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Twice exceptional

2024-11-15T16:41:28Z

TempusTacet: describe source

{{Short description|Term used for a gifted student who also possesses at least one disability}}

The term '''twice exceptional''', often abbreviated as '''2e''', entered educators' lexicons in the mid-1990s and refers to [[Intellectual giftedness|gifted students]] who have some form of learning or developmental disability.<ref name="Beckley">{{cite web |author=Beckley |first=Dawn |date=Spring 1998 |title=Gifted and Learning Disabled: Twice Exceptional Students |url=http://nrcgt.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/953/2015/05/spring98.pdf |access-date=July 23, 2017 |website=NRC/GT Newsletter |publisher=The National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented |pages=6 |publication-place=Storrs, CT}}</ref> These students are considered exceptional both because of their [[Intellectual giftedness|giftedness]] (e.g., intellectual, creative, perceptual, motor etc.) and because they are disabled (e.g., specific [[learning disability]], [[Neurodevelopmental disorder|neurodevelopmental disability]] etc.) or [[Neurodiversity|neurodivergent]]. Ronksley-Pavia (2015) presents a conceptual model of the co-occurrence of disability and giftedness.<ref name="Ronksley-Pavia 318–340">{{Cite journal |last=Ronksley-Pavia |first=Michelle |date=2015 |title=A Model of Twice-Exceptionality |journal=Journal for the Education of the Gifted |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=318–340 |doi=10.1177/0162353215592499 |s2cid=147854278 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10072/167548}}</ref>

A twice-exceptional child is one who, along with being considered gifted in comparison to same-age peers, is formally diagnosed with one or more disabilities.<ref name="National Education Association 2006">National Education Association, 2006. ''The Twice-Exceptional Dilemma.''Washington D.C.:NEA.</ref> Although twice-exceptional can refer to any general disability, it is often used to refer to students with learning disabilities. Research is not limited to these areas, and a more holistic view of is seen as helping to move the field forward.<ref name="Ronksley-Pavia 318–340"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Abramo|first=Joseph|date=June 2015|title=Gifted Students with Disabilities "Twice Exceptionality in the Classroom"|journal=Music Educators Journal|volume=4|pages=62–69|via=nafme.org|doi=10.1177/0027432115571367|s2cid=145430237}}</ref>

The learning associated disabilities can include [[dyslexia]], visual or [[auditory processing disorder]], [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]], [[sensory processing disorder]], [[autism]], [[Tourette syndrome]], and [[ADHD]]. Twice-exceptionality can also be associated with a diagnosis of [[anxiety]] or [[Clinical depression|depression]] or any other disability interfering with the student's ability to learn effectively in a traditional environment.<ref name="National Education Association 2006"/> For example, 19% of dyslexic students were found to be superiorly gifted in verbal reasoning.<ref>Berninger, V. W., & Abbott, R. D. (2013). Differences between children with dyslexia who are and are not gifted in verbal reasoning. ''Gifted Child Quarterly, 57''(4), 223–233.</ref> Often twice-exceptional children have multiple co-morbid disabilities that seem like a paradox to many parents and educators.<ref name="Ronksley-Pavia 318–340"/>

There is no clear-cut profile of twice-exceptional children because the nature and disabilities of twice exceptionality are so varied. This variation among twice-exceptional children makes it difficult to determine just how many of them there might be. Best estimates of prevalence range from 300,000<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baum|first1=S.M.|last2=Owen|first2=S.V.|title=To be gifted and learning disabled: Strategies for helping bright students with LD, ADHD and more|date=2004|publisher=Creative Learning Press|location=Mansfield Center, CT}}</ref> to 360,000<ref>{{cite book|last1=National Association for Gifted Children & Council of State Directors of Programs for Gifted|title=State of the states in gifted education: National policy and practical data|date=2011|location=Washington, DC}}</ref> in the U.S. (on the order of 0.5% of the total number of children under 18<ref>"In 2013, there were nearly 74 million children younger than 18 in the United States." [http://www.childtrends.org/?indicators=number-of-children ChildTrends Databank: Number of Children]. ChildTrends.org, last updated July 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2015.</ref>). Linda Silverman, Ph.D., the director of the Gifted Development Center has found that fully 1/6 of the gifted children tested at the GDC have a learning difference of some type.<ref>Silverman, Linda [www.gifteddevelopment.com/What_is_Gifted/learned.htm "What We Have Learned About Gifted Children"],''Gifted Development Center'', 2012.</ref> In Australia, in 2010 a conservative estimate of the number of twice-exceptional children was around 40,000,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270894725|title=An Empirical investigation of twice-exceptional research in Australia: Prevalence estimates for gifted children with disability (PDF Download Available)|website=ResearchGate|doi=10.13140/2.1.1456.4160|access-date=2017-10-13|last1=Ronksley-Pavia|first1=Michelle|year=2014|publisher=Unpublished}}</ref> or approximately 10% of gifted Australian children, although other estimates have placed this much higher at 30% of gifted Australian children as being twice-exceptional.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Munro|first=DR John|date=2002-06-01|title=Gifted learning disabled students|journal=Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities|volume=7|issue=2|pages=20–30|doi=10.1080/19404150209546698|s2cid=144978567|issn=1324-8928}}</ref>

==Misunderstood children==

Brody and Mills [1997] argue that this population of students "could be considered the most misunderstood of all exceptionalities".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brody|first1=L.E.|last2=Mills|first2=C.J.|title=Gifted Children with learning disabilities: a review of the issues|journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities|date=1997|volume=30|issue=3|pages=282–296|doi=10.1177/002221949703000304|pmid=9146095|s2cid=23515768}}</ref> In each situation, the twice-exceptional student's strengths help to compensate for deficits; the deficits, on the other hand, make the child's strengths less apparent<ref>Baum, S. & Owen, S. (2004). To Be Gifted & Learning Disabled: Strategies for Helping Bright Students with LD, ADHD, and More. Mansfield Center, CT: Creative Learning Press.</ref> although as yet there is no empirical research to confirm this theory. The interplay of exceptional strengths and weaknesses in a single individual results in inconsistency in performance. They might present any of the three profiles identified by educator and researcher Dr. Susan Baum:
* Bright but not trying hard enough
* Learning disabled but with no exceptional abilities
* Average
In the case of behavioral/socioemotional, rather than cognitive problems, both strengths and deficits can be intensified.
A twice-exceptional student's grades commonly alternate between high and low, sometimes within the same subject. The child might have advanced vocabulary and ideas but be unable to organize those ideas and express them on paper. They might be a skilled artist or builder but turn in assignments that are messy or illegible. They might complete assignments but lose them or forget to turn them in. To the parents and teachers observing this behavior, it may seem that the child just isn't trying. In fact, many twice-exceptional children work as hard if not harder than others, but with less to show for their efforts.
This struggle to accomplish tasks that appear easy for other students can leave twice-exceptional children frustrated, anxious, and depressed. It can rob them of their enthusiasm and energy for school and damage their self-esteem.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Identifying twice exceptionality==
Formal identification of twice exceptionality requires identification and formal clinical diagnosis of each of at least two separate underlying exceptionalities. Given the statistical rarity, wide variety of presentations, and practical access issues with obtaining adequate diagnostic assessments, it is not unusual for 2e children or adults in open society to have not been accurately identified or adequately diagnosed.

Children identified as twice exceptional can exhibit a wide range of traits, many of them typical of gifted children. Like those who are gifted, twice-exceptional children often show greater asynchrony than average children (that is, a larger gap between their [[mental age]] and physical age). They are often intense and highly sensitive to their emotional and physical environments. The following chart summarizes characteristics commonly seen in this population.

{| border=1; align="center" cellpadding=3px cellspacing=1px
|+ '''Some common characteristics of twice-exceptional children'''<ref>Higgins, L. D. & Nielsen, M. E. (2000). Responding to the Needs of Twice-Exceptional Learners: A School District and University's Collaborative Approach. In K. Kay, (Ed.), ''Uniquely Gifted: Identifying and Meeting the Needs of the Twice-Exceptional Student'' (pp. 287-303). Gilsum, NH: Avocus Publishing.</ref>
|-
! style="background:grey;color:white;"|'''Strengths'''
! style="background:grey;color:white;"|'''Deficits'''
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Superior vocabulary
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Poor social skills
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Advanced ideas and opinions
| style="border:1px grey" |
* High sensitivity to criticism
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* High levels of creativity and problem-solving ability
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Lack of organizational and study skills
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Extremely curious and inquisitive
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Discrepant verbal and performance skills
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Very imaginative and resourceful
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Manipulative
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Wide range of interests not related to school
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Poor performance in one or more academic areas
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Penetrating insight into complex issues
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Difficulty with written expression
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Specific talent or consuming interest area
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Stubborn, opinionated demeanor
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Sophisticated sense of humor
| style="border:1px grey" |
* High impulsivity
|}

<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Twice-Exceptionality: Parents' Perspectives on 2e Identification|journal = Roeper Review|date = 2015-10-02|issn = 0278-3193|pages = 208–218|volume = 37|issue = 4|doi = 10.1080/02783193.2015.1077911|first1 = Lynn|last1 = Dare|first2 = Elizabeth Agnes|last2 = Nowicki|s2cid = 143083931}}</ref> Twice exceptionality often does not show up until children are in school. In their early years, these children often seem very bright, with varied interests and advanced vocabularies (particularly with reference to same-age peers); and many times parents are unaware that they have a child with 2e. Teachers sometimes spot problems in school; sometimes parents are the first to notice their children's frustrations with school. During the early years it may be social difficulties. The 2e child may find it hard to make friends and fit in. Academic problems often appear later. As work demands increase, teachers may see a drop or inconsistencies in the student's performance, sometimes accompanied by an increase in problem behaviors. Some 2e students withdraw, showing reluctance to speak out or take other risks in class; while others play the class clown. Some are unable to stay focused, find it hard to sit still and work quietly, and have difficulty controlling anger or frustration.

If these difficulties persist, school personnel or parents may decide that evaluation is needed. Along with a physical examination, children may undergo psycho-educational testing to determine the cause of their struggles. The professionals who take part in the process should be knowledgeable about giftedness. Some characteristics of giftedness can look very much like those of a learning disability or disorder and, as a result, gifted children are sometimes incorrectly diagnosed with disorders.<ref>Webb, J.T.; Amend, E.R.; Webb, N.E.; Goerss, J.; Beljan, P.; Olenchak, F.R. (2005). The Misdiagnosis and Dual Diagnoses of Gifted Children and Adults: ADHD, Bipolar, OCD, Asperger's, Depression, and Other Disorders. Scottsdale, AZ: Great Potential Press.</ref> For instance, if a single IQ score is considered in the identification of giftedness, 2e individuals with learning disabilities are likely to be misidentified.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Atmaca |first1=Furkan |last2=Baloğlu |first2=Mustafa |date=October 2022 |title=The Two Sides of Cognitive Masking: A Three-Level Bayesian Meta-Analysis on Twice-Exceptionality |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00169862221110875 |journal=Gifted Child Quarterly |language=en |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=277–295 |doi=10.1177/00169862221110875 |s2cid=250975483 |issn=0016-9862}}</ref> Therefore, evaluation results should indicate the child's areas of strength and weakness and identify whether any disorders or learning disabilities are present. In addition, the results should include information on what the child needs in order to build on the strengths and compensate for the weaknesses that have been identified. Teaching to students' abilities rather than disabilities increases self-concept scores.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nielsen|first1=M.E.|last2=Mortorff-Albert|first2=S.|title=The effects of special education service on the self-concept and school attitude of learning disabled/gifted students|journal=Roeper Review|date=1989|volume=12|issue=1|pages=29–36|doi=10.1080/02783198909553227}}</ref>

==Support==
Their strengths are the key to success for twice-exceptional children. They thrive on intellectual challenges in their areas of interest and ability. Many 2e children do best when given work that engages multiple senses and offers opportunities for hands-on learning. However, a requirement for success for these students is support, either given informally as needed or formalized, such as in an [[Individualized Education Program]] (IEP) or [[Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act|504 plan]] in the USA.

Support can come in several forms. An essential form is encouragement; others include compensation strategies and accommodations in the child's areas of weakness. For example, 2e students may benefit from learning time-management skills and organizational techniques; and they may need to have extra time on tests and reduced homework. The student's strengths should not merely be viewed as means through which they can compensate for their areas of weakness. Proper support for a twice-exceptional student must include accommodations to allow them to develop and challenge their gifts as well. It is essential for these students to feel as though they are being noticed for their gifts more than just their weaknesses, otherwise the student may fall into negative behavioral patterns such as the ones aforementioned. In sum, appropriate interventions should address both the academic and social emotional needs of 2e learners.

School counselors have a unique role in supporting 2e students. Counselors are positioned to be a valuable resource for teachers, other school personnel, and community members who might not be familiar with twice-exceptionality. Foley-Nicpon and Assouline (2015) conducted a systematic review of the existing research regarding 2e students.<ref name="FoleyNicponAssouline2015">{{cite journal |last1=Foley-Nicpon |first1=M. |last2=Assouline |first2=S. G. |title=Counseling considerations for the twice-exceptional client |journal=Journal of Counseling & Development |date=2015 |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=202–211 |doi=10.1002/j.1556-6676.2015.00196.x }}</ref> The following are some of the authors’ proposed evidence-based considerations for school counselors and educators to use in their work with 2e students. In a qualitative study, Schultz (2012) used semi-structured interviews to explore the perceptions of parents, teachers, and counselors regarding 2e students’ participation in Advanced Placement or college-credit courses. She found that sometimes 2e students were not allowed to use their accommodations in these courses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schultz |first1=S. M. |title=Twice-exceptional students enrolled in advanced placement classes |journal=Gifted Child Quarterly |date=2012 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=119–133 |doi=10.1177/0016986212444605 |s2cid=144684529 |url=https://sdsu-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=TN_sage_s10_1177_0016986212444605&context=U&vid=01CALS_SDL&lang=en_US&tab=everything |access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> Foley-Nicpon and Assouline (2015) propose that counselors can address these concerns by helping teachers to understand that accommodations and IEPs are legal mandates, not optional services.<ref name="FoleyNicponAssouline2015"/>

In 2010, Foley-Nicpon, Doobay, and Assouline used the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-2) to assess psychological functioning of fifty-four 2e students diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Their results led them to conclude that a comprehensive evaluation is critical to obtaining a full understanding of 2e students’ academic, social, and emotional needs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Foley-Nicpon |first1=M. |last2=Doobay |first2=A. F. |last3=Assouline |first3=S. G. |title=Parent, teacher, and self perceptions of psychosocial functioning in intellectually gifted children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |date=2010 |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=1028–1038 |doi=10.1007/s10803-010-0952-8 |pmid=20143145 |s2cid=22830767 }}</ref> Given these findings, Foley-Nicpon and Assouline (2015) suggest that school counselors review the records of each 2e student and consider both strengths and weaknesses in and out of the classroom in formulating treatment plans. Furthermore, they should help clients advocate for a comprehensive evaluation if one has not been obtained.<ref name="FoleyNicponAssouline2015"/>

In 2012, Foley Nicpon, Assouline, and Stinson used the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) to examine the cognitive and academic profiles of fifty-two 2e students with ASD. Their results indicated that gifted individuals with ASD can have very high general, verbal, and/or nonverbal ability and simultaneous weaknesses in memory and the ability to process information. They also found that 2e individuals with ASD may generally have both high ability and significant differences in their ability and achievement profiles, including weaknesses in processing information quickly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Foley-Nicpon |first1=M. |last2=Assouline |first2=S. G. |last3=Stinson |first3=R. D. |title=Cognitive and academic distinctions between gifted students with autism and Asperger syndrome |journal=Gifted Child Quarterly |date=2012 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=77–89 |url=https://sdsu-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=TN_sage_s10_1177_0016986211433199&context=PC&vid=01CALS_SDL&lang=en_US&search_scope=EVERYTHING&adaptor=primo_central_multiple_fe&tab=everything&query=any,contains,gifted%20students%20autism%20asperger&offset=0 |access-date=14 August 2019|doi=10.1177/0016986211433199 |s2cid=145176943 }}</ref> Foley-Nicpon and Assouline (2015) used these findings to suggest that for the most effective practice, school counselors should adjust language and conceptualization based on 2e students’ abilities, level of insight, and developmental level. Furthermore, counselors and educators should allow sufficient time for individuals to process the information that is being presented. Change in therapy may happen more slowly with twice-exceptional clients. They also suggest that counselors recommend or offer accelerative opportunities within 2e students’ talent domains.<ref name="FoleyNicponAssouline2015"/>

In their article that explores twice-exceptionality through multiple case studies, Assouline and Whiteman (2011) examine the two approaches that exist in understanding individuals with learning difficulties: an educational approach based on federal legislation ([[Individuals with Disabilities Education Act]]), and a psychological approach based on identifying learning or behavioral disorders as determined through diagnostic criteria.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Assouline |first1=S. G. |last2=Whiteman |first2=C. S. |title=Twice-exceptionality: Implications for school psychologists in the post–IDEA 2004 era |journal=Journal of Applied School Psychology |date=2011 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=380–402 |doi=10.1080/15377903.2011.616576 |s2cid=144683481 |url=https://sdsu-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=TN_eric_sEJ947122&context=U&vid=01CALS_SDL&lang=en_US&search_scope=EVERYTHING&tab=everything |access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> Foley-Nicpon and Assouline (2015) suggest that counselors need to understand how the individual's diagnosis was determined and (in a K–12 setting) become aware of the rights afforded to that individual via a [[Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act|504 plan]] for accommodation or an IEP. Counselors should set a goal to promote the individual's development of self-advocacy and problem-solving skills, particularly as he or she transitions out of formal education.<ref name="FoleyNicponAssouline2015"/>

==Education==
The twice-exceptional education movement started in the early 1970s with "gifted-handicapped" education,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maker |first = C. June |title = Providing programs for the gifted handicapped |year = 1977 |publisher=Council for Exceptional Children|ol = 4559927M }}</ref> a term essentially referring to the same population. The 2e education approach has 35 years of research and best practices tailored to the needs of 2e students. It is a marriage between special education and [[gifted education]]—a strengths-based, differentiated approach that provides special educational supports. Many argue that talent development is the most critical aspect of their education.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baum|first1=S.M.|last2=Owen|first2=S.V.|title=To be gifted and learning disabled: Meeting the needs of gifted students with LD, ADHD and more|date=2004|publisher=Creative Learning Press|location=Mansfield Center, CT}}</ref>

When teaching 2e students there are methods an educator should avoid. Twice exceptionality students do not respond well to lectures, and tend to gravitate more toward "big picture" learning{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}. These students have a hard time following unnecessarily strict rules, and should not be expected to conform to them. Instead, being flexible with them, and focusing more on holistic, big-picture learning is recommended.

Still, finding schools that can meet the needs of twice exceptional children can be a challenge for many parents. Public and private schools with programs that combine the appropriate levels of challenge and support for these learners are in the minority. For this reason, a number of parents choose [[alternative education]]al options for their 2e children, including [[homeschooling]] and [[virtual schools]].<ref>Neumann, L. C. (2008). No One Said It was Easy – Challenges of Parenting Twice-Exceptional Children. In M. W. Gosfield, (Ed.), ''Expert Approaches to Support Gifted Learners: Professional Perspectives, Best Practices, and Positive Solutions'' (pp. 269-276). Minneapolis: Free Spirit Publishing.</ref>

Only a handful of schools in United States offer a curriculum specifically tailored to 2e children. Some public schools offer part-time programs for twice exceptional students, where they can progress in subjects like math at their own pace, and meet other students like themselves.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

==See also==
* [[Exceptional education]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Bellis, T. J. (2002). ''When the Brain Can't Hear: Unraveling the Mystery of Auditory Processing Disorder''. New York: Atria.
* Bireley, M. (1995). ''Crossover Children: A Sourcebook for Helping Children Who Are Gifted and Learning Disabled''. Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.
* Curtis, S. E. (2008). ''Understanding Your Child's Puzzling Behavior: A Guide for Parents of Children with Behavioral, Social, and Learning Challenges''. Bainbridge Island, WA: Lifespan Press.
* Dare, L., & Nowicki, E.A. (2015). Twice-exceptionality: Parents’ perspectives on 2e identification. Roeper Review. 37(4), 208–218. doi: 10.1080/02783193.2015.1077911
* Dendy, C. A. Z. (2000). ''Teaching Teens with ADD and AD/HD: A Quick Reference Guide for Teachers and Parents''. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House.
* Eide, B. & F. (2006). ''The Mislabeled Child''. New York: Hyperion.
* Johnsen, S. K. & Kendrick, J. (2005). ''Teaching Gifted Students with Disabilities''. Waco: Prufrock Press.
* Kaufman, R.K (2014). Autism Breakthrough . The Son Rise Program Developmental Model, New York: [www.stmartins.com St. Martin's Press]
* Levine, M. (2002). ''The Myth of Laziness''. New York: Simon & Schuster.
* Lovecky, Deirdre (2004). ''Different Minds: Gifted Children With AD/HD, Asperger Syndrome, and other Learning Deficits''. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
* Miller, L. J. (2006). ''Sensational Kids: Hope and Help for Children with Sensory Processing Disorder''. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
* Probst, B. (2008). ''When the Labels Don't Fit: A New Approach to Raising a Challenging Child''. New York: Three Rivers Press.
* Rivero, L. (2002). ''Creative Home Schooling: A Resource Guide for Smart Families''. Scottsdale: Great Potential Press.
* Schultz, S. M. (2009). Twice-exceptional Students Participating in Advanced Placement and other College Classes while Still in High School. USA: VDM
* Silverman, L. (2002). ''Upside-Down Brilliance: The Visual-Spatial Learner''. Denver: DeLeon Publishing, Inc.
* Vail, Priscilla (1989). ''Smart Kids with School Problems: Things to Know and Ways to Help''. New York: Plume.
* Weinfeld, R., Jeweler, S., Barnes-Robinson, L., Shevitz, B. (2006). ''Smart Kids with Learning Difficulties: Overcoming Obstacles and Realizing Potential''. Waco: Prufrock Press.

==External links==
* [https://www.2enews.com/ 2eNews.com]
* [https://www.aegus1.org Association for the Education of Gifted Underachieving Students]
* [https://www.youngwonks.com/blog/Top-Schools-for-2e-Kids-in-the-US Top Schools For 2E Kids in The U.S.]
* [http://hoagiesgifted.org Hoagies' Gifted Education Page]
* [http://www.uniquelygifted.org Uniquely Gifted]
* [http://giftedhomeschoolers.org Gifted Homeschoolers Forum]
* [http://www.nea.org/assets/docs/twiceexceptional.pdf The Twice-Exceptional Dilemma]
* [https://www.thelangschool.org/mission The Lang School]
* [http://www.quadprep.org/ The Quad Preparatory School]
* [https://www.teca2e.org/ TECA 2e – Twice Exceptional Children's Advocacy]
* [https://www.bridges.edu/2e-center.html Bridges 2e Center for Research & Professional Development]
*

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Twice Exceptional}}
[[Category:Giftedness]]
[[Category:Educational psychology]]
[[Category:Special education]]
[[Category:Childhood]]
[[Category:Parenting]]

User talk:GiftedDaisy

2024-11-15T16:35:56Z

TempusTacet: /* Twice exceptional */

== Twice exceptional ==

Hi Daisy, I've removed the text you added at the beginning of the [[Twice exceptional]] entry. If you make changes & additions to the entry, please make sure to work them into the existing text structure.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 20:04, 11 November 2024 (UTC)

:Hello TempusTacet, I see that you have removed the three additions (noted below) I made to the article Twice exceptional. I would appreciate some guidance on where exactly I can find the existing text structure guidelines. I am unsure if you are refering to Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting or to Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents. Please advise. Thank you, GiftedDaisy
:22:31, 9 November 2024 diff hist +371 m Twice exceptional Date of first written use of term twice-exceptional Tag: Reverted
:21:40, 9 November 2024 diff hist +2,588 m Twice exceptional No edit summaryTag: Reverted
:21:37, 9 November 2024 diff hist +274 m Twice exceptional No edit summaryTag: Reverted [[User:GiftedDaisy|GiftedDaisy]] ([[User talk:GiftedDaisy#top|talk]]) 16:53, 13 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi Daisy, I removed them simply because you had added them to the very top of the article, so that it now started with the definition "Twice-exceptional, also known as 2e, is a term used to describe a student ..." followed by a very long verbatim quote, only to then kind of re-start with "The term twice exceptional, often abbreviated as 2e, entered educators' lexicons in the mid-1990s and refers to gifted students ..." followed by the current article.
::Instead of adding a second definition and a very long quote at the top, I suggest you adapt the current definition if you feel that's necessary and then edit the article using the Reis et al. paper as a source where you feel it's missing something or there's an inaccuracy.
::I don't think you have to follow a particular style guide here. Rather, aim to stay within or evolve the current text structure instead of adding large amounts of text at the top that don't connect with the remaining text.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 16:35, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

Asperger syndrome

2024-11-15T12:29:45Z

TempusTacet: simplified

{{Short description|Formerly recognized subtype of autism}}
{{redirect|Asperger's|other uses|Asperger (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{use American English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Asperger syndrome
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|s|p|ɜːr|ɡ|ər|z}},<ref name=collinsuk>{{cite web|title=Asperger syndrome definition and meaning|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/asperger-syndrome|website=Collins English Dictionary|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|-|dʒ|ər|z}}<ref name=oeduk>{{cite web|title=Asperger's syndrome|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Asperger%27s_syndrome|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003025728/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/asperger%27s_syndrome|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2016|website=Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref>
| image = Riboflavin penicillinamide.jpg
| alt = A boy with Asperger's playing with magnetic toys.
| caption = Restricted interests or repetitive behavior may be features of Asperger syndrome; this boy is playing with a magnetic construction toy.
| field = [[Clinical psychology]], [[psychiatry]], [[pediatrics]], [[occupational medicine]]
| synonyms = Asperger's syndrome, Asperger disorder (AD), Asperger's, Sukhareva's syndrome,<ref name="urn.kb.se">{{cite journal | vauthors = Manouilenko I, Bejerot S | title = Sukhareva – Prior to Asperger and Kanner | journal = Nordic Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 69 | issue = 6 | pages = 479–82 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 25826582 | doi = 10.3109/08039488.2015.1005022 | s2cid = 207473133 | publication-date = 31 March 2015 | type = Report | url = http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-47358 | issn=0803-9488 }}</ref> schizoid disorder of childhood,<ref name="ICD-10-web-EN">{{cite web |author=World Health Organization |url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F84.5 |title=International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10): F84.5 Asperger syndrome |date=2016 |access-date=2 November 2018|author-link=World Health Organization}}</ref> autistic psychopathy<ref name="ICD-10-web-EN"/>
| symptoms = Problems with social interaction and nonverbal communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behavior<ref name=NIH2015 />
| complications = Social isolation, employment problems, family stress, [[bullying]], [[self-harm]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Autism spectrum disorder – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref>
| onset = Before two years old<ref name=NIH2015 />
| duration = Lifelong<ref name=NIH2015 />
| causes = Inconclusive<ref name=NIH2015 />
| risks =
| diagnosis = Based on the symptoms<ref name=Mer2019>{{cite web |title=Autism Spectrum Disorders – Pediatrics |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/autism-spectrum-disorders |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition |access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref>
| differential =
| prevention =
| management = Social skills training, [[cognitive behavioral therapy]], [[physical therapy]], [[speech therapy]], parent training<ref name=NINDS />
| medication = For associated conditions<ref name=NINDS />
| prognosis =
| frequency = 37.2 million globally (0.5%) (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>
| deaths =
| treatment =
| named after = [[Hans Asperger]]
}}

'''Asperger syndrome''' ('''AS'''), also known as '''Asperger's syndrome''' or '''Asperger's''', is a diagnosis formerly used to describe a [[neurodevelopmental condition]] characterized by significant difficulties in [[Interpersonal relationship|social interaction]] and [[nonverbal communication]], along with [[Obsessive-compulsive spectrum|restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior and interests]].<ref name="NIH2015" /> Asperger syndrome has been merged with other conditions into [[Autism|autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD) and is no longer a diagnosis in the [[WHO]]'s [[ICD-11]] or the [[American Psychological Association|APA]]'s [[DSM-5-TR]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) |title-link=DSM-5-TR |chapter=Neurodevelopmental Disorders |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |place=Washington, DC |date=18 March 2022 |lccn=2021051782 |isbn=9780890425770 |ref={{harvid|DSM-5-TR}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=6A02 Autism spectrum disorder |date=February 2022 |orig-date=adopted in 2019 |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/437815624 |encyclopedia=International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=14 May 2022 |id={{ICD11|6A02|437815624}} |ref={{harvid|ICD-11}}}}</ref><ref name="GARD">{{cite web |title=Asperger syndrome |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5855/asperger-syndrome |access-date=26 January 2019 |website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program}}</ref> It was considered<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosen NE, Lord C, Volkmar FR | title = The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 51 | issue = 12 | pages = 4253–4270 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 33624215 | pmc = 8531066 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-021-04904-1 }}</ref> milder than other diagnoses which were merged into ASD due to relatively unimpaired [[language development|spoken language]] and [[cognitive development|intelligence]].<ref name=ICD10>{{cite web|title=F84.5 Asperger syndrome|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en#/F84.5|website=World Health Organization|access-date=13 March 2016|date=2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102042503/http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en#/F84.5|archive-date=2 November 2015}}</ref>

The syndrome was named after the Austrian [[Pediatrics|pediatrician]] [[Hans Asperger]], who, in 1944, described children in his care who struggled to form friendships, did not understand others' [[Social cue|gestures]] or [[Empathy#Cognitive empathy|feelings]], [[Perseveration|engaged in one-sided conversations about their favorite interests]], and were clumsy.<ref name="rue1">{{cite book| vauthors = Asperger H, Frich U |year=1991 |url= https://archive.org/details/hans_20221127 |title= Autistic psychopathy in childhood|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521386081 |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> In 1994, the diagnosis of Asperger syndrome was included in the fourth edition (DSM-IV) of the American ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]''; however, with the publication of DSM-5 in 2013 the syndrome was removed, and the symptoms are now included within autism spectrum disorder along with [[classic autism]] and [[pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]] (PDD-NOS).<ref name=NIH2015 /><ref>{{cite web|title=Autism Spectrum Disorder|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=12 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309015426/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml|archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> It was similarly merged into autism spectrum disorder in the [[International Classification of Diseases]] ([[ICD-11]]) {{as of|2021|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICD-11 |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/120443468 |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=icd.who.int}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Health Organisation updates classification of autism in the ICD-11 |access-date=2022-04-10 |url=https://www.autismeurope.org/blog/2018/06/21/world-health-organisation-updates-classification-of-autism-in-the-icd-11/ |website=autismeurope}}</ref>

The exact cause of Asperger syndrome is not well understood.<ref name=NIH2015>{{cite web|title=Autism Spectrum Disorder|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/autism-spectrum-disorder-qf-15-5511/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=12 March 2016|date=September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312130731/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/autism-spectrum-disorder-qf-15-5511/index.shtml|archive-date=12 March 2016}}</ref> While it has [[Heritability of autism|high heritability]], the underlying [[genetics]] have not been determined conclusively.<ref name="McPart2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=McPartland J, Klin A |date=October 2006 |title=Asperger's syndrome |journal=Adolescent Medicine Clinics |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=771–88; abstract xiii |doi=10.1016/j.admecli.2006.06.010 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |pmid=17030291}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klauck SM | title = Genetics of autism spectrum disorder | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 714–20 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16721407 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201610 | s2cid = 17382203 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Environmental factors are also believed to play a role.<ref name=NIH2015 /> [[neuroimaging|Brain imaging]] has not identified a common [[pathology|underlying condition]].<ref name=McPart2006 /> There is no single treatment, and the UK's [[National Health Service]] (NHS) guidelines suggest that "treatment" of any form of autism should not be a goal, since autism is not "a disease that can be removed or cured".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Making information and the words we use accessible |url=https://www.england.nhs.uk/learning-disabilities/about/get-involved/involving-people/making-information-and-the-words-we-use-accessible/ |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=NHS England}}</ref> According to the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]],<ref name="Royal College of Psychiatrists">{{Cite web |title=The psychiatric management of autism in adults (CR228) |url=https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/improving-care/campaigning-for-better-mental-health-policy/college-reports/2020-college-reports/cr228 |access-date=2022-04-12 | publisher = Royal College of Psychiatrists |language=en}}</ref> while co-occurring conditions might require treatment, "management of autism itself is chiefly about the provision of the education, training, and social support/care required to improve the person's ability to function in the everyday world". The effectiveness of particular interventions for autism is supported by only limited data.<ref name=McPart2006 /> Interventions may include social skills training, [[cognitive behavioral therapy]], [[physical therapy]], [[Speech–language pathology|speech therapy]], [[Parent management training|parent training]], and medications for associated problems, such as mood or anxiety.<ref name=NINDS>{{cite web|author=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)|date=31 July 2007|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/asperger/detail_asperger.htm|access-date=24 August 2007|title=Asperger syndrome fact sheet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821112426/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/asperger/detail_asperger.htm|archive-date=21 August 2007|url-status=live}} NIH Publication No. 05-5624.</ref> Autistic characteristics tend to become less obvious in adulthood,<ref name="Royal College of Psychiatrists" /> but social and communication difficulties usually persist.<ref name="Woodbury-Smith">{{cite journal | vauthors = Woodbury-Smith MR, Volkmar FR | title = Asperger syndrome | journal = European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–11 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 18563474 | doi = 10.1007/s00787-008-0701-0 | s2cid = 12808995 | url = http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/12424 | type = Submitted manuscript}}</ref>


In 2015, Asperger syndrome was estimated to affect 37.2 million people globally, or about 0.5% of the population.<ref name=GBD2015Pre >{{cite journal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> The exact percentage of people affected has still not been firmly established.<ref name="McPart2006"/> Autism spectrum disorder is diagnosed in males more often than females,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors= Lockwood Estrin G, Milner V, Spain D, Happé F, Colvert E | title = Barriers to Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis for Young Women and Girls: A Systematic Review | journal = Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 8 | pages = 454–470 | date = December 2021 | issue = 4 | doi= 10.1007/s40489-020-00225-8 | pmid = 34868805 | pmc = 8604819 }}</ref> and females are typically diagnosed at a later age.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Ferri FF |title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015|format= E-Book|date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9780323084307 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163-IA15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lai MC, Baron-Cohen S | title = Identifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditions | journal = The Lancet. Psychiatry | volume = 2 | issue = 11 | pages = 1013–27 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26544750 | doi = 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00277-1}}</ref> The modern conception of Asperger syndrome came into existence in 1981 and went through a period of popularization.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klin A, Pauls D, Schultz R, Volkmar F | s2cid = 19076633 | title = Three diagnostic approaches to Asperger syndrome: implications for research | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 221–34 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15909408 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-004-2001-y}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism?|veditors=Schopler E, Mesibov GB, Kunce LJ|publisher=Plenum press|location=New York|year=1998|chapter=The history of Asperger syndrome|vauthors=Wing L|pages=11–25|isbn=978-0-306-45746-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jz_xbeWgG9AC&pg=PA11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313123459/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jz_xbeWgG9AC&pg=PA11|archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Woodbury-Smith M, Klin A, Volkmar F | s2cid = 12417580 | title = Asperger's syndrome: a comparison of clinical diagnoses and those made according to the ICD-10 and DSM-IV | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 235–40 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15909409 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-004-2002-x}}</ref> It became a standardized [[medical diagnosis|diagnosis]] in the 1990s<ref name=Linda2004>{{cite book| vauthors = Baker L |title=Asperger's Syndrome: Intervening in Schools, Clinics, and Communities|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-62414-9|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiSRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313125152/https://books.google.ca/books?id=KiSRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> and was merged into ASD in 2013.<ref name="GARD" /> Many questions and controversies about the condition remain.<ref name="Woodbury-Smith" />

{{TOC limit}}

== Classification ==
The extent of the overlap between Asperger syndrome and [[high-functioning autism]] (HFA – autism unaccompanied by [[intellectual disability]]) is unclear.<ref name=Klin>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klin A | s2cid = 34035031 | title = Autismo e síndrome de Asperger: uma visão geral | trans-title = Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview | journal = Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria | volume = 28 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S3–11 | date = May 2006 | language = pt-br | pmid = 16791390 | doi = 10.1590/S1516-44462006000500002 | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Kasari">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kasari C, Rotheram-Fuller E | title = Current trends in psychological research on children with high-functioning autism and Asperger disorder | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 497–501 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16639107 | doi = 10.1097/01.yco.0000179486.47144.61 | s2cid = 20438728}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Witwer AN, Lecavalier L | s2cid = 5316399 | title = Examining the validity of autism spectrum disorder subtypes | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 38 | issue = 9 | pages = 1611–24 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18327636 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-008-0541-2}}</ref> The ASD classification is to some extent an artifact of how autism was discovered,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanders JL | s2cid = 26351778 | title = Qualitative or quantitative differences between Asperger's disorder and autism? Historical considerations | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 39 | issue = 11 | pages = 1560–67 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19548078 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-009-0798-0}}</ref> and it may not reflect the true nature of the spectrum;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Szatmari P | title = The classification of autism, Asperger's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 45 | issue = 8 | pages = 731–38 | date = October 2000 | pmid = 11086556 | doi = 10.1177/070674370004500806 | s2cid = 37243752 | doi-access = free}}</ref> methodological problems have beset Asperger syndrome as a valid diagnosis from the outset.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=History and development of autism spectrum disorders|year=2006|publisher=Elsevier Science|title=Early intervention for autism spectrum disorders: a critical analysis|page=21|isbn=978-0-08-044675-2|location=Amsterdam|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XonQy12xCgEC&q=Early+intervention+for+autism+spectrum+disorders:+a+critical+analysis&pg=PP2|vauthors=Matson JL, Minshawi NF}}</ref><ref name="Schopler388">{{cite book|title=Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism?|veditors=Schopler E, Mesibov GB, Kunce LJ|publisher=Plenum press|location=New York|year=1998|chapter=Premature popularization of Asperger syndrome|vauthors=Schopler E|pages=388–90|isbn=978-0-306-45746-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jz_xbeWgG9AC&q=Asperger+syndrome+or+high-functioning+autism}}</ref> In the fifth edition of the ''[[DSM-5|Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (DSM-5), published in May 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx|title=DSM-5 development|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|year=2010|access-date=20 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213163404/http://www.dsm5.org/pages/default.aspx|archive-date=13 February 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Asperger syndrome, as a separate diagnosis, was eliminated and folded into autism spectrum disorder.<ref name="DSMV">{{cite web|title=299.80 Asperger's Disorder|work=DSM-5 Development|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|access-date=21 December 2010|url=http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=97|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225152454/http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=97|archive-date=25 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Like the diagnosis of Asperger syndrome,<ref name="Ghaziuddin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghaziuddin M | s2cid = 7490308 | title = Should the DSM V drop Asperger syndrome? | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 40 | issue = 9 | pages = 1146–48 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20151184 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-010-0969-z}}</ref> the change was controversial.<ref name="Ghaziuddin" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Faras H, Al Ateeqi N, Tidmarsh L | title = Autism spectrum disorders | journal = Annals of Saudi Medicine | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 295–300 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20622347 | pmc = 2931781 | doi = 10.4103/0256-4947.65261 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Subsequently, it was also not included in the [[ICD-11]], which came into effect in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f437815624|title=ICD-11 Version:2022|website=icd.who.int|access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref>

The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) previously defined Asperger syndrome (AS) as one of the [[pervasive developmental disorder]]s (PDD), which are a [[spectrum disorder|spectrum of psychological disorders]] that are characterized by abnormalities of [[social interaction]] and communication that pervade the individual's functioning, and by restricted and repetitive interests and behavior. Like other neurodevelopmental conditions, ASD begins in infancy or childhood, has a steady course without remission or relapse, and has impairments that result from maturation-related changes in various systems of the brain.<ref name="ICD-10-F84.0">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/?gf80.htm+f840|year=2006|title=International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems|edition=10th ([[ICD-10]])|author=World Health Organization|chapter=F84. Pervasive developmental disorders|isbn=978-92-4-154419-1}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg|thumb|upright|People with Asperger syndrome often display restricted or specialized interests, such as this boy's interest in stacking cans.|alt=A young boy is seen stacking several colorful cans on top of each other.]]

As a [[pervasive developmental disorder]], Asperger syndrome is distinguished by a pattern of symptoms rather than a single symptom. It is characterized by qualitative impairment in social interaction, by stereotyped and restricted patterns of behavior, activities, and interests, and by no clinically significant delay in cognitive development or general delay in language.<ref name="DSM-IV-TR 299.80">{{cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|edition=4th, text revision ([[DSM-IV-TR]])|author=American Psychiatric Association|year=2000|isbn=978-0-89042-025-6|chapter=Diagnostic criteria for 299.80 Asperger's Disorder (AD) |publisher=American Psychiatric Association|location=Arlington, VA}}</ref> Intense preoccupation with a narrow subject, one-sided [[verbosity]], restricted [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], and physical clumsiness are typical of the condition, but are not required for diagnosis.<ref name=Klin />

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors are a serious concern within the autistic population. One study found that adults with Asperger syndrome exhibited suicidal thoughts at 9 times the rate of the general population. Of autistic study participants, 66% had experienced suicidal ideation, while 35% had planned or attempted suicide.<ref>Sarah Cassidy, Paul Bradley, Janine Robinson, Carrie Allison, Meghan McHugh, Simon Baron-Cohen. Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger's syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: a clinical cohort study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2014; DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70248-2</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Newell V, Phillips L, Jones C, Townsend E, Richards C, Cassidy S | title = A systematic review and meta-analysis of suicidality in autistic and possibly autistic people without co-occurring intellectual disability | journal = Molecular Autism | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 12 | date = March 2023 | pmid = 36922899 | pmc = 10018918 | doi = 10.1186/s13229-023-00544-7 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Social interaction ===
{{Further|Asperger syndrome and interpersonal relationships}}

A lack of demonstrated [[empathy]] affects aspects of social relatability for persons with Asperger syndrome.<ref name="Baskin">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baskin JH, Sperber M, Price BH |year=2006 |title=Asperger syndrome revisited |journal=Reviews in Neurological Diseases |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |pmid=16596080}}</ref> Individuals with Asperger syndrome experience difficulties in basic elements of social interaction, which may include a failure to develop friendships or to seek shared enjoyments or achievements with others (e.g., showing others objects of interest); a lack of social or emotional [[Reciprocity (social psychology)|reciprocity]]; and impaired [[Nonverbal communication|nonverbal behaviors]] in areas such as [[eye contact]], [[facial expression]], posture, and gesture.<ref name=McPart2006 />

People with Asperger syndrome may not be as withdrawn around others, compared with those with other forms of autism; they approach others, even if awkwardly. For example, a person with Asperger syndrome may engage in a one-sided, long-winded speech about a favorite topic, while misunderstanding or not recognizing the listener's feelings or reactions, such as a wish to change the topic of talk or end the interaction.<ref name=Klin /> This social awkwardness has been called "active but odd".<ref name=McPart2006 /> Such failures to react appropriately to social interaction may appear as disregard for other people's feelings and may come across as rude or insensitive.<ref name=Klin /> However, not all individuals with Asperger syndrome will approach others. Some may even display [[selective mutism]], not speaking at all to most people and excessively to specific others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912296-overview|work=Medscape eMedicine|title=Asperger's Syndrome| vauthors = Brasic JR|date=7 July 2010|access-date=25 November 2010|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101223170232/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912296-overview |archive-date=23 December 2010}}</ref>

The cognitive ability of children with Asperger syndrome often allows them to articulate [[social norms]] in a laboratory context,<ref name=McPart2006 /> where they may be able to show a theoretical understanding of other people's emotions; however, they typically have difficulty acting on this knowledge in fluid, real-life situations.<ref name=Klin /> People with Asperger syndrome may analyze and distill their observations of social interaction into rigid behavioral guidelines and apply these rules in awkward ways, such as forced eye contact, resulting in a demeanor that appears rigid or socially naïve. A history of failed attempts to establish reciprocal social relationships can cause autistic individuals to isolate themselves and cease attempts to engage; however, autistic people overwhelmingly report a desire for social contact and friendship.<ref name=McPart2006 />

==== Violent or criminal behavior ====
The [[hypothesis]] that individuals with Asperger syndrome are predisposed to violent or criminal behavior has been investigated but is not supported by data.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Allen D, Evans C, Hider A, Hawkins S, Peckett H, Morgan H | title = Offending behaviour in adults with Asperger syndrome | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 748–58 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 17805955 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-007-0442-9 | s2cid = 12999370 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Violent behavior in autism spectrum disorders: Who's at risk? |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |year=2018 | vauthors = Del Pozzo J, Roché M, Silverstein S |volume=39 |pages=53–60 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2018.01.007 }}</ref> More evidence suggests that children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome are more likely to be victims, rather than offenders.<ref name=Tsatsanis>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsatsanis KD | title = Outcome research in Asperger syndrome and autism | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–63, vi | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512398 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00056-1 }}</ref>

A 2008 review found that about 80% of reported violent criminals with Asperger syndrome also had other coexisting psychotic [[psychiatric disorders]] such as [[schizoaffective disorder]]. However, it must be noted that the sample size of this review was small (''n'' = 37).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Newman SS, Ghaziuddin M | s2cid = 207158193 | title = Violent crime in Asperger syndrome: the role of psychiatric comorbidity | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 38 | issue = 10 | pages = 1848–52 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 18449633 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-008-0580-8}}</ref>

=== Empathy ===
People with an Asperger profile might not be recognized for their empathetic qualities, due to variation in the ways [[empathy]] is felt and expressed. Some people feel deep empathy, but do not outwardly communicate these sentiments through facial expressions or language. Some people come to empathy through intellectual processes, using logic and reasoning to arrive at the feelings. People with Asperger profiles may be bullied or excluded by peers, and might as a result be guarded around people, which could appear as lack of empathy. People with Asperger profiles can still be caring individuals; indeed, it is particularly common for those with the profile to feel and exhibit deep concern for individual rights, human welfare, animal rights, environmental protection, and other global and humanitarian causes.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Rourke A |date=2019-09-02 |title=Greta Thunberg responds to Asperger's critics: 'It's a superpower' |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/02/greta-thunberg-responds-to-aspergers-critics-its-a-superpower |access-date=2023-02-02 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Evidence suggests that in the "[[double empathy problem]] model, autistic people have a unique interaction style which is significantly more readable by other autistic people, compared to non-autistic people."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-29 |title=We May Have Been Wrong About Autism And Empathy |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/autism-empathy-brain-research_n_56f92575e4b014d3fe237413 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=HuffPost UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-29 |title=Asperger Profiles: Emotions and Empathy |url=https://www.aane.org/emotions-and-empathy/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=The Asperger / Autism Network (AANE) |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Patil I, Melsbach J, Hennig-Fast K, Silani G | title = Divergent roles of autistic and alexithymic traits in utilitarian moral judgments in adults with autism | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 23637 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 27020307 | pmc = 4810325 | doi = 10.1038/srep23637 | bibcode = 2016NatSR...623637P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell P, Sheppard E, Cassidy S | title = Autism and the double empathy problem: Implications for development and mental health | journal = The British Journal of Developmental Psychology | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–18 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33393101 | doi = 10.1111/bjdp.12350 | s2cid = 230489027 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Restricted and repetitive interests and behavior ===

People with Asperger syndrome can display behavior, interests, and activities that are restricted and repetitive and are sometimes abnormally intense or focused. They may stick to inflexible routines, move in [[Stereotypy|stereotyped]] and repetitive ways, preoccupy themselves with parts of objects, or engage in compulsive behaviors like lining objects up to form patterns.<ref name="DSM-IV-TR 299.80" />

The pursuit of specific and narrow areas of interest is one of the most striking among possible features of AS.<ref name=McPart2006 /> Individuals with AS may collect volumes of detailed information on a relatively narrow topic such as weather data or star names without necessarily having a genuine understanding of the broader topic.<ref name=McPart2006 /><ref name=Klin /> For example, a child might memorize camera model numbers while caring little about photography.<ref name=McPart2006 /> This behavior is usually apparent by age five or six.<ref name=McPart2006 /> Although these [[Special interest (autism)|special interests]] may change from time to time, they typically become more unusual and narrowly focused and often dominate social interaction so much that the entire family may become immersed. Because narrow topics often capture the interest of children, this symptom may go unrecognized.<ref name=Klin />

Stereotyped and repetitive motor behaviors, called [[stimming]], are a core part of the diagnosis of AS and other ASDs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = South M, Ozonoff S, McMahon WM | s2cid = 36078197 | title = Repetitive behavior profiles in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 145–58 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15909401 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-004-1992-8}}</ref> Stims are believed to be used for self-soothing and regulate [[Sensory processing disorder|sensory input]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Foley |first=Valerie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGO8S2RmckEC |title=The Autism Experience: International Perspectives on Autism Parenting |date=October 2011 |publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com |isbn=978-1-4587-9728-5 |language=en}}</ref> They include hand movements such as flapping or twisting, and complex whole-body movements.<ref name="DSM-IV-TR 299.80" /> These are typically repeated in longer bursts and look more voluntary or ritualistic than [[tic]]s, which are usually faster, less rhythmical, and less often symmetrical.<ref name=RapinTS>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rapin I | title = Autism spectrum disorders: relevance to Tourette syndrome | journal = Advances in Neurology | volume = 85 | pages = 89–101 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11530449}}</ref> Stimming may have a connection with tics, and studies have reported a consistent comorbidity between AS and [[Tourette syndrome]] in the range of 8–20%,<ref name=RapinTS/><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Steyaert JG, De la Marche W|year=2008|title=What's new in autism?|url=https://www.academia.edu/24262348|journal=Eur J Pediatr|volume=167|issue=10|pages=1091–101|doi=10.1007/s00431-008-0764-4|pmid=18597114|s2cid=11831418}}</ref><ref name="Mazzone">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mazzone L, Ruta L, Reale L | title = Psychiatric comorbidities in asperger syndrome and high functioning autism: diagnostic challenges | journal = Annals of General Psychiatry | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 16 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22731684 | pmc = 3416662 | doi = 10.1186/1744-859X-11-16 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Gillberg&Billstedt2000"/> with one figure as high as 80% for tics of some kind or another,<ref name="Gillberg&Billstedt2000" /> for which several explanations have been put forward, including common genetic factors and [[dopamine]], [[glutamate]], or [[serotonin]] abnormalities.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Vargiami E | title = Childhood autism and associated comorbidities | journal = Brain & Development | volume = 29 | issue = 5 | pages = 257–72 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17084999 | doi = 10.1016/j.braindev.2006.09.003 | s2cid = 16386209}}</ref>

According to the Adult Asperger Assessment (AAA) diagnostic test, a lack of interest in fiction and a positive preference towards non-fiction is common among adults with AS.<ref name=ASAdulthood />

=== Speech and language ===
Although individuals with Asperger syndrome acquire language skills without significant general delay and their speech typically lacks significant abnormalities, [[language acquisition]] and use is often atypical.<ref name=Klin /> Abnormalities include verbosity; abrupt transitions; literal interpretations and miscomprehension of nuance; use of metaphor meaningful only to the speaker; [[Auditory processing disorder|auditory perception deficits]]; unusually [[Pedantic speech|pedantic]], [[Register (sociolinguistics)|formal]], or [[Idiosyncrasy#Psychiatry and psychology|idiosyncratic]] speech; and oddities in loudness, [[Tone (linguistics)|pitch]], [[Intonation (linguistics)|intonation]], [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], and rhythm.<ref name=McPart2006 /> [[Echolalia]] has also been observed in individuals with AS.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Frith U | s2cid = 978233 | title = Social communication and its disorder in autism and Asperger syndrome | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 48–53 | date = January 1996 | pmid = 22302727 | doi = 10.1177/026988119601000108}}</ref>

Three aspects of communication patterns are of clinical interest: poor prosody, [[Tangential speech|tangential]] and [[circumstantial speech]], and marked verbosity. Although [[inflection]] and intonation may be less rigid or monotonic than in classic autism, people with AS often have a limited range of intonation: speech may be unusually fast, jerky, or loud. Speech may convey a sense of [[Coherence (linguistics)|incoherence]]; the conversational style often includes monologues about topics that bore the listener, fails to provide [[Context (language use)|context]] for comments, or fails to suppress internal thoughts. Individuals with AS may fail to detect whether the listener is interested or engaged in the conversation. The speaker's conclusion or point may never be made, and attempts by the listener to elaborate on the speech's content or logic, or to shift to related topics, are often unsuccessful.<ref name=Klin />

Children with AS may have a sophisticated vocabulary at a young age and such children have often been colloquially called "little professors"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20000618mag-asperger.html|title=The Little Professor Syndrome | vauthors = Osborne L |work=The New York Times|date=18 June 2000}}</ref> but have difficulty understanding [[figurative language]] and tend to use language literally.<ref name=McPart2006 /> Children with AS appear to have particular weaknesses in areas of nonliteral language that include [[humor]], [[irony]], [[teasing]], and [[sarcasm]]. Although individuals with AS usually understand the cognitive basis of humor, they seem to lack understanding of the intent of humor to share the enjoyment with others.<ref name=Kasari /> Despite strong evidence of impaired humor appreciation, anecdotal reports of humor in individuals with AS seem to challenge some psychological theories of AS and autism.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lyons V, Fitzgerald M | s2cid = 22187553 | title = Humor in autism and Asperger syndrome | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 521–31 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15628606 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-004-2547-8}}</ref>

=== Motor and sensory perception ===
Individuals with Asperger syndrome may have signs or symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis but can affect the individual or the family.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Baranek GT, Cook EH, Dawson G, Gordon B, Gravel JS, Johnson CP, Kallen RJ, Levy SE, Minshew NJ, Ozonoff S, Prizant BM, Rapin I, Rogers SJ, Stone WL, Teplin S, Tuchman RF, Volkmar FR | s2cid = 145113684 | title = The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 29 | issue = 6 | pages = 439–84 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10638459 | doi = 10.1023/A:1021943802493}}</ref> These include differences in perception and problems with motor skills, sleep, and emotions.

Individuals with AS often have excellent [[Hearing (sense)|auditory]] and [[visual perception]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Frith U | title = Emanuel Miller lecture: confusions and controversies about Asperger syndrome | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 45 | issue = 4 | pages = 672–86 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15056300 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00262.x| doi-access = free }}</ref> Children with ASD often demonstrate enhanced perception of small changes in patterns such as arrangements of objects or well-known images; typically this is domain-specific and involves processing of fine-grained features.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Psychological factors in autism |vauthors=Prior M, Ozonoff S|pages=69–128|title=Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders|edition=2nd| veditors = Volkmar FR |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-54957-8}}</ref> Conversely, compared with individuals with high-functioning autism, individuals with AS have deficits in some tasks involving visual-spatial perception, auditory perception, or [[visual memory]].<ref name=McPart2006 /> Many accounts of individuals with AS and ASD report other unusual [[sensory processing|sensory]] and perceptual skills and experiences. They may be unusually sensitive or insensitive to sound, light, and other stimuli;<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Bogdashina O|title=Sensory Perceptional Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Different Sensory Experiences, Different Perceptual Worlds|publisher=Jessica Kingsley|year=2003|isbn=978-1-84310-166-6}}</ref> these sensory responses are found in other developmental disorders and are not specific to AS or to ASD. There is little support for increased [[fight-or-flight response]] or failure of [[habituation]] in autism; there is more evidence of decreased responsiveness to sensory stimuli, although several studies show no differences.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rogers SJ, Ozonoff S | title = Annotation: what do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 46 | issue = 12 | pages = 1255–68 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16313426 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x}}</ref>

Hans Asperger's initial accounts<ref name="McPart2006" /> and other diagnostic schemes<ref name="EhlGill">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ehlers S, Gillberg C | title = The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome. A total population study | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 34 | issue = 8 | pages = 1327–50 | date = November 1993 | pmid = 8294522 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x}}</ref> include descriptions of physical clumsiness. Children with AS may be delayed in acquiring skills requiring [[dexterity]], such as riding a bicycle or opening a jar, and may seem to move awkwardly or feel "uncomfortable in their own skin". They may be poorly coordinated or have an odd or bouncy gait or posture, poor handwriting, or problems with [[motor coordination]].<ref name="McPart2006" /><ref name="Klin" /> They may show problems with [[proprioception]] (sensation of body position) on measures of [[developmental coordination disorder]] ([[motor planning]] disorder), balance, [[tandem gait]], and finger-[[thumb apposition]]. There is no evidence that these motor skills problems differentiate AS from other high-functioning ASDs.<ref name="McPart2006" />

Children with AS are more likely to have sleep problems, including difficulty in falling asleep, frequent [[Middle-of-the-night insomnia|nocturnal awakenings]], and early morning awakenings.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Polimeni MA, Richdale AL, Francis AJ | title = A survey of sleep problems in autism, Asperger's disorder and typically developing children | journal = Journal of Intellectual Disability Research | volume = 49 | issue = Pt 4 | pages = 260–68 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15816813 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00642.x}}</ref><ref name=Tani /> AS is also associated with high levels of [[alexithymia]], which is difficulty in identifying and describing one's emotions.<ref>Alexithymia and AS:
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Fitzgerald M, Bellgrove MA | title = The overlap between alexithymia and Asperger's syndrome | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 573–76 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16755385 | pmc = 2092499 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-006-0096-z}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hill EL, Berthoz S | s2cid = 28686022 | title = Response to "Letter to the Editor: The overlap between alexithymia and Asperger's syndrome", Fitzgerald and Bellgrove, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(4) | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 36 | issue = 8 | pages = 1143–45 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17080269 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-006-0287-7}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lombardo MV, Barnes JL, Wheelwright SJ, Baron-Cohen S | title = Self-referential cognition and empathy in autism | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 2 | issue = 9 | pages = e883 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17849012 | pmc = 1964804 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0000883 | veditors = Zak P | bibcode = 2007PLoSO...2..883L| doi-access = free }}</ref> Although AS, lower sleep quality, and alexithymia are associated with each other, their causal relationship is unclear.<ref name=Tani>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tani P, Lindberg N, Joukamaa M, Nieminen-von Wendt T, von Wendt L, Appelberg B, Rimón R, Porkka-Heiskanen T | s2cid = 45311366 | title = Asperger syndrome, alexithymia and perception of sleep | journal = Neuropsychobiology | volume = 49 | issue = 2 | pages = 64–70 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14981336 | doi = 10.1159/000076412}}</ref>

== Causes ==
{{Further|Causes of autism}}

Hans Asperger described common traits among his patients' family members, especially fathers, and research supports this observation and suggests a genetic contribution to Asperger syndrome. Although no specific genetic factor has yet been identified, multiple factors are believed to play a role in the [[Expressivity (genetics)|expression]] of autism, given the variability in symptoms seen in children.<ref name=McPart2006 /><ref name="Foster" /> Hundreds of genes have been linked to AS, and these genes play crucial role in a multitude of [[biological process]]es, exerting influence over the maturation and functioning of the brain.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Motlani V, Motlani G, Thool A | title = Asperger Syndrome (AS): A Review Article | journal = Cureus | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | pages = e31395 | date = November 2022 | pmid = 36514569 | pmc = 9742637 | doi = 10.7759/cureus.31395 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Evidence for a [[Behavioral genetics|genetic link]] is that AS tends to run in families where more family members have limited behavioral symptoms similar to AS (for example, some problems with social interaction, or with language and reading skills).<ref name=NINDS /> Most [[behavioral genetic]] research suggests that all [[Heritability of autism|autism spectrum disorders have shared genetic mechanisms.]]<ref name="McPart2006" /> There may be shared genes in which particular [[allele]]s make an individual vulnerable, and varying combinations result in differing severity and symptoms in each person with AS.<ref name=NINDS />

A few ASD cases have been linked to exposure to [[Teratology#Teratogenic agents|teratogens]] (agents that cause [[birth defect]]s) during the first eight weeks from [[Human fertilization|conception]]. Although this does not exclude the possibility that ASD can be initiated or affected later, it is strong evidence that ASD arises very early in development.<ref name=Arndt>{{cite journal | vauthors = Arndt TL, Stodgell CJ, Rodier PM | s2cid = 17797266 | title = The teratology of autism | journal = International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience | volume = 23 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 189–99 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15749245 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.11.001}}</ref> Many [[environmental factor]]s have been hypothesized to act after birth, but none has been confirmed by scientific investigation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rutter M | title = Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning | journal = Acta Paediatrica | volume = 94 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–15 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15858952 | doi = 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x | s2cid = 79259285 | author-link = Michael Rutter}}</ref> These environmental elements can act as independent and significant risk factors, or they can potentially influence pre-existing genetic factors in people who have a [[genetic predisposition]].<ref name=":0" />

== Mechanism ==
{{Further|Autism#Mechanism}}
[[File:Functional magnetic resonance imaging.jpg|thumb|alt=Monochrome fMRI image of a horizontal cross-section of a human brain. A few regions, mostly to the rear, are highlighted in orange and yellow.|[[Functional magnetic resonance imaging]] provides some evidence for mirror neuron theory.<ref name=Iacoboni />]]

Asperger syndrome appears to result from developmental factors that affect many or all functional brain systems, as opposed to localized effects.<ref name="Mueller">{{cite journal | vauthors = Müller RA | title = The study of autism as a distributed disorder | journal = [[Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews]] | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 85–95 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17326118 | pmc = 3315379 | doi = 10.1002/mrdd.20141}}</ref>

Although the specific underpinnings of AS or factors that distinguish it from other ASDs are unknown, and no clear pathology common to individuals with AS has emerged,<ref name=McPart2006 /> it is still possible that AS's mechanism is separate from other ASDs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rinehart NJ, Bradshaw JL, Brereton AV, Tonge BJ | s2cid = 563134 | title = A clinical and neurobehavioural review of high-functioning autism and Asperger's disorder | journal = The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 36 | issue = 6 | pages = 762–70 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12406118 | doi = 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01097.x}}</ref>

[[Neuroanatomical]] studies and the associations with [[Teratology#Teratogenic agents|teratogens]] strongly suggest that the mechanism includes alteration of brain development soon after conception.<ref name=Arndt /> Abnormal [[fetal development]] may affect the final structure and connectivity of the brain, resulting in altered neural circuits controlling thought and behavior.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berthier ML, Starkstein SE, Leiguarda R | title = Developmental cortical anomalies in Asperger's syndrome: neuroradiological findings in two patients | journal = The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 197–201 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2136076 | doi = 10.1176/jnp.2.2.197}}</ref> Several theories of mechanism are available; none are likely to provide a complete explanation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Happé F, Ronald A, Plomin R | s2cid = 18697986 | title = Time to give up on a single explanation for autism | journal = Nature Neuroscience | volume = 9 | issue = 10 | pages = 1218–20 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17001340 | doi = 10.1038/nn1770}}</ref>

===General-processing theories===
One general-processing theory is [[weak central coherence theory]], which hypothesizes that a limited ability to see the big picture underlies the central disturbance in ASD.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Happé F, Frith U | s2cid = 14999943 | title = The weak coherence account: detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–25 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16450045 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0}}</ref> A related theory—enhanced perceptual functioning—focuses more on the superiority of locally oriented and [[perceptual]] operations in autistic individuals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mottron L, Dawson M, Soulières I, Hubert B, Burack J | s2cid = 327253 | title = Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: an update, and eight principles of autistic perception | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–43 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16453071 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-005-0040-7}}</ref>

===Mirror neuron system (MNS) theory===
{{Update section|date=January 2022|reason=There have been almost 4 decades since some of the material cited here was published, and current consensus in ASD is less straightforward than depicted here|inaccurate=yes}}

The [[mirror neuron system]] (MNS) theory hypothesizes that alterations to the development of the MNS interfere with [[imitation]] and lead to Asperger syndrome's core feature of social impairment.<ref name=Iacoboni>{{cite journal | vauthors = Iacoboni M, Dapretto M | s2cid = 9463011 | title = The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction | journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience | volume = 7 | issue = 12 | pages = 942–51 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17115076 | doi = 10.1038/nrn2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ramachandran VS, Oberman LM | title = Broken mirrors: a theory of autism | journal = Scientific American | volume = 295 | issue = 5 | pages = 62–69 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17076085 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican1106-62 | url = http://cbc.ucsd.edu/pdf/brokenmirrors_asd.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205170827/http://cbc.ucsd.edu/pdf/brokenmirrors_asd.pdf | url-status = live | archive-date = 5 February 2009 | bibcode = 2006SciAm.295e..62R}}</ref> One study found that activation is delayed in the core circuit for imitation in individuals with AS.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nishitani N, Avikainen S, Hari R | title = Abnormal imitation-related cortical activation sequences in Asperger's syndrome | journal = Annals of Neurology | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 558–62 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15048895 | doi = 10.1002/ana.20031 | s2cid = 43913942}}</ref> This theory maps well to [[social cognition]] theories like the [[theory of mind]], which hypothesizes that autistic behavior arises from impairments in ascribing mental states to oneself and others;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U | s2cid = 14955234 | title = Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? | journal = Cognition | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–46 | date = October 1985 | pmid = 2934210 | doi = 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8| citeseerx = 10.1.1.704.4721 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20170928145836/http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/images/personal-alan-leslie/publications/Baron-Cohen%20Leslie%20%26%20Frith%201985.pdf Pdf.]</ref> or [[Empathizing–systemizing theory|hyper-systemizing]], which hypothesizes that autistic individuals can systematize internal operation to handle internal events but are less effective at [[empathizing]] when handling events generated by other agents.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S | title = The hyper-systemizing, assortative mating theory of autism | journal = Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 865–72 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16519981 | doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.010 | s2cid = 13271448 | url = http://www.autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2006_BC_Neuropsychophamacology.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070614091839/http://www.autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2006_BC_Neuropsychophamacology.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 14 June 2007}}</ref>

== Diagnosis ==
Standard diagnostic criteria require impairment in social interaction and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, activities, and interests, without significant delay in language or cognitive development. Unlike the international standard,<ref name="ICD-10-F84.0" /> the [[DSM-IV-TR]] criteria also required significant impairment in day-to-day functioning;<ref name="DSM-IV-TR 299.80" /> [[DSM-5]] eliminated AS as a separate diagnosis in 2013, and folded it into the umbrella of autism spectrum disorders.<ref name=DSMV /> Other sets of diagnostic criteria have been proposed by [[Peter Szatmari#Diagnostic criteria for Asperger Syndrome|Szatmari ''et al.'']]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Szatmari P, Bremner R, Nagy J | s2cid = 45611340 | title = Asperger's syndrome: a review of clinical features | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 34 | issue = 6 | pages = 554–60 | date = August 1989 | pmid = 2766209 | doi = 10.1177/070674378903400613}}</ref> and by [[Christopher Gillberg#Gillberg's criteria for Asperger syndrome|Gillberg and Gillberg]].<ref name=Gill>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gillberg IC, Gillberg C | title = Asperger syndrome – some epidemiological considerations: a research note | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 631–38 | date = July 1989 | pmid = 2670981 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00275.x}}</ref>

Diagnosis is most commonly made between the ages of four and eleven.<ref name="McPart2006" /> A comprehensive assessment involves a multidisciplinary team<ref name=NINDS /><ref name="Baskin"/><ref name=Fitzgerald /> that observes across multiple settings,<ref name=McPart2006 /> and includes neurological and genetic assessment as well as tests for cognition, psychomotor function, verbal and nonverbal strengths and weaknesses, style of learning, and skills for independent living.<ref name=NINDS /> The "gold standard" in diagnosing ASDs combines clinical judgment with the [[Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised]] (ADI-R), a semistructured parent interview; and the [[Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule]] (ADOS), a conversation and play-based interview with the child.<ref name="Woodbury-Smith" /> Delayed or mistaken diagnosis can be traumatic for individuals and families; for example, misdiagnosis can lead to medications that worsen behavior.<ref name=Fitzgerald /><ref name="leskovec">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leskovec TJ, Rowles BM, Findling RL | title = Pharmacological treatment options for autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents | journal = Harvard Review of Psychiatry | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 97–112 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18415882 | doi = 10.1080/10673220802075852 | s2cid = 26112061}}</ref>

Underdiagnosis and [[overdiagnosis]] may be problems. The cost and difficulty of [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] and assessment can delay diagnosis. Conversely, the increasing popularity of drug treatment options and the expansion of benefits has motivated providers to overdiagnose ASD.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shattuck PT, Grosse SD | title = Issues related to the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorders | journal = [[Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews]] | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 129–35 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17563895 | doi = 10.1002/mrdd.20143}}</ref> There are indications AS has been diagnosed more frequently in recent years, partly as a residual diagnosis for children of normal intelligence who are not autistic but have social difficulties.<ref name="Klin-Volkmar" />

There are questions about the [[external validity]] of the AS diagnosis. That is, it is unclear whether there is a practical benefit in distinguishing AS from HFA or PDD-NOS;<ref name="Klin-Volkmar">{{cite journal | vauthors = Klin A, Volkmar FR | title = Asperger syndrome: diagnosis and external validity | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–13, v | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512395 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00052-4}}</ref> different screening tools may render different diagnoses for the same person.<ref name="NINDS" />

=== Differential diagnosis ===
Many children with AS are initially misdiagnosed with [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD).<ref name="McPart2006" /> Diagnosing adults is more challenging, as standard diagnostic criteria are designed for children and the expression of AS changes with age.<ref name=LehnhardtDiffDiag2013rev /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tantam D | title = The challenge of adolescents and adults with Asperger syndrome | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 143–63, vii–viii | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512403 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00053-6}}</ref> Adult diagnosis requires painstaking clinical examination and thorough [[medical history]] gained from both the individual and other people who know the person, focusing on childhood behavior.<ref name="ASAdulthood">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roy M, Dillo W, Emrich HM, Ohlmeier MD | title = Asperger's syndrome in adulthood | journal = Deutsches Ärzteblatt International | volume = 106 | issue = 5 | pages = 59–64 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19562011 | pmc = 2695286 | doi = 10.3238/arztebl.2009.0059}}</ref>

Conditions that must be considered in a [[differential diagnosis]] along with ADHD include other ASDs, the [[schizophrenia spectrum]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]], [[major depressive disorder]], [[semantic pragmatic disorder]], [[nonverbal learning disorder]], [[social anxiety disorder]],<ref name="Fitzgerald">{{cite journal|vauthors=Fitzgerald M, Corvin A|year=2001|url=http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/7/4/310|title=Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Asperger syndrome|journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment |volume=7|issue=4|pages=310–18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910134556/http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/7/4/310|archive-date=10 September 2007|doi=10.1192/apt.7.4.310|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="LehnhardtDiffDiag2013rev">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lehnhardt FG, Gawronski A, Pfeiffer K, Kockler H, Schilbach L, Vogeley K | title = The investigation and differential diagnosis of Asperger syndrome in adults | journal = Deutsches Ärzteblatt International | volume = 110 | issue = 45 | pages = 755–63 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24290364 | pmc = 3849991 | doi = 10.3238/arztebl.2013.0755}}</ref> [[Tourette syndrome]],<ref name="RapinTS" /> [[stereotypic movement disorder]], [[bipolar disorder]],<ref name="Foster">{{cite journal | vauthors = Foster B, King BH | title = Asperger syndrome: to be or not to be? | journal = Current Opinion in Pediatrics | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 491–94 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14508298 | doi = 10.1097/00008480-200310000-00008 | s2cid = 21415556}}</ref> social-cognitive deficits due to brain damage from [[alcohol use disorder]],<ref name="pmid18412750">{{cite journal | vauthors = Uekermann J, Daum I | title = Social cognition in alcoholism: a link to prefrontal cortex dysfunction? | journal = Addiction | volume = 103 | issue = 5 | pages = 726–35 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18412750 | doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02157.x}}</ref> and [[obsessive–compulsive personality disorder]] (OCPD).<ref name="Gillberg&Billstedt2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gillberg C, Billstedt E | title = Autism and Asperger syndrome: coexistence with other clinical disorders | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | volume = 102 | issue = 5 | pages = 321–30 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11098802 | doi = 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102005321.x | s2cid = 40070782}}</ref><ref name="Fitzgerald2001a">{{cite journal|vauthors=Fitzgerald M|s2cid=3814840|title=Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Asperger syndrome|journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment|date=1 July 2001|volume=7|issue=4|pages=310–18|doi=10.1192/apt.7.4.310|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Screening ==
Parents of children with Asperger syndrome can typically trace differences in their children's development to as early as 30 months of age.<ref name=Foster /> Developmental screening during a routine [[check-up]] by a [[general practitioner]] or pediatrician may identify signs that warrant further investigation.<ref name=NINDS /><ref name=McPart2006 /> The [[United States Preventive Services Task Force]] in 2016 found it was unclear if screening was beneficial or harmful among children in whom there are no concerns.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Siu AL, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Baumann LC, Davidson KW, Ebell M, García FA, Gillman M, Herzstein J, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Owens DK, Phillips WR, Phipps MG, Pignone MP | title = Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = JAMA | volume = 315 | issue = 7 | pages = 691–96 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26881372 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0018 | doi-access = free}}</ref>

Different screening instruments are used to diagnose AS,<ref name=NINDS /><ref name=EhlGill /> including the Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale (ASDS); Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ); [[Childhood Autism Spectrum Test]] (CAST), previously called the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test;<ref>The '''CAST''' has been renamed from the ''Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test'' to the ''[http://psychology-tools.com/cast/ Childhood Autism Spectrum Test]'', reflecting the removal of Asperger's Syndrome from the [[DSM-5]]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703115109/http://psychology-tools.com/cast/|date=3 July 2013}}</ref> [[Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale]] (GADS); Krug Asperger's Disorder Index (KADI);<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Campbell JM | s2cid = 16437469 | title = Diagnostic assessment of Asperger's disorder: a review of five third-party rating scales | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–35 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15796119 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-004-1028-4}}</ref> and the [[autism-spectrum quotient]] (AQ), with versions for children,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Auyeung B, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Allison C | title = The Autism Spectrum Quotient: Children's Version (AQ-Child) | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 38 | issue = 7 | pages = 1230–40 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18064550 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-007-0504-z | s2cid = 12682486 | url = http://autismresearchcenter.com/docs/papers/2008_Auyeung_etal_ChildAQ.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205170722/http://autismresearchcenter.com/docs/papers/2008_Auyeung_etal_ChildAQ.pdf | url-status = live | archive-date = 5 February 2009}}</ref> adolescents,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Hoekstra RA, Knickmeyer R, Wheelwright S | title = The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ)--adolescent version | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 343–50 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16552625 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-006-0073-6 | url = http://autismresearchcenter.com/docs/papers/2006_BC_Hoekstra_etal_AQ-adol.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205170712/http://autismresearchcenter.com/docs/papers/2006_BC_Hoekstra_etal_AQ-adol.pdf | archive-date = 5 February 2009 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.654.1966 | s2cid = 12934864}}</ref> and adults.<ref name="Cohenetal 2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Woodbury-Smith MR, Robinson J, Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S | title = Screening adults for Asperger Syndrome using the AQ: a preliminary study of its diagnostic validity in clinical practice | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders| url = http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2005_Woodbury-Smith_etal_ScreeningAdultsForAS.pdf | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 331–35 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 16119474 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-005-3300-7 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081217140624/http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2005_Woodbury-Smith_etal_ScreeningAdultsForAS.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 17 December 2008 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.653.8639 | s2cid = 13013701}}</ref> None have been shown to reliably differentiate between AS and other ASDs.<ref name=McPart2006 />

== Management ==
{{Further|Autism therapies}}

Treatment attempts to manage distressing symptoms and to teach age-appropriate social, communication, and vocational skills that are not naturally acquired during development.<ref name="McPart2006" /> Intervention is tailored to the needs of the individual based on multidisciplinary assessment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khouzam HR, El-Gabalawi F, Pirwani N, Priest F | title = Asperger's disorder: a review of its diagnosis and treatment | journal = Comprehensive Psychiatry | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 184–91 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15124148 | doi = 10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.02.004}}</ref> Although progress has been made, data supporting the [[efficacy]] of particular interventions are limited.<ref name="McPart2006" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Attwood T | title = Frameworks for behavioral interventions | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–86, vi | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512399 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00054-8}}</ref>

=== Therapies ===

Managing ASD may involve multiple therapies that address core symptoms of the disorder. While many professionals agree that the earlier the professional support the better, there is no combination that is recommended above others.<ref name=NINDS /> Professional support for ASD varies depending on the individual; it takes into account the linguistic capabilities, verbal strengths, and nonverbal vulnerabilities of individuals.<ref name=McPart2006 />

Many of those diagnosed with ASD or similar disorders advocate against behavioral therapies, like Applied behavior analysis (ABA) and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), often as part of the [[autism rights movement]], on the grounds that these approaches frequently reinforce the demand on autistic people to [[Autistic masking|mask their neurodivergent characteristics]] or behaviors to favor a more '[[neurotypical]]' and narrow conception of normality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commentary: The autistic community is having a reckoning with ABA therapy. We should listen |url=https://fortune.com/2022/05/13/autistic-community-reckoning-aba-therapy-rights-autism-insurance-private-equity-ariana-cernius/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = McGill O, Robinson A |date=2020-01-01 |title="Recalling hidden harms": autistic experiences of childhood applied behavioural analysis (ABA) |journal=Advances in Autism |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1108/AIA-04-2020-0025 |s2cid=225282499 |issn=2056-3868|url=https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/73753/1/McGill_Robinson_AA_2020_autistic_experiences_of_childhood_Applied_Behavioural_Analysis.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hull L, Petrides KV, Allison C, Smith P, Baron-Cohen S, Lai MC, Mandy W | title = "Putting on My Best Normal": Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 47 | issue = 8 | pages = 2519–2534 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28527095 | pmc = 5509825 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5 }}</ref> ABA has faced a great deal of [[Applied behaviour analysis#Criticism|criticism]] over the years. Recently, studies have shown that ABA may be abusive and can increase PTSD symptoms in patients.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Kupferstein H |date=2018-01-02 |title=Evidence of increased PTSD symptoms in autistics exposed to applied behavior analysis |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/AIA-08-2017-0016/full/html |journal=Advances in Autism |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=19–29 |doi=10.1108/AIA-08-2017-0016 |issn=2056-3868 |s2cid=4638346}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Sandoval-Norton AH, Shkedy G, Shkedy D |date=2019-01-01 | veditors = Rushby JA |title=How much compliance is too much compliance: Is long-term ABA therapy abuse? |journal=Cogent Psychology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1641258 |doi=10.1080/23311908.2019.1641258 |issn=2331-1908 |s2cid=199041640 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilkenfeld DA, McCarthy AM | title = Ethical Concerns with Applied Behavior Analysis for Autism Spectrum "Disorder" | journal = Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–69 | date = 2020 | pmid = 32336692 | doi = 10.1353/ken.2020.0000 | s2cid = 216557299 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bottema-Beutel K, Crowley S, Sandbank M, Woynaroski TG | title = Research Review: Conflicts of Interest (COIs) in autism early intervention research - a meta-analysis of COI influences on intervention effects | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–15 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 32353179 | pmc = 7606324 | doi = 10.1111/jcpp.13249 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = McGill O, Robinson A |date=2021-10-26 |title="Recalling hidden harms": autistic experiences of childhood applied behavioural analysis (ABA) |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/AIA-04-2020-0025/full/html |journal=Advances in Autism |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1108/AIA-04-2020-0025 |issn=2056-3868 |s2cid=225282499}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Shkedy G, Shkedy D, Sandoval-Norton AH |date=June 2021 |title=Long-term ABA Therapy Is Abusive: A Response to Gorycki, Ruppel, and Zane |journal=Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=126–134 |doi=10.1007/s41252-021-00201-1 |issn=2366-7532 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Autistic Self Advocacy Network]] campaigns against the use of ABA in autism.<ref name="Autistic Self Advocacy Network">{{cite web |author=Autistic Self Advocacy Network |title=Autistic Self Advocacy Network – Nothing About Us Without Us |url=http://www.autisticadvocacy.org/ |website=www.autisticadvocacy.org}}</ref><ref name="DeVita-Raeburn_2016">{{cite web |date=2016-08-11 |title=Is the Most Common Therapy for Autism Cruel? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/08/aba-autism-controversy/495272/ |website=[[The Atlantic]] |vauthors=DeVita-Raeburn E}}</ref>

In the case of CBT and talking therapies, the effectiveness varies, with many reporting that they appeared 'too self-aware' to gain significant benefit, as the therapy was designed with neurotypical people in mind.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Nicholls A |date=2021-10-14 |title=Why Doesn't Standard Talking Therapy Work for Autistic People? |url=https://www.dralicenicholls.com/why-doesnt-standard-talking-therapy-work-for-autistic-people/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Dr Alice Nicholls |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is CBT effective when working with autistic people? |url=https://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/memberarticles/is-cbt-effective-when-working-with-people-with-autism |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.counselling-directory.org.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> In autistic children, specifically, they also report that it is only mildly beneficial in aiding with their anxieties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=Cognitive behavioral therapy may be only mildly effective for anxious, autistic children |url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-may-be-only-mildly-effective-for-anxious-autistic-children/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Spectrum {{!}} Autism Research News |language=en-US}}</ref>

A typical program of professional support generally includes:<ref name="NINDS" />
* [[Applied behavior analysis]] (ABA) procedures, including [[positive behavior support]] (PBS)—or training and support of parents and school faculty in behavior management strategies to use in the home and school, and [[social skills]] training for more effective interpersonal interactions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Krasny L, Williams BJ, Provencal S, Ozonoff S | title = Social skills interventions for the autism spectrum: essential ingredients and a model curriculum | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 107–22 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512401 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00051-2}}</ref> The [[Autistic Self Advocacy Network]] campaigns against the use of ABA in autism;<ref name="Autistic Self Advocacy Network" /><ref name="DeVita-Raeburn_2016" />
* [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] to improve [[stress management]] relating to anxiety or explosive emotions<ref name="Myles">{{cite journal | vauthors = Myles BS | title = Behavioral forms of stress management for individuals with Asperger syndrome | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 123–41 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512402 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00048-2}}</ref> and to help reduce obsessive interests (although this may produce negative impact by demonising special interests) and repetitive routines;
* [[Medication]] for coexisting conditions such as [[major depressive disorder]] and [[anxiety disorder]]s;<ref name="Towbin" />
* [[Occupational therapy|Occupational]] or [[physical therapy]] to assist with poor [[sensory processing]] and [[motor coordination]]; and,
* [[Social communication]] intervention, which is specialized [[speech therapy]] to help with the [[pragmatics]] and give-and-take of normal conversation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paul R | title = Promoting social communication in high functioning individuals with autistic spectrum disorders | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–106, vi–vii | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512400 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00047-0}}</ref>

Of the many studies on behavior-based early intervention programs, most are [[case report]]s of up to five participants and typically examine a few problem behaviors such as [[self-injury]], [[aggression]], noncompliance, [[stereotypies]], or spontaneous language; unintended [[side effect]]s are largely ignored.<ref name=interrev>{{cite journal | vauthors = Matson JL | title = Determining treatment outcome in early intervention programs for autism spectrum disorders: a critical analysis of measurement issues in learning based interventions | journal = Research in Developmental Disabilities | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 207–18 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16682171 | doi = 10.1016/j.ridd.2005.07.006}}</ref> Despite the popularity of social skills training, its effectiveness is not firmly established.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rao PA, Beidel DC, Murray MJ | s2cid = 2507088 | title = Social skills interventions for children with Asperger's syndrome or high-functioning autism: a review and recommendations | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 353–61 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 17641962 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-007-0402-4}}</ref> A randomized controlled study of a model for training parents in problem behaviors in their children with AS showed that parents attending a one-day workshop or six individual lessons reported fewer behavioral problems, while parents receiving the individual lessons reported less intense behavioral problems in their AS children.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sofronoff K, Leslie A, Brown W | title = Parent management training and Asperger syndrome: a randomized controlled trial to evaluate a parent based intervention | journal = Autism | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 301–17 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15358872 | doi = 10.1177/1362361304045215 | s2cid = 23763353}}</ref> Vocational training may be important to teach job interview etiquette and workplace behavior to older children and adults with AS, and organization software and personal data assistants can improve the work and life management of people with AS.<ref name="McPart2006" />

[[Fecal microbiota transplant|Fecal Microbiota Transplantation]] (FMT) is an innovative therapy for AS that aims to restore microbial balance in the patient's [[gastrointestinal tract]] by introducing healthy fecal microbiota acquired from people with a diverse microbial composition. This approach attempts to reconstruct the patient's gut microbiota by taking into account the intricate interactions between the human gut and the [[central nervous system]] via the [[Gut–brain axis|gut-brain axis]] (GBA). Any disruption in gut health has been linked to an increased susceptibility to diverse [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s.<ref name=":0" />

It is vital to remember that research of AS specifically operates upon the out-dated classification of this syndrome as external to ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder). Similarly, we should also note that ASD is a spectrum and support varies dramatically depending on the individual.

