-nigel-sangster-qc|title=Fraud & financial Regulation QC - Leeds QC - Fraud QC Leeds|publisher=}}</ref>

==Return to the UK==
In 2001 Biggs announced to ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' newspaper that he would be willing to return to the UK.

===Imprisonment===
Having 28 years of his sentence left to serve, Biggs was aware that he would be detained upon arrival in Britain. His trip back to Britain on a [[private jet]] was paid for by ''The Sun'' newspaper, which reportedly paid Michael Biggs £20,000 plus other expenses in return for exclusive rights to the news story. Biggs arrived on 7 May 2001, whereupon he was immediately arrested and re-imprisoned.<ref name=biggs/>

His son Michael said in a press release that, contrary to some press reports, Biggs did not return to the UK simply to receive health care which was unavailable in Brazil,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=66752|title=Statement from Michael Biggs =PR Newswire|accessdate=6 August 2009}}</ref> but that it was his desire to "walk into a [[Margate]] pub as an Englishman and buy a pint of [[bitter (beer)|bitter]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/pictures/image/0,8543,-10704180185,00.html|title=2001: Biggs wants to return|work=The Sun | location=London | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> John Mills, son of train driver [[Jack Mills]], was unforgiving: "I deeply resent those, including Biggs, who have made money from my father's death. Biggs should serve his punishment."<ref>Kim Sengupta [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/after-36-years-on-the-run-biggs-is-back-where-he-belongs-shy-in-jail-684106.html "After 36 years on the run, Biggs is back where he belongs: in jail",] ''The Independent'', 8 May 2001</ref> Mills never fully recovered from his injuries sustained during the robbery. He died of an unrelated cause ([[Leukemia|leukaemia]]) in 1970.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1310271.stm Flashback: The Great Train Robbery], http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12419390</ref>

On 14 November 2001, Biggs petitioned Governor Hynd of [[HM Prison Belmarsh|HMP Belmarsh]] for early release on compassionate grounds based on his poor health. He had been treated four times at the [[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich]] in less than six months. His health was deteriorating rapidly and he asked to be released into the care of his son for his remaining days.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jan/17/ukcrime.simonhattenstone | title=My beloved dad, the train robber | work=The Guardian | date=17 January 2004 | accessdate=22 October 2013}}</ref> The application was denied. On 10 August 2005, it was reported that Biggs had contracted [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|MRSA]]. His representatives, seeking for his release on grounds of compassion, said that their client's death was likely to be imminent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4137312.stm|title=Release appeal as Biggs has MRSA|date=4 July 2007|publisher=BBC News }}</ref> On 26 October 2005, the [[Home Secretary]] [[Charles Clarke]] declined his appeal stating that his illness was not [[terminal illness|terminal]]. [[Home Office]] compassion policy is to release prisoners with three months left to live.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://u.tv/newsroom/indepth.asp?id=66484&pt=n|title=Plea to release Ronnie Biggs rejected|publisher=Ulster Television|date= 26 October 2005}}{{dead link|date=November 2016}}</ref> Biggs was claimed by his son Michael to need a tube for feeding and to have "difficulty" speaking.

On 4 July 2007, Biggs was moved from Belmarsh Prison to [[Norwich (HM Prison)|Norwich Prison]] on compassionate grounds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6269312.stm|title=Biggs moved from Belmarsh prison|date=4 July 2007|publisher=BBC News }}</ref> In December 2007, Biggs issued a further appeal, from Norwich Prison, asking to be released from jail to die with his family: "I am an old man and often wonder if I truly deserve the extent of my punishment. I have accepted it and only want freedom to die with my family and not in jail. I hope Mr. [[Jack Straw|Straw]] decides to allow me to do that. I have been in jail for a long time and I want to die a free man. I am sorry for what happened. It has not been an easy ride over the years. Even in Brazil I was a prisoner of my own making. There is no honour to being known as a Great Train Robber. My life has been wasted."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/ronnie-biggs-pleads-let-me-out-so-i-can-die-with-my-family-767408.html|title=Ronnie Biggs pleads: Let me out so I can die with my family |date=30 December 2007|author=Jonathan Owen|author2=Sadie Gray|work=[[Independent on Sunday]] | location=London}}</ref>

In January 2009, after a series of strokes that were said to have rendered him unable to speak or walk, it was claimed in the press that Biggs was to be released in August 2009 and would die a "free man".<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.newsoftheworld.co.uk/news/134965/Ronnies-out.html?postingId=135703|title= Train robber Biggs to be free in August|publisher=News of the World|date= 18 January 2009}}</ref> His son Michael had also claimed that the Parole Board might bring the release date forward to July 2009. On 13 February 2009, it was reported that Biggs had been taken to hospital from his cell at [[HM Prison Norwich|Norwich Prison]], suffering from [[pneumonia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/5/20090213/tuk-ronnie-biggs-is-taken-to-hospital-45dbed5.html |title=Ronnie Biggs Is Taken To Hospital |publisher=Yahoo News |date=13 February 2009 |accessdate=13 February 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216182648/http://uk.news.yahoo.com/5/20090213/tuk-ronnie-biggs-is-taken-to-hospital-45dbed5.html |archivedate=16 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Great-Train-Robber-Ronnie-Biggs-In-Hospital-With-Pneumonia-From-Cell-At-Belmarsh-Prison/Article/200902215222794?lpos=UK_News_First_Home_Article_Teaser_Region_3&lid=ARTICLE_15222794_Great_Train_Robber_Ronnie_Biggs_In_Hospital_With_Pneumonia_From_Cell_At_Belmarsh_Prison|title= Ronnie Biggs Is Taken To Hospital|publisher=Sky News|date= 13 February 2009|accessdate=13 February 2009}}{{dead link|date=November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/7889553.stm|title= Train robber Biggs hospitalised|publisher=BBC|date= 13 February 2009|accessdate=13 February 2009}}</ref> This was confirmed the following day by his son Michael, who said Biggs had serious pneumonia but was stable.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/7890271.stm|title= Train robber Biggs has pneumonia|publisher=BBC|date= 14 February 2009|accessdate=14 February 2009}}</ref> News of his condition prompted fresh calls from Michael Biggs for his release on compassionate grounds.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/4628912/Ronnie-Biggs-Son-Michael-pleads-for-the-release-of-great-train-robber.html |title=Ronnie Biggs: Son Michael pleads for the release of great train robber |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=15 February 2009 |accessdate=16 February 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219011119/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/4628912/Ronnie-Biggs-Son-Michael-pleads-for-the-release-of-great-train-robber.html |archivedate=19 February 2009 }}</ref>

On 23 April the Parole Board recommended that Biggs be released on 4 July,<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article6154459.ece|title= Ronnie Biggs recommended for early release|work=The Times |location=London|date= 23 April 2009 | first1=Richard | last1=Ford | first2=Adam | last2=Fresco | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> having served a third of his 30-year sentence. However, on 1 July Jack Straw did not accept the Parole Board's recommendation and refused parole, stating that Biggs was 'wholly unrepentant'.<ref name=BBC8188479>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/8188479.stm|title=Train robber Biggs wins freedom |date=6 August 2009|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=6 August 2009}}</ref> On 28 July 2009, Biggs was readmitted to [[Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital]] with pneumonia. He had been admitted to the same hospital a month earlier with a chest infection and a fractured hip but returned to prison on 17 July 2009. His son Michael said, in one of his frequent news releases: "It's the worst he's ever been. The doctors have just told me to rush there."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/8172555.stm Train Robber Biggs has Pneumonia] BBC. 28 July 2009</ref>

On 30 July 2009, it was claimed by representatives of Biggs that he had been given "permission" to challenge the decision to refuse him parole. However, the Home Office stated only that an application for the early release on compassionate grounds of a prisoner at HMP Norwich had been received by the public protection casework section in the [[National Offender Management Service]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/8176874.stm Biggs to Challenge Parole Refusal] BBC Online 30 July 2009</ref> Biggs was released from custody on 6 August, two days before his 80th birthday, on 'compassionate grounds'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/08/world/europe/08robber.html?_r=1|title=Britain's Great Train Robber Freed |last=Burns|first=John|date=7 August 2009|work=The New York Times|accessdate=13 August 2009}}</ref>

===Later life===
Following his release from prison, Biggs's health improved, leading to suggestions that he might soon be moved from hospital to a nursing home.<ref name="Bingham">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6011192/Train-robber-Ronnie-Biggs-set-to-move-to-nursing-home-within-days.html |title=Train robber Ronnie Biggs set to move to nursing home within days |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=12 August 2009 |last=Bingham |first=John |accessdate=21 August 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815090310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6011192/Train-robber-Ronnie-Biggs-set-to-move-to-nursing-home-within-days.html |archivedate=15 August 2009 }}</ref> In response to claims that Biggs's state of health had been faked, his lawyer stated, "This man is going to die, there is going to be no [[Lazarus of Bethany|Lazarus]] coming back from the dead, he is ill, he is seriously ill."<ref name="Bingham"/> However, Biggs himself stated, "I've got a bit of living to do yet. I might even surprise them all by lasting until Christmas, that would be fantastic."<ref name="Bingham"/>

On 29 May 2010, Biggs was again admitted to hospital in London after complaining of chest pain. He underwent tests at [[Barnet General Hospital]]. His son Michael stated, "he's conscious but he's in a lot of pain".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/10190104.stm Biggs Admitted to Hospital after complaining of a chest pain], [[BBC News]], 29 May 2010</ref> In August 2010, it was claimed by the ''[[Sunday Mirror]]'' that Biggs would be attending a gala dinner where he would be collecting a lifetime achievement award for his services to crime.<ref>[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2010/08/01/great-train-robber-ronnie-biggs-is-given-a-lifetime-achievement-award-for-crime-115875-22454707/ Great Train Robber Ronnie Biggs is given a lifetime achievement award for CRIME ], ''[[Mirror]]'', 1 August 2010</ref>

On 10 February 2011, Biggs was admitted to Barnet General Hospital with another suspected stroke. His son Michael said he was conscious and preparing to have a CT scan and a series of other tests to determine what had happened.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12419390 Ronnie Biggs admitted to hospital with a suspected stroke] BBC. 10 February 2011</ref> On 17 November 2011, Biggs launched his new and updated autobiography, ''Ronnie Biggs: Odd Man Out – The Last Straw'', at Shoreditch House, London.<ref name=OddManOut>{{cite book|title=Odd Man Out – The Last Straw|author=Ronnie Biggs & Chris Packard|publisher=M Press|date=17 November 2011|isbn=978-0957039827}}</ref> He was unable to speak and used a [[word board]] to communicate with the press.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/ronnie-biggs-details-regrets-book-172410554.html|title=Ronnie Biggs Details 'Regrets' In New Book|publisher=}}</ref>

On 12 January 2012, ITV Studios announced it had commissioned a five-part drama, ''[[Mrs Biggs]]'', to be based around the life of Biggs's wife Charmian, played by [[Sheridan Smith]] and Biggs by [[Daniel Mays]]. Charmian Biggs acted as a consultant on the series and travelled to Britain from Australia to visit Biggs in February 2012, just before filming for ''Mrs Biggs''.<ref>Page 18/19 of the ITV press pack</ref><ref>[http://www.itv.com/news/meridian/2012-09-04/the-two-mrs-biggs/ The two Mrs Biggs]. ITV, 4 September 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</ref>

In March 2013, Biggs attended the funeral of fellow train robber, Bruce Reynolds.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2296402/Bruce-Reynolds-funeral-Ronnie-Biggs-flicks-V-sign-funeral-Great-Train-Robber.html | location=London | work=Daily Mail | title=Two fingers to you all: Frail and wheelchair-bound, Ronnie Biggs, 83, makes a feeble gesture of defiance at the funeral of one of his train robber pals | first=Paul | last=Harris | date=20 March 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, ''The Great Train Robbery 50th Anniversary:1963–2013'' was published, with input from Biggs and Reynolds.

===Death===
On 18 December 2013, aged 84, Biggs died at the Carlton Court Care Home in [[Chipping Barnet|Barnet]], north London, where he was being cared for.<ref name=BBCObit2>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-10209584|title=Obituary: Ronnie Biggs|date=18 December 2013|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{cite news | title = Great Train Robber Ronnie Biggs dies aged 84 | date = 18 December 2013 | publisher = BBC News UK | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25426914 | accessdate = 18 December 2013}}</ref> His death coincidentally occurred hours before the first broadcast of a two-part [[BBC]] television series ''[[The Great Train Robbery (2013 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'', in which Biggs was portrayed by actor [[Jack Gordon (actor)|Jack Gordon]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/ronnie-biggs-dead-great-train-robber-dies-aged-84-9012029.html | title=Ronnie Biggs dead: Great Train Robbery fugitive dies aged 84 | work=The Independent | date=18 December 2013 | accessdate=18 December 2013 | author=Withnall, Adam | location=London}}</ref> Biggs was cremated at [[Golders Green Crematorium]] on 3 January 2014. His coffin was covered with the [[Union Flag]], the [[Flag of Brazil]] and a [[Charlton Athletic F.C.|Charlton Athletic]] scarf. An honour guard of British [[Hells Angels]] escorted his hearse to the crematorium.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-25594688 | title=Great Train Robber Ronnie Biggs's funeral takes place | publisher=BBC News | accessdate=4 January 2014 | date=3 January 2014}}</ref> The Reverend Dave Tomlinson officiated at Biggs' funeral, for which he drew public criticism; Tomlinson responded to critics by using the [[Bible]] verse "Judge not, that ye be not judged".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sherwin|first1=Adam|title=Ronnie Biggs was an 'extraordinary' man, says the unrepentant Reverend|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/ronnie-biggs-was-an-extraordinary-man-says-the-unrepentant-reverend-who-took-train-robbers-funeral-9052382.html|accessdate=6 April 2016|work=The Independent|date=10 January 2014|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ronniebiggs.com/ Biggs's website]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/gall/0,8542,485296,00.html ''Guardian'' photo gallery of Biggs]
*[http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters_outlaws/cops_others/biggs/index.html?sect=18 "The Big One: Ronald Biggs and the Great Train Robbery"], Crime Library
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10524589/Ronnie-Biggs.html Obituary] at the Daily Telegraph
*[http://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21592584-ronald-arthur-ronnie-biggs-great-train-robber-died-december-18th-aged-84-ronnie-biggs Ronald Arthur (Ronnie) Biggs, Great Train Robber, died on December 18th, aged 84] The Economist, Obituary, 4 January 2014.

{{navigation great train robbery}}
{{Sex Pistols}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2014}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biggs, Ronnie}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century British criminals]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Australia]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Brazil]]
[[Category:British people convicted of theft]]
[[Category:Criminals from London]]
[[Category:English autobiographers]]
[[Category:English escapees]]
[[Category:Escapees from England and Wales detention]]
[[Category:Golders Green Crematorium]]
[[Category:Great Train Robbers]]
[[Category:Great Train Robbery (1963)]]
[[Category:People from Lambeth]]
[[Category:Inmates of HM Prison Belmarsh]]
[[Category:20th-century Royal Air Force personnel]]
[[Category:Sex Pistols]]
[[Category:Stroke survivors]]

Monito del monte

2016-10-11T23:41:49Z

Tangoludwig: List by alphabetical order

{{speciesbox
|name = Monito del monte
|status = NT
|status_ref = {{sfn|Martin|Flores|Teta|2015}}
|image = Monito del Monte ps6.jpg
|trend = down
|status_system = iucn3.1
|genus = Dromiciops
|parent_authority = [[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1894
|species = gliroides
|authority = [[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1894
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=msw3>{{harvnb|Gardner|2005|p=21}}</ref>
|synonyms = ''Didelphys australis'' [[Georg August Goldfuss|Goldfuss]], 1812 
''Dromiciops australis'' [[Federico Philippi|F. Philippi]], 1893
|subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
|subdivision = *''D. a. australis'' F. Philippi, 1893
*''D. a. gliroides'' Thomas, 1894
|range_map = DromiciopsGliroidesMAD.png
|range_map_caption = Range of the monito del monte
}}
The '''monito del monte''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "little mountain monkey") or '''colocolo opossum''',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Martinez|first=D. R.|year=1993|title=Food habits of the rufous-legged owl (''Strix rufipes'') in temperate rainforests of southern Chile |journal=Journal of Raptor Research|volume=27|issue=4|pages=214–216: 214|quote=The colocolo opossum (''Dromiciops australis'') was better represented during spring and summer than during autumn and winter}}</ref> ''Dromiciops gliroides'', also called ''chumaihuén'' in [[Mapudungun]], is a diminutive marsupial native only to southwestern [[South America]] ([[Argentina]] and [[Chile]]). It is the only extant species in the ancient order [[Microbiotheria]], and the sole New World representative of the superorder [[Australidelphia]] (all other New World marsupials are members of [[Ameridelphia]]). The species is [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]] and [[arboreal]], and lives in thickets of [[Chusquea|South American mountain bamboo]] in the [[Valdivian temperate rain forests]] of the southern [[Andes]],{{sfn|Martin|Flores|Teta|2015}} aided by its partially [[prehensile tail]].{{sfn|Edge|2006}} It eats primarily [[insect]]s and other small invertebrates, supplemented with [[fruit]].{{sfn|Edge|2006}}

==Taxonomy and etymology==
The monito del monte is the sole extant member of the order [[Microbiotheria]].<ref name=msw3 /> It was first [[Scientific description|described]] by English zoologist [[Oldfield Thomas]] in 1894. The [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] ''Dromiciops'' is based on the resemblance of the monito del monte to the [[eastern pygmy possum]] (''Cercartetus nanus''), one of the synonyms of which is ''Dromicia nana''. The specific name ''gliroides'' is a combination of the Latin ''gliris'' ("dormouse") and Greek ''oides'' ("similar to"). The name ''australis'' in a synonym (''D. australis'') refers to the southern distribution of the animal.<ref name="marshall">{{cite journal|last1=Marshall|first1=L.G.|title=''Dromiciops australis''|journal=[[Mammalian Species]]|date=1978|issue=99|pages=1–5|jstor=3504051|url=https://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-099-01-0001.pdf}}</ref>

In his 1943 ''Mammals of Chile'', American zoologist [[Wilfred Hudson Osgood]] identified two [[subspecies]] of the monito del monte:<ref name="osgood">{{cite book|last1=Osgood|first1=W.H.|title=The Mammals of Chile|date=1943|publisher=Field Museum of Natural History|location=Chicago, US|pages=48–50|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21027#page/60/mode/2up}}</ref>

*''D. a. australis'' F. Philippi, 1893: It occurs in the [[Valdivian temperate rain forest]] in southcentral [[Chile]].
*''D. a. gliroides'' Thomas, 1894: It occurs in the northeastern [[Chiloé Island]].

==Phylogeny and biogeography==
South American marsupials have long been suspected to be ancestral to those of [[Australia]], consistent with the fact that the two continents were connected via [[Antarctica]] in the early [[Cenozoic]]. Australia’s earliest known marsupial is ''[[Djarthia]]'', a primitive [[mouse]]-like animal that lived in the early [[Eocene]] about 55 million years ago (mya). ''Djarthia'' had been identified as the earliest known australidelphian, and this research suggested that the monito del monte was the last of a [[clade]] that included ''Djarthia''.{{sfn|Beck|Godthelp|Weisbecker|Archer|2008}} This relationship suggests that the ancestors of the monito del monte might have reached South America by back-migration from Australia. The time of divergence between the monito del monte and Australian marsupials was estimated to have been 46 mya.{{sfn|Edge|2006}} However, in 2010, analysis of [[retrotransposon]] insertion sites in the [[nuclear DNA]] of a variety of marsupials, while confirming the placement of the monito del monte in Australidelphia, showed that its [[Lineage (evolution)|lineage]] is the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] of that superorder. The study also confirmed that the most basal of all marsupial orders are the other two South American lineages ([[Didelphimorphia]] and [[Paucituberculata]], with the former probably branching first). This conclusion indicates that Australidelphia arose in South America (along with the ancestors of all other living marsupials), and probably reached Australia in a single [[Biological dispersal|dispersal event]] after [[Microbiotheria]] split off.{{sfn|Schiewe|2010}}{{sfn|Inman|2010}}{{sfn|Nilsson|Churakov|Sommer|Van Tran|2010}} Fossils of an another Eocene australidelphian, the microbiotherian ''[[Woodburnodon]] casei'', have been described from the [[Antarctic peninsula]],<ref name = "Goin">{{cite journal | last1 = Goin | first1 = F. J. | last2 = Zimicz | first2 = N.
| last3 = Reguero | first3 = M. A. | last4 = Santillana | first4 = S. N.
| last5 = Marenssi | first5 = S. A. | last6 = Moly | first6 = J. J.
| title = New marsupial (Mammalia) from the Eocene of Antarctica, and the origins and affinities of the Microbiotheria
| journal = Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina
| volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = 597-603 | date = 2007
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262722641_Nuevo_marsupial_Mammalia_del_Eoceno_de_la_Antartida_y_los_origenes_y_afinidades_de_los_Microbiotheria | access-date = 2016-07-17}}</ref> and fossils of a related early Eocene woodburnodontid have been found in [[Patagonia]].<ref name="Goin2015">{{cite book|author1= Goin, F. J.|author2= Woodburne, M. O.|author3=Zimicz, A. N.|author4= Martin, G. M.|author5= Chornogubsky, L.|title=A Brief History of South American Metatherians: Evolutionary Contexts and Intercontinental Dispersals|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=epnDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA216|date=16 October 2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-017-7420-8|page= 216}}</ref>

==Habitat==
Monitos del monte live in the dense, humid forests of highland Argentina and Chile,{{sfn|Mcdonald|1995}}{{sfn|Nowak|Dickman|2005}}{{sfn|Lord|2007}}mainly in trees, where they construct spherical nests of water resistant [[Chusquea culeou|colihue]] leaves. These leaves are then lined with moss or grass, and placed in well-protected areas of the tree, such as underbrush, tree cavities, or fallen timber.{{sfn|Feldhamer|2007}} The nests are sometimes covered with grey moss as a form of [[camouflage]]. These nests provide the monito del monte with some protection from the cold, both when it is active and when it [[hibernation|hibernates]].

==Morphology==
Monitos del monte are small marsupials that look like mice. ''Dromiciops'' have the same dental formula as [[Opossum|''Didelphids'']]: {{DentalFormula|upper=5.1.3.4|lower=4.1.3.4}}, a total of 50 teeth.{{sfn|Feldhamer|2007}} Their size ranges from {{convert|16|-|42| g|abbr=on}}. They have short and dense fur that is primarily brown-gray with patches of white at their shoulders and back, and their underside is more of a cream or light gray color. Monitos del monte also have distinct black rings around their eyes. Their small furred ears are well-rounded and their rostrums are short. The head to body length is around {{convert|8|-|13| cm|abbr=on}}, and their tail length is between {{convert|9|and|13 |cm|abbr=on}}. Their tails are somewhat prehensile and mostly furred with the exception of {{convert|25|-|30| mm|abbr=on}} of the underside.{{sfn|Chick|2013}} The naked underside of their tails may contribute to increasing friction when the mammal is on a tree. The base of their tails also functions as a fat storage organ which they use during winter [[hibernation]].{{sfn|Chester|2008}} In a week, monitos del monte can store enough fat to double their body size.{{sfn|Feldhamer|2007}}

;Sexual dimorphism

At the end of the summer, female Monitos del monte tend to be larger and heavier than males. The tails of the sexes also vary in size during this time; females have a thicker tail, which is where they store fat; the difference suggests that females need more energy than males during hibernation. The sexual dimorphism is only seen during this time and not year-round.{{sfn|Chick|2013}}

==Reproduction==
Monitos del monte have a monogamous mating system. The females have well-formed, fur-lined [[pouch (marsupial)|marsupium]] containing four mammae. They normally reproduce in the spring once a year and can have a litter size varying from one to five. They can feed a maximum of four offspring, so if there are five young, one will not survive.{{sfn|Chick|2013}} When the young are mature enough to leave the pouch, approximately 5 months, they are nursed in a distinctive [[nest]]. They are then carried on the mother’s back. The young remain in association with the mother after weaning. Males and females both reach sexual maturity after 2 years.<ref name=msw3/>{{sfn|Spotorno|Marin|Tevenes|Walker|1997}}{{sfn|Brugni|Flores|2007}}{{sfn|Lidicker|Ghiselin|1996}}

==Habits==
The Monito del monte is adapted to [[Arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] life; its tail and paws are [[Prehensility|prehensile]]. It is largely [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]] and, depending on the ambient and internal temperature, and on the availability of food, it spends much of the day in a state of [[torpor]]. Such behaviour enables it to survive periods of extreme weather and food shortage, conserving energy instead of foraging to no effect.

The animal covers its nest with moss for concealment, and for insulation and protection from bad weather.{{sfn|Chick|2013}}<ref name="amm">{{cite web|title=Monito del Monte|url=http://www.arkive.org/monito-del-monte/dromiciops-gliroides/|website=Widescreen Arkive|accessdate=9 December 2014}}</ref>

==Diet==
Monitos del monte are primarily insectivores. They eat insects and other invertebrates they find on the branches of trees and cracks in bark, but during the summer they eat large quantities of fruit, especially mistletoe fruit.{{sfn|Chick|2013}}

;Seed-dispersing role

A study performed in the temperate forests of southern Argentina showed a mutualistic seed dispersal relationship between ''D. gliroides'' and ''[[Tristerix]] corymbosus'', also known as the loranthacous [[mistletoe]]. The monito del monte is the sole dispersal agent for this plant, and without it the plant would likely become extinct. The monito del monte eats the fruit of ''T. corymbosus'', and germination takes place in the gut. Scientists speculate that the coevolution of these two species could have begun 60–70 million years ago.{{sfn|Garcia|Rodríguez-Cabal|Amico|2009}}{{sfn|Amico| Rodriguez-Cabal|Aizen|2009}}

==Conservation==
For the past few years the number of ''Dromiciops'', has declined, and the species is now classified as 'near threatened'. Many factors contribute to the decline:{{bulleted list|its already limited habitat is constantly faced with deforestation and fragmentation;|The introduction of the domestic cat, ''Felis catus'', is correlated with decrease in numbers of ''Dromiciops''| the creature is considered bad luck by natives – houses have been burned down after monitos del monte were seen inside;| other people believe this marsupial is venomous or causes disease, but in reality they do not affect humans negatively.{{sfn|Feldhamer|2007}}{{sfn|Chick|2013}}}}

The monito del monte is not the only organism which will be affected if it becomes endangered. ''Dromiciops'' illustrate parasite-host specificity with the tick, ''[[Ixodes neuquenensis]]''. This tick can only be found on the monito del monte, so it depends on the survival of this nearly endangered mammal.{{sfn|Feldhamer|2007}}{{sfn|Guglielmone|Venzal|Amico|Mangold|2004}} ''[[Tristerix|T. corymbosus]]'' also depends on the survival of this species, because without the seed dispersal agency of monito del monte, it would not be able to reproduce.

Little conservation effort is being undertaken at the moment, but there are ecological studies being conducted in the [[Chiloé Island]] that might help future conservation efforts. ''Dromiciops'' has been found in the [[Los Ruiles National Reserve]] and the [[Valdivian Coastal Reserve]], which are protected areas in Chile.<ref name=amm />

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==

{{refbegin|30em}}

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* {{cite journal
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| title = ''Allassogonoporus dromiciops'' n. sp. (Digenea: Allassogonoporidae) from ''Dromiciops gliroides'' (Marsupialia: Microbiotheriidae) in Patagonia, Argentina
| journal = Systematic Parasitology
| volume = 68
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}}

* {{cite web
| last = Chick
| first = J.
| title = Dromiciops gliroides
| url = http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dromiciops_gliroides/
| year = 2013
| website = Animal Diversity Web
| publisher = University of Michigan
| accessdate = {{date| 8 mar 2015}}
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite journal
| last1 = Martin
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| title = ''Dromiciops gliroides''
| journal = [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]
| volume = 2015
| page = e.T6834A22180239
| publisher = [[IUCN]]
| year = 2015
| doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6834A22180239.en
| accessdate = 9 August 2016
| url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/6834/0
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite web
| title = Monito del monte (''Dromiciops gliroides'')
| work = EDGE of Existence programme
| publisher = [[Zoological Society of London]]
| year = 2006
| url = http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=42
| accessdate = {{date|2009-07-05}}
| ref = {{harvid|Edge|2006}}
}}

* {{cite book
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* {{cite journal
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| title = Seed dispersal by a frugivorous marsupial shapes the spatial scale of a mistletoe population
| journal = Journal of Ecology
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| pages = 217–229
| publisher = [[British Ecological Society]]
| year = 2009
| url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121637721/abstract
| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01470.x
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}}

* {{MSW3 Microbiotheria| id = 10600004 | page = 21 | ref={{harvid|Gardner|2005}} }}

* {{cite journal
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| journal = Systematic Parasitology
| year = 2004
| volume = 57
| issue = 3
| pages = 211–9
| doi = 10.1023/B:SYPA.0000019082.96187.9c
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* {{cite book
| editor-last = Macdonald
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| title = Encyclopedia of mammals
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| editor-last = Penny
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| title = Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions
| journal = [[PLoS Biology]]
| volume = 8
| issue = 7
| pages = e1000436
| publisher = [[Public Library of Science]]
| year = 2010
| pmid = 20668664
| pmc = 2910653
| doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436
| ref = harv
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* {{cite book
| last1 = Nowak
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| last = Schiewe
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| title = Australia's marsupials originated in what is now South America, study says
| work = LATimes.Com
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| url = http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-marsupial-20100728,0,5549873.story
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| accessdate = {{date|2010-08-01}}
}}

* {{cite journal
| last1 = Spotorno
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| issue = 4
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| url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/kn01971285l48143/
| doi = 10.1023/A:1027374514503
| year = 1997
| ref = harv
}}

{{refend}}

[[Category:Animals described in 1894]]
[[Category:EDGE species]]
[[Category:Living fossils]]
[[Category:Mammals of Argentina]]
[[Category:Mammals of Patagonia]]
[[Category:Mammals of the Andes]]
[[Category:Marsupials of Chile]]

Juan Ignacio Chela

2016-09-25T01:18:13Z

Tangoludwig: typo

{{Infobox tennis biography
|name= Juan Ignacio Chela
|image= Juan Ignacio Chela.jpg
|country= {{ARG}}
|residence= [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1979|8|30}}
|birth_place= [[Ciudad Evita]], [[Argentina]]
|height= {{convert|1.90|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|turnedpro= 1998
|retired= December 3, 2012
|plays= Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
|careerprizemoney= [[US$|$]]5,601,394
|singlesrecord= 326–272
|singlestitles= 6
|highestsinglesranking= No. 15 (August 9, 2004)
|currentsinglesranking=
|AustralianOpenresult= 4R ([[2006 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2006]])
|FrenchOpenresult= QF ([[2004 French Open – Men's Singles|2004]], [[2011 French Open – Men's Singles|2011]])
|Wimbledonresult= 2R ([[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2003]], [[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2004]], [[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2007]], [[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2011]])
|USOpenresult= QF ([[2007 US Open – Men's Singles|2007]])
|Othertournaments= yes
|MastersCupresult= Alt ([[2007 Tennis Masters Cup – Singles|2007]])
|Olympicsresult= 2R ([[Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|2000]])
|doublesrecord= 104–122
|doublestitles= 3
|highestdoublesranking= No. 32 (June 6, 2011)
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 3R ([[2004 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|2004]])
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 3R ([[2004 French Open – Men's Doubles|2004]], [[2008 French Open – Men's Doubles|2008]])
|WimbledonDoublesresult = SF ([[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles|2010]])
|USOpenDoublesresult = 2R ([[2006 US Open – Men's Doubles|2006]])
|updated = April 2, 2012
}}
'''Juan Ignacio Chela''', nicknamed as “El Flaco”, ({{IPA-es|ˈxwan iɣˈnaθjo ˈtʃela}}; born August 30, 1979) is a former professional male [[tennis]] player from [[Argentina]]. Like most Argentine players, he is comfortable on clay courts and owns all six of his career titles on the surface. Chela reached the quarter-finals of the [[2004 French Open – Men's Singles|2004]] and [[2011 French Open – Men's Singles|2011 French Open]], and the [[2007 US Open – Men's Singles|2007 US Open]], attaining a career-high singles ranking of World No. 15 in August 2004.

== Personal life ==
He was born in [[Ciudad Evita]], [[Buenos Aires Province]].

== Career ==

=== 2004 ===
In February, he reached the quarter-finals in Salvador, defeating [[Flavio Saretta]] and [[David Ferrer]], before falling to [[Agustín Calleri]], 3–6, 6–3, 3–6. He won in doubles at Viña del Mar, partnering [[Gastón Gaudio]].

At Acapulco and Indian Wells, he reached the quarterfinals, but lost to [[Oscar Hernandez (tennis)|Oscar Hernandez Perez]] and [[Roger Federer]], respectively. In Acapulco, he also reached the final in doubles, partnering [[Nicolás Massú]], but they lost to the Bryan brothers, 2–6, 3–6.

In April, Chela won in Estoril against [[Marat Safin]], 6–7, 6–3, 6–3. He also won in doubles, partnering [[Gastón Gaudio]].

He reached the quarter-finals of the [[2004 French Open - Men's Singles|French Open]], where he lost to [[Tim Henman]], 2–6, 4–6, 4–6. In doubles, he reached the quarter-finals in Rome, where he and [[Guillermo Cañas]] lost to the Bryan brothers, and in Hamburg, where he also partnered with Cañas.

On August 9, 2004, he reached his career-high singles ranking of World No. 15.

=== 2005 ===
Chela (The Torino) was involved in a controversy during a third-round loss to [[Lleyton Hewitt]] in the [[Australian Open]] in 2005, when he attempted to spit on Hewitt.<ref name="GQ">{{cite web|url= http://www.gq.com/sports/profiles/200601/most-hates-athletes|title=Most Hated Athletes}}</ref>

=== 2006 ===
As part of the [[Argentine tennis|Argentine team]] for the [[Davis Cup]], he holds a record of six victories and four losses, the most important of his victories in April 2006, giving Argentina the third point to beat defending champions [[Croatia]] in the quarter-finals.

=== 2007 ===
In May 2007, he appeared in the quarter-finals of his sixth different Masters event at Rome, also his personal best showing, with wins over [[Marc Gicquel]], [[Igor Andreev]], and World No. 3 [[Andy Roddick]], the latter being Chela's best victory since defeating No. 3 [[Yevgeny Kafelnikov]] in the second round in Mallorca in May 2000. He also partnered [[Pablo Cuevas]] in doubles, reaching the quarter-finals in Barcelona, where they lost to the Bryan brothers 1–6, 2–6.

In July, he reached the semi-finals in Stuttgart, where he lost to [[Stanislas Wawrinka]] 7–6, 4–6 1–6.

He reached the quarter-finals of the [[2007 US Open - Men's Singles|US Open]], but lost to [[David Ferrer]], 2–6, 3–6 5–7.

In October, he reached the quarter-finals in Vienna, where he lost to [[Novak Djokovic]] 3–6, 7–5, 6–7. He also reached the semi-finals in doubles, partnering [[Fernando González]].

=== 2008 ===
In February, he reached the semi-finals in Buenos Aires, only to lose to [[David Nalbandian]] 1–6, 2–6.

In April, he reached the quarter-finals in Barcelona, where he lost to [[Rafael Nadal]], 4–6, 2–6.

=== 2009 ===
In 2009, Chela played mostly Challenger tournaments, although he did reach the quarterfinals in Viña del Mar, where he lost to [[Tommy Robredo]] 6–0, 3–6, 4–6.

=== 2010 ===
In 2010, Chela won the US Men's Clay Court Championship in Houston, beating [[Sam Querrey]] 5–7, 6–4, 6–3, for his first ATP Tour championship in over three years. After he beat [[Rajeev Ram]] in straight sets, Chela won a controversial three-set second-round match, in which fellow countryman [[Eduardo Schwank]] was fined for his use of tactics when injured. Chela then beat defending champion [[Lleyton Hewitt]] and another Argentine [[Horacio Zeballos]] in straight sets to reach the final. Also in 2010, Chela won the [[2010 BCR Open Romania|BCR Open Romania]] in [[2010 BCR Open Romania – Singles|singles]], defeating [[Pablo Andújar]] in the final 7–5, 6–1, and [[2010 BCR Open Romania – Doubles|doubles]] partnering [[Łukasz Kubot]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canchallena.com/1308620-chela-quiero-meterme-en-el-top–30-y-volver-a-la--davis|title=Chela: "Quiero meterme en el top 30 y volver a la Copa Davis"|newspaper=[[La Nación|Cancha Llena]]|language=Spanish|date=2010-09-26|accessdate=2010-09-26 }}</ref> The singles title was his sixth career [[ATP World Tour]] victory.

=== 2011 ===
He reached the quarter-finals in Vienna and Santiago, and the semi-finals in Costa do Sauipe, where he lost to [[Nicolás Almagro]] 6–1, 2–6 4–6. He reached the final in Buenos Aires, where he again lost to Almagro 3–6, 6–3, 4–6. In doubles, he reached the semi-finals in Santiago, partnering [[Santiago González (tennis)|Santiago Gonzalez]].

In April, he reached the final in doubles in Monte Carlo, partnering [[Bruno Soares]], but they lost to the Bryan brothers 3–6, 2–6.

He reached the quarter-finals of the [[2011 French Open|French Open]], where he lost to [[Andy Murray]] 6–7, 5–7, 2–6. In August, he reached the semi-finals in Kitzbühel, where he lost to [[Albert Montañés]] 2–6, 4–7.

He reached his career-high doubles ranking of World No. 32 on 6 June 2011.

At the [[2011 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], he made the third round, where he was defeated by young American [[Donald Young (tennis)|Donald Young]] 5–7, 4–6, 3–6.

His trainer and fitness coach (and also a close friend) is Fernando Gonzales.

=== 2012 ===
Chela did not make any ATP Tour finals in 2012, either in singles or in doubles. He did reach the third round of Wimbledon 2012 doubles, along with his partner [[Eduardo Schwank]], losing to [[Daniele Bracciali]] and [[Julian Knowle]], 5–7, 5–7, 1–6. He also reached the singles semi-finals in Viña del Mar, where he lost to [[Carlos Berlocq]], 3–6, 6–4, 0–6. He also reached the doubles semifinals in Acapulco with Schwank.

== ATP career finals ==

=== Singles: 12 (6–6) ===
{|
|- valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!Legend
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] (0–0)
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[ATP World Tour Finals]] (0–0)
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|[[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]] (0–0)
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|[[ATP World Tour 500 series]] (2–2)
|-
|[[ATP World Tour 250 series]] (4–4)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!Titles by Surface
|-
|Hard (0–2)
|-
|Clay (6–4)
|-
|Grass (0–0)
|-
|Carpet (0–0)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!Titles by Surface
|-
|Outdoors (6–6)
|-
|Indoors (0–0)
|}
|}

{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!width=75|Outcome
!width=20|No.
!width=135|Date
!width=240|Tournament
!width=60|Surface
!width=180|Opponent
!width=180|Score
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|1.
|21 February 2000
|[[Abierto Mexicano Telcel|Mexico City]], Mexico
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Mariano Puerta]]
|6–4, 7–6(7–4)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up
|1.
|28 January 2001
|[[ATP Bogotá|Bogotá]], Colombia
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Fernando Vicente]]
|4–5, 6–7(6–8)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up
|2.
|13 January 13, 2002
|[[Medibank International|Sydney]], Australia
|Hard
|{{flagicon|SWI}} [[Roger Federer]]
|3–6, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|2.
|15 July 2002
|[[Priority Telecom Open|Amersfoort]], Netherlands
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albert Costa]]
|6–1, 7–6(7–4)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up
|3.
|25 August 2002
|[[ATP Long Island|Long Island]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Paradorn Srichaphan]]
|7–5, 2–6, 2–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|3.
|12 April 2004
|[[Portugal Open|Estoril]], Portugal
|Clay
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Marat Safin]]
|6–7(2–7), 6–3, 6–3
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up
|4.
|5 March 2006
|[[Abierto Mexicano Telcel|Acapulco]], Mexico
|Clay
|{{flagicon|PER}} [[Luis Horna]]
|6–7(6–8), 4–6
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up
|5.
|24 July 2006
|[[Generali Open|Kitzbühel]], Austria
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Agustín Calleri]]
|6–7(9–11), 2–6, 3–6
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|4.
|26 February 2007
|[[Abierto Mexicano Telcel|Acapulco]], Mexico
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Moyà]]
|6–3, 7–6(7–2)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|5.
|11 April 2010
|[[U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships|Houston]], United States
|Clay
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Sam Querrey]]
|5–7, 6–4, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|6.
|26 September 2010
|[[BRD Năstase Ţiriac Trophy|Bucharest]], Romania
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pablo Andújar]]
|7–5, 6–1
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up
|6.
|20 February 2011
|[[Copa Claro|Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Nicolás Almagro]]
|3–6, 6–3, 4–6
|}

=== Doubles: 6 (3–3) ===
{|
|- valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!Legend
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] (0–0)
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[ATP World Tour Finals]] (0–0)
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|[[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]] (0–1)
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|[[ATP World Tour 500 series]] (0–1)
|-
|[[ATP World Tour 250 series]] (3–1)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!Titles by Surface
|-
|Hard (0–0)
|-
|Clay (3–3)
|-
|Grass (0–0)
|-
|Carpet (0–0)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!Titles by Surface
|-
|Outdoors (3–3)
|-
|Indoors (0–0)
|}
|}

{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!Outcome
!No.
!width=115|Date
!width=200|Tournament
!Surface
!width=180|Partner
!width=180|Opponents
!width=180|Score
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|1.
|15 February 2004
|[[Movistar Open|Viña del Mar]], Chile
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Gastón Gaudio]]
|{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Nicolás Lapentti]] {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Martín Rodríguez (tennis)|Martín Rodríguez]]
|7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–3)
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up
|1.
|7 March 2004
|[[Abierto Mexicano Telcel|Acapulco]], Mexico
|Clay
|{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Nicolás Massú]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]
|6–2, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|2.
|18 April 2004
|[[Portugal Open|Estoril]], Portugal
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Gastón Gaudio]]
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[František Čermák]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Leoš Friedl]]
|6–2, 6–1
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up
|2.
|1 May 2005
|[[Portugal Open|Estoril]], Portugal
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Tommy Robredo]]
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[František Čermák]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Leoš Friedl]]
|6–3, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|3.
|25 September 2005
|[[BRD Năstase Țiriac Trophy|Bucharest]], Romania
|Clay
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Łukasz Kubot]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcel Granollers]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Santiago Ventura Bertomeu|Santiago Ventura]]
|6–2, 5–7, [13–11]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up
|3.
|17 April 2011
|[[Monte-Carlo Masters|Monte Carlo]], Monaco
|Clay
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Soares]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]
|6–3, 6–2
|}

== Singles performance timeline ==
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:97%
|-
!Tournament!![[2000 ATP Tour|2000]]!![[2001 ATP Tour|2001]]!![[2002 ATP Tour|2002]]!![[2003 ATP Tour|2003]]!![[2004 ATP Tour|2004]]!![[2005 ATP Tour|2005]]!![[2006 ATP Tour|2006]]!![[2007 ATP Tour|2007]]!![[2008 ATP Tour|2008]]!![[2009 ATP World Tour|2009]]!![[2010 ATP World Tour|2010]]!![[2011 ATP World Tour|2011]]!![[2012 ATP World Tour|2012]]!!W–L
|-
| colspan="16" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam Tournaments]]
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Australian Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Australian Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Australian Open – Men's Singles|4R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Australian Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Australian Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Australian Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Australian Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|14–11
|-
|align=left| [[French Open (tennis)|French Open]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 French Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 French Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 French Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2004 French Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 French Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 French Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 French Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 French Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 French Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 French Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2011 French Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 French Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|15–12
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2R]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|1R]]
|4–9
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 US Open – Men's Singles|4R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 US Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2007 US Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 US Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 US Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 US Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|A
|13–10
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–Loss
!1–3
!2–1
!4–4
!6–4
!6–4
!3–3
!3–4
!8–4
!1–2
!1–2
!2–4
!8–4
!2–3
!46–42
|-
| colspan="16" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[ATP Masters Series]]
|-
|align=left| [[Indian Wells Masters]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Indian Wells Masters – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 Pacific Life Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Pacific Life Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2004 Pacific Life Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Pacific Life Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Pacific Life Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2007 Pacific Life Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Pacific Life Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 BNP Paribas Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 BNP Paribas Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 BNP Paribas Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 BNP Paribas Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|12–12
|-
|align=left| [[Miami Masters]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Ericsson Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2002 NASDAQ-100 Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 NASDAQ-100 Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 NASDAQ-100 Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 NASDAQ-100 Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 NASDAQ-100 Open – Men's Singles|4R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2007 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|13–12
|-
|align=left| [[Monte Carlo Masters]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 Monte Carlo Masters – Singles|3R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 Monte Carlo Masters – Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2003 Monte Carlo Masters – Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Monte Carlo Masters – Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Monte Carlo Masters – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Monte Carlo Masters – Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Monte Carlo Masters – Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Masters Series Monte-Carlo – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Singles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Singles|1R]]
|12–11
|-
|align=left| [[Rome Masters]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 Rome Masters – Men's Singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 Rome Masters – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Telecom Italia Masters – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Telecom Italia Masters – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Internazionali BNL d'Italia – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Internazionali BNL d'Italia – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2007 Internazionali BNL d'Italia – Men's Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Internazionali BNL d'Italia – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Internazionali BNL d'Italia – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Internazionali BNL d'Italia – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Internazionali BNL d'Italia – Men's Singles|1R]]
|8–12
|-
|align=left| [[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid Masters]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2003 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Singles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|6–10
|-
|align=left| [[Canada Masters]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 du Maurier Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 Canada Masters – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Canada Masters – Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Canada Masters – Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Rogers Masters – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Rogers Masters – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Rogers Masters – Singles|1R]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Rogers Cup – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Rogers Cup – Men's Singles|1R]]
|A
|4–9
|-
|align=left|[[Cincinnati Masters]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 Cincinnati Masters – Singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Singles|2R]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Western & Southern Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|A
|9–8
|-
|align=left| [[Paris Masters]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 BNP Paribas Masters – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 BNP Paribas Masters – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 BNP Paribas Masters – Singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 BNP Paribas Masters – Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 BNP Paribas Masters – Singles|2R]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 BNP Paribas Masters – Singles|1R]]
|A
|A
|1–6
|-
|align=left| [[Hamburg Masters]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 Hamburg Masters – Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Hamburg Masters – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Hamburg Masters – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2005 Hamburg Masters – Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Hamburg Masters – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Hamburg Masters – Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Masters Series Hamburg – Singles|2R]]
|colspan=4 style=color:#ccc|Not Masters Series
|7–7
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–Loss
!2–4
!0–2
!11–9
!12–9
!10–9
!9–8
!7–9
!12–9
!2–5
!1–5
!3–6
!3–7
!0–5
!72–87
|-
| colspan="16" style="text-align:left;"|'''Career Statistics
|-
!style=text-align:left|Titles–Finals
!1–1
!0–1
!1–3
!0–0
!1–1
!0–0
!0–2
!1–1
!0–0
!0–0
!2–2
!0–1
!0–0
!6–12
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|align=left|Year-End Ranking
|63
|70
|23
|38
|26
|39
|33
|20
|140
|73
|38
|29
|176
!
|}

== Doubles performance timeline ==
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:97%
|-
!Tournament!![[2003 ATP Tour|2003]]!![[2004 ATP Tour|2004]]!![[2005 ATP Tour|2005]]!![[2006 ATP Tour|2006]]!![[2008 ATP Tour|2008]]!![[2009 ATP World Tour|2009]]!![[2010 ATP World Tour|2010]]!![[2011 ATP World Tour|2011]]!![[2012 ATP World Tour|2012]]!!W–L
|-
| colspan="16" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam Tournaments]]
|-
|align=left| [[Australian Open]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|3R]]
|
|
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|2R]]
|7–7
|-
|align=left| [[French Open (tennis)|French Open]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 French Open – Men's Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 French Open – Men's Doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 French Open – Men's Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 French Open – Men's Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 French Open – Men's Doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 French Open – Men's Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 French Open – Men's Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 French Open – Men's Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 French Open – Men's Doubles|2R]]
|7–9
|-
|align=left| [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles|1R]]
|
|
|
|
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles|3R]]
|
|7–4
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 US Open – Men's Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 US Open – Men's Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 US Open – Men's Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 US Open – Men's Doubles|2R]]
|
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 US Open – Men's Doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 US Open – Men's Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 US Open – Men's Doubles|2R]]
|
|5–7
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–Loss
!3–4
!4–4
!2–3
!3–3
!2–1
!2–2
!5–4
!3–4
!2–2
!26–27
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{ATP|C514}}
* {{ITF profile|10019121}}
* {{DavisCup player|10019121}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chela, Juan Ignacio}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Argentine male tennis players]]
[[Category:Argentine sportspeople in doping cases]]
[[Category:Doping cases in tennis]]
[[Category:Hopman Cup competitors]]
[[Category:Olympic tennis players of Argentina]]
[[Category:People from Buenos Aires Province]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]

Guido Pella

2016-08-29T17:48:34Z

Tangoludwig: added 2013 results in us open also.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Guido Pella
| image = Guido Pella 7, 2015 Wimbledon Qualifying - Diliff.jpg
| caption = Pella at the [[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Qualifying|2015 Wimbledon qualifying tournament]]
| country = {{ARG}}
| residence = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|5|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bahia Blanca]], Argentina
| height = {{height|m=1.85}}
| college =
| turnedpro = 2007
| plays = Left-handed (two-handed backhand)
| careerprizemoney = [[US$|$]]941,003
| singlesrecord ={{tennis record|won=21|lost=30|details=in [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] and [[ATP World Tour]] main draw matches, and in [[Davis Cup]]|small=yes}}
| highestsinglesranking = No. 39 (21 March 2016)
| currentsinglesranking = No. 51 (11 July 2016)
| AustralianOpenresult = 2R ([[2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2016]])
| FrenchOpenresult = 2R ([[2013 French Open – Men's Singles|2013]], [[2016 French Open – Men's Singles|2016]])
| Wimbledonresult = 1R ([[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2013]], [[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2016]])
| USOpenresult = 1R ([[2012 US Open – Men's Singles|2012]], [[2013 US Open – Men's Singles|2013]], [[2015 US Open – Men's Singles|2015]])
| doublesrecord = 3–6
| doublestitles = 0 1 [[ATP Challenger Tour|Challenger]], 8 [[ITF Futures|Futures]]
| highestdoublesranking = No. 119 (21 September 2015)
| currentdoublesranking = No. 234 (2 May 2016)
| AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2016)
| FrenchOpenDoublesresult =
| WimbledonDoublesresult =
| USOpenDoublesresult =
| updated = 2 May 2016
}}

'''Guido Pella''' (born 17 May 1990) is an [[Argentina|Argentine]] professional [[tennis]] player. In March 2016, Pella reached his best singles rankings of world number 39. On 21 September 2015, he peaked at world number 119 in the doubles rankings.

==Early life==
His father, Carlos, first taught him the game at the age of five.<ref name="ATP Profile">{{cite web|title=ATP Profile|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Pe/G/Guido-Pella.aspx|work=ATPWorldTour.com|accessdate=20 December 2012}}</ref> His sister, [[Catalina Pella|Catalina]], is also a tennis player who competes mainly in ITF tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Catalina Pella ITF Profile|url=http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100126099|work=ITFTennis.com|accessdate=20 December 2012}}</ref>

==Career==

===Junior career===
As a junior Pella posted a 19–5 record in singles and reached as high as No. 42 in the combined world rankings in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=ITF Junior Profile|url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100086039|work=ITFTennis.com|accessdate=20 December 2012}}</ref> Entering as a qualifier, he had a good showing at the junior French Open, upsetting first-seeded [[Bernard Tomic]] in the quarterfinals, but lost to [[Jerzy Janowicz]] in the following round.

Junior Slam results – Singles: 
Australian Open: - 
French Open: SF ([[2008 French Open - Boys' Singles|2008]]) 
Wimbledon: - 
US Open: 3R ([[2008 US Open - Boys' Singles|2008]])

===2006–2011===
Pella started playing [[ITF Men's Circuit|Futures]] tournaments in 2005, winning his first at Peru F3 in July 2008 without dropping a set. In the following years, he won six further Futures titles, all of them on clay. His first [[ATP Challenger Tour|Challenger]] final came at Guayaquil, Ecuador in November 2011, losing the match to [[Matteo Viola]] in straight sets. He finished the 2011 season ranked world no. 350 in singles and no. 501 in doubles.

===2012===
Pella started his [[2012 ATP Challenger Tour|2012 Challenger season]] in March, capturing his first title in that category at the [[2012 Challenger ATP de Salinas Diario Expreso – Singles|Salinas Challenger]] in Ecuador, with a victory over [[Paolo Lorenzi]] in the final round. The following month, he won his first doubles Challenger title at the [[2012 Seguros Bolívar Open Pereira – Doubles|Pereira Challenger]] in Colombia, partnering [[Martín Alund]].

In May, he entered the [[2012 French Open – Men's Singles Qualifying|French Open qualifying]] draw, losing in the first round to former world no. 2 [[Tommy Haas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tommy Haas vs. Guido Pella – French Open Qualifying R1|url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/scores/stats/day1/9141ms.html|work=RolandGarros.com|accessdate=20 December 2012}}</ref> In August, he won his first hard-court tournament at the [[2012 Manta Open – Singles|Manta Challenger]], beating [[Maximiliano Estévez (tennis)|Maximiliano Estévez]] in the final. In the US Open, he made it through the [[2012 US Open – Men's Singles Qualifying|qualifying stage]] of the tournament, beating [[Lukáš Rosol]] to reach his first Grand Slam main-draw match, which he lost to [[Nikolay Davydenko]] in four sets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nikolay Davydenko vs. Guido Pella – US Open R1|url=http://www.usopen.org/en_US/scores/stats/day7/1106ms.html|work=USOpen.org|accessdate=20 December 2012}}</ref> In September, he defeated [[Alex Bogomolov, Jr.]] and [[Leonardo Kirche]] on his way to win the [[2012 Tetra Pak Tennis Cup – Singles|Campinas Challenger]] in Brazil.

He cracked the top 100 for the first time after winning the [[2012 ATP Challenger Tour Finals]], defeating [[Adrian Ungur]] in the final round.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2012/11/48/ATP-Challenger-Tour-Finals-Saturday-Pella-Captures-Title.aspx|title=Pella wins ATP Challenger Tour Finals crown|date=1 December 2012|work=ATPWorldTour.com}}</ref> Pella finished the year ranked world no. 97 in singles and world no. 187 in doubles,<ref>{{cite web|title=Guido Pella 2012 ATP Rankings history|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Pe/G/Guido-Pella.aspx?t=rh&y=2012#|work=ATPWorldTour.com|accessdate=20 December 2012}}</ref> a career high and a 249-spots improvement since the beginning of the season.

===2013===
Guido Pella entered the [[2013 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2013 Australian Open]] main draw directly, but he lost in the first round to qualifier [[Amir Weintraub]]. He then competed in [[2013 VTR Open|Viña del Mar]], also losing in the first round, this time to countryman [[Federico Delbonis]]. The following week, he played at the [[2013 Brasil Open – Singles|Brasil Open]], winning his first ATP World Tour-level match against sixth seed [[Fabio Fognini]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Tuvo su primera vez|url=http://www.ole.com.ar/tenis/primera-vez_0_864513820.html|work=Ole|accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref> losing then in the second round to eventual finalist [[David Nalbandian]]. At 2013 Düsseldorf, he advanced to his first ATP SF starting as a qualifier, defeating No. 10 [[Janko Tipsarević]] along the way.

==ATP career finals==

===Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!Legend (Singles)
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|Grand Slam Tournaments (0–0)
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|ATP World Tour Finals (0–0)
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (0–0)
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|ATP World Tour 500 Series (0–1)
|-
|ATP World Tour 250 Series (0–0)
|}
|
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Finals by surface
|-
|Clay (0–1)
|-
|Hard (0–0)
|-
|Grass (0–0)
|}
|
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Finals by setting
|-
|Outdoor (0–1)
|-
|Indoor (0–0)
|}
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable" style=font-size:97%
!style="width:70px"|Outcome
!style="width:30px"|No.
!style="width:115px"|Date
!style="width:220px"|Tournament
!style="width:50px"|Surface
!style="width:200px"|Opponent
!style="width:180px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-style="background:#d4f1c5;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up
|1.
|21 February 2016
|[[2016 Rio Open|Rio Open]], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|Clay
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Pablo Cuevas]]
|4–6, 7–6(7–5), 4–6
|}

==Challenger career finals==

===Singles: 8 (8–2)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable
!Legend
|-bgcolor=ffffcc
|ATP Challenger Tour Finals (1–0)
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|ATP Challengers (7–2)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Finals by Surface
|-
|Hard (2–0)
|-
|Clay (6–2)
|-
|Grass (0–0)
|-
|Carpet (0–0)
|}
|}

{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Outcome
!Date
!Tournament
!Surface
!Opponent
!Score
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up
|27 November 2011
|[[2011 Challenger Ciudad de Guayaquil|Guayaquil]], Ecuador
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Matteo Viola]]
|4–6, 1–6
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|3 March 2012
|[[Challenger ATP de Salinas Diario Expreso|Salinas]], Ecuador
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Paolo Lorenzi]]
|1–6, 7–5, 6–3
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|5 August 2012
|[[Manta Open|Manta]], Ecuador
|Hard
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Maximiliano Estévez (tennis)|Maximiliano Estévez]]
|6–4, 7–5
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|23 September 2012
|[[Tetra Pak Tennis Cup|Campinas]], Brazil
|Clay
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Leonardo Kirche]]
|6–4, 6–0
|-bgcolor=ffffcc
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|1 December 2012
|[[ATP Challenger Tour Finals|São Paulo]], Brazil
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Adrian Ungur]]
|6–3, 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–4)
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|6 October 2013
|[[2013 IS Open|São Paulo]], Brazil
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Facundo Argüello (tennis)|Facundo Argüello]]
|6–1, 6–0
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|17 November 2014
|[[2014 Lima Challenger|Lima]], Peru
|Clay
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jason Kubler]]
|6–2, 6–4
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|31 March 2015
|[[2015 San Luis Open Challenger Tour| San Luis Potosí]], Mexico
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IRL}} [[James McGee (tennis)|James McGee]]
|6–3, 6–3
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner
|27 April 2015
|[[2015 São Paulo Challenger de Tênis|São Paulo]], Brazil
|Clay
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Christian Lindell]]
|7–5, 7–6(7–1)
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up
|11 May 2015
|[[2015 Heilbronner Neckarcup|Heilbronn]], Germany
|Clay (i)
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Alexander_Zverev_(tennis_player,_born_1997)|Alexander Zverev]]
|1–6, 6–7(7–9)
|}

==Singles performance timeline==

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:97%
!Tournament!!2011!!2012!!2013!!2014!!2015!!2016!!SR!!W–L!!Win %
|-
|colspan=16 align=left|[[Grand Slam (tennis)|'''Grand Slam tournaments]]
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Australian Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|0 / 2
|1–2
|33%
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|[[2012 French Open – Men's Singles Qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 French Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|[[2014 French Open – Men's Singles Qualifying|Q2]]
|[[2015 French Open – Men's Singles Qualifying|Q2]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 French Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|0 / 2
|2–2
|50%
|-
|align=left|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|1R]]
|A
|[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Qualifying|Q3]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|1R]]
|0 / 2
|0–2
|0%
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|[[2014 US Open – Men's Singles Qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|
|0 / 3
|0–3
|0%
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–Loss
!0–0
!0–1
!1–4
!0–0
!0–1
!2–3
!0 / 9
!3–9
!27%
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Guido Pella}}
*{{ATP|id=PC11|name=Guido Pella}}
*{{ITF male profile|number=100086039|name=Guido Pella}}

{{Top male singles tennis players from the Americas}}
{{Top ten Argentine male singles tennis players}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Pella, Guido}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Argentine male tennis players]]
[[Category:Argentine people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic tennis players of Argentina]]

Jaguares (Super Rugby)

2016-08-21T17:42:14Z

Tangoludwig: Added comment on the word JAGUARES

{{distinguish2|[[Argentina Jaguars]], the Argentina national second / 'A' team that participated in competitions like the [[World Rugby Nations Cup|Nations Cup]]}}

{{Infobox rugby team
| teamname = Jaguares
| image = Jaguares_logo.png
| imagesize = 200px
| union = [[Argentine Rugby Union]]
| location = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
| nickname = The Jaguares
| founded = 2015
| region =
| ground = [[Estadio José Amalfitani]]
| capacity = 49,540
| captain = [[Agustín Creevy]]
| top scorer = [[Nicolás Sánchez (rugby union)|Nicolás Sánchez]] (123)
| caps = [[Santiago García Botta]] and [[Guido Petti Pagadizábal|Guido Petti]] (13)
| coach = [[Raúl Pérez (rugby player)|Raúl Pérez]]
| ceo = [[Greg Peters]]
| url = http://www.jaguares.com.ar
| league = [[Super Rugby]]
| season = [[2016 Super Rugby season|2016]]
| position = 3rd (Africa 2 Conference) 5th (South African Group) 13th (overall)
| pattern_la1 = _Jaguaresleft
| pattern_b1 = _Jaguareskit
| pattern_ra1 = _Jaguaresright
| pattern_sh1 = _Jaguaresshorts
| pattern_so1 = _Jaguaressocks
| leftarm1 = 7EC2E7
| body1 = 7EC2E7
| rightarm1 = 7EC2E7
| shorts1 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = 7EC2E7
| pattern_la2 = _Jaguaresleftb
| pattern_b2 = _Jaguareskitb
| pattern_ra2 = _Jaguaresrightb
| pattern_sh2 = _Jaguaresshorts
| pattern_so2 = _Jaguaressocksb
| leftarm2 = 000066
| body2 = 000066
| rightarm2 = 000066
| shorts2 = 0D2B5D
| socks2 = 0D2B5D
}}
[[File:Foto 05 - Juego Jaguares vs. Chiefs.jpg|thumb|Estadio José Amalfitani at the Jaguares home debut versus Chiefs in the 2016 Super Rugby]]

The '''Jaguares''' are a professional [[rugby union]] team based in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]. They were founded in 2015 and are the first Argentine team to play in [[SANZAAR]]'s [[Super Rugby]] competition, participating from the [[2016 Super Rugby season]] onwards.

==History==

Following on from impressive performances by {{nrut|Argentina}} in international rugby union competitions, such as a third-placed finish in the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]], the governing body of rugby in Argentina, the [[Argentine Rugby Union|Argentine Rugby Union (UAR)]], campaigned for inclusion in [[SANZAAR|SANZAR]]'s Tri Nations competition. In 2011, it was announced that the competition would be expanded to include Argentina, which resulted in the competition being rebranded as [[The Rugby Championship]]<ref name="“The Rugby Championship” to replace Tri Nations">{{cite web | url=http://www.rugby.com.au/wallabies/News/NewsArticle/tabid/1516/ArticleID/4906/Default.aspx | title="The Rugby Championship" to replace Tri Nations | work=rugby.com.au | accessdate=8 November 2011}}</ref> and Argentina competed in the competition for the first time in [[2012 Rugby Championship|2012]].