=== Medications ===
No medications directly treat the core symptoms of AS.<ref name=Towbin>{{cite journal | vauthors = Towbin KE | title = Strategies for pharmacologic treatment of high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 23–45 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512397 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00049-4 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1260194}}</ref> Although research into the efficacy of pharmaceutical intervention for AS is limited,<ref name="McPart2006" /> it is essential to diagnose and treat [[comorbid]] conditions.<ref name="Baskin" /> Deficits in self-identifying emotions or in observing effects of one's behavior on others can make it difficult for individuals with AS to see why medication may be appropriate.<ref name=Towbin /> Medication can be effective in combination with behavioral interventions and environmental accommodations in treating comorbid symptoms such as anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, inattention, and aggression.<ref name="McPart2006" /> The [[atypical antipsychotic]] medications [[risperidone]], [[olanzapine]] and [[aripiprazole]] have been shown to reduce the associated symptoms of AS;<ref name="McPart2006" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hirsch LE, Pringsheim T | title = Aripiprazole for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 6 | pages = CD009043 | date = June 2016 | volume = 2016 | pmid = 27344135 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009043.pub3 | pmc = 7120220}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blankenship K, Erickson CA, Stigler KA, Posey DJ, McDougle CJ | title = Aripiprazole for irritability associated with autistic disorder in children and adolescents aged 6–17 years | journal = Pediatric Health | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 375–81 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 21359119 | pmc = 3043611 | doi = 10.2217/phe.10.45}}</ref> risperidone can reduce repetitive and self-injurious behaviors, aggressive outbursts, and impulsivity, and improve stereotypical patterns of behavior and social relatedness. The [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s (SSRIs) [[fluoxetine]], [[fluvoxamine]], and [[sertraline]] have been effective in treating restricted and repetitive interests and behaviors,<ref name="McPart2006" /><ref name="Baskin" /><ref name="Foster" /> while stimulant medication, such as [[methylphenidate]], can reduce inattention.<ref name="CCD2007">{{cite journal | url= https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162 | vauthors = Myers SM, Johnson CP | title = Management of children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 120 | issue = 5 | pages = 1162–82 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17967921 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2007-2362 | doi-access = free}}</ref> In addition, scientists have made a noteworthy finding that [[Oxytocin (medication)|oxytocin]], a hormone, plays a significant role in shaping human social behavior and the formation of interpersonal connections.<ref name=":0" />

Care must be taken with medications, as side effects may be more common and harder to evaluate in individuals with AS, and tests of drugs' effectiveness against comorbid conditions routinely exclude individuals from the autism spectrum.<ref name=Towbin /> Abnormalities in [[metabolism]], [[Electrical conduction system of the heart|cardiac conduction]] times, and an increased risk of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] have been raised as concerns with antipsychotic medications,<ref name="Newcomer">{{cite journal | vauthors = Newcomer JW | title = Antipsychotic medications: metabolic and cardiovascular risk | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 68 | issue = Suppl 4 | pages = 8–13 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17539694}}</ref><ref name="Chavez">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chavez B, Chavez-Brown M, Sopko MA, Rey JA | title = Atypical antipsychotics in children with pervasive developmental disorders | journal = Paediatric Drugs | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 249–66 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17705564 | doi = 10.2165/00148581-200709040-00006 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.659.4150 | s2cid = 6690106}}</ref> along with serious long-term neurological side effects.<ref name=interrev /> SSRIs can lead to manifestations of behavioral activation such as increased impulsivity, aggression, and [[sleep disturbance]].<ref name="Foster" /> [[Weight gain]] and fatigue are commonly reported side effects of risperidone, which may also lead to increased risk for [[extrapyramidal symptoms]] such as restlessness and [[dystonia]]<ref name="Foster" /> and increased serum [[prolactin]] levels.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Staller J | title = The effect of long-term antipsychotic treatment on prolactin | journal = Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 317–26 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16768639 | doi = 10.1089/cap.2006.16.317}}</ref> Sedation and weight gain are more common with [[olanzapine]],<ref name="Chavez" /> which has also been linked with diabetes.<ref name="Newcomer" /> Sedative side-effects in school-age children<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stachnik JM, Nunn-Thompson C | s2cid = 31715163 | title = Use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of autistic disorder | journal = The Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 626–34 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17389666 | doi = 10.1345/aph.1H527}}</ref> have ramifications for classroom learning. Individuals with AS may be unable to identify and communicate their internal [[Mood (psychology)|moods]] and emotions or to tolerate side effects that for most people would not be problematic.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism: research concerns and emerging foci|journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry|volume=16|issue=5|pages=535–42|year=2003|vauthors=Blacher J, Kraemer B, Schalow M|doi=10.1097/00001504-200309000-00008|s2cid=146839394}}</ref>

== Prognosis ==
There is some evidence that children with AS may see a lessening of symptoms; up to 20% of children may no longer meet the diagnostic criteria as adults, although social and communication difficulties may persist.<ref name="Woodbury-Smith" /> {{As of|2006}}, no studies addressing the long-term outcome of individuals with Asperger syndrome are available and there are no systematic long-term follow-up studies of children with AS.<ref name="Klin" /> Individuals with AS appear to have normal [[life expectancy]], but have an increased [[prevalence]] of [[comorbid]] psychiatric conditions, such as major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders that may significantly affect [[prognosis]].<ref name="McPart2006" /><ref name="Woodbury-Smith" /> Although social impairment may be lifelong, the outcome is generally more positive than with individuals with lower-functioning autism spectrum disorders;<ref name="McPart2006" /> for example, ASD symptoms are more likely to diminish with time in children with AS or HFA.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Coplan J, Jawad AF | title = Modeling clinical outcome of children with autistic spectrum disorders | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 116 | issue = 1 | pages = 117–22 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15995041 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2004-1118 | s2cid = 8440775}}</ref> Most students with AS and HFA have average mathematical ability and test slightly worse in mathematics than in general intelligence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chiang HM, Lin YH | title = Mathematical ability of students with Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism: a review of literature | journal = Autism | volume = 11 | issue = 6 | pages = 547–56 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17947290 | doi = 10.1177/1362361307083259 | s2cid = 37125753 | via = SAGE Journals}}</ref> However, mathematicians are at least three times more likely to have autism-spectrum traits than the general population, and are more likely to have family members with autism.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Burtenshaw A, Hobson E | title = Mathematical Talent is Linked to Autism | journal = Human Nature | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 125–131 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 26181845 | doi = 10.1007/s12110-007-9014-0 | s2cid = 11021156 }}</ref>

Although many attend regular education classes, some children with AS may attend [[special education]] classes such as separate classroom and [[resource room]] because of their social and behavioral difficulties.<ref name="Klin" /> Adolescents with AS may exhibit ongoing difficulty with [[self-care]] or organization, and disturbances in social and romantic relationships. Despite high cognitive potential, most young adults with AS remain at home, yet some do marry and work independently.<ref name="McPart2006" /> The "different-ness" adolescents experience can be traumatic.<ref name="Moran">{{cite journal| vauthors = Moran M |title=Asperger's may be answer to diagnostic mysteries|journal=Psychiatric News|year=2006|volume=41|issue=19|pages=21–36|doi=10.1176/pn.41.19.0021}}</ref> Anxiety may stem from preoccupation over possible violations of routines and rituals, from being placed in a situation without a clear schedule or expectations, or from [[Social anxiety|concern with failing in social encounters]];<ref name=McPart2006 /> the resulting [[Stress (psychological)|stress]] may manifest as inattention, withdrawal, reliance on obsessions, hyperactivity, or aggressive or oppositional behavior.<ref name=Myles /> Depression is often the result of chronic [[frustration]] from repeated failure to engage others socially, and [[mood disorder]]s requiring treatment may develop.<ref name="McPart2006" /> Clinical experience suggests the rate of suicide may be higher among those with AS, but this has not been confirmed by systematic empirical studies.<ref>{{cite book|title=Asperger's Disorder|veditors=Rausch JL, Johnson ME, Casanova MF|publisher=Informa Healthcare|year=2008|chapter=Asperger syndrome – mortality and morbidity| vauthors = Gillberg C|pages=63–80|isbn=978-0-8493-8360-1}}</ref>

Education of families is critical in developing strategies for understanding strengths and weaknesses;<ref name="Baskin" /> helping the family to cope improves outcomes in children.<ref name=Tsatsanis /> Prognosis may be improved by diagnosis at a younger age that allows for early interventions, while interventions in adulthood are valuable but less beneficial.<ref name="Baskin" /> There are legal implications for individuals with AS as they run the risk of exploitation by others and may be unable to comprehend the societal implications of their actions.<ref name="Baskin" />

== Epidemiology ==
{{main|Epidemiology of autism}}

Frequency estimates vary enormously. In 2015, it was estimated that 37.2 million people globally are affected.<ref name=GBD2015Pre /> A 2003 review of [[epidemiological studies]] of children found autism rates ranging from 0.03 to 4.84 per 1,000, with the ratio of autism to Asperger syndrome ranging from 1.5:1 to 16:1;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fombonne E, Tidmarsh L | title = Epidemiologic data on Asperger disorder | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–21, v–vi | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512396 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00050-0}}</ref> combining the geometric mean ratio of 5:1 with a conservative prevalence estimate for autism of 1.3 per 1,000 suggests indirectly that the prevalence of AS might be around 0.26 per 1,000.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Epidemiological surveys of pervasive developmental disorders| vauthors = Fombonne E |pages=33–68|title=Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders|edition=2nd|veditors=Volkmar FR|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-54957-8}}</ref> Part of the variance in estimates arises from differences in diagnostic criteria. For example, a relatively small 2007 study of 5,484 eight-year-old children in Finland found 2.9 children per 1,000 met the ICD-10 criteria for an AS diagnosis, 2.7 per 1,000 for Gillberg and Gillberg criteria, 2.5 for DSM-IV, 1.6 for Szatmari ''et al.'', and 4.3 per 1,000 for the union of the four criteria. Boys seem to be more likely to have AS than girls; estimates of the sex ratio range from 1.6:1 to 4:1, using the Gillberg and Gillberg criteria.<ref name=Mattila /> Females with autism spectrum disorders may be underdiagnosed.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Galanopoulos A, Robertson D, Woodhouse E | title = The assessment of autism spectrum disorders in adults |journal=Advances in Autism |date=4 January 2016 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=31–40 |doi=10.1108/AIA-09-2015-0017}}</ref>

=== Comorbidities ===
{{Main|Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders}}

Anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder are the most common conditions seen at the same time; [[comorbidity]] of these in persons with AS is estimated at 65%.<ref name=McPart2006 /> Reports have associated AS with [[medical conditions]] such as [[aminoaciduria]] and [[ligamentous laxity]], but these have been case reports or small studies and no factors have been associated with AS across studies.<ref name="McPart2006" /> One study of males with AS found an increased rate of [[epilepsy]] and a high rate (51%) of [[nonverbal learning disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cederlund M, Gillberg C | title = One hundred males with Asperger syndrome: a clinical study of background and associated factors | journal = Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | volume = 46 | issue = 10 | pages = 652–60 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15473168 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00977.x | s2cid = 5931902| doi-access = free }}</ref> AS is associated with [[tic]]s, [[Tourette syndrome]] and [[bipolar disorder]]. The repetitive behaviors of AS have many similarities with the symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder and [[obsessive–compulsive personality disorder]],<ref name="Gillberg&Billstedt2000"/> and 26% of a sample of young adults with AS were found to meet the criteria for [[schizoid personality disorder]] (which is characterised by severe social seclusion and emotional detachment), more than any other personality disorder in the sample.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lugnegård T, Hallerbäck MU, Gillberg C | title = Personality disorders and autism spectrum disorders: what are the connections? | journal = Comprehensive Psychiatry | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 333–40 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 21821235 | doi = 10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.05.014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tantam D | title = Lifelong eccentricity and social isolation. II: Asperger's syndrome or schizoid personality disorder? | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 153 | pages = 783–91 | date = December 1988 | issue = 6 | pmid = 3256377 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.153.6.783| s2cid = 39433805 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Integrated Treatment for Co-Occurring Disorders: Personality Disorders and Addiction | vauthors = Ekleberry SC |publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-0789036933|pages=31–32|chapter=Cluster A – Schizoid Personality Disorder and Substance Use Disorders|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5HY1xcfjEcC&pg=PA31}}</ref> However many of these studies are based on [[sampling bias|clinical samples]] or lack standardized measures; nonetheless, comorbid conditions are relatively common.<ref name="Woodbury-Smith" />

=== Correlated characteristics ===
Research [[Autism and LGBT identities|indicates that individuals with Aspergers]] have significantly higher rates of [[LGBT community|LGBT identities]] and feelings than the general population.<ref name="Graham Holmes-2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Graham Holmes L, Ames JL, Massolo ML, Nunez DM, Croen LA | title = Improving the Sexual and Reproductive Health and Health Care of Autistic People | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 149 | issue = Suppl 4 | pages = e2020049437J | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35363286 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2020-049437J | publisher = [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] | quote = A substantial proportion of autistic adolescents and adults are LGBTQIA+. Autistic people are more likely to be transgender or gender nonconforming compared with non-autistic people, and findings from a recent autism registry study suggest that among autistic people able to self-report on a survey, up to 18% of men and 43% of women may be sexual minorities. | doi-access = free }}</ref> They are also significantly more likely to be [[Nontheism|non-theistic]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Norenzayan A, Gervais WM, Trzesniewski KH | title = Mentalizing deficits constrain belief in a personal God | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = e36880 | date = 2012 | pmid = 22666332 | pmc = 3364254 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0036880 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...736880N }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Asperger syndrome}}

Named after the Austrian pediatrician [[Hans Asperger]] (1906–1980), Asperger syndrome is a relatively new diagnosis in the field of autism,<ref name="What'sSpecial">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Klin A | s2cid = 12554302 | title = What's so special about Asperger Syndrome? | journal = Brain and Cognition | volume = 61 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–4 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16563588 | doi = 10.1016/j.bandc.2006.02.002}}</ref> though a syndrome like it was described as early as 1925 by Soviet child psychiatrist [[Grunya Sukhareva]] (1891–1981),<ref>{{cite book |author=Sukhareva GE |translator=Rebecchi K |title=Autistic Children |publisher=Amazon |date=2022 |isbn=978-169098676-8}}</ref> leading some of those diagnosed with Asperger syndrome to instead refer to their condition as 'Sukhareva's Syndrome', in opposition to Hans Asperger's association with Nazism.<ref name="urn.kb.se" /> As a child, Asperger appears to have exhibited some features of the very condition named after him, such as remoteness and talent in language.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lyons V, Fitzgerald M | s2cid = 21595111 | title = Did Hans Asperger (1906–1980) have Asperger syndrome? | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 37 | issue = 10 | pages = 2020–21 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17917805 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-007-0382-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Osborne L|title=American Normal: The Hidden World of Asperger Syndrome|url=https://archive.org/details/americannormalhi00osbo|url-access=limited|publisher=Copernicus|year=2002|isbn=978-0-387-95307-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/americannormalhi00osbo/page/n35 19]}}</ref> In 1944, Asperger described four children in his practice<ref name=Baskin /> who had difficulty in integrating themselves socially and showing empathy towards peers. They also lacked nonverbal communication skills and were physically clumsy. Asperger described this "autistic psychopathy" as [[social isolation]].<ref name=NINDS /> Fifty years later, several standardizations of AS as a [[medical diagnosis]] were tentatively proposed, many of which diverge significantly from Asperger's original work.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hippler K, Klicpera C | title = A retrospective analysis of the clinical case records of 'autistic psychopaths' diagnosed by Hans Asperger and his team at the University Children's Hospital, Vienna | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 358 | issue = 1430 | pages = 291–301 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12639327 | pmc = 1693115 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2002.1197}}</ref>

Unlike today's AS, autistic psychopathy could be found in people of all levels of intelligence, including those with intellectual disability.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Wing L|chapter=The relationship between Asperger's syndrome and Kanner's autism| veditors = Frith U|title=Autism and Asperger syndrome|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-38608-1|pages=93–121}}</ref> Asperger defended the value of so-called "high-functioning" autistic individuals, writing: "We are convinced, then, that autistic people have their place in the organism of the social community. They fulfill their role well, perhaps better than anyone else could, and we are talking of people who as children had the greatest difficulties and caused untold worries to their care-givers."<ref name=rue1/> Asperger also believed some would be capable of exceptional achievement and original thought later in life.<ref name="Baskin" />

Asperger's paper was published during [[World War II]] and in German, so it was not widely read elsewhere. [[Lorna Wing]] used the term ''Asperger syndrome'' in 1976,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guidingpathways.com.au/2018/01/24/what-is-aspergers-syndrome/|title=What is Asperger's Syndrome|publisher=Guiding Pathways header logo | vauthors = Cole C | date=24 January 2018|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref> and popularized it to the English-speaking medical community in her February 1981 publication<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wing L|author-link=Lorna Wing|year=1981|title=Asperger's Syndrome: A Clinical Account|url=https://ndclibrary.sjc1.vultrobjects.com/lorna-wing-asperger-clinical-account.pdf|journal=[[Psychological Medicine]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=115{{ndash}}129|doi=10.1017/S0033291700053332|pmid=7208735|s2cid=16046498}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/18/books/review/aspergers-children-edith-sheffer.html|title=Asperger's Children|work=[[The New York Times]] | vauthors = Mnookin S |date=18 June 2018|access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref> of case studies of children showing the symptoms described by Asperger,<ref name="What'sSpecial" /> and [[Uta Frith]] translated his paper to English in 1991.<ref name=rue1/> Sets of diagnostic criteria were outlined by Gillberg and Gillberg in 1989 and by Szatmari ''et al.'' in the same year.<ref name="Mattila">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mattila ML, Kielinen M, Jussila K, Linna SL, Bloigu R, Ebeling H, Moilanen I | title = An epidemiological and diagnostic study of Asperger syndrome according to four sets of diagnostic criteria | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 636–46 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17450055 | doi = 10.1097/chi.0b013e318033ff42| s2cid = 28596939 }}</ref> In 1992, AS became a standard diagnosis when it was included in the tenth edition of the [[World Health Organization]]'s diagnostic manual, ''International Classification of Diseases'' ([[ICD-10]]). It was added to the fourth edition of the [[American Psychiatric Association]]'s diagnostic reference, ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' ([[DSM-IV]]), published in 1994.<ref name=NINDS />

Hundreds of books, articles, and websites now describe AS and prevalence estimates have increased dramatically for ASD, with AS recognized as an important subgroup.<ref name="What'sSpecial" /> Whether it should be seen as distinct from high-functioning autism is a fundamental issue requiring further study,<ref name="Baskin" /> and there are questions about the [[empirical validation]] of the DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria.<ref name="Klin" /> In 2013, [[DSM-5]] eliminated AS as a separate diagnosis, folding it into the autism spectrum on a severity scale.<ref name=DSMV />

== Society and culture ==
{{See also|Societal and cultural aspects of autism|Disability rights movement}}
[[File:Students, families walk to support Autism Awareness Month 140404-M-ZZ999-331.jpg|thumb|Students and families walk to support Autism Awareness Month.|alt=Three children are seen holding a banner which says "Different NOT Less! We ARE UNIFIED" in brightly colored text.]]

People identifying with Asperger syndrome may refer to themselves in casual conversation as ''aspies'' (a term first used in print in the ''[[The Boston Globe|Boston Globe]]'' in 1998).<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Willey LH|title=Pretending to be Normal: Living with Asperger's Syndrome|url=https://archive.org/details/pretendingtobeno00will|url-access=limited|publisher=Jessica Kingsley|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pretendingtobeno00will/page/n71 71], 104|year=1999|isbn=978-1-85302-749-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite OED|term=Aspie|id=392643|access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> Some autistic people have advocated a shift in perception of autism spectrum disorders as complex [[syndrome]]s rather than diseases that must be cured. Proponents of this view reject the notion that there is an "ideal" brain configuration and that any deviation from the norm is [[pathological]]; they promote tolerance of [[neurodiversity]].<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Williams CC|chapter=In search of an Asperger|veditors=Stoddart KP|title=Children, Youth and Adults with Asperger Syndrome: Integrating Multiple Perspectives|year=2005|publisher=Jessica Kingsley|isbn=978-1-84310-319-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/childrenyouthadu00kevi/page/242 242–52]|quote=The life prospects of people with AS would change if we shifted from viewing AS as a set of dysfunctions, to viewing it as a set of differences that have merit.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/childrenyouthadu00kevi/page/242}}</ref> These views are the basis for the [[autistic rights]] and [[autistic pride]] movements.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Dakin CJ|chapter=Life on the outside: A personal perspective of Asperger syndrome| veditors = Stoddart KP|title=Children, Youth and Adults with Asperger Syndrome: Integrating Multiple Perspectives|year=2005|publisher=Jessica Kingsley|isbn=978-1-84310-319-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/childrenyouthadu00kevi/page/352 352–61]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/childrenyouthadu00kevi/page/352}}</ref> There is a contrast between the attitude of people with AS, who typically do not want to be cured and are proud of their identity; and parents of children with AS, who typically seek assistance and a cure for their children.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clarke J, van Amerom G | title = Asperger's syndrome: differences between parents' understanding and those diagnosed | journal = Social Work in Health Care | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 85–106 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18551831 | doi = 10.1300/J010v46n03_05 | s2cid = 10181053}}</ref>

Some researchers have argued that AS can be viewed as a different cognitive style, not a disorder,<ref name=Clarke>{{cite journal|journal=Disability & Society|year=2007|volume=22|issue=7|pages=761–76|title='Surplus suffering': differences between organizational understandings of Asperger's syndrome and those people who claim the 'disorder'|vauthors=Clarke J, van Amerom G|doi=10.1080/09687590701659618|s2cid=145736625}}</ref> and that it should be removed from the standard ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual]]'', much as [[homosexuality]] was removed.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Disability & Society|year=2009|volume=24|issue=3|pages=343–55|title=Reframing Asperger syndrome: lessons from other challenges to the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual'' and ICIDH approaches| vauthors = Allred S|doi=10.1080/09687590902789511|s2cid=144506657}}</ref> (In 2013 Asperger Syndrome was indeed eliminated as a separate diagnosis in [[DSM-5]].<ref name=DSMV />) In a 2002 paper, [[Simon Baron-Cohen]] wrote of those with AS: "In the social world, there is no great benefit to a precise eye for detail, but in the worlds of maths, computing, cataloging, music, linguistics, engineering, and science, such an eye for detail can lead to success rather than failure." Baron-Cohen cited two reasons why it might still be useful to consider AS to be a disability: to ensure provision for legally required special support, and to recognize emotional difficulties from reduced empathy.<ref name=BaronCohen2002>{{cite journal|journal=Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl|year=2002|volume=17|issue=3|pages=186–91|title=Is Asperger syndrome necessarily viewed as a disability?| vauthors = Baron-Cohen S |doi=10.1177/10883576020170030801|s2cid=145629311}} A preliminary, freely readable draft, with slightly different wording in the quoted text, is in: {{cite web|url=http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2002_BC_ASDisability.pdf|access-date=2 December 2008|year=2002| vauthors = Baron-Cohen S|title=Is Asperger's syndrome necessarily a disability?|publisher=Autism Research Centre|location=Cambridge|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217140628/http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2002_BC_ASDisability.pdf|archive-date=17 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baron-Cohen argues that the genes for ASD's combination of abilities have operated throughout recent [[human evolution]] and have made remarkable contributions to human history.<ref>{{cite book|title=Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology|chapter=The evolution of brain mechanisms for social behavior|vauthors=Baron-Cohen S|pages=415–32| veditors = Crawford C, Krebs D |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8058-5957-7}}</ref>

By contrast, Pier Jaarsma and Welin wrote in 2011 that the "broad version of the neurodiversity claim, covering low-functioning as well as high-functioning autism, is problematic. Only a narrow conception of neurodiversity, referring exclusively to high-functioning autists, is reasonable."<ref name=Jaarsma>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jaarsma P, Welin S | url = http://www.imh.liu.se/avd_halsa_samhalle/filarkiv1/1.264263/JaarsmaWelin2011Autismasanaturalvariation.pdf | title = Autism as a natural human variation: reflections on the claims of the neurodiversity movement | journal = Health Care Analysis | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 20–30 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 21311979 | doi = 10.1007/s10728-011-0169-9 | s2cid = 18618887 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131101015957/http://www.imh.liu.se/avd_halsa_samhalle/filarkiv1/1.264263/JaarsmaWelin2011Autismasanaturalvariation.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 1 November 2013}}</ref> They say that "higher functioning" individuals with autism may "not [be] benefited with such a psychiatric defect-based diagnosis ... some of them are being harmed by it, because of the disrespect the diagnosis displays for their natural way of being", but "think that it is still reasonable to include other categories of autism in the psychiatric diagnostics. The narrow conception of the neurodiversity claim should be accepted but the broader claim should not."<ref name=Jaarsma />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|asperger syndrome.ogg|date=19 October 2016}}
* Autistic Empire, [https://www.autisticempire.com/are-you-autistic-take-the-test/ Are you Autistic? Take the test] – an online version of the Adult Asperger's Assessment developed by Cohen, S. et al. (2005) (see Woodbury-Smith MR, "Screening adults for Asperger Syndrome using the AQ: a preliminary study of its diagnostic validity in clinical practice", in [[#References|§References]]).
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hus V, Lord C | title = The autism diagnostic observation schedule, module 4: revised algorithm and standardized severity scores | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 44 | issue = 8 | pages = 1996–2012 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24590409 | pmc = 4104252 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-014-2080-3 }} A public paper re-calibrating the [[Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule]] for appropriate assessment of autistic adults, who typically score lower on measures of impairment than autistic children due to compensatory strategies.
* Royal College of Psychiatrists (2017), [https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/docs/default-source/members/sigs/neurodevelopmental-psychiatry-special-interest-group-ndpsig/ndpsig-autism-diagnostic-interview-guide-2.pdf?sfvrsn=1dc6557_2 Interview Guide for the Diagnostic Assessment of Able Adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorder] – based on the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R)

{{Medical condition classification and resources
|DiseasesDB=31268
|ICD10={{ICD10|F|84|5|f|80}}
|ICD9={{ICD9|299.80}}
|OMIM=608638
|MedlinePlus=001549
|eMedicineSubj=ped
|eMedicineTopic=147
|MeshName=Asperger+syndrome
|MeshNumber=F03.550.325.100
|ICD11={{ICD11|6A02.0}}
|Curlie=Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Neurodevelopmental/Autism_Spectrum/Asperger%27s_Syndrome
}}
{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}
{{Mental and behavioral disorders|selected=childhood}}
{{Nonverbal communication}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Asperger syndrome| ]]
[[Category:Autism|*]]
[[Category:1976 neologisms]]
[[Category:Neurogenetic disorders]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders in children]]
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate]]

Asperger syndrome

2024-11-15T12:28:26Z

TempusTacet: AS is not included as a diagnosis in the DSM-5 or ICD-11

{{Short description|Formerly recognized subtype of autism}}
{{redirect|Asperger's|other uses|Asperger (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{use American English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Asperger syndrome
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|s|p|ɜːr|ɡ|ər|z}},<ref name=collinsuk>{{cite web|title=Asperger syndrome definition and meaning|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/asperger-syndrome|website=Collins English Dictionary|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|-|dʒ|ər|z}}<ref name=oeduk>{{cite web|title=Asperger's syndrome|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Asperger%27s_syndrome|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003025728/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/asperger%27s_syndrome|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2016|website=Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref>
| image = Riboflavin penicillinamide.jpg
| alt = A boy with Asperger's playing with magnetic toys.
| caption = Restricted interests or repetitive behavior may be features of Asperger syndrome; this boy is playing with a magnetic construction toy.
| field = [[Clinical psychology]], [[psychiatry]], [[pediatrics]], [[occupational medicine]]
| synonyms = Asperger's syndrome, Asperger disorder (AD), Asperger's, Sukhareva's syndrome,<ref name="urn.kb.se">{{cite journal | vauthors = Manouilenko I, Bejerot S | title = Sukhareva – Prior to Asperger and Kanner | journal = Nordic Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 69 | issue = 6 | pages = 479–82 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 25826582 | doi = 10.3109/08039488.2015.1005022 | s2cid = 207473133 | publication-date = 31 March 2015 | type = Report | url = http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-47358 | issn=0803-9488 }}</ref> schizoid disorder of childhood,<ref name="ICD-10-web-EN">{{cite web |author=World Health Organization |url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F84.5 |title=International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10): F84.5 Asperger syndrome |date=2016 |access-date=2 November 2018|author-link=World Health Organization}}</ref> autistic psychopathy<ref name="ICD-10-web-EN"/>
| symptoms = Problems with social interaction and nonverbal communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behavior<ref name=NIH2015 />
| complications = Social isolation, employment problems, family stress, [[bullying]], [[self-harm]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Autism spectrum disorder – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref>
| onset = Before two years old<ref name=NIH2015 />
| duration = Lifelong<ref name=NIH2015 />
| causes = Inconclusive<ref name=NIH2015 />
| risks =
| diagnosis = Based on the symptoms<ref name=Mer2019>{{cite web |title=Autism Spectrum Disorders – Pediatrics |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/autism-spectrum-disorders |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition |access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref>
| differential =
| prevention =
| management = Social skills training, [[cognitive behavioral therapy]], [[physical therapy]], [[speech therapy]], parent training<ref name=NINDS />
| medication = For associated conditions<ref name=NINDS />
| prognosis =
| frequency = 37.2 million globally (0.5%) (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>
| deaths =
| treatment =
| named after = [[Hans Asperger]]
}}

'''Asperger syndrome''' ('''AS'''), also known as '''Asperger's syndrome''' or '''Asperger's''', is a diagnosis formerly used to describe a [[neurodevelopmental condition]] characterized by significant difficulties in [[Interpersonal relationship|social interaction]] and [[nonverbal communication]], along with [[Obsessive-compulsive spectrum|restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior and interests]].<ref name="NIH2015" /> Asperger syndrome has been merged with other conditions into [[Autism|autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD) and is no longer considered a separate diagnosis by the [[WHO]]'s [[ICD-11]] or the [[American Psychological Association|APA]]'s [[DSM-5-TR]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) |title-link=DSM-5-TR |chapter=Neurodevelopmental Disorders |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |place=Washington, DC |date=18 March 2022 |lccn=2021051782 |isbn=9780890425770 |ref={{harvid|DSM-5-TR}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=6A02 Autism spectrum disorder |date=February 2022 |orig-date=adopted in 2019 |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/437815624 |encyclopedia=International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=14 May 2022 |id={{ICD11|6A02|437815624}} |ref={{harvid|ICD-11}}}}</ref><ref name="GARD">{{cite web |title=Asperger syndrome |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5855/asperger-syndrome |access-date=26 January 2019 |website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program}}</ref> It was considered<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosen NE, Lord C, Volkmar FR | title = The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 51 | issue = 12 | pages = 4253–4270 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 33624215 | pmc = 8531066 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-021-04904-1 }}</ref> milder than other diagnoses which were merged into ASD due to relatively unimpaired [[language development|spoken language]] and [[cognitive development|intelligence]].<ref name=ICD10>{{cite web|title=F84.5 Asperger syndrome|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en#/F84.5|website=World Health Organization|access-date=13 March 2016|date=2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102042503/http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en#/F84.5|archive-date=2 November 2015}}</ref>

The syndrome was named after the Austrian [[Pediatrics|pediatrician]] [[Hans Asperger]], who, in 1944, described children in his care who struggled to form friendships, did not understand others' [[Social cue|gestures]] or [[Empathy#Cognitive empathy|feelings]], [[Perseveration|engaged in one-sided conversations about their favorite interests]], and were clumsy.<ref name="rue1">{{cite book| vauthors = Asperger H, Frich U |year=1991 |url= https://archive.org/details/hans_20221127 |title= Autistic psychopathy in childhood|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521386081 |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> In 1994, the diagnosis of Asperger syndrome was included in the fourth edition (DSM-IV) of the American ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]''; however, with the publication of DSM-5 in 2013 the syndrome was removed, and the symptoms are now included within autism spectrum disorder along with [[classic autism]] and [[pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]] (PDD-NOS).<ref name=NIH2015 /><ref>{{cite web|title=Autism Spectrum Disorder|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=12 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309015426/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml|archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> It was similarly merged into autism spectrum disorder in the [[International Classification of Diseases]] ([[ICD-11]]) {{as of|2021|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICD-11 |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/120443468 |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=icd.who.int}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Health Organisation updates classification of autism in the ICD-11 |access-date=2022-04-10 |url=https://www.autismeurope.org/blog/2018/06/21/world-health-organisation-updates-classification-of-autism-in-the-icd-11/ |website=autismeurope}}</ref>

The exact cause of Asperger syndrome is not well understood.<ref name=NIH2015>{{cite web|title=Autism Spectrum Disorder|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/autism-spectrum-disorder-qf-15-5511/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=12 March 2016|date=September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312130731/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/autism-spectrum-disorder-qf-15-5511/index.shtml|archive-date=12 March 2016}}</ref> While it has [[Heritability of autism|high heritability]], the underlying [[genetics]] have not been determined conclusively.<ref name="McPart2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=McPartland J, Klin A |date=October 2006 |title=Asperger's syndrome |journal=Adolescent Medicine Clinics |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=771–88; abstract xiii |doi=10.1016/j.admecli.2006.06.010 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |pmid=17030291}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klauck SM | title = Genetics of autism spectrum disorder | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 714–20 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16721407 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201610 | s2cid = 17382203 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Environmental factors are also believed to play a role.<ref name=NIH2015 /> [[neuroimaging|Brain imaging]] has not identified a common [[pathology|underlying condition]].<ref name=McPart2006 /> There is no single treatment, and the UK's [[National Health Service]] (NHS) guidelines suggest that "treatment" of any form of autism should not be a goal, since autism is not "a disease that can be removed or cured".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Making information and the words we use accessible |url=https://www.england.nhs.uk/learning-disabilities/about/get-involved/involving-people/making-information-and-the-words-we-use-accessible/ |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=NHS England}}</ref> According to the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]],<ref name="Royal College of Psychiatrists">{{Cite web |title=The psychiatric management of autism in adults (CR228) |url=https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/improving-care/campaigning-for-better-mental-health-policy/college-reports/2020-college-reports/cr228 |access-date=2022-04-12 | publisher = Royal College of Psychiatrists |language=en}}</ref> while co-occurring conditions might require treatment, "management of autism itself is chiefly about the provision of the education, training, and social support/care required to improve the person's ability to function in the everyday world". The effectiveness of particular interventions for autism is supported by only limited data.<ref name=McPart2006 /> Interventions may include social skills training, [[cognitive behavioral therapy]], [[physical therapy]], [[Speech–language pathology|speech therapy]], [[Parent management training|parent training]], and medications for associated problems, such as mood or anxiety.<ref name=NINDS>{{cite web|author=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)|date=31 July 2007|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/asperger/detail_asperger.htm|access-date=24 August 2007|title=Asperger syndrome fact sheet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821112426/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/asperger/detail_asperger.htm|archive-date=21 August 2007|url-status=live}} NIH Publication No. 05-5624.</ref> Autistic characteristics tend to become less obvious in adulthood,<ref name="Royal College of Psychiatrists" /> but social and communication difficulties usually persist.<ref name="Woodbury-Smith">{{cite journal | vauthors = Woodbury-Smith MR, Volkmar FR | title = Asperger syndrome | journal = European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–11 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 18563474 | doi = 10.1007/s00787-008-0701-0 | s2cid = 12808995 | url = http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/12424 | type = Submitted manuscript}}</ref>


In 2015, Asperger syndrome was estimated to affect 37.2 million people globally, or about 0.5% of the population.<ref name=GBD2015Pre >{{cite journal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> The exact percentage of people affected has still not been firmly established.<ref name="McPart2006"/> Autism spectrum disorder is diagnosed in males more often than females,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors= Lockwood Estrin G, Milner V, Spain D, Happé F, Colvert E | title = Barriers to Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis for Young Women and Girls: A Systematic Review | journal = Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 8 | pages = 454–470 | date = December 2021 | issue = 4 | doi= 10.1007/s40489-020-00225-8 | pmid = 34868805 | pmc = 8604819 }}</ref> and females are typically diagnosed at a later age.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Ferri FF |title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015|format= E-Book|date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9780323084307 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163-IA15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lai MC, Baron-Cohen S | title = Identifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditions | journal = The Lancet. Psychiatry | volume = 2 | issue = 11 | pages = 1013–27 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26544750 | doi = 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00277-1}}</ref> The modern conception of Asperger syndrome came into existence in 1981 and went through a period of popularization.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klin A, Pauls D, Schultz R, Volkmar F | s2cid = 19076633 | title = Three diagnostic approaches to Asperger syndrome: implications for research | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 221–34 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15909408 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-004-2001-y}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism?|veditors=Schopler E, Mesibov GB, Kunce LJ|publisher=Plenum press|location=New York|year=1998|chapter=The history of Asperger syndrome|vauthors=Wing L|pages=11–25|isbn=978-0-306-45746-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jz_xbeWgG9AC&pg=PA11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313123459/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jz_xbeWgG9AC&pg=PA11|archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Woodbury-Smith M, Klin A, Volkmar F | s2cid = 12417580 | title = Asperger's syndrome: a comparison of clinical diagnoses and those made according to the ICD-10 and DSM-IV | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 235–40 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15909409 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-004-2002-x}}</ref> It became a standardized [[medical diagnosis|diagnosis]] in the 1990s<ref name=Linda2004>{{cite book| vauthors = Baker L |title=Asperger's Syndrome: Intervening in Schools, Clinics, and Communities|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-62414-9|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiSRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313125152/https://books.google.ca/books?id=KiSRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> and was merged into ASD in 2013.<ref name="GARD" /> Many questions and controversies about the condition remain.<ref name="Woodbury-Smith" />

{{TOC limit}}

== Classification ==
The extent of the overlap between Asperger syndrome and [[high-functioning autism]] (HFA – autism unaccompanied by [[intellectual disability]]) is unclear.<ref name=Klin>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klin A | s2cid = 34035031 | title = Autismo e síndrome de Asperger: uma visão geral | trans-title = Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview | journal = Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria | volume = 28 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S3–11 | date = May 2006 | language = pt-br | pmid = 16791390 | doi = 10.1590/S1516-44462006000500002 | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Kasari">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kasari C, Rotheram-Fuller E | title = Current trends in psychological research on children with high-functioning autism and Asperger disorder | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 497–501 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16639107 | doi = 10.1097/01.yco.0000179486.47144.61 | s2cid = 20438728}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Witwer AN, Lecavalier L | s2cid = 5316399 | title = Examining the validity of autism spectrum disorder subtypes | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 38 | issue = 9 | pages = 1611–24 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18327636 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-008-0541-2}}</ref> The ASD classification is to some extent an artifact of how autism was discovered,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanders JL | s2cid = 26351778 | title = Qualitative or quantitative differences between Asperger's disorder and autism? Historical considerations | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 39 | issue = 11 | pages = 1560–67 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19548078 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-009-0798-0}}</ref> and it may not reflect the true nature of the spectrum;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Szatmari P | title = The classification of autism, Asperger's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 45 | issue = 8 | pages = 731–38 | date = October 2000 | pmid = 11086556 | doi = 10.1177/070674370004500806 | s2cid = 37243752 | doi-access = free}}</ref> methodological problems have beset Asperger syndrome as a valid diagnosis from the outset.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=History and development of autism spectrum disorders|year=2006|publisher=Elsevier Science|title=Early intervention for autism spectrum disorders: a critical analysis|page=21|isbn=978-0-08-044675-2|location=Amsterdam|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XonQy12xCgEC&q=Early+intervention+for+autism+spectrum+disorders:+a+critical+analysis&pg=PP2|vauthors=Matson JL, Minshawi NF}}</ref><ref name="Schopler388">{{cite book|title=Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism?|veditors=Schopler E, Mesibov GB, Kunce LJ|publisher=Plenum press|location=New York|year=1998|chapter=Premature popularization of Asperger syndrome|vauthors=Schopler E|pages=388–90|isbn=978-0-306-45746-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jz_xbeWgG9AC&q=Asperger+syndrome+or+high-functioning+autism}}</ref> In the fifth edition of the ''[[DSM-5|Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (DSM-5), published in May 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx|title=DSM-5 development|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|year=2010|access-date=20 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213163404/http://www.dsm5.org/pages/default.aspx|archive-date=13 February 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Asperger syndrome, as a separate diagnosis, was eliminated and folded into autism spectrum disorder.<ref name="DSMV">{{cite web|title=299.80 Asperger's Disorder|work=DSM-5 Development|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|access-date=21 December 2010|url=http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=97|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225152454/http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=97|archive-date=25 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Like the diagnosis of Asperger syndrome,<ref name="Ghaziuddin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghaziuddin M | s2cid = 7490308 | title = Should the DSM V drop Asperger syndrome? | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 40 | issue = 9 | pages = 1146–48 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20151184 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-010-0969-z}}</ref> the change was controversial.<ref name="Ghaziuddin" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Faras H, Al Ateeqi N, Tidmarsh L | title = Autism spectrum disorders | journal = Annals of Saudi Medicine | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 295–300 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20622347 | pmc = 2931781 | doi = 10.4103/0256-4947.65261 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Subsequently, it was also not included in the [[ICD-11]], which came into effect in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f437815624|title=ICD-11 Version:2022|website=icd.who.int|access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref>

The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) previously defined Asperger syndrome (AS) as one of the [[pervasive developmental disorder]]s (PDD), which are a [[spectrum disorder|spectrum of psychological disorders]] that are characterized by abnormalities of [[social interaction]] and communication that pervade the individual's functioning, and by restricted and repetitive interests and behavior. Like other neurodevelopmental conditions, ASD begins in infancy or childhood, has a steady course without remission or relapse, and has impairments that result from maturation-related changes in various systems of the brain.<ref name="ICD-10-F84.0">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/?gf80.htm+f840|year=2006|title=International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems|edition=10th ([[ICD-10]])|author=World Health Organization|chapter=F84. Pervasive developmental disorders|isbn=978-92-4-154419-1}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg|thumb|upright|People with Asperger syndrome often display restricted or specialized interests, such as this boy's interest in stacking cans.|alt=A young boy is seen stacking several colorful cans on top of each other.]]

As a [[pervasive developmental disorder]], Asperger syndrome is distinguished by a pattern of symptoms rather than a single symptom. It is characterized by qualitative impairment in social interaction, by stereotyped and restricted patterns of behavior, activities, and interests, and by no clinically significant delay in cognitive development or general delay in language.<ref name="DSM-IV-TR 299.80">{{cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|edition=4th, text revision ([[DSM-IV-TR]])|author=American Psychiatric Association|year=2000|isbn=978-0-89042-025-6|chapter=Diagnostic criteria for 299.80 Asperger's Disorder (AD) |publisher=American Psychiatric Association|location=Arlington, VA}}</ref> Intense preoccupation with a narrow subject, one-sided [[verbosity]], restricted [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], and physical clumsiness are typical of the condition, but are not required for diagnosis.<ref name=Klin />

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors are a serious concern within the autistic population. One study found that adults with Asperger syndrome exhibited suicidal thoughts at 9 times the rate of the general population. Of autistic study participants, 66% had experienced suicidal ideation, while 35% had planned or attempted suicide.<ref>Sarah Cassidy, Paul Bradley, Janine Robinson, Carrie Allison, Meghan McHugh, Simon Baron-Cohen. Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger's syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: a clinical cohort study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2014; DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70248-2</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Newell V, Phillips L, Jones C, Townsend E, Richards C, Cassidy S | title = A systematic review and meta-analysis of suicidality in autistic and possibly autistic people without co-occurring intellectual disability | journal = Molecular Autism | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 12 | date = March 2023 | pmid = 36922899 | pmc = 10018918 | doi = 10.1186/s13229-023-00544-7 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Social interaction ===
{{Further|Asperger syndrome and interpersonal relationships}}

A lack of demonstrated [[empathy]] affects aspects of social relatability for persons with Asperger syndrome.<ref name="Baskin">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baskin JH, Sperber M, Price BH |year=2006 |title=Asperger syndrome revisited |journal=Reviews in Neurological Diseases |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |pmid=16596080}}</ref> Individuals with Asperger syndrome experience difficulties in basic elements of social interaction, which may include a failure to develop friendships or to seek shared enjoyments or achievements with others (e.g., showing others objects of interest); a lack of social or emotional [[Reciprocity (social psychology)|reciprocity]]; and impaired [[Nonverbal communication|nonverbal behaviors]] in areas such as [[eye contact]], [[facial expression]], posture, and gesture.<ref name=McPart2006 />

People with Asperger syndrome may not be as withdrawn around others, compared with those with other forms of autism; they approach others, even if awkwardly. For example, a person with Asperger syndrome may engage in a one-sided, long-winded speech about a favorite topic, while misunderstanding or not recognizing the listener's feelings or reactions, such as a wish to change the topic of talk or end the interaction.<ref name=Klin /> This social awkwardness has been called "active but odd".<ref name=McPart2006 /> Such failures to react appropriately to social interaction may appear as disregard for other people's feelings and may come across as rude or insensitive.<ref name=Klin /> However, not all individuals with Asperger syndrome will approach others. Some may even display [[selective mutism]], not speaking at all to most people and excessively to specific others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912296-overview|work=Medscape eMedicine|title=Asperger's Syndrome| vauthors = Brasic JR|date=7 July 2010|access-date=25 November 2010|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101223170232/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912296-overview |archive-date=23 December 2010}}</ref>

The cognitive ability of children with Asperger syndrome often allows them to articulate [[social norms]] in a laboratory context,<ref name=McPart2006 /> where they may be able to show a theoretical understanding of other people's emotions; however, they typically have difficulty acting on this knowledge in fluid, real-life situations.<ref name=Klin /> People with Asperger syndrome may analyze and distill their observations of social interaction into rigid behavioral guidelines and apply these rules in awkward ways, such as forced eye contact, resulting in a demeanor that appears rigid or socially naïve. A history of failed attempts to establish reciprocal social relationships can cause autistic individuals to isolate themselves and cease attempts to engage; however, autistic people overwhelmingly report a desire for social contact and friendship.<ref name=McPart2006 />

==== Violent or criminal behavior ====
The [[hypothesis]] that individuals with Asperger syndrome are predisposed to violent or criminal behavior has been investigated but is not supported by data.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Allen D, Evans C, Hider A, Hawkins S, Peckett H, Morgan H | title = Offending behaviour in adults with Asperger syndrome | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 748–58 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 17805955 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-007-0442-9 | s2cid = 12999370 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Violent behavior in autism spectrum disorders: Who's at risk? |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |year=2018 | vauthors = Del Pozzo J, Roché M, Silverstein S |volume=39 |pages=53–60 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2018.01.007 }}</ref> More evidence suggests that children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome are more likely to be victims, rather than offenders.<ref name=Tsatsanis>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsatsanis KD | title = Outcome research in Asperger syndrome and autism | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–63, vi | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512398 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00056-1 }}</ref>

A 2008 review found that about 80% of reported violent criminals with Asperger syndrome also had other coexisting psychotic [[psychiatric disorders]] such as [[schizoaffective disorder]]. However, it must be noted that the sample size of this review was small (''n'' = 37).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Newman SS, Ghaziuddin M | s2cid = 207158193 | title = Violent crime in Asperger syndrome: the role of psychiatric comorbidity | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 38 | issue = 10 | pages = 1848–52 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 18449633 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-008-0580-8}}</ref>

=== Empathy ===
People with an Asperger profile might not be recognized for their empathetic qualities, due to variation in the ways [[empathy]] is felt and expressed. Some people feel deep empathy, but do not outwardly communicate these sentiments through facial expressions or language. Some people come to empathy through intellectual processes, using logic and reasoning to arrive at the feelings. People with Asperger profiles may be bullied or excluded by peers, and might as a result be guarded around people, which could appear as lack of empathy. People with Asperger profiles can still be caring individuals; indeed, it is particularly common for those with the profile to feel and exhibit deep concern for individual rights, human welfare, animal rights, environmental protection, and other global and humanitarian causes.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Rourke A |date=2019-09-02 |title=Greta Thunberg responds to Asperger's critics: 'It's a superpower' |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/02/greta-thunberg-responds-to-aspergers-critics-its-a-superpower |access-date=2023-02-02 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Evidence suggests that in the "[[double empathy problem]] model, autistic people have a unique interaction style which is significantly more readable by other autistic people, compared to non-autistic people."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-29 |title=We May Have Been Wrong About Autism And Empathy |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/autism-empathy-brain-research_n_56f92575e4b014d3fe237413 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=HuffPost UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-29 |title=Asperger Profiles: Emotions and Empathy |url=https://www.aane.org/emotions-and-empathy/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=The Asperger / Autism Network (AANE) |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Patil I, Melsbach J, Hennig-Fast K, Silani G | title = Divergent roles of autistic and alexithymic traits in utilitarian moral judgments in adults with autism | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 23637 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 27020307 | pmc = 4810325 | doi = 10.1038/srep23637 | bibcode = 2016NatSR...623637P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell P, Sheppard E, Cassidy S | title = Autism and the double empathy problem: Implications for development and mental health | journal = The British Journal of Developmental Psychology | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–18 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33393101 | doi = 10.1111/bjdp.12350 | s2cid = 230489027 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Restricted and repetitive interests and behavior ===

People with Asperger syndrome can display behavior, interests, and activities that are restricted and repetitive and are sometimes abnormally intense or focused. They may stick to inflexible routines, move in [[Stereotypy|stereotyped]] and repetitive ways, preoccupy themselves with parts of objects, or engage in compulsive behaviors like lining objects up to form patterns.<ref name="DSM-IV-TR 299.80" />

The pursuit of specific and narrow areas of interest is one of the most striking among possible features of AS.<ref name=McPart2006 /> Individuals with AS may collect volumes of detailed information on a relatively narrow topic such as weather data or star names without necessarily having a genuine understanding of the broader topic.<ref name=McPart2006 /><ref name=Klin /> For example, a child might memorize camera model numbers while caring little about photography.<ref name=McPart2006 /> This behavior is usually apparent by age five or six.<ref name=McPart2006 /> Although these [[Special interest (autism)|special interests]] may change from time to time, they typically become more unusual and narrowly focused and often dominate social interaction so much that the entire family may become immersed. Because narrow topics often capture the interest of children, this symptom may go unrecognized.<ref name=Klin />

Stereotyped and repetitive motor behaviors, called [[stimming]], are a core part of the diagnosis of AS and other ASDs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = South M, Ozonoff S, McMahon WM | s2cid = 36078197 | title = Repetitive behavior profiles in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 145–58 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15909401 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-004-1992-8}}</ref> Stims are believed to be used for self-soothing and regulate [[Sensory processing disorder|sensory input]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Foley |first=Valerie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGO8S2RmckEC |title=The Autism Experience: International Perspectives on Autism Parenting |date=October 2011 |publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com |isbn=978-1-4587-9728-5 |language=en}}</ref> They include hand movements such as flapping or twisting, and complex whole-body movements.<ref name="DSM-IV-TR 299.80" /> These are typically repeated in longer bursts and look more voluntary or ritualistic than [[tic]]s, which are usually faster, less rhythmical, and less often symmetrical.<ref name=RapinTS>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rapin I | title = Autism spectrum disorders: relevance to Tourette syndrome | journal = Advances in Neurology | volume = 85 | pages = 89–101 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11530449}}</ref> Stimming may have a connection with tics, and studies have reported a consistent comorbidity between AS and [[Tourette syndrome]] in the range of 8–20%,<ref name=RapinTS/><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Steyaert JG, De la Marche W|year=2008|title=What's new in autism?|url=https://www.academia.edu/24262348|journal=Eur J Pediatr|volume=167|issue=10|pages=1091–101|doi=10.1007/s00431-008-0764-4|pmid=18597114|s2cid=11831418}}</ref><ref name="Mazzone">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mazzone L, Ruta L, Reale L | title = Psychiatric comorbidities in asperger syndrome and high functioning autism: diagnostic challenges | journal = Annals of General Psychiatry | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 16 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22731684 | pmc = 3416662 | doi = 10.1186/1744-859X-11-16 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Gillberg&Billstedt2000"/> with one figure as high as 80% for tics of some kind or another,<ref name="Gillberg&Billstedt2000" /> for which several explanations have been put forward, including common genetic factors and [[dopamine]], [[glutamate]], or [[serotonin]] abnormalities.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Vargiami E | title = Childhood autism and associated comorbidities | journal = Brain & Development | volume = 29 | issue = 5 | pages = 257–72 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17084999 | doi = 10.1016/j.braindev.2006.09.003 | s2cid = 16386209}}</ref>

According to the Adult Asperger Assessment (AAA) diagnostic test, a lack of interest in fiction and a positive preference towards non-fiction is common among adults with AS.<ref name=ASAdulthood />

=== Speech and language ===
Although individuals with Asperger syndrome acquire language skills without significant general delay and their speech typically lacks significant abnormalities, [[language acquisition]] and use is often atypical.<ref name=Klin /> Abnormalities include verbosity; abrupt transitions; literal interpretations and miscomprehension of nuance; use of metaphor meaningful only to the speaker; [[Auditory processing disorder|auditory perception deficits]]; unusually [[Pedantic speech|pedantic]], [[Register (sociolinguistics)|formal]], or [[Idiosyncrasy#Psychiatry and psychology|idiosyncratic]] speech; and oddities in loudness, [[Tone (linguistics)|pitch]], [[Intonation (linguistics)|intonation]], [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], and rhythm.<ref name=McPart2006 /> [[Echolalia]] has also been observed in individuals with AS.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Frith U | s2cid = 978233 | title = Social communication and its disorder in autism and Asperger syndrome | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 48–53 | date = January 1996 | pmid = 22302727 | doi = 10.1177/026988119601000108}}</ref>

Three aspects of communication patterns are of clinical interest: poor prosody, [[Tangential speech|tangential]] and [[circumstantial speech]], and marked verbosity. Although [[inflection]] and intonation may be less rigid or monotonic than in classic autism, people with AS often have a limited range of intonation: speech may be unusually fast, jerky, or loud. Speech may convey a sense of [[Coherence (linguistics)|incoherence]]; the conversational style often includes monologues about topics that bore the listener, fails to provide [[Context (language use)|context]] for comments, or fails to suppress internal thoughts. Individuals with AS may fail to detect whether the listener is interested or engaged in the conversation. The speaker's conclusion or point may never be made, and attempts by the listener to elaborate on the speech's content or logic, or to shift to related topics, are often unsuccessful.<ref name=Klin />

Children with AS may have a sophisticated vocabulary at a young age and such children have often been colloquially called "little professors"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20000618mag-asperger.html|title=The Little Professor Syndrome | vauthors = Osborne L |work=The New York Times|date=18 June 2000}}</ref> but have difficulty understanding [[figurative language]] and tend to use language literally.<ref name=McPart2006 /> Children with AS appear to have particular weaknesses in areas of nonliteral language that include [[humor]], [[irony]], [[teasing]], and [[sarcasm]]. Although individuals with AS usually understand the cognitive basis of humor, they seem to lack understanding of the intent of humor to share the enjoyment with others.<ref name=Kasari /> Despite strong evidence of impaired humor appreciation, anecdotal reports of humor in individuals with AS seem to challenge some psychological theories of AS and autism.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lyons V, Fitzgerald M | s2cid = 22187553 | title = Humor in autism and Asperger syndrome | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 521–31 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15628606 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-004-2547-8}}</ref>

=== Motor and sensory perception ===
Individuals with Asperger syndrome may have signs or symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis but can affect the individual or the family.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Baranek GT, Cook EH, Dawson G, Gordon B, Gravel JS, Johnson CP, Kallen RJ, Levy SE, Minshew NJ, Ozonoff S, Prizant BM, Rapin I, Rogers SJ, Stone WL, Teplin S, Tuchman RF, Volkmar FR | s2cid = 145113684 | title = The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 29 | issue = 6 | pages = 439–84 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10638459 | doi = 10.1023/A:1021943802493}}</ref> These include differences in perception and problems with motor skills, sleep, and emotions.

Individuals with AS often have excellent [[Hearing (sense)|auditory]] and [[visual perception]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Frith U | title = Emanuel Miller lecture: confusions and controversies about Asperger syndrome | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 45 | issue = 4 | pages = 672–86 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15056300 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00262.x| doi-access = free }}</ref> Children with ASD often demonstrate enhanced perception of small changes in patterns such as arrangements of objects or well-known images; typically this is domain-specific and involves processing of fine-grained features.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Psychological factors in autism |vauthors=Prior M, Ozonoff S|pages=69–128|title=Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders|edition=2nd| veditors = Volkmar FR |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-54957-8}}</ref> Conversely, compared with individuals with high-functioning autism, individuals with AS have deficits in some tasks involving visual-spatial perception, auditory perception, or [[visual memory]].<ref name=McPart2006 /> Many accounts of individuals with AS and ASD report other unusual [[sensory processing|sensory]] and perceptual skills and experiences. They may be unusually sensitive or insensitive to sound, light, and other stimuli;<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Bogdashina O|title=Sensory Perceptional Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Different Sensory Experiences, Different Perceptual Worlds|publisher=Jessica Kingsley|year=2003|isbn=978-1-84310-166-6}}</ref> these sensory responses are found in other developmental disorders and are not specific to AS or to ASD. There is little support for increased [[fight-or-flight response]] or failure of [[habituation]] in autism; there is more evidence of decreased responsiveness to sensory stimuli, although several studies show no differences.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rogers SJ, Ozonoff S | title = Annotation: what do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 46 | issue = 12 | pages = 1255–68 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16313426 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x}}</ref>

Hans Asperger's initial accounts<ref name="McPart2006" /> and other diagnostic schemes<ref name="EhlGill">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ehlers S, Gillberg C | title = The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome. A total population study | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 34 | issue = 8 | pages = 1327–50 | date = November 1993 | pmid = 8294522 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x}}</ref> include descriptions of physical clumsiness. Children with AS may be delayed in acquiring skills requiring [[dexterity]], such as riding a bicycle or opening a jar, and may seem to move awkwardly or feel "uncomfortable in their own skin". They may be poorly coordinated or have an odd or bouncy gait or posture, poor handwriting, or problems with [[motor coordination]].<ref name="McPart2006" /><ref name="Klin" /> They may show problems with [[proprioception]] (sensation of body position) on measures of [[developmental coordination disorder]] ([[motor planning]] disorder), balance, [[tandem gait]], and finger-[[thumb apposition]]. There is no evidence that these motor skills problems differentiate AS from other high-functioning ASDs.<ref name="McPart2006" />

Children with AS are more likely to have sleep problems, including difficulty in falling asleep, frequent [[Middle-of-the-night insomnia|nocturnal awakenings]], and early morning awakenings.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Polimeni MA, Richdale AL, Francis AJ | title = A survey of sleep problems in autism, Asperger's disorder and typically developing children | journal = Journal of Intellectual Disability Research | volume = 49 | issue = Pt 4 | pages = 260–68 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15816813 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00642.x}}</ref><ref name=Tani /> AS is also associated with high levels of [[alexithymia]], which is difficulty in identifying and describing one's emotions.<ref>Alexithymia and AS:
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Fitzgerald M, Bellgrove MA | title = The overlap between alexithymia and Asperger's syndrome | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 573–76 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16755385 | pmc = 2092499 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-006-0096-z}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hill EL, Berthoz S | s2cid = 28686022 | title = Response to "Letter to the Editor: The overlap between alexithymia and Asperger's syndrome", Fitzgerald and Bellgrove, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(4) | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 36 | issue = 8 | pages = 1143–45 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17080269 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-006-0287-7}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lombardo MV, Barnes JL, Wheelwright SJ, Baron-Cohen S | title = Self-referential cognition and empathy in autism | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 2 | issue = 9 | pages = e883 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17849012 | pmc = 1964804 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0000883 | veditors = Zak P | bibcode = 2007PLoSO...2..883L| doi-access = free }}</ref> Although AS, lower sleep quality, and alexithymia are associated with each other, their causal relationship is unclear.<ref name=Tani>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tani P, Lindberg N, Joukamaa M, Nieminen-von Wendt T, von Wendt L, Appelberg B, Rimón R, Porkka-Heiskanen T | s2cid = 45311366 | title = Asperger syndrome, alexithymia and perception of sleep | journal = Neuropsychobiology | volume = 49 | issue = 2 | pages = 64–70 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14981336 | doi = 10.1159/000076412}}</ref>

== Causes ==
{{Further|Causes of autism}}

Hans Asperger described common traits among his patients' family members, especially fathers, and research supports this observation and suggests a genetic contribution to Asperger syndrome. Although no specific genetic factor has yet been identified, multiple factors are believed to play a role in the [[Expressivity (genetics)|expression]] of autism, given the variability in symptoms seen in children.<ref name=McPart2006 /><ref name="Foster" /> Hundreds of genes have been linked to AS, and these genes play crucial role in a multitude of [[biological process]]es, exerting influence over the maturation and functioning of the brain.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Motlani V, Motlani G, Thool A | title = Asperger Syndrome (AS): A Review Article | journal = Cureus | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | pages = e31395 | date = November 2022 | pmid = 36514569 | pmc = 9742637 | doi = 10.7759/cureus.31395 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Evidence for a [[Behavioral genetics|genetic link]] is that AS tends to run in families where more family members have limited behavioral symptoms similar to AS (for example, some problems with social interaction, or with language and reading skills).<ref name=NINDS /> Most [[behavioral genetic]] research suggests that all [[Heritability of autism|autism spectrum disorders have shared genetic mechanisms.]]<ref name="McPart2006" /> There may be shared genes in which particular [[allele]]s make an individual vulnerable, and varying combinations result in differing severity and symptoms in each person with AS.<ref name=NINDS />

A few ASD cases have been linked to exposure to [[Teratology#Teratogenic agents|teratogens]] (agents that cause [[birth defect]]s) during the first eight weeks from [[Human fertilization|conception]]. Although this does not exclude the possibility that ASD can be initiated or affected later, it is strong evidence that ASD arises very early in development.<ref name=Arndt>{{cite journal | vauthors = Arndt TL, Stodgell CJ, Rodier PM | s2cid = 17797266 | title = The teratology of autism | journal = International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience | volume = 23 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 189–99 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15749245 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.11.001}}</ref> Many [[environmental factor]]s have been hypothesized to act after birth, but none has been confirmed by scientific investigation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rutter M | title = Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning | journal = Acta Paediatrica | volume = 94 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–15 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15858952 | doi = 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x | s2cid = 79259285 | author-link = Michael Rutter}}</ref> These environmental elements can act as independent and significant risk factors, or they can potentially influence pre-existing genetic factors in people who have a [[genetic predisposition]].<ref name=":0" />

== Mechanism ==
{{Further|Autism#Mechanism}}
[[File:Functional magnetic resonance imaging.jpg|thumb|alt=Monochrome fMRI image of a horizontal cross-section of a human brain. A few regions, mostly to the rear, are highlighted in orange and yellow.|[[Functional magnetic resonance imaging]] provides some evidence for mirror neuron theory.<ref name=Iacoboni />]]

Asperger syndrome appears to result from developmental factors that affect many or all functional brain systems, as opposed to localized effects.<ref name="Mueller">{{cite journal | vauthors = Müller RA | title = The study of autism as a distributed disorder | journal = [[Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews]] | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 85–95 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17326118 | pmc = 3315379 | doi = 10.1002/mrdd.20141}}</ref>

Although the specific underpinnings of AS or factors that distinguish it from other ASDs are unknown, and no clear pathology common to individuals with AS has emerged,<ref name=McPart2006 /> it is still possible that AS's mechanism is separate from other ASDs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rinehart NJ, Bradshaw JL, Brereton AV, Tonge BJ | s2cid = 563134 | title = A clinical and neurobehavioural review of high-functioning autism and Asperger's disorder | journal = The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 36 | issue = 6 | pages = 762–70 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12406118 | doi = 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01097.x}}</ref>

[[Neuroanatomical]] studies and the associations with [[Teratology#Teratogenic agents|teratogens]] strongly suggest that the mechanism includes alteration of brain development soon after conception.<ref name=Arndt /> Abnormal [[fetal development]] may affect the final structure and connectivity of the brain, resulting in altered neural circuits controlling thought and behavior.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berthier ML, Starkstein SE, Leiguarda R | title = Developmental cortical anomalies in Asperger's syndrome: neuroradiological findings in two patients | journal = The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 197–201 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2136076 | doi = 10.1176/jnp.2.2.197}}</ref> Several theories of mechanism are available; none are likely to provide a complete explanation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Happé F, Ronald A, Plomin R | s2cid = 18697986 | title = Time to give up on a single explanation for autism | journal = Nature Neuroscience | volume = 9 | issue = 10 | pages = 1218–20 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17001340 | doi = 10.1038/nn1770}}</ref>

===General-processing theories===
One general-processing theory is [[weak central coherence theory]], which hypothesizes that a limited ability to see the big picture underlies the central disturbance in ASD.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Happé F, Frith U | s2cid = 14999943 | title = The weak coherence account: detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–25 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16450045 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0}}</ref> A related theory—enhanced perceptual functioning—focuses more on the superiority of locally oriented and [[perceptual]] operations in autistic individuals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mottron L, Dawson M, Soulières I, Hubert B, Burack J | s2cid = 327253 | title = Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: an update, and eight principles of autistic perception | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–43 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16453071 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-005-0040-7}}</ref>

===Mirror neuron system (MNS) theory===
{{Update section|date=January 2022|reason=There have been almost 4 decades since some of the material cited here was published, and current consensus in ASD is less straightforward than depicted here|inaccurate=yes}}

The [[mirror neuron system]] (MNS) theory hypothesizes that alterations to the development of the MNS interfere with [[imitation]] and lead to Asperger syndrome's core feature of social impairment.<ref name=Iacoboni>{{cite journal | vauthors = Iacoboni M, Dapretto M | s2cid = 9463011 | title = The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction | journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience | volume = 7 | issue = 12 | pages = 942–51 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17115076 | doi = 10.1038/nrn2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ramachandran VS, Oberman LM | title = Broken mirrors: a theory of autism | journal = Scientific American | volume = 295 | issue = 5 | pages = 62–69 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17076085 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican1106-62 | url = http://cbc.ucsd.edu/pdf/brokenmirrors_asd.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205170827/http://cbc.ucsd.edu/pdf/brokenmirrors_asd.pdf | url-status = live | archive-date = 5 February 2009 | bibcode = 2006SciAm.295e..62R}}</ref> One study found that activation is delayed in the core circuit for imitation in individuals with AS.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nishitani N, Avikainen S, Hari R | title = Abnormal imitation-related cortical activation sequences in Asperger's syndrome | journal = Annals of Neurology | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 558–62 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15048895 | doi = 10.1002/ana.20031 | s2cid = 43913942}}</ref> This theory maps well to [[social cognition]] theories like the [[theory of mind]], which hypothesizes that autistic behavior arises from impairments in ascribing mental states to oneself and others;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U | s2cid = 14955234 | title = Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? | journal = Cognition | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–46 | date = October 1985 | pmid = 2934210 | doi = 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8| citeseerx = 10.1.1.704.4721 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20170928145836/http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/images/personal-alan-leslie/publications/Baron-Cohen%20Leslie%20%26%20Frith%201985.pdf Pdf.]</ref> or [[Empathizing–systemizing theory|hyper-systemizing]], which hypothesizes that autistic individuals can systematize internal operation to handle internal events but are less effective at [[empathizing]] when handling events generated by other agents.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S | title = The hyper-systemizing, assortative mating theory of autism | journal = Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 865–72 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16519981 | doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.010 | s2cid = 13271448 | url = http://www.autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2006_BC_Neuropsychophamacology.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070614091839/http://www.autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2006_BC_Neuropsychophamacology.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 14 June 2007}}</ref>

== Diagnosis ==
Standard diagnostic criteria require impairment in social interaction and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, activities, and interests, without significant delay in language or cognitive development. Unlike the international standard,<ref name="ICD-10-F84.0" /> the [[DSM-IV-TR]] criteria also required significant impairment in day-to-day functioning;<ref name="DSM-IV-TR 299.80" /> [[DSM-5]] eliminated AS as a separate diagnosis in 2013, and folded it into the umbrella of autism spectrum disorders.<ref name=DSMV /> Other sets of diagnostic criteria have been proposed by [[Peter Szatmari#Diagnostic criteria for Asperger Syndrome|Szatmari ''et al.'']]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Szatmari P, Bremner R, Nagy J | s2cid = 45611340 | title = Asperger's syndrome: a review of clinical features | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 34 | issue = 6 | pages = 554–60 | date = August 1989 | pmid = 2766209 | doi = 10.1177/070674378903400613}}</ref> and by [[Christopher Gillberg#Gillberg's criteria for Asperger syndrome|Gillberg and Gillberg]].<ref name=Gill>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gillberg IC, Gillberg C | title = Asperger syndrome – some epidemiological considerations: a research note | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 631–38 | date = July 1989 | pmid = 2670981 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00275.x}}</ref>

Diagnosis is most commonly made between the ages of four and eleven.<ref name="McPart2006" /> A comprehensive assessment involves a multidisciplinary team<ref name=NINDS /><ref name="Baskin"/><ref name=Fitzgerald /> that observes across multiple settings,<ref name=McPart2006 /> and includes neurological and genetic assessment as well as tests for cognition, psychomotor function, verbal and nonverbal strengths and weaknesses, style of learning, and skills for independent living.<ref name=NINDS /> The "gold standard" in diagnosing ASDs combines clinical judgment with the [[Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised]] (ADI-R), a semistructured parent interview; and the [[Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule]] (ADOS), a conversation and play-based interview with the child.<ref name="Woodbury-Smith" /> Delayed or mistaken diagnosis can be traumatic for individuals and families; for example, misdiagnosis can lead to medications that worsen behavior.<ref name=Fitzgerald /><ref name="leskovec">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leskovec TJ, Rowles BM, Findling RL | title = Pharmacological treatment options for autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents | journal = Harvard Review of Psychiatry | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 97–112 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18415882 | doi = 10.1080/10673220802075852 | s2cid = 26112061}}</ref>

Underdiagnosis and [[overdiagnosis]] may be problems. The cost and difficulty of [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] and assessment can delay diagnosis. Conversely, the increasing popularity of drug treatment options and the expansion of benefits has motivated providers to overdiagnose ASD.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shattuck PT, Grosse SD | title = Issues related to the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorders | journal = [[Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews]] | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 129–35 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17563895 | doi = 10.1002/mrdd.20143}}</ref> There are indications AS has been diagnosed more frequently in recent years, partly as a residual diagnosis for children of normal intelligence who are not autistic but have social difficulties.<ref name="Klin-Volkmar" />

There are questions about the [[external validity]] of the AS diagnosis. That is, it is unclear whether there is a practical benefit in distinguishing AS from HFA or PDD-NOS;<ref name="Klin-Volkmar">{{cite journal | vauthors = Klin A, Volkmar FR | title = Asperger syndrome: diagnosis and external validity | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–13, v | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512395 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00052-4}}</ref> different screening tools may render different diagnoses for the same person.<ref name="NINDS" />

=== Differential diagnosis ===
Many children with AS are initially misdiagnosed with [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD).<ref name="McPart2006" /> Diagnosing adults is more challenging, as standard diagnostic criteria are designed for children and the expression of AS changes with age.<ref name=LehnhardtDiffDiag2013rev /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tantam D | title = The challenge of adolescents and adults with Asperger syndrome | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 143–63, vii–viii | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512403 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00053-6}}</ref> Adult diagnosis requires painstaking clinical examination and thorough [[medical history]] gained from both the individual and other people who know the person, focusing on childhood behavior.<ref name="ASAdulthood">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roy M, Dillo W, Emrich HM, Ohlmeier MD | title = Asperger's syndrome in adulthood | journal = Deutsches Ärzteblatt International | volume = 106 | issue = 5 | pages = 59–64 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19562011 | pmc = 2695286 | doi = 10.3238/arztebl.2009.0059}}</ref>

Conditions that must be considered in a [[differential diagnosis]] along with ADHD include other ASDs, the [[schizophrenia spectrum]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]], [[major depressive disorder]], [[semantic pragmatic disorder]], [[nonverbal learning disorder]], [[social anxiety disorder]],<ref name="Fitzgerald">{{cite journal|vauthors=Fitzgerald M, Corvin A|year=2001|url=http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/7/4/310|title=Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Asperger syndrome|journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment |volume=7|issue=4|pages=310–18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910134556/http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/7/4/310|archive-date=10 September 2007|doi=10.1192/apt.7.4.310|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="LehnhardtDiffDiag2013rev">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lehnhardt FG, Gawronski A, Pfeiffer K, Kockler H, Schilbach L, Vogeley K | title = The investigation and differential diagnosis of Asperger syndrome in adults | journal = Deutsches Ärzteblatt International | volume = 110 | issue = 45 | pages = 755–63 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24290364 | pmc = 3849991 | doi = 10.3238/arztebl.2013.0755}}</ref> [[Tourette syndrome]],<ref name="RapinTS" /> [[stereotypic movement disorder]], [[bipolar disorder]],<ref name="Foster">{{cite journal | vauthors = Foster B, King BH | title = Asperger syndrome: to be or not to be? | journal = Current Opinion in Pediatrics | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 491–94 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14508298 | doi = 10.1097/00008480-200310000-00008 | s2cid = 21415556}}</ref> social-cognitive deficits due to brain damage from [[alcohol use disorder]],<ref name="pmid18412750">{{cite journal | vauthors = Uekermann J, Daum I | title = Social cognition in alcoholism: a link to prefrontal cortex dysfunction? | journal = Addiction | volume = 103 | issue = 5 | pages = 726–35 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18412750 | doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02157.x}}</ref> and [[obsessive–compulsive personality disorder]] (OCPD).<ref name="Gillberg&Billstedt2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gillberg C, Billstedt E | title = Autism and Asperger syndrome: coexistence with other clinical disorders | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | volume = 102 | issue = 5 | pages = 321–30 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11098802 | doi = 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102005321.x | s2cid = 40070782}}</ref><ref name="Fitzgerald2001a">{{cite journal|vauthors=Fitzgerald M|s2cid=3814840|title=Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Asperger syndrome|journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment|date=1 July 2001|volume=7|issue=4|pages=310–18|doi=10.1192/apt.7.4.310|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Screening ==
Parents of children with Asperger syndrome can typically trace differences in their children's development to as early as 30 months of age.<ref name=Foster /> Developmental screening during a routine [[check-up]] by a [[general practitioner]] or pediatrician may identify signs that warrant further investigation.<ref name=NINDS /><ref name=McPart2006 /> The [[United States Preventive Services Task Force]] in 2016 found it was unclear if screening was beneficial or harmful among children in whom there are no concerns.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Siu AL, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Baumann LC, Davidson KW, Ebell M, García FA, Gillman M, Herzstein J, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Owens DK, Phillips WR, Phipps MG, Pignone MP | title = Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = JAMA | volume = 315 | issue = 7 | pages = 691–96 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26881372 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0018 | doi-access = free}}</ref>

Different screening instruments are used to diagnose AS,<ref name=NINDS /><ref name=EhlGill /> including the Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale (ASDS); Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ); [[Childhood Autism Spectrum Test]] (CAST), previously called the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test;<ref>The '''CAST''' has been renamed from the ''Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test'' to the ''[http://psychology-tools.com/cast/ Childhood Autism Spectrum Test]'', reflecting the removal of Asperger's Syndrome from the [[DSM-5]]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703115109/http://psychology-tools.com/cast/|date=3 July 2013}}</ref> [[Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale]] (GADS); Krug Asperger's Disorder Index (KADI);<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Campbell JM | s2cid = 16437469 | title = Diagnostic assessment of Asperger's disorder: a review of five third-party rating scales | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–35 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15796119 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-004-1028-4}}</ref> and the [[autism-spectrum quotient]] (AQ), with versions for children,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Auyeung B, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Allison C | title = The Autism Spectrum Quotient: Children's Version (AQ-Child) | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 38 | issue = 7 | pages = 1230–40 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18064550 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-007-0504-z | s2cid = 12682486 | url = http://autismresearchcenter.com/docs/papers/2008_Auyeung_etal_ChildAQ.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205170722/http://autismresearchcenter.com/docs/papers/2008_Auyeung_etal_ChildAQ.pdf | url-status = live | archive-date = 5 February 2009}}</ref> adolescents,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Hoekstra RA, Knickmeyer R, Wheelwright S | title = The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ)--adolescent version | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 343–50 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16552625 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-006-0073-6 | url = http://autismresearchcenter.com/docs/papers/2006_BC_Hoekstra_etal_AQ-adol.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205170712/http://autismresearchcenter.com/docs/papers/2006_BC_Hoekstra_etal_AQ-adol.pdf | archive-date = 5 February 2009 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.654.1966 | s2cid = 12934864}}</ref> and adults.<ref name="Cohenetal 2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Woodbury-Smith MR, Robinson J, Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S | title = Screening adults for Asperger Syndrome using the AQ: a preliminary study of its diagnostic validity in clinical practice | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders| url = http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2005_Woodbury-Smith_etal_ScreeningAdultsForAS.pdf | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 331–35 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 16119474 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-005-3300-7 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081217140624/http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2005_Woodbury-Smith_etal_ScreeningAdultsForAS.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 17 December 2008 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.653.8639 | s2cid = 13013701}}</ref> None have been shown to reliably differentiate between AS and other ASDs.<ref name=McPart2006 />

== Management ==
{{Further|Autism therapies}}

Treatment attempts to manage distressing symptoms and to teach age-appropriate social, communication, and vocational skills that are not naturally acquired during development.<ref name="McPart2006" /> Intervention is tailored to the needs of the individual based on multidisciplinary assessment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khouzam HR, El-Gabalawi F, Pirwani N, Priest F | title = Asperger's disorder: a review of its diagnosis and treatment | journal = Comprehensive Psychiatry | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 184–91 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15124148 | doi = 10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.02.004}}</ref> Although progress has been made, data supporting the [[efficacy]] of particular interventions are limited.<ref name="McPart2006" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Attwood T | title = Frameworks for behavioral interventions | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–86, vi | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512399 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00054-8}}</ref>

=== Therapies ===

Managing ASD may involve multiple therapies that address core symptoms of the disorder. While many professionals agree that the earlier the professional support the better, there is no combination that is recommended above others.<ref name=NINDS /> Professional support for ASD varies depending on the individual; it takes into account the linguistic capabilities, verbal strengths, and nonverbal vulnerabilities of individuals.<ref name=McPart2006 />

Many of those diagnosed with ASD or similar disorders advocate against behavioral therapies, like Applied behavior analysis (ABA) and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), often as part of the [[autism rights movement]], on the grounds that these approaches frequently reinforce the demand on autistic people to [[Autistic masking|mask their neurodivergent characteristics]] or behaviors to favor a more '[[neurotypical]]' and narrow conception of normality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commentary: The autistic community is having a reckoning with ABA therapy. We should listen |url=https://fortune.com/2022/05/13/autistic-community-reckoning-aba-therapy-rights-autism-insurance-private-equity-ariana-cernius/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = McGill O, Robinson A |date=2020-01-01 |title="Recalling hidden harms": autistic experiences of childhood applied behavioural analysis (ABA) |journal=Advances in Autism |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1108/AIA-04-2020-0025 |s2cid=225282499 |issn=2056-3868|url=https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/73753/1/McGill_Robinson_AA_2020_autistic_experiences_of_childhood_Applied_Behavioural_Analysis.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hull L, Petrides KV, Allison C, Smith P, Baron-Cohen S, Lai MC, Mandy W | title = "Putting on My Best Normal": Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 47 | issue = 8 | pages = 2519–2534 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28527095 | pmc = 5509825 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5 }}</ref> ABA has faced a great deal of [[Applied behaviour analysis#Criticism|criticism]] over the years. Recently, studies have shown that ABA may be abusive and can increase PTSD symptoms in patients.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Kupferstein H |date=2018-01-02 |title=Evidence of increased PTSD symptoms in autistics exposed to applied behavior analysis |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/AIA-08-2017-0016/full/html |journal=Advances in Autism |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=19–29 |doi=10.1108/AIA-08-2017-0016 |issn=2056-3868 |s2cid=4638346}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Sandoval-Norton AH, Shkedy G, Shkedy D |date=2019-01-01 | veditors = Rushby JA |title=How much compliance is too much compliance: Is long-term ABA therapy abuse? |journal=Cogent Psychology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1641258 |doi=10.1080/23311908.2019.1641258 |issn=2331-1908 |s2cid=199041640 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilkenfeld DA, McCarthy AM | title = Ethical Concerns with Applied Behavior Analysis for Autism Spectrum "Disorder" | journal = Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–69 | date = 2020 | pmid = 32336692 | doi = 10.1353/ken.2020.0000 | s2cid = 216557299 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bottema-Beutel K, Crowley S, Sandbank M, Woynaroski TG | title = Research Review: Conflicts of Interest (COIs) in autism early intervention research - a meta-analysis of COI influences on intervention effects | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–15 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 32353179 | pmc = 7606324 | doi = 10.1111/jcpp.13249 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = McGill O, Robinson A |date=2021-10-26 |title="Recalling hidden harms": autistic experiences of childhood applied behavioural analysis (ABA) |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/AIA-04-2020-0025/full/html |journal=Advances in Autism |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1108/AIA-04-2020-0025 |issn=2056-3868 |s2cid=225282499}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Shkedy G, Shkedy D, Sandoval-Norton AH |date=June 2021 |title=Long-term ABA Therapy Is Abusive: A Response to Gorycki, Ruppel, and Zane |journal=Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=126–134 |doi=10.1007/s41252-021-00201-1 |issn=2366-7532 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Autistic Self Advocacy Network]] campaigns against the use of ABA in autism.<ref name="Autistic Self Advocacy Network">{{cite web |author=Autistic Self Advocacy Network |title=Autistic Self Advocacy Network – Nothing About Us Without Us |url=http://www.autisticadvocacy.org/ |website=www.autisticadvocacy.org}}</ref><ref name="DeVita-Raeburn_2016">{{cite web |date=2016-08-11 |title=Is the Most Common Therapy for Autism Cruel? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/08/aba-autism-controversy/495272/ |website=[[The Atlantic]] |vauthors=DeVita-Raeburn E}}</ref>

In the case of CBT and talking therapies, the effectiveness varies, with many reporting that they appeared 'too self-aware' to gain significant benefit, as the therapy was designed with neurotypical people in mind.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Nicholls A |date=2021-10-14 |title=Why Doesn't Standard Talking Therapy Work for Autistic People? |url=https://www.dralicenicholls.com/why-doesnt-standard-talking-therapy-work-for-autistic-people/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Dr Alice Nicholls |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is CBT effective when working with autistic people? |url=https://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/memberarticles/is-cbt-effective-when-working-with-people-with-autism |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.counselling-directory.org.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> In autistic children, specifically, they also report that it is only mildly beneficial in aiding with their anxieties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=Cognitive behavioral therapy may be only mildly effective for anxious, autistic children |url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-may-be-only-mildly-effective-for-anxious-autistic-children/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Spectrum {{!}} Autism Research News |language=en-US}}</ref>

A typical program of professional support generally includes:<ref name="NINDS" />
* [[Applied behavior analysis]] (ABA) procedures, including [[positive behavior support]] (PBS)—or training and support of parents and school faculty in behavior management strategies to use in the home and school, and [[social skills]] training for more effective interpersonal interactions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Krasny L, Williams BJ, Provencal S, Ozonoff S | title = Social skills interventions for the autism spectrum: essential ingredients and a model curriculum | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 107–22 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512401 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00051-2}}</ref> The [[Autistic Self Advocacy Network]] campaigns against the use of ABA in autism;<ref name="Autistic Self Advocacy Network" /><ref name="DeVita-Raeburn_2016" />
* [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] to improve [[stress management]] relating to anxiety or explosive emotions<ref name="Myles">{{cite journal | vauthors = Myles BS | title = Behavioral forms of stress management for individuals with Asperger syndrome | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 123–41 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512402 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00048-2}}</ref> and to help reduce obsessive interests (although this may produce negative impact by demonising special interests) and repetitive routines;
* [[Medication]] for coexisting conditions such as [[major depressive disorder]] and [[anxiety disorder]]s;<ref name="Towbin" />
* [[Occupational therapy|Occupational]] or [[physical therapy]] to assist with poor [[sensory processing]] and [[motor coordination]]; and,
* [[Social communication]] intervention, which is specialized [[speech therapy]] to help with the [[pragmatics]] and give-and-take of normal conversation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paul R | title = Promoting social communication in high functioning individuals with autistic spectrum disorders | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–106, vi–vii | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512400 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00047-0}}</ref>

Of the many studies on behavior-based early intervention programs, most are [[case report]]s of up to five participants and typically examine a few problem behaviors such as [[self-injury]], [[aggression]], noncompliance, [[stereotypies]], or spontaneous language; unintended [[side effect]]s are largely ignored.<ref name=interrev>{{cite journal | vauthors = Matson JL | title = Determining treatment outcome in early intervention programs for autism spectrum disorders: a critical analysis of measurement issues in learning based interventions | journal = Research in Developmental Disabilities | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 207–18 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16682171 | doi = 10.1016/j.ridd.2005.07.006}}</ref> Despite the popularity of social skills training, its effectiveness is not firmly established.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rao PA, Beidel DC, Murray MJ | s2cid = 2507088 | title = Social skills interventions for children with Asperger's syndrome or high-functioning autism: a review and recommendations | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 353–61 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 17641962 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-007-0402-4}}</ref> A randomized controlled study of a model for training parents in problem behaviors in their children with AS showed that parents attending a one-day workshop or six individual lessons reported fewer behavioral problems, while parents receiving the individual lessons reported less intense behavioral problems in their AS children.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sofronoff K, Leslie A, Brown W | title = Parent management training and Asperger syndrome: a randomized controlled trial to evaluate a parent based intervention | journal = Autism | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 301–17 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15358872 | doi = 10.1177/1362361304045215 | s2cid = 23763353}}</ref> Vocational training may be important to teach job interview etiquette and workplace behavior to older children and adults with AS, and organization software and personal data assistants can improve the work and life management of people with AS.<ref name="McPart2006" />

[[Fecal microbiota transplant|Fecal Microbiota Transplantation]] (FMT) is an innovative therapy for AS that aims to restore microbial balance in the patient's [[gastrointestinal tract]] by introducing healthy fecal microbiota acquired from people with a diverse microbial composition. This approach attempts to reconstruct the patient's gut microbiota by taking into account the intricate interactions between the human gut and the [[central nervous system]] via the [[Gut–brain axis|gut-brain axis]] (GBA). Any disruption in gut health has been linked to an increased susceptibility to diverse [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s.<ref name=":0" />

It is vital to remember that research of AS specifically operates upon the out-dated classification of this syndrome as external to ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder). Similarly, we should also note that ASD is a spectrum and support varies dramatically depending on the individual.