However, there was no professional league in Argentina per rules of the [[Argentine Rugby Union]]. The UAR launched a team called the {{Rut Pampas XV}} that participated in the [[South Africa]]n [[Vodacom Cup]] competition from 2010 to 2013, winning the competition in [[2011 Vodacom Cup|2011]] with an 11-match unbeaten run.<ref name="Pampas XV win Vodacom Cup!">{{cite web | url=http://www.supersport.com/rugby/vodacom-cup/news/110513/Pampas_XV_win_Vodacom_Cup | title=Pampas XV win Vodacom Cup! | publisher=SuperSport | date=13 May 2011 | accessdate=17 April 2015}}</ref> The team withdrew from the competition at the end of 2013 due to financial considerations,<ref name="Pampas out of Vodacom Cup">{{cite web | url=http://www.sport24.co.za/Rugby/Pampas-out-of-Vodacom-Cup-20131119 | title=Pampas out of Vodacom Cup | publisher=Sport24 | date=19 November 2013 | accessdate=19 November 2013}}</ref> but was relaunched to participate in the [[Pacific Rugby Cup]] from 2014 onwards.<ref name="Pampas joins Pacific Rugby Cup">{{cite press release | url=http://www.uar.com.ar/noticias/noticias.asp?idinfo=2455 | title=Plantel de Seniors para la temporada 2014 | publisher=Unión Argentina de Rugby | date=27 December 2013 | accessdate=27 December 2013 | language=Spanish}}</ref> They won the competition in [[2014 Pacific Rugby Cup|2014]]<ref name="Argentina Pampas win Pacific Rugby Cup">{{cite web | url=http://www.arfu.com/news/2014/03/argentina-pampas-win-pacific-rugby-cup | title=Argentina Pampas win Pacific Rugby Cup | publisher=Asia Rugby Football Union | date=24 March 2014 | accessdate=17 April 2015}}</ref> and [[2015 World Rugby Pacific Challenge|2015]] (as the rebranded [[World Rugby Pacific Challenge]]).<ref name="Argentina Pampas defend Pacific Challenge title">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldrugby.org/news/63578 | title=Argentina Pampas defend Pacific Challenge title | publisher=World Rugby | date=23 March 2015 | accessdate=17 April 2015}}</ref>

Despite the performances of the {{Rut Pampas XV}}, the UAR still campaigned to have teams included in the [[Super Rugby]] competition.<ref name="Super Rugby may accept Argentinian teams in 2016">{{cite web | url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/aug/08/super-rugby-considers-argentinian-teams | title=Super Rugby may accept Argentinian teams in 2016 | publisher=Guardian | date=8 August 2013 | accessdate=17 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Pichot: Argentina in Super Rugby is a no brainer">{{cite web | url=http://www.superxv.com/news/super15_rugby_news.asp?id=40113 | title=Pichot: Argentina in Super Rugby is a no brainer | publisher=SuperXV | date=23 August 2013 | accessdate=17 April 2015}}</ref> Since SANZAR sold the existing Super Rugby package to its broadcasters for the period 2011–15, it meant that no changes to the format would be permitted until the 2016 season.<ref name="Super Rugby going global">{{cite news | url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/rugby-gold/super-rugby-going-global/story-fn8ti7yn-1226268126917 | title=Super Rugby going global | work=Sydney Daily Telegraph | date=11 February 2012 | accessdate=17 April 2015}}</ref>

In 2013, SANZAR CEO Greg Peters announced that Super Rugby would be expanded in the 2016 season, adding that South African franchise the{{Rut Kings}} would be one of the expansion teams.<ref name="SANZAR boss Greg Peters confirms South Africa will get a sixth Super Rugby franchise from 2016">{{cite web | url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/sanzar-boss-greg-peters-confirms-south-africa-will-be-granted-a-sixth-super-rugby-franchise-from-2016/story-fni2u98u-1226710357974 | title=SANZAR boss Greg Peters confirms South Africa will get a sixth Super Rugby franchise from 2016 | work=Herald Sun | date=4 September 2013 | accessdate=26 August 2013}}</ref> In early 2014, SANZAR confirmed that Super Rugby would be increased from 15 to 18 teams starting from the 2016 season, with an Argentinian team getting one of the additional spots. It was confirmed that the team would be based in [[Buenos Aires]] and that they would participate in the South African Conference.<ref name="Search begins for 18th Super Rugby team">{{cite press release | url=http://www.sanzarrugby.com/superrugby/news/search-begins-for-18th-super-rugby-team/ | title=Search begins for 18th Super Rugby team | publisher=SANZAR | date=2 May 2014 | accessdate=17 April 2015}}</ref> Japan was granted the license for the 18th franchise in October 2014<ref name="Super Rugby: Japan chosen to host new franchise from 2016">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/29756459 | title=Super Rugby: Japan chosen to host new franchise from 2016 | publisher=BBC | date=24 October 2014 | accessdate=17 April 2015}}</ref> and the new expanded format and three new teams were formally approved by the SANZAR Executive Committee in November 2014.<ref name="Japan and Argentina officially join Super Rugby">{{cite press release | url=http://www.sanzarrugby.com/superrugby/news/japan-and-argentina-officially-join-super-rugby/ | title=Japan and Argentina officially join Super Rugby | publisher=SANZAR | date=20 November 2014 | accessdate=17 April 2015}}</ref>

===Season summaries===

The following table summarises the Jaguares' results in their Super Rugby seasons:

{| class="wikitable" width="90%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
! style="width:10%;" | Competition name
! style="width:6%;" | Season
! style="width:6%;" | Played
! style="width:6%;" | Won
! style="width:5%;" | Drawn
! style="width:5%;" | Lost
! style="width:6%;" | PF
! style="width:6%;" | PA
! style="width:8%;" | Log position
! style="width:4%;" | C
! style="width:4%;" | R-up
! style="width:4%;" | SF
! style="width:4%;" | QF
! style="width:12%;" | Coach
! style="width:12%;" | Captain
|-

|-
| rowspan="100%" style="text-align:left;" | Super Rugby || [[2016 Super Rugby season|2016]]
| 15 || 4 || 0 || 11 || 376 || 427 || 13 of 18 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || rowspan="100%" style="text-align:left;" | [[Raúl Pérez (rugby player)|Raúl Pérez]] || rowspan="100%" style="text-align:left;" | [[Agustín Creevy]]
|}
<center>'''Legend:''' PF = Points for, PA = Points against, C = Champions, R = Runners-up, SF = Semi-final appearance, QF = Qualifying final appearance.</center>

==Name and colours==
The name was initially scheduled to be revealed at the end of July 2015, before being postponed to after the [[2015 Rugby World Cup]]. On 16 December 2015, it was announced that the team would be known as the Jaguares.
The name ''Jaguares'' was chosen to represent cunning, skill and power. According to the Jaguares official website: "Their sharp instinct and their intelligence make the Jaguares the ideal symbol for our team."<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Jagueres?|url=http://www.jaguares.com.ar/en/index.html|website=Jaguares|accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref> The name is also a tribute to the crest of the [[Argentine Rugby Union]], which appears on the jerseys of all Argentina national teams, and as a direct Spanish translation to the nation side [[Argentina XV national rugby union team|Jaguars]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.co.nz/?num=100&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&client=tw-ob#en/es/jaguars|title=Google Translate|website=translate.google.co.nz|access-date=2016-05-09}}</ref>

Curiously enough, the chosen name ''Jaguares'' is the direct Spanish translation to ''Jaguars'', an english word that saw its origins in the southamerican languages Tupi, Guaraní, Spanish and Portuguese.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jaguars|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar|accessdate=21 August 2016}}</ref> Being its Spanish version ''Yaguares'' or ''Yaguaretés'' written always with ''Y'', the first appearances of the word written with a ''J'' were after transliterations to Saxon languages, mainly English as in ''Jaguar''.

==Stadium==

[[File:Argentina A vs Inglaterra A 02.JPG|thumb|The José Amalfitani Stadium during a rugby match between [[Argentina Jaguars|Argentina 'A']] and [[England Saxons|England 'A']] in 2013.]]

The Jaguares are based in [[Buenos Aires]] and their home ground is the 49,540-capacity [[José Amalfitani Stadium|Estadio José Amalfitani]].

==Current squad==

{{for|player movements before and during the [[2017 Super Rugby season|2017 season]]|List of 2016–17 Super Rugby transfers#Jaguares}}

The [[Argentine Rugby Union|UAR]] have announced several players that have been contracted to represent the team during the [[2016 Super Rugby season]]:<ref name="Plantel los Jaguares">{{cite web | url=http://www.jaguares.com.ar/plantel/ | title=Plantel los Jaguares | work=Jaguares | accessdate=29 February 2016 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20160229201040/http://www.jaguares.com.ar/plantel/ | archivedate=29 February 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%; width:75%"
|-
! colspan="100%" | Jaguares Super Rugby squad
|- valign="top"
|
'''Props'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Felipe Arregui]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Cristian Bartoloni]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Santiago García Botta]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Ramiro Herrera]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Lucas Noguera Paz|Lucas Noguera]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Nahuel Tetaz Chaparro]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Facundo Gigena]] TG
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Enrique Pieretto]] TG
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Roberto Tejerizo]]''' TG

'''Hookers'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Agustín Creevy]]''' ([[Captain (sports)|c]])
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Julián Montoya]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Facundo Bosch]] TG

'''Locks'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Matías Alemanno]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Juan Cruz Guillemaín]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Tomás Lavanini]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Guido Petti Pagadizábal|Guido Petti]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ignacio Larrague]] TG

||

'''Loose forwards'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Rodrigo Báez (rugby union)|Rodrigo Báez]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Facundo Isa]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Juan Manuel Leguizamón]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Tomás Lezana]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Pablo Matera]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Javier Ortega Desio]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Leonardo Senatore]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Marcos Kremer]] TG

'''Scrum-halves'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Gonzalo Bertranou]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Martín Landajo]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Felipe Ezcurra]]''' TG

'''Fly-halves'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Santiago González Iglesias]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Nicolás Sánchez (rugby union)|Nicolás Sánchez]]'''

||

'''Centres'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Gabriel Ascárate]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Jerónimo de la Fuente]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Juan Martín Hernández]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Matías Moroni]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Matías Orlando]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Joaquín Paz]]''' TG
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Segundo Tuculet]] TG

'''Wingers'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Emiliano Boffelli]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Santiago Cordero]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Lucas González Amorosino]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Manuel Montero]]'''

'''Fullbacks'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Ramiro Moyano]]'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Joaquín Tuculet]]'''

|-
| colspan="100%" style="height: 10px;" |
|-
| colspan="100%" style="text-align:center;" | ([[Captain (sports)|c]]) Denotes team captain, '''Bold''' denotes internationally capped and TG denotes Training Group players.
|}

==Staff==

The following coaching team was announced by the [[Argentine Rugby Union]] for the [[2016 Super Rugby season]]:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:40%; border:gray solid 1px; border-collapse:collapse;"
|-
! width=50% | Name
! width=50% | Title
|-
| [[Raúl Pérez (rugby player)|Raúl Pérez]] || Head Coach
|-
| [[Felipe Contepomi]] || Assistant Coach
|-
| [[José Pellicena]] || Assistant Coach
|-
| [[Martín Gaitán]] || Assistant Coach
|}

==See also==
* [[Super Rugby]]
* [[Pampas XV]]
* [[Argentina Jaguars]]

==References==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* Jaguares {{official website | www.jaguares.com.ar}}
* UAR {{official website | http://www.uar.com.ar}}

{{Jaguares squad}}
{{Super Rugby}}
{{Rugby union in Argentina}}

[[Category:Argentine rugby union teams]]
[[Category:Sports teams in Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:Super Rugby teams]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Argentina]]
[[Category:Rugby clubs established in 2015]]

Santiago Lange

2016-08-16T20:08:30Z

Tangoludwig: repeated sentence and external links section added to put a link that was put as reference in an unrelated sentence.

{{Infobox sailor
| name = Santiago Lange
| image = Santiago Lange.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname = Santiago Raúl Lange
| nickname =
| nationality = {{ARG}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1961|9|22}}
| birth_place = [[San Isidro, Buenos Aires|San Isidro]], [[Argentina]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| retired =
| classes =
| club = {{yachtclub|Club Náutico San Isidro}}
| collegeteam =
| coach =
| medaltemplates-title = Competition record
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|[[Sailing (sport)|Sailing]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{ARG}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Sailing at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]] | Nacra }}
{{MedalBronze| [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens]] | [[Sailing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Tornado class|Tornado]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] | [[Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Tornado class|Tornado]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Pan American Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Sailing at the 1983 Pan American Games|Caracas 1983]]|Snipe}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Sailing at the 1987 Pan American Games|Indianapolis 1987]]|Snipe}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Sailing at the 1995 Pan American Games|Mar del Plata 1995]]|Laser}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Snipe World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[Commodore Hub E. Isaacks and O'Leary Trophies|Buenos Aires 1985]]|Snipe}}
{{MedalGold| [[Commodore Hub E. Isaacks and O'Leary Trophies|Porto Alegre 1993]]|Snipe}}
{{MedalGold| [[Commodore Hub E. Isaacks and O'Leary Trophies|Rimini 1995]]|Snipe}}
{{MedalSilver| [[Commodore Hub E. Isaacks and O'Leary Trophies| La Rochelle 1987]]|Snipe}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Tornado World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold| Palma de Mallorca 2004|Tornado}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2006 Tornado World Championship|San Isidro 2006]]|Tornado}}
{{MedalBronze| Cádiz 2003|Tornado}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Nacra 17 World Championship]]s}}
{{MedalSilver| Santander 2014 | Nacra 17}}
}}
'''Santiago Raúl Lange''' (born September 22, 1961 in [[San Isidro, Buenos Aires|San Isidro]], [[Argentina]]) is an [[Argentine]] [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] [[sailor]] and a naval [[engineer]].

Lange competed in six editions of the Summer Olympics representing [[Argentina|Argentina]]: [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988]], [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]], [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000]], [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004]], [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008]] and [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016]]. He obtained two bronze medals in the category Tornado along with teammate [[Carlos Espínola (sailor)|Carlos Espínola]] ([[2004 Summer Olympics|2004]] and [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008]]) and one gold medal in the category Nacra 17 alongside [[Cecilia Carranza]] ([[2016 Summer Olympics|2016]]).

He is also a 4-times World Champion, with 3 [[Commodore Hub E. Isaacks and O'Leary Trophies|Snipe World Championships]] (1985, 1993 and 1995) and 1 [[Tornado World Championships|Tornado World Championship]] (2004), twice runner-up in 1987 (Snipe) and 2006 (Tornado), and third place in 2003 (Tornado).

He also won silver medals at the [[Sailing at the 1987 Pan American Games|1987 Pan American Games]] and the [[Sailing at the 1983 Pan American Games|1983 Pan American Games]] and bronze at the [[Sailing at the 1995 Pan American Games|1995 Pan American Games]].

His father had competed at the [[Sailing at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Olympics]], finishing fourth in his event.

Santiago Lange is a member of Artemis Racing, the Swedish Challenger for the 34th America's Cup.

==References==
*[http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/santiago-lange-1.html sports-reference]
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|title=A sailor's 5th Olympics after 40 years on the sea. |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-07/29/content_8832211.htm|work=xinhuanet|publisher=Xinhua, July 28, 2008}}

{{Footer World Champions Open Snipe}}
{{Footer World Champions Open Tornado}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lange, Santiago}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Argentine people of German descent]]
[[Category:Argentine sailors (sport)]]
[[Category:Artemis Racing sailors]]
[[Category:Club Náutico San Isidro]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Argentina]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in sailing]]
[[Category:Olympic sailors of Argentina]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Soling]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Laser]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Tornado]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Tornado]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Tornado]]
[[Category:Snipe class world champions]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:Tornado class world champions]]

{{Argentina-Olympic-medalist-stub}}
{{Yachtracing-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Pan American Games silver medalists for Argentina]]
[[Category:Pan American Games bronze medalists for Argentina]]
[[Category:Nacra 17 class sailors]]

Santiago Lange

2016-08-16T19:58:29Z

Tangoludwig: there were many repeated sentences

{{Infobox sailor
| name = Santiago Lange
| image = Santiago Lange.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname = Santiago Raúl Lange
| nickname =
| nationality = {{ARG}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1961|9|22}}
| birth_place = [[San Isidro, Buenos Aires|San Isidro]], [[Argentina]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| retired =
| classes =
| club = {{yachtclub|Club Náutico San Isidro}}
| collegeteam =
| coach =
| medaltemplates-title = Competition record
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|[[Sailing (sport)|Sailing]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{ARG}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Sailing at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]] | Nacra }}
{{MedalBronze| [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens]] | [[Sailing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Tornado class|Tornado]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] | [[Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Tornado class|Tornado]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Pan American Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Sailing at the 1983 Pan American Games|Caracas 1983]]|Snipe}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Sailing at the 1987 Pan American Games|Indianapolis 1987]]|Snipe}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Sailing at the 1995 Pan American Games|Mar del Plata 1995]]|Laser}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Snipe World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[Commodore Hub E. Isaacks and O'Leary Trophies|Buenos Aires 1985]]|Snipe}}
{{MedalGold| [[Commodore Hub E. Isaacks and O'Leary Trophies|Porto Alegre 1993]]|Snipe}}
{{MedalGold| [[Commodore Hub E. Isaacks and O'Leary Trophies|Rimini 1995]]|Snipe}}
{{MedalSilver| [[Commodore Hub E. Isaacks and O'Leary Trophies| La Rochelle 1987]]|Snipe}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Tornado World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold| Palma de Mallorca 2004|Tornado}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2006 Tornado World Championship|San Isidro 2006]]|Tornado}}
{{MedalBronze| Cádiz 2003|Tornado}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Nacra 17 World Championship]]s}}
{{MedalSilver| Santander 2014 | Nacra 17}}
}}
'''Santiago Raúl Lange''' (born September 22, 1961 in [[San Isidro, Buenos Aires|San Isidro]], [[Argentina]]) is an [[Argentine]] [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] [[sailor]] and a naval [[engineer]].

Lange competed in six editions of the Summer Olympics representing [[Argentina|Argentina]]: [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988]], [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]], [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000]], [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004]], [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008]] and [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016]]. He obtained two bronze medals in the category Tornado along with teammate [[Carlos Espínola (sailor)|Carlos Espínola]] ([[2004 Summer Olympics|2004]] and [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008]]) and one gold medal in the category Nacra 17 alongside [[Cecilia Carranza]] ([[2016 Summer Olympics|2016]]).

Lange has also won the World Championships on four occasions, in 1985, 1993, 1995 and 2004.<ref name=xinhuanet>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-07/29/content_8832211.htm "A sailor's 5th Olympics after 40 years on the sea"], Xinhua, July 28, 2008</ref>

He is also a 4-times World Champion, with 3 [[Commodore Hub E. Isaacks and O'Leary Trophies|Snipe World Championships]] (1985, 1993 and 1995) and 1 [[Tornado World Championships|Tornado World Championship]] (2004), twice runner-up in 1987 (Snipe) and 2006 (Tornado), and third place in 2003 (Tornado).

He also won silver medals at the [[Sailing at the 1987 Pan American Games|1987 Pan American Games]] and the [[Sailing at the 1983 Pan American Games|1983 Pan American Games]] and bronze at the [[Sailing at the 1995 Pan American Games|1995 Pan American Games]].

His father had competed at the [[Sailing at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Olympics]], finishing fourth in his event.<ref name=xinhuanet/>

Santiago Lange is a member of Artemis Racing, the Swedish Challenger for the 34th America's Cup.

==References==
*[http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/santiago-lange-1.html sports-reference]
{{reflist}}
{{Footer World Champions Open Snipe}}
{{Footer World Champions Open Tornado}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lange, Santiago}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Argentine people of German descent]]
[[Category:Argentine sailors (sport)]]
[[Category:Artemis Racing sailors]]
[[Category:Club Náutico San Isidro]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Argentina]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in sailing]]
[[Category:Olympic sailors of Argentina]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Soling]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Laser]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Tornado]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Tornado]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Tornado]]
[[Category:Snipe class world champions]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:Tornado class world champions]]

{{Argentina-Olympic-medalist-stub}}
{{Yachtracing-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Pan American Games silver medalists for Argentina]]
[[Category:Pan American Games bronze medalists for Argentina]]
[[Category:Nacra 17 class sailors]]

Néstor Ortigoza

2016-04-24T00:15:16Z

Tangoludwig: he's argentine naturalized paraguayan

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Néstor Ortigoza
| image = Néstor Ortigoza 2016.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Néstor Ezequiel Ortigoza
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|10|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[San Antonio de Padua]], Argentina
| height = {{height|m=1.80}}
| position = [[Central Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]
| clubnumber = 20
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2004–2010
| years2 = 2005
| years3 = 2011–2012
| years4 = 2012–2013
| years5 = 2013-
| clubs1 = [[Argentinos Juniors]]
| clubs2 = → [[Club Atlético Nueva Chicago|Nueva Chicago]] (loan)
| clubs3 = [[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]
| clubs4 = → [[Emirates Club]] (loan)
| clubs5 = [[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]
| caps1 = 127
| caps2 = 13
| caps3 = 79
| caps4 = 30
| caps5 = 77
| goals1 = 17
| goals2 = 0
| goals3 = 4
| goals4 = 2
| goals5 = 7
| nationalyears1 = 2009–
| nationalteam1 = [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay]]
| nationalcaps1 = 27
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| medaltemplates =
| club-update = 25 May 2015
| nationalteam-update = 23 September 2015
}}
'''Néstor Ezequiel Ortigoza''' ({{IPA-es|ˈnestoɾ ortiˈɣosa}}; born 7 October 1984) is an Argentine, naturalized Paraguayan [[Association football|football]] [[central midfielder]], who plays for [[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] in the [[Argentine Primera División]].

==Career==
Ortigoza started his career in 2004, playing for Argentinos Juniors. In 2005 he had a brief loan spell with [[Club Atlético Nueva Chicago|Nueva Chicago]] before returning to Argentinos. In 2007 he began to establish himself as an important member of the first team squad and in 2009 he became a near permanent fixture in the first team squad after the appointment of [[Claudio Borghi]] as the manager of Argentinos Juniors.

Ortigoza was an important member of the Argentinos Juniors team that won the [[2009–10 Argentine Primera División season#Torneo Clausura|Clausura 2010]] championship. He played in 17 of the clubs 19 games and scored 3 goals during their championship winning campaign been their captain and was selected Footballer of the Year in Argentina.

In 2011, [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] bought the entire move from [[Argentinos Juniors]] for $2,200,000 and signed the player for three seasons.

In July 2012, Ortigoza signed a one-year loan contract with [[Emirates Club]] in the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.proleague.ae/en/news/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%8a%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%af-%d9%85%d8%b9-%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%8a-%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%b3.html|title=Emirates sign a contract with Paraguay pro. Nestor Ortigoza|publisher=official website|work=UAE Pro League|date=24 July 2012}}</ref>

==International career==
Ortigoza's father is Paraguayan, meaning that the [[Paraguay national football team]]'s coach [[Gerardo Martino]] had the interest of Ortigoza playing for the [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay national team]] due to Ortigoza is entitled to request Paraguayan citizenship. [http://www.infobae.com/contenidos/433986-101098-0-Martino-quiere-Ortigoza-la-Selecci%C3%B3n-Paraguay ].

On 8 April 2009 he obtained Paraguayan nationality, which enabled him to play for the [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay national team]].<ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.py/noticias-239715.htm Ortigoza consiguió su nacionalización] at La Nacion {{es icon}}</ref>
Ortigoza was called to the [[Paraguay national football team]] for the Qualification matches against [[Venezuela national football team|Venezuela]] and [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]].<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLU40044420090930]</ref><ref>[http://www.argentinosjuniors.com.ar/noticia_detalle.php?id=114&estilo=1]</ref> He played in the World Cup 2010 in South Africa. On 14 October 2014, he scored his first goal in a 1–2 friendly away defeat against [[China national football team|China]].

===International goal===
:''Scores and results list Paraguay's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
! No !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1 || 14 October 2014 || [[Helong Stadium]], [[Changsha]] || {{fb|CHN}} || '''1'''–2 || 1–2 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|}

==Honours==
;Argentinos Juniors
*[[Argentine Primera División]]: [[2009–10 Argentine Primera División season#Torneo Clausura|2010 Clausura]]

;San Lorenzo
*[[Argentine Primera División]]: [[2013–14 Argentine Primera División season#Torneo Inicial|2013 Inicial]]
*[[Copa Libertadores]]: [[2014 Copa Libertadores|2014]]
*[[Supercopa Argentina]]: [[2015 Supercopa Argentina|2015]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIFA player|316199}}
*[http://www.football-lineups.com/players/player.php?route=5610 Football lineups player profile]
*{{NFT player|pid=33805}}
*{{es}} [http://www.futbolxxi.com/Futbolista.aspx?ID=13084&SEOFutbolista=Ortigoza+Nestor+Ezequiel Argentine Primera statistics]

{{San Lorenzo squad}}
{{Navboxes colour
|title=Paraguay squads
| bg = #dd0000
| fg = White
|list1=
{{Paraguay squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Paraguay squad 2011 Copa América}}
{{Paraguay squad 2015 Copa América}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ortigoza, Nestor Ezequiel}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Paraguayan footballers]]
[[Category:Paraguay international footballers]]
[[Category:Argentine footballers]]
[[Category:Argentine people of Paraguayan descent]]
[[Category:People from Buenos Aires Province]]
[[Category:Paraguayan expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Argentina]]
[[Category:Argentinos Juniors footballers]]
[[Category:Nueva Chicago footballers]]
[[Category:San Lorenzo footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Emirates Club players]]
[[Category:Argentine Primera División players]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]
[[Category:2010 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:2011 Copa América players]]
[[Category:2015 Copa América players]]
[[Category:Argentine emigrants to Paraguay]]

Héctor Veira

2016-03-14T09:27:17Z

Tangoludwig: /* Managerial career */ Space after period

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Héctor Veira
| image = Veira y Macri.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = Veira (right) with Chief of Government of Buenos Aires, [[Mauricio Macri]]
| fullname = Héctor Rodolfo Veira
| height =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|5|29}}
| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]]
| years1 = 1963–1969 | caps1 = 128 | goals1 = 67 | clubs1 = [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]
| years2 = 1970–1971 | caps2 = 54 | goals2 = 21 | clubs2 = [[Club Atlético Huracán|Huracán]]
| years3 = 1971–1972 | caps3 = | goals3 = | clubs3 = [[Club de Fútbol Laguna|Laguna]]
| years4 = 1972–1973 | caps4 = | goals4 = | clubs4 = [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]
| years5 = 1974 | caps5 = 16 | goals5 = 9 | clubs5 = [[Club Atlético Banfield|Banfield]]
| years6 = 1975–1976 | caps6 = 0 | goals6 = 0 | clubs6 = [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]
| years7 = 1976 | caps7 = 4 | goals7 = 0 | clubs7 = [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]]
| years8 = 1977 | caps8 = 18 | goals8 = 10 | clubs8 = [[Club de Fútbol Universidad de Chile|Universidad de Chile]]
| years9 = 1978 | caps9 = | goals9 = | clubs9 = [[CSD Comunicaciones|Comunicaciones]]
| years10 = 1978 | caps10 = | goals10 = | clubs10 = [[Oriente Petrolero]]
| nationalyears1 = 1965–1967 | nationalcaps1 = 2 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]
| manageryears1 = 1980 | managerclubs1 = [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]
| manageryears2 = 1983–1984 | managerclubs2 = [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]
| manageryears3 = 1984 | managerclubs3 = [[Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield]]
| manageryears4 = 1985–1987 | managerclubs4 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]
| manageryears5 = 1987–1990 | managerclubs5 = [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]
| manageryears6 = 1990–1991 | managerclubs6 = [[Cádiz CF|Cádiz]]
| manageryears7 = 1992–1996 | managerclubs7 = [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]
| manageryears8 = 1996–1998 | managerclubs8 = [[Boca Juniors]]
| manageryears9 = 1998–2000 | managerclubs9 = [[Bolivia national football team|Bolivia]]
| manageryears10 = 2000–2001 | managerclubs10 = [[Club Atlético Lanús|Lanús]]
| manageryears11 = 2002 | managerclubs11 = [[Newell's Old Boys]]
| manageryears12 = 2004 | managerclubs12 = [[Quilmes Atlético Club|Quilmes]]
| manageryears13 = 2004 | managerclubs13 = [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]
| pcupdate = October 2007
}}
'''Héctor "Bambino" Veira ''' (born May 29, 1946 in [[Buenos Aires]]) is a former [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[football (soccer)|footballer]]. Since retiring as a player he has gone on to win several major titles as a manager.

==Playing career==
Veira started his professional career in 1963 with [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]], in 1964 he became the [[Primera División Argentina topscorers|topscorer]] in the [[Primera División Argentina|Argentina Primera División]] at the age of only 18. In 1967 Veira received his first call up to the [[Argentina national football team]] and in 1968 he helped San Lorenzo to win the [[Metropolitano championship]] without losing a game, to become the first team in the professional era of Argentine football to become unbeaten champions. In 1970 Veira joined [[Club Atlético Huracán|Huracán]], the club he had supported as a boy. He then had a spell with [[Club de Fútbol Laguna|Laguna]] in [[Mexico]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=El Siglo de Torreon|title=Recuerdos del Ayer: Un argentino rentable|url=http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/387812.recuerdos-del-ayer.html|language=Spanish|date=22 October 2008}}</ref> before returning to San Lorenzo in 1973. In his later career he played for [[Club Atlético Banfield]] in Argentina, [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] in [[Spain]], [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]] in [[Brazil]], [[CSD Comunicaciones]] in [[Guatemala]] and [[Club de Fútbol Universidad de Chile|Universidad de Chile]].

==Titles as a player==
{| class="wikitable"
!Season
!Team
!Title
|-
|Metropolitano 1968||{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]|| [[Primera División Argentina]]
|-
|}

==Managerial career==
Veira started his managerial career with San Lorenzo in 1980, he then had a short stint in charge of [[Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield]] before joining [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] in 1985. Veira had a productive time in charge of River Plate, he led them to the 1985-1986 championship. In 1986 he led them to their first ever victory in the [[Copa Libertadores]] and the [[Copa Intercontinental]] later that year. In 1987 Veira returned to San Lorenzo where he stayed until 1990. He then returned to the club again in 1992, leading them to the 1995 Clausura championship. In 1996 he became the manager of Boca Juniors, staying with the club until 1998 when he took over as the coach of the [[Bolivia national football team|Bolivian national team]]. In 2000 he became manager of [[Club Atlético Lanús]] and in 2002 he took charge of [[Newell's Old Boys]]. After retiring as manager of [[Quilmes Atlético Club|Quilmes]] after only one month in charge Veira returned to San Lorenzo for a fourth time in 2004, by the end of this period, he had been manager of San Lorenzo for 371 games, making him San Lorenzo's longest serving manager in their history.<ref>[http://www.museodesanlorenzo.com.ar/contenido/MUSEO1/nuevo%20trabajo5.htm Museo de San Lorenzo]</ref>

==Titles as a manager==
{| class="wikitable"
!Season
!Team
!Title
|-
|1985–1986||{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Club Atlético River Plate]]|| [[Primera División Argentina]]
|-
|1986||{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Club Atlético River Plate]]|| [[Copa Libertadores]]
|-
|1986||{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Club Atlético River Plate]]|| [[Copa Intercontinental]]
|-
|1995 Clausura||{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]|| [[Primera División Argentina]]
|-
|}

==Scandal==
In 1987 Veira was accused of raping a 13-year-old boy, Sebastián Candelmo.<ref>[http://todapasion.tn.com.ar/otros/00027250/veira-y-el-caso-de-sebastian-candelmo ''Todo Pasión'' article]</ref> In 1991 he was found guilty of the offence and sentenced to six years in prison. In 1992 he was given a conditional discharge and returned to work as manager of San Lorenzo. Veira has always maintained his innocence, and claimed that the boy was instructed by his mother to make the allegations for financial gains.

==Personality==
{{Copy section to wikiquote}}
He is famous for having a series of bon mots and a very distinctive sense of humour. Some of his classic phrases are:
*"¿Qué me parece el hotel?... Un poco antiguo... yo creo que acá mataron a Drácula, nene" ("What do I think about the hotel?...It's a little old... I think Dracula was killed here")
*" Pusimos un micro en el arco y la metieron por la ventanilla" ("We put a bus in the goal but they put the ball through the window")
*"¿Viste qué calor estuvo haciendo en Buenos Aires? Terrible, hasta Tarzán se insoló..." ("Have you felt the heat in Buenos Aires? Terrible, even Tarzan got heatstroke")
*"Pibe, yo tengo un laburo más difícil que el plomero del Titanic" ("Kid, my job is harder than that of the Titanic's plumber")
*"¿Viste lo que es ese pibe? Va, viene... va, viene... parece una autopista" ("Did you see that kid? He goes, he comes, he goes, he comes... he looks like a highway")
*"¡Pibe! vos no podés ir al ataque ni con ametralladora" (Kid! You can't go in attack even with a machine gun!)
*"¡Es una cosa de locos!" ("It's a madmen thing!")
*"Me gusta tanto la noche que al día le pondría un toldo" ("I enjoy the night so much that I would pull a blind on the day")
*"Para mí el fútbol es... BELLEEEEZZZA" ("To me football is... Beeeeauuuuty")
*"[[Iván de Pineda]] es una torrrrmenta de facha" ("Iván De Pineda is a cool look storrrrm")
*"Qué dupla esa, este (Ruggeri) y el 'Tano' Gutiérrez, ay mamita, criminal , criminal... era Vietnam"
*"¡Estos pibes tiran paredes en un campo minado!" ("These kids make wall passes even on a minefield!")
*"Esta zona de la cancha de San Lorenzo es terrible, acá lo asaltaron a Rambo" ("This neighbourhood where San Lorenzo stadium is placed, is horrific, Rambo was robbed around here")
*"Entiendo la situación del club, pero yo pedí un cuatro y me trajeron un pomelo..."("I understands the club situation, but I asked for a right defender (Cuatro is 4 and also a beverage made of grapefruit) and they brought me a grapefruit").
*"La teconologia? Es una cosa de locos. Apretás un botón y estás en la NBA, apretás otro y estás en Moscú" ("Technology? Is a madmen thing, you press a button and you are in the NBA, you press another one and you are in Moscow!!!")

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Copa Libertadores winning managers}}
{{Argentina Primera Division top scorers}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Héctor Veira international tournaments
|list1=
{{Bolivia Squad 1999 Copa América}}
{{Bolivia squad 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Héctor Veira managerial positions
|list1=
{{San Lorenzo de Almagro managers}}
{{Vélez Sarsfield managers}}
{{River Plate managers}}
{{Cádiz CF managers}}
{{Boca Juniors managers}}
{{Bolivia national football team managers}}
{{Lanús managers}}
{{Newell's Old Boys managers}}
}}

{{Persondata
| NAME =Veira, Hector
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =Argentine footballer and manager
| DATE OF BIRTH =May 29, 1946
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veira, Hector}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:Argentine footballers]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]
[[Category:Argentina international footballers]]
[[Category:San Lorenzo footballers]]
[[Category:Huracán footballers]]
[[Category:Santos Laguna footballers]]
[[Category:Banfield footballers]]
[[Category:Sevilla FC players]]
[[Category:Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players]]
[[Category:Universidad de Chile footballers]]
[[Category:Argentine Primera División players]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Chile]]
[[Category:Argentine football managers]]
[[Category:Bolivia national football team managers]]
[[Category:1999 Copa América managers]]
[[Category:1999 FIFA Confederations Cup managers]]
[[Category:Expatriate football managers in Bolivia]]
[[Category:San Lorenzo managers]]
[[Category:Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield managers]]
[[Category:River Plate managers]]
[[Category:Boca Juniors managers]]
[[Category:Club Atlético Lanús managers]]
[[Category:Newell's Old Boys managers]]
[[Category:Quilmes managers]]
[[Category:Oriente Petrolero players]]
[[Category:C.S.D. Comunicaciones players]]
[[Category:Cádiz CF managers]]

Horacio Rodríguez Larreta

2016-03-09T18:12:22Z

Tangoludwig: /* Biography */ typo (there was a period in the middle of the sentence)

{{Spanish name|Rodríguez|Larreta}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Horacio Rodríguez Larreta
| native_name =
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| image = Larreta politico.jpg
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| office = 6th [[List of mayors and chiefs of government of Buenos Aires|Chief of Government of Buenos Aires]]
| term_start = December 9, 2015
| term_end =
| office2 = Chief of cabinet of ministers of Buenos Aires
| term_start2 = December 10, 2007
| term_end2 = December 9, 2015
| alongside =
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| governor = [[Mauricio Macri]]
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|12|10|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
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| nationality = [[Argentine]]
| party = [[Republican Proposal]]
| otherparty = [[Justicialist Party]]
| spouse = Bárbara Diez
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| alma_mater = [[University of Buenos Aires]]
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}}
'''Horacio Rodríguez Larreta''' (Buenos Aires, October 29, 1965) is an Argentine politician and current [[List of mayors and chiefs of government of Buenos Aires|Head of Government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires]].