=== Medications ===
No medications directly treat the core symptoms of AS.<ref name=Towbin>{{cite journal | vauthors = Towbin KE | title = Strategies for pharmacologic treatment of high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 23–45 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512397 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00049-4 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1260194}}</ref> Although research into the efficacy of pharmaceutical intervention for AS is limited,<ref name="McPart2006" /> it is essential to diagnose and treat [[comorbid]] conditions.<ref name="Baskin" /> Deficits in self-identifying emotions or in observing effects of one's behavior on others can make it difficult for individuals with AS to see why medication may be appropriate.<ref name=Towbin /> Medication can be effective in combination with behavioral interventions and environmental accommodations in treating comorbid symptoms such as anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, inattention, and aggression.<ref name="McPart2006" /> The [[atypical antipsychotic]] medications [[risperidone]], [[olanzapine]] and [[aripiprazole]] have been shown to reduce the associated symptoms of AS;<ref name="McPart2006" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hirsch LE, Pringsheim T | title = Aripiprazole for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 6 | pages = CD009043 | date = June 2016 | volume = 2016 | pmid = 27344135 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009043.pub3 | pmc = 7120220}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blankenship K, Erickson CA, Stigler KA, Posey DJ, McDougle CJ | title = Aripiprazole for irritability associated with autistic disorder in children and adolescents aged 6–17 years | journal = Pediatric Health | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 375–81 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 21359119 | pmc = 3043611 | doi = 10.2217/phe.10.45}}</ref> risperidone can reduce repetitive and self-injurious behaviors, aggressive outbursts, and impulsivity, and improve stereotypical patterns of behavior and social relatedness. The [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s (SSRIs) [[fluoxetine]], [[fluvoxamine]], and [[sertraline]] have been effective in treating restricted and repetitive interests and behaviors,<ref name="McPart2006" /><ref name="Baskin" /><ref name="Foster" /> while stimulant medication, such as [[methylphenidate]], can reduce inattention.<ref name="CCD2007">{{cite journal | url= https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162 | vauthors = Myers SM, Johnson CP | title = Management of children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 120 | issue = 5 | pages = 1162–82 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17967921 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2007-2362 | doi-access = free}}</ref> In addition, scientists have made a noteworthy finding that [[Oxytocin (medication)|oxytocin]], a hormone, plays a significant role in shaping human social behavior and the formation of interpersonal connections.<ref name=":0" />

Care must be taken with medications, as side effects may be more common and harder to evaluate in individuals with AS, and tests of drugs' effectiveness against comorbid conditions routinely exclude individuals from the autism spectrum.<ref name=Towbin /> Abnormalities in [[metabolism]], [[Electrical conduction system of the heart|cardiac conduction]] times, and an increased risk of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] have been raised as concerns with antipsychotic medications,<ref name="Newcomer">{{cite journal | vauthors = Newcomer JW | title = Antipsychotic medications: metabolic and cardiovascular risk | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 68 | issue = Suppl 4 | pages = 8–13 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17539694}}</ref><ref name="Chavez">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chavez B, Chavez-Brown M, Sopko MA, Rey JA | title = Atypical antipsychotics in children with pervasive developmental disorders | journal = Paediatric Drugs | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 249–66 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17705564 | doi = 10.2165/00148581-200709040-00006 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.659.4150 | s2cid = 6690106}}</ref> along with serious long-term neurological side effects.<ref name=interrev /> SSRIs can lead to manifestations of behavioral activation such as increased impulsivity, aggression, and [[sleep disturbance]].<ref name="Foster" /> [[Weight gain]] and fatigue are commonly reported side effects of risperidone, which may also lead to increased risk for [[extrapyramidal symptoms]] such as restlessness and [[dystonia]]<ref name="Foster" /> and increased serum [[prolactin]] levels.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Staller J | title = The effect of long-term antipsychotic treatment on prolactin | journal = Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 317–26 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16768639 | doi = 10.1089/cap.2006.16.317}}</ref> Sedation and weight gain are more common with [[olanzapine]],<ref name="Chavez" /> which has also been linked with diabetes.<ref name="Newcomer" /> Sedative side-effects in school-age children<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stachnik JM, Nunn-Thompson C | s2cid = 31715163 | title = Use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of autistic disorder | journal = The Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 626–34 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17389666 | doi = 10.1345/aph.1H527}}</ref> have ramifications for classroom learning. Individuals with AS may be unable to identify and communicate their internal [[Mood (psychology)|moods]] and emotions or to tolerate side effects that for most people would not be problematic.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism: research concerns and emerging foci|journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry|volume=16|issue=5|pages=535–42|year=2003|vauthors=Blacher J, Kraemer B, Schalow M|doi=10.1097/00001504-200309000-00008|s2cid=146839394}}</ref>

== Prognosis ==
There is some evidence that children with AS may see a lessening of symptoms; up to 20% of children may no longer meet the diagnostic criteria as adults, although social and communication difficulties may persist.<ref name="Woodbury-Smith" /> {{As of|2006}}, no studies addressing the long-term outcome of individuals with Asperger syndrome are available and there are no systematic long-term follow-up studies of children with AS.<ref name="Klin" /> Individuals with AS appear to have normal [[life expectancy]], but have an increased [[prevalence]] of [[comorbid]] psychiatric conditions, such as major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders that may significantly affect [[prognosis]].<ref name="McPart2006" /><ref name="Woodbury-Smith" /> Although social impairment may be lifelong, the outcome is generally more positive than with individuals with lower-functioning autism spectrum disorders;<ref name="McPart2006" /> for example, ASD symptoms are more likely to diminish with time in children with AS or HFA.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Coplan J, Jawad AF | title = Modeling clinical outcome of children with autistic spectrum disorders | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 116 | issue = 1 | pages = 117–22 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15995041 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2004-1118 | s2cid = 8440775}}</ref> Most students with AS and HFA have average mathematical ability and test slightly worse in mathematics than in general intelligence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chiang HM, Lin YH | title = Mathematical ability of students with Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism: a review of literature | journal = Autism | volume = 11 | issue = 6 | pages = 547–56 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17947290 | doi = 10.1177/1362361307083259 | s2cid = 37125753 | via = SAGE Journals}}</ref> However, mathematicians are at least three times more likely to have autism-spectrum traits than the general population, and are more likely to have family members with autism.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Burtenshaw A, Hobson E | title = Mathematical Talent is Linked to Autism | journal = Human Nature | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 125–131 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 26181845 | doi = 10.1007/s12110-007-9014-0 | s2cid = 11021156 }}</ref>

Although many attend regular education classes, some children with AS may attend [[special education]] classes such as separate classroom and [[resource room]] because of their social and behavioral difficulties.<ref name="Klin" /> Adolescents with AS may exhibit ongoing difficulty with [[self-care]] or organization, and disturbances in social and romantic relationships. Despite high cognitive potential, most young adults with AS remain at home, yet some do marry and work independently.<ref name="McPart2006" /> The "different-ness" adolescents experience can be traumatic.<ref name="Moran">{{cite journal| vauthors = Moran M |title=Asperger's may be answer to diagnostic mysteries|journal=Psychiatric News|year=2006|volume=41|issue=19|pages=21–36|doi=10.1176/pn.41.19.0021}}</ref> Anxiety may stem from preoccupation over possible violations of routines and rituals, from being placed in a situation without a clear schedule or expectations, or from [[Social anxiety|concern with failing in social encounters]];<ref name=McPart2006 /> the resulting [[Stress (psychological)|stress]] may manifest as inattention, withdrawal, reliance on obsessions, hyperactivity, or aggressive or oppositional behavior.<ref name=Myles /> Depression is often the result of chronic [[frustration]] from repeated failure to engage others socially, and [[mood disorder]]s requiring treatment may develop.<ref name="McPart2006" /> Clinical experience suggests the rate of suicide may be higher among those with AS, but this has not been confirmed by systematic empirical studies.<ref>{{cite book|title=Asperger's Disorder|veditors=Rausch JL, Johnson ME, Casanova MF|publisher=Informa Healthcare|year=2008|chapter=Asperger syndrome – mortality and morbidity| vauthors = Gillberg C|pages=63–80|isbn=978-0-8493-8360-1}}</ref>

Education of families is critical in developing strategies for understanding strengths and weaknesses;<ref name="Baskin" /> helping the family to cope improves outcomes in children.<ref name=Tsatsanis /> Prognosis may be improved by diagnosis at a younger age that allows for early interventions, while interventions in adulthood are valuable but less beneficial.<ref name="Baskin" /> There are legal implications for individuals with AS as they run the risk of exploitation by others and may be unable to comprehend the societal implications of their actions.<ref name="Baskin" />

== Epidemiology ==
{{main|Epidemiology of autism}}

Frequency estimates vary enormously. In 2015, it was estimated that 37.2 million people globally are affected.<ref name=GBD2015Pre /> A 2003 review of [[epidemiological studies]] of children found autism rates ranging from 0.03 to 4.84 per 1,000, with the ratio of autism to Asperger syndrome ranging from 1.5:1 to 16:1;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fombonne E, Tidmarsh L | title = Epidemiologic data on Asperger disorder | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–21, v–vi | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12512396 | doi = 10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00050-0}}</ref> combining the geometric mean ratio of 5:1 with a conservative prevalence estimate for autism of 1.3 per 1,000 suggests indirectly that the prevalence of AS might be around 0.26 per 1,000.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Epidemiological surveys of pervasive developmental disorders| vauthors = Fombonne E |pages=33–68|title=Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders|edition=2nd|veditors=Volkmar FR|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-54957-8}}</ref> Part of the variance in estimates arises from differences in diagnostic criteria. For example, a relatively small 2007 study of 5,484 eight-year-old children in Finland found 2.9 children per 1,000 met the ICD-10 criteria for an AS diagnosis, 2.7 per 1,000 for Gillberg and Gillberg criteria, 2.5 for DSM-IV, 1.6 for Szatmari ''et al.'', and 4.3 per 1,000 for the union of the four criteria. Boys seem to be more likely to have AS than girls; estimates of the sex ratio range from 1.6:1 to 4:1, using the Gillberg and Gillberg criteria.<ref name=Mattila /> Females with autism spectrum disorders may be underdiagnosed.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Galanopoulos A, Robertson D, Woodhouse E | title = The assessment of autism spectrum disorders in adults |journal=Advances in Autism |date=4 January 2016 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=31–40 |doi=10.1108/AIA-09-2015-0017}}</ref>

=== Comorbidities ===
{{Main|Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders}}

Anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder are the most common conditions seen at the same time; [[comorbidity]] of these in persons with AS is estimated at 65%.<ref name=McPart2006 /> Reports have associated AS with [[medical conditions]] such as [[aminoaciduria]] and [[ligamentous laxity]], but these have been case reports or small studies and no factors have been associated with AS across studies.<ref name="McPart2006" /> One study of males with AS found an increased rate of [[epilepsy]] and a high rate (51%) of [[nonverbal learning disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cederlund M, Gillberg C | title = One hundred males with Asperger syndrome: a clinical study of background and associated factors | journal = Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | volume = 46 | issue = 10 | pages = 652–60 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15473168 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00977.x | s2cid = 5931902| doi-access = free }}</ref> AS is associated with [[tic]]s, [[Tourette syndrome]] and [[bipolar disorder]]. The repetitive behaviors of AS have many similarities with the symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder and [[obsessive–compulsive personality disorder]],<ref name="Gillberg&Billstedt2000"/> and 26% of a sample of young adults with AS were found to meet the criteria for [[schizoid personality disorder]] (which is characterised by severe social seclusion and emotional detachment), more than any other personality disorder in the sample.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lugnegård T, Hallerbäck MU, Gillberg C | title = Personality disorders and autism spectrum disorders: what are the connections? | journal = Comprehensive Psychiatry | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 333–40 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 21821235 | doi = 10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.05.014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tantam D | title = Lifelong eccentricity and social isolation. II: Asperger's syndrome or schizoid personality disorder? | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 153 | pages = 783–91 | date = December 1988 | issue = 6 | pmid = 3256377 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.153.6.783| s2cid = 39433805 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Integrated Treatment for Co-Occurring Disorders: Personality Disorders and Addiction | vauthors = Ekleberry SC |publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-0789036933|pages=31–32|chapter=Cluster A – Schizoid Personality Disorder and Substance Use Disorders|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5HY1xcfjEcC&pg=PA31}}</ref> However many of these studies are based on [[sampling bias|clinical samples]] or lack standardized measures; nonetheless, comorbid conditions are relatively common.<ref name="Woodbury-Smith" />

=== Correlated characteristics ===
Research [[Autism and LGBT identities|indicates that individuals with Aspergers]] have significantly higher rates of [[LGBT community|LGBT identities]] and feelings than the general population.<ref name="Graham Holmes-2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Graham Holmes L, Ames JL, Massolo ML, Nunez DM, Croen LA | title = Improving the Sexual and Reproductive Health and Health Care of Autistic People | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 149 | issue = Suppl 4 | pages = e2020049437J | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35363286 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2020-049437J | publisher = [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] | quote = A substantial proportion of autistic adolescents and adults are LGBTQIA+. Autistic people are more likely to be transgender or gender nonconforming compared with non-autistic people, and findings from a recent autism registry study suggest that among autistic people able to self-report on a survey, up to 18% of men and 43% of women may be sexual minorities. | doi-access = free }}</ref> They are also significantly more likely to be [[Nontheism|non-theistic]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Norenzayan A, Gervais WM, Trzesniewski KH | title = Mentalizing deficits constrain belief in a personal God | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = e36880 | date = 2012 | pmid = 22666332 | pmc = 3364254 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0036880 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...736880N }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Asperger syndrome}}

Named after the Austrian pediatrician [[Hans Asperger]] (1906–1980), Asperger syndrome is a relatively new diagnosis in the field of autism,<ref name="What'sSpecial">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Klin A | s2cid = 12554302 | title = What's so special about Asperger Syndrome? | journal = Brain and Cognition | volume = 61 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–4 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16563588 | doi = 10.1016/j.bandc.2006.02.002}}</ref> though a syndrome like it was described as early as 1925 by Soviet child psychiatrist [[Grunya Sukhareva]] (1891–1981),<ref>{{cite book |author=Sukhareva GE |translator=Rebecchi K |title=Autistic Children |publisher=Amazon |date=2022 |isbn=978-169098676-8}}</ref> leading some of those diagnosed with Asperger syndrome to instead refer to their condition as 'Sukhareva's Syndrome', in opposition to Hans Asperger's association with Nazism.<ref name="urn.kb.se" /> As a child, Asperger appears to have exhibited some features of the very condition named after him, such as remoteness and talent in language.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lyons V, Fitzgerald M | s2cid = 21595111 | title = Did Hans Asperger (1906–1980) have Asperger syndrome? | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 37 | issue = 10 | pages = 2020–21 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17917805 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-007-0382-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Osborne L|title=American Normal: The Hidden World of Asperger Syndrome|url=https://archive.org/details/americannormalhi00osbo|url-access=limited|publisher=Copernicus|year=2002|isbn=978-0-387-95307-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/americannormalhi00osbo/page/n35 19]}}</ref> In 1944, Asperger described four children in his practice<ref name=Baskin /> who had difficulty in integrating themselves socially and showing empathy towards peers. They also lacked nonverbal communication skills and were physically clumsy. Asperger described this "autistic psychopathy" as [[social isolation]].<ref name=NINDS /> Fifty years later, several standardizations of AS as a [[medical diagnosis]] were tentatively proposed, many of which diverge significantly from Asperger's original work.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hippler K, Klicpera C | title = A retrospective analysis of the clinical case records of 'autistic psychopaths' diagnosed by Hans Asperger and his team at the University Children's Hospital, Vienna | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 358 | issue = 1430 | pages = 291–301 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12639327 | pmc = 1693115 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2002.1197}}</ref>

Unlike today's AS, autistic psychopathy could be found in people of all levels of intelligence, including those with intellectual disability.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Wing L|chapter=The relationship between Asperger's syndrome and Kanner's autism| veditors = Frith U|title=Autism and Asperger syndrome|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-38608-1|pages=93–121}}</ref> Asperger defended the value of so-called "high-functioning" autistic individuals, writing: "We are convinced, then, that autistic people have their place in the organism of the social community. They fulfill their role well, perhaps better than anyone else could, and we are talking of people who as children had the greatest difficulties and caused untold worries to their care-givers."<ref name=rue1/> Asperger also believed some would be capable of exceptional achievement and original thought later in life.<ref name="Baskin" />

Asperger's paper was published during [[World War II]] and in German, so it was not widely read elsewhere. [[Lorna Wing]] used the term ''Asperger syndrome'' in 1976,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guidingpathways.com.au/2018/01/24/what-is-aspergers-syndrome/|title=What is Asperger's Syndrome|publisher=Guiding Pathways header logo | vauthors = Cole C | date=24 January 2018|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref> and popularized it to the English-speaking medical community in her February 1981 publication<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wing L|author-link=Lorna Wing|year=1981|title=Asperger's Syndrome: A Clinical Account|url=https://ndclibrary.sjc1.vultrobjects.com/lorna-wing-asperger-clinical-account.pdf|journal=[[Psychological Medicine]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=115{{ndash}}129|doi=10.1017/S0033291700053332|pmid=7208735|s2cid=16046498}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/18/books/review/aspergers-children-edith-sheffer.html|title=Asperger's Children|work=[[The New York Times]] | vauthors = Mnookin S |date=18 June 2018|access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref> of case studies of children showing the symptoms described by Asperger,<ref name="What'sSpecial" /> and [[Uta Frith]] translated his paper to English in 1991.<ref name=rue1/> Sets of diagnostic criteria were outlined by Gillberg and Gillberg in 1989 and by Szatmari ''et al.'' in the same year.<ref name="Mattila">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mattila ML, Kielinen M, Jussila K, Linna SL, Bloigu R, Ebeling H, Moilanen I | title = An epidemiological and diagnostic study of Asperger syndrome according to four sets of diagnostic criteria | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 636–46 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17450055 | doi = 10.1097/chi.0b013e318033ff42| s2cid = 28596939 }}</ref> In 1992, AS became a standard diagnosis when it was included in the tenth edition of the [[World Health Organization]]'s diagnostic manual, ''International Classification of Diseases'' ([[ICD-10]]). It was added to the fourth edition of the [[American Psychiatric Association]]'s diagnostic reference, ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' ([[DSM-IV]]), published in 1994.<ref name=NINDS />

Hundreds of books, articles, and websites now describe AS and prevalence estimates have increased dramatically for ASD, with AS recognized as an important subgroup.<ref name="What'sSpecial" /> Whether it should be seen as distinct from high-functioning autism is a fundamental issue requiring further study,<ref name="Baskin" /> and there are questions about the [[empirical validation]] of the DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria.<ref name="Klin" /> In 2013, [[DSM-5]] eliminated AS as a separate diagnosis, folding it into the autism spectrum on a severity scale.<ref name=DSMV />

== Society and culture ==
{{See also|Societal and cultural aspects of autism|Disability rights movement}}
[[File:Students, families walk to support Autism Awareness Month 140404-M-ZZ999-331.jpg|thumb|Students and families walk to support Autism Awareness Month.|alt=Three children are seen holding a banner which says "Different NOT Less! We ARE UNIFIED" in brightly colored text.]]

People identifying with Asperger syndrome may refer to themselves in casual conversation as ''aspies'' (a term first used in print in the ''[[The Boston Globe|Boston Globe]]'' in 1998).<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Willey LH|title=Pretending to be Normal: Living with Asperger's Syndrome|url=https://archive.org/details/pretendingtobeno00will|url-access=limited|publisher=Jessica Kingsley|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pretendingtobeno00will/page/n71 71], 104|year=1999|isbn=978-1-85302-749-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite OED|term=Aspie|id=392643|access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> Some autistic people have advocated a shift in perception of autism spectrum disorders as complex [[syndrome]]s rather than diseases that must be cured. Proponents of this view reject the notion that there is an "ideal" brain configuration and that any deviation from the norm is [[pathological]]; they promote tolerance of [[neurodiversity]].<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Williams CC|chapter=In search of an Asperger|veditors=Stoddart KP|title=Children, Youth and Adults with Asperger Syndrome: Integrating Multiple Perspectives|year=2005|publisher=Jessica Kingsley|isbn=978-1-84310-319-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/childrenyouthadu00kevi/page/242 242–52]|quote=The life prospects of people with AS would change if we shifted from viewing AS as a set of dysfunctions, to viewing it as a set of differences that have merit.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/childrenyouthadu00kevi/page/242}}</ref> These views are the basis for the [[autistic rights]] and [[autistic pride]] movements.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Dakin CJ|chapter=Life on the outside: A personal perspective of Asperger syndrome| veditors = Stoddart KP|title=Children, Youth and Adults with Asperger Syndrome: Integrating Multiple Perspectives|year=2005|publisher=Jessica Kingsley|isbn=978-1-84310-319-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/childrenyouthadu00kevi/page/352 352–61]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/childrenyouthadu00kevi/page/352}}</ref> There is a contrast between the attitude of people with AS, who typically do not want to be cured and are proud of their identity; and parents of children with AS, who typically seek assistance and a cure for their children.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clarke J, van Amerom G | title = Asperger's syndrome: differences between parents' understanding and those diagnosed | journal = Social Work in Health Care | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 85–106 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18551831 | doi = 10.1300/J010v46n03_05 | s2cid = 10181053}}</ref>

Some researchers have argued that AS can be viewed as a different cognitive style, not a disorder,<ref name=Clarke>{{cite journal|journal=Disability & Society|year=2007|volume=22|issue=7|pages=761–76|title='Surplus suffering': differences between organizational understandings of Asperger's syndrome and those people who claim the 'disorder'|vauthors=Clarke J, van Amerom G|doi=10.1080/09687590701659618|s2cid=145736625}}</ref> and that it should be removed from the standard ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual]]'', much as [[homosexuality]] was removed.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Disability & Society|year=2009|volume=24|issue=3|pages=343–55|title=Reframing Asperger syndrome: lessons from other challenges to the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual'' and ICIDH approaches| vauthors = Allred S|doi=10.1080/09687590902789511|s2cid=144506657}}</ref> (In 2013 Asperger Syndrome was indeed eliminated as a separate diagnosis in [[DSM-5]].<ref name=DSMV />) In a 2002 paper, [[Simon Baron-Cohen]] wrote of those with AS: "In the social world, there is no great benefit to a precise eye for detail, but in the worlds of maths, computing, cataloging, music, linguistics, engineering, and science, such an eye for detail can lead to success rather than failure." Baron-Cohen cited two reasons why it might still be useful to consider AS to be a disability: to ensure provision for legally required special support, and to recognize emotional difficulties from reduced empathy.<ref name=BaronCohen2002>{{cite journal|journal=Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl|year=2002|volume=17|issue=3|pages=186–91|title=Is Asperger syndrome necessarily viewed as a disability?| vauthors = Baron-Cohen S |doi=10.1177/10883576020170030801|s2cid=145629311}} A preliminary, freely readable draft, with slightly different wording in the quoted text, is in: {{cite web|url=http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2002_BC_ASDisability.pdf|access-date=2 December 2008|year=2002| vauthors = Baron-Cohen S|title=Is Asperger's syndrome necessarily a disability?|publisher=Autism Research Centre|location=Cambridge|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217140628/http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2002_BC_ASDisability.pdf|archive-date=17 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baron-Cohen argues that the genes for ASD's combination of abilities have operated throughout recent [[human evolution]] and have made remarkable contributions to human history.<ref>{{cite book|title=Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology|chapter=The evolution of brain mechanisms for social behavior|vauthors=Baron-Cohen S|pages=415–32| veditors = Crawford C, Krebs D |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8058-5957-7}}</ref>

By contrast, Pier Jaarsma and Welin wrote in 2011 that the "broad version of the neurodiversity claim, covering low-functioning as well as high-functioning autism, is problematic. Only a narrow conception of neurodiversity, referring exclusively to high-functioning autists, is reasonable."<ref name=Jaarsma>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jaarsma P, Welin S | url = http://www.imh.liu.se/avd_halsa_samhalle/filarkiv1/1.264263/JaarsmaWelin2011Autismasanaturalvariation.pdf | title = Autism as a natural human variation: reflections on the claims of the neurodiversity movement | journal = Health Care Analysis | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 20–30 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 21311979 | doi = 10.1007/s10728-011-0169-9 | s2cid = 18618887 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131101015957/http://www.imh.liu.se/avd_halsa_samhalle/filarkiv1/1.264263/JaarsmaWelin2011Autismasanaturalvariation.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 1 November 2013}}</ref> They say that "higher functioning" individuals with autism may "not [be] benefited with such a psychiatric defect-based diagnosis ... some of them are being harmed by it, because of the disrespect the diagnosis displays for their natural way of being", but "think that it is still reasonable to include other categories of autism in the psychiatric diagnostics. The narrow conception of the neurodiversity claim should be accepted but the broader claim should not."<ref name=Jaarsma />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|asperger syndrome.ogg|date=19 October 2016}}
* Autistic Empire, [https://www.autisticempire.com/are-you-autistic-take-the-test/ Are you Autistic? Take the test] – an online version of the Adult Asperger's Assessment developed by Cohen, S. et al. (2005) (see Woodbury-Smith MR, "Screening adults for Asperger Syndrome using the AQ: a preliminary study of its diagnostic validity in clinical practice", in [[#References|§References]]).
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hus V, Lord C | title = The autism diagnostic observation schedule, module 4: revised algorithm and standardized severity scores | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 44 | issue = 8 | pages = 1996–2012 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24590409 | pmc = 4104252 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-014-2080-3 }} A public paper re-calibrating the [[Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule]] for appropriate assessment of autistic adults, who typically score lower on measures of impairment than autistic children due to compensatory strategies.
* Royal College of Psychiatrists (2017), [https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/docs/default-source/members/sigs/neurodevelopmental-psychiatry-special-interest-group-ndpsig/ndpsig-autism-diagnostic-interview-guide-2.pdf?sfvrsn=1dc6557_2 Interview Guide for the Diagnostic Assessment of Able Adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorder] – based on the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R)

{{Medical condition classification and resources
|DiseasesDB=31268
|ICD10={{ICD10|F|84|5|f|80}}
|ICD9={{ICD9|299.80}}
|OMIM=608638
|MedlinePlus=001549
|eMedicineSubj=ped
|eMedicineTopic=147
|MeshName=Asperger+syndrome
|MeshNumber=F03.550.325.100
|ICD11={{ICD11|6A02.0}}
|Curlie=Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Neurodevelopmental/Autism_Spectrum/Asperger%27s_Syndrome
}}
{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}
{{Mental and behavioral disorders|selected=childhood}}
{{Nonverbal communication}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Asperger syndrome| ]]
[[Category:Autism|*]]
[[Category:1976 neologisms]]
[[Category:Neurogenetic disorders]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders in children]]
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate]]

Talk:Classic autism

2024-11-15T12:19:08Z

TempusTacet: /* Origin and use of the term "classic autism" */

{{talk header}}
{{WikiProject banner shell|collapsed=yes|class=Start|listas=Classic autism|1=
{{WikiProject Medicine|importance=High|neurology=yes|neurology-imp=Mid|genetics=yes|genetics-imp=Mid|selected=yes|needs-infobox=no|needs-photo=no|psychiatry=y}}
{{WikiProject Neuroscience|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Psychology|importance=High|attention=no|needs-infobox=no}}
{{WikiProject Disability}}
{{WikiProject Autism|importance=Top}}
}}
{{Copied |collapse = 
|from1 = Autism
|from_oldid1 = 1091882290
|to1 = Classic autism
|date1 = 02:04, 25 June 2022
|diff1 = https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classic_autism&diff=1094873519&oldid=1081365894
}}
{{Reliable sources for medical articles}}

== Origin and use of the term "classic autism" ==

The article most recently provided [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8531066/ this source] for the term "classic autism" as well as some other claims regarding use of terminology (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classic_autism&oldid=1160116139 this version]), all of which the source does not appear to support. In fact, it does not even contain the term "classic autism".

I have failed to find a source that shows "classic autism" to be a regularly used term. Google Scholar produces just a little more than [[scholar:"classic+autism"|4,000 publications]] that include the term, some of which are likely to refer to [[non-syndromic autism]], which is also sometimes called "classic autism". Compared to the [[scholar:"autistic+disorder"|75,000 publications that mention "autistic disorder"]] (the name of the diagnosis in the DSM-IV) and the [[scholar:"childhood+autism"|68,000 publications that mention "childhood autism"]] (the name of the diagnosis in the ICD-10), that's minimal. The [https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6 Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders] contains no entry for the term (not even the equivalent of a Wikipedia redirect) and just a handful of mentions, two of which are in quotation marks. While in these few cases the term appears to be consistently used to refer to the condition described in the article all mentions are in entries unrelated to the article's main subject.

Hi @[[User:Xurizuri|Xurizuri]], I saw that you performed the split of this article from [[autism]] and that you mentioned lengthy and complicated discussions. Can you (or anyone else reading this) point me to the discussion where this title was picked and/or literature that demonstrate that "classic autism" is a widely used term for the condition described in the article?--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 18:07, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
:{{u|TempusTacet}} Oh god it's been so long since I looked at this. Honestly, that wasn't really the main thrust of the argument, so from memory it wasn't discussed in any particular detail. The primary conversation was also split between multiple threads in a truly horrifying way, but they seem to all be in [[Talk:Autism spectrum/Archive 3]] and [[Talk:Autism spectrum/Archive 4]]. It also affected and was influenced by conversation on other pages, particularly on the WikiProject (starting from [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Autism/Archive 1#Merge request: autism/autism spectrum]]). Enjoy! If it comes up, my vote is to not use specifically "Kanner autism" because I've never heard that term outside of these articles. --[[User:Xurizuri|Xurizuri]] ([[User talk:Xurizuri|talk]]) 07:06, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
::Hi [[User:Xurizuri|Xurizuri]], thanks for trying to remember and linking the discussions. I had already tried to Ctrl+F my way through these and wasn't particularly successful. The conclusion I've come to in the meantime is that "classic autism" is a term that has at some point been established in the discussions but is not particularly common outside of Wikipedia. I agree that "Kanner autism" is equally uncommon but it's at least listed as a synonym in the DSM IV.
::I'll probably suggest moving the article to "infantile autism", as this is the name Kanner gave it and how it has been known for the longest time. But let's see if others have something to say about terminology.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 09:33, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
:::I see that I missed a discussion about this, and the one below has now been closed with no real conclusion.
:::I'd be opposed to a move to 'infantile' or 'childhood' autism because these were always very misleading names, and in the context of modern usage they just sound like they should simply refer to [[Autism spectrum|autism]] in children, which is not what they mean at all. This category was the successor to what DSM-I and DSM-II called 'childhood schizophrenia', which was even more wrong, but was used from 1952-1980.
:::It's difficult to know what is the best way of dealing with obsolete and deprecated diagnostic categories; there would be a fairly strong case for removing this page altogether and redirecting to [[history of autism]], honestly. [[Consumption]] is a disambiguation page directing people to [[Tuberculosis]]; [[Vapours (mental condition)]] gets a short, historical entry; [[Ego-dystonic sexual orientation]] (not 'ego-dystonic homosexuality') gets a rather longer one, as well as a place in [[Homosexuality in the DSM]].
:::I think it's important not to use a title which risks confusing modern readers. I don't know what people specifically interested in the obsolete category are most likely to search for, but I think it's unlikely to be 'infantile autism'? 'Classic autism' is not an especially unusual term[https://www.scie.org.uk/autism/adults/main-issues/described][https://www.medic8.com/mental-health/autism/classic-autism.html][https://abcnews.go.com/Health/AutismOverview/story?id=5388172]. I don't think raw Google Scholar numbers are especially helpful here - a quick search on more recent papers shows that 'infantile autism' is used not just for the historical category, but also to describe autism in children, for example. [[User:Oolong|Oolong]] ([[User talk:Oolong|talk]]) 13:55, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
::::Just found this discussion after getting confused as to why [[Autism spectrum]] isn't just titled ''[[Autism]]''. Don't have much more to chime in other than that "classic autism" is an obvious Wikipedia neologism that isn't used (at least not in this sense) in the academic literature. ~ [[User:Freedom4U|F4U]] ([[User talk:Freedom4U|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Freedom4U|they/it]]) 03:19, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Oolong|Oolong]] I agree that "infantile autism" is potentially misleading & that the condition described in the article is increasingly of historical interest only (similar to Asperger's). I think it's worthwhile to cover it in a separate article, as a lot of research on "autism" is concerned with "classic autism" only and not the broader DSM-5/ICD-11 "autism spectrum disorder", making it desirable to present the condition. We also have "profound autism" as a term described in this article, which has a clear lineage back to Kanner's original description.
:::::@[[User:Freedom4U|F4U]] Do you think we should start another attempt at moving the article?--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 12:19, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

== Representation of Autistic People may be Lacking in this Article ==

Wikipedia isn't awesome, but this section of it can be made better be adding substance from the publications of Autistic Scholars & Social Activists combined. [[Special:Contributions/141.224.33.135|141.224.33.135]] ([[User talk:141.224.33.135|talk]]) 02:17, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
:The article can surely use an update and expansion. Since infantile autism is no longer considered a separate diagnosis/condition, it should also be easier to do that. Do you have any specific suggestions on topics and literature that should be covered? I also don't think that the article is protected, so you could just add missing information yourself, which would be most welcome.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 09:35, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

== Requested move 27 July 2023 ==

<div class="boilerplate mw-archivedtalk" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
:''The following is a closed discussion of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]] after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.''

The result of the move request was: '''no consensus.''' The titles "infantile autism" and "childhood autism" were both suggested, and while they were both shown to be markedly [[WP:COMMONNAME|more common names]] than the current title, concerns were also raised that the proposed titles might confuse readers. Ultimately, neither opinion seems to have prevailed over the other, leaving a situation where no consensus has formed. ([[Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover|closed by non-admin page mover]]) [[User:ModernDayTrilobite|ModernDayTrilobite]] ([[User talk:ModernDayTrilobite|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ModernDayTrilobite|contribs]]) 13:30, 31 August 2023 (UTC)
----

[[:Classic autism]] → {{no redirect|Infantile autism}} – The article most recently provided [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8531066/ this source] for the term "classic autism" as well as some other claims regarding use of terminology (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classic_autism&oldid=1160116139 this version]), all of which the source does not appear to support. In fact, it does not even contain the term "classic autism".

I have failed to find a source that shows "classic autism" to be a regularly used term. Google Scholar produces just a little more than [[scholar:"classic+autism"|4,000 publications]] that include the term, some of which are likely to refer to [[non-syndromic autism]], which is also sometimes called "classic autism". Compared to the [[scholar:"autistic+disorder"|75,000 publications that mention "autistic disorder"]] (the name of the diagnosis in the DSM-IV) and the [[scholar:"childhood+autism"|68,000 publications that mention "childhood autism"]] (the name of the diagnosis in the ICD-10), that's minimal. The [https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6 Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders] contains no entry for the term (not even the equivalent of a Wikipedia redirect) and just a handful of mentions, two of which are in quotation marks. While in these few cases the term appears to be consistently used to refer to the condition described in the article all mentions are in entries unrelated to the article's main subject.

Thus, I propose to move the article to [[Infantile autism]], which is the name coined by Leo Kanner that is also listed as a synonym in the ICD-10 as well as the DSM-IV. This is a well-established name that emphasizes the status as a "classic"/"prototypical" variant of the syndrome/diagnosis and does not give preference to either DSM or ICD. [[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 09:18, 27 July 2023 (UTC) — '''''Relisting.''''' [[User:Frostly|Frostly]] ([[User talk:Frostly|talk]]) 12:50, 3 August 2023 (UTC) — '''''Relisting.''''' [[User:ClydeFranklin|CLYDE]] [[User talk:ClydeFranklin|TALK TO ME]]/[[Special:Contributions/ClydeFranklin|STUFF DONE]] 20:16, 15 August 2023 (UTC) — '''''Relisting.''''' [[User:Schierbecker|Schierbecker]] ([[User talk:Schierbecker|talk]]) 04:59, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
:Note: [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Autism|WikiProject Autism]] has been notified of this discussion. [[User:Frostly|Frostly]] ([[User talk:Frostly|talk]]) 12:50, 3 August 2023 (UTC)
:'''Comment''' Childhood autism seems to be a more commonly used term though. [[User:Killuminator|Killuminator]] ([[User talk:Killuminator|talk]]) 11:08, 5 August 2023 (UTC)
::'''Weak oppose'''. I think "Childhood autism" sounds more clear, but honestly, I don't think infantile is an informative name and will likely serve to be more confusing to folks. [[User:Smasongarrison|Mason]] ([[User talk:Smasongarrison|talk]]) 00:52, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:::Would you support childhood autism as an alternative move? [[User:Killuminator|Killuminator]] ([[User talk:Killuminator|talk]]) 17:52, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
::::Maybe? I don't have strong opinions about it, but I worry that childhood autism page name would also suggest that the page covered autism during childhood, as opposed to a specific diagnosis. I had similar concerns with infantile, as I would expect that such a page would cover autism during infancy. I'd be more supportive if the name were "Childhood autism (diagnosis)" or something to that effect. [[User:Smasongarrison|Mason]] ([[User talk:Smasongarrison|talk]]) 18:31, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
<div style="padding-left: 1.6em; font-style: italic; border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1; margin: 0.5em 0; padding-top: 0.5em">The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.</div>
</div><div style="clear:both;"></div>

== Non syndromic Autism link ==

"non-syndromic autism" in the "not to be confused with" section links to the syndromic autism page, I'm new to editing but is there not a non-syndromic autism page, or the ability to link specifically to where non-syndromic autism is mentioned within the syndromic page? [[User:Amber12177|Amber12177]] ([[User talk:Amber12177|talk]]) 08:56, 31 May 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:Amber12177|Amber12177]] There is no separate page on "non-syndromic autism" ("classic autism") because this category encompasses all cases of autism that are not (currently) identified as "syndromic", i.e., associated with a broader syndrome that usually has clearly identified genetic cause. This terminology is defined in the lede of [[Syndromic autism]].
:I understand that this is confusing but unfortunately terms can have multiple meanings. (It's even worse for "autism spectrum disorder(s)" in my opinion.)--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 12:10, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

Talk:Classic autism

2024-11-15T12:10:05Z

TempusTacet: /* Non syndromic Autism link */

{{talk header}}
{{WikiProject banner shell|collapsed=yes|class=Start|listas=Classic autism|1=
{{WikiProject Medicine|importance=High|neurology=yes|neurology-imp=Mid|genetics=yes|genetics-imp=Mid|selected=yes|needs-infobox=no|needs-photo=no|psychiatry=y}}
{{WikiProject Neuroscience|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Psychology|importance=High|attention=no|needs-infobox=no}}
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{{WikiProject Autism|importance=Top}}
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{{Copied |collapse = 
|from1 = Autism
|from_oldid1 = 1091882290
|to1 = Classic autism
|date1 = 02:04, 25 June 2022
|diff1 = https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classic_autism&diff=1094873519&oldid=1081365894
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{{Reliable sources for medical articles}}

== Origin and use of the term "classic autism" ==

The article most recently provided [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8531066/ this source] for the term "classic autism" as well as some other claims regarding use of terminology (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classic_autism&oldid=1160116139 this version]), all of which the source does not appear to support. In fact, it does not even contain the term "classic autism".

I have failed to find a source that shows "classic autism" to be a regularly used term. Google Scholar produces just a little more than [[scholar:"classic+autism"|4,000 publications]] that include the term, some of which are likely to refer to [[non-syndromic autism]], which is also sometimes called "classic autism". Compared to the [[scholar:"autistic+disorder"|75,000 publications that mention "autistic disorder"]] (the name of the diagnosis in the DSM-IV) and the [[scholar:"childhood+autism"|68,000 publications that mention "childhood autism"]] (the name of the diagnosis in the ICD-10), that's minimal. The [https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6 Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders] contains no entry for the term (not even the equivalent of a Wikipedia redirect) and just a handful of mentions, two of which are in quotation marks. While in these few cases the term appears to be consistently used to refer to the condition described in the article all mentions are in entries unrelated to the article's main subject.

Hi @[[User:Xurizuri|Xurizuri]], I saw that you performed the split of this article from [[autism]] and that you mentioned lengthy and complicated discussions. Can you (or anyone else reading this) point me to the discussion where this title was picked and/or literature that demonstrate that "classic autism" is a widely used term for the condition described in the article?--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 18:07, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
:{{u|TempusTacet}} Oh god it's been so long since I looked at this. Honestly, that wasn't really the main thrust of the argument, so from memory it wasn't discussed in any particular detail. The primary conversation was also split between multiple threads in a truly horrifying way, but they seem to all be in [[Talk:Autism spectrum/Archive 3]] and [[Talk:Autism spectrum/Archive 4]]. It also affected and was influenced by conversation on other pages, particularly on the WikiProject (starting from [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Autism/Archive 1#Merge request: autism/autism spectrum]]). Enjoy! If it comes up, my vote is to not use specifically "Kanner autism" because I've never heard that term outside of these articles. --[[User:Xurizuri|Xurizuri]] ([[User talk:Xurizuri|talk]]) 07:06, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
::Hi [[User:Xurizuri|Xurizuri]], thanks for trying to remember and linking the discussions. I had already tried to Ctrl+F my way through these and wasn't particularly successful. The conclusion I've come to in the meantime is that "classic autism" is a term that has at some point been established in the discussions but is not particularly common outside of Wikipedia. I agree that "Kanner autism" is equally uncommon but it's at least listed as a synonym in the DSM IV.
::I'll probably suggest moving the article to "infantile autism", as this is the name Kanner gave it and how it has been known for the longest time. But let's see if others have something to say about terminology.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 09:33, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
:::I see that I missed a discussion about this, and the one below has now been closed with no real conclusion.
:::I'd be opposed to a move to 'infantile' or 'childhood' autism because these were always very misleading names, and in the context of modern usage they just sound like they should simply refer to [[Autism spectrum|autism]] in children, which is not what they mean at all. This category was the successor to what DSM-I and DSM-II called 'childhood schizophrenia', which was even more wrong, but was used from 1952-1980.
:::It's difficult to know what is the best way of dealing with obsolete and deprecated diagnostic categories; there would be a fairly strong case for removing this page altogether and redirecting to [[history of autism]], honestly. [[Consumption]] is a disambiguation page directing people to [[Tuberculosis]]; [[Vapours (mental condition)]] gets a short, historical entry; [[Ego-dystonic sexual orientation]] (not 'ego-dystonic homosexuality') gets a rather longer one, as well as a place in [[Homosexuality in the DSM]].
:::I think it's important not to use a title which risks confusing modern readers. I don't know what people specifically interested in the obsolete category are most likely to search for, but I think it's unlikely to be 'infantile autism'? 'Classic autism' is not an especially unusual term[https://www.scie.org.uk/autism/adults/main-issues/described][https://www.medic8.com/mental-health/autism/classic-autism.html][https://abcnews.go.com/Health/AutismOverview/story?id=5388172]. I don't think raw Google Scholar numbers are especially helpful here - a quick search on more recent papers shows that 'infantile autism' is used not just for the historical category, but also to describe autism in children, for example. [[User:Oolong|Oolong]] ([[User talk:Oolong|talk]]) 13:55, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
::::Just found this discussion after getting confused as to why [[Autism spectrum]] isn't just titled ''[[Autism]]''. Don't have much more to chime in other than that "classic autism" is an obvious Wikipedia neologism that isn't used (at least not in this sense) in the academic literature. ~ [[User:Freedom4U|F4U]] ([[User talk:Freedom4U|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Freedom4U|they/it]]) 03:19, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

== Representation of Autistic People may be Lacking in this Article ==

Wikipedia isn't awesome, but this section of it can be made better be adding substance from the publications of Autistic Scholars & Social Activists combined. [[Special:Contributions/141.224.33.135|141.224.33.135]] ([[User talk:141.224.33.135|talk]]) 02:17, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
:The article can surely use an update and expansion. Since infantile autism is no longer considered a separate diagnosis/condition, it should also be easier to do that. Do you have any specific suggestions on topics and literature that should be covered? I also don't think that the article is protected, so you could just add missing information yourself, which would be most welcome.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 09:35, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

== Requested move 27 July 2023 ==

<div class="boilerplate mw-archivedtalk" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
:''The following is a closed discussion of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]] after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.''

The result of the move request was: '''no consensus.''' The titles "infantile autism" and "childhood autism" were both suggested, and while they were both shown to be markedly [[WP:COMMONNAME|more common names]] than the current title, concerns were also raised that the proposed titles might confuse readers. Ultimately, neither opinion seems to have prevailed over the other, leaving a situation where no consensus has formed. ([[Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover|closed by non-admin page mover]]) [[User:ModernDayTrilobite|ModernDayTrilobite]] ([[User talk:ModernDayTrilobite|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ModernDayTrilobite|contribs]]) 13:30, 31 August 2023 (UTC)
----

[[:Classic autism]] → {{no redirect|Infantile autism}} – The article most recently provided [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8531066/ this source] for the term "classic autism" as well as some other claims regarding use of terminology (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classic_autism&oldid=1160116139 this version]), all of which the source does not appear to support. In fact, it does not even contain the term "classic autism".

I have failed to find a source that shows "classic autism" to be a regularly used term. Google Scholar produces just a little more than [[scholar:"classic+autism"|4,000 publications]] that include the term, some of which are likely to refer to [[non-syndromic autism]], which is also sometimes called "classic autism". Compared to the [[scholar:"autistic+disorder"|75,000 publications that mention "autistic disorder"]] (the name of the diagnosis in the DSM-IV) and the [[scholar:"childhood+autism"|68,000 publications that mention "childhood autism"]] (the name of the diagnosis in the ICD-10), that's minimal. The [https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6 Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders] contains no entry for the term (not even the equivalent of a Wikipedia redirect) and just a handful of mentions, two of which are in quotation marks. While in these few cases the term appears to be consistently used to refer to the condition described in the article all mentions are in entries unrelated to the article's main subject.

Thus, I propose to move the article to [[Infantile autism]], which is the name coined by Leo Kanner that is also listed as a synonym in the ICD-10 as well as the DSM-IV. This is a well-established name that emphasizes the status as a "classic"/"prototypical" variant of the syndrome/diagnosis and does not give preference to either DSM or ICD. [[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 09:18, 27 July 2023 (UTC) — '''''Relisting.''''' [[User:Frostly|Frostly]] ([[User talk:Frostly|talk]]) 12:50, 3 August 2023 (UTC) — '''''Relisting.''''' [[User:ClydeFranklin|CLYDE]] [[User talk:ClydeFranklin|TALK TO ME]]/[[Special:Contributions/ClydeFranklin|STUFF DONE]] 20:16, 15 August 2023 (UTC) — '''''Relisting.''''' [[User:Schierbecker|Schierbecker]] ([[User talk:Schierbecker|talk]]) 04:59, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
:Note: [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Autism|WikiProject Autism]] has been notified of this discussion. [[User:Frostly|Frostly]] ([[User talk:Frostly|talk]]) 12:50, 3 August 2023 (UTC)
:'''Comment''' Childhood autism seems to be a more commonly used term though. [[User:Killuminator|Killuminator]] ([[User talk:Killuminator|talk]]) 11:08, 5 August 2023 (UTC)
::'''Weak oppose'''. I think "Childhood autism" sounds more clear, but honestly, I don't think infantile is an informative name and will likely serve to be more confusing to folks. [[User:Smasongarrison|Mason]] ([[User talk:Smasongarrison|talk]]) 00:52, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:::Would you support childhood autism as an alternative move? [[User:Killuminator|Killuminator]] ([[User talk:Killuminator|talk]]) 17:52, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
::::Maybe? I don't have strong opinions about it, but I worry that childhood autism page name would also suggest that the page covered autism during childhood, as opposed to a specific diagnosis. I had similar concerns with infantile, as I would expect that such a page would cover autism during infancy. I'd be more supportive if the name were "Childhood autism (diagnosis)" or something to that effect. [[User:Smasongarrison|Mason]] ([[User talk:Smasongarrison|talk]]) 18:31, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
<div style="padding-left: 1.6em; font-style: italic; border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1; margin: 0.5em 0; padding-top: 0.5em">The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.</div>
</div><div style="clear:both;"></div>

== Non syndromic Autism link ==

"non-syndromic autism" in the "not to be confused with" section links to the syndromic autism page, I'm new to editing but is there not a non-syndromic autism page, or the ability to link specifically to where non-syndromic autism is mentioned within the syndromic page? [[User:Amber12177|Amber12177]] ([[User talk:Amber12177|talk]]) 08:56, 31 May 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:Amber12177|Amber12177]] There is no separate page on "non-syndromic autism" ("classic autism") because this category encompasses all cases of autism that are not (currently) identified as "syndromic", i.e., associated with a broader syndrome that usually has clearly identified genetic cause. This terminology is defined in the lede of [[Syndromic autism]].
:I understand that this is confusing but unfortunately terms can have multiple meanings. (It's even worse for "autism spectrum disorder(s)" in my opinion.)--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 12:10, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

Mind-blindness

2024-11-15T12:02:53Z

TempusTacet: /* Mind-blindness of non-autistic people relative to autistic people */ more precise phrashing

{{Short description|Hypothesis regarding theory of mind in autistic people}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[aphantasia]], the inability to produce mental images}}
'''Mind-blindness''', '''mindblindness''' or '''mind blindness''' is a [[theory]] initially proposed in 1990 that claims that all [[Autism|autistic people]] have a lack or developmental delay of [[theory of mind]] (ToM), meaning they are unable to attribute [[Mental state|mental states]] to others.<ref name="cohen1" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Baron-Cohen |first1=Simon |last2=Campbell |first2=Ruth |last3=Karmiloff-Smith |first3=Annette |last4=Grant |first4=Julia |last5=Walker |first5=Jane |date=November 1995 |title=Are children with autism blind to the mentalistic significance of the eyes? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835x.1995.tb00687.x |journal=British Journal of Developmental Psychology |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=379–398 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-835x.1995.tb00687.x |s2cid=34341464 |issn=0261-510X}}</ref><ref name="cory">{{cite journal | last=Frith | first=Uta | author-link=Uta Frith | title=Mind Blindness and the Brain in Autism | journal=[[Neuron (journal)|Neuron]] | date=20 December 2001 | volume=32 | issue=6 | pages=969–979 | doi=10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00552-9 | pmid=11754830| doi-access=free }}</ref> According to the theory, a lack of ToM is considered equivalent to a lack of both cognitive and affective [[empathy]].<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Jurecic |first1=Ann |date=Spring 2006 |title=Mindblindness: Autism, Writing, and the Problem of Empathy |journal=[[Literature and Medicine]] |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1353/lm.2006.0021 |pmid=17040082 |s2cid=2822141}}</ref> In the context of the theory, mind-blindness implies being unable to predict behavior and attribute mental states including beliefs, desires, emotions, or intentions of other people.<ref name="perry">{{cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=Helen L. |author2=Frith, Christopher D. |date=1 February 2003 |title=Functional imaging of 'theory of mind' |url=http://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/mrossano/grad_cog/evo_of_cognition/articles/Gallagh_TICS_ToM.pdf |journal=[[Trends in Cognitive Sciences]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=77–83 |doi=10.1016/S1364-6613(02)00025-6 |pmid=12584026 |s2cid=14873867}}</ref> The mind-blindness theory asserts that children who delay in this development will often develop [[autism]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="cohen">{{cite journal | last1 = Baron-Cohen | first1 = Simon | author-link=Simon Baron-Cohen | date=25 March 2009 | title=Autism: The Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) Theory | journal=[[Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences]] | volume=1156, The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience | issue = 1 | pages=68–80 | doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04467.x | pmid=19338503| bibcode = 2009NYASA1156...68B | s2cid = 1440395 }}</ref>

One of the main proponents of mind-blindness was [[Simon Baron-Cohen]], who later pioneered [[empathising–systemising theory]].<ref name="cohen" /> Over the years, the mind-blindness hypothesis has faced criticism from the scientific community<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dinishak |first1=Janette |last2=Akhtar |first2=Nameera |date=June 2013 |title=A Critical Examination of Mindblindness as a Metaphor for Autism |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdep.12026 |journal=Child Development Perspectives |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=110–114 |doi=10.1111/cdep.12026}}</ref> due to inconclusive empirical evidence, mixed findings with different ToM tasks, repetitive failed replications of some (but not all) classic ToM studies,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boucher |first=Jill |date=2012 |title=Putting theory of mind in its place: psychological explanations of the socio-emotional-communicative impairments in autistic spectrum disorder |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362361311430403 |journal=Autism |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=226–246 |doi=10.1177/1362361311430403 |pmid=22297199 |s2cid=30738704 |issn=1362-3613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gernsbacher |first1=Morton |last2=Yergeau |first2=Melanie |date=2019 |title=Empirical Failures of the Claim That Autistic People Lack a Theory of Mind |journal=Archives of Scientific Psychology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=102–118 |doi=10.1037/arc0000067 |pmc=6959478 |pmid=31938672}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name="smukler" /> and consistent evidence (including some studies by Baron-Cohen) of substantial heterogeneity of autistic people in ToM and empathy measures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baksh |first1=R. Asaad |last2=Abrahams |first2=Sharon |last3=Bertlich |first3=Maya |last4=Cameron |first4=Rebecca |last5=Jany |first5=Sharon |last6=Dorrian |first6=Terin |last7=Baron-Cohen |first7=Simon |last8=Allison |first8=Carrie |last9=Smith |first9=Paula |last10=MacPherson |first10=Sarah E. |last11=Auyeung |first11=Bonnie |date=2021-10-03 |title=Social cognition in adults with autism spectrum disorders: Validation of the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT) |journal=The Clinical Neuropsychologist |language=en |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=1275–1293 |doi=10.1080/13854046.2020.1737236 |pmid=32189564 |s2cid=151487088 |issn=1385-4046|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11820/ea02ab9c-73be-4e85-916a-7612aa640013 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Greenberg |first1=David M. |last2=Warrier |first2=Varun |last3=Allison |first3=Carrie |last4=Baron-Cohen |first4=Simon |date=2018-11-27 |title=Testing the Empathizing–Systemizing theory of sex differences and the Extreme Male Brain theory of autism in half a million people |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=48 |pages=12152–12157 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1811032115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6275492 |pmid=30420503 |bibcode=2018PNAS..11512152G |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lombardo |first1=Michael V. |last2=Lai |first2=Meng-Chuan |last3=Auyeung |first3=Bonnie |last4=Holt |first4=Rosemary J. |last5=Allison |first5=Carrie |last6=Smith |first6=Paula |last7=Chakrabarti |first7=Bhismadev |last8=Ruigrok |first8=Amber N. V. |last9=Suckling |first9=John |last10=Bullmore |first10=Edward T. |last11=MRC AIMS Consortium |last12=Bailey |first12=Anthony J. |last13=Baron-Cohen |first13=Simon |last14=Bolton |first14=Patrick F. |last15=Bullmore |first15=Edward T. |date=2016-10-18 |title=Unsupervised data-driven stratification of mentalizing heterogeneity in autism |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=35333 |doi=10.1038/srep35333 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5067562 |pmid=27752054|bibcode=2016NatSR...635333. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hajdúk |first1=Michal |last2=Pinkham |first2=Amy E. |last3=Penn |first3=David L. |last4=Harvey |first4=Philip D. |last5=Sasson |first5=Noah J. |date=April 2022 |title=Heterogeneity of social cognitive performance in autism and schizophrenia |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aur.2730 |journal=Autism Research |language=en |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=1522–1534 |doi=10.1002/aur.2730 |pmid=35460541 |s2cid=248345497 |issn=1939-3792}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=G. |last2=Cook |first2=R. |date=2013-07-23 |title=Mixed emotions: the contribution of alexithymia to the emotional symptoms of autism |journal=Translational Psychiatry |language=en |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=e285 |doi=10.1038/tp.2013.61 |issn=2158-3188 |pmc=3731793 |pmid=23880881}}</ref>

== Theory of mind ==
{{main|Theory of mind}}

Mind-blindness is defined as a state where the ToM has not been developed in an individual.<ref name="cohen1" /> According to the theory, neurotypical people can make automatic interpretations of events taking into consideration the mental states of people, their desires, and beliefs. Individuals lacking ToM would therefore perceive the world in a confusing and frightening manner, leading to a social withdrawal.<ref name=cohen1>{{cite journal |last=Baron-Cohen |first=Simon |title=Autism: a specific cognitive disorder of 'mind-blindness |journal=[[International Review of Psychiatry]] |year=1990 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=81–90 |doi=10.3109/09540269009028274}}</ref> The theory was based on the assumption that biology is linked to autistic behavior, so it was expected that a delayed development or lack of ToM would lead to additional psychiatric complications. Research into a model with more than [[Dichotomy|two categories]] was also considered.<ref name="cohen1" />

Mind-blindness, a lack of ToM, was later theorised to be equivalent to a lack of empathy,<ref name=":2" /> although research published a year later suggests there is considerable overlap but not complete equivalence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=Kimberley |last2=Dziobek |first2=Isabel |last3=Hassenstab |first3=Jason |last4=Wolf |first4=Oliver T. |last5=Convit |first5=Antonio |date=2006-08-12 |title=Who Cares? Revisiting Empathy in Asperger Syndrome |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0197-8 |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=709–715 |doi=10.1007/s10803-006-0197-8 |pmid=16906462 |s2cid=13999363 |issn=0162-3257}}</ref> It was empirically demonstrated that processing of complex cognitive emotions is more difficult than processing simpler emotions. In addition, evidence existed at the time that autism was not correlated with the failure of social bonding and [[Attachment theory|attachment]] in childhood. This was interpreted to suggest that emotion is a component of [[social cognition]] that is separable from [[mentalization|mentalizing]].<ref name=cory />

=== Biological basis ===
[[File:250px-Gray726-STS.png|thumb|right|Superior temporal sulcus]]
Since the frontal lobe is associated with executive function, it was predicted that the frontal lobe plays an important role in ToM; that executive function and ToM share the same functional regions in the brain.<ref name="jose">{{cite journal | author1=Josef Perner | author2=Birgit Lang | s2cid=11112882 | name-list-style=amp | title=Development of theory of mind and executive control | journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences | date=1 September 1999 | volume=3 | issue=9 | doi=10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01362-5 | pmid=10461196 | pages=337–344}}</ref> Damage to the frontal lobe is known to affect ToM,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=Chris M. |last2=Castelli |first2=Fulvia |last3=Malik |first3=Omar |last4=Frith |first4=Uta |last5=Husain |first5=Masud |date=2004-04-01 |title=The impact of extensive medial frontal lobe damage on 'Theory of Mind' and cognition |journal=Brain |volume=127 |issue=4 |pages=914–928 |doi=10.1093/brain/awh108 |pmid=14998913 |issn=0006-8950|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stone |first1=Valerie E. |last2=Baron-Cohen |first2=Simon |last3=Knight |first3=Robert T. |date=September 1998 |title=Frontal Lobe Contributions to Theory of Mind |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998562942 |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=640–656 |doi=10.1162/089892998562942 |pmid=9802997 |s2cid=207724498 |issn=0898-929X}}</ref> partially confirming this hypothesis. From a 2000 study, it was found that a [[Neural network#Neuroscience|neural network]] that comprised the medial [[prefrontal cortex]], the [[anterior cingulate cortex]], the circumscribed region of the anterior paracingulate cortex and the [[superior temporal sulcus]], is crucial for the normal functioning of ToM and self monitoring.<ref name="perry" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vogeley |first1=K. |last2=Bussfeld |first2=P. |last3=Newen |first3=A. |last4=Herrmann |first4=S. |last5=Happé |first5=F. |last6=Falkai |first6=P. |last7=Maier |first7=W. |last8=Shah |first8=N.J. |last9=Fink |first9=G.R. |last10=Zilles |first10=K. |date=July 2001 |title=Mind Reading: Neural Mechanisms of Theory of Mind and Self-Perspective |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2001.0789 |journal=NeuroImage |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=170–181 |doi=10.1006/nimg.2001.0789 |pmid=11525326 |s2cid=7053366 |issn=1053-8119}}</ref> Although there is a possibility that ToM and mind-blindness could explain executive function deficits, it was argued that autism is not identified with the failure of executive function alone.<ref name="Peter">{{cite book | last=Carruthers | first=Peter | author-link=Peter Carruthers (philosopher) | editor1=Carruthers, Peter | editor2=Smith, Peter K. | editor2-link=Peter K. Smith | title=Theories of Theories of Mind | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtJ6BFChp9IC |chapter=Chapter 16. Autism as Mind-Blindness: an elaboration and partial defence (pp. 257 ff.) | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtJ6BFChp9IC&q=%22Peter+Carruthers%22%22+Autism+as+Mind-Blindness:+an+elaboration+and+partial+defence%22&pg=PA257 | year=1996 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-55916-4}}</ref> It has also been shown that the right [[Temporoparietal junction|temporo-parietal junction]] behaves differently in those with autism,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lombardo |first1=Michael V. |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Bhismadev |last3=Bullmore |first3=Edward T. |last4=Baron-Cohen |first4=Simon |date=June 2011 |title=Specialization of right temporo-parietal junction for mentalizing and its relation to social impairments in autism |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.067 |journal=NeuroImage |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=1832–1838 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.067 |pmid=21356316 |s2cid=14782731 |issn=1053-8119}}</ref> and the middle [[cingulate cortex]] is less active in autistic people during mentalization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chiu |first1=Pearl H. |last2=Kayali |first2=M. Amin |last3=Kishida |first3=Kenneth T. |last4=Tomlin |first4=Damon |last5=Klinger |first5=Laura G. |last6=Klinger |first6=Mark R. |last7=Montague |first7=P. Read |date=February 2008 |title=Self Responses along Cingulate Cortex Reveal Quantitative Neural Phenotype for High-Functioning Autism |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.020 |journal=Neuron |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=463–473 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.020 |pmid=18255038 |pmc=4512741 |issn=0896-6273}}</ref>

== History and relationship to autism ==

=== Mind-blindness of autistic people relative to non-autistic people ===
In an attempt to empirically explain the tendency of autistic people to avoid eye contact, a hypothesis was proposed in 1995 that autistic children fail to "read" the eyes of others.<ref name=":1" /> This hypothesis was tested with participant performance on [[Theory of mind#False-belief task|false-belief tasks]] and detecting gaze shifts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mosconi |first1=Matthew W. |last2=Mack |first2=Peter B. |last3=McCarthy |first3=Gregory |last4=Pelphrey |first4=Kevin A. |date=August 2005 |title=Taking an "intentional stance" on eye-gaze shifts: A functional neuroimaging study of social perception in children |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053811905002004 |journal=NeuroImage |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=247–252 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.027|pmid=16023041 |s2cid=25792636 }}</ref> In the moral blindness hypothesis study, some evidence existed to support this hypothesis. At the time there was insufficient evidence to support a generalization to explain facial processing difficulties and [[Affect (psychology)#Affect tolerance|affective sensitivity]], common characteristics of autism, with this hypothesis. In 2001, it was suggested that the mind-blindness hypothesis may explain more severe symptoms of autism, including [[Solitude|social withdrawal]] and [[Social skills|social skill]] deficiencies.<ref name="cory" /> With good robustness, it was found that a lower performance on [[mentalization]] tasks correlates with autism, suggesting mentalization theory as an effective explanatory model of autism, especially for social skill deficiencies. However, the generally unclear physiological basis of mentalization at the time limited a broader understating of the correlation.<ref name="cory" />

In the 1996 book ''Theories of Mind'',<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|date=1996-02-23|editor-last=Carruthers|editor-first=Peter|editor2-last=Smith|editor2-first=Peter K.|title=Theories of Theories of Mind|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511597985|isbn=9780521551106}}</ref>{{Rp|page=258}} [[Peter Carruthers (philosopher)|Peter Carruthers]] argues in support of the mind-blindness hypothesis in spite of inconclusive evidence for its generalisation. Recognising the hypothesis has lost popularity, Carruthers argues this is mainly due to the disregard of its proponents to consider the perspectives of autistic people.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=259}} The latter view is shared by David Smukler in his 2005 analysis of the history of the ToM in autism research.<ref name="smukler" />

The assumption that autism is a homogenous condition underpinned by a ToM deficit, genetics, neurological abnormalities, or a 'failure of understanding' as implied by the mind-blindness hypothesis was questioned shortly after its publication.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal | last=Shanker | first=S. | s2cid=143801835 | title=The Roots of Mindblindness |journal=[[Theory & Psychology]] | date=1 October 2004 | volume=14 | issue=5 | pages=685–703 | doi=10.1177/0959354304046179}}</ref> This contrasts with autism as [[Heterogeneous condition|heterogeneous]].<ref name="smukler">{{cite journal | author=Smukler, David | title=Unauthorized Minds: How 'Theory of Mind' Theory Misrepresents Autism | journal=Mental Retardation | date=February 2005 | volume=43 | issue=1 | pages=11–24 | doi=10.1352/0047-6765(2005)43<11:UMHTOM>2.0.CO;2 | pmid=15628930}}</ref> There is now a large pool of strong evidence supporting the heterogeneity of autism,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Toal |first1=F. |last2=Daly |first2=E. M. |last3=Page |first3=L. |last4=Deeley |first4=Q. |last5=Hallahan |first5=B. |last6=Bloemen |first6=O. |last7=Cutter |first7=W. J. |last8=Brammer |first8=M. J. |last9=Curran |first9=S. |last10=Robertson |first10=D. |last11=Murphy |first11=C. |last12=Murphy |first12=K. C. |last13=Murphy |first13=D. G. M. |date=July 2010 |title=Clinical and anatomical heterogeneity in autistic spectrum disorder: a structural MRI study |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033291709991541/type/journal_article |journal=Psychological Medicine |language=en |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=1171–1181 |doi=10.1017/S0033291709991541 |pmid=19891805 |s2cid=10216391 |issn=0033-2917|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Lenroot |first1=Rhoshel K. |last2=Yeung |first2=Pui Ka |date=2013-10-30 |title=Heterogeneity within Autism Spectrum Disorders: What have We Learned from Neuroimaging Studies? |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=7 |pages=733 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2013.00733 |issn=1662-5161 |pmc=3812662 |pmid=24198778 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Robert |date=2020-08-17 |title=The reality of autism: On the metaphysics of disorder and diversity |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2020.1751103 |journal=Philosophical Psychology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=799–819 |doi=10.1080/09515089.2020.1751103 |hdl=1983/309dc16c-cfe9-4356-81b8-6d95510b5eb0 |s2cid=203059811 |issn=0951-5089|hdl-access=free }}</ref> and general scientific consensus accepts this as contrary to the original mind-blindness hypothesis, although there has existed some disagreement that heterogeneity is incompatible with alternative mind-blindness definitions.<ref name="smukler" />

An author of the original mind-blindness hypothesis, [[Simon Baron-Cohen]], later published foundational research in [[Empathizing–systemizing theory|empathising–systemising theory]], which asserts there exists neurological sex differences in autism,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Baron-Cohen | first=S. | author2=Knickmeyer, Rebecca S. | author3= Belmonte, Mathew S. | s2cid=44330420 | title=Sex Differences in the Brain: Implications for Explaining Autism | journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | date=4 November 2005 | volume=310 | issue=5749 | pages=819–823 | doi=10.1126/science.1115455 | pmid=16272115| url=http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/2710/1/219535_PubSub1971_Belmonte.pdf | bibcode=2005Sci...310..819B }}</ref> and that such differences are not due exclusively to socialization.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/75713253 |title=Chapter 16 The evolution of empathizing and systemizing: assortative mating of two strong systemizers and the cause of autism |date=2007 |work=The Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=R. I. M. Dunbar, Louise Barrett |isbn=978-0-19-856830-8 |location=Oxford |oclc=75713253}}</ref>

=== Mind-blindness of non-autistic people relative to autistic people ===
The [[double empathy problem]], first proposed in 2012 by [[Damian Milton]], is a theory in opposition of the mind-blindness hypothesis. It proposes that social and communication difficulties present in autistic people are due to a reciprocal lack of understanding and mutual differences in [[communication]] style between autistic and non-autistic people, as opposed to an asymmetric theory such as the mind-blindness hypothesis.<ref name=":3" /> There is a growing body of evidence supporting the double empathy problem.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Milton |first=Damian E.M. |author-link = Damian Milton |date=October 2012 |title=On the ontological status of autism: the 'double empathy problem' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2012.710008 |journal=Disability & Society |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=883–887 |doi=10.1080/09687599.2012.710008 |s2cid=54047060 |issn=0968-7599}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-22 |title=Double empathy, explained |url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/double-empathy-explained/ |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=[[Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative|Spectrum]] |publisher=[[Simons Foundation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A possible explanation supported empirically is that the reciprocal lack of understanding is because "we interpret others’ actions according to models built through experience with our own actions".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2016 |title=Supplemental Material for Interaction Takes Two: Typical Adults Exhibit Mind-Blindness Towards Those With Autism Spectrum Disorder |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000199.supp |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |doi=10.1037/abn0000199.supp |issn=0021-843X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Alexithymia]]
* [[Causes of autism]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite magazine |last=Baron-Cohen |first=Simon |date=June 15, 1996 |title=First lessons in mind reading |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/first-lessons-in-mind-reading/98714.article |magazine=Times Higher Education Supplement |issue=1180 |page=18}}
* {{cite journal | author=Smukler, David | title=Unauthorized Minds: How 'Theory of Mind' Theory Misrepresents Autism | journal=Mental Retardation | date=February 2005 | volume=43 | issue=1 | pages=11–24 | doi=10.1352/0047-6765(2005)43<11:UMHTOM>2.0.CO;2 | pmid=15628930}}

{{Evolutionary psychology}}

[[Category:Nonverbal communication]]
[[Category:Interpersonal relationships]]
[[Category:Autism]]

Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2024 November 14

2024-11-15T11:28:08Z

TempusTacet: /* Identity-first language for autistic people categories */

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<div class="nowrap" style="padding-right: 0.5em">< [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2024 November 13|November 13]]</div>
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<div class="nowrap" style="padding-left: 0.5em">[[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2024 November 15|November 15]] ></div>
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=== November 14 ===


==== Category:Fictional destroyed planets ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Fictional destroyed planets}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' An extremely specific category that only covers three articles (Alderaan, Gallifrey, Krypton). Extremely small and narrow in focus, and doesn't seem particularly useful in comparison to the much wider scope of "fictional planets". [[User:Pokelego999|Has one ever considered Magneton? Pokelego999]] ([[User talk:Pokelego999|talk]]) 23:53, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Further education colleges in Bridgend County Borough ====
:* '''Propose merging''' [[:Category:Further education colleges in Bridgend County Borough]] to [[:Category:Further education colleges in Wales]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Merge also to [[:Category:Buildings and structures in Bridgend County Borough]].
Category containing a single article, unhelpful for navigation. Better categorised within parents. [[User:AusLondonder|AusLondonder]] ([[User talk:AusLondonder|talk]]) 23:40, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

:* '''Support''' per nom. [[User:Kingsmasher678|'''Kingsmasher678''']] ([[User talk:Kingsmasher678|'''talk''']]) 00:46, 15 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Dual merge''' per nom. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 05:00, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Restaurants in Cornwall ====
:* '''Propose merging''' [[:Category:Restaurants in Cornwall]] to [[:Category:Restaurants in England]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Merge also to [[:Category:Cornish cuisine]].
Category containing a single article, unhelpful for navigation. [[User:AusLondonder|AusLondonder]] ([[User talk:AusLondonder|talk]]) 22:56, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Dual merge''' per nom. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 05:02, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Critter Country ====
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:Critter Country]] to [[:Category:Bayou Country]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' On November 15, 2024, the original Critter Country at Disneyland will officially be renamed Bayou Country.
Even though the second version of the land in Tokyo will remain known as Critter Country, I think it would be a good idea to rename this category Bayou Country (similar to the fact that there is a category for the theme park area Frontierland, while the equivalent lands in Tokyo and Hong Kong Disneyland are known as Westernland and Grizzly Gulch, respectively.) [[User:Contributor19|Contributor19]] ([[User talk:Contributor19|talk]]) 22:36, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Caves of Xinjiang ====
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:Caves of Xinjiang]] to [[:Category:Buddhist grottoes of Xinjiang]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' These are all artificial, and thus not true caves. This is a more accurate description. [[User:Kingsmasher678|'''Kingsmasher678''']] ([[User talk:Kingsmasher678|'''talk''']]) 19:38, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::Should actually be renamed to [[:Category:Buddhist grottoes of Xinjiang|Category:Buddhist grottoes in Xinjiang]] [[User:Kingsmasher678|'''Kingsmasher678''']] ([[User talk:Kingsmasher678|'''talk''']]) 19:41, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Caves of Shandong ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Caves of Shandong}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' One article, which should be moved to the next highest category [[User:Kingsmasher678|'''Kingsmasher678''']] ([[User talk:Kingsmasher678|'''talk''']]) 19:32, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Merge''' to [[:Category:Landforms of Shandong]] and [[:Category:Caves of China]] per nom. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 22:11, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Caves of Liaoning ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Caves of Liaoning}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Contains one article, which should be moved up the line to Category:Caves of China
[[User:Kingsmasher678|'''Kingsmasher678''']] ([[User talk:Kingsmasher678|'''talk''']]) 19:30, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* <s>'''Just delete''', the only article is about a national park.</s> [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 22:13, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
*:I would agree, but the article is actually just about a cave within the park. Perhaps a rename of the article as well?
*:[[User:Kingsmasher678|'''Kingsmasher678''']] ([[User talk:Kingsmasher678|'''talk''']]) 00:45, 15 November 2024 (UTC)
*::Gonna move that right now, actually.
*::[[User:Kingsmasher678|'''Kingsmasher678''']] ([[User talk:Kingsmasher678|'''talk''']]) 00:47, 15 November 2024 (UTC)
*::* In that case also merge the nominated category to [[:Category:Landforms of Liaoning]]. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 05:06, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Pokémon species by game ====
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Pokémon species by game}} to [[:Category:Pokémon species by generation]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Pokémon species introduced in Pokémon Diamond and Pearl}} to [[:Category:Pokémon introduced in generation IV]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Pokémon species introduced in Pokémon Gold and Silver}} to [[:Category:Pokémon introduced in generation II]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Pokémon species introduced in Pokémon Red and Blue}} to [[:Category:Pokémon introduced in generation I]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Pokémon species introduced in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire}} to [[:Category:Pokémon introduced in generation III]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Pokémon species introduced in Pokémon Scarlet and Violet}} to [[:Category:Pokémon introduced in generation IX]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Pokémon species introduced in Pokémon Sun and Moon}} to [[:Category:Pokémon introduced in generation VII]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Pokémon species introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield}} to [[:Category:Pokémon introduced in generation VIII]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[WP:C2D|Consistent]] with the [[lists about Pokémon|lists]]. It should be noted that English Wikipedia is the only Wikipedia that categorizes them by game, [[d:Q10039062|all others]] are by generation. It would also be inclusive of those introduced in [[c:Category:Pokémon species introduced in Pokémon Legends: Arceus|PLA]] such as [[Kleavor]] or [[c:Category:Pokémon species introduced in Pokémon Go|PGo]] such as [[Meltan]], which currently are isolated. VIII and VII are the only generations which include Pokémon introduced in different games, all other lists or categories by game would be the same as by generation. [[User:Web-julio|Web-julio]] ([[User talk:Web-julio|talk]]) 19:17, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::'''Support''' renaming makes sense and is more consistent and inclusive overall. [[User:Pokelego999|Has one ever considered Magneton? Pokelego999]] ([[User talk:Pokelego999|talk]]) 20:56, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Caves of Henan ====
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:Caves of Henan]] to [[:Category:Buddhist grottoes of Henan]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Kingsmasher678|'''Kingsmasher678''']] ([[User talk:Kingsmasher678|'''talk''']]) 19:17, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::Every article that is listed here is a manmade site, and fits better under the proposed name, since caves are predominantly natural.
::[[User:Kingsmasher678|'''Kingsmasher678''']] ([[User talk:Kingsmasher678|'''talk''']]) 19:19, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
:::Should actually be merged to [[:Category:Buddhist grottoes in Henan|Buddhist grottoes in Henan]] [[User:Kingsmasher678|'''Kingsmasher678''']] ([[User talk:Kingsmasher678|'''talk''']]) 19:40, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Merge''' to [[:Category:Buddhist grottoes in Henan]] as a more specific target. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 22:16, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Big 12 Championship Game venues ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Big 12 Championship Game venues}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Per [[WP:PERFCAT]] [[User:Namiba]] 19:16, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Caves of Fujian ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Caves of Fujian}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Every page is just a redirect to the same page. Not usefule. [[User:Kingsmasher678|'''Kingsmasher678''']] ([[User talk:Kingsmasher678|'''talk''']]) 18:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''', this is not helpful for navigation. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 22:19, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Fictional orcas ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Fictional orcas}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Only contains one article about a fictional orca, [[Orca (DC Comics)]]. The rest are either redirects or about different works. The category could be moved to [[:Category:Fiction about orcas]], but it should not be in the fictional characters category tree. [[User:(Oinkers42)|(Oinkers42)]] ([[User talk:(Oinkers42)|talk]]) 16:55, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Rename to [[:Category:Fiction about orcas]]''', per nom. [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 17:07, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Rename to [[:Category:Fiction about orcas]]''', per nom. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 18:38, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Gobiesociformes stubs ====
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:Gobiesociformes stubs]] to [[:Category:Gobiesocidae stubs]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' The order Gobiesociformes is no longer recognised by recent sources, which instead place its only family ([[Gobiesocidae]]) into the order Blenniiformes. —'''[[User:Trilletrollet|Trilletrollet]]''' [ [[User talk:Trilletrollet|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Trilletrollet|Contribs]] ] 15:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== US state independents ====
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Alabama Independents}} to [[:Category:Alabama independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Alaska Independents}} to [[:Category:Alaska independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Arizona Independents}} to [[:Category:Arizona independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Arkansas Independents}} to [[:Category:Arkansas independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:California Independents}} to [[:Category:California independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Colorado Independents}} to [[:Category:Colorado independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Connecticut Independents}} to [[:Category:Connecticut independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Delaware Independents}} to [[:Category:Delaware independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Florida Independents}} to [[:Category:Florida independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Georgia (U.S. state) Independents}} to [[:Category:Georgia (U.S. state) independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Guamanian Independents}} to [[:Category:Guamanian independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Hawaii Independents}} to [[:Category:Hawaii independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Idaho Independents}} to [[:Category:Idaho independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Illinois Independents}} to [[:Category:Illinois independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Indiana Independents}} to [[:Category:Indiana independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Iowa Independents}} to [[:Category:Iowa independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Kansas Independents}} to [[:Category:Kansas independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Kentucky Independents}} to [[:Category:Kentucky independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Louisiana Independents}} to [[:Category:Louisiana independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Maine Independents}} to [[:Category:Maine independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Maryland Independents}} to [[:Category:Maryland independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Massachusetts Independents}} to [[:Category:Massachusetts independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Michigan Independents}} to [[:Category:Michigan independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Minnesota Independents}} to [[:Category:Minnesota independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Mississippi Independents}} to [[:Category:Mississippi independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Missouri Independents}} to [[:Category:Missouri independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Montana Independents}} to [[:Category:Montana independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Nebraska Independents}} to [[:Category:Nebraska independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Nevada Independents}} to [[:Category:Nevada independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:New Hampshire Independents}} to [[:Category:New Hampshire independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:New Jersey Independents}} to [[:Category:New Jersey independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:New Mexico Independents}} to [[:Category:New Mexico independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:New York (state) Independents}} to [[:Category:New York (state) independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:North Carolina Independents}} to [[:Category:North Carolina independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:North Dakota Independents}} to [[:Category:North Dakota independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Ohio Independents}} to [[:Category:Ohio independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Oklahoma Independents}} to [[:Category:Oklahoma independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Oregon Independents}} to [[:Category:Oregon independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Pennsylvania Independents}} to [[:Category:Pennsylvania independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Rhode Island Independents}} to [[:Category:Rhode Island independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:South Carolina Independents}} to [[:Category:South Carolina independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:South Dakota Independents}} to [[:Category:South Dakota independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Tennessee Independents}} to [[:Category:Tennessee independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Texas Independents}} to [[:Category:Texas independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Utah Independents}} to [[:Category:Utah independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Vermont Independents}} to [[:Category:Vermont independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Virginia Independents}} to [[:Category:Virginia independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Washington (state) Independents}} to [[:Category:Washington (state) independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Washington, D.C., Independents}} to [[:Category:Washington, D.C., independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:West Virginia Independents}} to [[:Category:West Virginia independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Wisconsin Independents}} to [[:Category:Wisconsin independents]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' {{lc|Category:Wyoming Independents}} to [[:Category:Wyoming independents]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' C2A. Independent should be lowercase as it is not a proper noun. Consistent with use at [[Independent politician]] [[User:Jjamesryan|Jjamesryan]] ([[User talk:Jjamesryan|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Jjamesryan|contribs]]) 15:52, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::Or rather, not C2A. First time using [[User:Qwerfjkl/scripts/massXFD]] and I meant to speedy them! I suppose a discussion isn't unreasonable. [[User:Jjamesryan|Jjamesryan]] ([[User talk:Jjamesryan|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Jjamesryan|contribs]]) 16:05, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Pokhara Premier League ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Pokhara Premier League}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Category not needed, as the only sensible article in the category is the main event article itself (plus one person somewhat associated to the event is in there). [[User:Joseph2302|Joseph]][[User talk:Joseph2302|2302]] ([[User talk:Joseph2302|talk]]) 13:45, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per nom. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 18:40, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Fictional Belgian people ====
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:Fictional Belgian people]] to [[:Category:Fictional people created by Belgians]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' The current name gives the impression that these are characters with an in-universe nationality or citizenship. Most of them have no defined nationality though and are (often deliberately) created as somewhat "universal" or vaguely Western European. A rename of the category may make this clearer (better suggestions for the new name are welcome!) [[User:Fram|Fram]] ([[User talk:Fram|talk]]) 13:22, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Procedural oppose''', this should be discussed together with the sibling categories. Just renaming Belgium does not make sense. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 18:42, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Disputed territories of Pakistan ====
<div class="boilerplate cfd vfd xfd-closed mw-archivedtalk" style="background-color:#bff9fc; margin:0 auto; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA;">
:''The following is an archived discussion concerning one or more categories. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made on an appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''

:''The result of the discussion was:'' '''Merged''' [[User:Gedrose|Gedrose]] ([[User talk:Gedrose|talk]]) 15:55, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Disputed territories of Pakistan}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' We already have [[:Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan]] and similar [[:Category:Territorial disputes of India]], as well as comparable categories for all other countries with territorial disputes. This category is a duplicate under a different name and should therefore be deleted. [[User:SheriffIsInTown|Sheriff]] | [[User talk:SheriffIsInTown|☎ 911]] | 11:36, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Keep''' or rename to [[:Category:Disputed subdivisions of Pakistan]] - my intention was to group the territories or subdivisions that are disputed (by other countries) as a subcategory of "[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan]]" and "[[:Category:Subdivisions of Pakistan]]". Not all the territorial disputes of Pakistan involve a specifically named territory or subdivision. For example the [[Durand Line]] (the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan) does not refer to a specific subdivision or territory but the exact placement of the border is disputed by Afghanistan. The [[Sir Creek]] dispute is about where the maritime border (between India and Pakistan) should run. However, the Pakistani control of the whole of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] is disputed by India, and vice versa with [[Ladakh]]. I felt there is a distinct group of articles that could go in this category. [[User:Gedrose|Gedrose]] ([[User talk:Gedrose|talk]]) 12:41, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
*:We already have [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=Category%3ATerritorial+disputes+of&title=Special%3ASearch&ns0=1 271 categories] named Category:Territorial disputes of [country/region]. You are suggesting adding another duplicate category, Category:Disputed territories of [country/region], totaling 271 and placing them under Category:Territorial disputes of [country/region], beginning with Pakistan. I believe we need to nip this in the bud and '''speedily delete''' this category. [[User:SheriffIsInTown|Sheriff]] | [[User talk:SheriffIsInTown|☎ 911]] | 13:07, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
:::Not quite. We have 128 such categories on [[:Category:Territorial disputes by country]], plus a couple more not in that category. Your search includes about 150 categories that have no relevance to this discussion. Are you actually basing your !vote on an unrefined search listing? I'm not sure why you cannot see that there is a distinction between a disputed border (which might be as little as a couple of miles either way) and a disputed province/state/district/territory claim (which might cover tens of thousands of square miles). [[User:Gedrose|Gedrose]] ([[User talk:Gedrose|talk]]) 13:26, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::::The search has nothing to do with it; out of around 128 countries with territorial disputes, this category for Pakistan is still the only one. I think we need a broader discussion on whether we want to take this approach, as Pakistan is clearly not the only country with disputed territories. Taking this approach would require roughly 128 new categories of this kind. [[User:SheriffIsInTown|Sheriff]] | [[User talk:SheriffIsInTown|☎ 911]] | 14:16, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''</div>

==== Category:Government in Albania ====
:* '''Propose merging''' [[:Category:Government in Albania]] to [[:Category:Government of Albania]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Merging the categories will eliminate redundancy and align with standard naming conventions for national government categories. [[User:Iaof2017|Iaof2017]] ([[User talk:Iaof2017|talk]]) 10:11, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Merge''', this is very uncontroversial. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 18:48, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Identity-first language for autistic people categories ====
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:People on the autism spectrum]] to [[:Category:Autistic people]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:Actors with autism]] to [[:Category:Autistic actors]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:Artists with autism]] to [[:Category:Autistic artists]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:Entertainers with autism]] to [[:Category:Autistic entertainers]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:Musicians with autism]] to [[:Category:Autistic musicians]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:Sportspeople with autism]] to [[:Category:Autistic sportspeople]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:Writers with autism]] to [[:Category:Autistic writers]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:Fictional characters on the autism spectrum]] to [[:Category:Autistic fictional characters]]

:'''Nominator's rationale:''' I suggest changing the name of the overall category to “Autistic people” and all subcategories such as “Entertainers with autism” to e.g. "Autistic entertainers” (some subcategories are already named this way). I realise that there was a discussion about this a few months ago, but I believe another discussion is warranted because:

a) the previous discussion only involved about three people, with no evidence that any represent the autistic community;

b) The rationale for the conclusion was that “person on the autism spectrum” is a compromise between identity-first language and person-first language. This is factually incorrect. It is demonstrably person-first language. It is just less disliked than another form of person-first language, “person with autism.” The comment that expressed the rationale for the conclusion also had a misconception that being autistic is different to being on the autism spectrum;

c) We shouldn’t compromise between a term clearly preferred by a community and a term more preferred by people outside that community; we should choose the former;

d) The previous conversation only pertained to the main category, not the subcategories, many of which currently retain the language most disliked by autistic people: “… with autism"; and

e) Changing to identity-first language has been suggested on the talk pages of some subcategories over the years but action hasn't been taken.

The reason for proposing identity-first language for all categories and subcategories is that the autistic community clearly prefers to use identify-first language rather than person-first language; this is well-documented as the wish of autistic communities since 1999 and with increasing empirical evidence of it as a preference of ordinary autistic people in various English-speaking countries.[https://autismmythbusters.com/general-public/autistic-vs-people-with-autism/jim-sinclair-why-i-dislike-person-first-language/][https://timetolisten.blogspot.com/2011/05/i-dont-have-autism-i-am-autistic.html][https://juststimming.wordpress.com/2011/08/23/dear-autism-parents/][https://www.autistichoya.com/2011/08/significance-of-semantics-person-first.html][https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362361315588200][https://oce.ovid.com/article/00016150-201706300-00012][https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01612840.2018.1522400][https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-020-04425-3][https://neuroqueer.com/person-first-language-is-the-language-of-autistiphobic-bigots/][https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-020-04858-w][https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221130845][https://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/fulltext/2022/03000/Stigma,Incommensurability,_or_Both.7.aspx][https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/13623613221142383][https://ojs.scholarsportal.info/ontariotechu/index.php/id/article/view/194][https://criticalstudycommunicationdisability.org/index.php/jcscd/article/view/13][https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2589295923000012][https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39144072/]

"Identity-first language" in English refers to the simple adjectival form (in English the adjective comes first). We generally use this form of language when describing a neutral identity - e.g. "Hungarian entertainers," "lefthanded entertainers," "autistic entertainers". Person-first language is distancing language, generally used when you want to distance a person from something negative about themselves (e.g. "entertainers with COVID-19," "entertainers with criminal convictions," and sounds wrong when used for neutral characteristics (e.g. "entertainers with Hungarianness," "entertainers with lefthandedness"). As such, identity-first language is neutral about autism (see [[WP:COP]] and [[WP:NPOVTITLE]]), while person-first language implies autism is negative. It also implies autism is separable from a person's core self, and is associated with low acceptance of autistic identity which, in turn, is associated with low wellbeing for autistic people.[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8323333/] [[User:Elcalebo|Elcalebo]] ([[User talk:Elcalebo|talk]]) 08:42, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* Participants to the previous discussion should be pinged. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 18:50, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
*:Feel free to ping them. However, we can also read their comments for ourselves. I don’t believe they indicated any reason why they are particularly important voices to be heard twice in a discussion. [[User:Elcalebo|Elcalebo]] ([[User talk:Elcalebo|talk]]) 06:43, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

*Yes, this is clearly correct. The preference of autistic communities for identity-first language is well established across many surveys from reputable sources.
:English-speaking autistic people overwhelmingly prefer identity-first language. Not all do - up to about 1 in 5 prefer person-first, and it would be polite to respect the preferences of individuals on this, where they have been clearly expressed. However, it has been clear for some years that they are in the minority.
:All reputable sources that have kept up with debate in recent years now recommend defaulting to identify-first language for autistic people.
:Thanks for raising this! [[User:Oolong|Oolong]] ([[User talk:Oolong|talk]]) 22:06, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::Good point about respecting personal preference. This could maybe be done on individual pages eg quoting how they describe themselves. [[User:Elcalebo|Elcalebo]] ([[User talk:Elcalebo|talk]]) 06:46, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

*'''Support''' move to identity first language in line with the primary article also being so at [[Autism]] where similar discussions were held and the article was moved away from person first to identity first language as reflects the sentiment of the majority of the community it discusses. [[User:Raladic|Raladic]] ([[User talk:Raladic|talk]]) 22:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
*:Thanks. Important context! [[User:Elcalebo|Elcalebo]] ([[User talk:Elcalebo|talk]]) 06:46, 15 November 2024 (UTC)
* {{Ping|MikutoH|Smasongarrison|TheZoodles|Omnis Scientia}} pinging participants to previous discussion. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:31, 15 November 2024 (UTC)
*:Thanks for the ping. My comments on the previous discussion may be disregarded. I now realize I was partly arguing out of a resistance to change, which is obviously not a good motivation (though I do think it's a little bit funny; an autistic struggling with change in autism category nomenclature). I am going to refrain from further discussion in the current proposed name changes. Cheers. [[User:TheZoodles|TheZoodles]] ([[User talk:TheZoodles|talk]]) 09:13, 15 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Comment''', the wish of the community is not a decisive argument here. What matters is the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] in (recent) literature. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:37, 15 November 2024 (UTC)
*:Thanks for advising about the relevant policy. In this case, the wish of the community is shaping the common name in recent literature. In gathering citations above, I was focusing on references to the wishes of the community. But some of them are also about general guidelines for professionals and writers in light of different groups’ preferences. The more recent these are, the more likely they are to suggest identity-first as default, trumped by personal preference at least in personal interactions. [[User:Elcalebo|Elcalebo]] ([[User talk:Elcalebo|talk]]) 07:08, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

:'''Support''' per nom. This one is a little personal to me as I found out a while back that I am highly likely an undiagnosed austic woman - not gonna lie, that really explained a lot 😭 - so thank you, @[[User:Elcalebo|Elcalebo]], for starting this convo. Its a very important one to have. [[User:Omnis Scientia|Omnis Scientia]] ([[User talk:Omnis Scientia|talk]]) 07:41, 15 November 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' As both a diagnosed autist and a former biomedical researcher, I can confirm that in both the autistic community and medical/scientific usage there is a definite movement away from 'person with autism' to 'autistic person'. Many recent publications advocate that clinicians ask autistic patients what their preferred usage is, when interacting with them. [[User:Urselius|Urselius]] ([[User talk:Urselius|talk]]) 09:05, 15 November 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Identity-first language is prevalent in the more recent literature. If sources are required I recommend referring to textbooks which often discuss terminology choices in their introductory sections.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 11:27, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Retail buildings in Slovakia ====
:* '''Propose merging''' [[:Category:Retail buildings in Slovakia]] to [[:Category:Retailing in Slovakia]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' '''merge''', redundant category layer with only one subcategory. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 07:21, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Fuji TV ====
* '''Propose renaming:''' [[:Category:Fuji TV]] to [[:Category:Fuji Television]]
* '''Propose renaming:''' [[:Category:Fuji TV original programming]] to [[:Category:Fuji Television original programming]]
* '''Propose renaming:''' [[:Category:Fuji TV dramas]] to [[:Category:Fuji Television dramas]]
'''Nominator's rationale:''' Official full station name [[User:VenezuelanSpongeBobFan2004|VenezuelanSpongeBobFan2004]] ([[User talk:VenezuelanSpongeBobFan2004|talk]]) 01:36, 8 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Rename''' per article title [[Fuji Television]]. This could have been listed at [[WP:CFDS|speedy]]. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:36, 8 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' Procedural relist as these categories were not tagged for CfD until now. Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:The Bushranger|The Bushranger]] [[User talk:The Bushranger|One ping only]] 04:47, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Volcanic eruptions in 1963 ====
:* '''Propose splitting''' [[:Category:Volcanic eruptions in 1963]] to [[:Category:20th-century volcanic events]] and [[:Category:1963 natural disasters]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Duel merge for now. This is an isolated category that's currently unhelpful for navigation [[User:Smasongarrison|SMasonGarrison]] 04:27, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Merge''' per nom. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:55, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:General elections by country ====
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:General elections by country]] to [[:Category:Parliamentary elections by country]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' This category is a container category for parliamentary elections, but its current title is problematic for several reasons, the main one being that 'general election' is an ambiguous term, as in some countries it refers to parliamentary elections (e.g. India, UK, New Zealand etc), in some it refers to elections in which both the president and parliament are elected simultaneously (most Latin American and many African countries), and in others it refers to elections in which posts are up for election at multiple levels of government. The national subcategories are (in almost all cases) named in accordance with the article title format for each country, and of the 96 subcategories, 48 use 'parliamentary', 29 use 'general', 16 use 'legislative' and four use 'federal'. As 'general' should be discounted for the reason mentioned above and 'federal' would not be appropriate as most countries are not federal, this leaves 'parliamentary' and 'legislative' as the two realistic options for alternative names. As well as being the most commonly used, I think 'parliamentary' is also the clearest description for the average reader, and is also the format [[:commons:Category:Parliamentary elections by country|used on Commons]]. There is one anomaly in the category that will need dealing with as a result of a name change (the US one, which is the only subcategory that isn't for parliamentary elections), but could just be removed from this specific category tree). [[User:Number 57|Number]] [[User talk:Number 57|5]][[Special:Contributions/Number 57|7]] 03:38, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support in principle''', as more precise. But we can simply call it [[:Category:Parliamentary elections]] and also move [[:Category:Elections to national upper houses]] under it. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 07:01, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Aggressor units of the United States Air Force ====
:* '''Propose merging''' [[:Category:Aggressor units of the United States Air Force]] to [[:Category:Military units and formations of the United States Air Force by type]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Contains only the subcategory {{c|Aggressor squadrons of the United States Air Force}}. [[User:Jlwoodwa|jlwoodwa]] ([[User talk:Jlwoodwa|talk]]) 05:51, 4 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Merge''' per nom. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 07:02, 4 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Keep''' - part of the established category tree at the proposed merge target. - [[User:The Bushranger|The Bushranger]] [[User talk:The Bushranger|One ping only]] 22:29, 13 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' Thoughts on The Bushranger's comment? Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 03:30, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Worms (obsolete taxon) ====
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:Worms (obsolete taxon)]] to [[:Category:Vermes]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' The name of the obsolete taxon is "[[Vermes]]", not "Worms". [[User:Jlwoodwa|jlwoodwa]] ([[User talk:Jlwoodwa|talk]]) 22:24, 27 October 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' The main article and the relevant history is located in [[Worm]].[[User:Dimadick|Dimadick]] ([[User talk:Dimadick|talk]]) 22:43, 27 October 2024 (UTC)
: '''Rename''' to [[:Category:Worms]] and '''populate''' with the other taxa listed in the disambiguation category currently there. Otherwise '''rename''' per nom and '''purge''' content not about Vermes. This category is a weird hybrid of several things, and we either needs to embrace that, or give it a clear focus. It's possible (I haven't checked) that after the purge there won't be enough content to warrant a category and it should be deleted wholly - no objection to that. [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|it has begun...]] 02:28, 31 October 2024 (UTC)
* If kept/renamed there should be a link to this category from [[:Category:Worms]]. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:17, 31 October 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 02:20, 5 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' I probably should've specified in the last relist: Thoughts on Pppery's comment? Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 03:25, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Latvian people from the Russian Empire ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' [[:Category:Latvian people from the Russian Empire]]
:'''Nominator's rationale: delete''', if fully populated this would largely overlap with [[:Category:People from Courland Governorate]] and [[:Category:People from the Governorate of Livonia]]. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 19:13, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
::Could Category:Latvian people from the Russian Empire be the parent in a sense of both those categories? Because for navigation it might be helpful to make this a container category. [[User:Smasongarrison|SMasonGarrison]] 22:21, 29 October 2024 (UTC)
::* That is a good question. But there is also [[:Category:People from the Baltic governorates]] so that would largely overlap. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:56, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Weak keep'''. Indeed it would largely overlap, but there's a significant difference: this is for Latvians, not for other ethnicities living in the same region. Non-Latvians from the Courland Governorate include [[Abraham Zevi Idelsohn]] and [[Zelig Kalmanovich]] (both Jews), [[Eduard Schmidt von der Launitz]], [[Carl Schmidt (chemist)]], and [[Oswald Schmiedeberg]] (Germans). If we want a category tree for Latvians by place, we probably should have one for Latvians from other parts of the Russian Empire. [[User:Nyttend|Nyttend]] ([[User talk:Nyttend|talk]]) 20:11, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' Thoughts on Nyttend's comment? Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 03:04, 5 November 2024 (UTC)
* But is it useful to ''have'' a category that includes almost everyone but excludes Jews and Germans? We do not have [[:Category:White Americans]] populated with biographies either. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:06, 5 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' Thoughts on Marcocapelle's response? Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 03:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Films set in summer camps ====
:* '''Propose merging''' [[:Category:Films set in summer camps]] to [[:Category:Films about summer camps]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Do we need both categories? I can see a difference between the two, but I doubt that small distinction will actually be followed. [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] ([[User talk:Gonnym|talk]]) 17:18, 27 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' both. Every film in the about a summer camp cat must be in the setting cat because its impossible to have a film about a summer camp without being set in a summer camp. Setting is a primary defining feature of narrative works like film, so it is an essential category and should not be deleted or merged.
:That said most of these articles belong in the setting category tree and not the topic category tree. One of the problems with the topic category tree is it often confuses topic with setting. Most of these films aren't about summer camps but about other things like friendship, growing up as a teenager, and host of the other things. ''[[Adams Family Values]]'' would be a perfect example of this. That film is about a family in conflict with a gold digging murderess as it primary story line. Parts of the film (and its just a side tangent) just happen to be set in a summer camp and its not "about a summer camp". Likewise ''[[The Parent Trap (1961 film)|The Parent Trap]]'' isn't about a summer camp but two twin sisters who re-unite after being separated at birth, and then switch places in an effort to reconnect their parents. Only a small portion of the film is "set" in a summer camp, and most of movie happens in the Boston and California homes of their parents. However, a documentary film about a summer camp would be a film about a summer camp, and a fictional film entirely set in a summer camp could feasibly be considered about a summer camp depending on narrative arc. Topic is much more subjective category whereas setting is clearly definable.[[User:4meter4|4meter4]] ([[User talk:4meter4|talk]]) 17:27, 27 October 2024 (UTC)
::You just said in more words what I said in my nomination, that the small distinction isn't something that editors can handle, seeing as the about category is full of films not about summer camps. [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] ([[User talk:Gonnym|talk]]) 21:01, 27 October 2024 (UTC)
:::Sort of. There is overlap but category trees by topic and setting often do overlap, which is ok. Topic and setting are two different things, but they are both defining aspects of a narrative work that may or may not overlap. I don’t think it hurts to have both, but if we must delete one the topic cat is by far the more ambiguous and therefore less useful category. The setting cat should be kept.[[User:4meter4|4meter4]] ([[User talk:4meter4|talk]]) 00:22, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
* At least mildly purge: articles in "about summer camps" don't have to be also in "set in summer camps". I am not opposed to merging however, or maybe reverse merge. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 21:03, 27 October 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' No consensus for any particular action. I will tag [[:Category:Films about summer camps]] to allow for a reverse merge. Further comments in general would be appreciated :) Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 02:30, 5 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' Further comments in general would be appreciated :) Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 03:22, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Fictional mammoths ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Fictional mammoths}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' 3 out of 4 of the entries in this category are redirects. Only article is of a book series and not of a fictional mammoth character. [[User:(Oinkers42)|(Oinkers42)]] ([[User talk:(Oinkers42)|talk]]) 03:40, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per nom but the redirects may still be moved to parent [[:Category:Fictional proboscideans]]. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:02, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
*If not kept, merge and redirect to [[:Category:Fictional proboscideans]], with a note on [[:Category:Mammoths]] saying where they have gone. But I'd be inclined to '''keep''' for simplicity. – [[User:Fayenatic london|Fayenatic]] [[User talk:Fayenatic london|'''L'''ondon]] 21:36, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' Thoughts on FL's comment? Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 02:38, 5 November 2024 (UTC)
* (in response to FL) adding a note on [[:Category:Mammoths]] is certainly useful. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 07:41, 5 November 2024 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom. No actual articles about fictional mammoths. [[User:Jontesta|Jontesta]] ([[User talk:Jontesta|talk]]) 14:47, 7 November 2024 (UTC)
* How about a '''rename''' to [[:Category:Mammoths in fiction]]? [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 23:35, 12 November 2024 (UTC)
*::Wouldn't that be a scope change? At that point I wonder whether it should be [[:Category:Fiction about mammoths]] or such. [[User:Doniago|DonIago]] ([[User talk:Doniago|talk]]) 04:07, 13 November 2024 (UTC)
*::* By all means create [[:Category:Fiction about mammoths]] if there are enough articles about fictional works about mammoths, but that has little to do with this nomination. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:14, 13 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' To those of you supporting a rename, what is your second choice? To those of you advocating the category's deletion, do you support a rename instead? Everyone: If renamed, what should the rename target be? Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 03:22, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::'''Delete''' already, I don't know why you haven't already, just 3 redirects, and [[The Mammoth Trilogy]]. [[:Category:Fiction about mammoths]] could exist, but it probably would go by different name, nonetheless I would find better to simply categorize those article in [[:Category:Mammoths]] just because. [[User:QuantumFoam66|QuantumFoam66]] ([[User talk:QuantumFoam66|talk]]) 03:37, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
:::: Presumably, a [[:Category:Mammoths in fiction]] or [[:Category:Fiction about mammoths]] would include topics not already in [[:Category:Fictional mammoths]], such as ''[[The Mammoth Hunters]]''. [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 17:18, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:IShowSpeed livestreams ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|IShowSpeed livestreams}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' This category only contains redirects. It is generally considered harmful for a category to only contain redirects so there isn't much else for me to say here. [[User:QuantumFoam66|QuantumFoam66]] ([[User talk:QuantumFoam66|talk]]) 02:42, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''', though "harmful" is a very strong word and I would rather use "pointless". [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 07:09, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Cities and towns in Kiphire district ====
:* '''Propose merging''' [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kiphire district]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Nagaland]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Category containing just one article. Unhelpful for navigation. Merge to parent, already categorised in other parent. [[User:AusLondonder|AusLondonder]] ([[User talk:AusLondonder|talk]]) 20:41, 29 October 2024 (UTC)
::'''Keep''': Can I understand the rational for merging? If it is because there is only one related article, then do we have any guidelines saying we shouldn't create a category with one article and with the possibility of inclusion of many more articles as and when they are created? Such creation helps users to categorise easily instead of creating the articles in a broader category.
::It's good to be streamlined rather than waiting for symptoms to appear to take actions. Pls note, I am not saying we should create empty categories! [[User:Thaejas|Thaejas]] ([[User talk:Thaejas|talk]]) 05:34, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
:::A category containing only one article is simply useless for navigation. It serves no purpose. If more articles are created or located, no objection to re-creation. [[User:AusLondonder|AusLondonder]] ([[User talk:AusLondonder|talk]]) 14:32, 7 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Dual merge''', also to [[:Category:Kiphire district]], without prejudice to recreation when a few more articles can be added. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:50, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Queen of Hearts|charlotte]] [[User talk:Queen of Hearts|👸♥]] 20:32, 6 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 02:21, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

====Yacht racing biography stubs to Sailing biography stubs====
Follow-up to [[Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2024_October_12#Template:Yachtracing-stub|this]], broaden the scope of these stubs to sailing (Olympic sport) to include windsurfing, kitesurfing, dinghy racing etc. {{small|WPs [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Sailing#Yacht_racing_(not_sailing)_stub_templates_and_category_tree|Sailing]], [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Stub_sorting#Yacht_racing_(not_sailing)_stub_templates_and_category_tree|Stub sorting]] and [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Sports#Yacht_racing_(not_sailing)_stub_templates_and_category_tree|Sports]] were notified a month ago without any feedback.}} [[User:Pelmeen10|Pelmeen10]] ([[User talk:Pelmeen10|talk]]) 18:02, 6 November 2024 (UTC)
*[[:Category:Yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:African yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Asian yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Chinese yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Japanese yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:European yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Austrian yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Belgian yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:British yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Danish yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Finnish yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:French yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:German yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Greek yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Irish yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Italian yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Dutch yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Norwegian yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Polish yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Portuguese yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Spanish yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Swedish yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Swiss yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:North American yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:American yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Canadian yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Oceanian yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Australian yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:New Zealand yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:South American yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Argentine yacht racing biography stubs]]
*[[:Category:Brazilian yacht racing biography stubs]]

*'''Comment''' I can't help but notice that none of these proposed category renamings includes the proposed target name here? - [[User:The Bushranger|The Bushranger]] [[User talk:The Bushranger|One ping only]] 06:50, 13 November 2024 (UTC)
*:''yacht racing -> sailing'' - can be seen at each of the pages. [[User:Pelmeen10|Pelmeen10]] ([[User talk:Pelmeen10|talk]]) 19:43, 13 November 2024 (UTC)
*::But not here, which is kind of important, especially for the closing admin who has to move these to CFD/W if they're renamed. - [[User:The Bushranger|The Bushranger]] [[User talk:The Bushranger|One ping only]] 21:37, 13 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' Large nomination; given extra time for objections. Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 02:20, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Children of Clint Eastwood ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Children of Clint Eastwood}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Not needed, {{cl|Eastwood family}} exists. '''--[[User:Woodensuperman|wooden]][[User talk:Woodensuperman|superman]]''' 09:36, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose'''. Not a rationale for deletion. [[User:Dimadick|Dimadick]] ([[User talk:Dimadick|talk]]) 09:55, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
::If you look at the whole tree, only historical figures are usually included in this category. It is not [[WP:DEFINING]] for these people as they are notable in their own right. There are only two entries for entertainers in this category, which have recently been created. I don't think this is a precedent we should be encouraging. '''--[[User:Woodensuperman|wooden]][[User talk:Woodensuperman|superman]]''' 10:02, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
:::There are many articles that categorize a person by anther related person (for example their spouse or parent). These articles were originally categorized with {{c|Clint Eastwood}}, so what you are basically saying is that we can't have these specific categories, but categorizing a person with the category for another person is alright. [[User:Inpops|Inpops]] ([[User talk:Inpops|talk]]) 13:17, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
::::No, people should not be categorised by other people per [[WP:DEFINING]], [[WP:OCASSOC]] and [[WP:COPSEP]]. '''--[[User:Woodensuperman|wooden]][[User talk:Woodensuperman|superman]]''' 13:21, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''', this is a weird structure. On top there is [[:Category:Eastwood family]], including his children, at the next level there is [[:Category:Clint Eastwood]], and finally under that there is [[:Category:Children of Clint Eastwood]] with again the children. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 21:00, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Queen of Hearts|charlotte]] [[User talk:Queen of Hearts|👸♥]] 20:28, 6 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 01:58, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Children of Charlie Chaplin ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Children of Charlie Chaplin}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Not needed, {{cl|Chaplin family}} exists. '''--[[User:Woodensuperman|wooden]][[User talk:Woodensuperman|superman]]''' 09:35, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose'''. Not a rationale for deletion. [[User:Dimadick|Dimadick]] ([[User talk:Dimadick|talk]]) 09:55, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
::If you look at the whole tree, only historical figures are usually included in this category. It is not [[WP:DEFINING]] for these people as they are notable in their own right. There are only two entries for entertainers in this category, which have recently been created. I don't think this is a precedent we should be encouraging. '''--[[User:Woodensuperman|wooden]][[User talk:Woodensuperman|superman]]''' 10:02, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''', this is a weird structure. On top there is [[:Category:Chaplin family]], including his children, at the next level there is [[:Category:Charlie Chaplin]], and finally under that there is [[:Category:Children of Charlie Chaplin]] with again the children. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 21:02, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Queen of Hearts|charlotte]] [[User talk:Queen of Hearts|👸♥]] 20:28, 6 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 01:55, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:1500 V DC multiple units of Victoria (state) ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|1500 V DC multiple units of Victoria (state)}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Unneeded subcategory of [[:Category:1500 V DC multiple units of Australia]], and a complete carbon copy of the [[:Category:Electric multiple units of Victoria (state)]]. [[User:EditorGirlAL07|EditorGirlAL07]] ([[User talk:EditorGirlAL07|talk]]) 04:38, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
* I am not sure of its usefulness but there is a whole category tree by voltage. As it stands now, if not kept, the category should be merged to [[:Category:1500 V DC multiple units of Australia]] or to [[:Category:1500 V DC multiple units]]. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:28, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
*:[[:Category:1500 V DC multiple units of Australia]] is already specific enough, and categories [[:Category:Electric multiple units of New South Wales]] and [[:Category:Electric multiple units of Victoria (state)]] served their purpose as fine as intended, so we don't need further division of [[:Category:1500 V DC multiple units of Australia]] by state/territory. [[User:EditorGirlAL07|EditorGirlAL07]] ([[User talk:EditorGirlAL07|talk]]) 07:21, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Queen of Hearts|charlotte]] [[User talk:Queen of Hearts|👸♥]] 20:28, 6 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 01:54, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
* {{ping|EditorGirlAL07}} feel free to comment on my comment. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 07:12, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:1500 V DC multiple units of New South Wales ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|1500 V DC multiple units of New South Wales}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Same reason as [[:Category:1500 V DC multiple units of Victoria (state)]]; unneeded and clone subcategory, except the NSW one excludes [[New South Wales R set]], which to me is only a marginal difference. [[User:EditorGirlAL07|EditorGirlAL07]] ([[User talk:EditorGirlAL07|talk]]) 04:42, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
* I am not sure of its usefulness but there is a whole category tree by voltage. As it stands now, if not kept, the category should be merged to [[:Category:1500 V DC multiple units of Australia]] or to [[:Category:1500 V DC multiple units]]. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:27, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Queen of Hearts|charlotte]] [[User talk:Queen of Hearts|👸♥]] 20:29, 6 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 01:53, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:Ikusaka, Nagano ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Ikusaka, Nagano}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' Category containing only the main article, an an article about a national park, both of which are already appropriately categorised. [[User:AusLondonder|AusLondonder]] ([[User talk:AusLondonder|talk]]) 20:51, 29 October 2024 (UTC)
::Useful category, for grouping of articles about Japanese municipalities, with links also to equivalent categories in other language Wikipedias. Please find something else to do rather than (proposal of) deletion of useful content and wasting of time. Same for other Japanese municipality-related listings here by the same User, [[User:Maculosae tegmine lyncis|Maculosae tegmine lyncis]] ([[User talk:Maculosae tegmine lyncis|talk]]) 23:41, 29 October 2024 (UTC)
:::How is a category containing two articles, with one being the main article, useful? This is a village of less than 2000 people. How does it aid navigation, which is the purpose of categorisation? [[User:AusLondonder|AusLondonder]] ([[User talk:AusLondonder|talk]]) 14:29, 7 November 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''', this does not aid navigation. Villages as small as this hardly ever have a category on their own. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:45, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Queen of Hearts|charlotte]] [[User talk:Queen of Hearts|👸♥]] 20:32, 6 November 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:HouseBlaster|House]][[Special:Contributions/HouseBlaster|Blaster]] ([[User talk:HouseBlaster|talk]] • he/they) 01:53, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:PewDiePie videos ====
:* '''Propose merging''' [[:Category:PewDiePie videos]] to [[:Category:PewDiePie]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' This category contains [[Scare PewDiePie]] (a series, not an individual video), his [[videography]], a list, good, but that still isn't an individual video. It also has two of his songs, which themselves aren't videos, but songs that also have a music video. Then you're left with just [[Minecraft Multiplayer Fun]] (and two songs which are already in the pre-existing songs category). People including the creator [[Sebbog13]] are likely to just simply oppose this, however, the criteria I gave is the same reason [[:Category:Video game glitches]] was unexpectedly deleted and merged into some other category. [[User:QuantumFoam66|QuantumFoam66]] ([[User talk:QuantumFoam66|talk]]) 01:15, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
:*'''Comment''' - Please bear in mind [[WP:OTHERSTUFF]] and [[WP:ASPERSIONS]]. - [[User:The Bushranger|The Bushranger]] [[User talk:The Bushranger|One ping only]] 08:11, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::'''Support''' I don't care about the category. - [[User:Sebbog13|Sebbog13]] ([[User talk:Sebbog13|talk]]) 14:06, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
:::[[User:Sebbog13|Sebbog13]], you are the creator of this category, consider re-writing your reply as opposed to just simply saying "I don't care" and not much else. You didn't provide a substantial amount of information regarding a category that you created yourself. [[User:QuantumFoam66|QuantumFoam66]] ([[User talk:QuantumFoam66|talk]]) 21:15, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

==== Category:MrBeast videos ====
:* '''Propose merging''' [[:Category:MrBeast videos]] to [[:Category:MrBeast]]
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' This category only has three pages, one of which is a redirect, leaving you with just two articles (not redirects). Even though it has enough content (sort of) it doesn't really matter (at least to me). The redirect [[1,000 Blind People See For The First Time]] has a draft that has been declined multiple times, so that will probably never come to be anyway. I also believe [[:Category:People associated with MrBeast]] should be merged to the Mrbeast category if not just deleted entirely. Also, speaking of MrBeast, we currently have two MrBeast Navigational templates, both of which have the same content; one a side-bar template, and the other a regular navigational box. [[User:QuantumFoam66|QuantumFoam66]] ([[User talk:QuantumFoam66|talk]]) 00:44, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

Monotropism

2024-11-15T11:23:17Z

TempusTacet: this is not a suitable source & the claim seems to be OR/SYNTH

{{Short description|Cognitive strategy in autism}}{{Update|date=October 2023|reason=This article does not include research past the early 2010s except through one indirect reference.}}
[[File:Monotropic and polytropic learning - fixed.png|thumb|alt=The differences between polytropism and monotropism|The differences between polytropism and monotropism]]
'''Monotropism''' is an individual's tendency to focus their [[attention]] on a small or singular number of interests at any time, with them neglecting or not perceiving lesser interests. This [[cognitive strategy]] has been posited as the central underlying feature of [[autism]].

The theory of monotropism was developed by [[Dinah Murray]], Wenn Lawson and [[Mike Lesser]] starting in the 1990s, and first published in 2005.<ref name="Murray">{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=Dinah |author-link=Dinah Murray |last2=Lesser |first2=Mike |author-link2=Mike Lesser |last3=Lawson |first3=Wenn |date=2005 |title=Attention, monotropism and the diagnostic criteria for autism |url=https://monotropism.org/murray-lesser-lawson/ |journal=[[Autism (journal)|Autism]] |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=139–56 |doi=10.1177/1362361305051398 |pmid=15857859 |s2cid=6476917 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lawson's further work on the theory formed the basis of his [[PhD]], ''Single Attention and Associated Cognition in Autism'', and book ''The Passionate Mind'' published in 2011.

A tendency to focus attention tightly has a number of psychological implications, with it being seen as a state of "tunnel vision". While monotropism tends to cause people to miss things outside their attention tunnel, within it, their focused attention can lend itself to intense experiences, deep thinking, and more specifically, [[Flow (psychology)|flow states]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Andy |first1=McDonnell |url= |title=Good Autism Practice: Autism, Happiness and Wellbeing |last2=Damian |first2=Milton |date=2014 |publisher=BILD |isbn=9781905218356 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Glenys |location=Birmingham, UK |pages=38–47 |language= |chapter=Going with the flow: reconsidering 'repetitive behaviour' through the concept of 'flow states' |author-link2=Damian Milton |access-date= |editor-last2=Hurley |editor-first2=Elizabeth}}</ref> However, this form of [[hyperfocus]] makes it harder to redirect attention, including starting and stopping tasks, leading to what is often described as [[executive dysfunction]] in autism, and [[stereotypes]] or [[perseveration]], where a person's attention is repeatedly drawn back to the same subject or activity.

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Monotropic.png|thumb|alt=Monotropic way of teaching can be greatly helpful for autistic students. |Monotropic way of teaching]]
[[File:Polytropy - fixed.png|thumb|alt=Typical classroom activity requires lot of polytropic processing of stimuli|Typical classroom activity requires lot of polytropic processing of stimuli]]

Since the amount of attention available to a person is limited, [[cognitive processes]] are forced to compete. In the monotropic mind, interests that are active at any given time tend to consume most of the available attention, causing difficulty with other tasks such as [[Social relation|conventional social interaction]]. [[Language development]] can be affected, both through the broad attention required and the psychological impact of language, which provides a tool for others to manipulate a child's interest system.<ref name="Murray"/>

Monotropic individuals have trouble processing multiple things at once, particularly when it comes to multitasking while listening. For example, some students have trouble taking notes in class while listening to a teacher<ref name="Bogdashina">{{cite book |last=Bogdashina |first=Olga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCQ1U38WmjIC&dq=monotropism+autism&pg=PA11 |title=Sensory Perceptual Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Different Sensory Experiences – Different Perceptual Worlds |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |year=2003 |isbn=9781843101666 |location=London}}</ref> and may find it difficult to read a person's face and comprehend what they are saying simultaneously.<ref name="Murray" /> A common tendency is for individuals to avoid complex sensory environments because of this hypersensitivity.<ref name="Bogdashina" /> Monotropic individuals may suppress attention and focus on something else, or develop great depth in a given interest or skill.<ref name="Lesser">{{cite book |last1=Lesser |first1=Mike |url= |title=The Neurodiversity Reader |last2=Murray |first2=Dinah |publisher=[[Pavilion Books|Pavilion]] |year=2020 |isbn=9781912755394 |editor-last=Murray |editor-first=Dinah |editor-link=Dinah Murray |location=Shoreham by Sea |pages= |chapter=Mind as a Dynamical System: Implication for Autism |author-link=Mike Lesser |author-link2=Dinah Murray |orig-date=1998 |editor-last2=Milton |editor-first2=Damian |editor-link2=Damian Milton |editor-last3=Ridout |editor-first3=Susy |editor-last4=Martin |editor-first4=Nicola |editor-last5=Mills |editor-first5=Richard |chapter-url=https://monotropism.org/dinah/mind-as-a-dynamical-system/}}</ref>

== Implications for practice ==
Murray et al. (2005) proposed certain steps to help autistic individuals, such as increasing "connections", building understanding through the child's interests, and making connections between people and concepts more "meaningful and less complex."<ref name="Murray" />

==See also==
* [[Autism and memory]]
* [[Caetextia]]
* [[Monomania]]
* [[Idée fixe (psychology)|Idée fixe]]
* [[Introversion]]
* [[Centration]]
* [[Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Lawson |first=Wenn |title=The Passionate Mind: How People with Autism Learn |date=2011 |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-84905-121-7 |edition= |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Dinah |chapter=Monotropism: An Interest-Based Account of Autism |date=2021 |url= |title=Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders |pages=2954–2956 |editor-last=Volkmar |editor-first=Fred R. |access-date= |chapter-url=https://monotropism.org/dinah/monotropism-2020/ |edition=2nd |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_102269 |isbn=978-3-319-91279-0 |author-link=Dinah Murray |editor-link=Fred R. Volkmar}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Fergus |date=30 November 2018 |title=Me and Monotropism: A unified theory of autism |url=https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/me-and-monotropism-unified-theory-autism |journal=[[The Psychologist]] |publisher=[[The British Psychological Society]]}}

== External links ==

* [https://monotropism.org/ monotropism.org] Information portal on monotropism, including an archive of Dinah Murray's work on the subject
{{Autism spectrum}}
[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Learning disabilities]]
[[Category:Cognition]]

Monotropism

2024-11-15T11:21:55Z

TempusTacet: remove unsourced claim

{{Short description|Cognitive strategy in autism}}{{Update|date=October 2023|reason=This article does not include research past the early 2010s except through one indirect reference.}}
[[File:Monotropic and polytropic learning - fixed.png|thumb|alt=The differences between polytropism and monotropism|The differences between polytropism and monotropism]]
'''Monotropism''' is an individual's tendency to focus their [[attention]] on a small or singular number of interests at any time, with them neglecting or not perceiving lesser interests. This [[cognitive strategy]] has been posited as the central underlying feature of [[autism]] even though it cannot adequately explain sensory hypersensitivity, such as the ability to hear [[Dog whistle|silent dog whistles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wrongplanet.net/forums/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=228888|title=Can You Hear Dog Whistles?|accessdate=2024-10-07}}</ref>

The theory of monotropism was developed by [[Dinah Murray]], Wenn Lawson and [[Mike Lesser]] starting in the 1990s, and first published in 2005.<ref name="Murray">{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=Dinah |author-link=Dinah Murray |last2=Lesser |first2=Mike |author-link2=Mike Lesser |last3=Lawson |first3=Wenn |date=2005 |title=Attention, monotropism and the diagnostic criteria for autism |url=https://monotropism.org/murray-lesser-lawson/ |journal=[[Autism (journal)|Autism]] |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=139–56 |doi=10.1177/1362361305051398 |pmid=15857859 |s2cid=6476917 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lawson's further work on the theory formed the basis of his [[PhD]], ''Single Attention and Associated Cognition in Autism'', and book ''The Passionate Mind'' published in 2011.

A tendency to focus attention tightly has a number of psychological implications, with it being seen as a state of "tunnel vision". While monotropism tends to cause people to miss things outside their attention tunnel, within it, their focused attention can lend itself to intense experiences, deep thinking, and more specifically, [[Flow (psychology)|flow states]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Andy |first1=McDonnell |url= |title=Good Autism Practice: Autism, Happiness and Wellbeing |last2=Damian |first2=Milton |date=2014 |publisher=BILD |isbn=9781905218356 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Glenys |location=Birmingham, UK |pages=38–47 |language= |chapter=Going with the flow: reconsidering 'repetitive behaviour' through the concept of 'flow states' |author-link2=Damian Milton |access-date= |editor-last2=Hurley |editor-first2=Elizabeth}}</ref> However, this form of [[hyperfocus]] makes it harder to redirect attention, including starting and stopping tasks, leading to what is often described as [[executive dysfunction]] in autism, and [[stereotypes]] or [[perseveration]], where a person's attention is repeatedly drawn back to the same subject or activity.

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Monotropic.png|thumb|alt=Monotropic way of teaching can be greatly helpful for autistic students. |Monotropic way of teaching]]
[[File:Polytropy - fixed.png|thumb|alt=Typical classroom activity requires lot of polytropic processing of stimuli|Typical classroom activity requires lot of polytropic processing of stimuli]]

Since the amount of attention available to a person is limited, [[cognitive processes]] are forced to compete. In the monotropic mind, interests that are active at any given time tend to consume most of the available attention, causing difficulty with other tasks such as [[Social relation|conventional social interaction]]. [[Language development]] can be affected, both through the broad attention required and the psychological impact of language, which provides a tool for others to manipulate a child's interest system.<ref name="Murray"/>

Monotropic individuals have trouble processing multiple things at once, particularly when it comes to multitasking while listening. For example, some students have trouble taking notes in class while listening to a teacher<ref name="Bogdashina">{{cite book |last=Bogdashina |first=Olga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCQ1U38WmjIC&dq=monotropism+autism&pg=PA11 |title=Sensory Perceptual Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Different Sensory Experiences – Different Perceptual Worlds |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |year=2003 |isbn=9781843101666 |location=London}}</ref> and may find it difficult to read a person's face and comprehend what they are saying simultaneously.<ref name="Murray" /> A common tendency is for individuals to avoid complex sensory environments because of this hypersensitivity.<ref name="Bogdashina" /> Monotropic individuals may suppress attention and focus on something else, or develop great depth in a given interest or skill.<ref name="Lesser">{{cite book |last1=Lesser |first1=Mike |url= |title=The Neurodiversity Reader |last2=Murray |first2=Dinah |publisher=[[Pavilion Books|Pavilion]] |year=2020 |isbn=9781912755394 |editor-last=Murray |editor-first=Dinah |editor-link=Dinah Murray |location=Shoreham by Sea |pages= |chapter=Mind as a Dynamical System: Implication for Autism |author-link=Mike Lesser |author-link2=Dinah Murray |orig-date=1998 |editor-last2=Milton |editor-first2=Damian |editor-link2=Damian Milton |editor-last3=Ridout |editor-first3=Susy |editor-last4=Martin |editor-first4=Nicola |editor-last5=Mills |editor-first5=Richard |chapter-url=https://monotropism.org/dinah/mind-as-a-dynamical-system/}}</ref>

== Implications for practice ==
Murray et al. (2005) proposed certain steps to help autistic individuals, such as increasing "connections", building understanding through the child's interests, and making connections between people and concepts more "meaningful and less complex."<ref name="Murray" />

==See also==
* [[Autism and memory]]
* [[Caetextia]]
* [[Monomania]]
* [[Idée fixe (psychology)|Idée fixe]]
* [[Introversion]]
* [[Centration]]
* [[Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Lawson |first=Wenn |title=The Passionate Mind: How People with Autism Learn |date=2011 |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-84905-121-7 |edition= |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Dinah |chapter=Monotropism: An Interest-Based Account of Autism |date=2021 |url= |title=Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders |pages=2954–2956 |editor-last=Volkmar |editor-first=Fred R. |access-date= |chapter-url=https://monotropism.org/dinah/monotropism-2020/ |edition=2nd |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_102269 |isbn=978-3-319-91279-0 |author-link=Dinah Murray |editor-link=Fred R. Volkmar}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Fergus |date=30 November 2018 |title=Me and Monotropism: A unified theory of autism |url=https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/me-and-monotropism-unified-theory-autism |journal=[[The Psychologist]] |publisher=[[The British Psychological Society]]}}

== External links ==

* [https://monotropism.org/ monotropism.org] Information portal on monotropism, including an archive of Dinah Murray's work on the subject
{{Autism spectrum}}
[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Learning disabilities]]
[[Category:Cognition]]

Talk:Twice exceptional

2024-11-15T11:20:51Z

TempusTacet: /* Twice Exceptional Page Edit and Update Suggestions */

{{Talk header}}
{{Old AfD multi| date = 8 November 2009 (UTC) | result = '''speedy keep''' | page = Twice exceptional }}
{{WikiProject banner shell|class=Start|
{{WikiProject Disability}}
{{WikiProject Psychology| class=C | importance=mid}}
{{WikiProject Education| importance=mid}}
{{WikiProject Autism| importance=mid}}
{{WikiProject Dyslexia}}
}}

==Further reading==
the book "The Myth of Laziness" does not refer to this concept by this phrase. i suspect this reading list is a little too broad, and should be pared back.(mercurywoodrose not logged in) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.80.6.163|66.80.6.163]] ([[User talk:66.80.6.163|talk]]) 19:46, 11 March 2010 (UTC) 
: From first & second hand experience, the inexpert assessments by teachers, counselors, & parents, of 'laziness', 'disinterest', and other vague attitude and affect issues are so typical as to be almost diagnostic of these attention and communication disorders. Citations and further support is needed for this topic. --[[User:Wikidity|Wikidity]] ([[User talk:Wikidity|talk]]) 19:22, 3 August 2015 (UTC)

== Proposed merger ==

I put "merge" templates on this article and [[Gifted-handicapped]]. Both titles are educational jargon, but I believe they both deal with the same underlying concept, so they should be merged. Alternative terms for this concept can be redirected to the title of the merged article. --[[User:Orlady|Orlady]] ([[User talk:Orlady|talk]]) 02:56, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

:I think that the terminology [[gifted-handicapped]] was more encompassing than twice exceptional, including physical handicaps that are today not thought of as equally disabling when partaking in a standard classroom. I'm not saying that it's easy for kids who are blind, deaf or mobility impaired to participate in standard classrooms. But since the [[Individuals with Disabilities Education Act|IDEA Act]], these types of disabilities have been better dealt with than learning disabilities. When we think about the term twice exceptional today, I think we only have in mind June Maker's third category (gifted/LD). Under ideal circumstance, [[gifted-handicapped]] is a separate full-fledged article that outlines the history of how we have changed our perceptions towards giftedness and disabilities.[[User:Kallocain|Kallocain]] ([[User talk:Kallocain|talk]]) 03:47, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

::Let's take this discussion in two parts:
:::(1) Should these be combined into one article or should there be two articles?
:::(2) If combined, what should the combined article be called?
::The answer to the first question will determine whether the articles should be merged. The proper name for the merged article can be decided separately, if there is consensus to merge. I believe the two articles should be merged (duh -- that's why I proposed the merger), but I'm not sure that either title is ideal. The term "twice exceptional" (which seems to me to be a bit of trendy jargon) is defined in the article to refer primarily to the child who is "intellectually above average" (not the same as "gifted", although in some places the article suggests it is intended to mean "gifted") but has one or more disabilities. The definition and discussion lead me to think that the scope is essentially the same as the scope of "gifted-handicapped." On the other hand, "gifted-handicapped" clearly identifies giftedness as one of the exceptionalities, but I believe the word "handicapped" is now in severe disfavor in education circles in most or all English-speaking countries. --[[User:Orlady|Orlady]] ([[User talk:Orlady|talk]]) 04:20, 8 November 2010 (UTC)
:::I definitely think that a merger is appropriate in this case and it seems that the more popular term is Twice Exceptional. I support a merge to that name with a redirect from this one as a possible alternate search term. '''[[user:bobby1011|Handschuh]]'''-[[user talk:bobby1011|talk to me]] 03:00, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

:::A merger is appropriate. [[User:TiMike|TiMike]] ([[User talk:TiMike|talk]]) 00:39, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

== question? ==

What about twice-exceptional adults? Clearly, something happens to these people when they grow up. Do they turn out just average?
[[Special:Contributions/96.255.150.208|96.255.150.208]] ([[User talk:96.255.150.208|talk]]) 04:22, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

== Related? ==

Why is min-maxing linked from this article? Min-maxing is a practice in role playing games that involves deliberately raising certain often-used stats deliberately higher than normal, while neglecting others that are not used, such as increasing intelligence at the expense of charisma if your character needs to use her intelligence stat but not her charisma stat. Being twice-exceptional is not a choice, nor is it a form of optimization; there was no deliberate sacrifice made in order to gain giftedness, and often, the disability and the intelligence conflict. There is one role playing system I know whose min-maxing practices have the potential to be specifically relevant to this topic, and that is [[GURPS]]. If min-maxing is relevant enough to include here, I'd recommend adding a comment to make its relevance clearer, because it will otherwise give gamers who view this page the wrong impression. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/108.18.120.22|108.18.120.22]] ([[User talk:108.18.120.22|talk]]) 22:02, 26 October 2014 (UTC) 

== Adding information to the Support section ==

Assouline, S. G., & Whiteman, C. S. (2011). Twice-exceptionality: Implications for school psychologists in the post–IDEA 2004 era. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 27(4), 380–402. doi: 10.1080/15377903.2011.616576

Foley-Nicpon, M., & Assouline, S. G. (2015). Counseling considerations for the twice-exceptional client. Journal of Counseling & Development, 93(2), 202-211. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2015.00196

Foley-Nicpon, M., Assouline, S. G., & Stinson, R. D. (2012). Cognitive and academic distinctions between gifted students with autism and Asperger syndrome. Gifted Child Quarterly, 56(2), 77–89. doi:10.1177/0016986211433199

Foley Nicpon, M., Doobay, A. F., & Assouline, S. G. (2010). Parent, teacher, and self perceptions of psychosocial functioning in intellectually gifted children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(8), 1028–1038. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0952-8

Schultz, S. M. (2012). Twice-exceptional students enrolled in advanced placement classes. Gifted Child Quarterly, 56(3), 119-133. Doi:10.1177/0016986212444605

==More deficits==
The table only lists several deficits - I believe - from own experience - that others must be listed / researched as well : Handicaps of any kind. For example, bad hearing abilities / deafness, and the need to fullow what is said by the teacher. In my case, that's why I prefer the written word over the spoken word.
There might be other body handicaps as well influencing the ability to learn. [[User:Alrik Fassbauer|Alrik Fassbauer]] ([[User talk:Alrik Fassbauer|talk]]) 12:12, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

== Replace Mentions of Dysphemism "Special Needs" ==

The term "special needs" is a proven dysphemism<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gernsbacher |first1=Morton Ann |last2=Raimond |first2=Adam R. |last3=Balinghasay |first3=M. Theresa |last4=Boston |first4=Jilana S. |title=“Special needs” is an ineffective euphemism |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5256467/ |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref>, and widely considered offensive today by members of disabled communities. Please consider refraining from the use of this term, and instead use "disabled." — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/65.130.4.143|65.130.4.143]] ([[User talk:65.130.4.143#top|talk]]) 00:28, 5 October 2021 (UTC)
:{{done}}: I am not sure what Wikipedia's policy is on the term, but as it is deprecated not only by disability rights advocates, but also by a number of medical style guides (as per your ref), I have [[WP:BOLD|boldly]] changed this. It's worth noting that the [[Special needs]] article on Wikipedia has had comments mentioning its derogatory nature on the talk page since 2007(!); I have mentioned this in the lead of that article too. —[[User:AFreshStart|AFreshStart]] ([[User talk:AFreshStart|talk]]) 19:11, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

{{reflist-talk}}

== Adults? ==

This article presents as if only children fall into this category. If there's no information on how this affects and relates to adults, then that needs to be mentioned in the article somewhere. [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C4A:7B3F:7E28:4C15:16E7:3839:F16D|2600:6C4A:7B3F:7E28:4C15:16E7:3839:F16D]] ([[User talk:2600:6C4A:7B3F:7E28:4C15:16E7:3839:F16D|talk]]) 07:37, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

== "Gifted At-Risk" link? ==

I'm not sure why the first instance of "gifted" links directly to [[Gifted At-Risk]] and not [[Intellectual giftedness]]. The former seems like it belongs on this page but maybe not there?

(They honestly seem like very similar topics and could maybe be the same page, but that is a bit tangential.) [[User:Andrewski|Andrewski]] ([[User talk:Andrewski|talk]]) 15:21, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

== Twice Exceptional Page Edit and Update Suggestions ==

Most of the empirical citations link to articles that are not generally accessible by the public. This defeats the purpose of a democratically informed and accessible information base. Suggest using Google Scholar (or similar) to source citations that are relevant and viable while also free and accessible to the general public.

An effort should be made to clarify that twice-exceptionality's excessive connection to education and learning is the result of where it tends to first be ''socially'' noticed and not because it is exclusive to those systems.

'''"Top" Section:'''

- Replace "student" with "individual" as twice-exceptional people maintain these attributes and factors throughout their lifespan and social context. Otherwise, provide empirical basis for limiting the definition to "students" which communicates a focus on children and those enrolled in an education program.

- Remove the entire first line as "gifted" is a contested definition and the link to "intellectual giftedness" confuses the messaging of the following paragraph. Linking “gifted students” to the intellectual giftedness Wiki page erroneously assumes a unifying definition of giftedness as intellectual giftedness.

- Quote: “Ronksley-Pavia (2015) presents a conceptual model of the co-occurrence of disability and giftedness.” This article makes it clear that there is a strong lack of consensus about what constitutes a definition of twice-exceptionality and does a fine job clarifying those problems. Making this clear on the Wiki page is an important and relevant contribution.n.

- Quote: “Although twice-exceptional can refer to any general disability, it is often used to refer to students with learning disabilities.” This statement needs to be clarified as it does not refer to clinical or institutional definitions and may, therefore, be a social assumption.

- Quote: "The learning associated disabilities can include dyslexia, visual or auditory processing disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, sensory processing disorder, autism, Tourette syndrome, and ADHD. Twice-exceptionality can also be associated with a diagnosis of anxiety or depression or any other disability interfering with the student's ability to learn effectively in a traditional environment. For example, 19% of dyslexic students were found to be superiorly gifted in verbal reasoning. Often twice-exceptional children have multiple co-morbid disabilities that seem like a paradox to many parents and educators." OCD, Autism, Tourette Syndrome are '''''not''''' SLDs and should not be referenced as “learning associated disabilities.” Consider linking to National Institute of Health for specifics OR clarify which country standards are being used. Further, associating 2e with a mental health diagnosis (as opposed to an SLD) is not well documented here and needs a more recent/robust reference.

Note: The final paragraph related to statistical information doesn’t seem useful as none of the statistics are put into context regardless of the country they are referring to, and no commentary is given related to the meaning of the statistics or the importance of knowing them.

'''"Misunderstood" Section:'''

The title of this section is problematic. 2e is '''''not''''' a label that is exclusive to children, nor does it belong solely to the domain of education. Further, this entire section may need revision for purpose and content. While it seems to be situated as to clarify the experience of 2e in the education setting, it doesn’t seem to distinguish between perspectives. Further, there are almost no references to its commentary and the reference to Baum’s work does not include specific clarifications.

- Quote: “Brody and Mills [1997] argue that this population of students "could be considered the most misunderstood of all exceptionalities". The reference here is nearly 20 years old and there is no explanation for its relevance. Consider removing.

- Quote: "In each situation, the twice-exceptional student's strengths help to compensate for deficits; the deficits, on the other hand, make the child's strengths less apparent although as yet there is no empirical research to confirm this theory." This sentence is unclear - which two situations is the author referring to? FACT CHECK - Regarding the theory of masked disabilities, it seems unlikely that we currently do not have an empirical basis for this paradigm. The quote may need revision and possible removal along with better empirical support beyond Baum's work.

'''"Identifying Twice exceptional" Section:'''

- Quote: “Formal identification of twice exceptionality requires identification and formal clinical diagnosis of each of at least two separate underlying exceptionalities.” Consider the implications for individuals who do not have access to a psychologist but who nevertheless would otherwise qualify. Additionally, school psychologists who do not recognize that a student can have multiple diagnoses which may obscure high potential. In general, schools do not diagnose. They conduct evaluations and provide interventions based on theoretical models that have nothing to do with “formal diagnosis” and are not driven by “clinical” frameworks. School district evaluations do not diagnose. They are strictly an educational evaluation of what the student needs to succeed. Only a physician or an otherwise formally trained and publicly recognized clinician can diagnose (with variances by state or region).

- Quote: “Given the statistical rarity, wide variety of presentations, and practical access issues with obtaining adequate diagnostic assessments, it is not unusual for 2e children or adults in open society to have not been accurately identified or adequately diagnosed.” It is important to clarify that the purpose of “obtaining adequate diagnostic assessments” will depend on why they are originally sought and the goals of the individuals involved. Receiving support may or may not be dependent on a diagnosis depending on the system being accessed as well as legal definitions and any laws that govern institutions and access of services.

- Quote: Children identified as twice exceptional can exhibit a wide range of traits, many of them typical of gifted children. Like those who are gifted, twice-exceptional children often show greater asynchrony than average children (that is, a larger gap between their mental age and physical age). They are often intense and highly sensitive to their emotional and physical environments. The following chart summarizes characteristics commonly seen in this population.” The cited chart is almost a quarter century old and should be updated with citations and current models or paradigms. Referring to challenges as “deficits” is problematic and in conflict with discussion preceding this section that suggests "strengths-based" paradigms. The categorical items are highly offensive and do not provide context, making them way too general and suggesting that these traits are shared by all 2e persons, which is erroneous and misleading.

'''"Support" Section: '''

This section is proportionally tilted towards commentary and lacks broad, empirical support, with a heavy focus on information that pertains to school counselors. It is very important to clarify that school counselors' roles vary greatly from district to district and among different states/regions. Some may not even be involved with the identification of twice exceptional students or even their socioemotional or academic planning and supports. Further, the strong connection with mental health and the connection to a school counselor as the main representation of this section communicates a focus on deficits.

School counselors are one possible avenue of support and in many, many districts are either not present or not easily or regularly accessible by students, families or educational staff. As this article suggests, twice exceptional individuals have complex needs - in all areas of their lives, not just the school house.

This section should include well-established community and family supports, organizations that promote self-advocacy, and empirically-supported avenues and modalities of support that are widely accessible, publicly situated.

'''"Education" Section:'''

- Quote: The twice-exceptional education movement started in the early 1970s with "gifted-handicapped" education, a term essentially referring to the same population. The 2e education approach has 35 years of research and best practices tailored to the needs of 2e students. It is a marriage between special education and gifted education—a strengths-based, differentiated approach that provides special educational supports. Many argue that talent development is the most critical aspect of their education." This language is problematic and idiosyncratic with an inclusion of metaphor that may not be understood by all. There is no “2e education approach,” and it is unclear what is meant by “35 years of research and best practices tailored to the needs of 2e students.” Strengths-based approach is in response to models that focus on weaknesses of students rather than strengths in these programs. By definition, a strengths-based approach focuses on the needs for enrichment/extension as supports and de-emphasizes a focus on special education. “Many argue” and “their” are ambiguous terms and need clarification. This section needs full revision, updating with current, researched models and citations. Further it needs revision for removal of assumptions and lack of broad application. [[User:AEAInquiry|AEAInquiry]] ([[User talk:AEAInquiry|talk]]) 19:41, 10 November 2024 (UTC)
:I think improving & updating this entry is a good idea. You should be able to make changes to the text yourself. However, please note that there is no agreed-upon definition of "twice exceptionality" & that Wikipedia asks for the ''best'' sources to be used, irrespective of whether they're free to access.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 20:11, 11 November 2024 (UTC)
::It's a pleasure to hear from you, @[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]]. You and I agree re: "there is no agreed-upon definition of "twice-exceptionality." To be clear, though, no one here is making that claim. The contributions to this page are designed to neither refute this nor solve it. Further, just because a source is "free" to access in no way diminishes its veracity or empirical value in terms of "best-ness." "Best" is culturally derived and cannot be empirically measured due to its socially constructed narrative. "Best" does not exist as a fact. I will refer directly to my original statement that "suggest using Google Scholar (or similar) to source citations that are relevant and viable while also free and accessible to the general public" in no way implies that we should use anything less than "best" but rather that we should consider using sources that are available to all when possible to ensure that those accessing Wikipedia can also access the citations and conversations surrounding "best-ness." [[User:AEAInquiry|AEAInquiry]] ([[User talk:AEAInquiry|talk]]) 20:30, 11 November 2024 (UTC)
:::I did not mean to imply that you disagree with the statement that there is no agreed-upon definition, I just wanted to raise your awareness of a common issue I see on Wikipedia in articles on topics that are predominantly driven by advocacy groups, individual proponents, or communities.
:::While I do agree that "best" is not necessarily objective, and that if multiple equally-suited sources are available freely accessible material is preferable, according to Wikipedia guidelines the cost of accessing a source do not matter. Eg if there is a leading peer-reviewed reference work we should use it & under no circumstances can content be removed because its source is not free.
:::That said, I absolutely don't want to set a negative tone here! I do like a lot of what you proposed & look forward to your edits to the article.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 11:20, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

== The Importance of the Talk Page ==

With all the traffic this page is suddenly getting, it's important to consider some tools at your disposal that Wikipedia has intentionally built to help protect academic discourse and encourage users to engage in relevant and robust discussion.

First, a user who removes factual and cited information without providing a reason for doing so (regardless of whether it's formatted/grammatically pristine, etc.) is not engaging in academic discourse or even intelligent dialogue, they are shutting it down. I strongly encourage users who experience this form of gate-keeping to first of all, '''''start with the talk page'''''.

The Talk page is a place to engage fellow Wiki users in considering your contributions and to invite more "voices" into the room. Remember that Wiki is designed to be a publicly-accessible space that promotes robust discussion that is rooted in visible (meaning peer-reviewed), empirically-established (meaning researched - and not original) ideas and content. Now, let's be clear, it's not for content that is meant to land on the actual Wiki page - so don't abuse it. What it is meant for is discussion '''''about''''' that content.

So, start with the Talk page and your thinking '''''about''''' the content you want to add. Let users know why you want to propose changes and offer us some insights into your thinking. Don't be afraid to put your ideas out there and invite others to exchange with you - that's the point.

Finally, if you do come across issues with gate-keeping (for example, if your contributions are fully cited, factual, relevant and add to the discourse but are unilaterally being deleted on grounds that aren't defensible), you have another option. Take a look at Wikipedia's "Vandalism" page found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia. Become a scientist of every event that is "disruptive" to the peaceful, visible exchange of factual, cited content, and keep detailed notes. Stay invested, continue adding your contributions (use the tools of Wikipedia that are listed on the Vandalism page), and, as needed, work with administrators to ensure that Wiki remains a place of public discourse. [[User:AEAInquiry|AEAInquiry]] ([[User talk:AEAInquiry|talk]]) 18:33, 13 November 2024 (UTC)

Talk:Autistic burnout

2024-11-15T11:09:38Z

TempusTacet: /* vs. Autistic catatonia */

{{WikiProject banner shell |class=Start|1=
{{WikiProject Autism|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Disability}}
{{WikiProject Psychology|importance=Low}}
}}

== Appropriate sourcing ==

While the disclaimer at the top isn't wrong exactly, a strictly biomedical approach to this is not called for. We should be drawing on non-medical reliable sources for this kind of thing, where it's clear that scientific research is lagging well behind extensive personal accounts.

There is an analogy to be drawn with the experiences of other minority groups, and how we go about incorporating them into an encyclopedic work like this. [[User:Oolong|Oolong]] ([[User talk:Oolong|talk]]) 19:20, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
: Everything in the Management section, and most of the second paragraph of Research are statements subject to [[WP:MEDRS]]; I have not tagged each statement in text because some of the text does not need better sourcing, or some is cultural, etc. We're still making general medical statements here based on surveys and other lesser quality sources. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:58, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
::I disagree that we are making general medical statements here. The article is full of hedgewords in appropriate places, as it should be when relying largely on primary sources, which is in turn necessary when describing underfunded scientific topics. If our discussion of science is to remain current then there must be some freedom to indicate that not all which is being discussed is universally applicable.
::I would however advocate for greater separation between the scientific understanding of autistic burnout and how autistic people ourselves discuss autistic burnout. Both have their place, as such topics do not exist within the mythologised sociopersonal vacuum of hard science, but it is still worth clearly delineating the evidential from the experiential. [[User:JMcK 84|JMcK 84]] ([[User talk:JMcK 84|talk]]) 11:21, 27 September 2023 (UTC)
:::Hi all. I took a stab at reorganizing the article to avoid the issue of appearing to make any medical statements. I also removed most of the primary sources. I thought that a few were appropriate (e.g. I think the social media study is useful as a simple report of when "autistic burnout" is known to have appeared in the written record) but I would defer to others' judgement on this. [[User:Aeffenberger|Aeffenberger]] ([[User talk:Aeffenberger|talk]]) 21:24, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

== March 2024 edits ==

I noticed that some big changes happened yesterday ([[Special:Diff/1211971647/1215267903|diff]]). The article has been completely restructured and heavily cites Raymaker et al 2020 as the primary and often only source for the majority of the text, essentially reading like a summary of Raymaker and immediate colleagues' theories. [[WP:MEDRS]] concerns have already been raised above; the current version now cites even fewer academic articles and more blogs/webpages. On a technical note, all in-line references using citation templates were removed as well. This makes it harder for citations to be accessed and maintained.

The "Ultimate Explanation" subsection is a particularly egregious example of original research/synthesis. I have never encountered a reliable biomedical research article or review that provides a well-evidenced evolutionary explanation connecting autistic burnout and heightened attention or hyperarousal. If someone can point me to a reliable source, I'd love to read it. As it stands, that section is completely invented by the editor.

@[[User:ShuyueZeng|ShuyueZeng]], I appreciate your bold edits. I think autistic burnout is an important topic that we both want to help communicate to the world. However, I have significant concerns with the way the article now stands. It reads more like an original essay, not an encyclopedic article that describes a consensus among autism researchers. I am going to start removing material from the article later today unless you or others who watch this page have comments to the contrary. [[User:Aeffenberger|Aeffenberger]] ([[User talk:Aeffenberger|talk]]) 20:10, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:Aeffenberger|Aeffenberger]] I share the concern that the current text overly relies on Raymaker et al. and the use of medical terminology makes it seem like "Autistic Burnout" is a well-defined concept or even a diagnosis. In my opinion, the article should follow the POV set in the lede, which describes "Autistic Burnout" as a state experienced by autistic people. Both Raymaker et al. and Mantzalas et al. systematically analyze this phenomenon (rather than conducting a medical study) and their research should be presented as such. I believe this would also address the [[WP:MEDRS]] concerns that were raised.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 10:59, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

== vs. Autistic catatonia ==

Is there a clear delineation between autistic Burnout and autistic catatonia? Do they differ in some fundamental way? Or is autistic catatonia a more severe form of autistic Burnout? Or is it that high-functioning autism -> Burnout, and low-functioning autism -> catatonia? Or is Burnout used when there is a clear external cause (even when catatonic symptoms are present), while catatonia is favored when no obvious external trigger is found, or the patient can't communicate it when one is present? Or is Burnout a breakdown without identifiable catatonia symptoms (which means that catatonia has to be ruled out first)?

Hmm... probably we aren't advanced enough yet to answer all this. I personally would see the last definition as the most useful, meaning catatonia comes first, because it has more narrow and objective criteria. Similarly, things like acute depression and PTSD would also have to be ruled out. If autistic Burnout was to be made a mental health diagnosis.