==Biography==
Larreta was born in Buenos Aires on October 29, 1965. He graduated in economy at the [[University of Buenos Aires]] in 1988 and obtained a [[Master of Economics]] in the United States. He returned to Argentina in 1993. He was appointed director of the [[ANSES]] in 1995, during the presidency of [[Carlos Menem]]. In 1998 he moved to the Ministry of Social Development.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://edant.clarin.com/diario/1998/05/05/t-01001d.htm|title= Un equipo con sello menemista|trans_title= A team with a menemist seal|language= Spanish|author= Walter Curia|date= May 5, 1998|publisher= Clarín|accessdate=May 5, 2015}}</ref> He led the [[PAMI]] in 2000, during the presidency of [[Fernando de la Rúa]], and improved the financial structure of the organization.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2000/12/02/p-01201.htm|title= Renunció al PAMI el interventor que pertenece al PJ|trans_title= The interventor that belongs to the PJ resigned to the PAMI|language= Spanish|author= Mariano Pérez de Eulat|date= December 2, 2000|publisher= Clarín|accessdate=May 5, 2015}}</ref>

He helped [[Mauricio Macri]] to create the political party [[Commitment to Change]], which would eventually became the [[Republican Proposal]] (PRO). Macri became the mayor of Buenos Aires in 2007, and Larreta has served as chief of the cabinet of ministers of the city since then.

Larreta and [[Gabriela Michetti]] ran for the [[primary elections]] of PRO in 2015, with Larreta ultimately winning the party's support for mayorship of [[Buenos Aires]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1787940-la-distancia-entre-horacio-rodriguez-larreta-y-gabriela-michetti-fue-mayor-de-lo-que-se-esperaba|title= La distancia entre Horacio Rodríguez Larreta y Gabriela Michetti fue mucho mayor de lo que se esperaba|trans_title= The distance between Horacio Rodríguez Larreta and Gabriela Michetti was bigger than expected|language= Spanish|author= |date= April 27, 2015|publisher= La Nación|accessdate=May 5, 2015}}</ref> On July 5, 2015, Larreta won 45% of the vote, forcing a runoff with ECO candidate [[Martín Lousteau]], who secured 28% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.clarin.com/politica/Elecciones_2015-Ciudad-Larreta-Lousteau_0_1388261658.html|title= Larreta ganó con amplia ventaja, pero habrá balotaje contra Lousteau|trans_title= Larreta wins with wide lead, but forcing runoff against Lousteau|language= Spanish|author= |date= July 5, 2015|publisher= Clarin|accessdate= July 5, 2015}}</ref>

===Mayor of Buenos Aires===
Mauricio Macri became president of Argentina in 2015, and Larreta was elected the new mayor of Buenos Aires. Macri transferred a part of the Argentine federal police to Buenos Aires, as it was requested by the city since many years before.<ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1859524-traspaso-policia-federal-capital-mauricio-macri-rodriguez-larreta Mauricio Macri transfirió parte de la Policía Federal a la Ciudad] {{es}}</ref> With the police under his control, Larreta proceed to remove the ''[[mantero]]s'' from the [[Caballito, Buenos Aires|Caballito]] neighborhood.<ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1866436-megaoperativo-policial-contra-manteros-en-caballito Megaoperativo policial contra manteros en Caballito] {{es}}</ref>

====Cabinet====
Horacio Rodríguez Larreta announced his cabinet on December 3, a week before taking office.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1851075-la-foto-del-gabinete-de-horacio-rodriguez-larreta-quien-es-quien|title= La foto del gabinete de Horacio Rodríguez Larreta: quién es quién|trans_title= The photo of the cabinet of Horacio Rodríguez Larreta: who is who|language= Spanish|author= |date= December 3, 2015|publisher= La Nación|accessdate=December 3, 2015}}</ref> It is composed by:
* [[Felipe Miguel]], chief of cabinet of ministers
* [[Fernando Straface]], general secretary
* [[Soledad Acuña]], minister of education
* [[Ana María Bou Pérez]], minister of health
* [[Guadalupe Tagliaferri]], minister of urban development
* [[Leticia Montiel]], legal and technical secretary
* [[Andrés Freire]], minister of modernization
* [[Darío Lopérfido]], minister of culture
* [[Martín Ocampo]], minister of justice
* [[Eduardo Macchiavelli]], minister of public space
* [[Franco Moccia]], minister of transport
* [[Martín Mura]], minister of finances
* [[Bruno Screnci]], minister of government
* [[Marcelo Nachón]], secretary of media

==Books==
* 1996: Tecnología y competitividad en el Mercosur.
* 1997: Hacia un nuevo sector público.
* 1998: Domando al elefante blanco.
* 1999: El desafío de la igualdad.
* 2004: La reconstrucción del Estado.
* 2005: Como superar el default social.
* 2006: El país que queremos.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.rodriguezlarreta.com.ar/ Official site] {{es}}

{{ArgentinaGovernors}}
{{Mayors of the largest cities in the world by GDP}}
{{Republican Proposal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Larreta, Horacio Rodriguez}}
[[Category:Republican Proposal politicians]]
[[Category:Justicialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:University of Buenos Aires alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

University of Buenos Aires

2016-01-15T11:28:46Z

Tangoludwig: /* Rankings */ changes the ranking comment from above all latin american unis to above all other spanish and portuguese speaking

{{ref improve|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University of Buenos Aires
| native_name = ''Universidad de Buenos Aires''
| image = UBA.svg
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption = Seal of the University of Buenos Aires
| latin_name =
| motto = {{lang|la|''Argentum virtus robur et studium''}} ([[Latin]])
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng = Argentine virtue is strength and study
| established = 1821
| closed =
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| parent =
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget = [[United States dollar|US$]]364,690,000 (2009)<ref>[http://www.uba.ar/institucional/contenidos.php?idm=120 University of Buenos Aires, Budget]</ref>
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector = Dr. [[Alberto Barbieri]]
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff = 28,943 (2004)<ref>[http://www.uba.ar/institucional/censos/Docente2004/censo_docente.pdf University of Buenos Aires, 2004 Academic Staff Census]</ref>
| administrative_staff =
| students = 311,175 (2004)<ref>[http://www.uba.ar/institucional/censos/Estudiantes2004/censo-estudiantes.pdf University of Buenos Aires, 2004 Student Census]</ref>
| undergrad = 297,639 (2004)
| postgrad = 13,536 (2004)
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Buenos Aires]]
| state =
| province =
| country = [[Argentina]]
| coor =
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
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| free =
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| affiliations =
| website = [http://www.uba.ar/ www.uba.ar]
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''University of Buenos Aires''' ({{lang-es|Universidad de Buenos Aires}}, UBA) is the largest [[university]] in [[Argentina]] and the second [[World's largest universities|largest university by enrollment]] in [[Latin America]]. Founded on August 12, 1821 in the city of [[Buenos Aires]], it consists of 13 departments, 6 hospitals, 10 museums and is linked to 4 high schools: [[Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires]], [[Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini]], [[Instituto Libre de Segunda Enseñanza]] and ''Escuela de Educación Técnica Profesional en Producción Agropecuaria y Agroalimentaria''.

Entry to any of the available programmes of study in the university is open to anyone with a secondary school degree; in most cases, students who have successfully completed high school must pass a first year called CBC, which stands for ''Ciclo Básico Común'' (Common Basic Cycle). Only upon completion of this first year may the student enter the chosen school; until then, they must attend courses in different buildings, and have up to 3 years to finish the 6 or 7 subjects (which vary depending on the programme of study chosen) assigned in two groups of 3 or 4. Each subject is of one semester duration (March–July or August–November). If someone passes all 6 subjects in their respective semester, the CBC will take only one year. Potential students of economics, instead, take a 2-year common cycle, the "CBG" (General Basic Cycle), comprising 12 subjects.

The UBA has no central [[campus]]. A centralized ''Ciudad Universitaria'' (literally, "university city") was started in the 1960s, but contains only two schools, with the others at different locations in Buenos Aires.

Access to the university is free of charge for everyone, including foreigners. However, the postgraduate programs charge tuition fees that can be covered with research scholarships for those students with outstanding academic performance.

The university has produced four [[Nobel Prize]] laureates, one of the most prolific institutions in the Spanish-speaking world. According to the QS World University Rankings (2015/16) the University of Buenos Aires ranked number 124th in the world and, according to Top Universities, it is the 46th best university in the world taking into account employer reputation.<ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2011/indicator-rankings/employer-review University Rankings]. Top Universities. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref>

==Schools==
[[Image:Buenos Aires - Ciudad Universitaria - Pabellón 2.jpg|thumb|200px|School of Exact and Natural Sciences]]
[[Image:Buenos Aires - Recoleta - Facultad de Derecho.jpg|thumb|200px|School of Law]]
[[File:Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.jpg|thumb|200px|School of Economic Sciences]]
[[Image:Buenos Aires - UBA - FADU.jpg|thumb|200px|School of Architecture, Design and Urbanism]]
[[Image:Nuevo Edificio Sociales UBA.jpg|thumb|200px|School of Social Sciences]]
[[Image:Buenos Aires - UBA - Facultad de Medicina.jpg|thumb|200px|School of Medicine]]
[[Image:Psico UBA Independencia.jpg|thumb|200px|School of Psychology]]
[[Image:Buenos Aires - UBA - FIUBA Paseo Colón 2.jpg|thumb|200px|School of Engineering, Paseo Colón branch]]
[[Image:Fi-uba-las heras-2214.jpg|thumb|200px|School of Engineering, Las Heras branch]]

The schools that comprise the university are:
*[http://www.cbc.uba.ar/ Ciclo Básico Común]
*[http://www.psi.uba.ar/ Facultad de Psicología] ([[psychology]])
*[http://www.fi.uba.ar/ Facultad de Ingeniería] ([[engineering]])
*[http://www.odon.uba.ar/ Facultad de Odontología] ([[dentistry]])
*[http://www.ffyb.uba.ar/ Facultad Farmacia de y Bioquímica] ([[pharmacy]] and [[biochemistry]])
*[http://www.filo.uba.ar/ Facultad de Filosofía y Letras] ([[philosophy]] and [[literature]])
*[http://www.derecho.uba.ar/ Facultad de Derecho] ([[law]])
*[http://www.fmed.uba.ar/ Facultad de Medicina] ([[medicine]])
*[http://www.fsoc.uba.ar/ Facultad de Ciencias Sociales] ([[social sciences]])
*[http://www.fvet.uba.ar/ Facultad de Veterinaria] ([[veterinary medicine]])
*[http://www.agro.uba.ar/ Facultad de Agronomía] ([[agronomy]])
*[http://www.econ.uba.ar/ Facultad de Ciencias Económicas] ([[economics]])
*[[Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA)|Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales]] ([[exact science]] and [[natural science]])
*[http://www.fadu.uba.ar/ Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo] ([[architecture]], [[design]] and [[urbanism]])

Of these, only the last two have their buildings located in ''Ciudad Universitaria'', a campus-like location in [[Núñez, Buenos Aires|Núñez]], in northern Buenos Aires. The others are scattered around the city in buildings of various sizes, with some having more than one building. There are projects to move more schools to ''Ciudad Universitaria'', the first one in order of importance is the School of Psychology, whose building is already designed to be placed on this Campus.

== Rankings ==
{{see also|Rankings of universities in Latin America}}
{{Infobox world university ranking
| ARWU_W = 151-200 category <ref name=ARWU_W>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2015.html |title= Academic Ranking of World Universities 2015 |work=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2015 |publisher=ShanghaiRanking Consultancy |accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref>
| THE_W =
| UM_W =
| QS_W = 124 <ref name=QSWUR>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2015#sorting=rank+region=349+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |title=QS World University Rankings® 2015/16 |publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited |date= |accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref>
| ARWU_LA =
| THE_LA =
| UM_LA =
| QS_LA = 15 <ref name=QSLatAm>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latam-university-rankings/2015#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |title=QS University Rankings: Latin America 2015 |publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited |date= |accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref>
}}

There are no existing Argentinian or Latin-American university ranking systems, but several international rankings have ranked the University of Buenos Aires (UBA). The reputed [[Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities|Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)]], also known as the ''Shanghai Ranking'' ranked UBA not only above all other Argentinian universities but all other Latin-American ones. <ref name=ARWU_W/> The [[QS World University Rankings]] ranks UBA in the 124th place, above all other Spanish and Portuguese speaking universities in its worldwide ranking <ref name=QSWUR/> but relegates it to the 15th place in its Latin-american ranking. <ref name=QSLatAm/>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Ernesto Guevara|Che Guevara]], revolutionary leader
*[[Esther Hermitte]], anthropologist
*[[Alejandro Bulgheroni]], oil billionaire<ref name=BusinessWeek>{{cite web|title=Alejandro Pedro Bulgheroni|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=28799709&privcapId=20531130|website=BusinessWeek|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref>
*[[Juan Cabral (director)|Juan Cabral]], film director
*[[Alberto Prebisch]], architect
*[[Raul Prebisch]], economist
*[[Teresa Ratto]], physician
*[[Luis Agote]], physician
*[[Salvador Maciá]], physician and politician
*[[Inés Mónica Weinberg de Roca]], lawyer, former Judge at the [[ICTR|International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]
*[[Juan Rosai]], physician, Italian-born American surgical pathologist
*[[Luis Moreno-Ocampo]], lawyer, jurist and [[International Criminal Court|Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court]]
*[[Julio Cortázar]], writer
*[[José Luis Murature]], [[List of Foreign Ministers of Argentina|foreign minister of Argentina]]
*[[Richard Tomlinson]], former British spy
*[[Rafael Viñoly]], Uruguayan architect
*[[Diana Agrest]], architect and theorist
*[[Claudio Vekstein]], architect specialized in public architecture
*[[Clorindo Testa]], architect and painter
*[[Patricio Pouchulu]], architect and educator
*[[Alberto Calderón]], mathematician
*[[Luis Caffarelli]], mathematician
*[[Teodosio Cesar Brea]], lawyer and founder of [[Allende & Brea]]

The following former students and professors of the university have received the [[Nobel Prize]]:
*[[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]], [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]], 1936.
*[[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]], [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]], 1980.
*[[Bernardo Houssay]], [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology]], 1947.
*[[Luis Federico Leloir]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], 1970.
*[[César Milstein]], [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]], 1984.

The following [[President of Argentina|Presidents of Argentina]] have earned their degrees at the university:

*[[Carlos Pellegrini]] (1890–1892, [[National Autonomist Party]]), lawyer.
*[[Luis Sáenz Peña]] (1892–1895, [[National Autonomist Party]]), lawyer.
*[[Manuel Quintana]] (1904–1906, [[National Autonomist Party]]), lawyer.
*[[Roque Sáenz Peña]] (1910–1914, [[National Autonomist Party]]), lawyer.
*[[Victorino de la Plaza]] (1914–1916, [[National Autonomist Party]]), lawyer.
*[[Hipólito Yrigoyen]] (1916–1922 and 1928–1930, [[Radical Civic Union]]), lawyer.
*[[Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear]] (1922–1928, [[Radical Civic Union]]), lawyer.
*[[Agustín Pedro Justo]] (1932–1938, "Concordancia" ([[Radical Civic Union|UCR]] and [[National Autonomist Party|PAN]])), engineer.
*[[Roberto Marcelino Ortiz]] (1938–1942, "Concordancia" ([[Radical Civic Union|UCR]] and [[National Autonomist Party|PAN]])), lawyer.
*[[Ramón Castillo]] (1942–1943, "Concordancia" ([[Radical Civic Union|UCR]] and [[National Autonomist Party|PAN]])), lawyer.
*[[Arturo Frondizi]] (1958–1962, [[Intransigent Radical Civic Union]]), lawyer.
*[[Arturo Umberto Illia]] (1963–1966, [[Radical Civic Union|People's Radical Civic Union]]), physician.
*[[Raúl Alfonsín]] (1983–1989, [[Radical Civic Union]]), lawyer.
*[[Adolfo Rodríguez Saá]] (2001, [[Justicialist Party]]), lawyer.
*[[Eduardo Duhalde]] (2002–2003, [[Justicialist Party]]), lawyer.

==Deans==
*Dr. [[Antonio Sáenz]] 13-06-1821 to 25-07-1825.
*Dr. [[José Valentín Gómez]] 10-04-1826 to 23-08-1830.
*Dr. [[Santiago Figueredo]] 23-08-1830 to 22-02-1832.
*Dr. [[Paulino Gari]] 13-12-1832 to 11-1849.
*Dr. [[Miguel García (Argentina)|Miguel García]] 11-1849 to 26-06-1852.
*Dr. [[José Barros Pazos]] 01 -07-1852 to 5-05-1857.
*Dr. [[Antonio Cruz Obligado]] 9-05-1857 to 03-1861.
*Dr. [[Juan María Gutiérrez]] 1-04-1861 to 3-10-1873.
*Dr. [[Vicente Fidel López]] 15-02-1874 to 12-06-1877.
*Dr. [[Manuel Quintana]] 12-06-1877 to 26-01-1881.
*Dr. [[Eufemio Uballes]] 1-03-1906 to 1-03-1922.
*Dr. [[José Arce]] 1-03-1922 to 1-03-1926.
*Dr. [[Ricardo Rojas (writer)|Ricardo Rojas]] 2-03-1926 to 1-03-1930.
*Dr. [[Enrique Butty]] 1-03-1930 to 11-12-1930.
*Dr. [[Benito Nazar Anchorena]] (interventor) 16-12-1930 to 1-06-1931.
*Dr. [[Mariano Castex]] 1-06-1931 to 9-03-1932.
*Dr. Ángel Gallardo 11-05-1932 to 9-04-1934.
*Dr. [[Vicente Gallo]] 11-05-1934 to 11-05-1941.
*Dr. [[Coroliano Alberini]] 12-05-1941 to 16-10-1941.
*Dr. [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]] 17-10-1941 to 30-07-1943.
*Dr. [[Alfredo Labougle]] (vice-rector) 31-07-1942 to 1-11-1943.
*Dr. [[Emilio Ravignani]] (interventor) 2-11-1943 to 4-11-1943.
*Dr. [[Tomás Casares]] (interventor) 4-11-1943 to 9-03-1944.
*Dr. [[David Arias (Argentina)|David Arias]] (interventor) 10-03-1944 to 18-05-1944.
*Dr. [[Carlos Obligado]] (interventor) 19-05-1944 to 31-08-1944.
*Dr. [[Nicolás Matienzo]] (gen. secretary at charge) 1-09-1944 to 30-10-1944.
*Dr. [[Carlos Waldorp]] (interventor) 30-10-1944 to 16-02-1945.
*Dr. [[Antonio Benítez]] (national commissioner) 17-02-1945 to 14-03-1945.
*Dr. [[Salvador Oría]] (vice-rector) 15-03-1945 to 26-04-1945.
*Dr. [[Horacio Rivarola]] 27-04-1945 to 2-05-1946.
*Dr. [[Nicolás Matienzo]] (gen. secretary at charge) 2-05-1946 to 2-05-1946.
*Dr. [[Oscar Ivanissevich]] (interventor) 4-05-1946 to 5-06-1949.
*Dr. [[Fernando Bustos]] (vice-rector interventor) 6-08-1946 to 2-09-1946.
*Dr. [[Agustín Nores Martínez]] (by the interventor's delegation) 3-09-1946 to 20-09-1946.
*Dr. [[Fernando Bustos]] (vice-rector interventor) 21-09-1946 to 24-01-1947.
*Ing. Agr. [[Carlos Emery]] (vice-rector interventor) 3-02-1947 to 19-08-1947.
*Arq. [[Julio Otaola]] (vice-rector interventor) 20-08-1947 to 5-06-1949.
*Arq. [[Julio Otaola]] 6-06-1949 to 12-06-1952.
*Dr. [[Carlos Bancalari]] 13-06-1952 to 16-10-1953.
*Dr. [[José Fernández Moreno]] (vice-rector) 17-10-1953 to 3-11-1953.
*Dr. [[Jorge Alberto Taiana]] 4-11-1953 to 3-06-1955.
*Dr. [[Ernesto Crámer]] 4-06-1955 to 31-07-1955.
*Dr. [[Ernesto Cholvis]] 1-08-1955 to 26-09-1955.
*Provisory Government Board (FUBA) 27-09-1955 to 30-09-1955.
*Dr. {{ill|es|José Luis Romero (historian){{!}}José Luis Romero|José Luis Romero (historiador)}} 1-10-1955 to 31-12-1955.
*Ing. [[José Babini]] 1-01-1956 to 19-02-1956.
*Dr. [[Alejandro Ceballos]] 5-05-1956 to 27-12-1957.
*Dr. [[Risieri Frondizi]] 27-12-1957 to 28-12-1962.
*Dr. [[Julio Olivera]] 28-12-1962 to 18-03-1965.
*Ing. [[Hilario Fernández Long]] 26-03-1965 to 29-07-1966.
*Dr. [[Luis Botet]] 11-08-1966 to 7-02-1968.
*Dr. [[Raúl Devoto]] 7-02-1968 to 24-07-1969.
*Dr. [[Andrés Santas]] 25-07-1969 to 21-07-1971.
*Dr. [[Bernabé Quartino]] 22-07-1971 to 29-01-1973.
*Dr. [[Carlos Alberto Durrieu]] 29-01-1973 to 30-05-1973.
*Dr. [[Rodolfo Puiggrós]] (interventor) 29-05-1973 to 2-10-1973.
*Ing. [[Enrique Martínez (engineer)|Enrique Martínez]] (interventor) 7-09-1973 to 2-10-1973.
*Lic. [[Ernesto Villanueva]] 4-10-1973 to 28-03-1974.
*Dr. [[Vicente Solano Lima]] 28-03-1974 to 25-07-1974.
*Dr. [[Raúl Federico Laguzzi]] 25-07-1974 to 17-09-1974.
*Dr. [[Alberto Ottalagano]] (interventor) 17-09-1974 to 26-12-1974.
*[[Eduardo Mangiante]] 27-08-1975 to 12-02-1976.
*Dr. [[José Alocén]] 12-02-1976 to 24-03-1976.
*Cap.Navío De [[Edmundo E. Said]] 29-03-1976 to 6-08-1976.
*Ing. [[Alberto Costantini]] 6-08-1976 to 14-09-1976.
*Dr. [[Sol Rabasa]] 14-09-1976 to 25-02-1977.
*Dr. [[Luis Carlos Cabral]] 25-02-1977 to 31-08-1978.
*Dr. [[Alberto V. Donnes]] 31-08-1978 to 23-11-1978.
*Dr. [[Lucas Lennon]] 24-11-1978 to 20-11-1981.
*Dr. [[Alberto V. Donnes]] 20-11-1981 to 28-12-1981.
*Dr. [[Alberto Rodríguez Varela]] 28-12-1981 to 23-12-1982.
*Dr. [[Carlos Segovia Fernández]] 27-12-1982 to 23-12-1983.
*Dr. [[Francisco Delich]] 26-12-1983 to 19-03-1985.
*Dr. [[Oscar Julio Shuberoff]] 19-03-1985 to 06-05-2002.
*Dr. [[Guillermo Jaim Etcheverry]] 07-05-2002 to 07-05-2006.
*Arq.[[Berardo Dujovne]] (acting) 08-05-2006 to 15-05-2006.
*Dr. [[Alfredo Buzzi]] (acting) 16-05-2006 to 29-05-2006.
*Dr. [[Alberto Boveris]] (acting) 29-05-2006 to 31-05-2006
*Med. Vet.[[Aníbal Franco]] (vice-rector) 31-05-2006 to 12-12-2006.
*Dr. [[Alfredo Buzzi]] (acting) 12-12-2006 to 18-12-2006.
*Méd. Vet. Rubén E. Hallú 18-12-2006 to 4-12-2013.
*Prof. Dr. Alberto Edgardo Barbieri 5-12-2013 to 2018

==Gallery of notable alumni==
<gallery>
File:Carlos Saavedra Lamas.jpg|Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Nobel Peace Prize, 1936.
File:Bernado_Houssay.JPG|Bernardo Houssay, Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1947.
File:Luis Federico Leloir - young.jpg|Luis Federico Leloir, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1970.
File:Milstein lnp.jpg|César Milstein, Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1984.
File:GuerrilleroHeroico.jpg|Ernesto "Che" Guevara, marxist guerrilla leader.
File:Retrato de Carlos Pellegrini.jpg|Carlos Pellegrini, president 1890-1892.
File:LSaenzpeña.jpg|Luis Sáenz Peña, president 1892-1895.
File:Foto quintana.jpg|Manuel Quintana, president 1904-1906.
File:Vdelaplaza.jpg|Victorino de la Plaza, president 1914-1916
File:Ramoncastillo.jpg|Ramón S. Castillo, president 1942-1943
File:Arturo Frondizi.jpg|Arturo Frondizi, president 1958-1962
File:Illia banda presidencial.jpg|Arturo Umberto Illia, president 1963-1966
File:Adolfo Rodriguez Saá.JPG|Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, president 2001
File:Eduardo duhalde presidente.jpg|Eduardo Duhalde, president 2002-2003
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Buenos Aires}}
* [[Argentine university reform of 1918]]
* [[List of Argentine universities]]
* [[Science and technology in Argentina]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Universidad de Buenos Aires}}
*[http://www.uba.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}
*[http://www.uba.ar/ingles/ Official website] {{en icon}}
*[http://estudiarenargentina.siu.edu.ar/ Study in Argentina: argentine government website for international students] {{en icon}}

{{Coord|34|35|59|S|58|22|23|W|region:AR-C_type:edu_source:dewiki|display=title}}

{{Argentine universities}}
{{International Forum of Public Universities}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buenos Aires, University Of}}
[[Category:1821 establishments in Argentina]]
[[Category:Argentine national universities]]
[[Category:Education in Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1821]]
[[Category:Universities in Buenos Aires Province]]
[[Category:University of Buenos Aires| ]]

Aberdeen Angus

2016-01-13T08:15:52Z

Tangoludwig: /* Argentina */ format and links

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{redirect|Black Angus|the steakhouse|Black Angus Steakhouse}}
{{Infobox cattle breed
| name = Angus
| image = File:Angus cattle 18.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt = A black angus bull seen here side on
| image_caption = A black angus bull viewed from the side
| status = Least Concern
| altname =Aberdeen Angus
| country = [[Scotland]]
| distribution = Europe and Australasia
| standard =
| use = Beef
| nickname =Doddies
Hummlies
| maleweight =850 kg
| femaleweight =550 kg
| maleheight =
| femaleheight =
| skincolor =
| coat = Black or Red
| horn = Polled
| subspecies = taurus
| note =
}}'''Angus cattle''', known as '''Aberdeen Angus''' in most parts of the world, are a [[List of cattle breeds|breed of cattle]] commonly used in [[beef]] production. They were developed from cattle native to the counties of [[Aberdeenshire (historic)|Aberdeenshire]] and [[Angus]] in Scotland.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 15th Ed. Vol.10 p.1280</ref>

Angus cattle are naturally [[Polled livestock|polled]] and solid black or red although the [[udder]] may be white. The native colour is black, but more recently red colours have emerged.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/redangus/|title=Oklahoma State University Red Angus breed profile}}</ref> The UK registers both in the same herd book, but in the US they are regarded as two separate breeds – Red Angus and Black Angus. Black Angus is the most common breed of beef cattle in the US, with 324,266 animals registered in 2005.<ref name="faq">{{cite web | last = American Angus Association | title = Angus - FAQs | publisher = angus.org | url = http://www.angus.org/pubs/faqs.htm | doi = | accessdate = 23 September 2006 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060924011236/http://www.angus.org/pubs/faqs.htm| archivedate= 24 September 2006 | deadurl= no}}{{dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Virginia Cooperative Extension | title = Beef Cattle Breed Associations Seedstock List | publisher = VirginiaTech. | url = http://www.ext.vt.edu/news/periodicals/livestock/aps-97_10/aps-831.html | doi = | accessdate = 23 September 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060902111840/http://www.ext.vt.edu/news/periodicals/livestock/aps-97_10/aps-831.html |archivedate = 2 September 2006}}
</ref> In 2014, the British Cattle Movement Service named Angus the UK's most popular native beef breed, and the second most popular beef breed overall.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aberdeen-Angus breed increases influence on British Beef industry|url=http://www.aberdeen-angus.co.uk/news/aberdeen-angus-breed-increases-influence-on-british-beef-industry/|accessdate=29 April 2015|issue=16 March 2015|publisher=Aberdeen Angus Cattle Society}}</ref>

==History==

===Scotland===
Aberdeen Angus cattle have been recorded in Scotland since at least the 16th century in the country's North East.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.britannicrarebreeds.co.uk/breedinfo/cow_aberdeenangus.php|title = Britannic Rare Breeds - Angus Cattle|date = |accessdate = 25 June 2015|website = Britannic Rare Breeds|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> For some time before the 1800s, the hornless cattle in [[Aberdeenshire]] and [[Angus]] were called ''Angus doddies''. In 1824, [[William McCombie]] of Tillyfour, [[Member of Parliament|M.P.]] for South Aberdeenshire, began to improve the stock and is regarded today as the father of the breed.<ref name=":0" /> Many local names emerged, including ''doddies'' or ''hummlies''. The first herd book was created in 1862, and the society was formed in 1879. This is considered late, given that the cattle gained mainstream acceptance in the middle of the eighteenth century. The cattle became commonplace throughout the British Isles in the middle of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.thecattlesite.com/breeds/beef/7/aberdeen-angus/|title = The Cattle Site - Angus Breeds|date = |accessdate = 25 June 2015|website = The Cattle Site|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

===Argentina===
As stated in the fourth volume of the Herd Book of the UK's Angus, this breed was introduced to Argentina in 1879 when "''Don'' Carlos Guerrero" imported one bull and two cows for his ''Estancia'' "Charles" located in [[Juancho]], [[Partido de General Madariaga]], [[Provincia de Buenos Aires]]. The bull was born on April 19, 1878; named "Virtuoso 1626" and raised by Colonel Ferguson. The cows were named "Aunt Lee 4697" raised by J. James and "Cinderela 4968" raised by R. Walker and were both born in 1878, on January 31 and April 23, respectively.<ref>[http://www.charlesdeguerrero.com/historia.php Historia de la Cabaña Charles de Guerrero, criadora de Angus desde 1879]</ref>

===Australia===
Angus cattle were first introduced to [[Tasmania]] (then known as Van Diemen's Land) in the 1820s and to the southern mainland in 1840. The breed is now found in all Australian states and territories with 62,000 calves registered with Angus Australia in 2010.<ref>http://www.angusaustralia.com.au/Flyers/AngusCattleinAustralia.pdf</ref>

===United States===
On 17 May 1873, George Grant brought four Angus bulls, without any cows, to [[Victoria, Kansas]]. These were seen as unusual as the normal American cattle consisted of [[Shorthorn]]s and [[Texas Longhorn|Longhorns]], and the bulls were used only in crossbreeding. However, the farmers noticed the good qualities of these bulls and afterwards, many more cattle of both sexes were imported.<ref name="legends">
{{cite book
| last = Burke
| first = Tom
| authorlink =
|author2=Kurt Schaff |author3=Rance Long
| editor =
| others =
| title = Angus Legends: Volume 1
| origyear = 2004
| month =
| url =
| accessdate =
| edition =
| year = 2004
| publisher =
| location =
| language =
| id =
| doi =
| page = 17
| chapter = The Birth of the Breed
| chapterurl =
| quote =
}}
</ref>

On 21 November 1883, the [[American Angus Association]] was founded in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].<ref name="aaa">{{cite web
| last = American Angus Association
| title = Angus History
| publisher = angus.org
| url = http://www.angus.org/ang_hist.htm
| doi =
| accessdate = 2 October 2006 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060924002712/http://www.angus.org/ang_hist.htm| archivedate= 24 September 2006 | deadurl= no}}
</ref> The first herd book was published on March 1885.<ref name="legends" /> At this time both red and black animals were registered without distinction. However, in 1917 the Association barred the registering of red and other colored animals in an effort to promote a solid black breed.<ref name="red">{{cite web
| last = Red Angus Association of America
| title = History of Red Angus
| publisher = redangus.org
| url = http://redangus.org/association/history/
| doi =
| accessdate = 2 October 2006 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060924003230/http://redangus.org/association/history/| archivedate= 24 September 2006 | deadurl= no}}
</ref>

The [[Red Angus Association of America]] was founded in 1954 by breeders of Red Angus cattle. It was formed because the breeders had had their cattle struck off the herd book, for not conforming to the changed breed standard regarding colour.<ref name="red" /> {{Clear}}

===Germany===
A separate breed was cross bred in Germany called the [[German Angus cattle|German Angus]]. It is a cross between the Angus and several different cattle such as the [[German Black Pied Cattle]], [[Gelbvieh]], and [[Fleckvieh cattle|Fleckvieh]]. The cattle are usually larger than the Angus and appear in black and red colours.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://interboves.com/eng/breeds.html|title = German Angus cattle information.|date = |accessdate = 10 August 2015|website = Interboves|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
Because of their native environment, the cattle are very hardy and can survive the Scottish winters, which are typically harsh, with snowfall and storms. Cows typically weigh {{convert|550|kg|lb}} and bulls weigh {{convert|850|kg|lb}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url = http://www.rbst.org.uk/layout/set/print/Rare-and-Native-Breeds/Cattle/Aberdeen-Angus-Native|title = Aberdeen Angus (Native) |date = |accessdate = 25 June 2015|work = Factsheet |publisher =Rare Breeds Survival Trust |location = Kenilworth, Warwickshire |author = RBST}}</ref> Calves are usually born smaller than is acceptable for the market, so crossbreeding with dairy cattle is needed for veal production.<ref name=":3" /> The cattle are naturally [[Polled livestock|polled]] and black in colour. They typically mature earlier than other native British breeds such as the [[Hereford (cattle)|Hereford]] or [[North Devon cattle|North Devon]]. However, in the middle of the 20th century a new strain of cattle called the Red Angus emerged.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.britannica.com/animal/Angus-breed-of-cattle|title = Encyclopaedia Britannica - Cattle Breeds|date = |accessdate = 25 June 2015|website = Encyclopaedia Brittanica|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://assets.redangus.org/media/Documents/Association/Red_Angus_History_Brochure.pdf|title = Red Angus History|date = |accessdate = 2 August 2015|website = |publisher = |last = |first = |page = 2}}</ref> The United States do not accept Red Angus cattle into herd books, but the UK and Canada do.<ref name=":2" /> Except for their colour genes, there is no genetic difference between black and red Angus, but they are different breeds in the US.<ref name=":2" />

The cattle have a large muscle content and are regarded as medium-sized. The meat is very popular in [[Japan]] for its [[Marbled meat|marbling]] qualities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url = http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/beef/breeding/breeds/angus|title = New South Wales Agriculture - Angus cattle|date = |accessdate = 25 June 2015|website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>[[Image:Red-angus.jpg|thumb|250px|Mixed herd of Black and Red Angus]]

===Genetic disorders===
There are four [[recessive gene|recessive]] defects that can affect calves worldwide. A recessive defect occurs when both parents carry a recessive gene that will affect the calf. One in four calves will show the defect even when both parents carry the defective gene. The four recessive defects in the Black Angus breed that are currently managed with DNA tests are: Arthrogryposis Multiplex (AM), referred to as ''curly calf'', which lowers the mobility of joints; Neuropathic Hydrocephalus (NH), sometimes known as ''water head'', which causes an enlarged malformed skull; Contractural Arachnodactyly (CA), formerly referred to by the name of "Fawn Calf Syndrome", which reduces mobility in the hips; and [[Dwarfism]], which impacts the size of calves. Both parents need to carry the genes for a calf to be affected with one of these disorders.<ref>{{cite web| last=Denholm|first=Laurence|title=Congenital contractural arachnodactyly ('fawn calf syndrome') in Angus cattle |url= http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/336944/Congenital-contractural-arachnodactyly-in-Angus-cattle.pdf|format=PDF |publisher=NSW Department of Trade and Investment PrimeFact 1015 May 2010}}</ref><ref>Vidler, Adam, ''Defects on rise as gene pool drains'', p. 63, The Land, Rural Press, North Richmond, NSW</ref><ref>[http://www.hpj.com/archives/2009/apr09/apr27/Anothergeneticdefectaffects.cfm Another genetic defect affects Angus cattle] Retrieved on 29 May</ref>
Because of this, the American Angus Association will remove the carrier cattle from the breed in an effort to reduce the number of cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angus.org/pub/CA/CAInfo.aspx/ |title=American Angus Association |publisher=Angus.org |accessdate=14 May 2012}}</ref>

Between 2008 and 2010, the American Angus Association reported worldwide [[Dominance (genetics)|recessive]] genetic disorders in Angus cattle. It has been shown that a small minority of Angus cattle can carry [[osteoporosis]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Heritable Birth Defects in Angus Cattle|url = http://www.appliedreprostrategies.com/2010/august/pdfs/3-1_whitlock.pdf|format = PDF|publisher = Appliedreprostrategies.com|last = Whitlock|first = Brian K.|accessdate = 24 August 2015}}</ref> A further defect called notomelia, a form of [[polymelia]] ("many legs") was reported in the Angus breed in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Denholm L et al(2010) Polymelia (supernumerary limbs) in Angus calves|url= http://www.flockandherd.net.au/cattle/reader/polymelia.html}}</ref> However, all animal species can carry these recessive inheritable defects.

==Uses==
The main use of Angus cattle is for [[beef]] production and consumption. The beef can be marketed as superior due to its marbled appearance. This has led to many markets, including Australia, Japan and the United Kingdom to adopt it into the mainstream.<ref name=":1" /> Angus cattle can also be used in [[crossbreeding]] to reduce the likelihood of [[dystocia]] (difficult calving), and because of their dominant polled gene, they can be used to crossbreed to created polled calves.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| title = Angus
| publisher = Cattle Today
| url = http://cattle-today.com/angus.htm
| accessdate = 29 October 2006 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061017084329/http://cattle-today.com/angus.htm| archivedate= 17 October 2006 | deadurl= no}}
</ref>[[Image:blackangus.jpg|thumb|250px|Angus calf with its mother]]

=== Commercial ===
During the later part of 2003 and the early part of 2004, the American [[fast food]] industry ran a [[public relations]] campaign to promote the supposedly superior quality of Angus beef. However, the first of these campaigns was run by [[Back Yard Burger]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-86187480.html|title=Back Yard Burgers Announces 40-Unit Development Agreement With Black Angus Burgers, Inc.}}{{Dead link|date=September 2012}}</ref> Beginning in 2006, [[McDonalds]] commenced testing on hamburgers made with Angus beef in several regions in the US. After this test, the company said that customer response to the burgers was positive<ref>{{cite web|last=Weston |first=Nicole |url=http://www.slashfood.com/2007/03/08/new-angus-third-pounders-at-mcdonalds/ |title=New Angus Third-Pounders at McDonald's |publisher=Slashfood |date=8 March 2007 |accessdate=14 May 2012}}</ref> and began selling the burger made with Angus beef in all US locations in July 2009.<ref>{{cite web
| title = McDonald's to debut $4 Angus burger
| publisher = MSNBC / The Associated Press
| url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31686986/
| accessdate = 1 July 2009 }}
</ref> In response to the test in the US, [[McDonalds|McDonalds Australia]] began selling two Angus burgers, the Grand Angus and the Mighty Angus, using [[Australia]]n-bred Angus, in their restaurants.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://mcdonalds.com.au/#/angus-beef|title = McDonalds - Angus Beef|publisher = McDonald's Australia}}</ref>

The American Angus Association created the "Certified Angus Beef" (CAB) standard in 1978. The purpose of this standard was to promote the idea that Angus beef was of higher quality than beef from other breeds of cattle. Cattle are eligible for "Certified Angus Beef" evaluation if they are at least 51% black and exhibit Angus influence, which include black [[Simmental Cattle|Simmental cattle]] and crossbreds. However, they must meet all 10 of the following criteria, which were refined in January 2007 to further enhance product consistency, in order to be labeled "Certified Angus Beef" by USDA Graders:<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| title = Angus FAQs
| publisher = American Angus Association
| url = http://www.angus.org/Pub/FAQs.aspx
| accessdate = 2 August 2013}}
</ref>

* Modest or higher degree of marbling
* Medium or fine marbling texture
* "A" maturity
* 10 to 16 square-inch ribeye area
* Less than 1,000-pound hot carcass weight
* Less than 1-inch fat thickness
* Moderately thick or thicker muscling
* No hump on the neck exceeding 5 cm (2")
* Practically free of capillary rupture
* No [[darkcutter|dark cutting]] characteristics
* Usually black or red in color

==See also==
* [[List of cattle breeds originating in Scotland|List of Cattle breeds originating in Scotland]]
* [[List of cattle breeds]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Angus cattle}}
* [http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/angus/ History of the Angus cattle] - Oklahoma State University
* [http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/agec2/mf2664.pdf Factors Affecting the Selling Price of Purebred Angus Bulls]

===Breed associations===
Unless otherwise stated, the associations below register both red and black animals.
* [http://www.aberdeen-angus.co.uk/ Official website of the Aberdeen Angus Cattle Society]
* [[Irish Angus Cattle Society Ltd.]]

Australia:
* [http://www.angusaustralia.com.au/ The Angus Society of Australia]

Canada:
* [http://www.cdnangus.ca/ Canadian Aberdeen Angus Association]
* [http://www.ontarioangus.com Ontario Angus Association (Canada)]

Denmark:
* [http://www.danskangus.dk/ Danish Aberdeen Angus Association]

New Zealand:
* [http://angusnz.com/ New Zealand Angus Association]

Portugal
* [http://www.angus.com.pt/ Angus Portugal]

US:
* [http://www.angus.org/ American Angus Association] - responsible for black Angus registrations, but does not register red Angus cattle.
* [http://redangus.org/ Red Angus Association] - responsible for red Angus registrations, and will also register black Angus cattle.
* [http://www.alotangus.org A*L*O*T Angus Association] (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas) -- represents the owners of black Angus cattle in four states.
* [http://iowaangus.org/ Iowa Angus Association]—represents the owners of black Angus cattle.
* [http://www.angus1.com/mvaa/ Miami Valley Angus Association]—represents the owners of black Angus cattle.
* [http://www.texasangus.com/ Texas Angus Association]—represents the owners of black Angus cattle in the State of Texas.

{{Beef}}
{{British livestock|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Cattle breeds originating in Scotland]]
[[Category:Beef cattle breeds]]
[[Category:Cattle breeds]]

Aberdeen Angus

2016-01-13T08:09:14Z

Tangoludwig: /* History */ Added section Argentina to the history of the angus breed

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{redirect|Black Angus|the steakhouse|Black Angus Steakhouse}}
{{Infobox cattle breed
| name = Angus
| image = File:Angus cattle 18.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt = A black angus bull seen here side on
| image_caption = A black angus bull viewed from the side
| status = Least Concern
| altname =Aberdeen Angus
| country = [[Scotland]]
| distribution = Europe and Australasia
| standard =
| use = Beef
| nickname =Doddies
Hummlies
| maleweight =850 kg
| femaleweight =550 kg
| maleheight =
| femaleheight =
| skincolor =
| coat = Black or Red
| horn = Polled
| subspecies = taurus
| note =
}}'''Angus cattle''', known as '''Aberdeen Angus''' in most parts of the world, are a [[List of cattle breeds|breed of cattle]] commonly used in [[beef]] production. They were developed from cattle native to the counties of [[Aberdeenshire (historic)|Aberdeenshire]] and [[Angus]] in Scotland.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 15th Ed. Vol.10 p.1280</ref>

Angus cattle are naturally [[Polled livestock|polled]] and solid black or red although the [[udder]] may be white. The native colour is black, but more recently red colours have emerged.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/redangus/|title=Oklahoma State University Red Angus breed profile}}</ref> The UK registers both in the same herd book, but in the US they are regarded as two separate breeds – Red Angus and Black Angus. Black Angus is the most common breed of beef cattle in the US, with 324,266 animals registered in 2005.<ref name="faq">{{cite web | last = American Angus Association | title = Angus - FAQs | publisher = angus.org | url = http://www.angus.org/pubs/faqs.htm | doi = | accessdate = 23 September 2006 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060924011236/http://www.angus.org/pubs/faqs.htm| archivedate= 24 September 2006 | deadurl= no}}{{dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Virginia Cooperative Extension | title = Beef Cattle Breed Associations Seedstock List | publisher = VirginiaTech. | url = http://www.ext.vt.edu/news/periodicals/livestock/aps-97_10/aps-831.html | doi = | accessdate = 23 September 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060902111840/http://www.ext.vt.edu/news/periodicals/livestock/aps-97_10/aps-831.html |archivedate = 2 September 2006}}
</ref> In 2014, the British Cattle Movement Service named Angus the UK's most popular native beef breed, and the second most popular beef breed overall.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aberdeen-Angus breed increases influence on British Beef industry|url=http://www.aberdeen-angus.co.uk/news/aberdeen-angus-breed-increases-influence-on-british-beef-industry/|accessdate=29 April 2015|issue=16 March 2015|publisher=Aberdeen Angus Cattle Society}}</ref>

==History==

===Scotland===
Aberdeen Angus cattle have been recorded in Scotland since at least the 16th century in the country's North East.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.britannicrarebreeds.co.uk/breedinfo/cow_aberdeenangus.php|title = Britannic Rare Breeds - Angus Cattle|date = |accessdate = 25 June 2015|website = Britannic Rare Breeds|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> For some time before the 1800s, the hornless cattle in [[Aberdeenshire]] and [[Angus]] were called ''Angus doddies''. In 1824, [[William McCombie]] of Tillyfour, [[Member of Parliament|M.P.]] for South Aberdeenshire, began to improve the stock and is regarded today as the father of the breed.<ref name=":0" /> Many local names emerged, including ''doddies'' or ''hummlies''. The first herd book was created in 1862, and the society was formed in 1879. This is considered late, given that the cattle gained mainstream acceptance in the middle of the eighteenth century. The cattle became commonplace throughout the British Isles in the middle of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.thecattlesite.com/breeds/beef/7/aberdeen-angus/|title = The Cattle Site - Angus Breeds|date = |accessdate = 25 June 2015|website = The Cattle Site|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

===Argentina===
As stated in the fourth volume of the Herd Book of the UK's Angus, this breed was introduced to Argentina in 1879 when "''Don'' Carlos Guerrero" imported one bull and two cows for his ''Estancia'' "Charles" located in Juancho, Partido de General Madariaga, Provincia de Buenos Aires. The bull was born on April 19, 1878; named "Virtuoso 1626" and raised by Colonel Ferguson. The cows were named "Aunt Lee 4697" raised by J. James and "Cinderela 4968" raised by R. Walker and were both born in 1878, on January 31 and April 23, respectively.

===Australia===
Angus cattle were first introduced to [[Tasmania]] (then known as Van Diemen's Land) in the 1820s and to the southern mainland in 1840. The breed is now found in all Australian states and territories with 62,000 calves registered with Angus Australia in 2010.<ref>http://www.angusaustralia.com.au/Flyers/AngusCattleinAustralia.pdf</ref>

===United States===
On 17 May 1873, George Grant brought four Angus bulls, without any cows, to [[Victoria, Kansas]]. These were seen as unusual as the normal American cattle consisted of [[Shorthorn]]s and [[Texas Longhorn|Longhorns]], and the bulls were used only in crossbreeding. However, the farmers noticed the good qualities of these bulls and afterwards, many more cattle of both sexes were imported.<ref name="legends">
{{cite book
| last = Burke
| first = Tom
| authorlink =
|author2=Kurt Schaff |author3=Rance Long
| editor =
| others =
| title = Angus Legends: Volume 1
| origyear = 2004
| month =
| url =
| accessdate =
| edition =
| year = 2004
| publisher =
| location =
| language =
| id =
| doi =
| page = 17
| chapter = The Birth of the Breed
| chapterurl =
| quote =
}}
</ref>

On 21 November 1883, the [[American Angus Association]] was founded in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].<ref name="aaa">{{cite web
| last = American Angus Association
| title = Angus History
| publisher = angus.org
| url = http://www.angus.org/ang_hist.htm
| doi =
| accessdate = 2 October 2006 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060924002712/http://www.angus.org/ang_hist.htm| archivedate= 24 September 2006 | deadurl= no}}
</ref> The first herd book was published on March 1885.<ref name="legends" /> At this time both red and black animals were registered without distinction. However, in 1917 the Association barred the registering of red and other colored animals in an effort to promote a solid black breed.<ref name="red">{{cite web
| last = Red Angus Association of America
| title = History of Red Angus
| publisher = redangus.org
| url = http://redangus.org/association/history/
| doi =
| accessdate = 2 October 2006 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060924003230/http://redangus.org/association/history/| archivedate= 24 September 2006 | deadurl= no}}
</ref>

The [[Red Angus Association of America]] was founded in 1954 by breeders of Red Angus cattle. It was formed because the breeders had had their cattle struck off the herd book, for not conforming to the changed breed standard regarding colour.<ref name="red" /> {{Clear}}

===Germany===
A separate breed was cross bred in Germany called the [[German Angus cattle|German Angus]]. It is a cross between the Angus and several different cattle such as the [[German Black Pied Cattle]], [[Gelbvieh]], and [[Fleckvieh cattle|Fleckvieh]]. The cattle are usually larger than the Angus and appear in black and red colours.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://interboves.com/eng/breeds.html|title = German Angus cattle information.|date = |accessdate = 10 August 2015|website = Interboves|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
Because of their native environment, the cattle are very hardy and can survive the Scottish winters, which are typically harsh, with snowfall and storms. Cows typically weigh {{convert|550|kg|lb}} and bulls weigh {{convert|850|kg|lb}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url = http://www.rbst.org.uk/layout/set/print/Rare-and-Native-Breeds/Cattle/Aberdeen-Angus-Native|title = Aberdeen Angus (Native) |date = |accessdate = 25 June 2015|work = Factsheet |publisher =Rare Breeds Survival Trust |location = Kenilworth, Warwickshire |author = RBST}}</ref> Calves are usually born smaller than is acceptable for the market, so crossbreeding with dairy cattle is needed for veal production.<ref name=":3" /> The cattle are naturally [[Polled livestock|polled]] and black in colour. They typically mature earlier than other native British breeds such as the [[Hereford (cattle)|Hereford]] or [[North Devon cattle|North Devon]]. However, in the middle of the 20th century a new strain of cattle called the Red Angus emerged.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.britannica.com/animal/Angus-breed-of-cattle|title = Encyclopaedia Britannica - Cattle Breeds|date = |accessdate = 25 June 2015|website = Encyclopaedia Brittanica|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://assets.redangus.org/media/Documents/Association/Red_Angus_History_Brochure.pdf|title = Red Angus History|date = |accessdate = 2 August 2015|website = |publisher = |last = |first = |page = 2}}</ref> The United States do not accept Red Angus cattle into herd books, but the UK and Canada do.<ref name=":2" /> Except for their colour genes, there is no genetic difference between black and red Angus, but they are different breeds in the US.<ref name=":2" />

The cattle have a large muscle content and are regarded as medium-sized. The meat is very popular in [[Japan]] for its [[Marbled meat|marbling]] qualities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url = http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/beef/breeding/breeds/angus|title = New South Wales Agriculture - Angus cattle|date = |accessdate = 25 June 2015|website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>[[Image:Red-angus.jpg|thumb|250px|Mixed herd of Black and Red Angus]]

===Genetic disorders===
There are four [[recessive gene|recessive]] defects that can affect calves worldwide. A recessive defect occurs when both parents carry a recessive gene that will affect the calf. One in four calves will show the defect even when both parents carry the defective gene. The four recessive defects in the Black Angus breed that are currently managed with DNA tests are: Arthrogryposis Multiplex (AM), referred to as ''curly calf'', which lowers the mobility of joints; Neuropathic Hydrocephalus (NH), sometimes known as ''water head'', which causes an enlarged malformed skull; Contractural Arachnodactyly (CA), formerly referred to by the name of "Fawn Calf Syndrome", which reduces mobility in the hips; and [[Dwarfism]], which impacts the size of calves. Both parents need to carry the genes for a calf to be affected with one of these disorders.<ref>{{cite web| last=Denholm|first=Laurence|title=Congenital contractural arachnodactyly ('fawn calf syndrome') in Angus cattle |url= http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/336944/Congenital-contractural-arachnodactyly-in-Angus-cattle.pdf|format=PDF |publisher=NSW Department of Trade and Investment PrimeFact 1015 May 2010}}</ref><ref>Vidler, Adam, ''Defects on rise as gene pool drains'', p. 63, The Land, Rural Press, North Richmond, NSW</ref><ref>[http://www.hpj.com/archives/2009/apr09/apr27/Anothergeneticdefectaffects.cfm Another genetic defect affects Angus cattle] Retrieved on 29 May</ref>
Because of this, the American Angus Association will remove the carrier cattle from the breed in an effort to reduce the number of cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angus.org/pub/CA/CAInfo.aspx/ |title=American Angus Association |publisher=Angus.org |accessdate=14 May 2012}}</ref>

Between 2008 and 2010, the American Angus Association reported worldwide [[Dominance (genetics)|recessive]] genetic disorders in Angus cattle. It has been shown that a small minority of Angus cattle can carry [[osteoporosis]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Heritable Birth Defects in Angus Cattle|url = http://www.appliedreprostrategies.com/2010/august/pdfs/3-1_whitlock.pdf|format = PDF|publisher = Appliedreprostrategies.com|last = Whitlock|first = Brian K.|accessdate = 24 August 2015}}</ref> A further defect called notomelia, a form of [[polymelia]] ("many legs") was reported in the Angus breed in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Denholm L et al(2010) Polymelia (supernumerary limbs) in Angus calves|url= http://www.flockandherd.net.au/cattle/reader/polymelia.html}}</ref> However, all animal species can carry these recessive inheritable defects.

==Uses==
The main use of Angus cattle is for [[beef]] production and consumption. The beef can be marketed as superior due to its marbled appearance. This has led to many markets, including Australia, Japan and the United Kingdom to adopt it into the mainstream.<ref name=":1" /> Angus cattle can also be used in [[crossbreeding]] to reduce the likelihood of [[dystocia]] (difficult calving), and because of their dominant polled gene, they can be used to crossbreed to created polled calves.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| title = Angus
| publisher = Cattle Today
| url = http://cattle-today.com/angus.htm
| accessdate = 29 October 2006 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061017084329/http://cattle-today.com/angus.htm| archivedate= 17 October 2006 | deadurl= no}}
</ref>[[Image:blackangus.jpg|thumb|250px|Angus calf with its mother]]

=== Commercial ===
During the later part of 2003 and the early part of 2004, the American [[fast food]] industry ran a [[public relations]] campaign to promote the supposedly superior quality of Angus beef. However, the first of these campaigns was run by [[Back Yard Burger]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-86187480.html|title=Back Yard Burgers Announces 40-Unit Development Agreement With Black Angus Burgers, Inc.}}{{Dead link|date=September 2012}}</ref> Beginning in 2006, [[McDonalds]] commenced testing on hamburgers made with Angus beef in several regions in the US. After this test, the company said that customer response to the burgers was positive<ref>{{cite web|last=Weston |first=Nicole |url=http://www.slashfood.com/2007/03/08/new-angus-third-pounders-at-mcdonalds/ |title=New Angus Third-Pounders at McDonald's |publisher=Slashfood |date=8 March 2007 |accessdate=14 May 2012}}</ref> and began selling the burger made with Angus beef in all US locations in July 2009.<ref>{{cite web
| title = McDonald's to debut $4 Angus burger
| publisher = MSNBC / The Associated Press
| url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31686986/
| accessdate = 1 July 2009 }}
</ref> In response to the test in the US, [[McDonalds|McDonalds Australia]] began selling two Angus burgers, the Grand Angus and the Mighty Angus, using [[Australia]]n-bred Angus, in their restaurants.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://mcdonalds.com.au/#/angus-beef|title = McDonalds - Angus Beef|publisher = McDonald's Australia}}</ref>

The American Angus Association created the "Certified Angus Beef" (CAB) standard in 1978. The purpose of this standard was to promote the idea that Angus beef was of higher quality than beef from other breeds of cattle. Cattle are eligible for "Certified Angus Beef" evaluation if they are at least 51% black and exhibit Angus influence, which include black [[Simmental Cattle|Simmental cattle]] and crossbreds. However, they must meet all 10 of the following criteria, which were refined in January 2007 to further enhance product consistency, in order to be labeled "Certified Angus Beef" by USDA Graders:<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| title = Angus FAQs
| publisher = American Angus Association
| url = http://www.angus.org/Pub/FAQs.aspx
| accessdate = 2 August 2013}}
</ref>

* Modest or higher degree of marbling
* Medium or fine marbling texture
* "A" maturity
* 10 to 16 square-inch ribeye area
* Less than 1,000-pound hot carcass weight
* Less than 1-inch fat thickness
* Moderately thick or thicker muscling
* No hump on the neck exceeding 5 cm (2")
* Practically free of capillary rupture
* No [[darkcutter|dark cutting]] characteristics
* Usually black or red in color

==See also==
* [[List of cattle breeds originating in Scotland|List of Cattle breeds originating in Scotland]]
* [[List of cattle breeds]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Angus cattle}}
* [http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/angus/ History of the Angus cattle] - Oklahoma State University
* [http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/agec2/mf2664.pdf Factors Affecting the Selling Price of Purebred Angus Bulls]

===Breed associations===
Unless otherwise stated, the associations below register both red and black animals.
* [http://www.aberdeen-angus.co.uk/ Official website of the Aberdeen Angus Cattle Society]
* [[Irish Angus Cattle Society Ltd.]]

Australia:
* [http://www.angusaustralia.com.au/ The Angus Society of Australia]

Canada:
* [http://www.cdnangus.ca/ Canadian Aberdeen Angus Association]
* [http://www.ontarioangus.com Ontario Angus Association (Canada)]

Denmark:
* [http://www.danskangus.dk/ Danish Aberdeen Angus Association]

New Zealand:
* [http://angusnz.com/ New Zealand Angus Association]

Portugal
* [http://www.angus.com.pt/ Angus Portugal]

US:
* [http://www.angus.org/ American Angus Association] - responsible for black Angus registrations, but does not register red Angus cattle.
* [http://redangus.org/ Red Angus Association] - responsible for red Angus registrations, and will also register black Angus cattle.
* [http://www.alotangus.org A*L*O*T Angus Association] (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas) -- represents the owners of black Angus cattle in four states.
* [http://iowaangus.org/ Iowa Angus Association]—represents the owners of black Angus cattle.
* [http://www.angus1.com/mvaa/ Miami Valley Angus Association]—represents the owners of black Angus cattle.
* [http://www.texasangus.com/ Texas Angus Association]—represents the owners of black Angus cattle in the State of Texas.

{{Beef}}
{{British livestock|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Cattle breeds originating in Scotland]]
[[Category:Beef cattle breeds]]
[[Category:Cattle breeds]]

Pablo Vitti

2015-12-26T20:34:06Z

Tangoludwig: Updated his carreer

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Pablo Vitti
| image = Pablo Vitti.jpg
| fullname = Pablo Ernesto Vitti
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|7|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rosario]], Argentina
| height = {{height|m=1.79|precision=0}}<ref>[http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=http://www.ldu.com.ec/portal/app/public/img/banners/fichas/fichas-13.jpg#.URKSOfLBGSo LDU player card]</ref>
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[San Martín de San Juan]]
| clubnumber = TBA
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Rosario Central]]
| years1 = 2003–2006
| clubs1 = [[Rosario Central]]
| caps1 = 74
| goals1 = 13
| years2 = 2006–2008
| clubs2 = [[Club Atlético Banfield|Banfield]]
| caps2 = 15
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2008–2009
| clubs3 = [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]]
| caps3 = 3
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2008
| clubs4 = → [[FC Chornomorets Odessa|Chornomorets Odessa]] (loan)
| caps4 = 6
| goals4 = 1
| years5 = 2009
| clubs5 = → [[Toronto FC]] (loan)
| caps5 = 26
| goals5 = 2
| years6 = 2010
| clubs6 = [[Universidad San Martín]]
| caps6 = 36
| goals6 = 14
| years7 = 2011–2012
| clubs7 = [[Universitario de Deportes]]
| caps7 = 17
| goals7 = 3
| years8 = 2012
| clubs8 = → [[Querétaro F.C.|Querétaro]] (loan)
| caps8 = 5
| goals8 = 2
| years9 = 2012–2013
| clubs9 = → [[Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito|LDU Quito]] (loan)
| caps9 = 38
| goals9 = 13
| years10 = 2013–2015
| clubs10 = [[Club Atlético Tigre|Tigre]]
| caps10 = 26
| goals10 = 5
| years11 = 2015
| clubs11 = [[San Martín de San Juan]]
| caps11 = 2
| goals11 = 2
| years12 = 2016–
| clubs12 = [[Ratchaburi F.C.|Ratchaburi]]
| caps12 = 0
| goals12 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2005
| nationalteam1 = [[Argentina under-20 national football team|Argentina U-20]]
| nationalcaps1 = 3
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| medaltemplates =
| pcupdate = 23 March 2015
| ntupdate = 25 May 2012
}}

'''Pablo Vitti''' (born 9 July 1985 in [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]]) is an [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as striker for [[Ratchaburi F.C.|Ratchaburi]]. In the lasts years Vitti played for different clubs both in his country and abroad, including Ukraine, Canada, Mexico and Ecuador. He is known for his dribbling and finishing ability.

==Career==

===Professional===
Vitti started his career at hometown club [[Rosario Central]]. He made his breakthrough into the ''canallas'' first team in 2004, where he was a consistent goal scorer and was rewarded with the number 10 shirt. Vitti was considered one of the most promising youngsters in the Argentine First Division, but his progression has been halted slightly in recent seasons. He left his hometomwn club in 2006 to go to [[Club Atlético Banfield|Banfield]], but he only made fifteen appearances for Banfield without scoring a single goal.

After moving to [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] he was quickly loaned to [[Ukrainian Premier League]] club [[FC Chornomorets Odessa|Chornomorets Odessa]]. His stay in [[Odessa]] was brief, and on 9 February 2009, it was announced that [[Toronto FC]] of [[Major League Soccer]] had signed Vitti on a loan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mlsnet.com/news/team_news.jsp?ymd=20090209&content_idhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Vitti&action=edit&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro=216620&vkey=pr_t280&fext=.jsp&team=t280 |title=Pablo Vitti signs for TFC |work=mlsnet.com |date=9 February 2009 |accessdate=24 February 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

Pablo Vitti scored his first goal for [[Toronto FC]] on 24 June 2009 vs. [[New York Red Bulls]]. Vitti wore the captain's armband for Toronto FC in an international friendly vs. his fellow countrymen from [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] at [[BMO Field]] on 22 July 2009.<ref>[http://toronto.fc.mlsnet.com/news/team_news.jsp?ymd=20090722&content_id=6008952&vkey=news_t280&fext=.jsp&team=t280 Vitti Captin for Toronto FC]. [[Torontofc.ca]] (22 July 2009). Retrieved on 26 July 2009.</ref> He scored 2 goals in 26 MLS games for Toronto in 2009, and returned to Independiente at the end of the season.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/story/2009/12/17/sp-guevara.html Guevara parts ways with TFC, signs with Honduran club and released Vitti, Fellinga]</ref>

After being released by Toronto FC Vitti signed with Peruvian top flight club [[Universidad San Martín]] in mid-January.<ref>[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/stats?id=42838&cc=5901 Vitti playing in Peru]. [[Espn.com]] (24 March 2010). Retrieved on 25 March 2010.</ref> He scored his first goal for the club in a 4–1 over [[Inti Gas Deportes]] 6 March 2010. San Martin won the [[2010 Torneo Descentralizado]] with Vitti playing an integral role all season scoring 15 goals in all competitions.

Most considered Vitti to be the best player in the Peruvian League during the 2010 season, earning him a three-year contract with the most successful team in Peru [[Universitario de Deportes]].<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/epa/article/ALeqM5inQEU41wGzJJoZ7ppLjt59lb-sOQ?docId=1433563 Vitti Signs three year deal]</ref>

In December of 2015 it was announced that Vitti would become the joining [[Ratchaburi F.C.|Ratchaburi]] in the [[Thai Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Insawang |first=Arwatchanon |title=Ratchaburi signs former U20 Argentina striker Pablo Vitti |url=http://footballchannel.asia/2015/12/22/post8609/|work=Football Channel Asia |date=22 December 2015 |accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref>

===International===
Vitti was an integral part of the [[Argentina national under-20 football team|Argentina Under-20]] squad that won the [[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship]] in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=233322/index.html |title=U20 Fifa Player Statistics: Pablo Vitti |work=fifa.com |date=25 June 2005 |accessdate=22 February 2009 }}</ref> Vitti's time with the Argentina youth programs he was considered to be one of Argentina's top prospects on the same level as [[Lionel Messi]] and [[Sergio Agüero]] his teammates on the winning U-20 team.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/1110/major-league-soccer/2009/03/15/1156779/player-profile-pablo-vitti-toronto-fc-striker |title=Pablo Vitti, Toronto Striker |work=goal.com |date=19 March 2009 |accessdate=22 May 2009 }}</ref>

==Honours==

===Club===
{{flagicon|Canada}} '''[[Toronto FC]]'''
*'''[[Canadian Championship]] (1):''' [[2009 Canadian Championship|2009]]

{{flagicon|Peru}} '''[[Universidad San Martín de Porres|Universidad San Martín]]'''
*'''[[Peruvian Primera División]] (1):''' [[2010 Torneo Descentralizado|2010]]

===International===
{{flagicon|ARG}} '''[[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]'''
*'''[[FIFA U-20 World Cup]] (1):''' [[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship|2005]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://toronto.fc.mlsnet.com/players/bio.jsp?team=t280&player=vitti_p&playerId=vit636437&statType=current MLS player profile]
*{{es}} [http://www.futbolxxi.com/Futbolista.aspx?ID=12984&SEOFutbolista=Vitti+Pablo+Ernesto Argentine Primera statistics]
*{{FIFA player|233322|Pablo Vitti}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Vitti, Pablo
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Argentine footballer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 9 July 1985
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Rosario]], Argentina
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vitti, Pablo}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Argentine footballers]]
[[Category:Argentine people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Banfield footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate soccer players in Canada]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Peru]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]
[[Category:Club Atlético Independiente footballers]]
[[Category:Major League Soccer players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Rosario, Santa Fe]]
[[Category:Rosario Central footballers]]
[[Category:Toronto FC players]]
[[Category:FC Chornomorets Odessa players]]
[[Category:Universidad San Martín footballers]]
[[Category:Universitario de Deportes footballers]]
[[Category:Querétaro F.C. footballers]]
[[Category:Ratchaburi F.C. players]]
[[Category:Thai Premier League players]]
[[Category:Argentine Primera División players]]
[[Category:Ukrainian Premier League players]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Liga MX players]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Mexico]]
[[Category:LDU Quito footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Ecuador]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Thailand]]
[[Category:Argentina youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriates in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriates in Canada]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Mexico]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriates in Peru]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriates in Ecuador]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriates in Thailand]]

Circulant matrix

2015-12-15T13:07:29Z

Tangoludwig: Minor style edit

{{For|the symmetric graphs|Circulant graph}}

In [[linear algebra]], a '''circulant matrix''' is a special kind of [[Toeplitz matrix]] where each [[row vector]] is rotated one element to the right relative to the preceding row vector. In [[numerical analysis]], circulant matrices are important because they are diagonalized by a [[discrete Fourier transform]], and hence [[linear equation]]s that contain them may be quickly solved using a [[fast Fourier transform]].<ref>[[Philip J. Davis|Davis, Philip J.]], Circulant Matrices, Wiley, New York, 1970 ISBN 0471057711</ref> They can be [[#Analytic interpretation|interpreted analytically]] as the [[integral kernel]] of a [[convolution operator]] on the [[cyclic group]] <math>\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}</math> and hence frequently appear in formal descriptions of spatially invariant linear operations.
In [[cryptography]], a circulant matrix is used in the [[Rijndael mix columns|MixColumns]] step of the [[Advanced Encryption Standard]].