Anyone knowing scientific sources dealing with both terms (autistic burnout and autistic catatonia) so far? I haven't seen any reliable source comparing both as of now. But I will probably continue my search. [[Special:Contributions/2003:E7:7733:2075:E98F:CA49:E349:3258|2003:E7:7733:2075:E98F:CA49:E349:3258]] ([[User talk:2003:E7:7733:2075:E98F:CA49:E349:3258|talk]]) 00:11, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
:[[Autistic catatonia]] is the occurrence of [[Catatonia]] in autistic people, which is a well-defined syndrome and is explicitly recognized as a common comorbidity in the DSM-5. In contrast, "autistic burnout" is a term that emerged to describe shared experiences among autistic people. Just like "burnout", it's used and understood colloquially, and does not necessarily require the absence of a "formal" mental health condition like depression (which is also true for the formalized [[occupational burnout]] recognized by the ICD-11, which covers just a subset of what's commonly understood as 'burnout').--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 11:09, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

Talk:Autistic burnout

2024-11-15T10:59:47Z

TempusTacet: /* March 2024 edits */

Talk:Autistic burnout

2024-11-15T10:59:24Z

TempusTacet: /* March 2024 edits */

{{WikiProject banner shell |class=Start|1=
{{WikiProject Autism|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Disability}}
{{WikiProject Psychology|importance=Low}}
}}

== Appropriate sourcing ==

While the disclaimer at the top isn't wrong exactly, a strictly biomedical approach to this is not called for. We should be drawing on non-medical reliable sources for this kind of thing, where it's clear that scientific research is lagging well behind extensive personal accounts.

There is an analogy to be drawn with the experiences of other minority groups, and how we go about incorporating them into an encyclopedic work like this. [[User:Oolong|Oolong]] ([[User talk:Oolong|talk]]) 19:20, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
: Everything in the Management section, and most of the second paragraph of Research are statements subject to [[WP:MEDRS]]; I have not tagged each statement in text because some of the text does not need better sourcing, or some is cultural, etc. We're still making general medical statements here based on surveys and other lesser quality sources. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:58, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
::I disagree that we are making general medical statements here. The article is full of hedgewords in appropriate places, as it should be when relying largely on primary sources, which is in turn necessary when describing underfunded scientific topics. If our discussion of science is to remain current then there must be some freedom to indicate that not all which is being discussed is universally applicable.
::I would however advocate for greater separation between the scientific understanding of autistic burnout and how autistic people ourselves discuss autistic burnout. Both have their place, as such topics do not exist within the mythologised sociopersonal vacuum of hard science, but it is still worth clearly delineating the evidential from the experiential. [[User:JMcK 84|JMcK 84]] ([[User talk:JMcK 84|talk]]) 11:21, 27 September 2023 (UTC)
:::Hi all. I took a stab at reorganizing the article to avoid the issue of appearing to make any medical statements. I also removed most of the primary sources. I thought that a few were appropriate (e.g. I think the social media study is useful as a simple report of when "autistic burnout" is known to have appeared in the written record) but I would defer to others' judgement on this. [[User:Aeffenberger|Aeffenberger]] ([[User talk:Aeffenberger|talk]]) 21:24, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

== March 2024 edits ==

I noticed that some big changes happened yesterday ([[Special:Diff/1211971647/1215267903|diff]]). The article has been completely restructured and heavily cites Raymaker et al 2020 as the primary and often only source for the majority of the text, essentially reading like a summary of Raymaker and immediate colleagues' theories. [[WP:MEDRS]] concerns have already been raised above; the current version now cites even fewer academic articles and more blogs/webpages. On a technical note, all in-line references using citation templates were removed as well. This makes it harder for citations to be accessed and maintained.

The "Ultimate Explanation" subsection is a particularly egregious example of original research/synthesis. I have never encountered a reliable biomedical research article or review that provides a well-evidenced evolutionary explanation connecting autistic burnout and heightened attention or hyperarousal. If someone can point me to a reliable source, I'd love to read it. As it stands, that section is completely invented by the editor.

@[[User:ShuyueZeng|ShuyueZeng]], I appreciate your bold edits. I think autistic burnout is an important topic that we both want to help communicate to the world. However, I have significant concerns with the way the article now stands. It reads more like an original essay, not an encyclopedic article that describes a consensus among autism researchers. I am going to start removing material from the article later today unless you or others who watch this page have comments to the contrary. [[User:Aeffenberger|Aeffenberger]] ([[User talk:Aeffenberger|talk]]) 20:10, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:Aeffenberger|Aeffenberger]] I share the concern that the current text overly relies on Raymaker et al. and the use of medical terminology makes it seem like "Autistic Burnout" is a well-defined concept or even a diagnosis. In my opinion, the article should follow the POV set in the lede, which describes "Autistic Burnout" as a state experienced by autistic people. Both Raymaker et al. and Mantzalas et al. systematically analyze this phenomenon (rather than conducting a medical study) and their research should be presented as such. I believe this would also solve any [[WP:MEDRS]] concerns.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 10:59, 15 November 2024 (UTC)

== vs. Autistic catatonia ==

Is there a clear delineation between autistic Burnout and autistic catatonia? Do they differ in some fundamental way? Or is autistic catatonia a more severe form of autistic Burnout? Or is it that high-functioning autism -> Burnout, and low-functioning autism -> catatonia? Or is Burnout used when there is a clear external cause (even when catatonic symptoms are present), while catatonia is favored when no obvious external trigger is found, or the patient can't communicate it when one is present? Or is Burnout a breakdown without identifiable catatonia symptoms (which means that catatonia has to be ruled out first)?

Hmm... probably we aren't advanced enough yet to answer all this. I personally would see the last definition as the most useful, meaning catatonia comes first, because it has more narrow and objective criteria. Similarly, things like acute depression and PTSD would also have to be ruled out. If autistic Burnout was to be made a mental health diagnosis.

Anyone knowing scientific sources dealing with both terms (autistic burnout and autistic catatonia) so far? I haven't seen any reliable source comparing both as of now. But I will probably continue my search. [[Special:Contributions/2003:E7:7733:2075:E98F:CA49:E349:3258|2003:E7:7733:2075:E98F:CA49:E349:3258]] ([[User talk:2003:E7:7733:2075:E98F:CA49:E349:3258|talk]]) 00:11, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

Autistic burnout

2024-11-15T10:51:54Z

TempusTacet: it's not just absent from the DSM-5 but from any relevant literature that would qualify as "recognition as a medical condition"

{{Short description|State of exhaustion and skill loss experienced by autistic people}}
'''Autistic burnout''' is a prolonged state of intense [[fatigue]], decreased [[executive function]]ing or [[life skills]], and increased [[sensory processing sensitivity]] experienced by [[autism spectrum|autistic]] people. Autistic burnout is thought to be caused by [[Stress (biology)|stress]] arising from [[Autistic masking|masking]] or living in a [[neurotypical]] environment that is not [[autism-friendly]] (does not accommodate autistic people's needs). While not formally recognized as a medical condition, autistic burnout has become increasingly recognized within the autistic community and has gained attention among researchers, clinicians, and autistic people themselves as a significant aspect of the autistic experience.

== Definition ==
Autistic burnout is defined as a syndrome of exhaustion, skill loss/regression, and sensory hypersensitivity or intensification of other autistic features.<ref name="Raymaker2020"/> Autistic people commonly say it is caused by prolonged overexertion of one's abilities to cope with life stressors, including lack of accommodations for one's support needs, which tax an autistic person's mental, emotional, physical, and/or social resources.<ref name="Deweerdt2020"/><ref name="Winegarner2021"/>

To explain the behavior of autistic burnout from a proximate approach, emphasis is placed on immediate social, psychological, and environmental factors. In the contemporary context, environmental factors such as social expectations play a big role in causing autistic people to mask themselves in order to be accepted in a world designed for neurotypical people. The first academic research into autistic burnout was developed by Dora Raymaker in 2020 as a conceptual model to explain the different causes contributing to autistic burnout. The triggers of autistic burnout are in two main categories: life stressors and the barriers to support that autistic people encounter.<ref name="Raymaker2020"/>

Life stressors such as [[autistic masking]] or camouflaging have been proposed to be the most prominent factors in autistic burnout.<ref name="pmid36601266"/> Masking is a strategy autistic people use, consciously or unconsciously, to suppress autistic traits and attempt to behave like neurotypical people for social acceptance.<ref name="pmid33593423" /> The need autistic people feel to mask often derives from the social pressures and expectations they face regarding academic achievement, social connections, and financial independence. Masking is a survival mechanism for them to meet social expectations and be treated better. Camouflaging and pretending to be different than one is requires much cognitive effort. Research shows that autistic masking is significantly detrimental to an autistic person's mental health, because it creates a situation where societal expectations outweigh their abilities.<ref name="Raymaker2020"/> This can lower their self-esteem, lead to an identity crisis, and result in overwhelming emotions, leading to burnout episodes.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Many autistic people find neurotypical people hard to communicate with. One element that keeps autistic people from seeking help when experiencing burnout is the [[gaslighting]] and dismissal they experience.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} In Raymaker's research, participants reported feeling invalidated and unsupported when expressing their struggles as they were told their difficulties were their own fault.<ref name="Raymaker2020"/> Lack of acceptance and understanding from people to whom autistic people reach out when experiencing burnout, people who might be friends or family, can exacerbate their feelings of isolation and frustration, further hindering their ability to get the support they need to relieve stress and recover from burnout.

== Symptoms and impacts ==
To identify whether someone is experiencing autistic burnout, Raymaker et al have identified some key symptoms, which include chronic exhaustion, loss in life skills, and reduced tolerance to stimulus.<ref name="Raymaker2020"/> Chronic exhaustion refers to the depletion of internal reserves, both mentally and physically. This pervasive fatigue can negatively impact different aspects of life for autistic individuals as it results in loss of interest to engage in activities, difficulty maintaining social relationships with low social battery, and challenges in completing the simplest tasks such as brushing teeth due to fatigue.<ref name="neff2023" />{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2024}} Persistent exhaustion consequently leads to the loss of skills to manage various aspects of their life, such as taking care of themselves, managing effective social relationships, and decision-making in everyday life. When cognitive abilities are depleted due to chronic exhaustion, language disability challenges, which many autistic individuals already face, are exacerbated, affecting the management of effective communication required to maintain different social relationships. Lastly, autistic individuals experiencing burnout often experience sensory hypersensitivity which reduces their tolerance of environmental stimulus by decreasing the sensitivity threshold. This means that when they experience autistic burnout, they can be easily triggered by the simplest stimulus which can contribute to emotional impulsivity such as excessive crying.

Autistic burnout may be chronic and/or recurrent. Extended periods of autistic burnout can significantly impair an individual's ability to maintain employment, schooling, independent living, and general [[quality of life]]. It may also contribute to increased prevalence of comorbid [[Major depressive disorder|depression]], [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety]], and [[Suicide#Definitions|suicidality]] among autistic people.<ref name="Raymaker2020"/><ref name="pmid33593423"/> Autistic burnout shares some features with [[occupational burnout]] and clinical depression such as [[fatigue]] and limited functioning in work or social contexts.<ref name="Winegarner2021"/> However, autistic burnout can occur independently of employment and is distinct from occupational burnout occurring in an autistic employee,<ref name="pmid37359683"/> which can also occur.<ref name="Bury2022"/>{{Rp|page=245}} Depressive symptoms such as [[anhedonia]] or [[Sleep disorder#Major depressive disorder (MDD)|sleep disturbances]] are observed less frequently in autistic burnout.<ref name="Raymaker2020"/>

== Potential solutions ==
Raymaker's research suggests some tools to prevent autistic burnout and to help autistic individuals recover from emotional overload. From the qualitative analysis of 19 interviews with autistic individuals, results suggest that having a support network where a person is accepted for who they are and is not being shamed or judged are critical to recovery from autistic burnout.<ref name="Raymaker2020"/> Secondly, building self-acceptance as being autistic through unmasking, and recognizing the strengths one has by being autistic, are essential to reduce autistic burnout.<ref name="raymaker2022" /> Lastly, seeking professional mental health support for advice without feeling ashamed of being autistic and in need of support is important for autistic individuals to recover from burnout.

== History ==
The term "autistic burnout" is believed to have emerged in the late 2000s among autistic communities such as [[Wrong Planet]], and has continued to grow among social media users of the #ActuallyAutistic or #AutisticBurnout [[hashtag]]s on platforms such as [[Twitter]].<ref name="Mantzalas2022b"/> Throughout the 2010s, autistic burnout gained traction among autism researchers as a [[Construct (psychology)|construct]] with [[ecological validity]]<ref name="pmid34505231"/> alongside concepts like [[neurodiversity]] proposed by the [[autism rights movement]].<ref name="pmid37359683"/> It is often discussed in conjunction with [[autistic masking]]/[[Masking (personality)|camouflage]], [[Compensation (psychology)|compensation]], and "[[Passing (sociology)|passing]]".<ref name="pmid34505231"/> The phenomenonology of autistic burnout may be related to that of [[autistic meltdown]].<ref name="Deweerdt2020"/> Ongoing research is largely [[Qualitative research|qualitative]] in nature.<ref name="pmid36506426"/><ref name="pmid37205659"/>

== References ==
{{reflist |refs=
<ref name="Winegarner2021">{{Cite news |last=Winegarner |first=Beth |date=2021-09-03 |title='The Battery's Dead': Burnout Looks Different in Autistic Adults |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/03/well/live/autistic-burnout-advice.html |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=2023-05-09 |archive-date=2023-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404191307/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/03/well/live/autistic-burnout-advice.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Mantzalas2022b">{{Cite journal |last1=Mantzalas |first1=Jane |last2=Richdale |first2=Amanda L. |last3=Adikari |first3=Achini |last4=Lowe |first4=Jennifer |last5=Dissanayake |first5=Cheryl |author-link5=Cheryl Dissanayake |date=2022 |title=What Is Autistic Burnout? A Thematic Analysis of Posts on Two Online Platforms |journal=[[Autism in Adulthood]] |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=52–65 |doi=10.1089/aut.2021.0021 |pmc=8992925 |pmid=36605565}}</ref>

<ref name="Raymaker2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Raymaker |first1=Dora M. |last2=Teo |first2=Alan R. |last3=Steckler |first3=Nicole A. |last4=Lentz |first4=Brandy |last5=Scharer |first5=Mirah |last6=Delos Santos |first6=Austin |last7=Kapp |first7=Steven K. |last8=Hunter |first8=Morrigan |last9=Joyce |first9=Andee |last10=Nicolaidis |first10=Christina |date=2020 |title="Having All of Your Internal Resources Exhausted Beyond Measure and Being Left with No Clean-Up Crew": Defining Autistic Burnout |journal=[[Autism in Adulthood]] |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=132–143 |doi=10.1089/aut.2019.0079 |pmc=7313636 |pmid=32851204}}</ref>

<ref name="pmid37359683">{{cite journal |last1=Tomczak |first1=MT |last2=Kulikowski |first2=K |title=Toward an understanding of occupational burnout among employees with autism - the Job Demands-Resources theory perspective. |journal=Curr Psychol |year=2023 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=1582–1594 |pmid=37359683 |doi=10.1007/s12144-023-04428-0 |doi-access=free |pmc=9958323}}</ref>

<ref name="Bury2022">{{cite book |last1=Bury |first1=SM |last2=Spoor |first2=JR |last3=Hayward |first3=SM |last4=Hedley |first4=D |chapter=Supporting the mental health and well-being of autistic and other neurodivergent employees in the work environment |editor-last1=Bruyere |editor-first1=SM |editor-last2=Colella |editor-first2=A |title=Neurodiversity in the workplace: Interests, issues, and opportunities |publisher=Routledge |date=2022-06-30 |pages=241–266 |isbn=9781003023616 |doi=10.4324/9781003023616 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="pmid34505231">{{cite journal |last1=Libsack |first1=Erin J. |last2=Keenan |first2=Elliot Gavin |last3=Freden |first3=Caroline E. |last4=Mirmina |first4=Julianne |last5=Iskhakov |first5=Nathaniel |last6=Krishnathasan |first6=Darsiya |display-authors=etal |title=A Systematic Review of Passing as Non-autistic in Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev |year=2021 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=783–812 |pmid=34505231 |doi=10.1007/s10567-021-00365-1 |doi-access=free |pmc=10613328}}</ref>

<ref name="Deweerdt2020">{{Cite journal |last=Deweerdt |first=Sarah |date=2020-03-30 |title=Autistic burnout, explained |url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/autistic-burnout-explained/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |journal=Spectrum |publisher=[[Simons Foundation]] |language=en-US |doi=10.53053/bpzp2355 |s2cid=251634477 |doi-access=free |archive-date=2023-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508230013/https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/autistic-burnout-explained/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="pmid36601266">{{cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=A |last2=Rose |first2=K |title=A Conceptual Analysis of Autistic Masking: Understanding the Narrative of Stigma and the Illusion of Choice. |journal=Autism Adulthood |year=2021 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=52–60 |pmid=36601266 |doi=10.1089/aut.2020.0043 |pmc=8992880}}</ref>

<ref name="pmid33593423">{{cite journal |last1=Hull |first1=Laura |last2=Levy |first2=Lily |last3=Lai |first3=Meng-Chuan |last4=Petrides |first4=K. V. |last5=Baron-Cohen |first5=Simon |last6=Allison |first6=Carrie |display-authors=etal |title=Is social camouflaging associated with anxiety and depression in autistic adults? |journal=Mol Autism |year=2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=13 |pmid=33593423 |doi=10.1186/s13229-021-00421-1 |doi-access=free |pmc=7885456 |hdl=1983/be77a5f4-7c6c-4194-91b0-36633306a80c |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="pmid36506426">{{cite journal |last1=Øverland |first1=Elisabeth |last2=Hauge |first2=Åshild Lappegard |last3=Orm |first3=Stian |last4=Pellicano |first4=Elizabeth |last5=Øie |first5=Merete Glenne |last6=Skogli |first6=Erik Winther |display-authors=etal |title=Exploring life with autism: Quality of Life, daily functioning and compensatory strategies from childhood to emerging adulthood: A qualitative study protocol. |journal=Front Psychiatry |year=2022 |volume=13 |pages=1058601 |pmid=36506426 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1058601 |doi-access=free |pmc=9732257}}</ref>

<ref name="pmid37205659">{{cite journal |last1=Mantzalas |first1=Jane |last2=Richdale |first2=Amanda L. |last3=Dissanayake |first3=Cheryl |title=Examining subjective understandings of autistic burnout using Q methodology: A study protocol |journal=PLOS ONE |date=19 May 2023 |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=e0285578 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0285578 |doi-access=free |pmid=37205659 |pmc=10198508 |bibcode=2023PLoSO..1885578M }}</ref>

<ref name="raymaker2022">Raymaker, D. (2022). [https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/professional-practice/autistic-burnout ''Understanding Autistic Burnout''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610131953/https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/professional-practice/autistic-burnout |date=2023-06-10 }}. www.autism.org.uk.</ref>

<ref name="neff2023">Neff, M. A. (2023). [https://neurodivergentinsights.com/blog/autistic-burnout-symptoms ''Autistic Burnout Symptoms'']. Insights of a Neurodivergent Clinician.</ref>

}}

{{Autism spectrum}}

[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Psychological stress]]
[[Category:Psychopathological syndromes]]

Talk:Twice exceptional

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User talk:GiftedDaisy

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Twice exceptional

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{{Short description|Term used for a gifted student who also possesses at least one disability}}

The term '''twice exceptional''', often abbreviated as '''2e''', entered educators' lexicons in the mid-1990s and refers to [[Intellectual giftedness|gifted students]] who have some form of learning or developmental disability.<ref name="Beckley">{{cite web | url=http://nrcgt.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/953/2015/05/spring98.pdf | title=Gifted and Learning Disabled: Twice Exceptional Students | access-date=July 23, 2017 | author=Dawn Beckley, University of Connecticut}}</ref> These students are considered exceptional both because of their [[Intellectual giftedness|giftedness]] (e.g., intellectual, creative, perceptual, motor etc.) and because they are disabled (e.g., specific [[learning disability]], [[Neurodevelopmental disorder|neurodevelopmental disability]] etc.) or [[Neurodiversity|neurodivergent]]. Ronksley-Pavia (2015) presents a conceptual model of the co-occurrence of disability and giftedness.<ref name="Ronksley-Pavia 318–340">{{Cite journal|last=Ronksley-Pavia|first=Michelle|date=2015-07-01|title=A Model of Twice-Exceptionality|journal=Journal for the Education of the Gifted|language=en|volume=38|issue=3|pages=318–340|doi=10.1177/0162353215592499|hdl=10072/167548|s2cid=147854278|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

A twice-exceptional child is one who, along with being considered gifted in comparison to same-age peers, is formally diagnosed with one or more disabilities.<ref name="National Education Association 2006">National Education Association, 2006. ''The Twice-Exceptional Dilemma.''Washington D.C.:NEA.</ref> Although twice-exceptional can refer to any general disability, it is often used to refer to students with learning disabilities. Research is not limited to these areas, and a more holistic view of is seen as helping to move the field forward.<ref name="Ronksley-Pavia 318–340"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Abramo|first=Joseph|date=June 2015|title=Gifted Students with Disabilities "Twice Exceptionality in the Classroom"|journal=Music Educators Journal|volume=4|pages=62–69|via=nafme.org|doi=10.1177/0027432115571367|s2cid=145430237}}</ref>

The learning associated disabilities can include [[dyslexia]], visual or [[auditory processing disorder]], [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]], [[sensory processing disorder]], [[autism]], [[Tourette syndrome]], and [[ADHD]]. Twice-exceptionality can also be associated with a diagnosis of [[anxiety]] or [[Clinical depression|depression]] or any other disability interfering with the student's ability to learn effectively in a traditional environment.<ref name="National Education Association 2006"/> For example, 19% of dyslexic students were found to be superiorly gifted in verbal reasoning.<ref>Berninger, V. W., & Abbott, R. D. (2013). Differences between children with dyslexia who are and are not gifted in verbal reasoning. ''Gifted Child Quarterly, 57''(4), 223–233.</ref> Often twice-exceptional children have multiple co-morbid disabilities that seem like a paradox to many parents and educators.<ref name="Ronksley-Pavia 318–340"/>

There is no clear-cut profile of twice-exceptional children because the nature and disabilities of twice exceptionality are so varied. This variation among twice-exceptional children makes it difficult to determine just how many of them there might be. Best estimates of prevalence range from 300,000<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baum|first1=S.M.|last2=Owen|first2=S.V.|title=To be gifted and learning disabled: Strategies for helping bright students with LD, ADHD and more|date=2004|publisher=Creative Learning Press|location=Mansfield Center, CT}}</ref> to 360,000<ref>{{cite book|last1=National Association for Gifted Children & Council of State Directors of Programs for Gifted|title=State of the states in gifted education: National policy and practical data|date=2011|location=Washington, DC}}</ref> in the U.S. (on the order of 0.5% of the total number of children under 18<ref>"In 2013, there were nearly 74 million children younger than 18 in the United States." [http://www.childtrends.org/?indicators=number-of-children ChildTrends Databank: Number of Children]. ChildTrends.org, last updated July 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2015.</ref>). Linda Silverman, Ph.D., the director of the Gifted Development Center has found that fully 1/6 of the gifted children tested at the GDC have a learning difference of some type.<ref>Silverman, Linda [www.gifteddevelopment.com/What_is_Gifted/learned.htm "What We Have Learned About Gifted Children"],''Gifted Development Center'', 2012.</ref> In Australia, in 2010 a conservative estimate of the number of twice-exceptional children was around 40,000,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270894725|title=An Empirical investigation of twice-exceptional research in Australia: Prevalence estimates for gifted children with disability (PDF Download Available)|website=ResearchGate|doi=10.13140/2.1.1456.4160|access-date=2017-10-13|last1=Ronksley-Pavia|first1=Michelle|year=2014|publisher=Unpublished}}</ref> or approximately 10% of gifted Australian children, although other estimates have placed this much higher at 30% of gifted Australian children as being twice-exceptional.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Munro|first=DR John|date=2002-06-01|title=Gifted learning disabled students|journal=Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities|volume=7|issue=2|pages=20–30|doi=10.1080/19404150209546698|s2cid=144978567|issn=1324-8928}}</ref>

==Misunderstood children==

Brody and Mills [1997] argue that this population of students "could be considered the most misunderstood of all exceptionalities".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brody|first1=L.E.|last2=Mills|first2=C.J.|title=Gifted Children with learning disabilities: a review of the issues|journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities|date=1997|volume=30|issue=3|pages=282–296|doi=10.1177/002221949703000304|pmid=9146095|s2cid=23515768}}</ref> In each situation, the twice-exceptional student's strengths help to compensate for deficits; the deficits, on the other hand, make the child's strengths less apparent<ref>Baum, S. & Owen, S. (2004). To Be Gifted & Learning Disabled: Strategies for Helping Bright Students with LD, ADHD, and More. Mansfield Center, CT: Creative Learning Press.</ref> although as yet there is no empirical research to confirm this theory. The interplay of exceptional strengths and weaknesses in a single individual results in inconsistency in performance. They might present any of the three profiles identified by educator and researcher Dr. Susan Baum:
* Bright but not trying hard enough
* Learning disabled but with no exceptional abilities
* Average
In the case of behavioral/socioemotional, rather than cognitive problems, both strengths and deficits can be intensified.
A twice-exceptional student's grades commonly alternate between high and low, sometimes within the same subject. The child might have advanced vocabulary and ideas but be unable to organize those ideas and express them on paper. They might be a skilled artist or builder but turn in assignments that are messy or illegible. They might complete assignments but lose them or forget to turn them in. To the parents and teachers observing this behavior, it may seem that the child just isn't trying. In fact, many twice-exceptional children work as hard if not harder than others, but with less to show for their efforts.
This struggle to accomplish tasks that appear easy for other students can leave twice-exceptional children frustrated, anxious, and depressed. It can rob them of their enthusiasm and energy for school and damage their self-esteem.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Identifying twice exceptionality==
Formal identification of twice exceptionality requires identification and formal clinical diagnosis of each of at least two separate underlying exceptionalities. Given the statistical rarity, wide variety of presentations, and practical access issues with obtaining adequate diagnostic assessments, it is not unusual for 2e children or adults in open society to have not been accurately identified or adequately diagnosed.

Children identified as twice exceptional can exhibit a wide range of traits, many of them typical of gifted children. Like those who are gifted, twice-exceptional children often show greater asynchrony than average children (that is, a larger gap between their [[mental age]] and physical age). They are often intense and highly sensitive to their emotional and physical environments. The following chart summarizes characteristics commonly seen in this population.

{| border=1; align="center" cellpadding=3px cellspacing=1px
|+ '''Some common characteristics of twice-exceptional children'''<ref>Higgins, L. D. & Nielsen, M. E. (2000). Responding to the Needs of Twice-Exceptional Learners: A School District and University's Collaborative Approach. In K. Kay, (Ed.), ''Uniquely Gifted: Identifying and Meeting the Needs of the Twice-Exceptional Student'' (pp. 287-303). Gilsum, NH: Avocus Publishing.</ref>
|-
! style="background:grey;color:white;"|'''Strengths'''
! style="background:grey;color:white;"|'''Deficits'''
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Superior vocabulary
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Poor social skills
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Advanced ideas and opinions
| style="border:1px grey" |
* High sensitivity to criticism
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* High levels of creativity and problem-solving ability
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Lack of organizational and study skills
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Extremely curious and inquisitive
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Discrepant verbal and performance skills
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Very imaginative and resourceful
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Manipulative
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Wide range of interests not related to school
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Poor performance in one or more academic areas
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Penetrating insight into complex issues
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Difficulty with written expression
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Specific talent or consuming interest area
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Stubborn, opinionated demeanor
|-
| style="border:1px grey" |
* Sophisticated sense of humor
| style="border:1px grey" |
* High impulsivity
|}

<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Twice-Exceptionality: Parents' Perspectives on 2e Identification|journal = Roeper Review|date = 2015-10-02|issn = 0278-3193|pages = 208–218|volume = 37|issue = 4|doi = 10.1080/02783193.2015.1077911|first1 = Lynn|last1 = Dare|first2 = Elizabeth Agnes|last2 = Nowicki|s2cid = 143083931}}</ref> Twice exceptionality often does not show up until children are in school. In their early years, these children often seem very bright, with varied interests and advanced vocabularies (particularly with reference to same-age peers); and many times parents are unaware that they have a child with 2e. Teachers sometimes spot problems in school; sometimes parents are the first to notice their children's frustrations with school. During the early years it may be social difficulties. The 2e child may find it hard to make friends and fit in. Academic problems often appear later. As work demands increase, teachers may see a drop or inconsistencies in the student's performance, sometimes accompanied by an increase in problem behaviors. Some 2e students withdraw, showing reluctance to speak out or take other risks in class; while others play the class clown. Some are unable to stay focused, find it hard to sit still and work quietly, and have difficulty controlling anger or frustration.

If these difficulties persist, school personnel or parents may decide that evaluation is needed. Along with a physical examination, children may undergo psycho-educational testing to determine the cause of their struggles. The professionals who take part in the process should be knowledgeable about giftedness. Some characteristics of giftedness can look very much like those of a learning disability or disorder and, as a result, gifted children are sometimes incorrectly diagnosed with disorders.<ref>Webb, J.T.; Amend, E.R.; Webb, N.E.; Goerss, J.; Beljan, P.; Olenchak, F.R. (2005). The Misdiagnosis and Dual Diagnoses of Gifted Children and Adults: ADHD, Bipolar, OCD, Asperger's, Depression, and Other Disorders. Scottsdale, AZ: Great Potential Press.</ref> For instance, if a single IQ score is considered in the identification of giftedness, 2e individuals with learning disabilities are likely to be misidentified.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Atmaca |first1=Furkan |last2=Baloğlu |first2=Mustafa |date=October 2022 |title=The Two Sides of Cognitive Masking: A Three-Level Bayesian Meta-Analysis on Twice-Exceptionality |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00169862221110875 |journal=Gifted Child Quarterly |language=en |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=277–295 |doi=10.1177/00169862221110875 |s2cid=250975483 |issn=0016-9862}}</ref> Therefore, evaluation results should indicate the child's areas of strength and weakness and identify whether any disorders or learning disabilities are present. In addition, the results should include information on what the child needs in order to build on the strengths and compensate for the weaknesses that have been identified. Teaching to students' abilities rather than disabilities increases self-concept scores.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nielsen|first1=M.E.|last2=Mortorff-Albert|first2=S.|title=The effects of special education service on the self-concept and school attitude of learning disabled/gifted students|journal=Roeper Review|date=1989|volume=12|issue=1|pages=29–36|doi=10.1080/02783198909553227}}</ref>

==Support==
Their strengths are the key to success for twice-exceptional children. They thrive on intellectual challenges in their areas of interest and ability. Many 2e children do best when given work that engages multiple senses and offers opportunities for hands-on learning. However, a requirement for success for these students is support, either given informally as needed or formalized, such as in an [[Individualized Education Program]] (IEP) or [[Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act|504 plan]] in the USA.

Support can come in several forms. An essential form is encouragement; others include compensation strategies and accommodations in the child's areas of weakness. For example, 2e students may benefit from learning time-management skills and organizational techniques; and they may need to have extra time on tests and reduced homework. The student's strengths should not merely be viewed as means through which they can compensate for their areas of weakness. Proper support for a twice-exceptional student must include accommodations to allow them to develop and challenge their gifts as well. It is essential for these students to feel as though they are being noticed for their gifts more than just their weaknesses, otherwise the student may fall into negative behavioral patterns such as the ones aforementioned. In sum, appropriate interventions should address both the academic and social emotional needs of 2e learners.

School counselors have a unique role in supporting 2e students. Counselors are positioned to be a valuable resource for teachers, other school personnel, and community members who might not be familiar with twice-exceptionality. Foley-Nicpon and Assouline (2015) conducted a systematic review of the existing research regarding 2e students.<ref name="FoleyNicponAssouline2015">{{cite journal |last1=Foley-Nicpon |first1=M. |last2=Assouline |first2=S. G. |title=Counseling considerations for the twice-exceptional client |journal=Journal of Counseling & Development |date=2015 |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=202–211 |doi=10.1002/j.1556-6676.2015.00196.x }}</ref> The following are some of the authors’ proposed evidence-based considerations for school counselors and educators to use in their work with 2e students. In a qualitative study, Schultz (2012) used semi-structured interviews to explore the perceptions of parents, teachers, and counselors regarding 2e students’ participation in Advanced Placement or college-credit courses. She found that sometimes 2e students were not allowed to use their accommodations in these courses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schultz |first1=S. M. |title=Twice-exceptional students enrolled in advanced placement classes |journal=Gifted Child Quarterly |date=2012 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=119–133 |doi=10.1177/0016986212444605 |s2cid=144684529 |url=https://sdsu-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=TN_sage_s10_1177_0016986212444605&context=U&vid=01CALS_SDL&lang=en_US&tab=everything |access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> Foley-Nicpon and Assouline (2015) propose that counselors can address these concerns by helping teachers to understand that accommodations and IEPs are legal mandates, not optional services.<ref name="FoleyNicponAssouline2015"/>

In 2010, Foley-Nicpon, Doobay, and Assouline used the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-2) to assess psychological functioning of fifty-four 2e students diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Their results led them to conclude that a comprehensive evaluation is critical to obtaining a full understanding of 2e students’ academic, social, and emotional needs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Foley-Nicpon |first1=M. |last2=Doobay |first2=A. F. |last3=Assouline |first3=S. G. |title=Parent, teacher, and self perceptions of psychosocial functioning in intellectually gifted children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |date=2010 |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=1028–1038 |doi=10.1007/s10803-010-0952-8 |pmid=20143145 |s2cid=22830767 }}</ref> Given these findings, Foley-Nicpon and Assouline (2015) suggest that school counselors review the records of each 2e student and consider both strengths and weaknesses in and out of the classroom in formulating treatment plans. Furthermore, they should help clients advocate for a comprehensive evaluation if one has not been obtained.<ref name="FoleyNicponAssouline2015"/>

In 2012, Foley Nicpon, Assouline, and Stinson used the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) to examine the cognitive and academic profiles of fifty-two 2e students with ASD. Their results indicated that gifted individuals with ASD can have very high general, verbal, and/or nonverbal ability and simultaneous weaknesses in memory and the ability to process information. They also found that 2e individuals with ASD may generally have both high ability and significant differences in their ability and achievement profiles, including weaknesses in processing information quickly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Foley-Nicpon |first1=M. |last2=Assouline |first2=S. G. |last3=Stinson |first3=R. D. |title=Cognitive and academic distinctions between gifted students with autism and Asperger syndrome |journal=Gifted Child Quarterly |date=2012 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=77–89 |url=https://sdsu-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=TN_sage_s10_1177_0016986211433199&context=PC&vid=01CALS_SDL&lang=en_US&search_scope=EVERYTHING&adaptor=primo_central_multiple_fe&tab=everything&query=any,contains,gifted%20students%20autism%20asperger&offset=0 |access-date=14 August 2019|doi=10.1177/0016986211433199 |s2cid=145176943 }}</ref> Foley-Nicpon and Assouline (2015) used these findings to suggest that for the most effective practice, school counselors should adjust language and conceptualization based on 2e students’ abilities, level of insight, and developmental level. Furthermore, counselors and educators should allow sufficient time for individuals to process the information that is being presented. Change in therapy may happen more slowly with twice-exceptional clients. They also suggest that counselors recommend or offer accelerative opportunities within 2e students’ talent domains.<ref name="FoleyNicponAssouline2015"/>

In their article that explores twice-exceptionality through multiple case studies, Assouline and Whiteman (2011) examine the two approaches that exist in understanding individuals with learning difficulties: an educational approach based on federal legislation ([[Individuals with Disabilities Education Act]]), and a psychological approach based on identifying learning or behavioral disorders as determined through diagnostic criteria.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Assouline |first1=S. G. |last2=Whiteman |first2=C. S. |title=Twice-exceptionality: Implications for school psychologists in the post–IDEA 2004 era |journal=Journal of Applied School Psychology |date=2011 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=380–402 |doi=10.1080/15377903.2011.616576 |s2cid=144683481 |url=https://sdsu-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=TN_eric_sEJ947122&context=U&vid=01CALS_SDL&lang=en_US&search_scope=EVERYTHING&tab=everything |access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> Foley-Nicpon and Assouline (2015) suggest that counselors need to understand how the individual's diagnosis was determined and (in a K–12 setting) become aware of the rights afforded to that individual via a [[Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act|504 plan]] for accommodation or an IEP. Counselors should set a goal to promote the individual's development of self-advocacy and problem-solving skills, particularly as he or she transitions out of formal education.<ref name="FoleyNicponAssouline2015"/>

==Education==
The twice-exceptional education movement started in the early 1970s with "gifted-handicapped" education,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maker |first = C. June |title = Providing programs for the gifted handicapped |year = 1977 |publisher=Council for Exceptional Children|ol = 4559927M }}</ref> a term essentially referring to the same population. The 2e education approach has 35 years of research and best practices tailored to the needs of 2e students. It is a marriage between special education and [[gifted education]]—a strengths-based, differentiated approach that provides special educational supports. Many argue that talent development is the most critical aspect of their education.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baum|first1=S.M.|last2=Owen|first2=S.V.|title=To be gifted and learning disabled: Meeting the needs of gifted students with LD, ADHD and more|date=2004|publisher=Creative Learning Press|location=Mansfield Center, CT}}</ref>

When teaching 2e students there are methods an educator should avoid. Twice exceptionality students do not respond well to lectures, and tend to gravitate more toward "big picture" learning{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}. These students have a hard time following unnecessarily strict rules, and should not be expected to conform to them. Instead, being flexible with them, and focusing more on holistic, big-picture learning is recommended.

Still, finding schools that can meet the needs of twice exceptional children can be a challenge for many parents. Public and private schools with programs that combine the appropriate levels of challenge and support for these learners are in the minority. For this reason, a number of parents choose [[alternative education]]al options for their 2e children, including [[homeschooling]] and [[virtual schools]].<ref>Neumann, L. C. (2008). No One Said It was Easy – Challenges of Parenting Twice-Exceptional Children. In M. W. Gosfield, (Ed.), ''Expert Approaches to Support Gifted Learners: Professional Perspectives, Best Practices, and Positive Solutions'' (pp. 269-276). Minneapolis: Free Spirit Publishing.</ref>

Only a handful of schools in United States offer a curriculum specifically tailored to 2e children. Some public schools offer part-time programs for twice exceptional students, where they can progress in subjects like math at their own pace, and meet other students like themselves.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

==See also==
* [[Exceptional education]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Bellis, T. J. (2002). ''When the Brain Can't Hear: Unraveling the Mystery of Auditory Processing Disorder''. New York: Atria.
* Bireley, M. (1995). ''Crossover Children: A Sourcebook for Helping Children Who Are Gifted and Learning Disabled''. Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.
* Curtis, S. E. (2008). ''Understanding Your Child's Puzzling Behavior: A Guide for Parents of Children with Behavioral, Social, and Learning Challenges''. Bainbridge Island, WA: Lifespan Press.
* Dare, L., & Nowicki, E.A. (2015). Twice-exceptionality: Parents’ perspectives on 2e identification. Roeper Review. 37(4), 208–218. doi: 10.1080/02783193.2015.1077911
* Dendy, C. A. Z. (2000). ''Teaching Teens with ADD and AD/HD: A Quick Reference Guide for Teachers and Parents''. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House.
* Eide, B. & F. (2006). ''The Mislabeled Child''. New York: Hyperion.
* Johnsen, S. K. & Kendrick, J. (2005). ''Teaching Gifted Students with Disabilities''. Waco: Prufrock Press.
* Kaufman, R.K (2014). Autism Breakthrough . The Son Rise Program Developmental Model, New York: [www.stmartins.com St. Martin's Press]
* Levine, M. (2002). ''The Myth of Laziness''. New York: Simon & Schuster.
* Lovecky, Deirdre (2004). ''Different Minds: Gifted Children With AD/HD, Asperger Syndrome, and other Learning Deficits''. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
* Miller, L. J. (2006). ''Sensational Kids: Hope and Help for Children with Sensory Processing Disorder''. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
* Probst, B. (2008). ''When the Labels Don't Fit: A New Approach to Raising a Challenging Child''. New York: Three Rivers Press.
* Rivero, L. (2002). ''Creative Home Schooling: A Resource Guide for Smart Families''. Scottsdale: Great Potential Press.
* Schultz, S. M. (2009). Twice-exceptional Students Participating in Advanced Placement and other College Classes while Still in High School. USA: VDM
* Silverman, L. (2002). ''Upside-Down Brilliance: The Visual-Spatial Learner''. Denver: DeLeon Publishing, Inc.
* Vail, Priscilla (1989). ''Smart Kids with School Problems: Things to Know and Ways to Help''. New York: Plume.
* Weinfeld, R., Jeweler, S., Barnes-Robinson, L., Shevitz, B. (2006). ''Smart Kids with Learning Difficulties: Overcoming Obstacles and Realizing Potential''. Waco: Prufrock Press.

==External links==
* [https://www.2enews.com/ 2eNews.com]
* [https://www.aegus1.org Association for the Education of Gifted Underachieving Students]
* [https://www.youngwonks.com/blog/Top-Schools-for-2e-Kids-in-the-US Top Schools For 2E Kids in The U.S.]
* [http://hoagiesgifted.org Hoagies' Gifted Education Page]
* [http://www.uniquelygifted.org Uniquely Gifted]
* [http://giftedhomeschoolers.org Gifted Homeschoolers Forum]
* [http://www.nea.org/assets/docs/twiceexceptional.pdf The Twice-Exceptional Dilemma]
* [https://www.thelangschool.org/mission The Lang School]
* [http://www.quadprep.org/ The Quad Preparatory School]
* [https://www.teca2e.org/ TECA 2e – Twice Exceptional Children's Advocacy]
* [https://www.bridges.edu/2e-center.html Bridges 2e Center for Research & Professional Development]
*

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Twice Exceptional}}
[[Category:Giftedness]]
[[Category:Educational psychology]]
[[Category:Special education]]
[[Category:Childhood]]
[[Category:Parenting]]

Autistic masking

2024-07-10T11:18:13Z

TempusTacet: "criteria" is plural ("criterion" is the singular) & Psychology Today is of lower quality than the academic sources

{{Short description|Suppression of autistic behaviors and compensation of social difficulties in autistic people}}
'''Autistic masking''', also referred to as '''camouflaging''' or '''neurodivergent masking''', is the conscious or subconscious suppression of [[Autism spectrum|autistic]] behaviors and compensation of difficulties in [[social interaction]] by autistic people with the goal of being perceived as [[neurotypical]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Petrolini |first1=Valentina |last2=Rodríguez-Armendariz |first2=Ekaine |last3=Vicente |first3=Agustín |date=2023 |title=Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X22000629 |journal=[[New Ideas in Psychology]] |language=en |volume=68 |pages=100992 |doi=10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992|hdl=10810/59712 |s2cid=253316582 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":32" /> [[Masking (personality)|Masking]] is a learned [[coping strategy]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Hull |first1=Laura |last2=Petrides |first2=K. V. |last3=Allison |first3=Carrie |last4=Smith |first4=Paula |last5=Baron-Cohen |first5=Simon |author-link5=Simon Baron-Cohen |last6=Lai |first6=Meng-Chuan |last7=Mandy |first7=William |date=2017 |title="Putting on My Best Normal": Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5 |journal=[[Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders]] |language=en |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=2519–2534 |doi=10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5 |pmc=5509825 |pmid=28527095}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lawson |first=Wenn B. |date=2020 |title=Adaptive Morphing and Coping with Social Threat in Autism: An Autistic Perspective |url=https://doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2020.08.03.29 |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment |language=en-gb |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=519–526 |doi=10.6000/2292-2598.2020.08.03.29 |s2cid=224896658 |issn=2292-2598}}</ref> that can be successful from the perspective of autistic people, but can also lead to adverse [[mental health]] outcomes.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Sedgewick |first1=Felicity |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1287133295 |title=Autism and Masking: How and Why People Do It, and the Impact It Can Have |last2=Hull |first2=Laura |last3=Ellis |first3=Helen |date=2021 |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-78775-580-2 |location=London |oclc=1287133295}}</ref>

== Terminology ==
There is no universally agreed-upon terminology for the concept.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":2" />{{Rp|pages=16–17}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Julia |last2=Hull |first2=Laura |last3=Crane |first3=Laura |last4=Mandy |first4=William |date=2021 |title=Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735821001239 |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |language=en |volume=89 |pages=102080 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102080 |pmid=34563942 |s2cid=237942158 |issn=0272-7358}}</ref> While some use the terms ''masking'' and ''camouflaging'' synonymously,<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Amy |last2=Rose |first2=Kieran |date=2021 |title=A Conceptual Analysis of Autistic Masking: Understanding the Narrative of Stigma and the Illusion of Choice |journal=[[Autism in Adulthood]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=52–60 |doi=10.1089/aut.2020.0043 |pmc=8992880 |pmid=36601266}}</ref><ref name=":2" />{{Rp|pages=16–17}} others distinguish between ''masking'' (the suppression of behaviors) and ''compensation'' (of social difficulties) as the two main forms of ''camouflaging''.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Livingston |first1=Lucy Anne |last2=Shah |first2=Punit |last3=Happé |first3=Francesca |author-link3=Francesca Happé |date=2019 |title=Compensatory strategies below the behavioural surface in autism: a qualitative study |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30224-x |journal=[[The Lancet Psychiatry]] |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=766–777 |doi=10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30224-x |issn=2215-0366 |pmc=6706698 |pmid=31350208}}</ref> Among autistic people, ''masking'' is the most commonly used [[umbrella term]].<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=16}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Cassidy |first=Elizabeth |date=2018-08-16 |title=Autistic Adults Start Campaign to Put an End to This 'Harmful' Behavior |url=https://themighty.com/topic/autism-spectrum-disorder/take-the-mask-off-campaign-autism-masking/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=The Mighty |language=en}} Cited as an example in {{Cite journal |last1=Petrolini |first1=Valentina |last2=Rodríguez-Armendariz |first2=Ekaine |last3=Vicente |first3=Agustín |date=2023 |title=Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0732118X22000629 |journal=[[New Ideas in Psychology]] |language=en |volume=68 |pages=100992 |doi=10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992|hdl=10810/59712 |s2cid=253316582 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The process of consciously giving up masking, which some autistic people see as a desirable goal, is referred to as ''unmasking''.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Price |first=Devon |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1321047301 |title=Unmasking Autism: The Power of Embracing Our Hidden Neurodiversity |date=2022 |publisher=Monoray |isbn=978-1-80096-054-1 |location=London |oclc=1321047301 |author-link=Devon Price}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mandy |first=Will |date=2019 |title=Social camouflaging in autism: Is it time to lose the mask? |journal=[[Autism (journal)|Autism]] |language=en |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=1879–1881 |doi=10.1177/1362361319878559|pmid=31552745 |s2cid=202762080 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Motivations for unmasking include no longer hiding one's true identity and avoiding adverse mental health outcomes.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1" />

== Forms==
Typical examples of autistic masking include the suppression of [[stimming]] and reactions to [[sensory overload]].<ref name=":4" /> To compensate difficulties in social interaction with neurotypical peers, autistic people might maintain [[eye contact]] despite discomfort or mirror the [[body language]] and [[Intonation (linguistics)|tone]] of others.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":32" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last1=Hull |first1=Laura |last2=Petrides |first2=K. V. |last3=Mandy |first3=William |date=2020 |title=The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review |journal=Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=306–317 |doi=10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9|s2cid=256402443 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Autistic people with conversational difficulties may also use more complex strategies such as scripting a conversation outline, developing conscious "rules" for conversations, carefully monitoring if these are being followed.<ref name=":4" /> Many autistic people learn conversational rules and social behaviors by watching television shows and other media and by observing and mimicking a character's behavior.<ref name=":52" /> Masking may also include refraining from talking about [[Special_interest_(autism)|passionate interests]].<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":4" />

Autistic people have cited social acceptance, the need to get a job, and the avoidance of ostracism or verbal or physical abuse as reasons for masking.<ref name="neurology">{{cite web |last=Haelle |first=Tara |date=2018-04-18 |title=The Consequences of Compensation in Autism |url=https://www.neurologyadvisor.com/topics/autism-spectrum-disorder/the-consequences-of-compensation-in-autism/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Neurology Advisor |publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group]]}}</ref>

== Consequences ==
Masking requires an exceptional effort<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Danielle |last2=Rees |first2=Jon |last3=Pearson |first3=Amy |date=2021-12-01 |title="Masking Is Life": Experiences of Masking in Autistic and Nonautistic Adults |journal=[[Autism in Adulthood]] |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=330–338 |doi=10.1089/aut.2020.0083 |issn=2573-9581 |pmc=8992921 |pmid=36601640}}</ref> and is a main cause of [[autistic burnout]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Deweerdt |first=Sarah |date=2020-03-30 |title=Autistic burnout, explained |url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/autistic-burnout-explained/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |journal=Spectrum |publisher=[[Simons Foundation]] |language=en-US |doi=10.53053/bpzp2355|s2cid=251634477 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Arnold |first1=Samuel RC |last2=Higgins |first2=Julianne M |last3=Weise |first3=Janelle |last4=Desai |first4=Aishani |last5=Pellicano |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Trollor |first6=Julian N |date=2023 |title=Confirming the nature of autistic burnout |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13623613221147410 |journal=[[Autism (journal)|Autism]] |volume=27 |issue=7 |language=en |pages=1906–1918 |doi=10.1177/13623613221147410|pmid=36637293 |s2cid=255773489 }}</ref> It is linked with adverse [[mental health]] outcomes<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=6A02 Autism spectrum disorder. |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/437815624 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=[[ICD-11|ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics]] |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Russo |first=Francine |date=21 February 2018 |title=The Costs of Camouflaging Autism |url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/costs-camouflaging-autism/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Spectrum |publisher=[[Simons Foundation]]}}</ref> such as [[Stress (biology)|stress]],<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Radulski |first=Elizabeth M. |date=2022 |title=Conceptualising Autistic Masking, Camouflaging, and Neurotypical Privilege: Towards a Minority Group Model of Neurodiversity |url=https://doi.org/10.1159/000524122 |journal=[[Human Development (journal)|Human Development]] |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=113–127 |doi=10.1159/000524122|s2cid=248864273 }}</ref> [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety]], [[Clinical Depression|depression]], and other [[Psychological Disorders|psychological disorders]],<ref name=":7" /> [[Identity (social science)|loss of identity]],<ref name=":7" /> and [[Suicidal ideation|suicidality]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cassidy |first1=Sarah |last2=Bradley |first2=Louise |last3=Shaw |first3=Rebecca |last4=Baron-Cohen |first4=Simon |author-link4=Simon Baron-Cohen |date=2018 |title=Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults |journal=[[Molecular Autism]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=42 |doi=10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4 |issn=2040-2392 |pmc=6069847 |pmid=30083306 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cassidy |first1=S. A. |last2=Gould |first2=K. |last3=Townsend |first3=E. |last4=Pelton |first4=M. |last5=Robertson |first5=A. E. |last6=Rodgers |first6=J. |date=2020 |title=Is Camouflaging Autistic Traits Associated with Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours? Expanding the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide in an Undergraduate Student Sample |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04323-3 |journal=[[Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders]] |language=en |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=3638–3648 |doi=10.1007/s10803-019-04323-3 |issn=1573-3432 |pmc=7502035 |pmid=31820344}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cage |first1=Eilidh |year=2017 |title=Experiences of Autism Acceptance and Mental Health in Autistic Adults |journal=[[Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders]] |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=473–484 |doi=10.1007/s10803-017-3342-7 |pmc=5807490 |pmid=29071566 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some studies find that compensation strategies are seen as contributing to leading a successful and satisfactory life.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> Since many studies on masking focus on autistic adults without [[cognitive impairments]], it is questionable whether their findings generalize across the autism spectrum.<ref name=":13" />

Masking may conceal the person's need for support.<ref name="neurology" /> It can complicate a diagnosis of [[Autism-spectrum disorder|autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD), particularly past childhood, as relevant symptoms are suppressed or compensated for.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=[[American Psychiatric Association]] |title=[[DSM-5-TR|Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision]] |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-89042-575-6 |location=Washington, DC |doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 |s2cid=249488050}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=60–62}} The diagnostic criteria for ASD in the [[DSM-5]] published in 2013 explicitly state that while symptoms "must be present in the early developmental period", these "may be masked by learned strategies in later life", allowing for a diagnosis even if autistic behaviors and difficulties are successfully masked.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=57}}<ref name=":11">{{Citation |last1=Kapp |first1=Steven K. |title=Lobbying Autism's Diagnostic Revision in the DSM-5 |date=2020 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0_13.pdf |work=Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement: Stories from the Frontline |pages=167–194 |editor-last=Kapp |editor-first=Steven K. |access-date=2023-06-08 |place=Singapore |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0_13 |isbn=978-981-13-8437-0 |last2=Ne'eman |first2=Ari |s2cid=209465381 |author-link2=Ari Ne'eman}}</ref> Addition of such a formulation was proposed to the workgroup drafting the criteria by representatives of the [[Autistic Self Advocacy Network]].<ref name=":11" /> The diagnostic criteria for ASD in the [[ICD-11]] (2022) contain a similar provision.<ref name=":62" />

It has been hypothesized that masking may play an important role in explaining why autistic [[Woman|women]] and [[Non-binary gender|non-binary persons]]<ref name=":32" /> are significantly less often recognized and diagnosed as autistic compared to men.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":52" /> This hypothesis was put forward by [[Lorna Wing]] as early as 1981<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=20}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wing |first=Lorna |author-link=Lorna Wing |date=1981 |title=Sex ratios in early childhood autism and related conditions |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0165178181900433 |journal=[[Psychiatry Research]] |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=129–137 |doi=10.1016/0165-1781(81)90043-3|pmid=6945608 |s2cid=41912698 }}</ref>{{Rp|page=134}} and is recognized in the [[DSM-5-TR]] published in 2022.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=65}}

== Research ==
While masking was written about and discussed among autistic people, it has only become a focus of academic research since the 2010s.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=18}} The ''Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire'' (CAT-Q), a first [[Self-report|self-report measure]] for camouflaging, was published in 2018.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Hull |first1=Laura |last2=Mandy |first2=William |last3=Lai |first3=Meng-Chuan |last4=Baron-Cohen |first4=Simon |author-link4=Simon Baron-Cohen |last5=Allison |first5=Carrie |last6=Smith |first6=Paula |last7=Petrides |first7=K. V. |date=2019 |orig-date=Published 25 October 2018 |title=Development and Validation of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) |journal=[[Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders]] |language=en |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=819–833 |doi=10.1007/s10803-018-3792-6 |pmc=6394586 |pmid=30361940}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Zachary J. |date=2022 |title=Commentary: The construct validity of 'camouflaging' in autism: psychometric considerations and recommendations for future research ‐ reflection on Lai et al. (2020) |journal=[[Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry]] |language=en |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=118–121 |doi=10.1111/jcpp.13468 |pmc=8678389 |pmid=34145574}}</ref> Across 25 items, it measures the extent to which a person utilizes strategies to actively compensate for difficulties in social situations (Compensation, 9 items), uses strategies to hide autistic characteristics or portray a non-autistic persona (Masking, 8 items), and employs strategies to fit in with others in social situations (Assimilation, 8 items).<ref name=":10" />

In light of rising awareness of the adverse mental health outcomes of masking and insight into the [[double empathy problem]], therapies and interventions with implicit or explicit targets of instilling neurotypical behavior in autistic people and suppression of autistic traits are controversial.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Schuck |first1=Rachel K. |last2=Tagavi |first2=Daina M. |last3=Baiden |first3=Kaitlynn M. P. |last4=Dwyer |first4=Patrick |last5=Williams |first5=Zachary J. |last6=Osuna |first6=Anthony |last7=Ferguson |first7=Emily F. |last8=Jimenez Muñoz |first8=Maria |last9=Poyser |first9=Samantha K. |last10=Johnson |first10=Joy F. |last11=Vernon |first11=Ty W. |date=2022 |title=Neurodiversity and Autism Intervention: Reconciling Perspectives Through a Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention Framework |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05316-x |journal=[[Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders]] |language=en |volume=52 |issue=10 |pages=4625–4645 |doi=10.1007/s10803-021-05316-x |pmc=9508016 |pmid=34643863}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=Geraldine |last2=Franz |first2=Lauren |last3=Brandsen |first3=S. |date=2022 |title=At a Crossroads—Reconsidering the Goals of Autism Early Behavioral Intervention From a Neurodiversity Perspective |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2794074 |journal=[[JAMA Pediatrics]] |volume=176 |issue=9 |pages=839–840 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2299 |pmc=10069446 |pmid=35816341 }}</ref> Some autistic adults subjected to [[applied behavior analysis]] therapies as children describe being forced to behave like neurotypical peers, contrary to their true identity, with detrimental effects on their mental and overall well-being.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McGill |first1=Owen |last2=Robinson |first2=Anna |date=2020 |title="Recalling hidden harms": autistic experiences of childhood applied behavioural analysis (ABA) |url=https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/73753/1/McGill_Robinson_AA_2020_autistic_experiences_of_childhood_Applied_Behavioural_Analysis.pdf |journal=Advances in Autism |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1108/AIA-04-2020-0025 |s2cid=225282499 |via=Strathprints (University of Strathclyde)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Laura K |date=2023 |title=Autistic experiences of applied behavior analysis |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13623613221118216 |journal=[[Autism (journal)|Autism]] |language= |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=737–750 |doi=10.1177/13623613221118216 |pmid=35999706 |s2cid=251766661 |issn=1362-3613}}</ref>

There are some research studies centering around the experiences of masking by comparing different groups of people. In 2021, researchers conducted an online survey that compares the experiences of masking in people with autism, neurodivergent people without autism, and neurotypical people. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Danielle |last2=Rees |first2=Jon |last3=Pearson |first3=Amy |date=2021-12-01 |title="Masking Is Life": Experiences of Masking in Autistic and Nonautistic Adults |journal=Autism in Adulthood |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=330–338 |doi=10.1089/aut.2020.0083 |issn=2573-9581 |pmc=8992921 |pmid=36601640}}</ref> They found that the behavior of masking is shared across all types of people, but some aspects of masking are more specific to people with autism, such as sensory suppression and suppression of stimming. Researchers also situated this into a workplace context and examined workplace masking experiences for autistic, non-autistic, and neurotypical adults in the UK. They identified eight emerging themes from the survey and reported large overlap among three groups such as reasonings and perceptions of benefits and drawbacks: both neurodivergent and neurotypical people adopted masking strategies to achieve social goals, indicating that masking is more like a common rather exclusive experience. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pryke-Hobbes |first1=Amber |last2=Davies |first2=Jade |last3=Heasman |first3=Brett |last4=Livesey |first4=Adam |last5=Walker |first5=Amy |last6=Pellicano |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Remington |first7=Anna |date=2023-09-06 |editor-last=Rosenbaum |editor-first=Janet E. |title=The workplace masking experiences of autistic, non-autistic neurodivergent and neurotypical adults in the UK |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=e0290001 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0290001 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=10482295 |pmid=37672533 |bibcode=2023PLoSO..1890001P |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Some qualitative research focused more on the masking experiences specifically for autistic people. A study in 2022 conducted semi-structured interviews with twenty autistic teenagers and observed how masking is associated with mental health (but not necessarily in linear relationship) and how both of them are affected by social and environmental factors. They stressed the need of approaching masking, authenticity, and mental health through the context of people's identities and also the environment, additionally providing some implications to diagnostic services and interventions.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=Louise |last2=Rose |first2=Kieran |last3=Hull |first3=Laura |last4=Mandy |first4=William |date=2022-11-01 |title="I want to fit in… but I don't want to change myself fundamentally": A qualitative exploration of the relationship between masking and mental health for autistic teenagers |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750946722001568 |journal=Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders |volume=99 |pages=102069 |doi=10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102069 |s2cid=253495529 |issn=1750-9467|doi-access=free }}</ref> Across autism spectrum, there's also an overview of masking/camouflaging characterizations which explores the analogy between camouflaging and passing and argues how masking may be further different for understudied groups across the spectrum like children and adults with linguistic disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petrolini |first1=Valentina |last2=Rodríguez-Armendariz |first2=Ekaine |last3=Vicente |first3=Agustín |date=2023-01-01 |title=Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X22000629 |journal=New Ideas in Psychology |volume=68 |pages=100992 |doi=10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992 |s2cid=253316582 |issn=0732-118X|doi-access=free |hdl=10810/59712 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In addition to masking, researchers investigated the 'authenticity' people with autism feel while socializing and observed how supportive environments like being around people who accept and understand them can lead to their self-awareness and bring more positive socializing experiences than camouflaging.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Julia M |last2=Crane |first2=Laura |last3=Mandy |first3=William |date=2023-07-05 |title=Dropping the mask: It takes two |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13623613231183059 |journal=Autism |language=en |doi=10.1177/13623613231183059 |pmid=37403917 |s2cid=259335250 |issn=1362-3613|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, this doesn't imply that autistic 'masking' is equivalent to non-authenticity. Researchers proposed that the focus should not be encouraging masking, but promoting autistic authenticity which brings more positive self-image and better mental health. <ref name=":03" />

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last1=Sedgewick |first1=Felicity |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1287133295 |title=Autism and Masking: How and Why People Do It, and the Impact It Can Have |last2=Hull |first2=Laura |last3=Ellis |first3=Helen |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-78775-580-2 |location=London |language=en |oclc=1287133295}}
* {{Cite book |last=Price |first=Devon |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1321047301 |title=Unmasking Autism: The Power of Embracing Our Hidden Neurodiversity |date=2022 |publisher=Monoray |isbn=978-1-80096-054-1 |location=London |oclc=1321047301 |author-link=Devon Price}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hull |first1=Laura |title=Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders |last2=Mandy |first2=William |publisher=Springer |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4614-6435-8 |editor-last=Volkmar |editor-first=Fred R. |editor-link=Fred Volkmar |place=New York, NY |pages= 1–5|chapter=Social Camouflaging in Adults with ASD |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102389-1|s2cid=241947187 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Petrolini |first1=Valentina |last2=Rodríguez-Armendariz |first2=Ekaine |last3=Vicente |first3=Agustín |date=2023 |title=Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0732118X22000629 |journal=[[New Ideas in Psychology]] |language=en |volume=68 |pages=100992 |doi=10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992|hdl=10810/59712 |s2cid=253316582 |hdl-access=free }}

== External links ==

* Eva Silvertant: [https://embrace-autism.com/autism-and-camouflaging/ Autism & camouflaging] Embrace Autism, 2020.
* Francine Russo: [https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/costs-camouflaging-autism/ The costs of camouflaging autism] ''Spectrum.'' [[Simons Foundation]], 2018
{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}

[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]
[[Category:Passing (sociology)]]

Simon Baron-Cohen

2023-07-30T19:01:37Z

TempusTacet: /* Reception */ no need to cite all these papers

{{Short description|British psychologist and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = [[Knight Bachelor|Sir]]
| name = Simon Baron-Cohen
| honorific_suffix = {{postnom|country=GBR|size=100|FBA|FBPsS|FMedSci}}
| image = Simon Baron-Cohen.jpg
| caption = Baron-Cohen in 2011
| birth_name = Simon Philip Baron-Cohen
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1958|8|15}}
| birth_place = [[Hampstead]], [[London]], England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{hlist | [[Psychology]] | [[cognitive neuroscience]]}}
| work_institutions = [[University of Cambridge]]
| alma_mater = {{plainlist |
* [[New College, Oxford]] (BA)
* [[King's College, London]] (MPhil)
* [[University College, London]] (PhD)
}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Uta Frith]]
| doctoral_students =
| thesis_title = Social Cognition and Pretend-Play in Autism
| thesis_year = 1985
| thesis_url = http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349440/1/360290.pdf
| known_for = [[Autism|Autism research]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| spouse = {{marriage|Bridget Lindley|1987|2 March 2016|end=died}}
| prizes = Kanner-Asperger Medal (2013)<ref name=WGAS>{{cite web |url=http://www.wgas-autismus.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81&Itemid=103&lang=en |publisher=Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Autismus-Spektrum (WGAS) |title=Awardees |access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref>
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sir Simon Philip Baron-Cohen''' {{postnom|country=GBR|FBA|FBPsS|FMedSci}} (born 15 August 1958)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=SpCUE4FVoedUljt5ruhiUA&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=3 June 2021|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}}</ref> is a British [[clinical psychologist]] and professor of [[developmental psychopathology]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]. He is the director of the university's [[Autism Research Centre]] and a Fellow of [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]]. In 1985, Baron-Cohen formulated the [[mind-blindness|mindblindness]] theory of [[autism]], the evidence for which he collated and published in 1995. In 1997, he formulated the [[Extreme male brain|foetal sex steroid theory of autism]], the key test of which was published in 2015.

He has also made major contributions to the research of [[Sex differences in psychology#Psychological traits|cognitive sex differences]], autism prevalence and screening, autism genetics, autism [[neuroimaging]], autism and technical ability, and [[synaesthesia]]. Baron-Cohen was [[knighted]] in the [[2021 New Year Honours]] for services to autistic people.

==Early life and education==
Baron-Cohen was born into a middle-class [[History of the Jews in England|Jewish]] family in [[London]].<ref name="Glazer_2010">{{cite web | vauthors = Glazer S | date = July–August 2010 |url=https://www.momentmag.com/the-provocative-baron-cohen-clan/|title=The Provocative Baron Cohen Clan {{!}} Page 7 of 9|website=Moment Magazine - The Next 5,000 Years of Conversation Begin Here|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/simon-baron-cohen-ali-gs-smarter-cousin-and-britains-leading-expert-on-autism-1688427.html|title=Simon Baron-Cohen: Ali G's smarter cousin and Britain's leading expert|date=2009-05-23|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref><ref name="Suzie">{{cite news | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S |title=My special sister Suzie |url= https://www.thejc.com/simon-baron-cohen-my-special-sister-suzie-1.54020 |access-date=11 June 2019 |newspaper=[[The Jewish Chronicle]]}}</ref> He has an elder brother [[Dan Baron Cohen]] and three younger siblings, brother [[Ash Baron-Cohen]] and sisters Suzie and Liz.<ref name="Suzie"/> His cousins include actor and comedian [[Sacha Baron Cohen]] and composer [[Erran Baron Cohen]].<ref name="Glazer_2010" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/life-and-society/2007/02/baron-cohen-autism-children |title=Time Out with Nick Cohen |work= [[New Statesman]] |date= 26 February 2007 |access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref><ref name=QA>{{cite magazine |url=http://healthland.time.com/2011/05/30/mind-reading-psychologist-simon-baron-cohen-on-empathy-and-the-science-of-evil/ |title=Q&A: Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen on empathy and the science of evil | vauthors = Szalavitz M |magazine=Time |date=30 May 2011 |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref>

He completed a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[human sciences]] at [[New College, Oxford]], and an [[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]] in clinical psychology at the [[Institute of Psychiatry]], [[King's College London]]. He received a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in [[psychology]] at [[University College London]];<ref name=ARCBio/> his doctoral research was in collaboration with his supervisor [[Uta Frith]].<ref name= PMC2409181>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bishop DV | title = Forty years on: Uta Frith's contribution to research on autism and dyslexia, 1966-2006 | journal = Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume = 61 | issue = 1 | pages = 16–26 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18038335 | pmc = 2409181 | doi = 10.1080/17470210701508665 | author-link = Dorothy V. M. Bishop }}</ref>

==Autism research==
In 1997, Baron-Cohen developed the "[[empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory]]" which states that humans may be classified on the basis of their scores along two dimensions (empathizing and systemizing). The E-S theory argues that typical females on average score higher on empathizing relative to systemizing (they are more likely to have a brain of type E), and typical males on average score higher on systemizing relative to empathizing (they are more likely to have a brain of type S). Autistic people are predicted to score as an extreme of the typical male (they are more likely to have a brain of type S or extreme type S).<ref name="Greenberg_2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Greenberg DM, Warrier V, Allison C, Baron-Cohen S | title = Testing the Empathizing-Systemizing theory of sex differences and the Extreme Male Brain theory of autism in half a million people | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 115 | issue = 48 | pages = 12152–12157 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30420503 | pmc = 6275492 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1811032115 | bibcode = 2018PNAS..11512152G | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Scientific American 2012">{{cite news |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-geeky-couples-more-likely-to-have-kids-with-autism/ |url-access=subscription |author=Baron-Cohen, Simon |title=Are geeky couples more likely to have kids with autism? |work=[[Scientific American]] |date=9 November 2012 |access-date=14 April 2018}} [https://www.neuroscience.cam.ac.uk/publications/download.php?id=20821 Pdf]. Now in {{cite book |title=Understanding Autism: The Search for Answers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyxouMf3ZYC |chapter=4.4. Autism and the Technical Mind |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyxouMf3ZYC&q=%22Autism+and+the+Technical+Mind%22%22In+1997+my+colleague+Sally+Wheelwright+and+I+conducted+a+study+involving+nearly+2,000+families+in+the+U.K.+We+included+about+half+these+families+because+they+had+at+least+one+child%22&pg=PT73 |isbn=978-1-4668-3385-2 |publisher=Scientific American |date=18 March 2013}}</ref>

Baron-Cohen's "assortative mating theory" that if individuals with a "systemizing" focus or "type S" brain are [[Assortative mating|selecting each other as mates]], they are more likely to have children with autism.<ref name="Scientific American 2012" /><ref name="Time" /> This has been supported in a population study in Eindhoven, where autism rates are twice as high in that city that is an IT hub, compared to other Dutch cities.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Roelfsema MT, Hoekstra RA, Allison C, Wheelwright S, Brayne C, Matthews FE, Baron-Cohen S | title = Are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in an information-technology region? A school-based study of three regions in the Netherlands | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 734–9 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 21681590 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-011-1302-1 | s2cid = 220754158 | url = http://oro.open.ac.uk/28986/5/Roelfsema_et_al__ASC_prevalence_NL_JADD_in_press.pdf }}</ref>

In 2001, he developed the [[autism-spectrum quotient]] (AQ), a set of fifty questions that can be used to help determine whether or not an adult exhibits symptoms of autism.<ref name="Woodbury-Smith">{{cite journal | vauthors = Woodbury-Smith MR, Robinson J, Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S | title = Screening adults for Asperger Syndrome using the AQ: a preliminary study of its diagnostic validity in clinical practice | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 331–5 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 16119474 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-005-3300-7 | s2cid = 13013701 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.653.8639 }}</ref> The AQ has subsequently been used in hundreds of studies including one study of half a million people, showing robust sex differences and higher scores in those who work in [[STEM]].<ref name="Greenberg_2018" /><ref name="pmid26488477">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruzich E, Allison C, Chakrabarti B, Smith P, Musto H, Ring H, Baron-Cohen S | title = Sex and STEM Occupation Predict Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Scores in Half a Million People | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = e0141229 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26488477 | pmc = 4619566 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0141229 | bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1041229R | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Prenatal neuroendocrinology ===
Baron-Cohen's work in E-S theory led him to investigate whether higher levels of prenatal [[testosterone]] explain the increased rate of autism among males.<ref name="Scientific American 2012" /> His prenatal sex steroid theory of autism gained additional support in 2015 and 2019 in finding elevated prenatal [[Androgen|androgens]] and [[Estrogen|estrogens]]{{Clarify|date=November 2021|reason=what are androgens estrogens?}} are associated with autism.<ref name="Baron-Cohen 1–9">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Tsompanidis A, Auyeung B, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard DM, Abdallah M, Cohen A, Pohl A | display-authors = 6 | title = Foetal oestrogens and autism | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 25 | issue = 11 | pages = 2970–2978 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 31358906 | pmc = 7577840 | doi = 10.1038/s41380-019-0454-9 | s2cid = 198982283 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Baron-Cohen_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Auyeung B, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard DM, Abdallah MW, Melgaard L, Cohen AS, Chakrabarti B, Ruta L, Lombardo MV | display-authors = 6 | title = Elevated fetal steroidogenic activity in autism | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 369–76 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 24888361 | pmc = 4184868 | doi = 10.1038/mp.2014.48 }}</ref>

In his 2004 book ''Prenatal Testosterone in Mind'' ([[MIT Press]]), Baron-Cohen put forward the prenatal sex steroid theory of autism.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Knickmeyer RC, Belmonte MK | title = Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism. | journal = Science | date = November 2005 | volume = 310 | issue = 5749 | pages = 819–23 | doi = 10.1126/science.1115455 | pmid = 16272115 | bibcode = 2005Sci...310..819B | s2cid = 44330420 | url = http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/2710/1/219535_PubSub1971_Belmonte.pdf }}</ref> He proposed this theory to understand why autism is more common in males. Using the Cambridge Child Development Project that he established in 1997, a [[longitudinal study]] studying children of 600 women who had undergone [[amniocentesis]] in [[pregnancy]], he followed these children postnatally. This study demonstrated, for the first time in humans, how normative variation in amniotic prenatal testosterone levels correlates with individual differences in typical postnatal brain and behavioral development. His team discovered that in typical children, amount of eye contact, rate of vocabulary development, quality of social relationships, theory of mind performance, and scores on the [[empathy quotient]] are all inversely correlated with prenatal testosterone levels. In contrast, he found that scores on the [[Embedded-figure test|embedded figures test]] (of attention to detail), on the [[systemizing quotient]] (SQ), measures of narrow interests, and number of autistic traits are positively correlated with prenatal testosterone levels.<ref name="pmid21695109">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Lombardo MV, Auyeung B, Ashwin E, Chakrabarti B, Knickmeyer R | title = Why are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in males? | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 9 | issue = 6 | pages = e1001081 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21695109 | pmc = 3114757 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001081 }}</ref> Within this study his team conducted the first human neuroimaging studies of brain grey matter regional volumes and brain activity associated with prenatal testosterone.<ref name="pmid22238103">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lombardo MV, Ashwin E, Auyeung B, Chakrabarti B, Taylor K, Hackett G, Bullmore ET, Baron-Cohen S | title = Fetal testosterone influences sexually dimorphic gray matter in the human brain | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 674–80 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22238103 | pmc = 3306238 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4389-11.2012 }}</ref> Other clues for the theory came from Baron-Cohen's postnatal hormonal studies which found that autistic adults have elevated circulating [[androgen]]s in serum<ref name="pmid20877284">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwarz E, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Wang L, Levin Y, Ingudomnukul E, Ruta L, Kent L, Spain M, Baron-Cohen S, Bahn S | title = Sex-specific serum biomarker patterns in adults with Asperger's syndrome | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 16 | issue = 12 | pages = 1213–20 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 20877284 | doi = 10.1038/mp.2010.102 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and that the autistic brain in women is ‘masculinized’ in both [[Grey matter|grey]] and [[white matter]] brain volume.<ref name="pmid23935125">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Suckling J, Ruigrok AN, Chakrabarti B, Ecker C, Deoni SC, Craig MC, Murphy DG, Bullmore ET, Baron-Cohen S | collaboration = MRC AIMS Consortium | title = Biological sex affects the neurobiology of autism | journal = Brain: A Journal of Neurology | volume = 136 | issue = Pt 9 | pages = 2799–815 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23935125 | pmc = 3754459 | doi = 10.1093/brain/awt216 }}</ref> An independent animal model by Xu et al. (2015, Physiology and Behavior, 138, 13–20) showed that elevated prenatal testosterone during pregnancy leads to reduced social interest in the offspring. Baron-Cohen's group also studied the rate of autism in offspring of mothers with [[polycystic ovary syndrome]] (PCOS), a medical condition caused by elevated prenatal testosterone. He found that in women with PCOS, the odds of having a child with autism are significantly increased.<ref name="pmid30065244">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cherskov A, Pohl A, Allison C, Zhang H, Payne RA, Baron-Cohen S | title = Polycystic ovary syndrome and autism: A test of the prenatal sex steroid theory | journal = Translational Psychiatry | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 136 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30065244 | pmc = 6068102 | doi = 10.1038/s41398-018-0186-7 }}</ref> This has been replicated in three other countries (Sweden, Finland, and Israel) and is in line with the finding that mothers of autistic children themselves have elevated sex [[Steroid hormone|steroid hormones]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rotem RS, Nguyen VT, Chodick G, Davidovitch M, Shalev V, Hauser R, Coull BA, Bellavia A, Weisskopf MG | display-authors = 6 | title = Associations of Maternal Androgen-Related Conditions With Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Progeny and Mediation by Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Fertility Factors | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 190 | issue = 4 | pages = 600–610 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33521821 | pmc = 8024051 | doi = 10.1093/aje/kwaa219 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kosidou K, Dalman C, Widman L, Arver S, Lee BK, Magnusson C, Gardner RM | title = Maternal polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in the offspring: a population-based nationwide study in Sweden | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 21 | issue = 10 | pages = 1441–8 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 26643539 | pmc = 5030459 | doi = 10.1038/mp.2015.183 }}</ref> But to really test the theory, Baron-Cohen needed a much larger sample than his Cambridge Child Development Project, since autism only occurs in 1% of the population. So, in 2015, he set up a collaboration with the Danish Biobank which has stored over 20 thousand [[amniotic fluid]] samples which he linked to later diagnosis of autism via the Danish Psychiatric Register. He tested the prenatal androgens and found that children later diagnosed as autistic were exposed to elevated levels of prenatal testosterone, and the Δ4 sex steroid precursors to prenatal testosterone.<ref name="Baron-Cohen_2015" /> In 2019 he tested the same cohort's levels of exposure to prenatal estrogens and again found these were elevated in pregnancies that resulted in autism.<ref name="Baron-Cohen 1–9"/> These novel studies provide evidence of the role of prenatal hormones, interacting with [[genetic predisposition]], in the cause of autism.

=== Developmental social cognitive neuroscience ===
While a member of the Cognitive Development Unit (CDU) in London in 1985, to explain the social-communication deficits in autism, Baron-Cohen and his colleagues Frith and [[Alan M. Leslie|Alan Leslie]] formulated the "[[theory of mind]]" (ToM) hypothesis. ToM (also known as "[[Empathy|cognitive empathy]]") is the brain's partially innate mechanism for rapidly making sense of social behavior by effortlessly attributing mental states to others, enabling behavioral prediction and [[social communication]] skills.<ref name="SFARI">{{cite web |url= https://sfari.org/news-and-opinion/classic-paper-reviews/2008/1985-paper-on-the-theory-of-mind-commentary-by-rebecca-saxe |title= 1985 paper on the theory of mind | vauthors = Saxe R |date= 9 May 2008 |access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=[[Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative|SFARI]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229005056/https://sfari.org/news-and-opinion/classic-paper-reviews/2008/1985-paper-on-the-theory-of-mind-commentary-by-rebecca-saxe |archive-date=29 December 2013 |df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Baron-Cohen_1985">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U | title = Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? | journal = Cognition | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–46 | date = October 1985 | pmid = 2934210 | doi = 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 | author-link2 = Alan M. Leslie | s2cid = 14955234 | author-link3 = Uta Frith | author-link1 = Simon Baron-Cohen }}</ref> They confirmed this using the false belief test, showing that a typical four-year-old child can infer another person's belief that is different to their own, while autistic children on average are impaired in this ability.<ref name="Baron-Cohen_1985" /> Baron-Cohen's 1995 book ''Mindblindness'' summarized his subsequent experiments in ToM and its impairment in autism. He went on to show that children with autism are blind to the mentalistic significance of the eyes and show deficits in advanced ToM, measured by the "reading the mind in the eyes test" (or "eyes test") that he designed.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Hill J, Raste Y, Plumb I | title = The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 241–51 | date = February 2001 | pmid = 11280420 | doi = 10.1111/1469-7610.00715 | s2cid = 3016793 }}</ref> He conducted the first neuroimaging study of ToM in typical and autistic adults, and studied patients demonstrating lesions in the orbito- and medial-prefrontal cortex and amygdala can impair ToM.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stone VE, Baron-Cohen S, Knight RT | title = Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind | journal = Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | volume = 10 | issue = 5 | pages = 640–56 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9802997 | doi = 10.1162/089892998562942 | s2cid = 207724498 }}</ref> He also reported the first evidence of atypical [[amygdala]] function in autism during ToM.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Ring HA, Wheelwright S, Bullmore ET, Brammer MJ, Simmons A, Williams SC | title = Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study | journal = The European Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 11 | issue = 6 | pages = 1891–8 | date = June 1999 | pmid = 10336657 | doi = 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00621.x | s2cid = 9436565 }}</ref> In 2017, his team studied 80K genotyped individuals who took the eyes test. He found [[SNP genotyping|Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms]] (SNPs) partly contribute to individual differences on this dimensional trait measure on which autistic people are impaired.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Warrier V, Grasby KL, Uzefovsky F, Toro R, Smith P, Chakrabarti B, Khadake J, Mawbey-Adamson E, Litterman N, Hottenga JJ, Lubke G, Boomsma DI, Martin NG, Hatemi PK, Medland SE, Hinds DA, Bourgeron T, Baron-Cohen S | display-authors = 6 | title = Genome-wide meta-analysis of cognitive empathy: heritability, and correlates with sex, neuropsychiatric conditions and cognition | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 1402–1409 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 28584286 | doi = 10.1038/mp.2017.122| biorxiv=10.1101/081844 | pmc = 5656177 | s2cid = 196478363 }}</ref> This is evidence that cognitive empathy/ToM is partly heritable. This also illustrates Baron-Cohen's approach to autism genetics that relates autism to individual differences in traits such as empathy and systemizing in the general population.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Warrier V, Toro R, Won H, Leblond CS, Cliquet F, Delorme R, De Witte W, Bralten J, Chakrabarti B, Børglum AD, Grove J, Poelmans G, Hinds DA, Bourgeron T, Baron-Cohen S | display-authors = 6 | title = Social and non-social autism symptoms and trait domains are genetically dissociable | journal = Communications Biology | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 328 | date = 2019-09-03 | pmid = 31508503 | pmc = 6722082 | doi = 10.1038/s42003-019-0558-4 }}</ref> The [[National Institutes of Health]] recommended Baron-Cohen's eyes test as a core measure that should be used as part of the [[Research Domain Criteria]] (RDOC) for assessing social cognition.