==Definition==

An <math>n\times n</math> circulant matrix <math>\ C</math> takes the form

:<math>
C=
\begin{bmatrix}
c_0 & c_{n-1} & \dots & c_{2} & c_{1} \\
c_{1} & c_0 & c_{n-1} & & c_{2} \\
\vdots & c_{1}& c_0 & \ddots & \vdots \\
c_{n-2} & & \ddots & \ddots & c_{n-1} \\
c_{n-1} & c_{n-2} & \dots & c_{1} & c_0 \\
\end{bmatrix}.
</math>

A circulant matrix is fully specified by one vector, <math>\ c</math>, which appears as the first column of <math>\ C</math>. The remaining columns of <math>\ C</math> are each [[cyclic permutation]]s of the vector <math>\ c</math> with offset equal to the column index. The last row of <math>\ C</math> is the vector <math>\ c</math> in reverse order, and the remaining rows are each [[cyclic permutation]]s of the last row. Note that different sources define the circulant matrix in different ways, for example with the coefficients corresponding to the first row rather than the first column of the matrix, or with a different direction of shift.

The polynomial <math> f(x) = c_0 + c_1 x + \dots + c_{n-1} x^{n-1} </math> is called the ''associated polynomial'' of matrix <math> C </math>.

== Properties ==

=== Eigenvectors and eigenvalues ===

The normalized eigenvectors of a circulant matrix are given by

:<math>v_j=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}} (1,~ \omega_j,~ \omega_j^2,~ \ldots,~ \omega_j^{n-1})^T,\quad j=0, 1,\ldots, n-1,</math>
where <math>\omega_j=\exp \left(\tfrac{2\pi i j}{n}\right)</math> are the ''n''-th [[roots of unity]] and <math>i</math> is the [[imaginary unit]].

The corresponding eigenvalues are then given by

:<math>\lambda_j = c_0+c_{n-1} \omega_j + c_{n-2} \omega_j^2 + \ldots + c_{1} \omega_j^{n-1}, \qquad j=0, 1,\ldots, n-1.</math>

=== Determinant ===

As a consequence of the explicit formula for the eigenvalues above,
the [[determinant]] of circulant matrix can be computed as:
:<math>
\mathrm{det}(C)
= \prod_{j=0}^{n-1} (c_0 + c_{n-1} \omega_j + c_{n-2} \omega_j^2 + \dots + c_1\omega_j^{n-1}).</math>
Since taking transpose does not change the eigenvalues of a matrix, an equivalent formulation is
:<math>
\mathrm{det}(C)=\prod_{j=0}^{n-1} (c_0 + c_1 \omega_j + c_2 \omega_j^2 + \dots + c_{n-1}\omega_j^{n-1}) = \prod_{j=0}^{n-1} f(\omega_j).
</math>

=== Rank ===

The [[Rank (linear algebra)|rank]] of circulant matrix <math> C </math> is equal to <math> n - d </math>, where <math> d </math> is the [[degree of a polynomial|degree]] of <math> \gcd( f(x), x^n - 1) </math>.<ref>{{cite journal |author=A. W. Ingleton |title=The Rank of Circulant Matrices |journal=J. London Math. Soc. |year=1956 |volume=s1-31 |issue=4 |pages=445-460 |doi=10.1112/jlms/s1-31.4.445}}</ref>

=== Other properties ===

* We have
::<math> C=c_0I+c_{1}P+c_{2}P^2+\ldots+c_{n-1}P^{n-1}=f(P).</math>
:where ''P'' is the 'cyclic permutation' matrix, a specific [[permutation matrix]] given by
::<math>P=
\begin{bmatrix}
0&0&\ldots&0&1\\
1&0&\ldots&0&0\\
0&\ddots&\ddots&\vdots&\vdots\\
\vdots&\ddots&\ddots&0&0\\
0&\ldots&0&1&0
\end{bmatrix}.</math>

* The [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of <math>n\times n</math> circulant matrices forms an ''n''-[[dimensional]] [[vector space]]; this can be interpreted as the space of functions on the [[cyclic group]] of order ''n'', <math>\mathbf{Z}/n\mathbf{Z},</math> or equivalently the [[group ring]].

* Circulant matrices form a [[commutative algebra]], since for any two given circulant matrices <math>\ A</math> and <math>\ B</math>, the sum <math>\ A + B</math> is circulant, the product <math>\ AB</math> is circulant, and <math>\ AB = BA</math>.

* The matrix U that is composed of the [[eigenvectors]] of a circulant matrix is related to the [[Discrete Fourier transform#The unitary DFT|Discrete Fourier transform]] and its Inverse transform:
::<math> U_n^{*} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{n}} F_n, \quad\text{and}\quad U_n = \sqrt{n} F_n^{-1}, \quad\text{where}\quad F_n = (f_{jk}) \quad\text{with}\quad f_{jk} = \mathrm{e}^{-2jk\pi\mathrm{i}/n}, \quad\text{for}\quad 0\leq j,k<n.</math>
:Thus, the matrix <math>U_n</math> [[diagonalizable matrix|diagonalizes]] ''C''. In fact, we have
::<math> C = U_n \operatorname{diag}(F_n c) U_n^{*} = F_n^{-1} \operatorname{diag}(F_n c) F_n, </math>
:where <math>c\!\,</math> is the first column of <math>C\,\!</math>. Thus, the eigenvalues of <math>C</math> are given by the product <math>\ F_n c</math>. This product can be readily calculated by a [[Fast Fourier transform]].<ref>{{Citation | last1=Golub | first1=Gene H. | author1-link=Gene H. Golub | last2=Van Loan | first2=Charles F. | author2-link=Charles F. Van Loan | title=Matrix Computations | chapter=§4.7.7 Circulant Systems | publisher=Johns Hopkins | edition=3rd | isbn=978-0-8018-5414-9 | year=1996}}</ref>

==Analytic interpretation==
Circulant matrices can be interpreted geometrically, which explains the connection with the discrete Fourier transform.

Consider vectors in <math>\mathbf{R}^n</math> as functions on the integers with period ''n,'' (i.e., as periodic bi-infinite sequences: <math>\dots,a_0,a_1,\dots,a_{n-1},a_0,a_1,\dots</math>) or equivalently, as functions on the [[cyclic group]] of order ''n,'' (<math>C_n</math> or <math>\mathbf{Z}/n\mathbf{Z}</math>) geometrically, on (the vertices of) the regular ''n''-gon: this is a discrete analog to periodic functions on the real line or circle.

Then, from the perspective of [[operator theory]], a circulant matrix is the kernel of a discrete [[integral transform]], namely the [[convolution operator]] for the function <math>(c_0,c_1,\dots,c_{n-1});</math> this is a discrete [[circular convolution]]. The formula for the convolution of the functions <math>(b_i) := (c_i) * (a_i)</math> is
:<math>b_k = \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} a_i c_{k-i}</math> (recall that the sequences are periodic)
which is the product of the vector of <math>a_i</math> by the circulant matrix.

The discrete Fourier transform then converts convolution into multiplication, which in the matrix setting corresponds to diagonalization.

== Applications ==

===In linear equations===

Given a matrix equation
:<math>\ \mathbf{C} \mathbf{x} = \mathbf{b},</math>
where <math>\ C</math> is a circulant square matrix of size <math>\ n</math> we can write the equation as the [[circular convolution]]
:<math>\ \mathbf{c} \star \mathbf{x} = \mathbf{b},</math>
where <math>\ c</math> is the first column of <math>\ C</math>, and the vectors <math>\ c</math>, <math>\ x</math> and <math>\ b</math> are cyclically extended in each direction. Using the results of the [[discrete Fourier transform#Circular convolution theorem and cross-correlation theorem|circular convolution theorem]], we can use the [[discrete Fourier transform]] to transform the cyclic convolution into component-wise multiplication

:<math>\ \mathcal{F}_{n}(\mathbf{c} \star \mathbf{x}) = \mathcal{F}_{n}(\mathbf{c}) \mathcal{F}_{n}(\mathbf{x}) = \mathcal{F}_{n}(\mathbf{b})</math>

so that

:<math>\ \mathbf{x} = \mathcal{F}_{n}^{-1}
\left [
\left (
\frac{(\mathcal{F}_n(\mathbf{b}))_{\nu}}
{(\mathcal{F}_n(\mathbf{c}))_{\nu}}
\right )_{\nu \in \mathbf{Z}}
\right ]^T.
</math>

This algorithm is much faster than the standard [[Gaussian elimination]], especially if a [[fast Fourier transform]] is used.

=== In graph theory ===

In [[graph theory]], a [[Graph (mathematics)|graph]] or [[Directed graph|digraph]] whose [[adjacency matrix]] is circulant is called a [[circulant graph]] (or digraph). Equivalently, a graph is circulant if its [[automorphism group]] contains a full-length cycle. The [[Möbius ladder]]s are examples of circulant graphs, as are the [[Paley graph]]s for fields of prime order.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* R. M. Gray, [http://www-ee.stanford.edu/~gray/toeplitz.pdf Toeplitz and Circulant Matrices: A Review]
* {{MathWorld|urlname=CirculantMatrix|Circulant Matrix}}

{{Numerical linear algebra}}

[[Category:Numerical linear algebra]]
[[Category:Matrices]]
[[Category:Latin squares]]
[[Category:Determinants]]

Watts–Strogatz model

2015-12-15T10:01:52Z

Tangoludwig: citation request

{{Network Science}}[[File:Watts-Strogatz small-world model 100nodes.png|thumb|Watts-Strogatz small-world model generated by igraph and visualized by Cytoscape 2.5. 100 nodes.|alt=Watts-Strogatz small-world model]]
The '''Watts–Strogatz model''' is a [[random graph]] generation model that produces graphs with [[small-world network|small-world properties]], including short [[average path length]]s and high [[Clustering coefficient|clustering]]. It was proposed by [[Duncan J. Watts]] and [[Steven Strogatz]] in their joint 1998 [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] paper.<ref name=WS>{{Cite journal | last1 = Watts | first1 = D. J.| authorlink1 = Duncan J. Watts | last2 = Strogatz | first2 = S. H.| authorlink2 = Steven Strogatz | title = Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks | journal = Nature | volume = 393 | issue = 6684 | pages = 440–442 | doi = 10.1038/30918 | year = 1998 | url = http://labs.yahoo.com/files/w_s_NATURE_0.pdf| pmid = 9623998| pmc = }}</ref> The model also became known as the (Watts) ''beta'' model after Watts used <math>\beta</math> to formulate it in his popular science book ''[[Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age|Six Degrees]]''.

==Rationale for the model==
The formal study of [[random graph]]s dates back to the work of [[Paul Erdős]] and [[Alfréd Rényi]].<ref name=Erdos1960>{{cite journal
| author = Erdos, P.
| year = 1960
| title = Publications Mathematicae 6, 290 (1959); P. Erdos, A. Renyi
| journal = Publ. Math. Inst. Hung. Acad. Sci
| volume = 5
| pages = 17
}}</ref> The graphs they considered, now known as the classical or [[Erdős–Rényi model|Erdős–Rényi (ER)]] graphs, offer a simple and powerful model with many applications.

However the [[Erdős–Rényi model|ER]] graphs do not have two important properties observed in many real-world networks:
# They do not generate local clustering and [[triadic closure]]s. Instead because they have a constant, random, and independent probability of two nodes being connected, ER graphs have a low [[clustering coefficient]].
# They do not account for the formation of hubs. Formally, the [[degree (graph theory)|degree]] distribution of ER graphs converges to a [[Poisson distribution]], rather than a [[power law]] observed in many real-world, [[scale-free networks]].{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=December 2015}}

The Watts and Strogatz model was designed as the simplest possible model that addresses the first of the two limitations. It accounts for clustering while retaining the short average path lengths of the ER model. It does so by interpolating between an ER graph and a regular ring [[lattice (group)|lattice]]. Consequently, the model is able to at least partially explain the "small-world" phenomena in a variety of networks, such as the power grid, neural network of [[Caenorhabditis elegans|C. elegans]], and a network of movie actors. In 2015, researchers from the [[California Institute of Technology]] and [[Princeton University]] found that the Watts and Strogatz model explains fat-metabolism communication models in [[budding yeast]].<ref>http://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004264</ref>

==Algorithm==
[[Image:Watts strogatz.svg|thumb|Watts–Strogatz graph]]
Given the desired number of nodes <math>N</math>, the mean [[Degree (graph theory)|degree]] <math>K</math> (assumed to be an even integer), and a special parameter <math>\beta</math>, satisfying <math>0 \le \beta \le 1</math> and <math>N\gg K \gg \ln(N)\gg 1</math>, the model constructs an [[Undirected graph#Undirected graph|undirected graph]] with <math>N</math> nodes and <math>\frac{NK}{2}</math> edges in the following way:

# Construct a regular ring lattice, a graph with <math>N</math> nodes each connected to <math>K</math> neighbors, <math>K/2</math> on each side. That is, if the nodes are labeled <math>n_0 \ldots n_{N-1}</math>, there is an edge <math>(n_i, n_j)</math> if and only if <math> 0 < |i - j|\mod {(}N-1-{\frac{K}{2}}{)} \leq \frac{K}{2}</math>.
# For every node <math>n_i=n_0,\dots, n_{N-1}</math> take every edge <math>(n_i, n_j)</math> with <math>i < j</math>, and rewire it with probability <math>\beta</math>. Rewiring is done by replacing <math>(n_i, n_j)</math> with <math>(n_i, n_k)</math> where <math>k</math> is chosen with uniform probability from all possible values that avoid self-loops (<math>k \ne i</math>) and link duplication (there is no edge <math>(n_i, n_{k'})</math> with <math>k' = k</math> at this point in the algorithm).

==Properties==
The underlying lattice structure of the model produces a locally clustered network, and the random links dramatically reduce the [[average path length]]s. The algorithm introduces about <math>\beta\frac{NK}{2}</math> non-lattice edges. Varying <math>\beta</math> makes it possible to interpolate between a regular lattice (<math>\beta=0</math>) and a random graph (<math>\beta=1</math>) approaching the [[Erdős–Rényi model|Erdős–Rényi random graph]] <math>G(n, p)</math> with <math>n=N</math> and <math>p = \frac{NK}{2{N \choose 2}}</math>.

The three properties of interest are the [[average path length]], the [[clustering coefficient]], and the [[degree distribution]].

===Average path length===
For a ring lattice the average path length is <math>l(0)=N/2K\gg 1</math> and scales linearly with the system size. In the [[limiting case (mathematics)|limiting case]] of <math>\beta \rightarrow 1</math> the graph converges to a classical random graph with <math>l(1)=\frac{\ln{N}}{\ln{K}}</math>. However, in the intermediate region <math>0<\beta<1</math> the average path length falls very rapidly with increasing <math>\beta</math>, quickly
approaching its limiting value.

===Clustering coefficient===
For the ring lattice the [[clustering coefficient]]<ref name=AlbertBarabasi>{{cite journal
| author = Albert, R., Barabási, A.-L.
| year = 2002
| title = Statistical mechanics of complex networks.
| url = http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0106096
| journal = Reviews of Modern Physics
| volume = 74
| issue = 1
| pages = 47–97
| accessdate = 2008-02-25
| doi = 10.1103/RevModPhys.74.47
}}</ref> <math>C(0)=\frac{3(K-2)}{4(K-1)}</math>, and so tends to <math>3/4</math> as <math>K</math> grows, independently of the system size.<ref name=Barrat2000/> In the limiting case of <math>\beta \rightarrow 1</math> the clustering coefficient attains the value for classical random graphs, <math>C(1)=K/N</math> and is thus inversely proportional to the system size. In the intermediate region the clustering coefficient remains quite close to its value for the regular lattice, and only falls at relatively high <math>\beta</math>. This results in a region where the average path length falls rapidly, but the clustering coefficient does not, explaining the "small-world" phenomenon.

:If we use the Barrat and Weigt<ref name=Barrat2000>{{cite journal
| author = Barrat, A.
|author2=Weigt, M.
| year = 2000
| title = On the properties of small-world network models
| journal = European Physical Journal B
| volume = 13
| issue = 3
| pages = 547–560
| url = http://www.springerlink.com/index/0HGUCD51T90CKB12.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-02-26
| doi = 10.1007/s100510050067
|format=PDF}}</ref> measure for clustering <math>C'(\beta)</math> defined as the fraction between the average number of edges between the neighbors of a node and the average number of possible edges between these neighbors, or, alternatively,

:: <math>C'(\beta)\equiv\frac{3\times \mbox{number of triangles}}{\mbox{number of connected triples}}</math>

:then we get <math> C'(\beta)\sim C(0)\left(1-\beta\right)^3.</math>

===Degree distribution===

The degree distribution in the case of the ring lattice is just a [[Dirac delta function]] centered at <math>K</math>. In the limiting case of <math>\beta \rightarrow 1</math> it is [[Poisson distribution]], as with classical graphs. The degree distribution for <math>0<\beta<1</math> can be written as,<ref name=Barrat2000/>

:<math>P(k) = \sum_{n=0}^{f\left(k,K\right)} C^n_{K/2} \left(1-\beta\right)^{n} \beta^{K/2-n} \frac{(\beta K/2)^{k-K/2-n}}{\left(k-K/2-n\right)!} e^{-\beta K/2}</math>

where <math>k_i</math> is the number of edges that the <math>i^{th}</math> node has or its degree. Here <math>k\geq K/2</math>, and <math>f(k,K)=\min(k-K/2,K/2)</math>. The shape of the degree distribution is similar to that of a random graph and has a pronounced peak at <math>k=K</math> and decays exponentially for large <math>|k-K|</math>. The topology of the network is relatively homogeneous, and all nodes have more or less the same degree.

==Limitations==
The major limitation of the model is that it produces an unrealistic [[Degree (graph theory)|degree]] distribution. In contrast, real networks are often [[scale-free networks]] inhomogeneous in degree, having hubs and a scale-free degree distribution. Such networks are better described in that respect by the [[preferential attachment]] family of models, such as the [[BA model|Barabási–Albert (BA) model]]. (On the other hand, the Barabási–Albert model fails to produce the high levels of clustering seen in real networks, a shortcoming not shared by the Watts and Strogatz model. Thus, neither the Watts and Strogatz model nor the Barabási–Albert model should be viewed as fully realistic.)

The Watts and Strogatz model also implies a fixed number of nodes and thus cannot be used to model network growth.

==See also==
* [[Small-world networks]]
* [[Erdős–Rényi model|Erdős–Rényi (ER) model]]
* [[Barabási–Albert model]]
* [[Social networks]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Networks]]
[[Category:Social networks]]
[[Category:Random graphs]]

Jorge Bucay

2015-08-02T23:28:00Z

Tangoludwig: change doctor by MD which is more accurate

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2012}}
[[Image:Jorge Bucay.jpg|right|thumb|Jorge Bucay at a book signing in Madrid in 2008]]

'''Jorge Bucay''' (born October 30, 1949) is a [[Gestalt psychology|gestalt psychotherapist]], psychodramatist, and writer from [[Argentina]]. His books have sold more than 2 million copies around the world, and have been translated into more than seventeen languages.

He was born in the Floresta neighborhood of [[Buenos Aires]] in 1949 to a modest family. He started working at the age of thirteen. In the course of his life, he has worked as a [[Vendor (supply chain)|traveling salesman]] selling socks, books and sports clothing, as well as an insurance agent, taxi driver, clown, warehouseman, educator, actor, doctor on duty, host of children's parties, [[psychiatrist]], group coordinator, radio collaborator, and television host.

In 1973, he graduated as a MD from the [[University of Buenos Aires]], and specialized in mental illnesses at the Buenos Aires Pirovano Hospital and at the Santa Mónica clinic.

He currently defines his job as professional helper. He divides his attention between attending therapeutic teaching conferences, which have taken him around the world, and the writing of his books, which he considers therapeutic tools.

==Works==
His published works include:

*"Cartas para Claudia" (''Letters for Claudia'') (1986, 2nd ed. 2007)
*"Recuentos para Demián" (''Stories for Demián'') (1994)
*"Cuentos para pensar" (''Stories for Thought'') (1997)
*"De la autoestima al egoísmo" (''From Self-Esteem to Egotism'') (1999)
*"Amarse con los ojos abiertos" (''Loving Oneself With Open Eyes'') (with Silvia Salinas) (2000)
*"Déjame que te cuente" (''Let Me Tell You'') (2002)
*"Todo (No) Terminó" (''It's (Not) All Over'') (with Silvia Salinas) (2004)
*"El Juego de los Cuentos" (''The Game of Stories'') (2004)
*"Cuenta Conmigo" (''Count on Me'') (2005)
*"El Mito de le Diosa Fortuna" (''The Myth of the Goddess of Fortune'') (2006)
*"20 pasos hacia adelante" (''Twenty Steps Forward'') (2007)
*"El candidato" (''The Candidate'') (Winner of [[Premio de Novela Ciudad de Torrevieja]] in 2006).

Five books constitute his series, "Hojas de Ruta" (''Roadmaps''):
*"El camino de la Auto-dependencia" (''The Road of Self-Dependence'')
*"El camino del Encuentro" (''The Road of Encounter'')
*"El camino de las Lágrimas" (''The Road of Tears'')
*"El camino de la Felicidad" (''The Road of Happiness'')
*"El camino de la Espiritualidad: Llegar a la Cima y Seguir Subiendo" (2011) (''The Road of Spirituality'')

His works have become bestsellers in [[Mexico]], [[Uruguay]], [[Chile]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Venezuela]], [[Puerto Rico]], Spain and [[Greece]].

In 2005, he was accused of copying the fifth part of his book, ''Shimriti'', from a text by Mónica Cavallé,<ref>Friera, Silvina (2005), "Sería mejor si admitiera su error", Diario Página/12, La Página, Buenos Aires, Argentina [02/12/2007]</ref> though he later declared that it was "an absolutely involuntary error" while citing sources.

==Awards and honors==
*2006: [[Premio de Novela Ciudad de Torrevieja]], winner, ''El Candidato''

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* (Spanish:) [http://www.mentesana.es/index.jsp Healthy Mind, Jorge Bucay's magazine]
* (Spanish:) [http://www.amarseconlosojosabiertos.com Amarse con los ojos abiertos Forum]
* (Spanish:) [http://www.misfrases.com/blog//?s=Jorge+Bucay Famous Quotes of Jorge Bucay]
* (Spanish:) [http://www.rba.es/libros/jorge-bucay_autor-128-es.html Biography]

{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Bucay, Jorge
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Argentine writer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1949
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Buenos Aires
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bucay, Jorge}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Argentine male writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:University of Buenos Aires alumni]]
[[Category:Psychotherapists]]

Newell's Old Boys

2015-07-21T22:55:13Z

Tangoludwig: updated manager list.

{{ref improve|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox football club
|current =
|clubname = Newell's Old Boys
|image = [[File:Escudo del Club Newell's Old Boys.svg|120px]]
|fullname = Club Atlético Newell's Old Boys
|nickname = ''La Lepra'' ("The [[Leprosy]]")
|founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1903|11|3}}
|ground = [[Estadio Marcelo Bielsa]], [[Rosario]], [[Argentina]]
|capacity = 38,000<ref>http://www.newellsoldboys.com.ar/page/instalaciones/id/1/title/Estadio+Marcelo+A.+Bielsa/</ref>
|chairman = Guillermo Lorente
|manager = [[Lucas Bernardi]]
|league = [[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]]
|season = [[2013–14 Argentine Primera División season#Torneo Final|2014 Final]]
|position = 12th
|website = http://www.newellsoldboys.com.ar/
|pattern_la1=_Newell's_Old_Boys_2015|pattern_b1=_Newell's_Old_Boys_2015|pattern_ra1=_Newell's_Old_Boys_2015|pattern_sh1 =_Newell's_Old_Boys_2015 |pattern_so1 =_Newell's_Old_Boys_2015
|leftarm1=FF0000|body1=000000|rightarm1=000000|shorts1=000000|socks1=ff0000
|pattern_la2=_Newell's_Old_Boys_2015a|pattern_b2=_Newell's_Old_Boys_2015a|pattern_ra2=_Newell's_Old_Boys_2015a|pattern_sh2 =_Newell's_Old_Boys_2015a |pattern_so2 =_Newell's_Old_Boys_2015a
|leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF|
}}

'''Club Atlético Newell's Old Boys''' ({{IPA-es|kluβ aðˈletiko ˈnjuwels ol ˈβojs}}; is an [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[sports club]] based in [[Rosario, Santa Fe]]. The club was founded on 3 November 1903, and is named after [[Isaac Newell]], one of the pioneers of [[Football in Argentina|Argentine football]]. Newell's is best known for its [[association football|football]] team, that plays in the [[Argentine Primera División]], the top division of the [[Argentine football league system|Argentine league system]].

Originally member of Rosario's Football Association, Newell's affiliated to the [[Argentine Football Association]] (AFA) in 1939. They were the 2013 champions in Argentine football, and have won AFA's Primera División six times throughout their history. Newell's has also been twice [[Copa Libertadores]] runner-up (in [[1988 Copa Libertadores|1988]] and [[1992 Copa Libertadores|1992]]).

The club's football stadium is the [[Estadio Marcelo Bielsa]], named after the team's former player and [[Manager (association football)|manager]] [[Marcelo Bielsa]] (twice champion, and runner-up of one Copa Libertadores). Newell's plays the [[Rosario derby]] against [[Rosario Central]], a club with which they have a huge historical rivalry.

Newell's is also notable for its youth divisions, being the club with most national titles in AFA's youth tournaments.<ref>[http://archivo.lacapital.com.ar/2005/05/26/ovacion/noticia_198426.shtml "Newell's es el equipo récord en inferiores de AFA"] in [[La Capital]].</ref> Players from the club's youths who have represented [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] at [[FIFA World Cup|World Cups]] are [[Gabriel Batistuta]], [[Américo Gallego]], [[Jorge Valdano]], [[Gabriel Heinze]], [[Roberto Sensini]], [[Mauricio Pocchettino]] and [[Maxi Rodríguez]], among others. [[Lionel Messi]] also played in the club's youths, but left at a young age to [[Barcelona]] to seek treatment for his [[growth hormone deficiency]], while [[Diego Maradona]] played briefly for the first team in 1993 (5 games).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.messi.com |title=Lionel Messi Website}}</ref>

Other sports practised at the club are [[basketball]], [[boxing]], [[field hockey]], [[martial arts]], [[roller skating]] and [[volleyball]].

==History==

===Origins===
[[File:Claudio Newell 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Claudio Newell, founding member of Newell's Old Boys.]]
[[File:Newell's 1905.jpg|thumb|right|230px|One of the first football teams of the club, 1905.]]

Club Atlético Newell's Old Boys was established on November 3, 1903. Claudio Newell was one of the founding members. Newell called teachers, pupils and alumni of the school to sign the act of foundation of the club. The name chosen paid tribute to Isaac Newell's life. The first president was Víctor Heitz.

The name "old boys" is referred to graduates of a school. Therefore "Newells Old Boys" would mean "Graduates of Newell's school" or something similar. In fact, The players of the first football team were graduates of that school.

The colours of the club were taken from the Colegio Comercial Anglicano Argentino emblem (designed by Isaac Newell himself) that were red and black inspired in the colours of the [[flag of England|English]] and [[flag of Germany|German]] flags respectively.

Newell's Old Boys is often referred to as ''leprosos'' (lepers) because the team was invited to a charity match (against arch-rival [[Rosario Central]]) to raise funds for a [[leprosy]] sufferers of Hospital Carrasco, in the 1920s.<ref>[http://goal.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/13/in-argentina-banfield-wins-first-title/ Bell, Jack. "In Argentina, Banfield Wins First Title," ''Goal'' (''The New York Times'' soccer blog), Sunday, December 13, 2009.]</ref> The club immediately accepted to take part in the event, but Rosario Central did not so, therefore the match was cancelled.

===Liga Rosarina de Fútbol (1905-1930)===
On March 30, 1905, the Liga Rosarina de Fútbol (Rosarian Football League) was established, since a proposal of Newell's president Heitz, who invited representatives of [[Club Atlético del Rosario|Atlético del Rosario]], Newell's, Rosario Central and Atlético Argentino for that purpose. The main objective was to organise a championship, so a trophy was donated by the Intendent of Rosario Santiago Pinasco. The trophy was later named in his honour. Newell's was the winner of the first edition, having won 8 games and finishing unbeaten. The team also scored 39 goals and only received 4.

Previously, the historic first Rosarino derby had been held. Newell's won 1–0 with a goal scored by Faustino González. The next year Newell's won its second championship.

In 1907 the Liga Rosarina established a second division. The Copa Santiago Pinasco tournament moved to that division and "Copa Nicasio Vila" (named in honour of then Intendent of Rosario) was created to be played by the first division teams. Newell's won the first edition of this trophy, which they won a total 9 times between 1907 and 1930.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arg-rosario-champ.html Liga Rosarina de Fútbol at RSSSF]</ref>

The [[Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires]] allowed teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario to take part in the competition. Newell's won the 1911 edition defeating [[Club Porteño|Porteño]] 3–2 at the final. Other trophy were teams of both cities played together was the [[Copa Ibarguren|Copa Dr. Carlos Ibarguren]], won by Newell's in 1921, defeating [[Club Atlético Huracán|Huracán]] by 3–0.

===The arrival to Primera División===
[[File:Newell's 1939.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The team that debuted in [[Argentine Primera División]] in 1939.]]
In 1939 Newell's asked [[Argentine Football Association]] to play the [[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] championship. The AFA accepted the request so Newell's played its first tournament in 1939, along with Rosario Central which also added to the competition. Despite playing in the national tournaments, Newell's continued participating in the regional leagues of Rosario, but with youth amateur players. Newell's debuted in the AFA tournaments on March 19, 1939, defeating [[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] by 2–1. The line-up was: Heredia; Gilli, Soneyro; Sisniega, Perucca, Reynoso; Belén, Fabrini, Gómez, Franco, Sánchez.

Newell's Old Boys have won the [[Argentine Primera División|Argentine Championship]] six times (Metropolitano 1974, 1987–88, 1990–91, Clausura 1992, Apertura 2004 and Torneo Final 2013) and were the runners-up of the [[Copa Libertadores|Copa Libertadores de América]] twice (1988 and 1992). The 1990-91 championship was contested between the 1990 Apertura (Newell's) and 1991 Clausura ([[Boca Juniors]]) champions, which Newell's won in home-and-away matches. Even though the 1990 Clausura was not considered official by itself, it is considered by Newell's supporters to be their "seventh" championship.

Newell's also won a friendly mini-tournament called the Little World Cup in 1938, against [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], [[A.C. Milan|Milan]], [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]], [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] and [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], and is, together with [[Boca Juniors]], [[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] and [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing]] one of the few [[Argentina|Argentine]] clubs that made a long and successful tour in Europe (in 1941), in which they defeated several important teams such as [[Valencia CF|Valencia]], [[Borussia Mönchengladbach]], [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] and the Spanish National "A" Team. These are the only major international achievements of the club until now (although several minor international summer tournaments were won). Sofar the club has not won an official international championship.

Newell's Old Boys is one of a very few teams to have had all their players represent the National team in a single game, when they represented Argentina in a Pre-Olympic Tournament with their undefeated Reserva Team. It finished third in America, after [[Brazil]] and [[Uruguay]].

The team has also contributed an great number of players to the [[Argentina national football team|Argentina national team]], and exported many players to Europe's top leagues, mostly to Italy and Spain. Among its great players were [[Gabriel Batistuta]], [[Abel Balbo]], [[Jorge Valdano]], [[Américo Gallego]], [[Mario Zanabria]], [[Gustavo Dezotti]], [[Roberto Sensini]], [[Walter Samuel]], [[Mauricio Pochettino]], [[René Pontoni]], [[Gerardo Martino]], [[Ángel Perucca]] and several more. It has recently produced [[Argentina national football team|Argentine internationals]] [[Gabriel Heinze]], [[Maxi Rodríguez]] and [[Lionel Messi]].

[[Image:El Coloso del Parque 3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|El Coloso del Parque]]
The club's president is Guillermo Lorente who was recently elected.