Baron-Cohen developed the Mindreading software for special education,<ref>{{cite web|title=Mind Reading: Frequently Asked Questions: Who developed it?|url=http://www.jkp.com/mindreading/faq.php#_3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228082143/http://www.jkp.com/mindreading/faq.php#_3|archive-date=28 December 2013|access-date=28 December 2013|publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref> which was nominated for an award from the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] (BAFTA) interactive award in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=BAFTA Awards: Interactive: Offline Learning in 2002|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2002/interactive/offline-learning|access-date=3 January 2014|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref> His lab developed ''[[The Transporters]]'', an animation series designed to teach children with autism to recognize and understand emotions. The series was also nominated for a BAFTA award.<ref name="Time" /><ref>{{cite web|title=BAFTA Awards: Children's: Learning – Primary in 2007|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2007/childrens/learning-primary|access-date=3 January 2014|publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts}}</ref>

===Reception===
{{Further|Empathizing–systemizing theory#Criticism}}
Baron-Cohen has faced criticism by some for his "empathizing-systemizing theory", which states that humans may be classified on the basis of their scores along two dimensions (empathizing and systemizing); and that females tend to score higher on the empathizing dimension and males tend to score higher on the systemizing dimension. Feminist scientists, including [[Cordelia Fine]], neuroscientist [[Gina Rippon]], and [[Lise Eliot]] have opposed his [[extreme male brain]] theory of autism, calling it "neurotrash" and [[neurosexism]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Rippon G |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlBfDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Gendered+Brain:+The+new+neuroscience+that+shatters+the+myth+of+the+female+brain&pg=PT7|title=The Gendered Brain: The new neuroscience that shatters the myth of the female brain|date=2019-02-28|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4735-4897-8|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Guest_2019">{{cite news| vauthors = Guest K |date=2019-03-02|title=The Gendered Brain by Gina Rippon review – exposing a myth|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/mar/02/the-gendered-brain-by-gina-rippon-review|access-date=2020-01-02|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=WOW 2014 {{!}} Fighting The Neurotrash|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2RWvDTKbFHg|language=en|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Eliot L |date=2019-02-27|title=Neurosexism: the myth that men and women have different brains|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=566|issue=7745|pages=453–454|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00677-x|bibcode=2019Natur.566..453E|doi-access=free}}</ref> Rippon also argues against using "male" and "female" for describing different types of brains, and that brain types do not correspond to genders.<ref name="Guest_2019" /><ref name="Costandi_2019">{{cite web | vauthors = Costandi M |title=Simon Baron-Cohen: Theorizing on the mind in autism |url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/profiles/simon-baron-cohen-theorizing-on-the-mind-in-autism/ |website=Spectrum |access-date=11 May 2019 |date=9 May 2011}}</ref> Baron-Cohen has defended the neuroscience of sex differences against charges of neurosexism, arguing that "Fine's neurosexism allegation is the mistaken blurring of science with politics", adding that "You can be a scientist interested in the nature of sex differences while being a clear supporter of equal opportunities and a firm opponent of all forms of discrimination in society."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baron-Cohen |first=Simon |title=Delusions of gender - 'neurosexism', biology and politics |url=https://www.academia.edu/31446128}}</ref>

A book review published in ''Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences'' characterized ''The Essential Difference'' as "very disappointing" with a "superficial notion of intelligence", concluding that Baron-Cohen's major claims about ''mindblindness'' and systemizing–empathizing are "at best, dubious".<ref name="Levy">{{cite journal | vauthors = Levy N |title=Book review: Understanding blindness |journal=Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=315–324 |doi=10.1023/B:PHEN.0000049328.20506.a1 |date=September 2004|s2cid=145491944 |url=https://philarchive.org/rec/LEVBRU }}</ref> According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, his views on systemizing traits had "earned him the ire of some parents of autistic children, who complain that he underestimates their families' suffering".<ref name=Time/> ''Time'' said that while research from [[Washington University in St. Louis]] did not support the [[assortative mating]] theory, a survey finding that autism was twice as high in [[Eindhoven]] had "breathed new life" into Baron-Cohen's theory.<ref name=Time/> ''Time'' magazine has also criticized the assortative mating theory proposed by Baron-Cohen, claiming that it is largely speculative and based on anecdotal evidence. The theory claims that autism rates are increasing because "systemizers", individuals with more autistic traits, are more likely to marry each other and are more likely to have autistic offspring due to relatively recent societal changes.<ref name="Assortative">{{cite news | vauthors = Melnick M |title=Could the Way We Mate and Marry Boost Rates of Autism?|url=http://healthland.time.com/2011/08/19/could-the-way-we-mate-and-marry-boost-rates-of-autism/ |magazine=Time |access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref> James McGrath has criticized the [[autism-spectrum quotient]], writing that the score increases if one indicates interest in mathematics, and decreases if one indicates interest in literature or art. He claims that this leads to the false notion that most autistic people are strong in math.<ref name="Conversation">{{cite web | vauthors = McGrath J |title= Not all autistic people are good at maths and science – despite the stereotypes |url=https://theconversation.com/not-all-autistic-people-are-good-at-maths-and-science-despite-the-stereotypes-114128 |website=The Conversation |date= 3 April 2019 |access-date=2 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The developers of the software Baron-Cohen used for a 2009 study which reported that autistic individuals possessed superior [[visual acuity]] said that his results were impossible based on the technology used in the study. Baron-Cohen's team responded to this criticism by re-running the study and retracting the claim.<ref name="BachDakin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bach M, Dakin SC | title = Regarding "Eagle-eyed visual acuity: an experimental investigation of enhanced perception in autism" | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 66 | issue = 10 | pages = e19-20; author reply e23-4 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19576570 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.035 | s2cid = 17647820 }}</ref><ref name="CloseEye">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bölte S, Schlitt S, Gapp V, Hainz D, Schirman S, Poustka F, Weber B, Freitag C, Ciaramidaro A, Walter H | display-authors = 6 | title = A close eye on the eagle-eyed visual acuity hypothesis of autism | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 726–33 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 21660498 | pmc = 3324676 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-011-1300-3 }}</ref><ref name="Discover">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tavassoli T, Latham K, Bach M, Dakin SC, Baron-Cohen S | title = Psychophysical measures of visual acuity in autism spectrum conditions | journal = Vision Research | volume = 51 | issue = 15 | pages = 1778–80 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21704058 | pmc = 6345362 | doi = 10.1016/j.visres.2011.06.004 }} Discussed in {{cite news |title=Eagle-Eyed Autism? No. |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/neuroskeptic/2011/06/29/eagle-eyed-autism-no/#.W7eFJfYpDIV |publisher=[[Neuroskeptic]] |date=29 June 2011 |access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref>

Baron-Cohen's supposition that [[Isaac Newton]] and [[Albert Einstein]] displayed autistic traits has been met with scepticism by [[University of California, San Francisco|UCSF]] psychiatrist Glenn Elliot, who writes that attempting to diagnose on the basis of biographical information is extremely unreliable, and that any behavior can have various causes.<ref name="HistoricalFigures">{{cite news | vauthors = Muir H |title=Einstein and Newton showed signs of autism |url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3676-einstein-and-newton-showed-signs-of-autism/ |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |date=30 April 2003 |access-date=4 November 2017}}</ref>

Critics also say that because his work has focused on higher-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorders, it requires independent replication with broader samples<ref name="Buchen">{{cite journal | vauthors = Buchen L | title = Scientists and autism: When geeks meet | journal = Nature | volume = 479 | issue = 7371 | pages = 25–7 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 22051657 | doi = 10.1038/479025a | bibcode = 2011Natur.479...25B | doi-access = free }}</ref> and that his theories are based on subjective perceptions.<ref name="Costandi_2019"/> In response to some of these criticisms, Baron-Cohen agrees that many of his results have not been replicated, and says that he remains "open minded about these hypotheses until there are sufficient data to evaluate them". Still, he says he does not see a problem with introducing theories before definitive evidence has been collected.<ref name="Buchen" />

Furthermore, the ''mindblindness'' hypothesis, in addition to being questioned shortly after its publication,<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shanker S |date=2004-10-01 |title=The Roots of Mindblindness |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0959354304046179 |journal=Theory & Psychology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=685–703 |doi=10.1177/0959354304046179 |s2cid=143801835 |issn=0959-3543}}</ref> has faced criticism from the scientific community,<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gernsbacher M, Yergeau M |date=2019 |title=Empirical Failures of the Claim That Autistic People Lack a Theory of Mind |journal=Archives of Scientific Psychology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=102–118 |doi=10.1037/arc0000067 |pmc=6959478 |pmid=31938672}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brock J, Sukenik N, Friedmann N |date=January 2017 |title=Individual differences in autistic children's homograph reading: Evidence from Hebrew |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2396941517714945 |journal=Autism & Developmental Language Impairments |language=en |volume=2 |pages=239694151771494 |doi=10.1177/2396941517714945 |s2cid=148852164 |issn=2396-9415}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mottron L, Bzdok D |date=2020-04-30 |title=Autism spectrum heterogeneity: fact or artifact? |journal=Molecular Psychiatry |language=en |volume=25 |issue=12 |pages=3178–3185 |doi=10.1038/s41380-020-0748-y |issn=1476-5578 |pmc=7714694 |pmid=32355335}}</ref> in response to the many failed replications of classic ToM studies and the growing body of evidence for the [[Heterogeneous condition|heterogeneity]] of autism.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Betancur C |date=2011-03-22 |title=Etiological heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorders: More than 100 genetic and genomic disorders and still counting |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899310025916 |journal=Brain Research |series=The Emerging Neuroscience of Autism Spectrum Disorders |language=en |volume=1380 |pages=42–77 |doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.078 |pmid=21129364 |s2cid=41429306 |issn=0006-8993}}</ref> The theory of the [[double empathy problem]] and subsequent findings challenge the notion that autistic people exhibit inherent deficits in empathy and argued that difficulties of autistic people in social interactions with non-autistic people are due to differences in social-cognition and experiences between autistic people and non-autistic people, leading to two-way misunderstanding,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Milton D |date=October 2012 |title=On the ontological status of autism: the 'double empathy problem' |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09687599.2012.710008 |journal=Disability & Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=883–887 |doi=10.1080/09687599.2012.710008 |issn=0968-7599 |s2cid=54047060}}</ref> some aspects of which have been positively acknowledged by Baron-Cohen.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2020 |title=A Conversation About 'The Pattern Seekers' by Simon Baron-Cohen |url=https://thinkingautismguide.com/2020/12/a-conversation-about-pattern-seekers-by.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Richards G, Baron-Cohen S |date=2022-05-19 |title=Evidence of partner similarity for autistic traits, systemizing, and theory of mind via facial expressions |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11592-z |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=8451 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-11592-z |pmc=9118825 |pmid=35589769|bibcode=2022NatSR..12.8451R }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cassidy S, Bradley L, Shaw R, Baron-Cohen S |date=31 July 2018 |title=Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults |journal=Molecular Autism |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=42 |doi=10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4 |issn=2040-2392 |pmc=6069847 |pmid=30083306}}</ref>

Baron-Cohen's theories about ''mindblindness'' are also questioned by academic philosophers, particularly Autistic academic philosophers, in part on the basis that non-Autistic people are as blind to the internal states of Autistic people as Autistic people are to those of non-Autistics. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mcgeer |first=Victoria |date=2009 |title=The thought and talk of individuals with autism: Reflections on Ian Hacking |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24439799 |journal=Metaphilosophy |volume=40 |issue=¾ |pages=517–530 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9973.2009.01601.x |jstor=24439799 |hdl=1885/28467 |s2cid=34702995 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> There is also criticism of Baron-Cohen's application of Theory of Mind to Autism on the grounds that he is not behaving scientifically, and that he is doing real harm to Autistic people.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Yergeu and Huebner |first=Michele and Bryce |date=2017 |title=Minding Theory of Mind |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/YERMTO |journal=Journal of Social Philosophy |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=273–296 |doi=10.1111/josp.12191 |via=Philpapers}}</ref> Baron-Cohen's work is easily understood as classifying Autistic people as not fully human. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yergeau |first=Melanie |date=2013 |title=Clinically Significant Disturbance: On Theorists Who Theorize Theory of Mind |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297657345 |journal=Disability Studies Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=4 |doi=10.18061/dsq.v33i4.3876 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

==Organisations==
Baron-Cohen is professor of [[developmental psychopathology]] at the [[University of Cambridge]] in the United Kingdom.<ref name=ARCBio/> He is the director of the university's [[Autism Research Centre]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.autismresearchcentre.com/arc_people |title= ARC researchers, collaborators and staff |publisher=Autism Research Center, University of Cambridge |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> and a Fellow of [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]].<ref name=ARCBio>{{cite web |url= http://www.autismresearchcentre.com/people_Baron-Cohen |title= ARC people: Professor Simon Baron-Cohen |publisher=Autism Research Center, University of Cambridge |access-date= 28 December 2013}}</ref>

He is a Fellow of the [[British Psychological Society]] (BPS),<ref name=Chartered>{{cite web |url= http://www.bps.org.uk/news/chartered-psychologist-emphasises-importance-empathy |title=Chartered Psychologist emphasises the importance of empathy |publisher=[[British Psychological Society]] |date=28 April 2011 | access-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235936/http://www.bps.org.uk/news/chartered-psychologist-emphasises-importance-empathy |archive-date= 30 December 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> the British Academy,<ref name=BAFellow>{{cite web |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/news/seven-cambridge-academics-elected-as-fellows-of-the-british-academy |title=Seven Cambridge academics elected as Fellows of The British Academy|publisher=University of Cambridge |date=17 July 2009 |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> the [[Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)|Academy of Medical Sciences]], and the [[Association for Psychological Science]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2013/october-13/reflecting-on-a-lifetime-of-achievement-5.html |title=Reflecting on a lifetime of achievement: Uta Frith |journal=[[Observer (APS)|Aps Observer]] |volume=26 |issue=8 |date=30 September 2013 |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> He is a [[British Psychological Society#Chartership|BPS Chartered Psychologist]]<ref name= Chartered/> and a Senior Investigator at the [[National Institute for Health and Care Research]] (NIHR).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-01|title=Professor Sir Simon Baron-Cohen wins Senior Investigator award|url=https://www.psychiatry.cam.ac.uk/blog/2021/03/01/professor-sir-simon-baron-cohen-wins-senior-investigator-award/|access-date=2022-01-05|website=Department of Psychiatry|language=en-GB}}</ref>

He serves as vice-president of the [[National Autistic Society]] (UK),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autism.org.uk/news-and-events/about-the-nas/who-we-are/structure/vice-presidents.aspx |title=Vice presidents |publisher=[[National Autistic Society]] |access-date=28 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131228192052/http://www.autism.org.uk/news-and-events/about-the-nas/who-we-are/structure/vice-presidents.aspx |archive-date=28 December 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and was the 2012 chairman of the [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE) Guideline Development Group for adults with autism.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://publications.nice.org.uk/autism-recognition-referral-diagnosis-and-management-of-adults-on-the-autism-spectrum-cg142/appendix-a-the-guideline-development-group-national-collaborating-centre-and-nice-project-team |title= Autism: recognition, referral, diagnosis and management of adults on the autism spectrum |publisher= [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] |access-date= 28 December 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131229020548/http://publications.nice.org.uk/autism-recognition-referral-diagnosis-and-management-of-adults-on-the-autism-spectrum-cg142/appendix-a-the-guideline-development-group-national-collaborating-centre-and-nice-project-team |archive-date= 29 December 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> He has served as vice-president and president of the International Society for Autism Research (INSAR).<ref name=ARCBio/> He is co-[[editor-in-chief|editor in chief]] of the journal ''[[Molecular Autism]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://molecularautism.biomedcentral.com/about/editorial-board |title=Molecular Autism. Editorial Board |journal=[[Molecular Autism]] |publisher=BioMed Central Ltd |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autism-insar.org/about/board-nominees |title=INSAR Board Elections 2016 - President-Elect | work = International Society for Autism Research |access-date=17 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413001312/http://www.autism-insar.org/about/board-nominees |archive-date=13 April 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

He was the chair of the Psychology Section of the British Academy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/simon-baron-cohen-FBA |title=Professor Simon Baron-Cohen FBA |publisher=British Academy |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Baron-Cohen was awarded the 1990 [[Spearman Medal]] from the BPS,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:https://www.bps.org.uk/about-us/awards-and-grants/research-board-awards/spearman-medal+1990+%22Simon%20Baron-Cohen%22 |title= Spearman medal |publisher=[[British Psychological Society]]: History of Psychology Centre |access-date=17 March 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211104330/http://hopc.bps.org.uk/histres/bpshistory/awards/spearman.cfm |archive-date=11 December 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> the McAndless Award from the [[American Psychological Association]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apa.org/about/awards/div-7-mccandless.aspx |title=Boyd McCandless Award: Past recipients: 1990 |publisher=American Psychological Association |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> the 1993 May Davidson Award for Clinical Psychology from the BPS,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bps.org.uk/networks-and-communities/member-networks/division-clinical-psychology/previous-winners |title=Previous winners: May Davidson Award |publisher=British Psychological Society |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> and the 2006 presidents' Award from the BPS.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:https://www.bps.org.uk/about-us/awards-and-grants/research-board-awards/presidents-award-distinguished-contributions+2006+%22Simon%20Baron-Cohen%22 |title= Presidents' Award for distinguished contributions to psychological knowledge |publisher=British Psychological Society: History of Psychology Centre |access-date=17 March 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922054221/http://hopc.bps.org.uk/hopc/histres/bpshistory/awards/pres.cfm |archive-date=22 September 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Baron-Cohen received an honorary degree from [[Abertay University]] in 2012,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-courier-advertiser-perth-and-perthshire-edition/20120705/282681864357661|title=More than 850 students to tread graduation boards|via=PressReader|access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> and was awarded the Kanner-Asperger Medal in 2013 by the ''Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Autismus-Spektrum'' as a Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to autism research.<ref name=WGAS/>

He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in the [[2021 New Year Honours]] for services to people with autism.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=63218|supp=y|page=N2|date=31 December 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1987, Baron-Cohen married Bridget Lindley, a family rights lawyer whom he had met in Oxford. She died of breast cancer in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Bridget Lindley OBE |url=https://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/obituary-bridget-lindley-obe |work=Family Law|date=26 April 2016 |access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Bridget Lindley |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bridget-lindley-d8h3s05mz |work=[[The Times]] |date=22 April 2016}}</ref> Together, they had three children.<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine| vauthors = Warner J |date=29 August 2011|title=Autism's lone wolf|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2089358,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819023849/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2089358,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2011|access-date=28 December 2013}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

He is a [[cousin]] of actor and comedian [[Sacha Baron Cohen]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-22 |title=Simon Baron-Cohen: Ali G's smarter cousin and Britain's leading expert |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/simon-baroncohen-ali-gs-smarter-cousin-and-britains-leading-expert-on-autism-1688427.html |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
===Single-authored books===
* {{cite book |year= 1995 |title= Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind |publisher= [[MIT Press]]/Bradford Books |isbn= 978-0-262-02384-9}}
* {{cite book |year= 2003 |title= The Essential Difference: Men, Women and the Extreme Male Brain |publisher= Penguin/Basic Books | isbn= 978-0-7139-9671-5}}
* {{cite book |year= 2008 |title= Autism and Asperger Syndrome |series= Facts |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-850490-0}}
* {{cite book |year= 2011 |title= Zero Degrees of Empathy: A New Theory of Human Cruelty |publisher= [[Penguin Books|Penguin]]/Allen Lane |isbn= 978-0-7139-9791-0}} (published in the US as ''The Science of Evil: On Empathy and the Origins of Human Cruelty'', {{ISBN|978-0-465-02353-0}})
*{{cite book|title=The Pattern Seekers: A New Theory of Human Invention|publisher=[[Allen Lane]]|year=2020|isbn=978-0241242186}} (published in the US as {{cite book|title=The Pattern Seekers: How Autism Drives Human Invention|publisher=[[Basic Books]]|year=2020|isbn=978-1541647145}})

===Other books===
* {{cite book |veditors=Baron-Cohen S, Tager-Flusberg H, Lombardo MV |year= 2013 |title= Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives From Social Cognitive Neuroscience |edition= 3rd |publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-852446-5}}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Hadwin J, Howlin P, Baron-Cohen S |year=2008 |title= Teaching Children with Autism to Mindread: A Practical Guide for Teachers and Parents |publisher= Wiley | isbn = 978-0-471-97623-3}}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Baron-Cohen S, Lutchmaya S, Knickmeyer R |year=2005 |title= Prenatal Testosterone in Mind: Amniotic Fluid Studies |publisher= MIT Press/Bradford Books |isbn= 978-0-262-26774-8}}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S |year= 2004 |title= An Exact Mind: An Artist with Asperger Syndrome |publisher= Jessica Kingsley | isbn = 978-1-84310-032-4}}
* {{cite book |editor1=Baron-Cohen S |editor2=Tager-Flusberg H |editor3=Cohen DJ |editor3-link=Donald J. Cohen |year=2000|title= Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives from Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience |edition= 2nd |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-852445-8}}
* {{cite book |veditors=Baron-Cohen S, Harrison J |year= 1997 |title= Synaesthesia: Classic and Contemporary Readings |publisher= Blackwells | isbn = 978-0-631-19763-8}}
* {{cite book |editor=Baron-Cohen S |title=The Maladapted Mind: Classic Readings in Evolutionary Psychopathology |publisher=Psychology Press/Taylor Francis Group |location=East Sussex, UK |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-86377-460-7}}

===Selected journal articles===
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U | title = Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? | journal = Cognition | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–46 | date = October 1985 | pmid = 2934210 | doi = 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 | s2cid = 14955234 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Knickmeyer RC, Belmonte MK | title = Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism | journal = Science | volume = 310 | issue = 5749 | pages = 819–23 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16272115 | doi = 10.1126/science.1115455 | bibcode = 2005Sci...310..819B | s2cid = 44330420 | url = http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/2710/1/219535_PubSub1971_Belmonte.pdf }}

== See also ==
* [[Childhood Autism Spectrum Test]]
* [[Sally–Anne test]]
* {{section link|The NeuroGenderings Network|Sex differences in human neonatal social perception}}
* [[Spectrum 10K]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Simon Baron-Cohen}}
{{Scholia|author}}
* [http://www.psychol.cam.ac.uk/directory/simon-baron-cohen Profile] – Department of Psychology, [[University of Cambridge]]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/apr/17/research.highereducation/print "They just can't help it"], Simon Baron-Cohen, ''[[The Guardian]]'' (17 April 2003)
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/08/opinion/08baron-cohen.html?ex=1281153600&en=497fba7d39bb5396&ei=5090&partner=rs "The Male Condition"], Simon Baron-Cohen, ''[[The New York Times]]'' Op-Ed Section (8 August 2005)
* [http://www.edge.org/conversation/the-assortative-mating-theory "The Assortative Mating Theory: A Talk with Simon Baron-Cohen"], [[Edge Foundation, Inc.|Edge Foundation]] discussion, 2005
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/opinion/10baron-cohen.html?hp&_r=0 "The Short Life of a Diagnosis"], Simon Baron-Cohen ''The New York Times'' Op-Ed Section (9 November 2009)
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/why-a-lack-of-empathy-is-the-root-of-all-evil-6279239.html "Why a lack of empathy is the root of all evil"], Clint Witchalls, ''[[The Independent]]'' (5 April 2011)
*[http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-science-of-evil-by-Simon-Baron-Cohen.php ''The Science of Evil: On Empathy and the Origins of Cruelty''], Simon Baron-Cohen (The ''Montréal Review'', October 2011)

{{Evolutionary psychology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baron-Cohen, Simon}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English people of Belarusian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:English people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Academic journal editors]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Alumni of New College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Autism activists]]
[[Category:Autism researchers]]
[[Category:British cognitive scientists]]
[[Category:Human sex difference researchers]]
[[Category:Developmental psychologists]]
[[Category:English psychologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Baron Cohen family|Simon]]
[[Category:English Jewish writers]]
[[Category:Jewish English activists]]
[[Category:Jewish scientists]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:NIHR Senior Investigators]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Psychological Society]]
[[Category:People associated with the University of Abertay Dundee]]

User talk:SandyGeorgia

2023-07-30T18:54:50Z

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<big><center>'''I usually respond on my talk page''', so watch the page for my reply. {{pb}}{{pb}}'''Please provide a link to the article or page''' you want me to look at; that will increase the likelihood of me getting to it sooner rather than later.{{pb}}{{pb}}'''I lose track of those pingie-thingies'''; because I don't get along with them, I have converted all notifications to email only. A post here on my talk page is the best way to get my attention.{{pb}}{{pb}}'''iPad typing:''' I am unable to sit at a real computer with a keyboard for extended periods of time because of a back injury. When I am typing from my iPad, my posts are brief and full of typos. Please be patient; I will come back later to correct the typos :) I'm all thumbs, and sometimes the blooming iPad just won't let me backspace to correct a typo.</center></big> 

== TPS alert/rant: CCI work ==
Because of the User:Doug Coldwell situation that I happened across by pure chance, I am back trying to help out at CCI. After giving up in dejection the last time I tried that. And the time before. And so on.{{pb}} This is demoralizing work; not a hobby, not fun, not relaxing, should not be done by anyone for free. Most of my TPS are used to working with fine content. When working CCI, you deal with pure crap; while trying to sort out if something is a copyvio, you have to do that with content that is poorly written and not even based on reliable sources often, and it's nothing but miserable unpaid grunt work and drudgery. And when working on one CCI, I discovered a whole 'nother serial copyviolator! Just makes one want to quit. {{pb}} I have checked [[WP:PEREN]] and don't know where else to look, but I can't understand why the WMF doesn't hire people to clean copyvio. Why should any volunteer be doing such crap work for free? How does "hire people to clean up copyvio" not make it on to those wish lists thingies the WMF puts out? {{u|WhatamIdoing}}? Hats off to any CCI worker and copyvio admin who deals with this demoralizing content day in and day out. {{pb}} And I just reread through all of the 2010 Grace Sherwood debacle, where FAC '''did''' do something about it, but why has nothing changed in two decades with DYK feeding the copyvio pile, and GA promoting more up the line. Who's checking besides {{u|Nikkimaria}}? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 06:20, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

:I believe that [[User:MER-C|MER-C]] and [[User:Diannaa|Diannaa]] do a lot of copyvio-related work. If memory serves, [[User:Wizardman|Wizardman]] used to, but I don't know if he's still active in that area.
:I'd like to see law schools, especially those that pride themselves on intellectual property, start summer internships (or similar programs) to evaluate copyright questions. Just reading the Commons discussions can be an education. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 21:28, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
::We Need More Help. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 21:40, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
::: I've got a couple less-busy days due to a winter storm, so I'll try to take a look at some of the Appomattox ones. [[User:Hog Farm|Hog Farm]] ''[[User talk:Hog Farm|Talk]]'' 22:02, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
::::{{u|Hog Farm}}, I think you went through [[Battle of Ridgefield]] once? While looking at Ludington/Coldwell stuff, I happened across another unrelated big mess there, and waiting for the experts to tell me, what next. I hate how often I have to ping them when I don't know what to do next. It is such specialized work ... and they must be so sick of pings. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 22:06, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
::::: When I looked through Ridgefield, I was mainly looking for patently unreliable sourcing. [[User:Hog Farm|Hog Farm]] ''[[User talk:Hog Farm|Talk]]'' 00:04, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::Oh, yes, I know {{u|Hog Farm}}. I hope that didn't come across as me saying you missed something. I only happened upon it because of trying to sort the Coldwell stuff. Bst, [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 02:27, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

=== Copyright problems: break ===
:100% right, sadly. That's why I tend to go in spurts on CCI, sometimes I can close out 2 or 3 relatively quickly and other times I don't even want to look at it. Honestly the only thing that helps me get through it sometimes is spite; these serial violators wasted enough of the site's time so torching said content helps a little bit. Perhaps once I'm in another spurt I can get Hathorn resolved once and for all (yes, that's still being addressed a decade later...) [[User:Wizardman|'''''Wizardman''''']] 23:22, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
::Hathorn came to my mind recently, when I was contemplating how many times we've been down this road ... but I held back, thinking it wiser not to start naming them all and all of the various debacles. But. What have we changed in content review processes to get it to stop, and what are we doing that encourages it ? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 23:27, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
:::That anyone can edit, while it doesn't encourage it, it does to a degree enable it. A lot of people just flat out don't understand copyright and/or how to determine if something is public domain or not. And for those that do, there's a strong possibility they don't live in the US, so are only familiar with sometimes radically different copyright laws in their country/region.
:::I know I struggle particularly with images, partially because of the differing legal systems between the UK and US, and partially because the US system seems so counter-intuitive with respect to who owns the copyright of derivative works. I'm better with text based stuff, as there is similarities between the two jurisdictions, so I try to keep an eye out for copyvios on my watchlist, as getting them early (I hope) prevents long term problems arising.
:::Alas short of running every edit through a service like [[Turnitin]], which is not without its own host of problems, I don't know of a way that we could solve it without fundamentally changing how the site operates as a whole. If there's a lot of copyvios coming from article creation, then having some sort of copyright detection training for new page patrollers might help, but it would still require editors to engage with a rather thankless task. However for editors who maybe just add a paragraph here to one article, and a paragraph there to another, that goes undetected and adds up over time, I dunno if there is a way we could handle that beyond what we already do, short of the Foundation hiring dedicated CCI people. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 23:50, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
::::Npp/afc editors actually look for copyvio although they are always in danger of missing more subtle cases involving foreign language, offline sources, or a paywall. The highest risk of copyvio are adding content to existing pages, because it is often not checked at all. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 00:35, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::Buidhe, a fairly well known NPPer had an article deleted this week for copyvio. And I was told today by an experienced editor that "the tools" at DYK and GAN pick up copyvio. No understanding that Earwig is useless when all sources are offline, and even when they are online, not very good at picking up too-close-paraphrasing. Look at the date on [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-04-13/Dispatches]]. And then re-read the Grace Sherwood debacle. What reform has there been, outside of FAC? {{pb}}Sideswipe9th, I was hoping someone would pop up here to explain to me why the WMF is ''not'' paying for this to be done. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 02:32, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::Alas the Foundation's actions are as much a mystery to me as to most other editors I'm afraid. It might be worth starting a discussion at one of the Village Pumps though? Like if enough people recognise this is a problem, then we can at least as a community ask them to pull their purse out for some actual support on this. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 02:48, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::::This is all very surprising to me. I first checked [[WP:PEREN]], expecting to find it there. How is it possible it hasn't already been raised and repeatedly? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 02:49, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::::How many editors ''actively'' think about copyvios? I suspect the number is quite small. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 02:51, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::{{u|Sideswipe9th}} maybe we should list those who should be thinking about it!
:::::::::# New page patrollers (one who had been through NPP school had an article copyvio-deleted this week).
:::::::::# All DYK reviewers and admins who promote DYK queues. (The speed to get an article to a certain size is a driving factor for some whose motivation is the reward culture.)
:::::::::# All FAC, FAR and GAN reviewers. Never mind whether you ''must'' spotcheck sources; if you're suppporting an article, you ''should''.
:::::::::# Anyone doing WikiProject assessments. I just saw a B-class assessment assigned to a brand new article with a four-sentence lead, two of which contained copyright issues.
:::::::::What else ? Awareness needs to be raised about the miserable extent of this problem. Someone should rewrite and udpate the old Plagiarism update and ask the Signpost to run it. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 00:19, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::Commenting on yours in order:
::::::::::# NPP and AfC reviewers definitely. I know checking for copyvios is on the [[:c:ile:NPP flowchart.svgg|NPP flowchart,]] but I do have to query how many editors actually ''do'' it, especially when we have a backlog drive on and reviewers are reviewing articles pretty quickly.
::::::::::# I don't know enough about how DYK works to comment, but definitely seems sensible.
::::::::::# Yeah absolutely. Any editor doing a FA or GA review should be checking for copyvios as part of that process. I wonder if this could be more formalised into the structure of the review process, like some sort of requirement for the reviewer to say "I checked/I've not checked for copyvios", and for the FA/GA confirmation to be held until someone has done it.
::::::::::# This is a tough one, occasionally I'll use [[WP:RATER]] when sticking WikiProject banners onto talk pages, and it uses some sort of prediction when adding the banners. I wonder how many editors are just using that versus actually assessing it? For the later, actual assessments yeah that should have a copyvio check done as part of it.
::::::::::And possible additions:
::::::::::# Any editor actively cleaning up the recent contributions of a blocked or banned editor should do a copyvio check on those contributions as part of determining whether or not they should be reverted. Like if the content is obviously disruptive, just revert it, but if it looks plausibly good, run a copyvio check on it.
::::::::::# Editors doing recent change patrolling should probably be checking for copyvios when reviewing the diffs, at least for the new contributions.
::::::::::# I'm tempted to say that WikiProjects should have dedicated members/teams for this as well, on a per project basis, whom are active beyond the assessment level. When dealing with specialist content, it helps to be familiar with the topic when determining if something is likely a copyvio. This would also fit in nicely with your #4, as there could/should be some overlap there.
::::::::::The biggest blind spot though, at least with this sort of active encouragement, is the low traffic/low watchlisted article. The sort of article that someone creates, and then no-one really pays attention to until there's some sort of problem, either vandalism or with the original author of the article. While AfC/NPP should catch some of that, if the author has the autopatrolled flag and is inserting copyvios, who is checking their edits before they get hauled up to ANI and CCI? [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 00:47, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::I actually think the biggest blind spot is DYK, because that is the specific area where almost every long-term serial copyvio abuser was born. That would be the place to initiate reform, and catch stuff early on. Most of the historical serial offenders are not the first-time editors or the non-English speaking, rather those seeking icons and rewards-- working too fast, not getting seriously reviewed, racking up rewards. Re #3 (FA or GA reviewers), I started pushing on this problem at [[WT:FAC]] several years ago, and got so far as to get 1f added to [[WP:WIAFA]], but my proposals for more active source work were rejected. In theory, anyone entering a '''Support''' at FAC should be stating whether the article meets 1f. The weakness at NPP seems to be in the area of detecting too-close-paraphrasing, which is why I think the old Signpost dispatch pushed by the then-FAC regulars via the [[WP:FCDW]] should be updated and published broadly. [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-04-13/Dispatches]]. {{pb}} 5. Oops, one I forgot; add copyvio spotchecks to anything claiming [[WP:WIKICUP]] points. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 00:56, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::::The only other thing I can think of right now (tis late, my brain is derping and words are hard) would be to maybe have a conversation at [[Wikipedia talk:Contributor copyright investigations]] asking all of the regulars who investigate and clean up cases where they think the majority of problematic editors are coming from, and what process changes in those areas could catch this sort of thing early before multi-year long cleanup cases are needed. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 01:14, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Maybe after more general brainstorming here ? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 02:02, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::::@[[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]]: Late, sorry, I think the biggest problem atm is Autopatrolled users, either grandfathered in from 2011 or recently granted with a less-than-ideal amount of history review of articles. We can catch everyone else fairly quickly. AP users with cv issues tend to only show up when taken to DYK/GAN/FAC and a reviewer finds it there, or at copypatrol. [[User:Sennecaster|Sennecaster]] ([[User talk:Sennecaster|Chat]]) 03:51, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::I don't think that WikiProject assessments should be especially concerned about copyvios. Every editor should, but this group only at the usual level.
:::::::::::CSD, especially for copyvios, is the primary purpose of NPP. I am concerned that every time we add some extra "little" thing to NPP's workload, their primary purpose gets more and more obscured. The NPP folks are talking with the WMF's Growth team about fixing up [[Special:NewPagesFeed]]. I'm not involved, but it's not unusual for this sort of thing to be a round of "give me more bells and whistles" instead of "strip this workflow to the most efficient, effective minimum". I gently suggest that we need less NPP attention on things like adding maintenance tags and tagging for WikiProjects, or even trying to determine notability, so that we can have them focused on speedy deletion. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 22:04, 28 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::::My sense is that Barkeep is saying more or less the same ... {{u|WhatamIdoing}} have you looked at MER-C's suggestions below? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 22:09, 28 January 2023 (UTC)
::::[[User:EranBot|EranBot]] and [https://copypatrol.toolforge.org/en/ CopyPatrol] do something similar to the "running every edit through Turnitin" thing, although they don't catch copyvios that are short, minimally paraphrased, translated, and so on. It's fundamentally easier to copy and paste random stuff from the internet than it is to detect and remove it, which means that the CCI backlog is unlikely to ever be resolved. I have to wonder about some of our current approach to copyright and how it would be viewed outside of Wikipedia. I've seen a few complaints on VRT from writers who alleged that Wikipedia had plagiarized their books. In these cases the content was appropriately paraphrased and no informed editor would conceivably argue that it constituted a copyright violation. But the authors were concerned that the Wikipedia page summarized every important point of their book, meaning that no one would have any need to purchase it anymore. That sort of thing strikes me as posing more risk to an author's livelihood than, say, someone copying and pasting a plot summary from IMDB. I'm not proposing that we rework our copyright policies because of this - I just think it's an interesting perspective. [[User:Spicy|Spicy]] ([[User talk:Spicy|talk]]) 00:56, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::Interesting ... a whole 'nother problem. And then there's the guy out there on the lecture circuit profiting unscrupulously by using a page written 90+% by me, and nothing the WMF can offer in the way of tools to help me deal with it. So it works both ways ... [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 02:34, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:Spicy|Spicy]] [[Special:Contributions/45.6.2.15|45.6.2.15]] ([[User talk:45.6.2.15|talk]]) 14:15, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

=== Copyright problems: brainstorming ===
:::Ok, have a clearer head now. {{tq|What have we changed in content review processes to get it to stop, and what are we doing that encourages it?}} I think this is close to the right question we should be asking. While investing in and attracting more people would solve the current workload problems with CCI, it doesn't tackle the root cause.
:::For me right now, the question is {{tq|What aren't we doing to catch this problem early?}} So there's two examples that spring to mind here that I'm surface level familiar with; Doug Caldwell, and [[Wikipedia:Contributor_copyright_investigations/20220720|Martinevans]]. Both are users with very high edit counts (70,556 and 206,311 respectively). Checking and cleaning up each of these editors will take a substantial time and editorial energy investment. While that needs to be done, the pertinent question from a prevention perspective is {{tq|why didn't we catch this sooner?}}
:::So yeah, what is causing us to be unable to detect this sort of problem until we have editors with tens or hundreds of thousands of edits? What can we do to catch this earlier, so that a CCI case only has to check say hundreds of edits, instead of thousands? [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 16:40, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
::::Great start. Some partial answers/ideas. {{pb}}The GA process ''at least'' has a major drive underway right now for GA reform: [[Wikipedia:Good Article proposal drive 2023]]. I don't know if they're doing enough, but at least they're trying, and the new data that {{u|Mike Christie}} is working on should help uncover what reviewers may be pushing faulty GAs up the line without rigorous review.{{pb}} To my knowledge, nothing has changed at DYK, it has been promoting copyvio for as long as I've been editing, and that isn't going to change unless the community takes a strong stand.{{pb}} It might be worthwhile to ask {{u|Barkeep49}} what might be helpful to get NPP or AFC more on board with too-close paraphrasing.{{pb}} FAC has never been a source of extreme instances of copyvio as have GAN and DYK. I'd like to see stronger sourcing checks there, as in my proposals of a year or so ago, but it's just not a place where this problem needs more focus. The Rlevse/PumpkinSky situation was an oddity that was obscured because of a competent copyedit by another editor.{{pb}} WikiCup has been at times a problem, but that can be solved by fixing whatever ails GAN and DYK (although It still would be nice if they contemplated adding copyright spot checks). {{pb}} In summary, change needs to happen at DYK. Looking beyond that at individual cases (which I've been doing lately):
::::# When trying to address the Coldwell CCI, one gets unpleasant pushback from DC associates. I'll be bringing forward some proposals when I get a freer moment. Of interest there is that an experienced editor told me that content review processes vetted for copyright, so someone somewhere needs to write up a good description of all the things that Earwig etc ''cannot detect''. I continue to believe we should [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-04-13/Dispatches|update and expand the Plagiarism dispatch written by our best IP people in 2009]].
::::# We should be catching new editor mistakes sooner. I'm up to my eyeballs right now on a situation like that (stop them early) and getting No Help From Anyone, and I'm sure that editor is beginning to feel hounded by me. Do we need a mechanism for getting more eyes on new editors sooner and helping them out? I am to the point of contemplating an ANI post just so I can back out and let someone else take that one on, as it's exhausting.
:::: [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 17:23, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::I think close paraphrasing is always going to be some level of difficulty to uncover. I think some forms of close paraphrasing are reasonable for a NPP/AfC reviewer to uncover. However, truthfully I think a lot of the kinds of issues we saw with Doug Caldwell require a more thorough version of a review than is reasonable to expect from an NPP/AfC reviewer. I ''do'' think it reasonable to expect a GA reviewer to be able to uncover such issues and for the DYK process (whether at the reviewer or at the prep builder level) to uncover. Best, [[User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]] ([[User_talk:Barkeep49|talk]]) 17:24, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::But Barkeep, the main wall that GA reviewers hit with editors like Coldwell is the one of [[WP:AGF]] on offline sources. Perhaps the review should require them to ask to be sent some offline sources, but I don't think stronger sourcing checks is passing their proposal drive. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 17:26, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::If the Caldwell paraphrasing would require a more thorough review than is reasonable from NPP/AfC then how do we detect it early? Not every article is going to be nominated for DYK, GA, or FA, and so that leaves a huge area for that sort of content to be left unnoticed until we have a ten/hundred thousand edit count CCI, which is a different kind of unreasonable. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 17:39, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::::There are trade-offs to be made between the time a patroller spends on an article and the number of articles they are able to patrol. Copyright investigating and cleanup is a specialized skill for a reason. I think the [[Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol#Copyright_violations_(WP:COPYVIO)|NPP tutorial]] discusses the expectations in a reasonable manner. Best, [[User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]] ([[User_talk:Barkeep49|talk]]) 17:54, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::::Would revisiting [[WP:AGFC]] be useful? How long must we AGF once copyright issues have surfaced ? Why do we have to have an open CCI before [[WP:PDEL]] can kick in ? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 17:58, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::::What is the page name of that place where one can request access to sources ({{u|Nikkimaria}})? Who are the regulars there; that is, are there editors who can be enlisted to help spotcheck sources in the other processes we're discussing above (DYK, GAN, AFC, NPP etc)? The reason I ask is that I just saw {{u|Ucucha}} popping back in to address an article at URFA/2020, and if Ucucha were still actively editing, I'd have someone I could enlist to help with the editor I'm now frustrated with. That Is. We've lost too many top content editors who have the ability and resources to deal with a growing problem. Another example is the loss of Geometry guy, a sorta kinds defacto GA process Coordinator in the older days, who would have put forward some sort of proposal to deal with this. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 17:54, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::::[[WP:REREQ]] is the place where you can request access to sources. There's a list of editors at [[WP:REREQ#Reference resources]], but I dunno how up to date it is. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 18:03, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::::[[WP:RX]] (it feels wrong to me to call it REREQ) is a great place, and people are jumping over each other trying to fulfill resource requests. That said, I don't think it's common to request that someone do spotchecks, rather than just cough up the source for the requester to then put in the work. [[User:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] ([[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/Firefangledfeathers|contribs]]) 22:40, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::So looking at [[WP:DYK]], it seems like there's two strands to it; new articles, and significantly expanded articles. It'd be useful to find out if the copyvios coming out of DYK are predominantly from one of those two strands, or an even split from both strands. For example, if the copyvios are predominently from new DYK articles, then that could imply a problem with the copyvio detection at the NPP and AFC level, because new DYKs should also have gone through that review and clearly they missed something, unless the copyvio content was added after the NPP/AFC review but before the DYK review. However if it's predominantly from expanded articles, which are generally already NPP/AFC reviewed, then clearly that's where we should put more focus on the prevention side.
:::::Looking at the [[WP:DYKCRIT|DYK requirements]], 4c states that {{tq|Articles should be free of copyright violations, including close paraphrasing and image copyright violations.}} So at the very least, it is formally part of their workflow. The DYK checklist that gets attached to every nomination has a yes/no/? field for copyvios and plagarism. Looking at [[WP:DYKN]], there are definitely some editors there running the articles through Earwigs. For example [[Template_talk:Did_you_know#Tree_of_life_(biology)|this nomination]] has been held pending since November due to some plagarism issues with public domain text/block quotes.
:::::So I think I'd need some more data from approved copyvio DYKs before I could speculate more. Is there a specific DYK strand where copyvios are more or less likely? For DYKs that contained copyvios and were approved, was there a copyvio detected and handled during the nomination process? Or was the copyvio undetected for some reason? Or was a copyvio check said to have been done, but no check was actually done? Or is this not a DYK review problem, but instead a DYK effect? Is the review clear, and the copyvio text only being inserted after the DYK hook appears on the main page?
:::::{{tq|Do we need a mechanism for getting more eyes on new editors sooner and helping them out?}} Good question. I'd say yes on the principles alone. It might be worth looping Diannaa into this conversation? I know she does a lot of copyright cleanup, and issues a great many {{t|uw-copyright}} warnings every day. At the very least she may also be able to help you handle the hounding feeling. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 17:32, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::I am hesitant to ping Diannaa because she (and all of the CCI people) are so overburdened already. Not sure if we should ping them or not. A few of them have already been pinged in this discussion, so they may be following anyway. I'll leave it to someone to decide whether to ping Diannaa only because I hesitate to wear out my welcome with the blooming pingie thingie. Maybe instead a post at the copyright talk page? {{pb}} An educational writeup of the shortcomings of Earwig could help.{{pb}} I'm not sure it matters if a DYK is new or expanded, because what drives the problems that come out of DYK is the reward culture -- the quick and easy "get my work on the mainpage" gratification. Efforts might be better placed to get the throughput at DYK to slow down. Featuring new content on the mainpage made sense in the early days, when growing the 'pedia was a goal. Does it still make sense to have so many editors working to populate DYK, and then so many more editors having to engage the problems at [[WP:ERRORS]]? Why are we still doing this? How many of those seeking rewards would stop committing copyvio if they couldn't get that gratification? One interesting bit of data I'd like to see is how many DYKs move on to FAs ... ''those'' are the editors who are adding substantial value. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 17:42, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::::At some point in this, I think we'll need to get Diannaa, and all of the major CCI people involved, at the very least to hear where they think the major problem area(s) are for undetected copyvios. They may agree with you that it's DYK or some other reward driven process, or they may be seeing it from somewhere else that we've not considered. I wonder if brainstorming a brief set of questions to be asked on the CCI and/or CP talk pages would be a worthwhile exercise here?
:::::::I dunno if reward culture is just a DYK and WikiCup problem. I know when we run a NPP backlog, there's a similar leaderboard + rewards for contributing setup that if mishandled could encourage speed over accuracy.
:::::::As for the new versus expansion thing, I think it would be helpful to at quantify where the problematic articles are coming from. Those that are new should have had at least two reviews (NPP + DYK), so two sets of eyes looking at the same or similar content. If both of those sets of editors are missing something, beyond the close paraphrasing of offline sources problem, then that might help us track down why two different groups of editors are missing this. If it's primarily the expansion side, then that limits the pool of reviewers to just those involved in DYK, which might help us figure out if this is a process, tooling, or training problem specific to the DYK expansion side.
:::::::At the moment there's too many questions like "is DYK too speedy?", "is there a lack of training for DYK reviewers?", "does DYK's process encourage hooks over accuracy?", "is there template or process blindness behind the DKY review causing editors to skip over this step?", or "is this something else entirely?" to try and workshop possible solutions. More data from the underlying DYK process would help us pre-filter out some of these questions when figuring out solutions. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 17:59, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::::SS, I just re-read and saw that Diaanna has already been pinged to this discussion. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:02, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::::I am impressed with the format of [[Wikipedia:Good Article proposal drive 2023]]. If we were to start a list as you suggest in a new section below, would we head that direction? Or too soon? Need data first ? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:04, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::Sorry, too many conversation tangents here. Is this a list of questions for the CCI/CP talk pages? Or data gathering questions to more thoroughly figure out the problem spots in the DYK process? Or both? [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 18:08, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::I'm asking you :) :) Do you think we can put together questions before we have data, or data comes first? And where would we get the DYK data ? Or should we not even be assuming that DYK is a big driver of the problem, as the CCI people may disagree? My sample could be biased, as I tend to notice the big CCIs that come from frequent DYKers (including some too frequent close paraphrasing that never resulted in a CCI on one frequent DYKer who basically closely paraphrased NYT obits into DYKs years ago). [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:13, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::Aaah, following now. For the CCI/CP talk pages, I think the questions are pretty generic, we don't need data to ask questions like "Where do you find the most problematic copyvio edits coming from?". A brainstorm for this would be to figure out the 3-6 important questions that the answers of would help direct us for further investigations. Ideally this would be a short set of questions that would only take maybe 5 minutes to answer.
:::::::::::For the DYK data, we'd be gathering it ourselves. I'd recommend workshopping a series of investigative questions that we could then apply to both the recent known historical problem editors (the "big CCIs that come from frequent DYKers" as you put it from 2022 or a 3/6/9 month period of 2022 if that's too many editors), as well as a snapshot of all DYK nominations over a short fixed period (eg 7 days). We should be looking at things like when was the copyvio detected in relation to the article being drafted/DYK nominated & reviewed/DYK live/post-DYK, were any red flags raised during the DYK review and if so how were these handled at the time, when was the offending text inserted into the article (pre-nom during article drafting, post-nom but pre-hook, during the hook, post hook), were there any DYK process steps skipped or glanced over because the editor in question was a regular, who was involved in the review (is there a specific subset of DYK reviewers that are operating in good faith but are just bad at copyvio detection?). Anything relevant that we can structure into something that we can then use comparatively across the dataset to figure out what (if any) patterns there are. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 18:35, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::::Great. On the first, how about a new section below on this page to begin gathering samples which we can whittle down before going to the next step? On the second, I hesitate to over-involve myself in the DYK data gathering, as I have been closely involved in past efforts at DYK reform, and feathers could be ruffled. Leaving that to others :) And separately, I was seriously exposed to active COVID a day and a half ago, so I might fall ill any day now ... just saying ! Gonna go get a ton of work in another area done right now as in making hay while the sun shines. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:51, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::::I think feathers have the chance to be ruffled regardless of how we handle this. But as long as we're clear and open about how we gathered the data, and the process used to analyse it, then I think we can keep that at a minimum.
:::::::::::::Yeah sections below to work on the questions would be ideal. Or we could move this off to a subpage if you want to stop getting emails/notification pings every time someone replies or edits here. I've got other off-wiki stuff to do now though so won't be able to look at this for a while.
:::::::::::::Oh no! Here's hoping that you get lucky and didn't get infected, or that if you did it passes swiftly and mildly. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 19:12, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::::::In terms of badly-needed DYK reform, I think efforts will be more productive if I am less involved. {{pb}}For now, I think enough knowledgeable editors are following here that we might get the beginnings of a list here. I fear if we move off to a subpage already, we may lose a few. {{pb}} Thanks, not so worried about me with COVID, as my 94-year-old dear friend who exposed me :( :( [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:33, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::One of the challenges with this work is that one person's "close paraphrasing" is another person's [[WP:STICKTOSOURCES]]. There are editors who think that if a sentence can't be credibly accused of a copyvio, then it should be banned as original research.
:::::One of the general areas that I wish we were stronger in is briefly summarizing long passages. I'd love to see more editors summarizing whole book chapters into a single short paragraph. Doing that eliminates all concerns about copyright violations. But some RecentChanges patrollers and watchlist inhabitants, when/if they check an addition, have been known to object to anything that requires them to read more than a paragraph, and if it's the least bit contentious, they ''want'' to see close paraphrasing, and their actions put pressure on editors to engage in close paraphrasing. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 01:23, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
::::::Mmmm. It's funny, I think there's definitely a subset of editors who see the ALLCAPS shortcut for that, and use it almost as a thought terminating cliche, conveniently ignoring the start of the second sentence that tells us to summarise in our own words. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 01:28, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
:::::::[[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]], you'd think someone might write some essays about that kind of [[WP:UPPERCASE]] mistake leading to myths that we can't use [[WP:OUROWNWORDS]]. (I know WAID is perfectly aware of this mistake and was illustrating flawed thinking with a common example of flawed policy citation).
:::::::I agree with WAIDs comment about books, and wish it was easier for us to get hold of (and encourage using) professional textbooks like it is for some editors to get hold of papers. The worst example of plagiarism citing a single sentence in a single source came when I looked at student assignments many years ago. The students, who were taking a first-year university course (and so therefore knew nothing) were asked to find a research paper and insert its findings into Wikipedia. The lack of subject knowledge, the lack of variety of sources and authors, and the inability to summarise what is already just a sentence, meant it was nearly impossible for them to paraphrase, and those who tried often importantly mischaracterised their source. -- [[User:Colin|Colin]]°[[User talk:Colin|Talk]] 20:39, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

=== Copyright problems: time spent ===
Ugh. I just spent two hours of my life rewriting [[Appomattox Court House National Historical Park]], although I couldn't fix all the failed verification and have listed it at GAR for that and comprehensiveness/weighting issues. That one's at least partially my fault, because I performed a bad GA review back in 2020 when I was still newer to the process. The fact that those two hours will constitute most of my wiki time for this week is fairly frustrating, too. Between burnout from complex [[Yellow Book audit]]s at work, some RL mental health stuff, and the knowledge that I'm at least partially responsible for the Coldwell situation, I feel heavily discouraged. Will probably return to my normal level of activity in mid-February, but at this point I can make no guarantees. [[User:Hog Farm|Hog Farm]] ''[[User talk:Hog Farm|Talk]]'' 02:36, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

:{{u|Hog Farm}} Stop That (stern finger wagging). By the time you came along, the Coldwell Phenom (which is a culture) was already very well established. Hundreds of DYKs and a slew of GAs and people assume the editor is sourcing soundly. Not just you. More than a handful of very good editors. I have no use for blaming individual editors when there is an entire culture built around counting notches in belts. It's the culture that needs to be addressed. And WMF needs to pay people to deal with copyvio. [[Talk:Battle of Ridgefield]]-- editor rams through boatloads of cut-and-paste on 20 to 22 May, and it's on the mainpage at DYK in less than a week (28 May 2008). I don't see that anything has changed since [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents/Plagiarism and copyright concerns on the main page]]. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 02:40, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
:PS, and remember, DC used offline sources, so policy forced reviewers to AGF. (That's why a stern FAC copyvio check asks the nominator to supply random bits from offline sources.) [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 02:42, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
:{{re|Hog Farm}} Please don't beat yourself up over the Doug situation. You aren't responsible for his actions, or his choice to plagiarise offline sources. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 02:46, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
::And by the way, I mentioned above that I hesitated to name all the past exact situations, but one old-time DYK serial problem is very much still active. That's a rub. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 02:52, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
I spent my entire morning on yet another one that I came across by happenstance. This is 13 years after we published the Plagiarism dispatch, pulling together all of our best IP people to "get serious". The culture needs to change and something needs to be done. This (no one looking closely) is how the DCs and Billy Hathorns (and over a half a dozen more I can name but won't) come to leave behind big messes that we don't enough resources to clean up. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:31, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

=== Copyright problems: WMF ===
:Could it be that the reason WMF won't employ someone to find and remove copyright violations is that that would break the claim that they are not responsible for it. They handle formal takedown requests and nothing more. Doing more could be a trap? -- [[User:Colin|Colin]]°[[User talk:Colin|Talk]] 10:10, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
::I was wondering if the logic was something along those lines (and I notice that WAID didn't answer my query :) Of course, assuming there is some logic may be a stretch here. There must be info out there somewhere on this that we're just not aware of. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 10:22, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
:::{{tps}} This would be my assumption too. WMF has never been responsible for the content on the servers aside from their legal liabilities under the DMCA. Any more moderation, and they'd run into additional responsibilities under Section 230. Given that Section 230 is being litigated in front of the Supreme Court this term, and WMF has filed an amicus brief in the case, I would assume that they won't comment any further until the litigation has concluded. In short, this is something that the community will have to resolve. '''[[User:Imzadi1979|Imzadi 1979]] [[User talk:Imzadi1979|<big>→</big>]]''' 20:39, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
::::Ah ha ... very interesting info ... thx, Imzadi ... now it all makes more sense. {{pb}} There must be some sort of workaround involving grants or some funding to editors, not limited only to copyright, and as long as WMF isn't in a position to control edits ... ???? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 23:57, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
Hi Sandy, sorry I've been a bit slow on the DC related stuff, I've been pretty busy recently but should be able to get back to helping with that soon. I just finished reading this mega thread, I'm very happy that you've bringing these issues up and that there's an ongoing conversation about this here. Tomorrow I'll try and answer some more questions, but on the topic of the WMF, I think Colin has it right--employing people to take care of copyvios might make it more of an "issue" for them. Grants and funding are the way to go. But that has me thinking, it'd be nice if we had an advisor or community liaison for copyvio related issues, I don't think that's asking for too much.... [[User:Moneytrees|Moneytrees🏝️]][[User talk:Moneytrees|(Talk)]] 08:09, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

:Now there's an idea we can run with. Thanks for popping in, Moneytrees. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 09:48, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard&diff=prev&oldid=1136069168 More copyvio burnout].

A little good news: I had these software tweaks done: [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle/issues/1272][https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle/issues/1584]. Hopefully temporary blocks for copyvios are less frequent. But that's only one problem fixed. There are the amateurs that just point and click at Earwig and say everything is OK. Our tools currently have too many false negatives, and this creates CCIs that can really only be dealt with using PDEL. There are also the plot summary copyvios, the subcontinental copyvios, and worst of all - the persistent copyvio sockpuppeteers, like Dante8. [[User:MER-C|MER-C]] 19:22, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

:That is truly bad news about Diannaa, but most understandable. I don't know how you all do it. I spent a couple hours this morning on one article only. It is not only amateur editors who misunderstand Earwig; a very experienced editor pointed me to Earwig on a Coldwell article containing copyright issues. It takes hours and hours to go back and locate these very old sources, which are hard to search in various formats used, and PDEL is the only answer when serial issues are found. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:39, 28 January 2023 (UTC)
::Even then PDEL isn't enough. I can deal with the easy PDELs in a few minutes each (the gadget Who Wrote That makes it easy) but (1) the sheer number means I hesistate to push more than five a day through [[WP:CP]] and (2) there are still an overwhelming number of complex cases. From experience, PDEL only halves the work at best. [[User:MER-C|MER-C]] 11:03, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
:::So what can be done? Should we all convene in a sandbox somewhere for brainstorming? I have been working for days trying to nip another new one in the bud. And failing. It's exhausting and demoralizing and I'm too tired to write up the ANi now. There aren't enough of us. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 11:11, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
::::Hooking Earwig up to machine translation would help reduce false negatives and tackle one broad swathe of difficult to detect copyvios. I don't see it being added to Copypatrol - it's another batch of API calls to some external service that will require money to access. [[User:MER-C|MER-C]] 19:38, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
:::By the way, halving the work on Coldwell is a tonna work! And, it's the pushback that I find frustrating, which is why we need a consensus. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 12:11, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

=== Copyright problems: DYK datagathering questions ===

Ok, starting this section to brainstorm and hopefully format a set of questions that we can apply to known bad DYKs, and a snapshot of DYK nominations over a fixed period. Will fill in more momentarily. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 01:31, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

:Some basic structure first. This is mostly for convenience to quickly get to the relevant article revisions, DYK review, etc.
:* '''Name of article:''' [wikilink to article name here]
:* '''Date of creation:''' [link to first revision of the article here]
:* '''Date of copyvio or close paraphrase detection:''' [link to revision where cv-revdel requested, or close paraphrase first removed]
:* '''DYK nomination status:''' [approved/rejected]
:* '''DYK Nomination Review:''' [link to archived completed DYK review of article]
:* '''State of article at nomination:''' [link to diff of the article at or just prior to it being DYK nominated]
:* '''State of the article after DYK review:''' [link to diff of the article immediately after DYK review completed]
:* '''State of the article after DYK hook ended:''' [link to the diff of the article immediately after it left the main page]
:Now some questions. Comments/explainers are in italics.
:* Did the copyvio or close paraphrase exist prior to the DYK review?
:** ''This will let us quickly filter out articles where the offending text was inserted after the review''
:* Was the copyvio or close paraphrase inserted as part of the DYK review?
:** ''This is a very controversial question, and one I hope we maybe don't have to ask. But if we do ask it, it will give us more info on how the offending text was inserted into the article.''
:* Was there a copyvio or close paraphrase detected during the DYK review?
:** If yes, was the revision deleted?
:** If yes, was every copyvio or close paraphrase detected during the review?
:** If no, was there mention of a potential copyvio or paraphrase in the review outside of the DYK review template?
:*** ''Note, the three above questions at the level 2 list are optional and dependent on the answer to the question at level 1''
:* How long after article creation was an issue confirmed and actioned?
:* How long after DYK nomination was an issue confirmed and actioned?
:* How long after DYK review completed was an issue confirmed and actioned?
:* Was the copyvio or close paraphrase from an online or offline source?
:** ''This one might be difficult to ascertain. In theory it should be determinable from edit summaries that removed the content or the [[Special:Log]] entries that actually hid the offending revisions. Where an article had been tagged with {{t|cv-revdel}} prior to revision deletion, the output of the template should state the source.''
:* If known, how was the copyvio or close paraphrase detected?
:** ''Again this might be difficult to ascertain if revisions have been hidden. Checking the DYK review, article talk page, and edit summaries may help. Does [https://copypatrol.toolforge.org copypatrol] keep any relevant records here that would help?''
:That's all I can think of right now. Obviously formatting and phrasing is pretty far from final. And there's at least one question that I hope we don't have to ask, but might give us more insight into how copyvios are getting through DYK. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 02:06, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
::That's a bit overwhelming :) Who would gather this data? {{pb}} I was thinking more along the lines of "how many of Wikipedia's serial copyvio offenders were spawned by the pursuit of rewards via DYK and GA"? I'd rather eat nails than have to look at DYK every day to answer these questions. I just took a look at one queue and it has a DYK hook for a recent GA that contains prose that is gibberish. And the DYK hook is not only incomprehensible, it's probably untrue and it's probably a copyvio from Spanish sources.{{pb}} At one time, I tracked DYK daily, because every queue had at least one (often more) instances of failed verification, copyvio, or incomprehensible prose. That remains true, 15 years later. I don't want to have to get down to the level of analyzing DYKs to try to figure out how we can stem the copyvio problem. Anyone who doesn't know it's a problem and needs data hasn't been following the main page. What we need to know is whether the DYK process is furthering the problem, or helping teach editors to prepare better articles. {{pb}} In the article I just looked at, neither the DYK nor the GA review amounted to ... anything. Passed 'em up the line with scant review. Are NPP and AFC doing a better job of vetting articles? What process does a better job of educating editors on policies and guidelines and best practices? How can we reallocate more resources to what works? DYK doesn't; we have 549 Coldwell DYKs as one example. (Those of us who have been around long enough know of ''quite a few more''.). He just kept on doing what he did, and DYK kept on passing them. How we can better focus resources so that we don't have gobs of editors promoting DYK queues so that another gob of editors can file ERRORS reports? And still not catch copyvio, 'cuz no one's looking. {{pb}} So, I'm confused about who would gather this data as you outline, and what we'd do with it. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 06:11, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
:::For data gathering, whomever volunteers. But at the very least I'm happy to do it, I'd just need feedback on what it is I should be looking for.
:::So the purpose of this set of questions is to figure out where in the DYK process copyvios and CLOP issues are being missed. If we were to go to them and say something like "Hey, you all have a problem with letting copyvios and CLOP through the nomination and review process. Can you fix that please?" we'd not get much traction, and maybe some heat. However if we can go to them and say "Hey, there's a problem with the DYK process resulting in copyvios and CLOP being undetected. It's coming from [this part of the DYK review process], here's the data that shows how this is happening and how you can replicate our findings. Can this be fixed please?" I think, or I hope we'll have a much more positive response.
:::I'm not suggesting we look at DYK every day for a set period. What I'm suggesting is that we take a set of known bad DYKs from editors who have been subject to CCI, say around a dozen articles, and use a set of questions like this to determine where the copyvio/CLOP issue originated, and how it was missed at the DYK review. Then we compare that against a sample of recent nominations that have recently fully gone through the DYK process, for example all DYK nominations from 1 January 2023, using the same questions, to see if the same problems exist.
:::It is my hope that from the two sets of data, we can figure out what it is in the DYK process that is missing these issues. Is it because as you say "no one's looking"? Is it because DYK nominations are getting non-rigorous reviews? Are there DYK reviewers who are AGFing a little too hard on supposedly good/well known editors (eg, "oh that's a Doug Coldwell nomination? Not much for me to check here. Approve.")? Do some DYK reviewers just not have the competency to handle copyvios/CLOP issues when Earwig comes up clean? At the moment we don't know why this issue is arising from that process. Analysing data should help us determine that. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 20:05, 30 January 2023 (UTC)

=== Copyright: Ideas so far ===
# Summer internships for law students.
# A WMF Community liaison for copyright issues.
# Grants funding editors who work on copyvio.
# Policy changes ([[WP:PDEL]] earlier and easier once a copyvio is found, things like that ... I have spent days trying to rein in a new editor)
#: What policy changes might allow us to nip more in the bud ... sooner, easier?
#: Are user right limits too lax ?
#: Reform AGF? how much copyvio before we suspend AGF and shoot on sight content cited to offline sources.
# More CCI admins {{u|Barkeep49}} get the RFA nomination machine moving on copyvio types. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 12:17, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
#:I've got a candidate with CCI experience who will hopefully run this spring. I'm also always [[Special:EmailUser/Barkeep49|open]] for recommendations. Additionally I know Moneytrees is active in CCI and is currently trying to do more admin finding. That said, as Money's RfA showed, I think CCI editors going for admin face the challenge that it's easy to be focused on keeping the negative out versus nurturing the positive. On the whole editors who have a story to tell about building, rather than defending, the wiki tend to have an easier go. Best, [[User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]] ([[User_talk:Barkeep49|talk]]) 18:50, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
#::Money, a fine admin and fine person who got a thoughtful neutral from me, went to 'crat chat for the same reason a few others did recently: a nominator statement. Presentations which feel less than forthcoming are always a big concern (one wonders what else they don't know). That doesn't happen with your candidates. But I agree that building is the way to go! [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:04, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
#:Just a thought, and probably a very radical and wild one. What is it exactly that CCI admins need the tools for? Is it primarily for revdeling and blocking? Has there ever been any thought towards unbundling the revdel part of that to a new permission? I dunno what you'd call it, but in scope I'd consider it something like "CCI clerk", a trusted user who can handle some of the burden of actually suppressing copyvios from articles.
#:I had this thought when I was looking at the [[WP:EFH|edit filter helper]] and [[WP:EFM|edit filter manager]] perms, which allow for trusted non-admins to see (EFH and EFM) and edit (EFM) private edit filters, both of which are actions that are otherwise restricted to admins. Obviously there'd need to be some checks put in place to ensure that the trusted editors who gain that permission don't abuse it in any way, but could this lighten the load on the current set of CCI admins in any appreciable way? [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 20:18, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
#::I was granted NPR to bypass filter 856, which tags every removal of a copyright tag in mainspace. I was granted PMR after repeatedly pestering admins to move rewrites into place, and even then, I still need an admin to delete the page when I'm done. I run the risk of an admin outright undoing my work and calling it disruptive. There's also an incredibly high level of leeway granted to admins. I burnt out on copyright problems, but I handled a lot of the cases where MER-C's pdel couldn't. There is a much higher chance of me getting blasted on my talk page or dragged to ANI for disruption for removing content without a clear policy ground; the policy ground is that the cases are ridiculously complex or difficult to look into, so I stub it for probable copyvio. People don't take me as seriously as they would DanCherek, for instance, in a copyright situation, because I'm not an admin. It's unlikely to get revdel unbundled even for a highly trusted role; at that point, the scrutiny would just be as bad as an RFA one because it involves deletion. [[User:Sennecaster|Sennecaster]] ([[User talk:Sennecaster|Chat]]) 04:00, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
#:More CCI admins would help. Even a bit of attrition means serious problems in an area that's already hard work for such a small crew. (I managed to close exactly ''one'' CCI in the past year, a process that basically burned me out despite being one of the easy ones!) But I see a few wicked problems the community will have to overcome first.
#:First, we need a way to teach copyright to editors so they can develop proficiency and eventually become admin candidates. I don't think there are enough fast community-driven feedback loops in place to meaningfully guide editors. (If the community had a dollar for every time someone stopped at "my Earwig score is only 22%", well we could just hire all the copyright specialists we needed.) I’ve only gotten actual constructive feedback once or twice in the past eight years—this means I have effectively '''zero idea how I’m doing'''. Now, this doesn’t personally bother me all that much, but my level of comfort with [[:VUCA]] situations doesn’t magic away the root-cause problem.
#:We also need to get tools into folks’ hands somehow, and that can be challenging. Not sure the community will go for further tool unbundling, and as Barkeep points out RfA can be tough for behind-the-scenes specialists. I wonder if the community has any appetite for a novel approach. Back in 2017, I got reasonably close to submitting an RfA myself, and one thing I considered was ''de facto'' unbundling by promising to use the tools '''only for revdels, G12s, and copyvio blocks'''. I even drafted a recall process that would have allowed anyone in good standing to have me desysopped if I used the tools for a non-listed purpose. Seemed like one way to assuage potential fears about handing broad discretionary authority to a niche/specialist editor. I remain doubtful that it would have worked, and obviously I didn’t end up doing any of this myself, but if any lurking RfA nomination-writers want to give it a shot with a future candidate, the first "wiae idea" is free :) [[User:Wiae|/wiae]] [[User talk:Wiae|/tlk]] 14:30, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
# GA/DYK reform: are they pushing more volume than they can handle?
# WMF funding to develop a better tool for detecting [[WP:CLOP]]? Tedious manual work ...
# Re-write, update, publish in Signpost [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-04-13/Dispatches]] (the copyright pages are too dense for a new editor)
# Noticeboard reform. Consider [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AAdministrators%27_noticeboard&diff=1136301300&oldid=1136277840 this comment] (three lost years), these [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:XOR%27easter/2020b#I_don't_see_it. (untrue) claims], and the complexity of using [[Wikipedia:Copyright problems]]. (Aside: wow. Just wow. On the three years.) One can drop a problem at the COI noticeboard or the BLP noticeboard without a lot of work, but just figuring out how to lodge a copyright concern stumps me every time. If {{u|XOR'easter}} could have made a simple, "could someone look into this" post at a noticeboard three years ago ... yes, the CCI folks already have too much work, but would not an easier-to-use noticeboard encourage more of us non-admins to help out ?? The COINoticeboard has saved my sanity more than once. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:18, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
#:Noticeboards are only useful if someone's there to respond to the plea for help. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 21:13, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
#::Hence, my point ... if it were easier, more of us would participate. I engage CCI reluctantly as I'm so afraid to make a mistake and the instrutions are so complicated. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 21:17, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
#:::The instructions on copyright problems gives the information of how to handle copyright violations across the entire site. The policy itself says to refer to those instructions. I don't think there's a way to simplify the beginning stuff without a major major rewrite and restructuring. It's doable, but it'd take a while and the people that are most familiar with how the board works and how copyright enforcement happens 'round here may not get to it for months. [[User:Sennecaster|Sennecaster]] ([[User talk:Sennecaster|Chat]]) 04:03, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
# Data for GA and DYK to identify QPQ problems. Editor interaction shows clearly which editors were pushing DC's articles through DYK and GA. {{u|Mike Christie}}'s data will be helpful as well. When a nominator puts up a GAN or DYK, how to add Mike's data showing frequent collaborators. The trends with DC are apparent via editor interaction, so having this info incorporated into the review might discourage unhealthy QPQ. Some of DC's collaborators have [[WP:CLOP|CLOP]] issues themselves, and should not be reviewing at DYK or GAN. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 20:46, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
#:I posted this at ANI back in September: {{tq|Not being familiar with CCI discussions I don't want to pontificate but I would have thought PDEL should be the default. If breaking copyright rules doesn't get you a scarlet letter, doesn't require you to fix your own messes, doesn't stop you from editing, and leaves your bad edits in place (since we don't have the manpower to clean most of it up), what is the incentive not to break those rules?}}. By "scarlet letter" I meant that the CCI page names are anonymized so nobody knows you're to blame. I think at least one of those four things should change. Has there ever been a case where someone unwilling to cooperate by fixing their own messes has continued to edit and been productive? [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 21:12, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
#::By the time it reaches that point, the editor may already be blocked. Once blocked, they're usually faced with a choice between "volunteering" to clean up the mess, or staying blocked. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 21:15, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
#:::That sounds more than plausible, but do you think that happens because we ''don't'' bring down the hammer quickly enough? In other words, as soon as a CCI is opened the editor is expected to contribute significantly to the clean up, and if they don't they're blocked? They can edit elsewhere too at the same time, I'm thinking. If my kid were to take a stick and run around the garden lopping the heads off flowers, I'd make them help replant as necessary, and I wouldn't hide it from the rest of the family, give them the free run of the garden, and leave the damaged flowers on the lawn. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 21:25, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
#::::When given a chance, they often demonstrate that they aren't able to paraphrase and summarize sources in their own words. Now, in the good news dept, I just investigated the editor I mention below. Arb sanctioned for other behavioral issues, failed RFA where I gave a copyvio example no one else picked up on (which was happening daily at DYK, but there was never a CCI), came to my talk page, I gave them a stern talking to, and current editing of the same type of articles from the same types of sources reveals ... no problem! There you go ... a success story ... not that the old stuff has been cleaned up, though. The problem with most of the editors who end up blocked, and same with DC, is that their friends defend them, and the stern talking to doesn't sink in. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 21:45, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
#:::::{{tq|When given a chance, they often demonstrate that they aren't able to paraphrase and summarize sources in their own words.}}. Then I'd say they have no place editing here. If after Doug's first CCI we'd required him to fix his own work and found that he couldn't, and he'd been blocked as a result, there would be a lot less to clean up. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 21:51, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
#::That's a good question. The most prolific serial DYK offender I used to follow (a decade ago) is still editing, but I don't think there was ever a CCI. Need to do more homework to see if there were any sanctions and if the copyvio continues. People at DYK wanted my head then (there was daily copyvio on the main page, and then Rlevse happened, and the rest of what happened to FAC is history), so I solved my copyvio angst by trying to never again look at DYK. It would be nice if we could get a list of the serial offenders. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 21:16, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
# Machine translation for Earwig. Probably on a single source basis at first to control costs. [[User:MER-C|MER-C]] 17:31, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
# A write up explaining the limitations of Earwig; too many content reviewers have no understanding of what Earwig canNOT detect. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 12:36, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

=== Copyright issues: Other discussion ===
Hi, I just read through this conversation with interest - lots of food for thought. I've been chipping away at Martinevans123's copyright investigation, assessing 2-3 pages at a time out of tens of thousands, and it strikes me that I'm never going to make any sort of serious dent in it. Then there's the Edelmand case, which was only uncovered because I've got the same books sources as they use, and was shocked to discover wholesale rampant plagiarism which wouldn't be uncovered by automated tools - ever. I think that's hardly been looked at, because it doesn't involve a high-profile editor and I didn't raise the issue at somewhere like ANI before I set up the investigation. The backlog at CCI stretches back years, actually decades, people get burned out by such an unpleasant slog, that I'm really at a complete loss to suggest what to do. Meanwhile, the "free" encyclopedia is being made a laughing stock by hosting blatant copyright violations that nobody (broadly construed) can be bothered to get rid of.