==Stadium==
{{Main|Estadio Marcelo Bielsa}}
The Newell's Old Boys stadium has been in the Parque Independencia neighborhood of [[Rosario]] since 1911, and is commonly called ''El Coloso del Parque'' (the Colossus of the Independence Park).Capacity was increased from 24,000 to 38,000 in 1997. On 22 December 2009 the stadium was renamed to [[Marcelo Bielsa]], in honor to the former player and coach of the team.<ref>http://www.latercera.com/contenido/688_195166_9.shtml</ref>

==Honors==
===League===
*'''[[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] (6):''' [[1974 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Metropolitano|1974 Metropolitano]], [[1987–88 Argentine Primera División|1987–88]], [[1990–91 Argentine Primera División|1990–91]], [[1991–92 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Clausura|1992 Clausura]], [[2004–05 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Apertura|2004 Apertura]], [[2012–13 Argentine Primera División season#Torneo Final|2013 Final]]

====National cups====
*'''[[Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires]] (1):''' 1911
*'''[[Copa Ibarguren]] (1):''' 1921
*'''[[Copa Adrián C. Escobar]] (1):''' 1949

==Players==

===Current squad===
{{Newell's Old Boys squad|format=table}}

==Managers==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Manuel Fleitas Solich]] (June 1944–45)
* {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[William Reaside]] (1947)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[René Pontoni]] (1956–57)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[César Luis Menotti]] (1971)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Raúl Belén|Raúl Oscar Belén]] (1973)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[:es:Juan Eulogio Urriolabeitía|Juan Eulogio Urriolabeitía]] (1973)
* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Luis Cubilla]] (Jan 1, 1980–Dec 31, 1980)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Jorge Solari]] (1983–87)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[José Yudica]] (1987–90)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Marcelo Bielsa]] (Jan 1, 1992–June 30, 1993)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Eduardo Luján Manera]] (1993)
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Roque Alfaro]] (1993)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Jorge Solari]] (1993)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Mario Zanabria]] (July 1, 1996–Dec 31, 1997)
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Mirko Jozić]] (1998)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ricardo Dabrowski]] (Jan 1, 1998–Dec 31, 1998)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Andrés Rebottaro]] (1999–00)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Juan Manuel Llop]] (Jan 1, 2001–Jan 1, 2002)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Julio Alberto Zamora]] (2002)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Héctor Veira]] (2002–04)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Américo Gallego]] (2004)
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Juvenal Olmos]] (2005)
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Nery Pumpido]] (Oct 1, 2005–July 1, 2006)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[:es:Pablo Marini|Pablo Marini]] (March 1, 2007–Sept 30, 2007)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ricardo Caruso Lombardi|R. Caruso Lombardi]] (Sept 1, 2007–Aug 2, 2008)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Fernando Gamboa]] (Aug 1, 2008–Jan 1, 2009)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Roberto Sensini]] (Jan 1, 2009–April 10, 2011)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Javier Torrente]] (April 18, 2011–Sept 27, 2011)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Diego Cagna]] (Sept 29, 2011-Dec 22, 2011)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Gerardo Martino]] (Dec 29, 2011–July 22, 2013)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[:es:Alfredo Berti|Alfredo Berti]] (July 24, 2013–April 11, 2014)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ricardo Lunari]] (April 11, 2014–14)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Américo Gallego|Américo "Tolo" Gallego]] (2014–June 1, 2015)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Lucas Bernardi]] (June 16, 2015-)
{{col-end}}

==Affiliated Club==
* {{flagicon|France}} [[FC Girondins de Bordeaux]]
* {{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[Alianza F.C|Alianza]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Football in Argentina|Rosario}}
{{commons category|Club Atlético Newell's Old Boys}}
*[http://www.newellsoldboys.com.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}

{{Club Atlético Newell's Old Boys}}
{{Argentine Primera División}}

[[Category:Newell's Old Boys| ]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1903]]
[[Category:Basketball teams in Argentina]]
[[Category:Argentine field hockey clubs]]
[[Category:Argentine volleyball teams]]
[[Category:1903 establishments in Argentina]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Rosario, Santa Fe]]
[[Category:Sports clubs in Rosario]]

Argentina

2015-07-21T20:06:50Z

Tangoludwig: inconsistency in grammar

{{other uses}}

{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Argentine Republic{{efn-ua|name=altnames|Article 35 of the [[Argentine Constitution]] gives equal recognition to the names "United Provinces of the River Plate", "Argentine Republic" and "Argentine Confederation" and authorizes the use of "Argentine Nation" in the making and enactment of laws.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 35}}}}
|native_name = {{native name|es|República Argentina}}
|common_name = Argentina
|image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg
|national_motto = {{unbulleted list
|list_style=line-height:125%;
| {{native phrase|es|"[[En unión y libertad]]"|nolink=yes|paren=off}}
| {{small|("In Unity and Freedom")}}
}}
|national_anthem = {{unbulleted list
|item1_style=line-height:125%;
|item2_style=line-height:125%;
|item3_style=margin-top:4px;
| {{native phrase|es|[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]|nolink=yes|paren=off}}
| {{small|("Argentine National Anthem")}}
| <center>[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</center>
}}
|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]
|other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the ″sun of May″ which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on May 25, 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}} {{small|(Sun of May)}}
|image_map = Argentina orthographic.svg
|map_width = 220px
|map_caption = {{resize|110%|Mainland Argentina shown in dark green, with [[#Foreign relations|territorial claims]] shown in light green}}
|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]
|latd=34 |latm=36 |latNS=S |longd=58|longm=23 |longEW=W
|largest_city = capital
|official_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
|
| 97% [[Argentines of European descent|European]]
| 3% [[Mestizo]], [[Indigenous peoples in Argentina|Amerindian]] and [[Asian Argentine|Asian]]
}}
|
|demonym = {{unbulleted list
|[[Argentine people|Argentine]]
|[[Argentine people|Argentinian]]
|{{nowrap|[[Argentine people|Argentinean]] {{small|(uncommon)}}}}
}}
|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]]
|leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|Vice President]]
|leader_name2 = [[Amado Boudou]]
|leader_title3 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme Court President]]
|leader_name3 = [[Ricardo Lorenzetti]]
|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]
|upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]
|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]]
|sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]
|sovereignty_note = from [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]
|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]
|established_date1 = 25 May 1810
|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declared]]
|established_date2 = 9 July 1816
|established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}
|established_date3 = 1 May 1853
|established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Diplomatic recognition|Recognized]]}}
|established_date4 = 29 April 1857
|area_rank = 8th
|area_magnitude = 1_E12
|area_km2 = 2780400
|area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}), the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).<ref name=totalpop>{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls|format=XLS|title=Población por sexo e índice de masculinidad. Superficie censada y densidad, según provincia. Total del país. Año 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls|archivedate=8 June 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>}}
|percent_water = 1.57
|population_estimate = 42,669,500<ref name=proypop>{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/c1_proyecciones_nac_2010_2040.xls|format=XLS|title=Cuadro 1. Población estimada al 1 de julio de cada año calendario por sexo. Total del país. Años 2010–2040|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011629/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/c1_proyecciones_nac_2010_2040.xls|archivedate=8 June 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>
|population_estimate_rank =
|population_estimate_year = 2014
|population_census = 40,117,096<ref name=totalpop/>
|population_census_year = 2010
|population_census_rank = 32nd
|population_density_km2 = 14.4
|population_density_rank = 212th
|pop_den_footnote = <ref name=totalpop/>
|GDP_PPP = $953.029 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2013&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=68&pr.y=6|title=Argentina|work= World Economic Outlook Database |date=April 2015 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2015
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $22,459<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 57th
|GDP_nominal = $563.138 billion<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st
|GDP_nominal_year = 2015
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $13,271<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 54th
|Gini_year = 2011 
|Gini_change = decrease 
|Gini = 43.6 
|Gini_ref = <ref name=gini/>
|Gini_rank =
|HDI_year = 2013 
|HDI_change = increase 
|HDI = 0.808 
|HDI_ref = <ref name=hdi/>
|HDI_rank = 49th
|currency = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])
|currency_code = ARS
|time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]
|utc_offset = −3
|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]])
|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}
|calling_code = [[+54]]
|cctld = [[.ar]]
|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}''[[De facto]]'' at all government levels.{{efn-ua|name=es|Though not declared official ''[[de jure]]'', the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.}} In addition, some provinces have official ''[[de jure]]'' languages:
:{{,}}[[Guaraní language|Guaraní]] in [[Corrientes Province]].<ref name=gn/>
:{{,}}[[Kom language (South America)|Kom]], [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]] and [[Wichi language|Wichi]], in [[Chaco Province]].<ref name=kom/>
|footnote_b = {{note|note-train}}Trains ride on left.
}}

'''Argentina''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|ˌ|ɑr|dʒ|ən|ˈ|t|iː|n|ə}}; {{IPA-es|arxenˈtina|lang}}), officially the '''Argentine Republic'''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}} ({{lang-es|link=no|República Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] located in southeastern [[South America]]. Sharing the [[Southern Cone]] with its smaller neighbour [[Chile]], it is bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]] to the north; [[Brazil]] to the northeast; [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east; Chile to the west and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south.

With a mainland area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest country]] in the world, the second-largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one.
Argentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), [[South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]].

The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}} The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the region during the 15th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=: "[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic."|2a1=Sánchez Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196–197|2ps=: "The Argentine nation was a unity in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states, but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally affected by internal conflicts."|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: "[The Argentine nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which, after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized form in 1853–1860 under the Constitution."}} a Spanish overseas colony founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]] and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810–1818) was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted until 1861, culminating in the country's reorganization as a [[federation]] of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}

After 1930 Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic crisis that pushed it back into underdevelopment,<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|publisher=The Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a "developing country". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20 March 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=: "Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view{{sfn|Huntington|2000|p=6}} include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina."|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: "The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop their own rules for further managing regional relations."|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=: "The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: "Though not a surprise, the position of Argentina, Brazil's main regional partner, as the staunchest opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil's image as a regional leader."|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=: "When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging markets as India, Poland, and South Africa."}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=: "Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century."|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: "The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community."|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=: "[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."}}

Argentina has the third-largest economy in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]] and [[Organization of Ibero-American States|OEI]].
Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,<ref name=legatum>{{cite web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods ... Argentina's economy appears stable, but confidence in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26 October 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Argentina is classified as a [[high-income economy]]<ref>http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income</ref> with a [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|"very high"]] rating on the [[Human Development Index]].<ref name=hdi>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2014 – Summary|format=PDF|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2014|pages=15, 16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727205555/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf|archivedate=27 July 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

==Name and etymology==
The name "Argentina" is derived from [[Latin]] ''argentum'' ("silver", ''plata'' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]), a noun associated with the [[Sierra de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}

The first written use of the name can be traced to ''[[La Argentina (poem)|La Argentina]]'',{{efn-ua|The poem's full name is ''La Argentina y conquista del Río de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos del Perú, Tucumán y estado del Brasil''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Martín del Barco Centenera]] describing the region and the foundation of Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}
Although "Argentina" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country was formally named "Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata" by the Spanish Empire, and "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata" after independence.

The [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use of the name "Argentine Republic" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}
The name "Argentine Confederation" was also commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}
In 1860 a presidential decree settled the country's name as "Argentine Republic",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and that year's constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957, 1972 and 1994 (current)}}

In the [[English language]] the country was traditionally called "the Argentine", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''la Argentina''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5 March 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> This fell out of fashion during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred to as "Argentina".

In the [[Spanish language]] "Argentina" is [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] ("''La [República] Argentina''"), taking the feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] "La" as the initial syllable of "Argentina" is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].<ref>[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm "The Definite Article: Part II"], Study Spanish</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Argentina}}

===Pre-Columbian era===
{{main|Indigenous peoples in Argentina}}
[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]] in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous artwork dating from 13,000–9,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the cave's wall]]
The earliest traces of human life in the area now known as Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}
Until the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} which can be divided into three main groups:{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}}
*Basic hunters and food gatherers without development of [[pottery]], like the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.
*Advanced hunters and food gatherers like the [[Puelche]], [[Querandí]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche people|Tehuelche]] in the south—all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]] spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}—and the [[Kom people (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north.
*Farmers with pottery, like the [[Charrúa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaraní people|Guaraní]] in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around 1480; the [[Toconoté]] and [[Comechingones|Hênîa and Kâmîare]] in the country's center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}

===Colonial era===
{{main|Colonial Argentina}}
{{see also|Spanish colonization of the Americas}}
[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata]]]]
Europeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish navigators [[Juan Díaz de Solís]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]], which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–132}}

Further colonization efforts came from [[Paraguay]]—establishing the [[Governorate of the Río de la Plata]]—[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=96–140}}
[[Francisco de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]] in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]], in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucumán]], in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south to re-fund Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}

The [[Spanish Empire]] subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}

Buenos Aires repelled [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|two ill-fated British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]] generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country. As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}}

===Independence and civil wars===
{{main|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine Civil Wars}}
[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|Portrait of General [[José de San Martin]], ''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]'' of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Martín holding the Argentine flag]]
Beginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|2a1=Sánchez Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196–197|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]] replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}}
In the first clashes of the Independence War the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution in Córdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82–83}}

Revolutionaries split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]—a move that would define Argentina's first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} The [[Assembly of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina's first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|Supreme Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}}

In 1816 the [[Congress of Tucumán]] formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} One year later General [[Martín Miguel de Güemes]] stopped royalists on the north, and General [[José de San Martín]] took an army [[Crossing of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]]; then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349–353}}{{efn-ua|San Martín's military campaigns, together with those of [[Simón Bolívar]] in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185–252}}}} In 1819 Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]] that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}

The 1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists and the Federalists, resulted in the ''end of the Supreme Director rule''. In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}} Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}} During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the Río de la Plata|French blockade]] (1838–1840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836–1839), and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata|Anglo-French blockade]] (1845–1850), but remained undefeated and prevented further loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46–47}} His trade restriction policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo José de Urquiza]], another powerful caudillo, [[Battle of Caseros|beat him out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48–50}}

===Rise of the modern nation===
{{main|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation of '80}}
{{see also|Argentine–Chilean naval arms race|South American dreadnought race}}
[[File:Museo del Bicentenario - "Constituyentes de 1853".jpg|thumb|200px|The representatives of the [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]], in the [[Constituent assembly]] for enactment of the [[Constitution of Argentina of 1853|Constitution]], 1853|alt=]]
Overpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pavón]], [[Bartolomé Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicolás Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}}

Starting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]] in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European immigration]] they promoted—second only to the United States'—led to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed nation{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.
Driven by this [[immigration]] wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina's [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} placing Argentina as one of the world's top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public, compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]] grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]] between 1862 to 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}}
*By 1865 Argentina was already one of the top 25 nations by per capita income.
*By 1901 it had risen to 10th place—ahead of Germany, Austria and France.
*By 1908 it had surpassed Denmark, Canada and The Netherlands to reach 7th place—behind Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina's per capita income was 70% higher than Italy's, 90% higher than Spain's, 180% higher than Japan's and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]'s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}
Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567–625}} after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s, a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the 1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37–38}}

In 1912, President [[Roque Sáenz Peña]] enacted [[Saenz Peña Law|universal and secret male suffrage]], which allowed [[Hipólito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]] (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to family farmers and small businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, influenced by the [[Great Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}}

===Infamous Decade===
{{main|Infamous Decade}}
[[File:El General Roca ante el Congreso Nacional.jpg|thumb|200px|President [[Julio Argentino Roca]] giving his constitutionally mandated annual report to Congress, 1886|alt=]]
In 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine coup d'état|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[José Félix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d'état]] marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the country back<ref name=developed/> into underdevelopment.

Uriburu ruled for two years; then [[Agustín Pedro Justo]] was elected with fraud,{{clarify|date=October 2014}} and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British support but was rejected by the [[United States]] after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of '43|military coup toppled the government]], and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Perón]], was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]], and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=181–302}}

===Peronism===
{{main|Peronism}}
[[File:Museo del Bicentenario - "Retrato de Juan Domingo Perón y Eva Duarte", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo Perón]] and his wife [[Eva Perón]], 1948|alt=]]
Perón created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]] strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions, paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His highly popular wife, [[Eva Perón]], played a central political role. She pushed Congress to enact [[women suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer the following year. Perón [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revolución Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]] in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–351}}

The new head of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept organized underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353–379}} He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency, reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet his efforts to stay in good terms with Peronists and the military earned him the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}} But Senate Chief [[José María Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Onganía]]-led coup d'état called the [[Argentine Revolution]], a new military government that sought to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}}
{{clear}}

===Dirty War===
{{main|Dirty War}}
The 'Dirty War ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}}) was the name used by the Argentine Government for a period of [[state terrorism]] in Argentina against political dissidents, with military and security forces conducting urban and rural guerrilla violence against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to be associated with socialism.<ref>''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina,'' Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007</ref><ref>''Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo,'' Marguerite Guzmán Bouvard, p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq= "Argentina's Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism"], ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune,'' 7 March 1976</ref> Victims of the violence included an estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|publisher=}}</ref> and alleged sympathizers.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html "Orphaned in Argentina's dirty war, man is torn between two families"], ''The Washington Post'', 11 February 2010</ref> Some 10,000 of the "disappeared" were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist [[People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People's Revolutionary Army]] (ERP).<ref name="elmundo.es">[http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html "El ex líder de los Montoneros entona un «mea culpa» parcial de su pasado"]{{dead link|date=June 2015}}, ''El Mundo'', 4 May 1995</ref><ref name="Cedema.org">{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713 |title=A 32 años de la caída en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho y la Dirección Histórica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false ''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960–1990)'']', Wolfgang S. Heinz & Hugo Frühling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books</ref> The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''National Geographic Magazine'' article in the mid-1980s.<ref>''National Geographic'', Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986</ref> The disappeared ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break the determination of the guerillas.<ref name="Robben">{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina's Dirty War Can Teach Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20 October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}</ref>
[[File:Raúl Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Raúl Alfonsín]], first democratically elected president following the [[National Reorganization Process|military government]], .|alt=]]

Declassified documents of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batallón de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or "disappeared" between 1975 and mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 "disappeared" in the form of PEN (''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'', anglicized as "National Executive Power") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.<ref>''Political Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina,'' Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005</ref> The number of people believed to have been killed or "disappeared," depending on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983, when the military was forced from power following Argentina's defeat in the [[Falklands War]].<ref name="The Guardian, Thursday 2 April 2009">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin Obituary] ''The Guardian'', Thursday 2 April 2009</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Estimate of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}</ref> The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that around 13,000 were disappeared.<ref name="edant.clarin.com">[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm "Una duda histórica: no se sabe cuántos son los desaparecidos"], ''Clarin'', 10 June 2003</ref>

After democratic government was restored, Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims' families. Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones during the military dictatorship.<ref name="Wright, Thomas C. p. 158">Wright, Thomas C. ''State terrorism in Latin America'', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007</ref>

The exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]] is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and Marxist paramilitary as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Martínez de Perón]]'s "annihilation decrees" against left-wing guerrillas during ''[[Operativo Independencia]]'' (translates to Operation of Independence) in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty War.

Onganía shut down Congress, banned all political parties and dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two massive protests: the ''[[Cordobazo]]'' and the ''[[Rosariazo]]''. The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro Agustín Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let [[Héctor José Cámpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of Perón. Cámpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March 1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members and then secured Perón's return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=423–465}}

On the day Perón returned to Argentina, the clash between Peronist internal factions—[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]] youth from Montoneros—resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. Cámpora resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Perón won the [[Argentine general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third wife [[Isabel Martínez de Perón|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76–77}} and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[José López Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against them and the [[People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People's Revolutionary Army]] (ERP).
Perón died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife, who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to "annihilate" the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping ERP's attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucumán province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}} [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Perón was ousted]] one year later by a junta of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''Proceso''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=467–504}}

The ''Proceso'' shut down Congress, removed the judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated, ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]], which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}}); within two months Argentina was defeated by the [[United Kingdom]]. [[Reynaldo Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–532}}

===Contemporary era===
{{main|Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002)|Kirchnerism}}
[[File:Cristina Fernandez Comandante en Jefe.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], president of Argentina since 2007|alt=]]
[[Raúl Alfonsín]] won the [[Argentine general election, 1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible for [[human rights]] violations during the ''Proceso'': the [[Trial of the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup's leaders but, under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29 de diciembre de 1986|bo=26058}}</ref><ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 de junio de 1987|bo=26155}}</ref> which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots forced Alfonsín to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–549}}

Menem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}} a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]], [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been sentenced during Alfonsín's government. The [[1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} led by [[Fernando de la Rúa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}}

De la Rúa kept Menem's economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]], generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December 2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575–587}} Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated the fixed exchange rate established by Menem.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}} By the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recess, but the assassination of two ''[[piquetero]]s'' by the police caused political commotion, prompting Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[Néstor Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=587–595}}

Boosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]] with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}} [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 de septiembre de 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}</ref>{{efn-ua|The Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 de abril de 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}</ref>}} ruled them as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas' crimes. He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife, senator [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].

==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Argentina}}
[[File:Aconcagua from base.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Aconcagua]], is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and by extension the highest point in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web |url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros|title= Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros|language= Spanish|trans_title = Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year= 2012|work= |publisher= [[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]]|accessdate=September 3, 2012}}</ref> It is located in the [[Andes]] [[mountain range]], in the [[Mendoza Province]] |alt=]]
With a mainland surface area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52|ps=: "The Andes Mountains form the "backbone" of Argentina along the western border with Chile."}} Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31 October 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal border over the [[Río de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=igngeo/>

Argentina's highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina|trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas|archivedate=23 July 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> also the highest point in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}
The lowest point is [[Laguna del Carbón]] in the ''San Julián Great Depression'' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} below sea level,<ref name=ignmax/> also the lowest point in the Southern and Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27 March 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

The northernmost point is at the confluence of the [[Río Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and Río Mojinete rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San Pío]] in [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.<ref name=igngeo/>
The maximum north–south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while the maximum east–west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=igngeo/>

Some of the major rivers are the [[Paraná River|Paraná]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]—which join to form the Río de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado River, Argentina|Salado]], [[Río Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]], the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}

===Regions===
{{main|Regions of Argentina}}
Argentina is divided into seven geographical regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}
* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''precordillera'', filled with narrow valleys or ''quebradas'' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}} and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}
* [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]] wedge covering the western ''Paraná Plateau'' and neighbouring lowlands enclosed by the Paraná and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}
* [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying, gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia and the Andes.
* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}
* [[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]], to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}
* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}
* [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}
<gallery mode=packed heights=135 style="font-size:88%;line-height:120%">
Camino a las Sierras de Córdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]
Casa y montaña.jpg |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]
Tierracolorada.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]
Formosa Argentina.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]
Volcan Maipo.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]
Llamas en la Quebrada de Humahuaca.jpg|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]
Sierra de las Quijadas, San Luis.jpg|Northwest [[Calchaquí Valleys|Valleys]]
Yungas.jpg|Northwest [[Yungas]]
Pared del Perito Moreno.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]
Valle de Los Altares.JPG|Eastern Patagonia
</gallery>

===Biodiversity===
{{main|Environment of Argentina}}
{{double image|right|Cerro Chapelco Paisaje.jpg|215|Standing jaguar.jpg|215|<center>The [[Patagonia|Western Patagonia]] consisting mostly in moister cold andean valleys.</center>|<center>[[Jaguar|Yaguarete]], typical of the [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamian region]].</center>}}
Argentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19 October 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]] varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic region are all represented in its territory.<ref name=cbd/>
This huge ecosystem variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world's largest:<ref name=cbd/><ref name=wcmc>{{cite web|url=|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP–WCMC – World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}</ref>
* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.<ref name=wcmc/>}}
* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.<ref name=wcmc/>}}
* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes marine mammals.<ref name=wcmc/>}}
* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species (ranked 16th)
* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)

===Climate===
{{main|Climate of Argentina}}
Although the most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina has an exceptional climate diversity, ranging from tropical in the north{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=22}} to [[subarctic climate|subpolar]] in the far continental south.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=5}} The average annual precipitation ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern parts of the country.<ref name = FAO>{{cite web | url = http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm | title = Argentina | work = Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization | accessdate = 7 June 2015}}</ref> Mean annual temperatures range from {{convert|5|C|1}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|1}} in the north.<ref name=FAO />
Climate patterns roughly follow the geographic regional division:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv}}
* The Northwest climate is varied, with rainfall diminishing north to south and east to west:{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Puna, to the high Andean west, is dry and with great temperature fluctuation but cold overall, frequently falling below freezing point at night;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Yungas, to the east, are tropical, very hot and moist.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=11}}
{{double image|right|Iguaçu Falls - Ponto de Observação.JPG|200|PeritoMoreno002.jpg|229|<center>[[Tropical climate]] in [[Iguazú Falls]], [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]].</center>|<center>[[Subpolar climate]] in [[El Calafate]], Western [[Patagonia]].</center>}}
* Mesopotamia is subtropical overall, with hot and very humid tropical climate in the north,{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=203}} and gradually becoming temperate and semi-humid to the south.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=6}}
* Gran Chaco has very hot subtropical to tropical climate,{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=22|ps=: "In [[Rivadavia (Chaco)|Rivadavia]], a small town in [[Chaco Province]], temperatures have reached {{convert|49|C|0|abbr=on}}. [As of 2009 this] is the highest temperature ever recorded in South America."}} and humid summers with mild drier winters. With heavy seasonal rainfalls,{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=6}} it is subject to periodic droughts.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|pp=56–57}}
* Cuyo is generally mild, although mountainous areas have [[alpine climate]] with temperatures below freezing much of the year.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=17}}
* Pampas and Sierras Pampeanas are temperate, with hot, stormy summers and cool winters; moisture is higher in the east.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}
* Patagonia is very windy, with mild summers and cold{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} to very cold winters{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=25|ps=: "[Sarmiento, the] small town in the [[Chico River Canyon]] of [[Chubut Province]] holds [as of 2009] the record for the lowest temperature in South America, a bone chilling {{convert|-27.22|C|0|abbr=on}}."}} with heavy snowfall and frost,{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} especially in mountainous zones.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=73}} Precipitation steeply diminishes from west to east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=7}}

Major wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front, warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}
The [[Sudestada]] usually moderates cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding. It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in the Río de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}
The [[Zonda wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''viento blanco'') conditions usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}

==Politics==
{{main|Politics of Argentina}}

===Government===
{{main|Government of Argentina}}
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px #ddd solid;"
|+ '''Government of Argentina'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:120px;"|[[File:Argentine National Congress (Pedestrians digitally removed) (8081437098).jpg|border|x90px]] [[Palace of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]] Seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]]
| style="width:120px;"|[[File:Casa de Gobierno 002.jpg|border|x90px]] [[Casa Rosada]] Workplace of the [[President of Argentina|President]]
| style="width:120px;"|[[File:Palacio de Justicia de la Nación 02.jpg|border|x90px]] [[Palace of Justice (Argentina)|Palace of Justice]] [[Argentine Supreme Court|Supreme Court]]
|}
Argentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country's supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages 16 and 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|publisher=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D. C.|date=1 November 2012|archiveurl=|archivedate=|deadurl=no}}</ref>}}

The federal government is composed of three branches:
* [[Legislature|Legislative]]: The [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]] and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, makes [[federal law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}}
** The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45, 47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70.
** The Chamber of Senators represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must be women.
* [[Executive (government)|Executive]]: The [[President of Argentina|President]] is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative bills]] before they become law—subject to Congressional override—and appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]] by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}
* [[Judiciary|Judicial]]: The [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President—subject to Senate approval—who serve for life. The lower courts' judges are proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]] (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers, the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}

===Provinces===
{{main|Provinces of Argentina}}
{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by population}}
{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}
Argentina is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]], except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes of Buenos Aires|communes]].

Provinces hold all the power that they chose not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 5–6}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures, while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]], and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}

During the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]]. The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen provinces became fourteen.
After seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}

An 1862 law designated as [[national territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}
The agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuquén Province|Neuquén]], [[Río Negro Province|Río Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became the Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}
{{clear}}

===Foreign relations===
{{main|Foreign relations of Argentina}}
[[File:Diplomatic missions of Argentina.png|thumb|250px|Argentine diplomatic missions:
<div style="font-size:90%;">
{{legend4|#22b14c|Argentina}}
{{legend4|#2f3699|Nations hosting a resident diplomatic mission}}
{{legend4|#b9b9b9|Nations without a resident diplomatic mission}}
</div>]]
Foreign policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].

An historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15, 92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of conflicts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm|title=Argentina in Brief – Foreign Policy|publisher=Embassy of Argentina in Australia|place=Canberra|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm|archivedate=26 April 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>
The country is one of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].
In 2012 [[United Nations Security Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo 'Symbol of Argentina's Commitment to Peace'|publisher=United Nations – Secretary General|place=New York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5 June 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref>

A prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the former president Néstor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary General]].
It is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block—which has some supranational legislative functions—is its first international priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}

Argentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}} in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world's oldest [[Orcadas Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundación Marambio|place=Buenos Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2 December 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]], though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]], of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member, with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS – Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013|archiveurl=|archivedate=|deadurl=no}}</ref>

Argentina [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].

===Armed forces===
{{main|Armed Forces of Argentina}}
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px #ddd solid;"
|+ '''Argentine Armed Forces'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:120px;"|[[File:Tanque TAM.jpg|border|x90px]] [[Argentine Army]] [[Tanque Argentino Mediano|TAM VCA 155 Palmaria]]
| style="width:120px;"|[[File:B52ARAHercules.jpg|border|x90px]] [[Argentine Navy]] [[ARA Hércules (B-52)]]
| style="width:120px;"|[[File:Argentina Air Force McDonnell Douglas A-4AR Fightinghawk Lofting-2.jpg|border|x90px]] [[Argentine Air Force]] [[Lockheed Martin A-4AR Fightinghawk|A-4AR Fightinghawk]]
|}

The President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation between national defense and internal security systems:<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 de mayo de 1988}}</ref><ref name=lsi>{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 – Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17 de enero de 1992}}</ref>
* The [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 125–126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]], the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina – Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3 November 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses' Defense Committees,<ref name=resdal>{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean – Argentina|publisher=RESDAL – Red de Seguridad y Defensa de América Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8 May 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> it is organized on the essential principle of legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity.<ref name=resdal/> Its secondary missions include committing to multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing a sub-regional defense system.<ref name=resdal/>
:[[Military service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and no [[conscription]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina – Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3 November 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> Argentina's defense has historically been one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65–86}} However, real military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina – Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi – SIPRI – Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6 September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> below the Latin American average.
* The [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered by the federal and subscribing provincial governments.<ref name=lsi/> At the federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]] and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress.<ref name=lsi/> It is enforced by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and the [[Airport Security Police]].<ref>{{cite Argentine law|d=18711 – Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 de junio de 1970}}</ref> At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security ministries and enforced by local police agencies.<ref name=lsi/>

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Argentina}}
{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}
[[File:Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2014-11-22 WTourAR AA 30.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Puerto Madero]], Buenos Aires]]

Benefiting from rich [[natural resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base, and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin America's third-largest.<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7 March 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> It has a [[List of countries by Human Development Index|"very high"]] rating on the Human Development Index<ref name=hdi/> and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high GDP per capita]],<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work= World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2 November 2014}}</ref> with a considerable [[internal market]] size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.<ref name=legatum/>

[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]
A [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]] and one of the world's top developing nations,<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25 July 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.<ref name=undp2013/>}} Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however, its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating with severe recessions, income maldistribution and—in the recent decades—increasing poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world's seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady decline and now it's just an upper middle-income country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data–Argentina|publisher=World Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4 April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

High [[inflation]]—a weakness of the Argentine economy for decades—has become a trouble once again, with rates in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing heated public debate over manipulated statistics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|work=Reuters|place=London|date=25 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5 March 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina|title=Official statistics: Don't lie to me, Argentina|work=The Economist|place=London|date=25 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina|archivedate=7 December 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> [[Income distribution]], having improved since 2002, is classified as "medium", still considerably unequal.<ref name=gini>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate= 19 February 2015}}</ref>

Argentina ranks 102nd out of 178 countries in the [[Transparency International]]'s 2012 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://files.transparency.org/content/download/537/2229/file/2012_CPI_brochure_EN.pdf|format=PDF|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2012|publisher=Transparency International|year=2012}}</ref> While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina's payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to "Vulture funds" the full value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.<ref name="ArgentinaBonds">{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31 July 2014|publisher=''Argentina News.Net''}}</ref>

===Industry===
{{main|Industry in Argentina}}
[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] it was the first nuclear power plant in [[Latin America]].<ref>[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf Brittle Power], p. 144.</ref>. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha I]] and the [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha II]].]]

{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP—the largest goods-producing sector in the nation's economy.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls|format=XLS|title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad|publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls|archivedate=10 April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> Well-integrated into Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.<ref name=infoeco1/>

With a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in 2011}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10 March 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> the diversified manufacturing sector rests on a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3 December 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing|title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing|publisher=Digital Guardian|place=Port of Spain|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing|archivedate=9 November 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>

{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather; [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery; home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording and print media.<ref name=infoeco1/> In addition, Argentina has since long been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.<ref name=infoeco1/> However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].<ref>[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]</ref> The ILAB's ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'' clearly shows that Argentina's [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]] relies heavily on such practices.