Incidentally, the biggest problem with Earwig is on any established article, you're likely to find the top one or two hits to be Wikipedia mirrors, which will give you the impression that the article is nearly 100% copyvio and flag the entire screen in red. [[User:Ritchie333|Ritchie333]] [[User talk:Ritchie333|(talk)]] [[Special:Contributions/Ritchie333|(cont)]] 18:17, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

:{{u|Ritchie333}}, Earwig is useless in dealing with our serial copyviolators, and too few content review editors and processes understand its limitations. The DC CCI is progressing amazingly well (that is, at least compared to other CCI cases) in terms of the amount of content already looked at and deleted. Part of the reason we have been able to move so quickly is the AN consensus we got per [[WP:DCGAR]]. But we need to do more to prevent the next Billy Hathorn, DC, etc ... I have been socked in with IRL work for weeks, but am keeping this thread on the page as I intend to work on [[#Copyright: Ideas so far]] whenever I get a breather. For now, when I come home after a long day, I try to get six to ten DC articles looked at ... anyone who wants to join the effort, a) prepare to see some of the worst content you've ever seen, and b) dig in with us at the talk page of [[WP:DCGAR]]. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 21:36, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
::Any work to get rid of copyright violations on Wikipedia is good. The problem with Doug Coldwell is I've never interacted with him - I notice I [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/IncidentArchive1108#Proposal : Indef_block|called for an indefinite block at ANI last year]], but that was in an uninvolved administrator role. I don't think I've ever read anything he's ever contributed to, at least not consciously. So I'm not sure where to start, if I'm honest. Martin's CCI is easier, as he's got overlapping interests to mine, such as British geography and music. I find it a bit easier to work on those as I can simply identify the relevant text and copyedit it, making any possibility of copyright violation moot. I wouldn't be able to do that with DC's articles as I'm completely unfamiliar with the subject matter. [[User:Ritchie333|Ritchie333]] [[User talk:Ritchie333|(talk)]] [[Special:Contributions/Ritchie333|(cont)]] 22:01, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
Sandy – thanks for all of the work you have done recently in this thread, at GAN, and elsewhere regarding this issue. Regarding your suggestion above about writing up an essay about the limitations of Earwig in detecting issues, I had started to write up some notes and I have now stuck them in my userspace [[User:Caeciliusinhorto/Don't rely on Earwig|here]] – if you or your talkpage stalkers want to use that as the basis for something then feel free to have at it! [[User:Caeciliusinhorto-public|Caeciliusinhorto-public]] ([[User talk:Caeciliusinhorto-public|talk]]) 15:52, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

=== Close paraphrasing issues ===

Following up from my FAC. Where can I find guidance on how to prevent close paraphrasing? Is there a common method for pulling info from a source that can avoid this? I read [[WP:FIXCLOSEPARA]]. It helps demonstrate what the problem is, but I find it really unhelpful with actually fixing the issue, primarily because it doesn't offer much guidance on how to combine sources while maintaining source-text integrity for each individual inline citation. Obviously there's an answer to this, but apparently this is an area where I struggle. I'm especially concerned because I have written eight [[WP:Good articles]] using these same sources, all of which passed fairly easily (lending credence to my theory that GA as a process is broken at a fundamental level). I don't want to burden you too much with all of this, but I'd like to know if there's a typical solution for this problem. [[User:Thebiguglyalien|''Thebiguglyalien'']] ([[User talk:Thebiguglyalien|talk]]) 05:07, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

:I was just trying to find just that for you ... someone recently typed up a very good summary that I've been trying to find. Maybe one of my TPS remembers. The gist being to read all your sources, then set them aside and write in your own words what you remember ''without'' consulting the sources (so you know you get your own phrasing), and then go back and doublecheck that what you wrote conforms to the sources, adjust from there. That is, don't write with the source in front of you; you've got to read, remove yourself from the source, get away from it to write, then come back to it to check. Please feel free to burden me all you like; I am always pleased to see an editor grow through constructive feedback at FAC. I'm going to keep poking around to see if I can find that summary I saw recently from a better writer than I am (well, that's pretty much everyone :) Back in my day, we [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-04-13/Dispatches|wrote this]], but it may not give the practical info you seek ... maybe a TPS will pop up to help. I used to be so fearful of paraphrasing that I tended to overquote, probably still do, so hang in there ... [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 05:15, 5 March 2023 (UTC)
::I take it back ... I had forgotten [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-04-13/Dispatches|there are some practical tips in there]]; hope it helps. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 05:16, 5 March 2023 (UTC)
::I just finished reading the Signpost dispatch. I definitely see what the problem is and why it's a problem. But the description of how to write without paraphrasing just doesn't feel intuitive to me. Presumably my workflow of "read one source, add relevant facts from that source, move on to the next source" isn't viable. Overall, I'm just overwhelmingly frustrated with Wikipedia's philosophy of "keep doing it wrong without guidance until someone comments on it months or years later". I can't help but wonder how many other regular editors are doing this without realizing it, because GA reviewers never seem to know how to look for it and apparently it's not really something that's closely scrutinized outside of first time FACs. [[User:Thebiguglyalien|''Thebiguglyalien'']] ([[User talk:Thebiguglyalien|talk]]) 06:15, 5 March 2023 (UTC)
:::Don't be frustrated .. sit on it for a day or two, do something else in the meantime, and come back to it. It will come together. It sounds like your work style is like mine: linear processing. I also tend to put one source on my desk in front of me, and chunk in everything I want to use from that source before moving on to the next one. But I've learned that I first have to have in my mind the big picture, an outline that is mine, not the sources ... perhaps that's easier in medical writing because we have [[WP:MEDSECTIONS|such a well-defined structure]]. You will find your way through this, because you're determined. It's always good to be on a new learning curve, and the good news is you will now move beyond GA :). A good way to spend your learning time is reviewing other FACs, by the way. Sometimes you can spot things even if you're not sure how to fix them ... [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 06:33, 5 March 2023 (UTC)
::::With close paraphrasing, there is always a balancing act between not making the text overly similar to the source on the one hand, and the need to avoid writing original research, stilted prose and the fact that sometimes there is really only one way of saying a thing. In cases where you have a closely paraphrased text, some thinking about alternative formulations and then a total rewrite is a good approach. [[User:Jo-Jo Eumerus|Jo-Jo Eumerus]] ([[User talk:Jo-Jo Eumerus|talk]]) 20:31, 5 March 2023 (UTC)
::::@[[User:SandyGeorgia|SandyGeorgia]] or any TPS: is there an efficient way to determine whether there's close paraphrasing in other articles I've written? I'm hoping that the issue is limited to the first lady articles that I've written (due to the nature of biographical articles and the sources that I've been using for them), but it's always difficult to tell when it's your own writing. [[User:Thebiguglyalien|''Thebiguglyalien'']] ([[User talk:Thebiguglyalien|talk]]) 21:43, 5 March 2023 (UTC)
:::::Will answer roll answer in below with Christine's query. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 23:56, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

{{u|Larataguera}}, re your [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Frances_Cleveland/archive1&oldid=prev&diff=1142955124 query here], moving discussion to here as the FAC has archived. I wasn't concerned enough about those instances to remove the text as copyvio; I can't say why-- it's just one of those "you know it when you see it" things. What was indicated by Victoriaearle was easily fixable and didn't seem to rise to the level of removal. The concern in this case is more related to getting a first-time FAC nominator on the right track. I also don't think of myself as any sort of expert in this area ... still learning myself :). {{pb}} I love your username; it's poetic and musical and strong at the same time. Bst, [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 05:29, 5 March 2023 (UTC)
:I'll second Sandy's suggestion about reviewing other people's FACs, or even just following along if it's something on which you have sources available, and seeing how that editor reworked the text from the sources into their FAC. It helps a great deal if you have a fairly well-defined structure to use as a base.--[[User:Sturmvogel 66|Sturmvogel 66]] ([[User talk:Sturmvogel 66|talk]]) 12:40, 5 March 2023 (UTC)
::Close paraphrasing has always been something I've struggled with as well. Would doing an Earwig check help with it? Perhaps comparing your work with it could be an easy way to make sure your work doesn't sound too much like your sources? [[User:Figureskatingfan|Christine (Figureskatingfan)]] ([[User talk:Figureskatingfan|talk]]) 22:30, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

The answer to several queries above is a depressing, "no, there is no easy way". There are some tools that can help a bit, but no tool that will really pick up close paraphrasing, and not at all when the sources are scans like, for example, from newspapers.com. One should always run [https://copyvios.toolforge.org/ Earwig] but recognize that it can't look at scans, and rarely detects too-close paraphrasing. Ditto for the [https://dupdet.toolforge.org/ duplication detector], although it might pick up a bit more if you set the word count low and remove quotes, but you have to check each source. But neither of these tools will pick up duplication of structure. The most egregious examples seen in the [[WP:DCGAR]] CCI are entire paragraphs where a few words are juggled. {{pb}} As you can see, there's a whole big long rant and thread on this page at [[#TPS alert/rant: CCI work]]. Because after DYK let through more than 500 articles, and GAN let through more than 200, over more than a decade-and-a-half, we end up with [[WP:DCGAR]], and that is by no means the first such example. That's why we have tried to [[#Copyright: Ideas so far|put our heads together to come up with ideas above]]. Trying to read through low resolution newspapers.com scans to pick up too-close paraphrasing and copyvio that has gone undetected for years and decades is a miserable chore, and there are only about four very active admins and a few others trying to do it all.{{pb}} So after spending a disgusting month in the [[WP:DCGAR|bowels of some of the worst content I've ever encountered]], and seeing the laxity in most (not all) GA reviews, I have to ask what purpose GA and DYK serve, if they don't serve to catch copyright issues early on-- before the problems become huge-- and these processes clearly do not. In fact, via the reward culture, they encourage editors to churn out content too fast for careful checking. And I wonder if the most active editors in those two processes really care ? There are several very active GAN editors helping in the cleanup, but almost no one from DYK. This situation might be understandable were it rare: it's not. DYK has been churning out serial copyright violators for as long as I've been editing, and not a thing has changed. We're still cleaning up copyvio from serial DYKers from a decade ago. After DCGAR, we know the same applies to GAN. And without Ealdgyth, one can wonder when the next FAC scandal will hit. {{pb}} The answer to your query is all you can do is be aware, use what tools we have, go back and re-read your writing, and watch for same in all content review processes.{{pb}} And don't beat yourselves up; it's something everyone struggles with, and it's those who don't care or can't change that we have to worry about. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 00:12, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

:Butting in, I mostly follow (although off-line and via text files) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Victoriaearle/Early_Netherlandish_painting_sandbox Victoria's] habit of reading a load of sources and then memory dumping in own words. This is to me the ideal approach. Creating articles in the 400 to 1000 word count range usually takes 5 to 6 hours (although YMMV): imo if its taking less than that something is wrong. [[User:Ceoil|Ceoil]] ([[User talk:Ceoil|talk]]) 00:21, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

:Butting in: [[User:Victoriaearle/Tutorial]] is a different sandbox that might be more helpful. I dumped a bunch of links there some years ago when helping someone with the issue of writing in your own words and just added a quick step-by-step process. Basically it's always best to read a source thoroughly, walk away (so as to forget the specific wording in the source), take notes in your own words, then repeat with each source. [[User:Victoriaearle|Victoria]] ([[User talk:Victoriaearle|tk]]) 20:52, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

==Article history==
I know FACBot handles the article history template on talk pages when an article is promoted to FA/removed at FAR—do you know if there is any other bot which can work the AH template on command? [[User:AirshipJungleman29|~~ AirshipJungleman29]] ([[User talk:AirshipJungleman29|talk]]) 14:54, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

:There are a few bots doing different pieces, but no one bot doing it all as GimmeBot used to ... what are you hoping to see and I can point you in the right direction, maybe. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:57, 11 April 2023 (UTC)
::Idk, I guess I was just hoping for a bot you can point at a confusing mess of failed GA nominations/peer reviews and have it sort it out for you. Hopefully someone creates it someday. [[User:AirshipJungleman29|~~ AirshipJungleman29]] ([[User talk:AirshipJungleman29|talk]]) 11:47, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
:::{{u|AirshipJungleman29}}, nope, but you can point me at it and I'll fix it. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 14:21, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
::::At that point I might as well sort it out manually myself although SandyBot is an intriguing idea! [[User:AirshipJungleman29|~~ AirshipJungleman29]] ([[User talk:AirshipJungleman29|talk]]) 14:58, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

=== Samples ===
{{u|AirshipJungleman29}} here is a weekly sample to more completely answer your question above. {{ping|Hawkeye7|Novem Linguae}} and I'm not sure what bot does GA closes. As you can see, we have multiple bots adding talk page entries and creating and correcting articlehistories, but no single bot doing what GimmeBot used to do, which was roll EVERY talk page template in to AH. In particular, I'm not sure any of the bots roll in AFDs. Another issue is that different bots are using different formats (when I intervene manually, I stick to the format listed at the template for consistency).{{pb}}
See [https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?psid=23807355 Petscan 23807355]. After I tired of manually correcting AH, {{u|0xDeadbeef}} kindly created [[User:DeadbeefBot]] to [[Wikipedia:Bots/Requests for approval/DeadbeefBot 2|roll OTD, ITN, and DYK in to an existing AH]]; most of the omissions below will be caught by DeadbeefBot, but it cannot automatically catch or correct all of these issues (for example, it won't roll in GANs or AFDs that got left out of AH). Occasionally, an individual editor creates the incomplete AH, and in some of those cases, DeadbeefBot will catch the omissions, but sticking to standardized format will hopefully help more editors understand how AH works.
* MilHist bot creates AH [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AEpsom_riot&diff=prev&oldid=1149433461&diffmode=source without rolling in DYK]
** MilHist bot creates AH [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMaurice_Suckling&diff=prev&oldid=1147284648&diffmode=source without rolling in GAN or DYK]
** MilHist bot creates AH [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AHanford_Engineer_Works&diff=prev&oldid=1146176106&diffmode=source without rolling in GAN or DYK]
* FACbot closes FLC [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AAlia_Bhatt_filmography&diff=prev&oldid=1149713826&diffmode=source without rolling in DYK]
** FACbot closes FLC [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3A74th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards&diff=prev&oldid=1146523548&diffmode=source without rolling in ITN]
** FACbot closes FLC [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AAlia_Bhatt_filmography&diff=prev&oldid=1149713826&diffmode=source without rolling in DYK]
* GAR closer creates AH [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AWilliam_Bradford_%28printer%2C_born_1663%29&diff=prev&oldid=1149223022&diffmode=source without rolling in OTD]
** GAR closer creates AH [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AThomas_Johnston_%28engraver%29&diff=prev&oldid=1146093774&diffmode=source without rolling in DYK]
** GAR closer creates AH [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AWilliam_Rath&diff=prev&oldid=1147247967&diffmode=source without rolling in DYK]
* GAR closer [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:My_Hands_(Leona_Lewis_song)&oldid=1147478411 all round ACK!] After individual intervention, DYK and AFD are still not rolled in, requires manual fixing
* Individual editor [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3APaul_O%27Grady&diff=next&oldid=1147233339&diffmode=source adds ITN when AH exists]
* Individual editor [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3A2022_Serbian_general_election&diff=prev&oldid=1147616680&diffmode=source builds AH without rolling in ITN or removing old peer review]
Deadbeefbot will catch most, but not all of these, on its next run; faulty GA closes will always be and have always been a problem, as they do not follow a standard format used by all other content review processes (that is, PR, FA, FL, and DYK, as I've discussed ad nauseum with {{u|Mike Christie}}). [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 12:51, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

:PS, what bot closes GANs? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 14:00, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
: I don't believe any bot rolls peer reviews in to AH. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 16:16, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
::A combination of [[User:Novem Linguae/Scripts/GANReviewTool]] (optional) and [[User:ChristieBot]], I think. [[User:AirshipJungleman29|~~ AirshipJungleman29]] ([[User talk:AirshipJungleman29|talk]]) 15:31, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
:::I can't find examples of GAN closes (we know GAR closer misses a few things). [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 16:16, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
:::: I don't believe that the GAN closer tool does article history yet - [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AStonewall_Jackson%27s_arm&diff=1148861171&oldid=1146759255&diffmode=source] [[User:Hog Farm|Hog Farm]] ''[[User talk:Hog Farm|Talk]]'' 17:01, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
:::::You can find examples of GANReviewTool closes at [[User:Novem Linguae/Scripts/GANReviewTool/GANReviewLog]].
:::::GANReviewTool does article history only if {{t|Article history}} is already on the talk page. [https://github.com/NovemLinguae/UserScripts/blob/master/GANReviewTool/modules/GANReviewWikicodeGenerator.js#L15-L22 Code.]
:::::GANReviewTool doesn't currently fold in other templates. [https://github.com/NovemLinguae/UserScripts/blob/master/GANReviewTool/modules/GANReviewWikicodeGenerator.js#L385-L415 Code.] This is a pretty complex job that would require a lot of code and testing to do correctly. For example, what if {{t|Article history}} already exists, and you need to insert {{t|DYK talk}}, but it needs to be inserted as like action #3 to get the chronological order correct, but there's already 5 actions? Then you need code to change a bunch of the action numbers. It sounds like an ideal {{t|Article history}} cleanup bot would also reorder all the params into an ideal order, also with different line break strategies to create visual "groups" of parameters. Probably needs a dedicated bot that just specializes in that. Perhaps {{u|DeadbeefBot}} can become that bot. –[[User:Novem Linguae|'''Novem Linguae''']] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 20:42, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
::::::Yes (GimmeBot did all that) -- except in your example, DYK does not need to be inserted in chrono order, as it is not an action ... it is one time event that goes at the end of the template, similar to ITN and OTD. Your example is true for folding in old AFDs, peer reviews, GANs, etc, which I do manually in those cases that come to my attention. {{pb}} If we can get more editors to understand the AH template, less work all around, because when someone creates an AH template, but leaves out a process, it is more work to go back and add it in, because of chrono order. (By the way, the template still works even when the actions are not put in chrono order.) All of these bots doing partial jobs (except Oxdeadbeef) are making the job harder, because if they just left FAC, FAR, GA etc templates on talk for one bot to fold in, that bot would be much easier to code as it wouldn't have to move action numbers. I suspect that's why GimmeBot could do it, and others can't -- the bots themselves have created a hard to code situation, whereas GimmeBot kept ''all'' talk pages and all templates in order, so rarely had to worry about action numbers. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 21:44, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
::::::: Any bot handling a template needs to read the template parameters. The T:AH actions need to be read and stored in some structure, then other templates read and added to the structure as other actions. Then everything gets sorted by date, which is an easy part. The complexity - even back then - is the logic needed to handle as many as possible of the variations people made. [[User_talk:Gimmetrow|''Gimmetrow'']] 03:56, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
::::::When I have time I will implement functionality that parses all parameters so they can be sorted and reordered when other templates (Such as {{tl|GA}} and {{tl|Failed GA}}) are folded. 0x[[User:0xDeadbeef|'''Deadbeef''']]→∞ ([[User talk:0xDeadbeef|talk to me]]) 04:43, 16 April 2023 (UTC)
:::::::{{u|0xDeadbeef}} you are a gem. If you read on, you will see how many different problems are being created by different editors and bots, and IMO, it is the bots that are making this a very hard situation to code around. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 16:50, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

=== Next samples ===
To look at how bot proliferation is creating the AH problem.
: [https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?psid=24752558 Petscan for GAs outside of AH] {{done}}
* [[Talk:Battle of Berea]]
** Individual editor [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ABattle_of_Berea&diff=prev&oldid=1121219994&diffmode=source passes GA without building AH] and without providing oldid
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ABattle_of_Berea&diff=next&oldid=1121219994&diffmode=source Legobot adds oldid]
** Individual editor [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ABattle_of_Berea&diff=prev&oldid=1147262871&diffmode=source passes A class] without building AH
** MilHist bot [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ABattle_of_Berea&diff=next&oldid=1147262871&diffmode=source adds AH for A-class] without merging in GA (and places articlehistory above the talk header)
** Individual editor who nominated A class [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ABattle_of_Berea&diff=next&oldid=1147269897&diffmode=source updates status without correcting AH] or indicating current status
*** Correcting AH then requires [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ABattle_of_Berea&diff=next&oldid=1147279473&diffmode=source resorting the actions to add GA as action1 while moving A-class review to action2, moving AH to the correct place on the page, and updating current status]
* [[Talk:TRAPPIST-1]]
** Individual editor [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ATRAPPIST-1&diff=prev&oldid=1144813533&diffmode=source promotes GA without building in to existing AH]
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ATRAPPIST-1&diff=prev&oldid=1150337510&diffmode=source Incorporate GA to AH]
*** This one was not difficult, but should this article next go to FAC again, then FACbot would have gone through and would not build the GA in to AH, creating a problem. Solutions are 1) train GA reviewers to build in to AH, 2) encourage nominator to build in to AH, 3) get FACbot to build in to AH, 4) write a separate bot to build in to AH before FACbot goes through and misses it, so that we can 5) get BACK to the clean talk pages that one bot could process because we didn't have all different kinds of messes.
* [[Talk:M8 Armored Gun System]] similar to Battle of Berea above-- problem caused by MilHistbot building AH without merging in DYK or GAN. Note also that narry a soul is respecting talk page order of items
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AM8_Armored_Gun_System&diff=prev&oldid=1150339224&diffmode=source Merge both DYK and GAN to AH]; once again, multiple editor and bots intervened without building the AH. These include the nominator of both the GAN, DYK, and A-class, the GA reviewer, the A-class passing editor, and then MilHistBot. Should this progress to FAC, then FACBot would close the FAC without folding in the GAN or the DYK. Oxdeadbeef would get the DYK, but not the GAN. Multiple fails. SUGGESTION: MilHistBot is creating a bigger problem than it is solving by building incomplete AHs; if it would just leave the A-class templates on the talk page, one bot could be designed to build AH correctly, without having to re-sort the actions.
* [[Talk:Albert Luthuli]] offers both a PR and a GAN that haven't been correctly rolled in to an existing AH
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AAlbert_Luthuli&diff=next&oldid=1114469268&diffmode=source Peer review is closed]
** Individual editor [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AAlbert_Luthuli&diff=next&oldid=1114822965&diffmode=source builds the AH correctly] but does not remove old templates
** {{u|Mike Christie}} passes GA [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AAlbert_Luthuli&diff=next&oldid=1145702287&diffmode=source but does not fold in to existing AH]
** {{u|Iamawesomeautomatic}} again [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AAlbert_Luthuli&diff=next&oldid=1147067212&diffmode=source (almost) correctly builds AH] but fails to remove templates which were merged to AH, and fails to add |currentstatus = GA so the articlehistory template renders incorrectly
** Because the AH was at least built by the nominator editor (hurray), when the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AAlbert_Luthuli&diff=next&oldid=1147244310&diffmode=source DYK bot goes through], it does roll the DYK nom in to the AH. Had it not, Oxdeadbeef bot would have caught that part. CONCLUSION: at least one editor tried, and having the AH at least built avoids future need to re-sort action items.
* [[Talk:Hearst Castle]] AH exists, but AN was not rolled in and current status is not indicated, so template is rendering incorrectly
** FACbot [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AHearst_Castle&diff=prev&oldid=970383850&diffmode=source fails to add currentstatus] after FAC archive
** Two experienced editors (both the GAN nominator and reviewer) fail to a) add the oldid, or b) build the GA pass into AH.
** At least ChristieBot [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AHearst_Castle&diff=prev&oldid=1145883308&diffmode=source catches the oldid]
** Fixing this one was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AHearst_Castle&diff=prev&oldid=1150342323&diffmode=source relatively simple], but again, without this manual intervention, should this article next appear at FAC, FACbot would not roll the GAN in, and then actions would need to be re-ordered.
* [[Talk:Hanford Engineer Works]] -- same problem as two others above -- created by MilHist bot building a partial articlehistory without rolling in an existing DYK or GAN. Oxdeadbeef bot will catch the DYK, but not the GAN.
** Two experienced editors [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AHanford_Engineer_Works&diff=prev&oldid=1123309985&diffmode=source nominate and pass the GAN without building the AH or providing the oldid]: ChristieBot [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AHanford_Engineer_Works&diff=next&oldid=1123309985&diffmode=source catches the oldid]
** Because the AH wasn't built, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AHanford_Engineer_Works&diff=next&oldid=1123313838&diffmode=source DYK bot adds a template] (which Oxdeadbeef bot will catch)
** MilHistBot [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AHanford_Engineer_Works&diff=next&oldid=1146174218&diffmode=source builds AH without rolling in GAN or DYK] and fails to add currentstatus, so AH template renders incorrectly
** Again, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AHanford_Engineer_Works&diff=prev&oldid=1150344743&diffmode=source manual intervention is required], and is complex because actions have to be re-ordered. Should this article proceed to FAC, FACbot will not roll in the GAN, although Oxdeadbeefbot would catch the missing DYK on its next run. Same as above other examples, MilHistbot is creating the need to re-order actions, which makes further coding to catch all of these problems more difficult.

Looking down the [https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?psid=24752558 rest of the Petscan list], I see many milhist articles, and suspect the issues will be the same on most of them. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 16:37, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

Checking one more I recognize as an [[WP:FFA]] and not MilHist: a GAN pass not rolled in to an existing AH. Should it proceed to FAC again, FACbot will not roll in the GA.
* [[Talk:Geology Hall, New Brunswick, New Jersey]]
** I already had to clean the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AGeology_Hall%2C_New_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey&diff=prev&oldid=1098761567&diffmode=source AH after it was archived at FAR]
** GAN was by an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AGeology_Hall%2C_New_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey&diff=next&oldid=1098761567&diffmode=source experienced editor]
** GA pass was by another [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AGeology_Hall%2C_New_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey&diff=next&oldid=1101439102&diffmode=source experienced editor] who did roll the GAN into AH, but failed to remove the GA pass template.
** Mike Christie [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AGeology_Hall%2C_New_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey&diff=next&oldid=1104209479&diffmode=source came along to repair faulty GA links] (a separate matter and a BIG problem on talk pages caused by GA process being out of sync with every other process)

That's all for now, but a combo of inaction by experienced editors and well-intentioned but faulty bot edits are making the articlehistory something that will be very difficult for future bots to fix and creating a problem that did not exist in the past, when GimmeBot got it all, without leaving pieces out that later had to be re-ordered in. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 16:52, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

* A class is handled by the MilHist Project's MilHistBot and not the FACBot, although I maintain them both and they share a code base. The MilHistBot never had instructions to add anything to the article history except for the A class assessment result. It was simple enough to add this functionality though, with two additional instructions:

{{syntaxhighlight|lang=perl|1=
my $article_history = new MilHist::ArticleHistory ('parser' => $parser);
$article_history->add_action ('WAR', <nowiki>'~~~~~'</nowiki>, $assessment, $result, $revision);

$article_history->merge (); # Merge in the DYK, ITN, OTD and GAN templates, if any, and
$article_history->sort (); # Sort ArticleHistory elements into chronological order
}}

* I have implemented this change this morning, and A class will merge the DYK, ITN, OTD and GAN templates into the ArticleHistory template from now on. [[User:Hawkeye7|Hawkeye7]] [[User_talk:Hawkeye7|(discuss)]] 21:25, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
*:{{u|Hawkeye7}} awesome ... how about the occasional AFD ?? If we can get everyone on the same page, and then get one bot to process all the old GA and FailedGA templates, then it should be much simpler to code one bot to do everything else. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 21:47, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
*:: The ArticleHistory module also handles PR and AFD, but not {{tl|Old Afd multi}} at present. [[User:Hawkeye7|Hawkeye7]] [[User_talk:Hawkeye7|(discuss)]] 22:26, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

Noting: about 90% of the problems in this group were MilHistbot and A-class reviews. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 00:46, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
: Including, apparently, every single article I've recently taken to A-Class that isn't a FA. [[User:Hog Farm|Hog Farm]] ''[[User talk:Hog Farm|Talk]]'' 00:56, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
::Yes ... the problem here was MilHist bot creating AH without rolling in GAN/DYK, etc. But only a few more to correct, and then Hawkeye7 has fixed the script, so this problem goes away. If the rest of the problems I've identified can be fixed, then it will be easier to write a bot to do what Gimme used to, so I'm chipping away at them. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 01:24, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
::By the way, the reason that many others that *are* FAs and FFAs aren't showing up on the Petscans is that I've been going through them manually *for* *years* doing the post-bot cleanup on FACs, FARs, and TFAs. We have errors being created in articlehistory by bot and multitudes of experienced users who aren't cleaning them up. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 07:35, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

=== To do next ===
[https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?psid=24753347 Petscan for FailedGA outside of AH] [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 17:04, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
{{done}} [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 13:36, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

=== And PR ===
And [https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?psid=24755617 348 Old peer review not built in to AH]; writing a bot would be much easierr if all the old issues were cleaned out first-- if AH had been properly maintained in the years since Gimme left, there would be no need to re-order actions. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 00:45, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

=== To fix ===
{{u|Mike Christie}} have a look at [[Talk:Problematic social media use]]; I'm not sure how to best fix that to accommodate your GA stats. The second GA was appended on to the first GA (and neither of them are even "real" GANs). [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 13:55, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

Another for you, Mike:
* [[Talk:Organ transplantation in China/GA2]] appears to be actually a faulty GAR ... not sure how to build that in to AH. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 14:37, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

Another for you, Mike:
* [[talk:Lacrosse]]
There are actually four GANs; do your stats work if they are left as is and GA2 rolled in to AH? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 14:38, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

Thanks for the ping. I think the main thing I'd say is to fix AH in whatever way makes the most sense; I haven't been too fussed about the stats missing odd cases. For [[problematic social media use]], I'd just treat that as a single GA -- just because someone tacked on some extra comments doesn't force us to create an event to accommodate it. The organ transplantation one is weird, but it's structured as a GAN and I think there's no percentage in actualling reading 58,000 GAN pages to find out if they should be redefined; we should just leave it as a GAN.

The way the stats work is that I ran them up to a certain date, a month or two ago, and am not going back, except that the bot searches for moves of GA pages and reprocesses those cases (because (a) that might fix a mismatch that meant the GA was unfindable and (b) I want the stats to correctly track the GAs with regard to their current pages). So if you fix these, it won't change the stat unless I reprocess them. I might do that just to see if it cleans them up a bit, but it won't be soon as I want to get some other work done on the bot first. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 00:25, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

:Great, Mike; got all those done, [https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?psid=24753347 19 more to go]. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 00:35, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

=== GA bookkeeping ===
{{further|Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-03-24/Dispatches}}
And after all those errors are fixed, at least [https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?psid=24768643 6,000 GAs] that have other process templates for which no bot has built articlehistory. More than ten years after we had a bot that Did Everything. Ridiculous. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 01:32, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

:What caused GimmeBot to stop editing? Could we ask the bot operator to start it back up, or to provide us with the source code for [[Wikipedia:Bots/Requests for approval/GimmeBot 2|task 2]] so that someone else can start it up? I see the bot operator edited a month ago so might respond if we ask. –[[User:Novem Linguae|'''Novem Linguae''']] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:56, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
::If Gimme wanted to start this task again, he would have done so by now. What caused him to stop editing was incessant hounding by one of Wikipedia's most prolific sockmasters, who was aided and abetted by other socks and sock supporters and not deterred by certain arbs. That history ended up telling itself, but only after FAC was destroyed. Considering how Gimme was treated, I would never pretend to ask him to give anything back, because some of those doing the mistreating were the very prima donnas the bot served. And to tie a nice bow around that steaming pile, when I was FAC delegate, I frequently had to implore the regulars to thank Gimme for the work he did to keep the starred talk pages in shape (and he did EVERYTHING ... all talk pages of GAs and FAs were clean ... yet when a bevy of socks came after him, no one who benefitted stood up). [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 02:28, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

: Sandy, did I do [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AGeorge_Meade&diff=1151901050&oldid=1151900244 this manual GA article history cleanup] correctly? Maybe not the nicest of me to rapid fail the same article at GAN twice in about 2 months, but I tried to clean up article history the second time. [[User:Hog Farm|Hog Farm]] ''[[User talk:Hog Farm|Talk]]'' 23:17, 26 April 2023 (UTC)
::Very nice, {{u|Hog Farm}}; I keep hoping if people see me around cleaning up talk pages, they'll get the hint ... and now someone has! Looks good to me. The idea is that if the template action items are consistently sorted as they are in the documentation at {{t1|Article history}}, the thing will be more readable, more logical, more consistent and start to make more sense to more of the "regulars" (GA, FAC, FAR, ITN, PR, etc). Who will then know how to fix issues themselves. {{pb}} Separately, there are some folks over at talk page layout who insist Vital article should be moved up, while I think it belongs in the WikiProject Banner Shell, so I usually leave them where I find them. Cleaning up something I think doesn't even belong there is not my mission :){{pb}} But the AH part is perfect; thanks so much! Ping me anytime you want a doublecheck on article history. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 00:53, 27 April 2023 (UTC)
:::PS not listed works the same as failed on GAN result, and feels less ickey to me. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 00:55, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

=== AH and GA ===

Sandy, I saw your latest ping. The GA instructions currently say to leave the {{t|GA}} template on the talk page and don't mention AH, so that's what I've been doing. I know AH is preferable, but I was under the impression someone was developing a bot to roll everything in to AH, so I figured that meant there was no harm in not building AH as it would get done later. I have looked at getting ChristieBot to do it, but it's a big job and I'm not sure I want to take that on -- it's a lot harder than what ChristieBot currently does. I don't think there would be support for changing the GA instructions to mention AH, since that's a lot more complicated than just pasting in the GA template. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 07:22, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

:Yep ... I'm trying to raise awareness that there is no bot, and there is no bot in development, and there are over 6,000 GAs that are not built in to articlehistory. I'm trying to at least keep up with those in the petscan queries at [[User:SandyGeorgia/ToDo]]. Yes, we need someone to replace Gimmebot to do everything, instead of the incomplete mess we have now with three or four different bots doing different things, but no one bot doing it all. I agree that you wouldn't get support to add AH to GA instructions, since anyone can pass a GA and few editors understand AH, but I'm pretty sure that most experienced editors are keeping up with AH. At least, experienced editors who submit articles to GA should at least be maintaining their talk pages themselves ... it astounds me that experienced GA and FA writers don't care when their talk pages are a bloody mess. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 11:10, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
::I thought {{u|0xDeadbeef}} was planning a general AH cleanup bot? Per their comment further up this page? For myself I have to say I mostly ignore talk page header messes; I think they can be untidy but they don't bother me, perhaps because I never work on them -- I never do ratings or look at them, or add project banners or notices, so my eye just skips over them. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 11:37, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
:::I have been quite busy recently so development is pretty much stalled. I will take a look at this next week and try to make some progress. 0x[[User:0xDeadbeef|'''Deadbeef''']]→∞ ([[User talk:0xDeadbeef|talk to me]]) 11:41, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
::::But even if OxDeadBeef can do a general cleanup, what about ongoing and rolling in everything as GimmeBot used to do ? {{pb}} It's curious to me that some editors of top content don't worry about talk page messes, and I suspect (but wonder ???) if that's part of the luxury of working on pages that get few views or little feedback on talk ... which is the opposite of my experience with high traffic medical articles and pages (like [[schizophrenia]] or [[J. K. Rowling]])), [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&redirects=0&range=latest-30&pages=J._K._Rowling|Schizophrenia|Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies|Alzheimer%27s_disease|Parkinson%27s_disease|Tourette_syndrome] where talk pages really benefit from being kept tidy. {{pb}} Although the biggest single issue affecting talk page clutter (since the student editing templates were dealt with) isn't articlehistory items-- it's those pointless GA and DYK transclusions, which are duplicates of info already in AH. Thx OxDEADBEEF for the help! [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 12:00, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
:::::Should we get a bot to start dealing with all the GA templates unincorporated into {{t1|Article history}}, and once the "Vital" article mess on talk pages is cleaned up, my next [[WP:TPL]] matter is to ask that the duplicate GA and DYK transclusions on talk be removed when those are processed into Article history. {{u|SilkTork}} what say ye; do you agree these are the next biggest source of unnecessary talk page clutter? If PR, FAC, and FAR don't trasclude reviews to talk, why does the GA process need to clutter talk with one editor's opinion ([[WP:DCGAR|which is not always relevant or useful]]), when that info is already easily accessed via the article history template? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 12:20, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
::::::0xDeadbeef, thanks for working on it; I know it's a big job but it would be a major help if/when you can get it done. Sandy, I completely agree with removing those transclusions -- it doesn't even need to wait for AH, since there's a link from the GA template already. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 12:41, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
:::::::Mike, there has been pushback in the past when I have routinely removed them, so I'm going to wait for the "Vital" mess to be cleaned up before pursuing this next step at [[WP:TPL]]. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 12:43, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
::::::The transcluding has been part of the process in GA since I first got involved, though back then it had to be done manually. I've never given it much thought - perhaps it was considered better to have the discussion in a more visible location because it is an audit that is largely (though not exclusively) done by just two people - the nominator and the reviewer. Having the active discussion more visible would invite others to contribute if they could see mistakes being made, or something overlooked.
::::::But once a review has been completed, and it has been placed in the Article History template, then there is no imperative need to keep the GA review transclusion on the talkpage. When I archive talkpages I don't copy over GA transclusions, nor do I copy over those External links modified posts. But I wouldn't set out to delete either of them unless I am archiving.
::::::I do agree that where a transclusion is not already in Article History, then it would be very helpful to have a bot do that. [[User:SilkTork|SilkTork]] ([[User talk:SilkTork|talk]]) 12:48, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
::::::It appears that there are no current pages that have both article history and GA. I think I will try rolling in {{tl|Old peer review}} as a task that could make it easier to add support for {{tl|GA}} in the future. 0x[[User:0xDeadbeef|'''Deadbeef''']]→∞ ([[User talk:0xDeadbeef|talk to me]]) 08:02, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
:::::::{{u|0xDeadbeef}} that is because I have been following the four petscan queries at [[User:SandyGeorgia/ToDo]] and staying on top of those. Is it preferable that I stop doing those so you can have some test cases to work on ? My broader point has been that there is no bot rolling in everything; that is, AFD, old pr, and the 6,000 + GAs that don't fall in to the OxDeadbeef bot petscan query (by already having other templates on the page). [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 12:30, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
::::::::Yeah, optimally it should go through every talk page and roll in if there are two or more templates that could be covered by article history. I'm more trying to do a gradual expansion of the functionality of the bot, so if you want to continue go for it. I'll let you know if I want to test the bot on GA templates. 0x[[User:0xDeadbeef|'''Deadbeef''']]→∞ ([[User talk:0xDeadbeef|talk to me]]) 01:32, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

== TIL that early opposes at FAC are "poisoning the well" ==

No wonder there are not more opposes even when abundantly warranted! (for wikidrama see [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Black Monday (1987)/archive1|this FAC]]) ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 06:14, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
# I had to [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/til look that up].
# I just spent three months of my life in the [[WP:GA|depths of boatloads]] of the [[WP:DCGAR|some of the worst Wikipedia content I've ever seen]], so my feelings about FAC might be overly optimistic right now, in spite of the long-standing absence of the ''much needed'' oppose button on every aspect of the criteria.
# What comes to mind re that FAC is [[Rodney_King#Los_Angeles_riots_and_the_aftermath|Rodney King]]. But on a more personal note:
## Ling will always be ling.
## Opposes and comentary on FACs by delegates in my day were very rare and reserved for extreme situations. Because you have to maintain a certain relationship with nominators. It has been a massive mistake to assign too many "Coords", and then let them recuse as often as they wish. This has blurred the lines of their job while turning FAC into an extension of MilHist.
###Has anyone noticed some of the level of (not) quality coming out at TFA of late? Is this a hill to die on considering some of the other stuff FAC is producing?
### Do/will MilHist articles get the same level of scrutiny Ling will get?
That's all I've got. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 07:09, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

:Actually. No, that's not all I've got. This is a good example of why FAC shot itself permanently and irreparably in the foot by firing the director. He kept out of the daily business of FAC precisely so that he could be called in as an objective and uninvolved person to settle disputes involving the delegates. And yet FAC and its drawer full of socks and their supporters (who coincidentally I was just mentioning in the [[#GA bookkeeping|section two above this one]]) fired Raul for ... appointing delegates and staying out of the daily business so he could be neutral. So FAC got what it asked for (elections have consequences). {{pb}} But for the record, Raul would have stayed out of it, let you all have your go at each other, and then he would have restarted the FAC after you had spent your fury and give room for others to weigh in on a new FAC. If you have a personal issue with regular nominators, you should stay out of their FACs unless it is an uncontroversial close. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 07:19, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
::I'm basically not a coord anymore, I have a standing offer to step down in favor of someone qualified and willing to do more than I do (occasional noncontroversial closes).
::I am not upset by this incident, more bemused. You're right, there are a lot of garbage FAs and articles that do not get enough scrutiny at FAC. And I appreciate your patience for DCGAR cleanup. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 07:27, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
:::But you really are a Coord, and if FAC had a director, and a nominator had an issue with one Coord, the correct route then would have been to approach the director and ask that one Coord stay out. Instead, in the absence of a director, Ling approached you personally, and then you felt it OK to bring that information to the FAC. The blurring of the lines is that your *first* *duty* as a Coord is to the process-- not to a nominator or a reviewer or an article, but to always act in favor of the integrity of and preservation of the (whatever good is left in the ) process. Since you are a Coord, early input *does* have an impact, and as a Coord, it is incumbent upon you to recognize that and act judiciously. My suggestion would have been to not be first in, rather to wait and see what others had to say. (Recognizing that rigorous review is no longer the norm, Hog Farm's post above being an example of a welcome exception.) Why not give it first two weeks to see what others find? Now we won't know how it might have gone ... and you're stuck with that. Restart comes to mind again. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 07:34, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
::::{{u|Buidhe}} as a gesture of good will, and to help get that FAC back on track (not because any particular FAC or nominator deserves special treatment), if'n I were in your shoes, I would move the entire commentary and section initiated by you to the talk page of the FAC, and revisit only after several weeks and others have had a chance for review (only because your timing of being in first and bringing up controversy was unfortunate). There are MUCH bigger problems festering at FAC that can be better explored by not having one specific FAC become the focus of dispute and discussion. One star that you might disagree with does not the process ruin; allowing a long- and much-needed discussion to revolve around one FAC ends up giving us bad cases that make bad law. By putting FAC in a position where any discussion of the many problems will then revolve around that one FAC, the chances of a productive and successful discussion are lowered. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 15:54, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

For similar reasons to this, I won't review road articles anymore, after the archiving complaints at [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Ontario Highway 8/archive1]], the source review mess at [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Ontario Highway 8/archive2]], minor snark at [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/U.S. Route 34 in Iowa/archive2]], [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/M-144 (1937–1939 Michigan highway)]], and [[Wikipedia:Featured article review/M-28 Business (Ishpeming–Negaunee, Michigan)/archive1]]. It's a walled garden, but I suspect that me butting in there again is not going to be well-received. {{pb}} I've been on the brink of resigning from FAC coord for months - I barely have the time to go through the whole list, and then you get editors [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Damen station (CTA Blue Line)/archive2|using FAC nomination statements to complain about rules that they don't like]]. I'm running out of energy for the process ... [[User:Hog Farm|Hog Farm]] ''[[User talk:Hog Farm|Talk]]'' 14:17, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
: I gave up on the process, both as a reviewer and as a coord. Too much flack and not enough actual desire to improve articles from some of the regulars plus a declining amount of time to devote to wikipedia meant that something had to go .. and FAC was easy to justify. I miss the older times, but I just don't have the time for that amount of devotion to anything on wiki any more. [[User:Ealdgyth|Ealdgyth]] ([[User talk:Ealdgyth|talk]]) 14:37, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
:As someone relatively new to FAC still, and who joined Wikipedia after many of these events happened, I've found that unless you have massive social capital, trying to get reviewers is like herding cats - my current nomination has been up for close to a month now, and only has any reviews at all because I reviewed two FACs and their nominators did me a favor by reviewing mine as well. There's a shortage of reviewers, and what others have brought up above only makes it worse - no way in hell I would be asking someone ''not'' to do a source review! And with so few reviewers, I suspect people are reluctant to oppose since even one oppose will sink a nomination. GAN isn't much better, suffering from the lack of reviewers problem even more. Being a coord is a thankless job, because it makes you a target for angry nominators (I've been guilty of this myself at my first ever nomination).
:Just look at the monthly review stats. There's essentially no opposes! Isn't it strange that FAC has a higher pass rate than GAN, and far more nominations fail on inactivity than on their own merits? How often are people engaging with the prose in reviews, beyond just grammar? We ran a proposal drive for GAN at the start of the year, maybe it's time to try FAC reforms? [[User:Trainsandotherthings|Trainsandotherthings]] ([[User talk:Trainsandotherthings|talk]]) 15:07, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
:: TAOT, given that a year or two back, there was opposition to adding [[WP:FACR]] #1f, I doubt that FAC reforms like what happened with the GAN proposal drive would go anywhere. [[User:Hog Farm|Hog Farm]] ''[[User talk:Hog Farm|Talk]]'' 15:20, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
:::Yes to everything everyone said, but the root of the problems remain as I've stated for years. We have an absence of leadership in one person whose job it was to make sure the overall process is working and to initiate and shepherd discussions on talk about the process. That has been replaced by leadership that has actively discouraged talk page discussions, wants to have their cake and eat it too (as both nominators, reviewers and promoters/archivers), and wants to self-select who follows in their shoes, at the same time that the "established" is now much more of a "dictatorship" than Raul ever (never) was, and has not had a healthy turnover rate or even attempted to promote constructive dialogue or helpful critique. (Hog Farm Don't You Dare Give Up; you are one who will listen.) [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 15:36, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
::::PS, Hog Farm, seriously, don't you dare resign. What has been long missing is a frank and open discussion about how Coords are selected, where those who dare speak up aren't chased out by the aforementioned (two sections above) prima donnas who are attached to their bling, followed by a well-crafted (not spurious and undiscussed as was the steaming pile of sock-driven shit that forced out Raul) RFC to reboot the entire process, which now reeks of all manner of stench. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 15:41, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
::{{u|Trainsandotherthings}} I have a VERY busy day or two ahead, but I have watchlisted your FAC and will try to get over there by the weekend. I am making a very big exception as these days I find FAC a most difficult place to be, but I do want to thank you for the help on the DCGAR. So I owe you :) [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 16:18, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
:Thoughts from the peanut gallery: I consider [[WP:Call a spade a spade]] a last resort, but walled gardens are ''massively'' detrimental to the project and need to be identified as what they are. As soon as a corner of the project thinks that it's [[WP:CONLEVEL|exempt from sitewide consensus]] in favor of its own practices or that it [[WP:PROJPAGE|should have any greater say]] over a certain area, it essentially breaks that section of the project. This applies to [[WP:FAC]], [[WP:HWY]], and any other area that isn't open to the broader consensus process. It actively prevents good faith contributions, and it frightens away who knows how many potential new editors. ''Walled gardens must be met with a sledgehammer if the project is to succeed''. Anything less will not only tacitly endorse this sort of behavior, but it will allow it to fester and get worse over time. I'll gladly support any measure that has a good chance of countering walled gardens. I was workshopping [[Special:PermaLink/1137855514|a possible update]] to [[WP:CONLEVEL]] in my sandbox based on the input of a few other editors interested in this issue, but nothing came of it. [[User:Thebiguglyalien|''Thebiguglyalien'']] ([[User talk:Thebiguglyalien|talk]]) 01:15, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
::Perhaps I'm misunderstanding you, but in what way does FAC behave like a walled garden in your opinion? ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 02:06, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
:::I might have over-edited my comment and mixed a few of my complaints together. I was trying to say that FAC facilitates that behavior, not that it's a separate walled garden in its own right. [[User:Thebiguglyalien|''Thebiguglyalien'']] ([[User talk:Thebiguglyalien|talk]]) 02:29, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
:::FAC has turned into a QPQ. I'm not blaming anyone for this, but it is a statement of reality. Unfortunately, I don't know how to fix this either. '''[[User:Rschen7754|Rs]][[User talk:Rschen7754|chen]][[Special:Contributions/Rschen7754|7754]]''' 03:16, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
::::Rschen7754, that has also been my sense since I (who have most certainly done my share at FAC) had to beg for reviews for [[dementia with Lewy bodies]] even after my efforts via [[User:SandyGeorgia/Achieving excellence through featured content]] to get medical FA content going again, along with all of my efforts to get pre-FAC peer review going again. Through that, I finally understood that FAC really has become an extension of MilHist, and the rest of us just don't have the means to drum up reviewers except via QPQ. And I don't know the solution but I do know all of the things that USED to be done but no longer are, and we just don't have anyone taking leadership on all the suggestions I've made over the years. Maybe because the MilHist regulars just aren't seeing how bad it is for everyone else. Other than that, I'm sorry for not weighing in more here; I have an awful lot going on IRL and come home at night too tired to do anything more than chip away at some articlehistory errors or the copyright contributor investigation. Real article work requires focus I don't have just now ... finding commentary here very interesting at any rate. Want to remind people of the importance of being kind to each other (probably 'cuz that's what matters of late in my real life). [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 12:30, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
:::::Objectively, that is not surprising when three of the four FAC coordinators are current or former MILHIST coordinators. I don't fault them for that, but more subject diversity should have been thought of in the last selection process. '''[[User:Rschen7754|Rs]][[User talk:Rschen7754|chen]][[Special:Contributions/Rschen7754|7754]]''' 16:36, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
::::::Yes, I cautiously raised that point then, but it was difficult to state how strongly I felt there was a breakdown in how the selection process is working, as that would come across as criticism of Buidhe and Hog Farm, which I did not intend. But the process is not working, it is self-perpetuating, and the process took a decided negative turn over a decade ago away from the process Raul used, yielding paradoxically more of a "dictatorship" than Raul was criticized for. The process needs revamping before the next cycle, and it is time for some to move along and bring in some non-MilHist people who will promote discussion, diversity, new ideas, etc. along with bringing back the old hands who have been alienated. We are sadly missing Karanacs (literature and history), Laser brain (music and pop culture), Ucucha (biology), SG and Graham (medicine and biology), and so on and so forth ... I can no longer advocate that bringing medical content to FAC is worth the effort, when even I can't get reviewed in spite of my willingness to review any topic any time ... all of the diversity of interests and strengths we used to have has been exchanged for one reviewing model that may be working for MilHist, because it has so many members, but is not working for FAC, where there is a shortage now so critical that the bronze star risks becoming as meaningless as the GA icon. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 17:23, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
:::::::I would say more that the lack of reviewers is a chronic across the board issue rather than exempting MILHIST articles. People editing in the MILHIST space who don't have trouble getting reviews are often those who review frequently (not as QPQ, but I do prioritize reviewing articles when the editor is an active reviewer) and/or have a reputation for quality in their FACs making it easier to review. In the past I had trouble finding enough reviews for MILHIST related topics but there was no issue in certain non-MILHIST topics that I nominated such as [[Röhm scandal]] and [[first homosexual movement]]. I would be happy to step aside for another qualified coord who works in divergent topic area(s), but so far no takers. Since this is a volunteer position, that's kind of an insurmountable obstacle. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 19:12, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
::::Fully agree about QPQ, and also about not seeing any easy solution. Not one of my FACs would have passed without de facto QPQ to get reviewers. [[User:Trainsandotherthings|Trainsandotherthings]] ([[User talk:Trainsandotherthings|talk]]) 13:18, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
Place holder because, oh boy, I have thoughts and feeling about this --[[User:In actu|In actu (Guerillero)]] [[User_talk:Guerillero|Parlez Moi]] 15:29, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

:(''I managed to [[Strain (injury)|tear]] my [[triceps surae muscle]] yesterday; sorry for the slow reply.'') I think there are several interconnected problems here:
:# Some topic areas - MILHIST and ROADS come to mind - show up at FAC with reviewers that pretty much only review within their topic area. When people outside of it push back, mostly on sourcing, the reactions are not great.
:# Outside of those areas it is hard to get reviewers, so there has been a rise in QPQ-style reviews. I think some of it comes from mutual trust built between editors over months of working together. I will say that my reviewing stats show that I am more likely to review articles from people and wikiprojects that I trust to bring high-quality articles. I think my 50 reviews since my first FA in 2020 makes it more likely that people will review an FA a year from me. I do not dip my standards for anyone and I hope that editors would never dip their standard for me.Scrolling through FAC, something that jumps out at me is how few reviews some people do. It is sometimes hard to feel bad for people who have a reviews to nominations ratio below 5. (Transparency: Myself 17.7, Sandy 327.3, buidhe 29.1, Trains 3.3, Hog Farm 7.7, Rschen 8.9, Thebiguglyalien 2.0) The only way to fix this is for people to give back to the process.
:# FAC has become the new peer review because it is the last place left where you can get actual actionable feedback. My GA reviews are probably harder than they need to be because I know how bad it is out there. I conduct FAC source reviews for people who want it at GA because sometimes it is nice to catch problems early.
:# The dirth of opposes is worrying, but it is also related to the fact that any objection is an oppose even if you don't register it as one.
:[[User:Guerillero|Guerillero]] [[User_talk:Guerillero|Parlez Moi]] 15:59, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
::Thx for your thoughts. Hope your leg heals soon! ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 17:04, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

While I certainly do not endorse the blatant incivility that Floydian left on his FACs, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/M-144_(1937%E2%80%931939_Michigan_highway)&oldid=993740839 political rhetoric here] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Featured_article_review&curid=3105114&diff=1130973559&oldid=1130737056 here] has left the impression that some (certainly not all) of the FAC delegates might not act neutrally in the subject area of highways. (In all fairness, HF did apologize for the second remark). I will also point to [[User:Rschen7754/FAQ]] for the other allegations. --'''[[User:Rschen7754|Rs]][[User talk:Rschen7754|chen]][[Special:Contributions/Rschen7754|7754]]''' 03:09, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

:I've been a Sandy talk page stalker for many years, so I've been following this discussion, which is interesting. I've been thinking about the QPQ part of the discussion. One of my frustrations about bringing [[Figure skating|figure skatin]]<nowiki/>g bios and articles to peer review is that the reviewers often don't know about the sport, so the same questions get asked over and over. Yes, I enlist fellow experts about a topic to help review the articles I submit, especially at GAN, mostly due to the long queue. That's not canvassing, or is it? I also push back when the non-experts who try and review the articles I submit get things wrong, even criticism about the sources. I mean, peer reviews in scholarly journals are done by experts in the field; why shouldn't we do that here in WP for FAC and GAN? The superior aspect of peer reviews here is that we get more reviewers than in scholarly journals, especially WP experts, and as a consequence, sources are checked more rigorously. Perhaps the solution, then, is to have both types of reviewers: topic experts and WP experts. Just some thoughts, folks. [[User:Figureskatingfan|Christine (Figureskatingfan)]] ([[User talk:Figureskatingfan|talk]]) 18:39, 27 April 2023 (UTC)
::There's two sides to the coin of topic familiarity /expertise. One that the person actually knows about the subject to spot errors and notice omissions. Two, the walled garden effect where certain corners of Wikipedia may develop a local consensus that contradicts sitewide consensus. For example, they waive through a source that is perceived as accurate even though it cannot be proven to have a reputation for fact checking and accuracy. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 19:45, 27 April 2023 (UTC)
:::I've had to deal with this with trains (the main area where I am a subject matter expert), launching [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability/Archive_76#Notability_of_train_stations an entire RfC] because a few editors decided that train stations were automatically notable just by existing and notability rules didn't apply, and forced their viewpoint through at a series of not well-attended AfD discussions. As it turned out, the broader community (and to be fair, most train editors) felt otherwise. I make a point of reviewing things outside of my wheelhouse and I think everyone should once in a while. At the same time, as someone who's been train obsessed since childhood I know a lot about this topic area and it has helped me catch errors or omissions when reviewing train articles. [[User:Trainsandotherthings|Trainsandotherthings]] ([[User talk:Trainsandotherthings|talk]]) 20:29, 27 April 2023 (UTC)
:Is the flippancy helping? Probably not. But there's absolutely no wrong statements made in that AfD or the FAR. I've talked about it for years at this point that few WikiProjects are good about cleaning up their own cruft, but it's hilarious to me that a project that deals with so much fictional topics like [[WP:VG]] is so much better about tending its garden than projects like Roads, where you're spearheading an effort to say "it's on a map, so I can not only just use the map to source an entire article, the fact it's on a map makes it notable." [[User:David Fuchs|Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs]] [[User talk:David Fuchs|talk]] 15:28, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

=== Wikipedia Strikes Again ===

ANI has looked so depressing to me lately... so many users being the topic of discussion whom I've had such pleasurable interactions with... SN, Specifico, MaranoFan, ErnestKrause etc. Very disheartening to see; I feel like this site brings out the worst in everyone so often. – '''[[User:Aza24|Aza24]][[User talk:Aza24| (talk)]]''' 03:19, 22 May 2023 (UTC)

:I missed those instances, but have noticed a trend where not enough people are telling whiny editors to grow up or get a new hobby. I saw one of the rudest editors I've come across in recent history complaining at ANI about very minor incivility from another editor. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 03:33, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
::I missed their beginnings, but they're all simultaneously active threads, which is what worries me! I think you're right that the attitude has quickly become going to ANI far before attempting other solutions/dispute-resolution. I guess in these kinds of disputes everyone thinks they're the victim and the sentiment that "oh if everyone else heard about this they'd agree with me" arises. '''[[User:Aza24|Aza24]][[User talk:Aza24| (talk)]]''' 04:55, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
:::Hmmmm ... perhaps I should clue in to ANI then. I only noticed one thread because I follow a most uncivil and disruptive editor, and noticed them ironically complaining about fairly minor incivility from another editor. Because I am crazy busy IRL and barely keeping up here, and am scarcely familiar with the editor being complained about, I didn't take the time to investigate further and haven't had a thorough look at ANI for weeks. I'm afraid that real life lately is such that I can barely keep up with trivial matters like correcting article history errors ... things that require no brain and no concentration. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 12:33, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
::::So, what I see happening at quite a few ANI threads is heavy participation from a somewhat newish but highly-active-at-ANI editor who has never impressed me, and who needs a heavy dose of {{u|Bishonen}}-style wisdom accumulated over the years. Some editors like Bish who would shut down the going-nowhere-but-trying-to-make-a-name-for-myself-at-ANI threads is missing. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 13:04, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
::::I'm not involving myself in GAN matters, simply because that place remains a mystery to me, but ... if I were to compare it to FAC, I have always advocated that matters should be settled at FAC, so if I were to be consistent, I'd have to take that route. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 14:00, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
:::As the one who started the EK thread, I need to emphasize that other dispute resolution methods were tried first, and EK ignored them. [[User:Trainsandotherthings|Trainsandotherthings]] ([[User talk:Trainsandotherthings|talk]]) 21:35, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
::::It looks painful, TAOT; sorry to see that, but I didn't feel right weighing in on GA matters of that nature, so for once, kept my mouth shut. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 03:48, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
:::::Same–GAN is a whirlpool that I try to get in and out of quickly. I have huge admiration for the folks who keep it going though... urgh I need to get back to doing GAN reviews! – '''[[User:Aza24|Aza24]][[User talk:Aza24| (talk)]]''' 06:19, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
::::::I don't enjoy taking people to ANI, especially established contributors, but sometimes there's just no choice. I try to keep tabs on GAN along with a few other editors as somebody's got to be providing oversight. [[User:Trainsandotherthings|Trainsandotherthings]] ([[User talk:Trainsandotherthings|talk]]) 00:36, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
::::::: At least for me, GAN has become where I send things that I'd like to get a review on either as a pre-ACR or when there's clearly no chance to get it to anything higher with the sourcing that I have available/even exists (example being [[Battle of Snyder's Bluff]], which is so reliant on [[Ed Bearss]] that I'm having doubts about even the GAN). And in a way, it seems GAN truly lives up to the "several rungs below FAC" in editor behavior as well. I've seen some bad behavior/egos as a FAC coordinator, but frankly GAN is often further down the gutter. [[User:Hog Farm|Hog Farm]] ''[[User talk:Hog Farm|Talk]]'' 00:47, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
::::::::There's a certain irony in that FAC is actually lower-stakes than GAN. If your FAC gets archived, you can fix the problems and come back in 2 weeks. If your GAN is failed, even if you fix the problems right away you might not get another reviewer for 6+ months! [[User:Trainsandotherthings|Trainsandotherthings]] ([[User talk:Trainsandotherthings|talk]]) 18:35, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
{{undent}} GAN == "make an article not suck"; FAC == "make an article excellent" (or as excellent as a bunch of us know how). And the difference between FAC and GAN in terms of behavior is... well, they're actually pretty much the same, except the former is more polite and less obvious about it all... § [[User:Lingzhi.Renascence|Lingzhi]] ([[User talk:Lingzhi.Renascence|talk]]|[[User:Lingzhi2/reviewsourcecheck|check refs]]) 02:05, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

:We also run into issues because GAN just has one editor reviewing. You may get someone who does a surficial review that doesn't fully evaluate the article against the criteria or someone who goes much more in-depth. At FAC, the requirements for multiple reviewers and the existence of coords allows more consistent application of standards to nominations. We really need to enforce completion of spotchecks for text-source integrity and copyvio at GAN if we want to improve the quality there. There's also of course the people who dump piles of nominations and refuse to review... it drives me nuts. I wish the community would collectively blacklist the people with 50+ GAs and no reviews. I haven't nominated anything at GAN in months as I'm getting quite discouraged seeing how long reviews sit (and I am at about a 1:1 review ratio which is better than most nominees). My one active nomination has been up since February. [[User:Trainsandotherthings|Trainsandotherthings]] ([[User talk:Trainsandotherthings|talk]]) 02:35, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
::Just started a GAN review of an article that's been in the queue for 6 months. If you ever start a thread about enforcing some generous limits on the free rider problem, ping me. I'll join the chorus... Maybe something like "You get 10 GAs with no expectation of a review, but after that, it's 1 nom for every 3 reviews". Or something. § [[User:Lingzhi.Renascence|Lingzhi]] ([[User talk:Lingzhi.Renascence|talk]]|[[User:Lingzhi2/reviewsourcecheck|check refs]]) 05:31, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
:::Believe me, I've tried... people freak out and say you're stopping the promotion of good content. Take a look at [[Wikipedia:Good Article proposal drive 2023]]. [[User:Trainsandotherthings|Trainsandotherthings]] ([[User talk:Trainsandotherthings|talk]]) 15:42, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
::::There are so many people invested in the GA process that change isn't possible. Unfortunately, most of those involved there are ''not'' {{u|Ealdgyth}}. I have always tried to avoid the place, but after [[WP:DCGAR]], it is a bigger mystery to me than ever. Some of the reviews I read during DCGAR were simply ... astounding. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 17:25, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
:::: PS, what we should be more worried about is that, as experienced reviewers well versed in FA standards are fewer and farther between, and often chased out, GA standards are bleeding in to FAC based on the sheer numbers of reviewers who are accustomed to GA-level content and comfortable with it, and believe it to be more than "make an article not suck". [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 17:28, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
:::::So many of our problems boil down to not having enough editors, especially experienced ones. And I won't lie, the barriers to entry for newer editors at FAC are very high. I hate saying it but I don't have a solution at all. I don't know what we can do to improve things at GAN or FAC. WT:GAN is a revolving door of people reporting issues with reviewers, and there are surely many more that don't get reported. Even in my ~2 years here I've seen plenty of drama at FAC as well. [[User:Trainsandotherthings|Trainsandotherthings]] ([[User talk:Trainsandotherthings|talk]]) 18:34, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
::::::You say you have no solutions, and yet your post just before this one points to the solution: {{tq|If your FAC gets archived, you can fix the problems and come back in 2 weeks.}} FAC is not peer review, but under the current expectations, it has become peer review. The idea that archival is a bad thing has replaced my mantra, which was "archival and working off-FAC is often the fastest way to promotion". By allowing this to happen, the FAC Coords have effectively killed off PR as an alternative, and forced FAC to continue as the purgatory is has become, where articles are pulled through at any expense, with glaring items often unmentioned. They refuse to go back to a Support, Oppose or Comment format (even though that is codified in the instructions[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Nonmetal_(chemistry)/archive1&diff=prev&oldid=1157138294]), and allow lengthy PRs-- even encourage them-- at FAC. Before ''all'' of my attempts to help revive FAC were rudely rebuffed, I had begun work to reviving PR, and it was working. And I had begun reinstating the Oppose, which was also working. I can refer you to the FAC archives if you want to see how my efforts were received. {{pb}}As to reporting issues with reviewers, that again is a Coord issue. My mantra was always that without reviewers, we don't have bronze stars. The hard-working faithful are much more valuable than the prima donna star collectors, who wouldn't have those stars without the reviewers. I had little tolerance for complaints about reviewers, as it was my "job" as delegate to overlook bad reviews and to know who the QPQ reviewers were and similar. It's not clear to me that the current Coords consider it part of the big picture to be aware of QPQ and the like, or to initiate talk discussions when there are problems, but we do know that very good reviewers have been chased off, which neither Raul nor any of the delegates I served with would have tolerated. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:57, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
:::::::I'm certainly cognizant of the fact that reviewer time is our most precious resource at both GAN and FAC. That said, there are times when reviewers behave poorly that should be addressed. There are certainly some problematic nominators too, though. Perhaps what needs to happen is it made more clear that archiving of an FAC is not a big deal. When my first attempt was archived, I was pissed, and knowing what I know now I shouldn't have been, because that archived nomination contained all I needed to know in order to improve the article and come back later with a successful nomination, which is ultimately what happened. Nowadays, opposing a nomination basically is seen as an attack and will attract complaints and/or vitriol. And so we see in the monthly stats nearly zero opposes. There certainly have been nominations where I was inclined to oppose but decided it wasn't worth the inevitable drama and simply abstained from commenting at all.
:::::::I think some of this comes from a lust for lots of shiny badges (look at Doug Coldwell as the quintessential example) and some amount of ego, as opposed to being motivated by improving the world's largest free encyclopedia. It's ok to take pride in your work (I certainly do), but FAC isn't something anyone is entitled to. Some nominators act like they deserve an automatic pass just for showing up. Lately I've been demotivated to participate at GAN or FAC, and the last time I nominated anything was over 2 months ago. All of these things are part of why I find I have less motivation. [[User:Trainsandotherthings|Trainsandotherthings]] ([[User talk:Trainsandotherthings|talk]]) 19:11, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
::::::::TAOT this is a great post (I hope my post before it did not come across as criticism of your ANI-- we just have to be able to have frank conversations if we are to move FAC out of the stall it is in ... sorry I am so swamped IRL that my posts leave openings for misunderstanding ... ) [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:33, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::I do think a contributory problem is that there aren't really any good non-FAC venues for a detailed article review. PR is very hit-and-miss; sometimes you get useful input but it's rarely at the level of a FAC review. Recruiting individual editors can work if you know who they are, but they aren't always available. [[User:Jo-Jo Eumerus|Jo-Jo Eumerus]] ([[User talk:Jo-Jo Eumerus|talk]]) 08:05, 31 May 2023 (UTC)

== GACR and FACR ==

This would be a bit offtopic for the RfC, so I thought I'd follow up here. I actually didn't draft that RfC (though I'm not trying to abdicate responsibility for posting that wording); it came from some earlier conversation on GA talk, and I just posted the consensus wording. The main impetus, in my reading of those discussions, was that experienced reviewers are already asking for citations for essentially everything, just like at FAC, and have been doing so for years. (You asked what the difference would be between GACR and FACR if we were to adopt the new wording; I would say there's not much difference in wording between the ''existing'' wordings of the two sets of criteria.) The RfC was intended to capture what's already happening. You make a good point that perhaps FACR is also out of sync with reality, but for various reasons I've mostly been engaged with GA for the last six or eight months, and hadn't even though about FACR. If someone were to propose an equivalent change to FACR I'd probably support that for the same reason I proposed this change. I would guess this RfC is going to fail, based on the trends. That won't really change GA reviews -- most GA reviews are already happening as if this wording is in place. If it fails, and I'm reviewing and ask for a citation and the nominator refuses, citing GACR's exceptions, I'll do as Thryduulf suggested and ask for the citation on WP:V grounds. I think it would be better to have the criteria reflect the practice, but c'est la vie. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 17:50, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
:{{re|Mike Christie}} OK, thanks for the background, Mike; now it makes more sense. So the answer to one of my questions would be resolved by rewriting [[Wikipedia:Compare criteria Good v. Featured article]] to conform. So on the bigger question, I think the RFC was doomed by the approach. ''If'' the aim is in fact to tighten GA citation requirements to the same level as FA, ''then'' the citation criterion should just be the same as [[WP:WIAFA]], ''else'' '''if''' there's a problem with the FA criteria, they should be rewritten. My personal view is that there is ''not'' a problem; ''where appropriate'' is generally a matter of editor consensus, and FA reviewers are generally doing what in my view they should be doing. (That is, there are very few instances actually of ''the sky is blue'' and nominators can push back if reviewers ask that bluesky be cited). I suspect one of the reasons you ended up with this flawed RFC is that there are more participants in the GA process than in the FA process, and they don't all take into account the inconsistency that appears to have been created. That is, they aren't all working together. :). Bst, [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:07, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
::The aim of the proposal is not to tighten GA requirements to the same level of FA, the aim is to reduce the gulf between the vague GA wording and how they are applied in practice. The entirely cliquey understanding of "where appropriate" to mean "almost everywhere" is understandably somewhat inscrutable for less experienced editors, and GA deals with far more less experienced editors than FA (FAC benefits greatly in this respect by having a GAN filter).{{pb}}Regarding comparing the GACR and FACR, in terms of ''presence'' boths GAs and FAs expect the same level of citations. This is in line with the [[Wikipedia:When to cite]] essay cited in the FACR (and has the same exceptions). However, in terms of ''quality'', the FACR remains higher. The GACR prescribe only that a source be reliable, not that it be one of the higher quality possibilities. I feel [[Wikipedia:Compare criteria Good v. Featured article]] already emphasises this by noting GA "sources are reliable" while FAs have "high-quality reliable sources". [[User:Chipmunkdavis|CMD]] ([[User talk:Chipmunkdavis|talk]]) 01:51, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
:::{{u|Chipmunkdavis}} thanks for all this. I'm still trying to catch up on the backstory, but now have to go out to a meeting. I [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Inline_citation&oldid=1159153645#Why_does_this_page_exist? started here]; will revisit WT:GAN as soon as I can. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 16:06, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

== Can I rope you in for... ==

...a pre-FAC review on [[Incapillo]]? It's my next project after TRAPPIST-1 but also one of my older articles, a recent rewrite notwithstanding. [[User:Jo-Jo Eumerus|Jo-Jo Eumerus]] ([[User talk:Jo-Jo Eumerus|talk]]) 15:58, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

:Jo-Jo, got it watchlisted, but you know how long things are taking me lately. I have an extremely busy week, but will get there as soon as I can. Don't hesitate to poke me if I forget ... that's how things are going. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 16:00, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
::Bumping. [[User:Jo-Jo Eumerus|Jo-Jo Eumerus]] ([[User talk:Jo-Jo Eumerus|talk]]) 09:47, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
:::I could but you never ask or notify me. '''[[User:Volcanoguy|Volcano]][[User talk:Volcanoguy|guy]]''' 05:20, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
:::Jo-Jo, I'm hoping to have some time this weekend ... [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 12:16, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
::::Another bump. [[User:Jo-Jo Eumerus|Jo-Jo Eumerus]] ([[User talk:Jo-Jo Eumerus|talk]]) 16:16, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::I know, I know <sigh> ... [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 16:18, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

== Eyes at [[prostate cancer]] ==

Hi Sandy and hopefully some page watchers. Just an update to [[User_talk:SandyGeorgia/arch119#Schizophrenia|past promises]] I've now wrapped up the heavy text editing at [[prostate cancer]]. If you – or anyone watching the page – have time to read it through and let me know what you think, I'd be grateful. Comments large or small are welcome.

I haven't much touched the images yet, as I tend to struggle with what makes for helpful visual display. If folks have any ideas for that, please do let me know. Otherwise I'll try to work through them this week (time to make another map for the epidemiology section, *sigh*). My hope is to bring this to FAC whenever it's ready. Thanks for all you do! [[User:Ajpolino|Ajpolino]] ([[User talk:Ajpolino|talk]]) 14:14, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

:Hi Ajpolino-- awesome. I am drowning right now in terms of not being able to keep up anywhere, so I hope others will jump in, and I'll get there as soon as I can. Noting that I have a COI (husband) and think the USPSTF really missed the boat before 2018, which cost my husband a nasty time (although radiation treatment got things under control after a very miserable year). [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 15:44, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
:PS: one is six men will get prostate cancer, and yet it doesn't get nearly the attention of breast cancer, so I hope this article will get the attention it deserves. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 15:47, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
::I believe the prevalence numbers are ''much'' higher than that, with at least 80% of men in their 80s having slow-growing, localized prostate cancer. Given the expected lifespan of about 80, that suggests that ''at least'' 40% of men will get prostate cancer, and only a small fraction of them are getting diagnosed.
::The breast cancer lobby has been a marketing powerhouse for several decades, but the public health difference is in the [[Years of potential life lost]]: 200K US women die from breast cancer each year, with a median age in their 60s. 150K US men die from prostate cancer each year, with a median age in their 80s. Breast cancer has about 5x YPLL than prostate cancer. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 23:13, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

== RfC: La Patilla ==

Although still messy, La Patilla's RfC was continued at [[WP:RS/N]] ([[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard#RfC: Reliability of La Patilla]], in case you were interested in participating. Best wishes! [[User:NoonIcarus|NoonIcarus]] ([[User talk:NoonIcarus|talk]]) 18:32, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

:I have been watching as able (that is, I have been crazy IRL busy and having a hard time keeping up anywhere), but the POV warrioring by a few editors in there have made me not even want to weigh in ... [[WP:BLUDGEON]]ing in action is discouraging, and it takes so much effort to refute ... <sigh> ... [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:37, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:WMrapids&curid=45531430&diff=1165574503&oldid=1165574283 For archival purposes], [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 01:51, 16 July 2023 (UTC)
::[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AReliable_sources%2FNoticeboard&diff=1161937873&oldid=1161931231 Archive this] too; {{u|NoonIcarus}} already pinged you to be involved in the discussion, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AWMrapids&diff=1165574148&oldid=1162449875 though you defended them and said that you were not already notified]. But you've been busy and might not have noticed. Sorry, that was the red flag for me. [[User:WMrapids|WMrapids]] ([[User talk:WMrapids|talk]]) 02:20, 16 July 2023 (UTC)
:::I encourage you to read the top of my talk page; pretty much everyone knows I can't or don't keep up with pings. Especially lately. But thanks for sharing. You know what's cute? Removing all posts and attempts to discuss from your own talk page, and then coming to mine to continue discussion. If you don't want to discuss, then don't. But then don't bother others either. {{pb}} And if I was already notified, along with everyone else, there goes your canvassing claim ''anyway''. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 04:22, 16 July 2023 (UTC)

== On something you said at [[WT:TFA]] ==

Can you give a few examples of the leads/blurbs {{noping|dying}} has copyedited which you were talking about in that discussion? Hope there weren't many I wrote or reviewed in there. [[User:AirshipJungleman29|~~ AirshipJungleman29]] ([[User talk:AirshipJungleman29|talk]]) 13:34, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

:I am swamped IRL through Saturday, can try to look then, but I'm fairly certain that, even if I can find the old examples of concern, they didn't involve you. Bst, [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:30, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

: {{u|AirshipJungleman29}} sorry for the delay. [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Sawmill Fire (2017)/archive1]] is an article [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Main_Page/Errors&diff=1112150953&oldid=1112093318#Errors_in_the_summary_of_the_featured_article whose lead and blurb got clobbered] at [[WP:ERRORS]], suggesting that the lead could have benefited from closer scrutiny. My concern is that as the overall FA process has become "decentralized" (with FAC, FAR and TFA operating mostly separate), we forget that blurbs have to be crafted from leads, and leads should be reviewed with that -- along with everything else -- in mind. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 02:46, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

== [[Left-wing terrorism]] ==
Hi, I've listed Left-Wing terrorism in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Left-wing_terrorism_(2nd_nomination) Articles for Deletion]. You were involved previously when it was discussed and you may be interested. [[User:AlanS|''AlanS'']][[User talk:AlanS|talk]] 09:15, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

:Wow, I opined in a 2006 AFD, and both articles (right- and left-wing) are still there and still POV as all heck. Why bother. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 13:18, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

== Citation templates and autism articles==

Hi Sandy, quick question: Could you please explain what you mean by [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monotropism&diff=prev&oldid=1167755405 this comment]? Wikipedia auto-generates these citation templates, I'm never editing them manually. Thanks!--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 18:00, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

:Hang on ... I have to dig around to find the places to explain it to you ... I'll be back :) [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:01, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
:OK, it's hard to figure out how to explain it, as much of the pages about the two citation styles on Wikipedia are written by technical people and aren't entirely digestible. But, there are two basic styles, upon which all the templates depend ... CS1 and CS2. (And I don't know which is which, but see [[Template:Citation]] for a starting place.) The general gist is:
:* Almost all medical content uses cite journal, cite web, cite book etc (and almost none use the citation template), and
:* Almost all high-level medical content uses cite journal templates generated by [https://citation-template-filling.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/index.cgi plugging a PMID into this tool], and
:* If you edit an article that uses cite templates, or the Diberri tool, stick to that style, per [[WP:CITEVAR]]
:One reason I added that edit summary is that because I am not well versed with {{t1|citation}}, it often takes me three edits to get the cite book or cite journal template converted correctly. In this case, I had deleted Murray, thinking it was already in the article, when I saw it was a different Murray, so when adding it back, I wanted to also use the same style as the rest of the article. {{pb}} {{u|Nikkimaria}} knows more about all of this than I do; which lousy auto-generate tool is giving you that stuff ? I always use Diberri, so am not familiar with those ... but {{t1|citation}} is not commonly used on most medical articles. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:10, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
::I'm using the [[WYSIWYG]] editor ("visual editing") and there's a "cite" button that generates references. I've already learned a number of tweaks that are expected (eg removing the leading "PMC" in the PMC ID field, deleting the ISSN for journals) but I don't know how to control which template gets used. I also just copy references between articles so I don't have to do all the manual tweaking again and again, eg, I always copy the DSM-5-TR reference or the Encyclopedia of ASD reference when I need them, instead of generating them from scratch. (I wonder why Wikipedia doesn't properly auto-generate the citations?)
::While I'm here and you seem to be on a "let's survey what's here and clean up the biggest issues" journey through the autism articles as well, may I direct your attention to [[Violence and autism]]? The discussion on the talk page has stalled and I believe that you might be able to shift the discussion in either direction.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 18:19, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
:::{{tq|I wonder why Wikipedia doesn't properly auto-generate the citations?}} Can of worms, much ''agida'' :) Don't get either Nikkimaria or me started on the topic of citation issues on Wikipedia :) :) I don't use the (really crappy) visual editor, so am unable to tell you if you can tweak a setting there to get cite templates. Since I mostly work on [[WP:FA|Featured articles]], which [[WP:WIAFA|must have a consistent citation style]], I get buggy when style changes (or when I have an edit conflict, as you may have noticed a few days ago ... which reminds me that I forgot to apologize to you for flipping out after losing content in an edit conflict, so my sincere apologies now!) {{pb}} I will add [[violence and autism]] to the list, but (sigh) I am so swamped that I am only keeping up with what hits my watchlist as it hits, and every time you link to [[Fred Volkmar]] or any other autism-related article I created, I get pinged ... and then get distracted to fix what I see before I forget ... and then have less time to spend elsewhere ... and so it goes! I have guests arriving for the rest of the day, and full-day meeting tomorrow, but having that link on my page will help me remind me. Thanks for the helpful info and cleanup work you have been doing; so many of us just gave up after {{u|Eubulides}} left, which was before DSM-5, and now the catch-up work is so daunting. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:27, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
:::PS, {{u|TempusTacet}}, I should warn you [[User_talk:SandyGeorgia/arch112#I_had_to_take_action|about what it's like to edit after me]] :) :) [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:32, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
:::: Sandy, if you don't want to get the pings for linking to a specific article you created anymore, I think there's a way to silence them on an article-by-article basis. [[User:Hog Farm|Hog Farm]] ''[[User talk:Hog Farm|Talk]]'' 18:37, 29 July 2023 (UTC) 
:::::Yes, I believe there is, and I've disabled some in the past, but in this case, I do want to get them. Volkmar is central to a lot of my Wiki-work. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:39, 29 July 2023 (UTC) 
::::I can remove the Volkmar link from the reference to keep you focused ;) but it's my go-to reference if I need a first solid source to cite.
::::As you've probably noticed, I'm also cleaning things up and would actually have made some of the same redactions in the monotropism article as you have, I'm just way slower and going about it in a different order. I first fix up all references and, if possible, review them to understand the state of the content and then start removing or tagging things.
::::If you're interested in doing a more systematic review of the state of affairs of autism articles, I'd be up for it. Recently, quite some content has been split from [[Autism spectrum]], leaving empty sections, and there seems to be a lot of confusion among editors about the status of Asperger's syndrome and how to distinguish pre-DSM-5 ASD (as in: the group of autism diagnoses in the PDD category) and the DSM-5 ASD (as in: the unified diagnosis) when writing about autism. Also, as is the case elsewhere on the internet, there is a strong bias towards the perspective of verbal autistic adults without marked cognitive difficulties. Plus quite a bit of self-promotion and bogus like [[autism spectrum in animals]].
::::Have fun with your guests.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 18:46, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::Ah, it helps to know your work style (which is better than my fire-fighting as I see it when I see it so I won't forget it and have to come back to it :). I do want to clean up the suite, but can make no promises until/unless multiple issues zapping my real-life time settle down. I suspect that the way to do it is the same way I approached [[J. K. Rowling]] at its [[Wikipedia:Featured article review/J. K. Rowling/archive1|Featured article review]]. By first dealing with the easier and non-controversial bits, we had brought everyone up to speed on FA standards, and had developed a comfortable style of working together, which served as well when we dug in last to the controversial parts. So we got through those bits without biting each other's heads off, and with everyone understanding how to keep discussions purely focused on sources. At autism, by cleaning up a lot of the sub-articles in the suite, we may bring more editors to a better knowledge of policies and guidelines, that will serve us when we take on the main articles. It is becoming clear to me that there is some very VERY novice editing going on there (and not by you!! :) How to deal with Asperger's has long stymied me; Eubulides would have known what to do there, so I regret losing them. But if we start small, we might get the job done. {{ping|Sideswipe9th}} who worked on JK Rowling and has also offered help with autism. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:13, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::If we're going to keep an Asperger's article, it's probably best if it's kept as a historical perspective. The diagnosis itself doesn't exist anymore, having been subsumed by autism spectrum disorder in both the ICD11 and DSM-5/5-TR. Just skimming over it, there's a lot of content there that seems to duplicate content covered in more specialised scoped articles like [[Pathophysiology of autism]]. We could probably trim anything that's duplicative of more specialised articles, along with maybe anything to do with the actual diagnosis process itself, as that largely doesn't exist any more (countries/regions who have yet to update their diagnostic procedures notwithstanding). But given what I'm about to say below, we may want to leave tackling that article to closer to the end.
::::::I think we might want to start by making a map of all of the sub-articles in the topic. The [[:Template:Autism spectrum|Autism spectrum]] template, [[outline of autism]] listicle, and [[:Category:autism]] and its subcategories may be able to help get us started here, though we shouldn't rule out any articles that may exist and aren't linked in any of those places. After that, I like the idea of starting with a smaller article, so we can get everyone on the same page with respect to sourcing, figure out our working styles, and get familiar with any relevant policies or guidelines that we might be unfamiliar with. Sandy's right in that there's a lot of work for us to do, but I think if we take a methodical approach to this we should be able to get everything up to spec. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 20:54, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::The Asperger's diagnosis is no longer recognized by official bodies or professional associations, but it still exists in everyday conversations and as some people's personal identity. It's not entirely a part of history yet. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 02:48, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::::AS is still diagnosed in healthcare systems operating under ICD-10, it's still contained in the 2023 version of the ICD-10-CM ([https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/F01-F99/F80-F89/F84-/F84.5 see here]). The ICD-11 transition period for mortality statistics is five years (2027) and as far as I know countries are allowed to take even longer to fully transition their healthcare systems to ICD-11. In the non-DSM-world, AS is still very much a thing, even though research into the specific ICD-10 condition has stopped about a decade ago.
::::::::I believe that [[High Functioning Autism]] might be a good starting point. It's not quite as complex as AS, it's definitely an outdated term/concept, and similar to AS there are competing definitions. Further, we have not only a "medical perspective" but political discussions within academic research, clinical practice, and advocacy circles, which should help us align on standards for selecting sources outside the immediate realm of [[WP:MEDRS]] (eg, how do we deal with editorials and commentary arguing for and against the inclusion of an HFA category in the DSM).--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 10:10, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::I'm thinking of starting at even a lower level than the core diagnoses ... things like [[History of autism]], which is an utter debacle, and where [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/articleinfo/en.wikipedia.org/History_of_autism editors responsible for that] need to be reached and enlightened. It will be much easier to clean up higher-level articles if active editors in the autism suite develop a sense of high-quality sourcing, UNDUE content, [[WP:SS|summary style]], encyclopedic tone, trivia, citation style, and all the rest of what's wrong in there ... [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 10:33, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::I believe that this article is way too complex as a starting point, considering the vast amount of literature one would need to find, read, and summarize in order to cover over a century of history, with lots of changes to terminology as well as clinical practice and research standards. We recently had a discussion about the article after an editor split it up by decade (has since been reverted) about a sensible structure and an approach to slowly improve it. See [[Talk:History_of_autism#Very_long]].--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 18:54, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
::::{{u|Ealdgyth}} considering the translation debacle uncovered in this thread at [[violence and autism]], you might want to glance over [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits/en.wikipedia.org/Shellypls/0 this list]. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 02:33, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::And [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/en.wikipedia.org/Shellypls this one]. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 02:35, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::: YOu probably want {{ping|Justlettersandnumbers}} because I have little time for wiki stuff right now... summer garden, animals, and my own research/writing is basically eating all my time. [[User:Ealdgyth|Ealdgyth]] ([[User talk:Ealdgyth|talk]]) 17:12, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
::Autogenerating citations doesn't work well for a couple of reasons. First off, it relies on the source providing good metadata, which doesn't always happen. Second, there is no single required citation style - there are multiple citation template options alongside handformatted citations, multiple approaches to citation placement (eg [[Help:List-defined references|LDR]]), and even if you settle on a single citation template there is room for variation (eg include publication location or not). That makes it pretty much impossible for anything automated to figure out how a citation should look to match an existing style. There is {{para|mode}} in most cite templates that allows switching CS1/CS2, but unfortunately it's not available via VE to my knowledge. [[User:Nikkimaria|Nikkimaria]] ([[User talk:Nikkimaria|talk]]) 20:11, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
::There's two help pages on the differences between the styles, [[WP:CS1]] and [[WP:CS2]]. With regards to the templates themselves, any of the cite series like {{tl|cite web}}, {{tl|cite news}}, {{tl|cite journal}} are CS1. The {{tl|citation}} template is CS2. Aside from the template, the main difference is in its output to the reader. CS2 uses comma separation between elements like the citation title, author names, publisher, etc., whereas CS1 uses a fullstop. And CS2 omits the punctuation at the end of the citation unless overridden, whereas CS1 ends in a fullstop.
::For autogenerated citations, I like to use [https://citer.toolforge.org/ Citer] on Toolforge. It's pretty good with DOIs, and most newsorg URLS. Citer's most useful for me when I'm citing a journal paper that has many authors, as it saves a lot of time by just grabbing the authorlist from the DOI metadata. Sometimes it struggles with identifying books cited by ISBN, and you may have to go onto [https://www.worldcat.org/ WorldCat] to find an alternative ISBN for the book. Just make sure that when you do look for an alternative ISBN, that you're not getting an ISBN for an earlier or newer edition of the work, which may have the content in a different place or omitted entirely. Otherwise, as Nikkimaria says, sometimes the metadata can be wrong, so make sure to verify the output from any tool before adding it to an article. Mostly though I'll just type the templates by hand in the source view. I find the visual editor has too many issues with inserting odd <code><nowiki><nowiki /></nowiki></code> tags when dealing with templates. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 20:35, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
:::I don't know of anyone except SandyGeorgia who still uses Diberri's (directly). VisualEditor (visual or wikitext modes) uses [[mw:citoid]] to autogenerate citations, and it can handle PMIDs, PMCIDs, DOIs, URLs (e.g., books.google.com), some ISBNs, and more. The 2010 wikitext editor uses [[WP:RefToolbar]] to autofill citations.
:::None of the citation fillers can do everything. For example, none of them are set up to handle chapter titles. But all of them can handle most information for most types of sources, and there are a few editors who specialize in repairing problems with citations, so generally I provide a reasonable level of information and then let other people sort it out. Sometimes (e.g., at [[Shortbread]] recently), I've found that trying to do things perfectly doesn't help. I provided two separate(!) page numbers for a book, and a convenience link directly to the first of them, and found an editor reverting half of it because he didn't notice that there were two page numbers listed, and apparently angry at me for pointing out the existence of the page numbers in the citation. The article now contains at least one factual error, but I've given up (and started citing books in other articles without providing a link to an online copy). Sometimes it's just not worth it. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 03:00, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
::::Thanks for the explanations!--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 09:55, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::{{u|TempusTacet}} some further explanation on me (allegedly) being the only one "who still uses Diberri". First, that's not entirely the case. BogHog still goes through fixing CITEVAR breaches, and all recent medical FAs also use the vancouver format (and the easiest way to get the vancouver format is to use Diberri). A decade ago, [[WP:MED]] was one of the better WikiProject producers of [[WP:FA|Featured articles]], and all used Diberri. So you'll still find what were once quality articles using that format-- the problem became that WP:MED got away from quality when it went through a period of over-focusing on leads to the exclusion of the rest of the article, for purposes of translating leads, and most quality at WP:MED deteriorated-- so now you find important article after article full of junk and mixed and incomplete citations. This is not a good thing, obviously, but the days of motivation to generate top content at WP:MED seem gone, with the exception of about five or six of us who still work at it. Also, almost every quality medical articles uses the vancouver format, whether or not editors use Diberri to generate that style. A big problem with other formats is that they don't always give a PMID, and PMIDs make access so much easier. So keeping the tool bookmarked will make your editing easier. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 10:27, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::PS, and if we are to clean up the entire autism suite, it will behoove us to use the standard across the suite, since the all the core articles do use Diberri. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 10:34, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
::::Not true. The inbuilt cite feature will handle chapters from many online book repositories like Taylor and Francis, de Gruyter, Springer, etc. as long as the chapter has a separate url link. I rarely link books unless they are open access since it's unpredictable whether you can view a certain page, eg on services like Gbooks. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 17:24, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

Talk:Monotropism

2023-07-30T18:40:25Z

TempusTacet: adjust ratings

{{WikiProject banner shell|1=
{{WikiProject Medicine|class=C |importance=Low |psychiatry=y |psychiatry-imp= |neurology=y |neurology-imp=}}
{{WikiProject Psychology|class=C|importance=mid}}
{{WikiProject Autism|class=C|importance=mid}}
{{WikiProject Disability|class=C
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{{ course assignment | course = Education Program:Georgia Institute of Technology/Introduction to Neuroscience (Fall 2013) | term = 2013 Q3 }}

==Peer Review 1==
1. Quality of Information: 2

2. Article size: 2

3. Readability: 1
*There are a few grammatical errors that need to be taken care of. Describe what motor damage or motor deficit is. That is something a lay person might have a problem understanding.