Córdoba is Argentina's major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]] area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]] (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and tanning); San Miguel de Tucumán (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicolás de los Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bahía Blanca]] (oil refining).<ref name=eotn2>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina – Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27 September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>
Other manufacturing enterprises are located in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting, and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuquén (wineries and fruit processing); Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)<ref name=eotn2/>

The electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}} totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed by industrial activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA – International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803085612/http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|archivedate=3 August 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Argentina}}
[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin America]] after [[Mexico]].<ref name=UNWTO2014>{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}}</ref> Revenues from international tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion in 2012.<ref name=UNWTO2014 /> The country's capital city, [[Buenos Aires]], is the most visited city in [[South America]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos|title=México DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos turísticos favoritos|publisher=Infobae América|language=Spanish|date=June 2011|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref>

{{double image|right|Cavalli Al Pascolo Ai Piedi Del Massiccio Del Fitz Roy, Patagonia.jpg|205|Basecat.JPG|225|<center>[[El Chaltén]] named Argentina's Trekking Capital or Capital Nacional del Trekking. It is located at the base of [[Cerro Torre]] and [[Cerro Fitz Roy]].|<center>[[Bariloche]], the largest ski centre in [[Latin America]]. The city emerged as a major tourism centre with trekking and [[mountaineering]] facilities.</center>}}

Tourist destinations:
* Autonomous City of [[Tourism in Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], the capital of the Nation.
* [[Iguazú National Park]], waterfalls and jungle.
* [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]], Andes mountains and main wine producing region.
* [[Bariloche]], the largest ski centre in Latin America, and [[Villa La Angostura]].
* [[Los Alerces National Park]] in central Patagonia.
* [[Los Glaciares National Park]], glaciers.
* [[Ushuaia]], southernmost city in the world.
* [[Mar del Plata]], seaside beach resort.
* [[Salta Province|Salta]], Inca and colonial sites in [[Quebrada de Humahuaca|Humahuaca]], the [[Calchaquí Valleys]], [[Iruya]], [[Pucará de Tilcara|Tilcara]], and other cities of the North.
* [[Valdes Peninsula]], sea lions, elephant seals and fur seals, Magellanic penguins and Southern right whales.
* [[Sierras de Córdoba]], mild climate and landscapes ranging from the bucolic and wild.
* [[Ischigualasto]], strange landscape where there is a shortage of vegetation and more varied palette of soils.
* [[El Chaltén]], mountain village and [[El Calafate]], city with beautiful attractions and ski centers.

{{wide image|43 - Iguazu - Décembre 2007.jpg|1300px|[[Iguazu Falls]], Misiones, in [[Argentina-Brazil relations|Argentina-Brazil border]], is the second most popular destination for foreign tourists who come to Argentina. The waterfalls are in 80% in the Argentine side, and only 20% belonging to Brazil.}}

===Transport===
{{main|Transport in Argentina}}
{{Multiple image
|align =right
|direction=vertical
|width =210
|image1=Panorama general de Echeverría.jpg
|caption1=
|image2=O & K - Siemens-Schuckert Línea H.jpg
|caption2=[[Buenos Aires Underground]], was the first underground railway in [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish speaking world]],<ref>[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron 100 años del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.</ref> with the [[Madrid Metro]] opening five years later.<ref name="Perfil">[http://www.perfil.com/sociedad/La-historia-de-100-aos-del-primer-subte-de-America-del-Sur-20131201-0074.html La historia de 100 años del primer subte de América del Sur] - Perfil, 1 December 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.metromadrid.es/en/conocenos/quienes_somos/Historia/1919.html Background and Inauguration in 1919] - Metro de Madrid]</ref>
}}

Argentina has the largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}}, out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina – Railways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7 April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.<ref name=eotn1>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina – Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27 September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]] in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through Buenos Aires.<ref name=eotn1/> The system has been in decline since the 1940s: regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting 1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973.<ref name=eotn1/> However, in recent years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling stock and infrastructure.<ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km Desde hoy, toda la línea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February, 2015</ref><ref>[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/ Exitosa prueba en la renovada vía a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March, 2015</ref> In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]], effectively re-nationalising the country's railways, a move which saw support from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.<ref>[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html Otro salto en la recuperación de soberanía] - Pagina/12, 16 April 2015</ref><ref>[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/ Es ley la creación de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April 2015</ref><ref>[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeció a la oposición parlamentaria por acompañar en su recuperación] - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April 2015</ref>

{{As of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia, and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}} of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina – Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14 October 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> Most important cities are linked by a growing number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La Plata Highway|Buenos Aires–La Plata]], [[Rosario-Córdoba Highway|Rosario–Córdoba]], Córdoba–Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes–Mendoza, [[National Route 14|National Route 14 ''General José Gervasio Artigas'']] and [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''Juan Manuel Fangio'']], among others.
Nevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the railway system.<ref name=eotn1/>

{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina – Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1 November 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> mostly comprising the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Zárate, Buenos Aires|Zárate]], [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]] and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.
Some of the largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]–[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]], Bahía Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequén]]–[[Necochea]], [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and [[San Antonio Oeste]].
Buenos Aires has historically been the most important port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant: stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paraná river shore in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}} accounted for 50% of all exports.

{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were 161 airports with paved runways<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina – Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1 November 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> out of more than a thousand.<ref name=eotn1/> The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport|Cataratas del Iguazú]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El Plumerillo]] in Mendoza.<ref name=eotn1/> [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24–25}}

===Media and communications===
{{main|Communications in Argentina}}
[[File:Estudio Pais1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|"''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of the Argentines''" in [[TV Pública Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]], the first television station in the country.|alt=]]
Print media industry is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The major national ones include ''[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]'' (centrist, Latin America's best-seller and the second most widely circulated in the Spanish-speaking world), ''[[La Nación (Buenos Aires)|La Nación]]'' (center-right, published since 1870), ''[[Página/12]]'' (leftist, founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America's most prestigious English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''[[La Voz del Interior]]'' (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and the ''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'' (German weekly, liberal, published since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}

Argentina began [[History of radio|the world's first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard Wagner]]'s ''[[Parsifal]]'' was aired by a team of medical students led by [[Enrique Telémaco Susini]] in Buenos Aires' [[Teatro Coliseo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23 May 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered radio stations in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina–Infraestructura|publisher=Mi Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23 July 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>

The [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]] industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC – Latin American Network Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13 November 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the country's households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada and Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetración TV paga en hogares 2014 – Argentina|publisher=LAMAC – Latin American Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2 May 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile phone subscriptions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South America|publisher=IWS–ITU – Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2 April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

===Science and technology===
{{Main|Science and technology in Argentina}}

{{double image|right|Aquarius rotating.jpg|170|Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|170|<center>[[SAC-D]] is an argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]] and launched in 2011.</center>}}

Argentines have three Nobel Prize laureates in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them, discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating [[glucose]] in animals. [[César Milstein]] did extensive research in [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully implanted in a human being in 1969. [[René Favaloro]] developed the techniques and performed the world's first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass surgery]].

Argentina's nuclear programme has been highly successful. In 1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]]. This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina's nuclear programme conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s; since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title= Brazil and Argentina's Nuclear Cooperation|author= Argüello, Irma |date= 8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}</ref> As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation efforts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}}</ref> and is highly committed to global nuclear security.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010}}{{Dead link|date=August 2014}}</ref> In 1974 it was the first country in Latin America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]], finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha II]] reactor a 40%.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php |title= Atucha III se construirá con un 60% de componentes nacionales |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino| language= Spanish}}{{Dead link|date=August 2014}}</ref>

Despite its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr. [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]] as well as [[René Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]], an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].

Space research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), Víctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociación Argentina de Tecnología Espacial}}</ref> and those developed by [[CONAE]], the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/ |title='Argentine satellite SAC-D' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento 24}}{{Dead link|date=August 2014}}</ref> Argentina has its own satellite programme, nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.<ref name=science>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar</ref> Established in 1991, the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,<ref>[http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html satellites]{{Dead link|date=August 2014}}. CONAE. Retrieved on 25 October 2012.</ref> in June 2009, secured an agreement with the [[European Space Agency]] on for the installation of a 35-m diameter antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]], the world's foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre Auger Observatory}}{{dead link|date=June 2015}}</ref> The facility will contribute to numerous ESA space probes, as well as CONAE's own, domestic research projects. Chosen from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA to ensure mission coverage around the clock <ref>[http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670 Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved on 25 October 2012.</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Argentina}}
{{See also|Argentine people}}
[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|[[Balvanera]], filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]
In the {{census-ar|2001}}, Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.<ref name="pop2009">{{cite web|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015|work=Gustavo Pérez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{Dead link|date=August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas|language=Spanish|publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/| archivedate= 15 June 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Argentina ranks third in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually, with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.<ref name=cia>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html|title=Argentina|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090830153530/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html| archivedate= 30 August 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

The proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America's lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in [[Spain]] or [[Italy]], compared here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.''</ref> The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]] at birth is 77.14 years.<ref name=cia/>

Argentina became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date= 15 July 2010|accessdate=15 July 2010 | first=Juan | last=Forero}}</ref> It was the tenth country to allow [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref>

===Ethnography===
{{main|Ethnography of Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}
[[File:Norwegian Argentine kids.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Norwegian-Argentine children, during the celebration of the National Day of [[Norway]].]]
[[File:Europeans in Argentina (1914).svg|thumb|200px|Percent of European-born people in Argentina, by provinces and territories, according to the 1914 Argentine Census]]
As with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]], [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]] and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], it is considered that Argentina is a country of immigrants.<ref name=encuesta>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Coke">{{cite pmid|7815439}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669|title=About Argentina|publisher=Government of Argentina| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669| archivedate= 19 September 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Argentines usually refer to the country as a ''crisol de razas'' (crucible of races, or [[melting pot]]).

During the 18th and 19th centuries especially, Argentina was the country with the second biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the [[USA]] in the numbers of immigrants received (27 millions) and ahead of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.<ref name="ref1">https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf</ref><ref name="ref2">https://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf</ref>

Strikingly, at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief is endured in the popular saying ''"los argentinos descienden de los barcos"'' (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850–1955),<ref name="Lizcano">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fernández, Francisco Lizcano|year=2007}}</ref><ref name=statesmen>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }}</ref> with a great majority of these immigrants coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants came from [[Italy]] and [[Spain]].<ref>

− [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf Capítulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS – Informe 1998</ref> The majority of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups with an Italian majority (55% of Argentines have [[Italian people|Italian]] origins), followed by [[Spanish people|Spanish]] plurality. An estimated 17% of the population also have [[French people|French]] origins, and 8% descend from [[German people|German]]s.{{cn|date=July 2015}}

Argentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]] and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[White people]], just like in the [[USA]] Census). The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}}</ref> and [[Korean people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community that traces back to the early 20th century also exists.

A study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist Daniel Corach, has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed by 79% from different European, mainly Italian and Spanish ethnicity, 18% of different ethnicities Native American, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups, and 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was Indian.<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com">[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA - Corach - 2009 - Annals of Human Genetics - Wiley Online Library]</ref><ref>[http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 número2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004]</ref>

From the 1970s, immigration has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm "El varieté de la calle Florida"] (Editorial) – [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] {{es icon}}</ref> The Argentine government estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched a program<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}}</ref> to encourage illegal immigrants to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas —so far over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior – Sociedad – |publisher=Perfil.com}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{main|Languages of Argentina}}
[[File:Dialectos del español en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]
The ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|name=es}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}
The country is the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs ''[[voseo]]'', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''vos'' instead of ''tú'' ("you"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.
Due to the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions, although the prevalent dialect is ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'', primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to [[Neapolitan language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107–119}} Italian and other European immigrants influenced ''[[Lunfardo]]''—the regional slang—permeating the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.

There are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:
* English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{cn|date=July 2015}}
* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called ''[[cocoliche]]'', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the late 19th century.}}
* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}
* [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''.}}
* [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25–26, 49–50}}
* [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''de jure'') and Misiones.<ref name=gn>{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 de octubre de 2004}}</ref>
* [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}
* [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].
* [[Quechua language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}
* [[Wichí languages|Wichí]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]], it is official ''de jure''.<ref name=kom>{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28 de julio de 2010}}</ref>
* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}
* [[Japanese language|Japanese]], by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}
* [[Aymara language|Aymara]], by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}
* [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}
* [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]], in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}

===Religion===
{{main|Religion in Argentina}}
[[File:Pape-françois-en-Papamobile-en-Corée.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Pope Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised in Argentina.|alt=]] [[File:Catedral de San Carlos de Bariloche.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of San Carlos de Bariloche|Cathedral of Bariloche]], the biggest in the [[Argentine Patagonia]].|alt=]]
The Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}} it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a differential status.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting frequencies.<ref name=irfr1/>}}

According to a CONICET poll, Argentines are 76.5% Catholic, 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s; 1.2% follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irrazábal|2008|p=9}}

The country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]<ref name=irfr1>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2012 – Argentina|publisher=US Department of State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12 April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}} Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].<ref name=irfr1/>

Argentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irrazábal|2008|p=21}} 23.8% of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and 26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irrazábal|2008|p=24}}

On 13 March 2013, Argentine [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Jorge Mario Bergoglio]] was elected as [[Pope of the Catholic Church]] and took the name "Francis", becoming the first pope from the [[Americas]] and from the Southern Hemisphere, the first non-European pope in 1272 years, and the first [[Jesuit]] one.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The New York Times|publisher=|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26 March 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

===Urbanization===
{{see also|List of cities in Argentina by population}}
Argentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its population living in cities:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2 November 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> the ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population.
About 3 million people live in the city of Buenos Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.<ref name=majorcities>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484|title=About Argentina – Major Cities|publisher=Government of Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|date=19 September 2009| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484| archivedate=19 September 2009|deadurl=yes}}</ref>

The metropolitan areas of Córdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each.<ref name=majorcities/> Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucumán, La Plata, Mar del Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.<ref name=majorcities/>

The population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21% of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province. The provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have 3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucumán is the only Argentine province more densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language = Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}</ref>
{{Largest cities of Argentina}}

===Education===
{{main|Education in Argentina}}
[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]
The Argentine education system consists of four levels:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El Sistema Educativo – Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio de Educación – Presidencia de la Nación|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26 February 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>
* An initial level for children between 45 days to 5 years old, with the last year being compulsory.
* An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy rate]] was 98.07%.<ref name=educ1>{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Población de 10 años y más por condición de alfabetismo y sexo, según provincia. Año 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26 February 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>
* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.<ref name=educ2>{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total del país. Población de 5 años y más que asistió a un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educación alcanzado y completud del nivel, según sexo y grupo de edad. Año 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26 February 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>
* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]] across the country, as well as 46 private ones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educación – Presidencia de la Nación|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9 February 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people over age 20 had graduated from university.<ref name=educ2/> The public universities of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de Córdoba|Córdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]], [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological University]] are some of the most important.

The Argentine state guarantees universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across all educational stages.

===Health care===
{{Main|Health care in Argentina}}
[[File:Plaza Houssay Av Córdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country's 3,000 medical graduates, annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/ |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/| archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>]]
Health care is provided through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''Obras Sociales''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over 300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.<ref name=iadb>{{cite web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}</ref>

There are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).<ref name=deis>[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf ESTADISTICAS VITALES – INFORMACION BASICA AÑO 2008]. Ministry of Health (December 2009)</ref><ref name=undata>[http://undata.un.org/ UNData]</ref> The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations': from 1953 to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23% of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from 7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]] diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.<ref name=deis/><ref name=un57>''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''</ref>

The availability of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live births in 1948<ref name=un97>''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics. 1997''.</ref> to 12.1 in 2009<ref name=deis/> and raised [[life expectancy|life expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76.<ref name=un97/> Though these figures compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.<ref name=undata/>

==Culture==
{{main|Culture of Argentina}}
{{see also|List of Argentines}}
[[File:Frente del Café Tortoni.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Café Tortoni]], is the most representative [[coffeehouse]] of the traditional spirit of the [[Avenida de Mayo|May Avenue]], and is already a legend of the city of [[Buenos Aires City|Buenos Aires]].]]
Argentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural country]] with significant European influences. Its cities are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent, and of conscious imitation of European styles in fashion, architecture and design. Modern Argentine culture has been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]] and other European immigration like [[France]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]], [[Germany]]. among others. Argentina is largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent, and of conscious imitation of European styles in [[Architecture of Argentina|architecture]].<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Argentina''. Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres.although there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]] influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.
Argentine writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina as follows:
{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition: because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''Patria Grande'' San Martín and Bolívar once imagined.
|author=[[Ernesto Sabato]]
|source=''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'' (1976)<ref>Sabato, Ernesto (1976). ''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'', Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, p. 17-18.</ref>}}

===Literature===
{{main|Argentine literature}}
[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cortázar]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic image showing the four photographs]]
Although Argentina's rich literary history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence with [[Esteban Echeverría]]'s ''El Matadero'', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]] landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century's Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]]' ''[[Martín Fierro]]'' and the elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]'s masterpiece, ''[[Facundo]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}

The [[Modernist literature|Modernist]] movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo Güiraldes]]'s ''[[Don Segundo Sombra]]'' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}

[[Jorge Luis Borges]], Argentina's most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''[[Ficciones]]'' and ''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'' are among his most famous books. He was a friend and collaborator with [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]], who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''[[The Invention of Morel]]''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}
[[Julio Cortázar]], one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}}

Other highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Martínez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel Mujica Láinez]], [[Ernesto Sábato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo Walsh]], [[María Elena Walsh]], [[Tomás Eloy Martínez]], [[Manuel Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66, 85, 97–121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=Díaz|3y=2010|3pp=22, 91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51–54}}

===Music===
{{main|Music of Argentina}}
{{double image|left|Gardel color.jpg|117|Orquesta Estudiantil de Buenos Aires (7983428800).jpg|270|<center>[[Carlos Gardel]], the most prominent figure in the [[history of tango]].</center>|<center>The [[Argentine National Symphony Orchestra]],performs [[Gustav Mahler]]'s [[Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)|Symphony No. 2]].</center>}}
[[Tango]], a ''[[Río de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'' musical genre with European and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina's international cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}
The golden age of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]] in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]], [[Aníbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan d'Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}
After 1955, virtuoso [[Ástor Piazzolla]] popularized ''[[Nuevo tango]]'', a subtler and more intellectual trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}
Tango enjoys worldwide popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and [[Tanghetto]].

Argentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer; [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]], pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director; [[José Cura]] and [[Marcelo Álvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s [[Jorge Donn]], [[José Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''Maximiliano Guerra'', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela Núñez]], [[Iñaki Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}

A national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.

The [[romantic ballad]] genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de América]].

[[Argentine rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.
Founding bands like [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]] were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]] and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andrés Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto Spinetta]], [[Charly García]], [[Fito Paez]] and [[León Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}

[[Tenor saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro "Gato" Barbieri]] and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.

===Theatre===
{{main|Theatre in Argentina}}
[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|235px|[[Teatro Colón]], the third best opera house in the world.|alt=View of the theatre's stage]]
Buenos Aires is one of the great theater capitals of the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|publisher=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19 April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558|title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City|publisher=Radar Magazine|date=10 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558|archivedate=3 May 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> with a scene of international caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], "the street that never sleeps", sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics are considered among the world's top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}}{{efn-ua|The other top venues being Berlin's [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna's [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam's [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston's [[Symphony Hall, Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}}}} Other important theatrical venues include [[Teatro General San Martín]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]] in La Plata, [[Teatro El Círculo|El Círculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]] in Córdoba.
[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the most prominent Argentine playwrights.

Argentine theatre traces its origins to Viceroy [[Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo]]'s creation of the colony's first theatre, ''La Ranchería'', in 1783. In this stage, in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''Siripo'' had its premiere. ''Siripo'' is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet Manuel José de Lavardén, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the [[Río de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''La Ranchería'' theatre operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation's longest-continuously operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century. The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Colón Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage performances. Antonio Petalardo's successful 1871 gambit on the opening of the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.

===Cinema===
{{main|Cinema of Argentina}}
The Argentine film industry has historically been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].<ref>Carl J. Mora, "[http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]" (1982) ISBN 0520043049</ref><ref>[http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php Argentina - Cultura - Cine]{{dead link|date=June 2015}} ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]) by [http://www.argentina.ar/ Argentina.ar], October 16, 2011</ref> Started in 1896; by the early 1930s it had already become Latin America's leading film producer, a place it kept until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world's first [[list of animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28 September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>
{{double image|right|Bérénice Bejo Cannes 2013 2.jpg|150|Marcelo Pont Vergés.jpg|144|<center>[[Berenice Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in 2011.</center>|<center>The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won the [[Academy Award]] for that film.</center>}}

Argentine films have achieved worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], with ''[[The Official Story]]'' (1985) and ''[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]'' (2009) with seven nominations:
*[[The Truce (1974 film)|The Truce]] (''La Tregua'') in 1974
*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''Camila'') in 1984
*[[The Official Story]] (''La Historia Oficial'') in 1985
*[[Tango (1998 film)|Tango]] (''Tango'') in 1998
*[[Son of the Bride]] (''El hijo de la novia'') in 2001
*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''El Secreto de sus Ojos'') in 2009
*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''Relatos Salvajes'') in 2015

In addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''Armando Bo'' and ''Nicolás Giacobone'' have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015. Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[Berenice Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] and won her the [[César Award for Best Actress]] and won the award for [[Best Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] for her role in the film ''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''.<ref name="CannesAwards">{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate= 26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}</ref>

Argentina also has won fifteen [[Goya Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film]] with ''[[A King and His Movie]]'' (1986), ''[[A Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'' (1992), ''[[Gatica, el mono|Gatica, el Mono]]'' (1993), ''[[Autumn Sun]]'' (1996), ''[[Ashes of Paradise]]'' (1997), ''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'' (1998), ''[[Plata Quemada|Burnt Money]]'' (2000), ''[[The Escape (2001 film)|The Escape]]'' (2001), ''[[Intimate Stories]]'' (2003), ''[[Blessed by Fire]]'' (2005), ''[[The Hands]]'' (2006), ''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'' (2007), ''[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]'' (2009), ''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'' (2011), ''[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'' (2014), being by far the most awarded in [[Latin America]]. and twenty two nominations.

Many other Argentine films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]'' (1984), ''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'' (1986), ''[[A Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'' (1992), ''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]'' (1997), ''[[Nine Queens]]'' (2000), ''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]'' (2002), ''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'' (2004), ''[[The Aura]]'' (2005), ''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'' (2011) and ''[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'' (2014) being some of them.

{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market Study – Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11 June 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

===Visual arts===
{{See also|Argentine painting}}
[[File:Fuente de las Nereidas by Lola Mora 03.JPG|thumb|200px|Detail of ''The Nereids Fountain'' by [[Lola Mora]].|alt=Carrara marble sculpture showing the Nereids helping the birth of Venus]]
Some of the best-known Argentine painters are [[Cándido López]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Naïve art|Naïve style]]); [[Ernesto de la Cárcova]] and [[Eduardo Sívori]] ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[Pío Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós]] ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barragán]] ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]); [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Košice]] ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''Carlos Torrallardona'', ''Luis Aquino'', and ''Alfredo Gramajo Gutiérrez'' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]] ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tomás Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract art]]); [[León Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minujín]] ([[Conceptual art]]); and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).

In 1946 Gyula Košice and others created The [[Madí Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}</ref>
Tomás Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential globally.

Other Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]], whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito Quinquela Martín]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.

Internationally laureate sculptors [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.

===Architecture===
{{main|Architecture of Argentina}}
{{Multiple image
|align =left
|direction=vertical
|width =210
|image1=Tucuman-CasaGobierno1.jpg
|caption1=[[Eclecticism in architecture|Eclectic]] style in the [[Tucumán Government Palace]].
|image2=Catedral Metropolitana, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2014-11-22 WTourAR AA 11.jpg
|caption2=[[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] style in [[Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral]].
}}
The colonization brought the [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler ''Rioplatense'' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San Ignacio Miní]], the [[Cathedral of Córdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral of Córdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luján. Italian and French influences increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]] overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23 January 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

Numerous Argentine architects have enriched their own country's cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]] and [[Viktor Sulčič]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]] were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[César Pelli]]'s and [[Patricio Pouchulu]]'s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities worldwide: Pelli's 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made him one of the world's most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]] and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.

===Cuisine===
{{main|Argentine cuisine}}
[[File:Bife de chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''[[asado]]'', a traditional dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]
Besides many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe, Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]] creations, including ''[[empanada]]s'' (a small stuffed pastry), ''[[locro]]'' (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''[[humita]]'' and ''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199, 221}}

The country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|publisher=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee, WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2 December 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> traditionally prepared as ''[[asado]]'', the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including ''[[chorizo]]'', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}

Common desserts include ''[[facturas]]'' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]] pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''[[dulce de leche]]'' (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''[[alfajor]]es'' (shortbread cookies sandwiched together with chocolate, ''dulce de leche'' or a fruit paste), and ''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80, 143}}

[[Argentine wine]], one of the world's finest,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11 December 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> is an integral part of the local menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torrontés]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230, 252, 261–262, 265}}
<Gallery perrow="6">
File:Budín de pan.jpg|[[Bread pudding]]
File:Arrolladodleche.jpg|[[Pionono]]
File:Vitello tonnato.jpg|[[Vitel toné]], it is considered a traditional [[Christmas dish]]
File:Empanada Gourmet.jpg|[[Empanadas]]
File:Milanesa.jpg|[[Milanesa]]
File:Kaa mate.JPG|[[Mate (beverage)|Mate]]
</Gallery>

===Sport===
{{main|Sport in Argentina}}
[[File:Messi in Germany and Argentina face off in the final of the World Cup 2014 -2014-07-13 (24).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Lionel Messi]], four times [[FIFA Ballon d'Or]] winner, is the current captain of the [[Argentina national football team]]]]

Argentina has a varied sporting culture, with a rich story among the world's elite in several disciplines, including:
* ''[[Pato]]'': the [[national sport]],<ref name=pato1>{{cite Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 de septiembre de 1953|bo=17490}}</ref> an ancient horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124–125}}<ref name=pato2>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php|title=Pato, Argentina's national sport|work=Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina|publisher=Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación|place=Buenos Aires|date=18 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php|archivedate=6 July 2011|deadurl=no|quote=In 1610, thirty years after [[Buenos Aires]]' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[Félix de Azara]] described a ''pato'' sport scene taking place in the city.}}</ref>
* [[Association Football|Football]]: {{as of|2014|lc=y}} the [[Argentina national football team|men's national team]] is, along with France's, the only to have won the most important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa América|Copas América]], 6 [[Football at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14–23}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are among the best players in the game's history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}
* [[Rugby Union|Rugby]]: {{as of|2014|lc=y}} the [[Argentina national rugby union team|men's national team]], known as 'Los Pumas' has competed at the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012 Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]] in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men's national 'A' team]] known as the 'Los Jaguares' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]] & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] 'A' teams along with [[Uruguay national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]], The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.
* [[Auto racing]]: [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning 102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171}} Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo Gálvez]], [[Juan Gálvez]], [[Froilán González]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171, 195}}
* [[Basketball]]: {{as of|2014|lc=y}} the [[Argentina national basketball team|men's national team]] is the only one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.<ref name=fiba1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina – Profile|publisher=FIBA – ''Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball'' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16 June 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> [[Emanuel Ginóbili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andrés Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and [[Juan Ignacio Sánchez]] are a few of the country's most acclaimed players, all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}
* [[Boxing]]: Argentina has produced some of the most formidable champions for the sport, including [[Carlos Monzón]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;<ref name=thering1>{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11|last=Fischer|first=Doug|title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years|publisher=The Ring|place=Blue Bell, PA, USA|date=30 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11|archivedate=15 June 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> [[Pascual Pérez (boxer)|Pascual Pérez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers of all times; [[Víctor Galíndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino Locche]], nicknamed "The Untouchable" for his masterful defense; they are all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodríguez|2009|pp=164–165}}
[[Image:Estadio Ciudad de La Plata 20140510 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Estadio Ciudad de La Plata|La Plata Stadium]], one of the most modern of Latin America, hosted a number of rugby matches of the [[The Rugby Championship|Rugby Championship]], which [[Argentina national rugby union team|Argentina]] joined in 2012.]]
* [[Tennis]]: [[Guillermo Vilas]], the greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}} and [[Gabriela Sabatini]], the most accomplished Argentine female player of all time—having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}} are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].<ref name=ithf1>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport, RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14 February 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>
* [[Field hockey]]: the [[Argentina women's national field hockey team|women's national team ''Las Leonas'']] is one of the world's most successful, with four Olympic medals, two World Cups and six [[Hockey Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of the game,<ref name=hwc1>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16 June 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> being the only person to have received the [[FIH Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.<ref name=fih1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH – ''Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12 December 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>
* [[Polo]]: where Argentina reigns undisputed, having won more international championships than any other country and been seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50–51}} The [[Argentine Polo Championship]] is the sport's most important international team trophy. The country is home to most of the world's top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}

===National symbols===
{{main|National symbols of Argentina}}
Some of Argentina's national symbols are defined by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.<ref name=natsymb>{{cite web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13 June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}</ref>
The [[Flag of Argentina]] consists of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|d=1650/2010 – Símbolos Nacionales|date=23 de noviembre de 2010|bo=32033|p=5}}</ref> The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in 1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234–235}} The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for official documents.<ref name=dec10302>{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 – Símbolos Nacionales|date=10 de mayo de 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}</ref>
The [[Argentine National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente López y Planes]] with music by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813.<ref name=dec10302/> The [[Cockade of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]] of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our Lady of Luján|The Virgin of Luján]] is Argentina's [[patron saint]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html|title=Nuestra Señora de Luján|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de la Nación – Efemérides Culturales Argentinas|place=Buenos Aires|date=|language=Spanish}}</ref>

The [[Furnarius rufus|''hornero'']], living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp|title=El Hornero|publisher=Red Argentina|place=Carlos Casares, Argentina|date=24 September 2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp|archivedate=13 November 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>
The [[Erythrina crista-galli|''ceibo'']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national tree]],<ref name=natsymb/><ref>{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25 de enero de 1943|bo=14519|p=5}}</ref> while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''quebracho colorado'']] is the national forest tree.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5 de septiembre de 1956}}</ref>
[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the [[national gemstone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la
República Argentina en la República de Colombia|place=Bogotá|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29 September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>
The national sport is ''pato''.<ref name=pato1/>

[[Argentine wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'', the national [[infusion]].<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 – Declárase al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 de agosto de 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=26871 – Declárase al Mate como infusión nacional|date=2 de agosto de 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}</ref>
''[[Asado]]'' and ''[[locro]]'' are considered the [[national dish]]es.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx|title=El asado|work=Via Restó|publisher=Grupo Clarín|place=Buenos Aires|date=28 April 2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx|archivedate=3 October 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php|title=Argentina–Gastronomia|publisher=Argentina – Portal oficial de promoción de la República Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|date=6 June 2008|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php|archivedate=27 July 2008|deadurl=no}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Argentina|Latin America}}
* [[Outline of Argentina]]
* [[International rankings of Argentina]]
* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]
* 
* 
* [[El Sonido de mi Tierra - The Great Dance of Argentina]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
;Legal documents
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php|title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation|authors=National Constituent Convention|place=Santa Fe|date=22 August 1994|ref={{harvid|Constitution of Argentina}}}}
{{refend}}

;Articles
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison Project Working Paper 4|publisher=|place=|year=2013|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism: Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|date=August 2004|pages=107–119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279–358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA – Acoustical Society of America|date=April 2009|pages=21–25|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andrés|title=A Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1–24|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan Cruz|last3=Irrazábal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|journal=|publisher=CONICET – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas|place=Buenos Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina: Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown, NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon|first1=Hussein|title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive Diplomacy|url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf|format=PDF|journal=|publisher=Centre for International Political Studies|place=Pretoria, South Africa|year=1997|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

;Books
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Abad de Santillán|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad de Santillán|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipográfica Editora Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59–84|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Björn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH–Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219–232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita, First Lady: A Biography of Eva Perón|publisher=Grove Press|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Bidart Campos|first=Germán J.|title=Manual de la Constitución Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International Monetary Fund 1990–1999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales históricos de la revolucion de la América latina, acompañados de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el año 1808 hasta el reconocimiento de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Díaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3–26|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho Político|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport, CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization, Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3–13|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35–58|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revolución de Mayo a la Asamblea de 1813–15|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY, USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M. Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=José O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina's foreign policy: domestic politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder, CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=María Mercedes|title=Geografía Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America and the World Economy, 1850–1914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86–96|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers UvA – Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51–76|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Raúl|title=Mi país, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=José Andrés|title=Santiago en sus letras: antología criticotemática de las letras santiagueñas|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia, PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Rodríguez|first=Robert G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=Ángel|authorlink=Ángel Rosenblat|title=El nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA – Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hernán|title=Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration, Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15–44|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sánchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica|place=Mexico D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen de la palabra "¿¡Argentina!?"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gráficas del Colegio San José|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia política de la Asociación Argentina de Ciencia Política|volume=2|title=Situación actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y económicos, en particular sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general interest|publisher=North–South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51–53|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}
;Government
* {{external link|url=http://www.argentina.gob.ar/|name=Argentina|official=yes|language=es}}

;Travel & tourism
* {{external link|url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm|name=Argentina Ministry of Tourism|official=yes}}
* {{external link|url=http://www.argentina.travel/en|name=National Institute of Tourism Promotion|official=yes}}

;Overview
* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}
* {{external link|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/|name=Argentina|site=[[Latin American Network Information Center]]}}
* {{external link|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm|name=Argentina|site=[[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries – University of Colorado Boulder]]}}
* {{external link|url=http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR|name=Key Development Forecasts for Argentina|site=[[International Futures]]}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}
* {{wikipedia books link|Argentina}}
* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}

{{Argentina topics|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Navboxes
|title=International membership
|list=
{{Andean Community of Nations}}
{{G15 nations}}
{{G-20}}
{{Mercosur/Mercosul (Southern Common Market)}}
{{Organization of American States}}
{{Union of South American Nations}}
{{World Trade Organization}}
{{Founding member states of the United Nations}}
}}
{{Countries of South America}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Argentina]]
[[Category:Countries in South America]]
[[Category:Federal constitutional republics]]
[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]
[[Category:G15 nations]]
[[Category:G20 nations]]
[[Category:Liberal democracies]]
[[Category:Member states of Mercosur]]
[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American Nations]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1816]]