4. Refs:2

5. Links:2

6. Responsive to comments:2

7. Formatting: 1.5
*I think the headings can be adjusted to give more details about their information.

8. Writing:1
*There are a few grammatical errors throughout. I think you need to mention the full names of the authors at least once maybe at the beginning and describe who they are better since you will mention them several times throughout the article.
*Watch out for jargon.

9. Used real name or has real name on User TALK page:2

10. Outstanding?: 2
_______________
Total:17.5 out of 20

[[User:Jlukeedwards|Jlukeedwards]] ([[User talk:Jlukeedwards|talk]]) 06:27, 24 November 2013 (UTC)

==Peer Review 2==
1. Quality of Information: 2
*Varied, up-to-date references (most within last 8 years)

2. Article size: 2

3. Readability: 1
*Clear, direct way of writing makes it very easy to read
*Included many links to other articles. This helps to expand on topics covered in other articles such as 'Theory of Mind'.
*Sometimes, the article comes across as casual. Though this is very easy for the average reader to understand, it does not always read like an encyclopedia. Phrases such as 'step into someone else's shoes' or 'monotropism...is when' could be replaced with medical terminology or more formal diction.
*Though well-linked, there are still a few concepts that could use explanation. For instance, describe 'behavior control system' and 'exploring tests'.

4. Refs:2
*Very well-referenced as references are numerous and very diverse in their coverage of the topic
*Including the doi and/or pubmedid for the rest of the references could be helpful for anyone wishing to read the sources themselves.

5. Links:1
*The many links to other Wikipedia articles are very helpful, but this article is still an orphan. Because it is very relevant to other articles discussing autism and its features, it would be helpful if you inserted links to this page from others. In particular, you could link to this page from [[autism]], [[autism spectrum]] or the Autism section of [[Theory of mind]].

6. Responsive to comments:2

7. Formatting: 2
*Though their aren't very many subsections, the formatting for this article is very useful. The subsections regarding physiology, signs and symptoms, etc. are very similar to other medicine-related articles.

8. Writing:1
*Diction is often very casual. This is very easy to read, but can stray from the encyclopedia-like tone of most Wikipedia articles.

9. Used real name or has real name on User TALK page:2

10. Outstanding?: 2
*The original image is a very nice inclusion. Perhaps the inclusion of additional images of other examples of stimming could help emphasize the diversity of these autism features between patients.
_______________
Total: 17 out of 20

[[User:Christian Erdman|Christian Erdman]] ([[User talk:Christian Erdman|talk]]) 15:22, 25 November 2013 (UTC)

==Peer Review 3==
1. Quality of Information: 2

2. Article size: 2

3. Readability: 2. Contrary to Reviewer 2, i think a casual tone does not have to mean a lack of encyclopedic tone. I felt the article was very readable and well written.

4. Refs: 2

5. Links: 1 - Orphan

6. Responsive to comments: 1 No response to the orphan tag made 3 days ago. If you just can't figure a way to make the article unorphaned, consider updating the tag to orphan-att to get help from the wiki community.

7. Formatting: 2 Great break down.

8. Writing: 2

9. Used real name or has real name on User TALK page: 2

10. Outstanding?: 2 Good information, original photo.
_______________
total: 18/20

[[User:Michael K. Duke|Michael K. Duke]] ([[User talk:Michael K. Duke|talk]]) 15:47, 25 November 2013 (UTC)

== Rewrite ==

This piece was too long for what it is, and overwhelmingly written in a medical/deficit-based paradigm that the concept of monotropism is specifically an effort to get away from. Most of the content was about autism in general, not specifically how the lens of monotropism explains it, with far too much on neuroloscience that hasn't yet been explicitly related to monotropism by researchers. It [[User talk:Kiley Fagan/Monotropism Sandbox|seems]] to have been written less with the needs of Wikipedia in mind, and more for the completion of an assignment.

I've made some extensive cuts, and started work on setting out how exactly monotropism explains the many features of autism. It could still use some further work, for example on sensory differences in autism. Potential editors might like to refer to [https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102269-1 the entry on monotropism in Fred R. Volkmar' Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders].

--[[User:Oolong|Oolong]] ([[User talk:Oolong|talk]]) 11:02, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

== Image description, what is stimming? ==

The description of the image uses a shorthand term that is not referenced nor described in the main article. What is stimming? The use of this word is exclusionary and not informative. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/86.30.178.85|86.30.178.85]] ([[User talk:86.30.178.85#top|talk]]) 09:45, 19 February 2019 (UTC) 

== Why the stimming pic? It's unrelated ==

Informative article, but why is the header photo, as well as even inline, a picture of a kid stimming? Nowhere in the article is mentioned the relationship between stimming and monotropic focus; I don't pretend to be a master of each subject area, but it seems to me like an unrelated inclusion based on just "Autistic people are monotropic, autistic people also stim; a pic in this article would be nice, but I'm uninspired to find one related to monotropism so I'll just throw in a pic g a kid stimming." -- If stimming is truly connected to monotropic focus in a deep way other than this AB->AC->BC relation, then could you please expound on it in the article? "Here's a picture of a kid stimming. Stimming is directly relevant because in monotropism, one's focus somethingsomethingsomething stimming somethingsomething required to somethingsomething effectively yield one's attention something," etc. Otherwise, delete the pic. [[User:Subcortical|Subcortical]] ([[User talk:Subcortical|talk]]) 13:14, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

Thanks for whoever changed it to the cow pic :) [[User:Subcortical|Subcortical]] ([[User talk:Subcortical|talk]]) 14:36, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

== why the focus on children? ==

Other than the introduction, this article is almost entirely about monotropism in children. Why? Can we widen this to more of the population? [[User:Marnanel|Marnanel]] ([[User talk:Marnanel|talk]]) 13:20, 16 August 2021 (UTC)

== External links ==
[[Dinah Murray]] has her own article, which is where her info can be promoted; [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monotropism&diff=prev&oldid=1167755296 this does not belong in this article], as it offers nothing beyond what would be in this article if the article were at a higher (eg FA) level. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 17:56, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
:Sure, the entire textual information found on the information portal ''could'' be added to the article but neither the updates and links found there nor the article archive can ever be part of Wikipedia. As far as I know, this website is the best archive and source of information on monotropism that exists, offering a lot of value to Wikipedia's readers interested in the topic. I would like to see more voices that deem it unsuitable.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 18:03, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
::I've just noticed it's not actually her website ([https://monotropism.org/about/ About]) so it wouldn't really belong at her article either. Given it's not written by her, it seems more likely to [[WP:ELNO|to fall under ELNO #2]]. With regards to it being an archive, that would fall under [[WP:NOT]]. For general interest archives, [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles#External_links|MEDMOS recommends]] providing one link to Curlie. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:19, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
:::The website is maintained by Fergus Murray, who is a child of Dinah Murray and writer on the subject (cf [https://monotropism.org/about/ the about page] and eg [https://osf.io/g4kc9 this preprint]). Wenn Lawson is also involved. For sure, it's a website that views monotropism favorably and promotes it to some degree but that's no different from the references and "further reading" entries in the article, so I don't see any issue linking to it.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 18:27, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
::::I'm not fussed about waiting for other opinions. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:38, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Medicine

2023-07-30T18:35:26Z

TempusTacet: /* Autistic meltdown */ thanks, comment, & questions

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== Aspartame ==
[[File:Aspartame.svg|thumb|right|100px|Aspartame]]

Popular press are reporting that WHO will designate [[aspartame]] as "possibly carcinogenic" come 14 July. There have already been attempts to add this, but @[[User:Zefr|Zefr]] and others have been on top of it. All the same, it might be worth a few other med editors adding to their watchlists for a month or so. [[User:Little pob|Little pob]] ([[User talk:Little pob|talk]]) 13:11, 30 June 2023 (UTC)

:It's usually more effective to mention this somehow in the article, than to keep it out entirely. If it's missing, people assume they're "helping" by adding the exciting new news; if it's present but downplayed, they usually leave it alone. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 07:08, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

:I will have also an eye on that. IARC has evaluated every man-made substance as at least possible cancerogenic with one exception so far: aspartame. IARC's assessment are so useless. --[[User:Julius Senegal|Julius Senegal]] ([[User talk:Julius Senegal|talk]]) 16:37, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

== [[Endothelial cell anergy]] ==
Is it just me or does that read like advertisment? --[[User:Julius Senegal|Julius Senegal]] ([[User talk:Julius Senegal|talk]]) 16:37, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

:It needs some work to sound like a Wikipedia article, but this is not a bad article for a new editor. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 12:17, 2 July 2023 (UTC)
::Hmm, I am not sure if this particular concept is in fact called "anergy". [[User:Jo-Jo Eumerus|Jo-Jo Eumerus]] ([[User talk:Jo-Jo Eumerus|talk]]) 17:53, 2 July 2023 (UTC)
:::[[Clonal anergy]] is a thing, but this doesn't sound identical. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 20:16, 2 July 2023 (UTC)
:::[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17166398/]--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|talk]]) 21:35, 2 July 2023 (UTC)

== German Neuroonkologie to English [[Neuro-oncology]] ==
Is it okay to copy German "Neuroonkologie" into English "Neuro-oncology"? Best regards, [[User:Wname1|Wname1]] ([[User talk:Wname1|talk]]) 17:29, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

:Yes, but when translating you need to add the {{template|translated page}} template to the article's talk page, to comply with the requirements of the CC-license. Also, I see your last attempt to add information was challenged, so I think whatever concerns were raised would need to be addressed. [[User:Draken Bowser|Draken Bowser]] ([[User talk:Draken Bowser|talk]]) 18:17, 5 July 2023 (UTC)
::Indeed. I just declined a [[Wikipedia:Requests for page importation#Import of de:Neuroonkologie to Neuro-oncology|related importation request]]. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 06:30, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Draken Bowser}}The article Neuroonkologie is good, what else should be done so that it is in neuro-oncology. Best regards, [[User:Wname1|Wname1]] ([[User talk:Wname1|talk]]) 06:58, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
::::You would need [[WP:MEDRS|proper sources]] as footnotes for whatever information you'd like to translate and then add to the English article. Unfortunately, you've been challenged on the [[Talk:Neuro-oncology|article talk page]] over adding footnotes that don't verify the claims you've been making, which is a serious concern. Before you attempt to expand the article, I suggest that you provide an explanation or acknowledge any mistakes made. That would probably make things easier going forward. [[User:Draken Bowser|Draken Bowser]] ([[User talk:Draken Bowser|talk]]) 07:42, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::{{ping|Draken Bowser}}The German article "Neuroonkologie" is perfectly fine, there are about 48 references. Regards, [[User:Wname1|Wname1]] ([[User talk:Wname1|talk]]) 08:59, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::That's fine, and no one has disputed the quality of the German version. The concerns were specifically about using footnotes that did not [[WP:V|verify]] the text you added. Regards. [[User:Draken Bowser|Draken Bowser]] ([[User talk:Draken Bowser|talk]]) 10:26, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::{{ping|Draken Bowser}} English "footnotes" in German "Fußnote" are like "Einzelnachweise" in German and in English "References". The "Neuro-oncology" there will be 48 "References", when "page importation" works. Regards, [[User:Wname1|Wname1]] ([[User talk:Wname1|talk]]) 14:07, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::::Unfortunately, there are more issues here. I have studied your [[:sv:Neuroonkologi|Swedish translation]] of "neuroonkolgie" from last year. It is likely machine translated and I consider it a [[Wikipedia:Content forking|content fork]] of [[brain tumor]], rather than an article on the discipline of neuro-oncology. Based on that I regret to inform you that I don't think translating the article to English is a good idea. Regards. [[User:Draken Bowser|Draken Bowser]] ([[User talk:Draken Bowser|talk]]) 11:25, 14 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::I also note that your last comment to me on svwiki ended with "greeting phrases". This makes me believe that you machine translate your talk page comments. It wouldn't surprise me if your talk page comments on here are machine translated as well. The fact that you've translated "neuroonkologie" to about two dozen languages would also suggest use of machine translations. I don't know exactly what to do about this apparent cross-wiki issue. [[User:Draken Bowser|Draken Bowser]] ([[User talk:Draken Bowser|talk]]) 12:34, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

== Good article criteria ==

The [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria]] have been changed to require an [[Wikipedia:Inline citation]] for basically all information, and specifically at the end of every paragraph (except the lead). I glanced at five articles in [[:Category:GA-Class medicine articles]] (out of 344) just now; none looked fully compliant, but all looked close. If you are interested in any of these articles, please consider adding a few citations.

(Also, please join https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/Wikipedia/WikiProject_Medicine_reference_campaign_2023/students/overview ). [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 12:36, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

:I suspect it's highly unlikely that most of the medicine GAs can be brought easily to the new standard, because a) many (most?) of them haven't been looked at for years, and are likely dated; and b) many of them were declared GA during a time when only the leads were being updated, so the bodies are not only out-of-sync, but may have had no attention to sourcing even at the time they were brought to GA. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 14:53, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

== Seasonal infections ==

We don't seem to have an article on [[seasonal disease]] or [[seasonal infection]]. [[Seasonality]] is much more general (e.g., electrical usage is higher during the summer). What would you call this? [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 09:53, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
:An omission. I have begun at [[User:CFCF/Draft:Seasonality in disease]] in draft-space so that it can go to DYK. Feel free to assist in the draft. I think it makes sense to discuss seasonality in all disease, because there is seasonality in things such as trauma, psychiatric disorder, heart attacks, neurological disorders as well. [[User:CFCF|CFCF]] ([[User talk:CFCF|talk]]) 12:08, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
::That looks like a great start. Do you want to include something about heat illness? I believe heat waves cause a predictable seasonal pattern in deaths.
::https://www.google.com/books/edition/Communicable_Diseases_6th_Edition/oaLDDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA17&printsec=frontcover mentions temperature and rainfall as the determining factors for seasons, and says they drive diarrhea and malaria. Its claims about pregnancy might also interest you, though I'm not sure how much of this is a global phenomenon. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 21:17, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
::I commend you for the draft! Since the autoimmune disease seasonal patterns are mentioned, I was wondering if it'd be relevant to mention the attempts at [[Climatotherapy]] for psoriasis. Also, there's this article for seasonality of COPD exacerbations that might be interesting - it associates it with respiratory infections of course (and other possible causes) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4199860/]. [[User:Sto0pinismo|Sto''0'''''pinismo''']][[User talk:Sto0pinismo|0_o]] 09:11, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
:I think "seasonality in disease" makes sense. Out of the 2 suggested by @[[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]], I think "seasonal disease" is best because it's more generic. I'm thinking another plausible option could be "season-associated disease", in the same vein as HCAI. Also noting [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/?term=seasonal+variation this]. [[User:DrVogel|Dr. Vogel]] ([[User talk:DrVogel|talk]]) 12:12, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
:See also article that I wrote: [https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9?_x_tr_sl=ru&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=ru&_x_tr_pto=wapp#:~:text=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%E2%80%94%20%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%20%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9,%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%20%D0%B8%D0%B7%2D%D0%B7%D0%B0%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9.]. Seasonality of respiratory infections must me a separate article. [[User:D6194c-1cc|D6194c-1cc]] ([[User talk:D6194c-1cc|talk]]) 07:41, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
::{{ping|CFCF}} This article might interest you (direct link: [[:ru:Сезонность респираторных инфекций]]). [[User:D6194c-1cc|D6194c-1cc]] ([[User talk:D6194c-1cc|talk]]) 09:56, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

== pseudogout ==

Hi guys, would there be any consensus to rename [[calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease]] to [[pseudogout]] per [[WP:COMMON]]? I don't want to do a bold move or start an RM without checking what we here as a group feel first.
For some more context, the article has never been at the "pseudogout" title, there are no previous RMs, and there are no previous moves in the opposite direction (the only moves were related to [[chondrocalcinosis]] being a different article, rightly so, because chondrocalcinosis can be caused by other conditions than just pseudogout). [[User:DrVogel|Dr. Vogel]] ([[User talk:DrVogel|talk]]) 02:26, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
:For what it's worth, the term I have encountered the most is "pyrophosphate arthritis", though a quick [[PubMed]] search suggests that "pyrophosphate arthropathy" is more common. [[User:TompaDompa|TompaDompa]] ([[User talk:TompaDompa|talk]]) 02:47, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:TompaDompa|TompaDompa]], if it came to those 2, I think arthropathy would probably be more appropriate. What country do you practise in? (I'm in the UK, and my perception is pseudogout is by far the most common term here). [[User:DrVogel|Dr. Vogel]] ([[User talk:DrVogel|talk]]) 09:49, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
:::Also UK; I see pseudogout and occasionally crystal arthropathy when coding patients. [[WP:MEDTITLE]], however, ''tends'' to ignore [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. Of note ICD11 uses [https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/845625980 calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate deposition disease]. (Is "dehydrate" a typo?) [[User:Little pob|Little pob]] ([[User talk:Little pob|talk]]) 10:23, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
::::lol - ICD11 is such a mess - seriously, they only had one job.
::::Yeah true people say crystal arthropathy a lot, but the problem with that term is that it's ambiguous - both gout and pseudogout are crystal arthropathies (and so is pseudopseudogout!).
::::MEDTITLE does allow for "recognised medical name". But if it's not a term that our colleagues in other countries are happy with, then we'll have to go with some kind of mouthful.
::::But I am prepared to invoke IAR if anyone decides to use the name given by ICD11 :) [[User:DrVogel|Dr. Vogel]] ([[User talk:DrVogel|talk]]) 15:01, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

== Terminology usage for routes of administration of drugs and other terms in article intros (seeking consensus) ==

I apologize if this post is going to get rather long. I will attempt to be as concise as possible but it is not something I can adequately explain without getting somewhat lengthy. '''While I hope people will read this post in its entirety, I am including a brief summary at the end which you can locate by finding the bold and all-caps word "SUMMARY" at the bottom of this post. I ask only that you please consider what I am saying with an open mind.'''

I recently made [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&diff=prev&oldid=1164139648 this edit], which I believe to be consistent with [[WP:MEDMOS]] which states, "Good encyclopedic writing will naturally teach the reader new words and help them build confidence with harder ones. While this can be done explicitly, with definitions in parenthesis for example, the most natural way to achieve this is to use the idiomatic words, the ‘proper’ words for something, in context. Good writing will allow the reader to pick up enough of the meaning from this context." Despite having made similar edits to numerous other articles without anyone ever reverting it or raising objection, my edit was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&diff=next&oldid=1164140362 reverted] with the edit summary “Lay terms are preferred.” I then started a [[Talk:Alprazolam#Orally/by mouth|new topic]] on the article’s talk page and it was requested by the other editor that I instead post here to seek consensus on the issue, so that is what I am doing.

Personally, I would prefer if articles simply used the “correct” terminology for routes of administration, since as long as the term is linked to the relevant wiki article, then anyone who is unfamiliar with the term can simply click it to find out what it means, but I thought including both the lay term and technical term, one in parentheses, was a reasonable compromise. (However, I contend that the word “orally” is so common as to not even qualify as “technical terminology.” Terms such as “intravenous” and “intramuscular” are what I would consider very basic-level “technical terminology.”)

To help explain my rationale for this, I am copying this from my user page, which I wrote some time ago:

“I'm very concerned by the way Wikipedia articles related to medicine are being [[Dumbing down|dumbed-down]]. People looking for simplified medical information have plenty of other online resources available. Changing things like '[[intravenous]]' to 'injection into a vein' or '[[myocarditis]]' to 'inflammation of the heart' is just plain patronizing. (The latter example could even cause potentially dangerous confusions as "inflammation of the heart" could also conceivably refer to conditions other than myocarditis, such as [[endocarditis]] or [[pericarditis]].)

Some editors have even changed a word so common as '[[oral administration|orally]]' to 'by mouth'! People who don't know the meanings of words such as 'intravenous' and 'orally' probably aren't reading Wikipedia to begin with, but even if they are, then they can simply click the word to go to an article about it and find out what it means. Such simplified wording may be appropriate for [[Simple English Wikipedia]], but there is no good reason to do this on the regular English version of Wikipedia, and countless reasons not to.

If you treat people dumb, then they will stay dumb, and nothing good can come from keeping people ignorant. Let's please keep Wikipedia a place to expand knowledge, and not a place to limit it. No other sections of Wikipedia seem to be subjected to this phenomenon of intentionally being dumbed-down, and, if anything, medical-related articles should be the ''last'' to be butchered like this.”

Here are a couple examples of problems with specific terms:

—The term “injection into a vein” is too ambiguous. I don’t know how other people interpret the term, but personally, when I hear “injection into a vein,” I think of IV push injections, as I think of “injections” and “infusions” as different categories. But the term seems to be used in Wikipedia article introductions to refer to IV push injection, pump infusions, drip infusions, as well as central venous catheters. It is certainly relevant and useful to many readers to differentiate between the different types of intravenous administration, as there are very significant differences between those different routes of administration. (And if our readers aren’t expected to either already know or be able to quickly figure out the meaning of the word “intravenous,” then is the word “injection” really that much simpler? Should we start saying “shot given into a vein” instead?)

—The term “by mouth” is also potentially ambiguous. In addition to oral administration, are not sublingual and buccal administration also “by mouth”?

It seems to be the norm that there are a large degrees of inconsistencies within the majority of medical articles, with the simplistic terms being used at the beginning of an article’s introduction, but then terms much more technical than “intravenous” or “orally” appear in the rest of the article, sometimes even in the very next paragraph. For an example, see the article for [[ondansetron]]. The first paragraph uses the terms “by mouth,” “injection into a muscle,” and “into a vein,” yet the very next paragraph uses the terms “QT prolongation,” “serotonin 5-ht3 receptor antagonist,” and “muscarinic receptors.” Do we really expect the same reader to not be able to handle terms like “intramuscular” but to be totally comfortable with “serotonin 5-ht3 receptor antagonist”? In either case, if they aren’t familiar with any of those terms, they are all linked to their respective Wikipedia articles and can be clicked and then the reader can easily find out exactly what they mean.

For an even more extreme contrast, see the introduction in the article for [[natalizumab]], which assumes our readers don’t even know the word “nausea,” as it says “nausea (feeling sick),” (which, by the way, would only be a proper explanation of the word for those who understand British English, and not American English), yet assumes our readers have no problem knowing (or figuring out) what “cell adhesion molecule alpha4-integrin” means?

I understand the concerns about making medical articles accessible to those who may have virtually no familiarity with medical concepts, but that shouldn’t be at the expense of information that is useful and important to readers who do have an understanding of (marginally) technical terms. If both terms are provided, then every potential reader should both comprehend what is being said, and will not be without information that is notable to them, nor would there be risk of confusion due to ambiguity. For examples of the compromise format that I am proposing: “orally (by mouth)”, “slow drip infusion (injection into a vein)”, or “IV push (injection into a vein)” or, if preferred, the order of which is first and which is in parentheses could be reversed, such as “by mouth (orally).” I can’t fathom how such a compromise could cause any harm, but there are many ways in which it would be an improvement over using only the more basic term alone. This is the way it already is in some articles; for example see the first paragraph of the article [[buprenorphine]], which in the first paragraph provides both the basic terms and the proper terms, thus clarifying things and avoiding misconceptions or ambiguity for those who are familiar with the terms, and helping to educate those who are not familiar with the terms. Everyone wins that way!

Done in the way I am proposing, readers who are proficient in medical terminology will have the information they are seeking and will not feel patronized (I know I certainly feel patronized every time I see “by mouth” instead of “orally”), whereas readers who have little familiarity with medical terminology will be able to learn new terms and expand their knowledge. (Isn’t the whole point of Wikipedia to expand knowledge?) Just saying “by mouth” or “injection into a vein” without also using the “real terms” can do nothing but keep people ignorant instead of expanding their knowledge. If someone doesn’t know these terms, then ask yourself “why?” It’s because they haven’t been exposed to them. Isn’t it better we give them that exposure to teach them what they mean instead of keeping them in ignorance?

I would appreciate if other editors could respectfully share their thoughts about this matter and hopefully a consensus can be reached. Even if you think the simple terms are better, then I ask what harm could there possibly be from having both terms together? And if anyone has a better idea of a compromise other than using a term with parentheses, then please share your idea.

'''SUMMARY''': There has been disagreement as to whether medical articles, especially articles about medications, should use terms such as “by mouth,” “injection into a vein,” “injection into a muscle,” etc. or if terms such as “orally,” “intravenous” (or more specific terms such as “slow drip infusion” or “IV push injection”, etc.), “intramuscular,” etc. should be used to describe routes of administration. Or, as a compromise, using both kinds of terms together, for example: either “orally (by mouth)” or “by mouth (orally).”

I contend that only having the more simplistic term without the “real” terms can lead to a number of problems, the specifics of which I detailed above. I also think using the “real” terms and “basic” terms in combination is consistent with [[WP:MEDMOS]] which states, "Good encyclopedic writing will naturally teach the reader new words and help them build confidence with harder ones. While this can be done explicitly, with definitions in parenthesis for example, the most natural way to achieve this is to use the idiomatic words, the "proper" words for something, in context. Good writing will allow the reader to pick up enough of the meaning from this context." I cannot see how this compromise could cause any harm, but I can see how plenty of harm can come from just using the basic terms without the “proper” terms. For specifics of what harm I mean then please read my entire post above, but some of the issues are that the simple terms (used alone) are often too ambiguous, do not provide sufficient information for many of our readers, and ignore an opportunity to educate those who aren’t familiar with the terms. (The point of Wikipedia is to educate and expand knowledge, isn’t it?)

I understand some editors may have other views, which is why I propose the compromise solution of using both terms together, one in parentheses, but I am certainly open to hearing other ideas. I hope to get respectful input from other editors so that a consensus can be reached. [[User:Vontheri|Vontheri]] ([[User talk:Vontheri|talk]]) 09:24, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

:There are pros and cons with using more scientific vs lay terminology. I personally believe that avoiding jargon and words that readers are less likely to know needs to be balanced with avoiding ambiguity and there isn't a one size fits all solution. Using multiple terms is also detrimental to readability, and the purpose of encyclopedia articles is to teach people new concepts not new vocabulary imo. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 18:48, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
::I'm not convinced that most of our readers aren't already familiar with very basic-level technical terms. (Are there really very many people out there who know how to read and know how to access Wikipedia who don't know what "orally" means?) "Injection into a vein" is certainly ambiguous in that the term is applied to such varied methods of administration, from IV push injection to infusions to central venous catheters. Distinguishing between those varied administration methods isn't so much about teaching vocabulary as it is about avoiding ambiguity and teaching different concepts. I don't think of "injection" and "infusion" as exactly the same concepts.
::I'm not saying we should say "cerebrovascular accident" instead of "stroke" or "renal calculus" instead of "kidney stone" every time those concepts are mentioned, but I do think that when it comes to ''very'' basic level terms that barely even qualify as "technical terminology" then it's patronizing to our readers to use such basic terms as "by mouth," especially when those basic terms appear so nearby to terms like “cell adhesion molecule alpha4-integrin.” [[User:Vontheri|Vontheri]] ([[User talk:Vontheri|talk]]) 03:25, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
:::My local pharmacy has been giving directions for taking pills "by mouth" for years. Are they patronizing me? [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 07:39, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
::::In my view, yes, I feel patronized by that. My prescriptions say "by mouth" maybe 80% of the time and "orally" maybe 20% of the time. Also keep in mind that people who aren't intellectually capable of accessing the internet also need to take prescription medications. Someone intellectually capable of accessing Wikipedia is almost certainly also intellectually capable of understanding the word "orally." Whether or not it's patronizing was not a primary part of my argument, however. The primary reasons are as I listed above in my original post. [[User:Vontheri|Vontheri]] ([[User talk:Vontheri|talk]]) 08:07, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::I think you need to give up on this "intellectually capable of accessing the internet" line. Have you seen a toddler with an iPad? You don't have to know how to read to be able to "access the internet". [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 21:20, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
::::I don't think that's patronising at all. We can't not have the lay terms. We should probably have both, but we musn't do away with the lay terms. [[User:DrVogel|Dr. Vogel]] ([[User talk:DrVogel|talk]]) 09:46, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::Whether or not something is patronizing is ultimately a matter of opinion. It was never meant to be one of my main arguments. The other points I made were about more objective issues, such as the problems with the ambiguity of "injection into a vein." I think having both terms is a good compromise. [[User:Vontheri|Vontheri]] ([[User talk:Vontheri|talk]]) 10:01, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::Yeah but I think that @[[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]]'s point (please correct me if I'm wrong) is that if it's not patronising, then it's therefore ''useful'' (and appropriate) for communication. [[User:DrVogel|Dr. Vogel]] ([[User talk:DrVogel|talk]]) 10:06, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
:This discussion went into a tangent about what is patronising or not, I don't think that's relevant. I agree with the proposals, with a preference for "'''by mouth ([[Oral administration|orally]])'''", exactly because there is ambiguity in 'by mouth' alone. The style of communication should be accessible, but not inaccurate. The spirit of [[WP:MEDMOS]] seems to trend that way as well. [[User:Sto0pinismo|Sto''0'''''pinismo''']][[User talk:Sto0pinismo|0_o]] 16:12, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
::There is ambiguity in "orally" as well, since sublingual and buccal administration are also forms of "oral" administration. Orally means [[mwod:orally|"by way of the mouth"]]; the word does not exclusively mean "by swallowing".
::I personally dislike "injection into a vein", especially since I think of injections and infusions as different things, and I wonder sometimes whether it could be adequately replaced with "via a vein". [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 21:33, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
:::Perhaps we should say "swallowed orally" instead of "orally" and just "swallowed" instead of "by mouth"? Although in a medical context regarding drug administration, I'm pretty sure that "orally" virtually always means "swallowed".
:::In addition to injections and infusions, I've also seen the term "injection into a vein" used for medications administered by central venous catheters. Central venous catheters are a bit more complex than what is implied by both the terms "injection into a vein" and "via a vein." Imagine a patient seeing a Wikipedia article say a medication they are about to be prescribed is administered "via a vein", and them expecting an injection, only to find out they are going to have a tube sticking deep into their body for several days or more! And isn't buccal administration technically "via a vein" as well, despite not being injected? [[User:Vontheri|Vontheri]] ([[User talk:Vontheri|talk]]) 03:57, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
:::Then a simple 'oral', linked to [[Oral administration]] should suffice in an encyclopaedic article, as in [[Amphetamine]]. At best, this information could even be improved by adding 'oral tablets' when it applies, etc. [[User:Sto0pinismo|Sto''0'''''pinismo''']][[User talk:Sto0pinismo|0_o]] 09:28, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
:I have also felt that some Wikipedia articles are "dumbed down," and I have made a few edits regarding this, only to have them reverted. I agree that complex medical terminology may not be appropriate, at least not without further explanation, but changing rather basic words like "insomnia" to "trouble sleeping," "nausea" to "feeling sick," and "orally" to "by mouth" seems unnecessarily simplistic and not totally accurate. "Feeling sick" is a broader term than "nausea" and can mean many things. I once changed "injection into a vein" to "intravenous infusion" because an infusion is not exactly the same as an injection, and "injection into a vein" was not accurate in the context of the article. It was immediately reverted. Perhaps "intravenous infusion" is borderline, but I think the average (and even below average) reader would know the words "insomnia," "nausea," and "orally" and really does not need to have these fairly basic words dumbed down. As far as words like "intravenous" and "infusion," links can be provided for the few readers who do not know these words, and they can click to learn more. I think there is a balance to be found. I don't like overly technical language when unnecessary or using a "big word" when a simpler word is just as adequate, in an attempt to sound pompous; nor do I like unnecessarily simplistic words being used because it is assumed people don't know basic words like "orally," "nausea," and "insomnia." [[User:GeodeRose|GeodeRose]] ([[User talk:GeodeRose|talk]]) 23:34, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
::This reminds me of something I read a few years ago: An elderly woman went to the doctor and said that she had been constipated for days. The doctor recommended a laxative and gave her the usual advice, and she left. A few days later, she went to the emergency room with the same complaint, saying the recommended laxative hadn't helped. The doctor prescribed a strong laxative and referred her to a specialist. A few days later, the specialist called: "Remember that woman you sent to me? I've got her on a good treatment plan, and she's much improved now. Also, she didn't have [[constipation]]. She had [[diarrhea]]."
::Perhaps more relevant to the local situation, is your average reader always a native English speaker? The English Wikipedia (also French and Arabic) get a lot of people for whom English is a second or third language. We don't necessarily need to worry about "reading" per se, as people get information from Wikipedia via [[smart speaker]], but we do need to worry about whether people actually know what the words mean.
::The "word (other word)" approach works well in many articles. In other cases, perhaps when we are more confident, we can use whichever words we want (and we must [[Wikipedia:Use our own words]]), but link to the relevant article (e.g., [[Oral administration]]) as a "just in case" fallback option for anyone who needs to check that word. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 08:16, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
:::I know plenty people who have difficulty remembering which is left and which is right, or what way to turn a screwdriver to fasten a screw. So the constipation/diarrhea story doesn't tell much much more than people often mix up opposites words and that their doctor was negligent in even asking "when did you last go, and what did it look like". So negligent, I wonder if the story is made up by wherever you read it in order to make a point.
:::The non-native thing keeps coming up but I think there are problems with naive approaches to helping such readers. For a start, someone with very poor English is going to be reading via Google Translate, and we are simply at their mercy as to what they make of our words. Most of the rest aren't children and so they use the grown-up "proper" words for "oral" and "intravenous" in their own languages. Many of them will know the grown-up words in English and so be puzzled to read "inject into a vein" or "by mouth" instead. Indeed some of my foreign friends are jealous of English having so many words for things compared to their languages and love learning new ones.
:::While I hope not many children need to know the word "intravenous", any child in the UK knows "oral" as "Oral B" is the biggest brand of toothpaste and toothbrushes. I guess that may be so in the US too. And adults don't need a PhD or MD to know what "oral" is... type "oral" into Wikipedia's search box and you'll discover the NSFW topic I'm talking about! And it is the lay term!
:::Naive approaches forget that e.g. "oral" has identical or nearly identical equivalents in other European languages and "by mouth" does not. "intravenous" is "intravenosa/intravenoso" in Spanish and Portugeuse, "intravenös" in German, "intraveineuse/intraveineux" in French. If you are an adult in one of these European countries then you already know the "correct" word for oral/intravenous and yet when you go on English Wikipedia, you "discover" that the English don't have a word for it and have to write "by mouth" or "injected into a vein". That's actually an educational negative and a gross failure of translation.
:::Google Translate does a great job and AI tools continue to improve. We need to stop treating non-native-English readers as simpletons. When they read our works, with the proper words for things, translated into their languages, they will see the proper words for things in their language. And if they read them untranslated, they will be pleased to note that our proper word is nearly the same as their proper word. Easy-peasy. If we try to second-guess which words they might struggle with, we'll be wrong. And when we do that but write immediately next to it, "route of administration", which is jargony and bureaucratic officialese, we just look a bit silly. -- [[User:Colin|Colin]]°[[User talk:Colin|Talk]] 14:11, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

The desire to avoid words perceived to be jargon is quite inconsistent. Sometimes I think that perception is wrong and in conflict with our mission to be an educational resource, an encyclopaedia, rather than an patient information leaflet or an NHS help page. The latter have an extreme desire that their readers understand just enough, but no more, in order to take their medicine or know when to see their doctor. The NHS website is not afraid to use words like "poo" and "tummy" though draws the line at using baby words for what's in your underpants. For example [https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/diazepam/how-and-when-to-take-diazepam/ diazepam] uses the term "rectal" even though I doubt many people use that word in every day conversation. The NHS uses second person ("you'll need to take this for four weeks") which is more direct and conversational than the prose we find here. Their conversational style means that once they've said the drug is a tablet, they assume you know where to stick it. Wikipedia, with its info boxes and its tediously formulaic leads, ends up stating this information in a template way. A good writer would have mentioned the words "tablets" at some point in the prose and the reader would be informed without anyone having to worry about whether to say "by mouth" or "orally".

The main place this terminology appears is in info boxes. Have you looked at a drug info box? [[Valproate]]. Are we really thinking that the number one priority for making the article accessible is that after the jargon term "Routes of administration:", we write "by mouth" rather than "oral". Which is sandwiched in between "Pregnancy category: Au: D" and "ATC code: N03AG01 (WHO)". This is a drug who's carton has a large (many cm) icon of a pregnant woman inside a red circle with a red line across. The #1 information the drug company is telling anyone picking up this drug box is that it should not be given to pregnant women. Our article infobox? "Au: D".

We should stop fretting about this and teach our reader the proper words for basic medical facts. I'm all for avoiding unnecessary jargon but an encyclopedia that fills its info box with meaningless crap like {{tq|"IUPAC name 2-propylpentanoic acid CAS Number 99-66-1 PubChem CID 3121
IUPHAR/BPS 7009 DrugBank DB00313 ChemSpider 3009 UNII 614OI1Z5WI KEGG D00399 ChEBI CHEBI:39867 ChEMBL ChEMBL109 NIAID ChemDB 057177 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID6023733 ECHA InfoCard 100.002.525"}} and labels this attribute as "Routes of administration", has other problems. -- [[User:Colin|Colin]]°[[User talk:Colin|Talk]] 07:53, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

:@[[User:Colin|Colin]] this bit made me laugh out loud: "This is a drug who's carton has a large (many cm) icon of a pregnant woman inside a red circle with a red line across. The #1 information the drug company is telling anyone picking up this drug box is that it should not be given to pregnant women. Our article infobox? "Au: D".". Thanks for that - I'm having a tough day at work today.
:I think one thing does not preclude the other, i.e. our prose and our infoboxes serve 2 very different purposes. I find our infoboxes very useful for looking up the odd technical detail when I need to, without having to read through text. But our prose is there to be read and it needs to be as accessible as possible, so that the only difficulty is the concept itself and not the language, otherwise the reader has 2 gaps instead of 1.
:I feel that we need to keep our text as jargon-free as possible, and the example you give of NHS websites using words like "tummy" and "poo" is an extreme - we don't need to use informal words, just not jargon. Or just not ''only'' jargon, and least of all in the lead. [[User:DrVogel|Dr. Vogel]] ([[User talk:DrVogel|talk]]) 14:56, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
::Neither I, nor anyone else, is proposing that we ''only'' use the less-basic words ("jargon"), just that we use ''both'' terms, at least when it comes to routes of administration in introductions and info boxes.[[User:Vontheri|Vontheri]] ([[User talk:Vontheri|talk]]) 20:54, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
::I think the infobox, for drug articles, is clearly an experts-only zone. Nobody ever, on receiving their prescription from the pharmacist, said, "I say, madam, would if be possible, perhaps, that you could offer me some assistance as to the route by which I am supposed to administrate this medicinal compound?" So if we are going to begin with the officialese of "Routes of administration", next to our ATC codes and whatnot, then we might as well use the official term. And be consistent, so someone reading several info boxes doesn't read several terms for the same thing.
::For body text, we can be more clever than thinking, as so many of our medical articles do, that we need to follow a template for how to write the text. There are only specific times we need to mention how it was taken. As a general rule, for the lead and much of the body, there isn't a reason to mention it, and I think generally we don't. Most medicines taken outside of a hospital setting are taken orally. They are tablets. It is only really notable when this is not the case. For example, we describe it as a cream that one rubs onto the affected area, or a gel one rubs into the skin to be absorbed, or eye drops. It comes naturally in the sentences. I have no problem if some body text says "injected into a vein (intravenous)" as long as we acknowledge that English does have a word for this, rather than pretend it doesn't or that even if it did, our reader is too stupid to know it. Mostly, when the body text needs to be specific about route of administration, it has already scared the reader with a section heading "Pharmacokinetics" and continues with talk of "plasma concentrations" and "cytochrome P450 enzymes". Scattering simple language in among that just looks foolish. In these advanced sections, I don't think it is good even to use the "injected into a vein (intravenous)" formula. Because if your intention is that someone lacking even that word can understand the sentence, what are you going to do with cytochrome P450 enzymes"? If you ''really'' wanted a Pharmacokinetics section that anyone could follow, you'd need to have section lead sentence(s) that had a very very basic overview. -- [[User:Colin|Colin]]°[[User talk:Colin|Talk]] 08:00, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
I don't often get very involved in talk page discussions, so please forgive my lack of familiarity with this process, but exactly how and when do we determine that a consensus has been reached, and what happens after? It's my impression that, at least at this point, the consensus is at least leaning in the direction of using both terms together, such as "term 1 (term 2)", but that there may be variability or exceptions based on the exact section or part of the article. Is that the impression others have as well? [[User:Vontheri|Vontheri]] ([[User talk:Vontheri|talk]]) 16:14, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

:Sometimes what the consensus ''isn't'' is more important. Nobody seems to object to using a both/and approach in principle, and nobody thinks language like "orally" or "intravenous" is the worst problem with writing articles.
:I think your next step is to copyedit a dozen articles. Aside from improving the articles, it would let you know if your ideas about improvement will scare up any opposition (I don't expect any). [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 14:50, 14 July 2023 (UTC)
:: {{talkquote|I think your next step is to copyedit a dozen articles.}} :grin: Governance and abstraction must be shackled to the honest toil of the concrete and useful. [[User:Talpedia|Tal]]pedia 15:35, 14 July 2023 (UTC)
::The problem is that it ''has'' resulted in opposition when I changed "by mouth" to "orally (by mouth)". That was the catalyst for me making this thread to begin with. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&diff=next&oldid=1164140362 here]. (For some reason that editor hasn't posted in this thread to explain the reasoning for their objections, despite me informing them of it.) What should I do if that happens again? Refer the other editor to this thread? [[User:Vontheri|Vontheri]] ([[User talk:Vontheri|talk]]) 03:22, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

== Medical privacy discussion ==

I have started a discussion about medical privacy at [[Talk:Caster Semenya#Medical privacy]]. I would love to get the opinions of folks from WikiProject Medicine, as this seems to be an important topic that hasn't gotten widespread discussion (as far as I can tell). How do we properly balance the interests of our readers against the right to privacy of our subjects? [[User:Nosferattus|Nosferattus]] ([[User talk:Nosferattus|talk]]) 00:05, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
:commented--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|talk]]) 12:37, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

== Discussion at [[List of intersex Olympians]] ==
[[File:Rod of asclepius.jpg|20px|right]]

[[File:Symbol watching blue lashes high contrast.svg|25px|link=|alt=]] You are invited to join the discussion at [[ Talk:List_of_intersex_Olympians#Suggestion_gathering:_improvements_to_coverage_of_intersex_and_DSD_athletes ]], which is within the scope of this WikiProject. [[User:Kingsif|Kingsif]] ([[User talk:Kingsif|talk]]) 06:31, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
:thank you for post--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|talk]]) 12:09, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

== Student editing notice ==

https://dashboard.wikiedu.org/courses/Wesleyan_University/Foundations_of_Contemporary_Psychology_(Summer).

https://dashboard.wikiedu.org/courses/Wesleyan_University/Foundations_of_Contemporary_Psychology_(Summer)/articles/edited?

--[[User:Whywhenwhohow|Whywhenwhohow]] ([[User talk:Whywhenwhohow|talk]]) 20:34, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

== Naloxone / harm reduction ==
There is currently a discussion about whether it is due to name harm reduction providers/organizations in the [[naloxone]] article at [[Talk:Naloxone]]
I have removed names of several organizations that were dropped in the article [[Special:Diff/1165371309]] and another editor believes such name drops have a place in the article. I wanted to get broader input on this. Thank you [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 21:04, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

:If the organizations are involved in distribution or advocacy of naloxone then I think it is most likely notable and has at least a minor place in the article. If they are just general harm reduction organizations and distribution or advocacy of naloxone is not a major part of what they do then it is probably not notable in the naloxone article. [[User:Vontheri|Vontheri]] ([[User talk:Vontheri|talk]]) [[User:Vontheri|Vontheri]] ([[User talk:Vontheri|talk]]) 07:18, 15 July 2023 (UTC)
::I would suggest leaving comments at [[Talk:Naloxone]] rather than here to avoid splitting discussion more than necessary. [[User:Prezbo|Prezbo]] ([[User talk:Prezbo|talk]]) 08:33, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

:: Then that would be hundreds of needle exchange programs and local governments. It would be easily possible to gather sources for them quite easily. Rather than name any specific organization, I think the more reasonable approach is to say they're commonly distributed by drug users health clinics/needle exchange programs in more generic way especially for the [[naloxone]] article so it conveys the information without resulting in a coat rack like Narcan is offered to the community from organizations/agencies, such as [[Washington State Department of Health]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://adai.uw.edu/get-free-naloxone-by-mail-in-wa-state/ | title=Get Free Naloxone by Mail in WA State }}</ref>, [[OnPoint NYC]]<ref>https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/basas/naloxone-list-of-prevention-programs.pdf</ref> [[Multnomah County, Oregon]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.multco.us/health/staying-healthy/overdose-prevention | title=Overdose Prevention | date=30 January 2018 }}</ref>[[City of San Francisco]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sf.gov/information/overdose-prevention-resources | title=Overdose prevention resources | San Francisco }}</ref> [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 08:04, 15 July 2023 (UTC) {{ref-talk}}

:::Prezbo - Next time I will do that. Looks like it's too late now for this thread, though.
:::Graywalls - Don't let me be the tie breaker, but I think generally saying something like "commonly distributed by this type of organization and that type of organization etc." is better to avoid listing hundreds of organizations. I would probably find it notable to mention a couple specific organizations if there is some specific reason that makes them notable. For example, I would find it notable to mention the organization that was a pioneer and was the first to advocate for and/or distribute naloxone. Or an organization that has distributed far more naloxone than other organizations or that was the primary party involved in changing laws or things like that. Those are just examples. Simply being an advocate or distributor of naloxone is not enough to be notable in the naloxone article since there are such a large number of such organizations, but if there is something specifically significant about the organization's activities with naloxone then I would think it is probably notable. Perhaps a separate article in list format called something like "list of naloxone/narcan distributors or advocacy organizations" would be a good place to list all such organizations in their entirety. Those are just my thoughts. [[User:Vontheri|Vontheri]] ([[User talk:Vontheri|talk]]) 06:51, 16 July 2023 (UTC)

== [[Draft:Post-finasteride syndrome]] ==
:: See [[#Proposing undoing of mutliple edits removing majority of secondary/tertiary sources from Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction article]]
I reviewed a draft on [[Draft:Post-finasteride syndrome]] by [[User:Xardwen]], and they and I are unsure what to do next. There was previously an article on the syndrome, which was then cut down to a redirect to [[Finasteride]]. There are questions as to whether there is a well-defined or definable syndrome, and either creating an article or redirecting are contentious. There were persistent attempts by unregistered editors and new editors to recreate an article. The conclusion was to put the parent article [[finasteride]] under ECP protection, and to make the redirect from [[Post-finasteride syndrome]] to [[Finasteride]] a permanently locked redirect. When I reviewed the draft, I advised the author to discuss at [[Talk:Finasteride]] and obtain a rough consensus as to whether to recreate an article on the syndrome. There hasn't been any discussion there, and then there hasn't been any discussion at [[WT:WikiProject Pharmacology|WikiProject Pharmacology]]. So my question is both what to advise the author to do next, and what I should do next. [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|talk]]) 04:26, 15 July 2023 (UTC)
:Probably the best approach would be to expand [[Finasteride]], if warranted, and then if the PFS stuff becomes too big, argue for a split. The draft contains the eyebrow-raising claim that "as of 2023, there appears to be an emerging consensus among the medical community that it represents a real and serious, if rare, iatrogenic disorder" sourced to the journal ''Annals of Medical and Health Science Research'', which does not appear to be reputable and in any case says no such thing, which rings a loud warning bell. The protections currently in place are there for a reason. (Add: and, looking at the user's contributions there seems to have been a concerted effort to shift the POV across the Project on this topic, with less-than-stellar sourcing, e.g.[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&diff=prev&oldid=1133538954]). [[User:Bon courage|Bon courage]] ([[User talk:Bon courage|talk]]) 14:55, 15 July 2023 (UTC)
::The editor also wrote [[Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction]], which I tried to clean up but tbh I'm still not sure if the article should exist. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 06:19, 16 July 2023 (UTC)
::As the Finasteride article currently stands, there is already a substantial section on PFS; I personally feel that a separate article is warranted to give adequate space to discuss the reported symptoms, research, and controversy surrounding PFS.
::Regarding the claim about emerging consensus on the nature of PFS, the relevant quote from the review is as follows: "Based on the existing literature, the medical community believes that these patterns of symptoms constitute the basis for PFS in individuals predisposed to epigenetic susceptibility. The medical community must define and characterize the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PFS, and more attention should be devoted to patient education and counseling as well as to developing novel management modalities. Further highquality clinical studies are needed to evaluate the potential neuropsychiatric side effects of finasteride in humans and to establish whether finasteride has any exact causal relationship with suicidal ideation and other reported side effects." This seems like an explicit acknowledgement, by the authors of this review at least, of consensus among the medical community that PFS is a legitimate disorder, and warrants further research and investigation; I acknowledge that I may have been too bold in my statement to this effect in the draft, and will re-phrase accordingly.
::Regarding my "concerted effort to shift the POV across the Project" on the subject of PFS, guilty as charged- I personally feel that the level of skepticism surrounding PFS that has been expressed on the Wiki is disproportionate to the amount and quality of peer-reviewed research on this subject. I will make an effort to provide more high-quality sources to support this position.
::[[User:Xardwen|Xardwen]] ([[User talk:Xardwen|talk]]) 04:03, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
:::Concerning post-SSRI sexual dysfunction, the clinical decision aid I'm subscribed to (updated as of June 2023) has the following verdict: "...there is no compelling evidence that SSRI-induced sexual side effects persist after discontinuation." It makes me think this syndrome is not exactly recognized. [[User:Draken Bowser|Draken Bowser]] ([[User talk:Draken Bowser|talk]]) 13:42, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
::::No indeed. I've been attempting to clean up but the article was spinning hard and the sourcing was terrible (including a mention of reddit forums) & often misrepresented. When it's cut back down to sensibly-sourced stuff, it should probably be re-merged to the SSRI article, as per previous consensus. [[User:Bon courage|Bon courage]] ([[User talk:Bon courage|talk]]) 14:59, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::There is nothing at [[post-SSRI sexual dysfunction]] worthy of coverage that is not already at [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor#Sexual dysfunction]]. I'd support a merge back, recognizing that there are at least eight SPAs recruited to the article. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 14:22, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::Agreed, seems like the best option. [[User:Draken Bowser|Draken Bowser]] ([[User talk:Draken Bowser|talk]]) 14:47, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

== Anaplastic oligodendroglioma to Oligodendroblastoma or glioblastoma ==
At the article [[Anaplastic oligodendroglioma]] is written "In the course of the disease, they can degenerate into WHO grade IV glioblastoma."

If you go to "International Classification of Diseases for Oncology" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases_for_Oncology#938%E2%80%93948_Gliomas) and then look at M9451/3 and M9460/3, it gives the impression that you get oligodendroblastoma instead of glioblastoma.

What is right now? Regards, [[User:Wname1|Wname1]] ([[User talk:Wname1|talk]]) 09:28, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

After "XH9QF3 Oligodendroglioma, anaplastic, IDH mutant and 1p/19q co deleted" on [[https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f1711774517]], "ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version : 01/2023)" is the next "XH7CX7 Oligodendroblastoma" to be viewed 1 time below. Via "XH7W59 Oligodendroglioma, NOS" there are then 5 times the "Glioblastoma" where above the "Glioblastoma" the topic "Astrocytoma, anaplastic" can be seen. Here it is "Glioblastoma" for "Astrocytoma, anaplastic" and for the "XH9QF3 Oligodendroglioma, anaplastic, IDH mutant and 1p/19q co deleted" then theoretically below currently the "XH7CX7 Oligodendroblastoma". [[User:Wname1|Wname1]] ([[User talk:Wname1|talk]]) 08:05, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

:It's about whether the name "highly malignant oligodendroglioma, grade IV" on https://flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Anaplastics_Oligodendrogliom on the subject of anaplastic oligodendroglioma is correct or whether Wikipedia is correct with "glioblastoma" for anaplastic oligodendroglioma or whether the WHO "XH7CX7 oligodendroblastoma" on the subject of anaplastic oligodendroglioma is correct. [[User:Wname1|Wname1]] ([[User talk:Wname1|talk]]) 18:44, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

== Need input at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Post-Vac]] ==

{{nbsp}} ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 06:17, 16 July 2023 (UTC)

== Medical law and Health law ==

There's a merge discussion (to merge [[Medical law]] into [[Health law]]) in need of some more views before closing; if you're in the mood, please head over to [[Talk:Health law#Merger proposal]]. [[User:Klbrain|Klbrain]] ([[User talk:Klbrain|talk]]) 10:27, 16 July 2023 (UTC)
:commented--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|talk]]) 12:04, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
:Commented according to [https://publichealthreviews.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40985-017-0075-2]. [[User:D6194c-1cc|D6194c-1cc]] ([[User talk:D6194c-1cc|talk]]) 12:40, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

== Proposing undoing of mutliple edits removing majority of secondary/tertiary sources from Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction article ==
:: See [[post-SSRI sexual dysfunction]]
:: See [[#Draft:Post-finasteride syndrome]]
Dear Wikiproject Medicine editors,

I believe that in multiple edits, user @[[User:Bon courage|Bon courage]] has removed tens of secondary and tertiary sources whilst claiming they are "original research" or "primary sources". In my opinion this has brought down the quality of the article significantly.

Here is a sample of the edits (there are many more):

link, their claimed reason for deleting | why I think they shouldn't have been removed

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1165753573&oldid=1165752964&title=Post-SSRI_sexual_dysfunction 1], "original research" | user has removed all sources which comply with [[wp:MEDORG]] and [[WP:MEDRS]] ([[National Health Service|NHS]],[[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]], [[British National Formulary]],[[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]],[[American Psychiatric Association]]'s [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (DSM-5)]],''Textbook of Rare Sexual Medicine Conditions'', and the textbook ''Psychiatry and Sexual Medicine: A Comprehensive Guide for Clinical Practitioners'').

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1165755131&oldid=1165754982&title=Post-SSRI_sexual_dysfunction 2],"trim OR" | removal of [[wp:MEDORG]] compliant sources from [[Health Canada]], [[National Health Service|NHS]] and [[Hong Kong Department of Health|Hongkong Department of Health]].

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1165654453&oldid=1165607549&title=Post-SSRI_sexual_dysfunction 3],"original research and some awful sourcing"| as mentioned in [[wp:MEDRS]] "News sources may be useful for non-biomedical content, such as information about "society and culture" – see [[WP:MEDPOP]]"

which the news articles were under the society and culture section.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1165754952&oldid=1165754030&title=Post-SSRI_sexual_dysfunction 4],"re-base on secondary source" | removes many many review articles (secondary sources) and their content

This source ([https://academic.oup.com/smr/article-abstract/10/1/91/6880343 5]) is one of the sources that could have been used to improve the etiologies section, instead of wiping the section.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1165654951&oldid=1165654613&title=Post-SSRI_sexual_dysfunction 6]"no secondary sourcing" | It removes the whole society and culture section which had mentioned a BBC panorama and other news articles WP:MEDPOP applies here. ([https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/body/antidepressants-permanently-destroyed-my-sex-life/ link1] and [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001n39z bbc panorama link])

PSSDnetwork and ... were mentioned in the news articles which would be compliant with [[WP:MEDPOP]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1165591682&oldid=1165498977&title=Post-SSRI_sexual_dysfunction 7] , primary, would need MEDRS|another [[wp:MEDORG]], from [[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency|Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency]] which the editor is calling primary for some unknown reason.

It's very strange to see removal of so many compliant sources and claiming them to be "original research".

I propose an undoing of the edits made, a minority of changes that were proper should be applied after undoing in my opinion. In case the edits were due to not being familiar with wp:MEDORG or WP:MEDRS please refer to this [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)#/media/File:MEDRS flowchart guideline.svg|MEDRS flowchart guideline]].

After removing all the mentioned(and not mentioned) compliant sources, the same user has said that "it should probably be re-merged to the SSRI article, as per previous consensus."(from years ago) which was related to lack of enough wp:MEDRS compliant sources.

How is removing so many compliant sources while calling them "Original research" or "primary sources" then pushing for a merge a good idea?

In case my understanding of the policies is faulty, please correct me. [[User:FallingPineapple|FallingPineapple]] ([[User talk:FallingPineapple|talk]]) 22:49, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

:This is being discussed in the Finasteride section above, but just to take your first example, the NHS (which is usually a good source, agreed) cannot be used to make statements about PSSD with [https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/escitalopram/side-effects-of-escitalopram/ a source] which makes zero mention of PSSD. The page was fairly transparently being used to abuse Wikipedia for the purpose of [[WP:ADVOCACY]] of a POV without proper sourcing, and the mention of reddit (good grief) leads us a post suggesting coordinated editing of this article to push an agenda.[https://www.reddit.com/r/PSSD/comments/zkmmo1/pssd_wikipedia_page_is_now_back_up/] That's not going to fly. You should be aware of [[WP:MEAT]] and [[WP:COI]]. [[User:Bon courage|Bon courage]] ([[User talk:Bon courage|talk]]) 05:12, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
::"the NHS (which is usually a good source, agreed) cannot be used to make statements about PSSD with [https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/escitalopram/side-effects-of-escitalopram/ a source] which makes zero mention of PSSD."
::The following is from the source.
::"Sexual side effects usually pass after the first couple of weeks. However, very rarely, they can be long lasting and may not get better even after stopping the medicine." [https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/escitalopram/side-effects-of-escitalopram/ source]
::"Symptoms of sexual dysfunction occasionally persist after discontinuation of fluoxetine treatment.
::Priapism has been reported with all SSRIs." [https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/018936s108lbl.pdf 2] [[User:FallingPineapple|FallingPineapple]] ([[User talk:FallingPineapple|talk]]) 06:52, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
:::It's about one drug. No "syndrome" of any kind is mentioned. Your stretching it from one to the other is [[WP:OR]]. [[User:Bon courage|Bon courage]] ([[User talk:Bon courage|talk]]) 06:57, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
::::In the leaflets from [[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] mentions the term SSRIs/SNRIs as a general term.
::::"Medicines like Fluvoxamine Tablets (so called SSRIs/SNRIs) may cause
::::symptoms of sexual dysfunction (see section 4). In some cases, these
::::symptoms have continued after stopping treatment." [https://web.archive.org/web/20221214044823/https://mhraproducts4853.blob.core.windows.net/docs/9ebff468ef241a48761c6fa602a63b72b9d480e0 <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>]
::::or
::::"Sexual problems:
::::Medicines like sertraline (so called SSRIs/SNRIs) may cause symptoms of
::::sexual dysfunction (see section 4). In some cases, these symptoms have
::::continued after stopping treatment'''.'''" [https://web.archive.org/web/20221214035806if_/https://mhraproducts4853.blob.core.windows.net/docs/7548b19fecbe3bae9c2effedbdd5dda5760b7cff 2]
::::Can these be used as tertiary sources? [[User:FallingPineapple|FallingPineapple]] ([[User talk:FallingPineapple|talk]]) 08:02, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::Those pages (archived version of them anyway) don't mention PSSD or any "syndrome" at all. We should be using the [[WP:BESTSOURCES]] directly on the topic, rather than arriving with a pre-determined agenda and trying to twist sources into fitting it. [[User:Bon courage|Bon courage]] ([[User talk:Bon courage|talk]]) 08:42, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:FallingPineapple|FallingPineapple]], perhaps this might be clearer:
::::::There is an important difference between "long-term side effects" and "a [[syndrome]]". If you want to write about a syndrome, you normally need sources that use the exact word ''syndrome'' in it. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 15:13, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
:Easily four (and probably more) new SPAs spinning an article, with the Reddit, probably warrants an ANI or an SPI rather than discussion confined to WT:MED. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 06:07, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
::And [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1127536653 this is a copy-paste] (much too far back for REVDEL), so all of Xardwen's work now needs review for copyvio or too-close paraphrasing. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 07:46, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
:::There are at least eight SPAs, all coming from the same internet fora. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 11:09, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
::And there is recruiting today at a different forum. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 15:21, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

{{ping|Draken Bowser|Bon courage|Buidhe}} the conflation with PSSD and DSM-5 has been plastered elsewhere. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escitalopram&oldid=1162266609#Sexual_dysfunction Escitalopram]. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 10:46, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

:As has the evident falsehood that it has been somehow officially recognised by the EMA. A lot of campaigning and/or useful idiocy in other words. Wikipedia of course won't be falling for that! [[User:Bon courage|Bon courage]] ([[User talk:Bon courage|talk]]) 12:31, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
::{{re|Bon courage}} that, unfortunately, comes directly from Peleg (2022), a secondary review which appears to misstate the facts. The 2023 review I just added (Tarchi) may be useful, but I'm out of time, and will be busy for the next two days. Perhaps you can do something with Tarchi. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 12:42, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
:::Yes, it's an apparent falsehood which has found its way into secondary sources - but that just calls into question the quality of those secondary sources. In evaluating sources, that they contain such errors is a major consideration - the idea that a medicines agency can establish a condition is [[WP:EXCEPTIONAL]] and it seems the EMA themselves have explicitly disowned this misinformation, assuming the written answer in the UK parliament[https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2019-09-26/291225] came from them. [[User:Bon courage|Bon courage]] ([[User talk:Bon courage|talk]]) 13:19, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
::::I will not be able to work on this today or tomorrow; someone who can access the full article needs to look at whether Peleg (2022) at [[post-SSRI sexual dysfunction]] should be entirely removed. I suggest that Tarchi 2023 is a better source all round. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 15:10, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
::::PS, here's what I can see of what Peleg says. From their own documents, I've seen NO indication that's what the EMA said at all, and Peleg even gets the name of the [[European Medicines Agency]] wrong: "PSSD gained official recognition after the European medical agency concluded that PSSD is a medical condition that persists after discontinuation of SSRI's and SNRI's." So, source may be dubious overall. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 21:14, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::Well... I'm first curious whether there's a footnote (in the body of the paywalled article) that supports this.
:::::I also wonder whether the article could be corrected. Getting the name wrong looks like a translation error; the fact that it's not true means the sentence probably should be removed. The managing editor for the journal appears to be https://www.linkedin.com/in/sue-goldstein-299a6434 if anyone's already signed up with LinkedIn and wants to inquire about the possibility. (I only spent two minutes looking, but I didn't see a simple "Contact us" form on the journal website, only the generic publisher one and a Twitter link for the journal.) [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 15:32, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

=== Source request ===
Can anyone access https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/bjon.2023.32.14.678 and if possible, email it to me? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:35, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

=== Merge proposal ===
Now live at [[Talk:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor#Merge proposal]]. [[User:Draken Bowser|Draken Bowser]] ([[User talk:Draken Bowser|talk]]) 11:39, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

== Disorder subtypes ==

I've noticed that there are quite a few missing articles that are just subcategories of diseases that already have their own Wikipedia pages. I was wondering if disease subtypes should have their own Wikipedia articles or just be redirected.

For example, [[Acrofacial dysostosis Catania form]], [[Acrofacial dysostosis Preis type]], [[Acrofacial dysostosis Rodriguez type]], [[Acrofacial dysostosis Weyers type]], and [[Acrofacial dysostosis, Palagonia type]] are all missing articles however we have a wikipedia page for [[Nager acrofacial dysostosis]]. Should these be redirected or made into articles?

Forgive me if this topic has already been discussed, I am new to editing wikipedia. [[User:CursedWithTheAbilityToDoTheMath|CursedWithTheAbilityToDoTheMath]] ([[User talk:CursedWithTheAbilityToDoTheMath|talk]]) 01:18, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

:Yes, those should generally be redirects. From the titles and some of your edit history, I'm guessing you're going through [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/Missing diseases]]? Most of those aren't missing -- it seems to be a dump from some kind of medical encyclopedia that uses a different title structure to us, and a lot of the time covering very rare or speculative concepts that may not clearly correspond to clear-cut 'things' (e.g. a syndrome defined in a much more speculative era of medical genetics that doesn't actually correspond now to a specific genotype). Most of what's on it should be redirected to existing articles. [[User:Vaticidalprophet|Vaticidal]][[User talk:Vaticidalprophet|prophet]] 01:55, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
::Yeah I;ve only found about 3 actual conditions with enough documented cases to make an article. I've mostly been doing redirects.
::Thanks for the clarification and help! [[User:CursedWithTheAbilityToDoTheMath|CursedWithTheAbilityToDoTheMath]] ([[User talk:CursedWithTheAbilityToDoTheMath|talk]]) 02:00, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
:::You're welcome! Yeah, there are a few legitimate ones on there, but even then the titles are usually wrong. The whole [[WP:RA]]/[[WP:MEA]] complex is surprisingly useful even today, but you need to get a good feel first both for what's inclusion-worthy and what's structured right even if it is. [[User:Vaticidalprophet|Vaticidal]][[User talk:Vaticidalprophet|prophet]] 02:10, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
::::Yeah I've noticed the naming issue. I think I'm getting the hang of things but I still have to remind myself when to just call it quits instead of getting in over my head. Browsing through missing links has been surprisingly helpful as it gives me a place to start and helps me learn the more technical sides of editing. [[User:CursedWithTheAbilityToDoTheMath|CursedWithTheAbilityToDoTheMath]] ([[User talk:CursedWithTheAbilityToDoTheMath|talk]]) 02:25, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
:@[[User:CursedWithTheAbilityToDoTheMath|CursedWithTheAbilityToDoTheMath]], thanks for doing this work.
:By the way, we have a sort of tagging system for redirects that you might be interested in. They're called the "R from" templates. So, for example, if you are redirecting a title that might be suitable for an article (perhaps it's a borderline case), then you can add {{tl|R with possibilities}} at the bottom of the redirect page. If you a redirecting an exact synonym, you can add {{tl|R from other name}}. There are dozens of these, and they're not mandatory, but you might find them interesting. You can find the list at [[Wikipedia:Template index/Redirect pages]]. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 18:07, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
::Thank you so much! This was exactly what I was looking for! I will check it out and start using the templates to prevent any future confusion. [[User:CursedWithTheAbilityToDoTheMath|CursedWithTheAbilityToDoTheMath]] ([[User talk:CursedWithTheAbilityToDoTheMath|talk]]) 19:56, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

==[[Theranostics]]==
Hello, Medicine WikiProject,

Can we get some eyes on this new article? I know little about the medical field except my own experience as a patient so I'm not sure if this field is fringey or mainstream. But it just plopped down in main space, fully formed, today and I'm a little skeptical about articles by new editors that present entire areas of science and have so little page history to show how our understanding of the subject has evolved over time. Thanks for any editors with medical knowledge who can okay this one. [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 21:28, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
:{{U|Fastily}}, what was [[User:Alan Crofts 2023]] before you U5'ed it? I echo Liz's concerns, as the "new" article is already showing up in Google searches for the term, as we might expect it to be. [[User:Jclemens|Jclemens]] ([[User talk:Jclemens|talk]]) 04:05, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
::Here's the [https://pastebin.com/raw/yLQXWV0s text] of the page at time of deletion. As written, it's spam, although if it's notable someone can probably clean it up... -[[User talk:Fastily|FASTILY]] 05:09, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
:::Hello. I am Alan Crofts, author of the article and medical affairs expert. I have written the article myself and populated it with all the references. I believe it is important to have a page dedicated to theranostics as it is a new promising field and I am quite sure we will hear more about it. May I have more information on why the article I have written has been flagged as spam and deleted? I am willing to improve it as much as I can. Thanks, Alan. [[User:Alan Crofts 2023|Alan Crofts 2023]] ([[User talk:Alan Crofts 2023|talk]]) 07:13, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
::::Hi, @[[User:Alan Crofts 2023|Alan Crofts 2023]]. The original uses language like "remarkable progress" and "revolutionized the field", which is not what encyclopedia articles usually sound like. There have been revolutions in medicine – vaccination, sterile surgical fields, antibiotics – but it's too soon to know whether this is one of them.
::::It's also wordy. Consider this bit: "The evolution of theranostics has been driven by collaborations between researchers, clinicians, and industry partners. By combining expertise from various disciplines, scientists and medical professionals can address the complex challenges associated with developing and implementing theranostic strategies." The underlying fact in here is something like "It is an [[Interdisciplinary field]]". What you originally wrote sounds a lot nicer, but what we might suggest is:
::::* no metaphorical [[Evolution]],
::::* no driving forces (except when someone's actually [[Driving]]),
::::* no commercial interests euphemized as "partners",
::::* no implying that only the best ("expertise") of each discipline is used,
::::* no sciencewashing ("scientists and medical professionals", but the patients, managers, support staff, funders, etc. contribute nothing at all?), and
::::* no overegging the problem space (I'm sure they "address the complex challenges", but they probably also do a lot of routine and boring work, too).
::::I'm sure it seems like I'm being overly picky – and I am! A smaller amount of this kind of language is normal, natural, acceptable, and even desirable – but I wanted to give you an idea of some of the little bits that might get mentally classified as "spammy" or "flowery" instead of "just the basic, boring facts". [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 16:03, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::Hi @[[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]]. This is really useful. I will work on this feedback and resubmit the page soon. [[User:Alan Crofts 2023|Alan Crofts 2023]] ([[User talk:Alan Crofts 2023|talk]]) 08:15, 26 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::You don't have to resubmit anything. The article is "live" already. Just find a sentence you'd like to try re-writing, click the edit button, and make your change. If you do one sentence and check back tomorrow, you can find out if other editors thought your change was on the right track (by checking, e.g., to see whether they reverted your change, left it alone, or changed it even more). [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 15:43, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

:How is combining diagnosis with therapy an 'emerging field'? Looks like good old fashioned bullshitology to me... [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]] ([[User talk:AndyTheGrump|talk]]) 11:08, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
::Not necessarily? The idea of combining diagnosis with therapy is an everyday medical activity ("If this treatment works, then you have ____"), but it's not just someone making up whatever they want. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 15:12, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
: Failing [[WP:V]] because of missing article titles making it hard to look articles up. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 12:53, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
:: Citations now filled in, some issues remain. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 14:33, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
: Small instances of too-close-paraphrasing found already, but with most journal articles not available online, there may be more. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 12:54, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
:: Cannot find reason for concern wrt copyvio, but have not completely ruled it out. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 14:33, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
:::This sort of text, plus the numbered refs within the article, are suggestive that a deep-dive for copyvio is warranted.
:::* Molecular imaging methods, such as PET and SPECT, can be employed to visualize and quantify tumor characteristics, such as hypoxia or [[receptor expression]], aiding in personalized radiation dose optimization10.
:::[[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 15:12, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
::I took a quick look at the draft and have listed the first 6 references. Can we start by assessing the references and see if they meet [[WP:MEDRS]]? Here is what I found:
*ref 1 Review article (weak secondary source)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Saumya |last2=Jain |first2=Saloni |last3=Kumar |first3=Deepak |last4=Soni |first4=Shankar Lal |last5=Sharma |first5=Mukesh |date=2019-04-14 |title=A Review on Theranostics: An Approach to Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy |url=http://ajprd.com/index.php/journal/article/view/463 |journal=Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=63–69 |doi=10.22270/ajprd.v7i2.463 |s2cid=198676784 |issn=2320-4850}}</ref>,
*ref 2 narrative review <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Shea |first1=Aileen |last2=Iravani |first2=Amir |last3=Saboury |first3=Babak |last4=Jadvar |first4=Hossein |last5=Catalano |first5=Onofrio |last6=Mahmood |first6=Umar |last7=Heidari |first7=Pedram |date=May 2023 |title=Integrating Theranostics Into Patient Care Pathways: AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review |journal=American Journal of Roentgenology |language=en |volume=220 |issue=5 |pages=619–629 |doi=10.2214/AJR.22.28237 |issn=0361-803X |pmc=10133840 |pmid=36321986 |pmc-embargo-date=May 1, 2024 }}</ref> (I had to look this one up, please correct me if I am wrong),
*ref 3 appears to be a commentary in Nature Medicine <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Carrie |date=April 2022 |title=Theranostics could be big business in precision oncology |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01759-6 |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=606–608 |doi=10.1038/s41591-022-01759-6 |pmid=35440719 |s2cid=248264158 |issn=1078-8956}}</ref>,
*ref4 commentary/maybe a review article (likely not meet MEDRS but I only skimmed the abstract) <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gomes Marin |first1=José Flávio |last2=Nunes |first2=Rafael F. |last3=Coutinho |first3=Artur M. |last4=Zaniboni |first4=Elaine C. |last5=Costa |first5=Larissa B. |last6=Barbosa |first6=Felipe G. |last7=Queiroz |first7=Marcelo A. |last8=Cerri |first8=Giovanni G. |last9=Buchpiguel |first9=Carlos A. |date=October 2020 |title=Theranostics in Nuclear Medicine: Emerging and Re-emerging Integrated Imaging and Therapies in the Era of Precision Oncology |url=http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/rg.2020200021 |journal=RadioGraphics |language=en |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=1715–1740 |doi=10.1148/rg.2020200021 |pmid=33001789 |s2cid=222149301 |issn=0271-5333}}</ref>,
*ref 5 appears to be a commentary <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robert L. Ferris |first=M. D. |date=2021-05-12 |title=Monoclonal Antibody Development Expands to Include Theranostics |url=https://www.targetedonc.com/view/monoclonal-antibody-development-expands-to-include-theranostics |series=May 2021 |language=en |volume=10}}</ref>,
*ref 6 is a powerpoint presentation https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/presentation/presentation-theranostics-nanoparticles-peter-dobson-oxford-university_en.pdf.
::I do not have time to finish this list right now as I had to search for each one manually. The next is ref7 or 8 in the PET section.[[User:JenOttawa|JenOttawa]] ([[User talk:JenOttawa|talk]]) 13:29, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
:::I had never heard of theranostics before but can see some clinical practice guidelines and statements from medical bodies are starting to refer to it. Example I found using a quick google search is [https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/advanced-prostate-cancer] from the american urology association. Are there any textbooks or systematic reviews vs the narrative reviews? I think that the commentaries/presentation citations should be removed but could be used to look for stronger sources. I think if much stronger sources are used and the wording like "valuable insights", "crucial role", "pivotal role" are avoided you could try to redo it and resubmit. Just my two cents... I have never created an article and have never had to decide if an article is justified/notable so others on here will likely be much more helpful than me. I hope that this helps a little bit {{Ping|Alan Crofts 2023}}. [[User:JenOttawa|JenOttawa]] ([[User talk:JenOttawa|talk]]) 13:53, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
:::: I was completing the incomplete citations as you were looking them up. Done now; some I could not find. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 14:31, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::Systematic reviews are excellent sources if you are trying to prove the efficacy of a treatment or otherwise answer a statistical question. They are not really pointful sources for, well, almost anything else. They are not inherently bad sources for anything else, but they're not necessarily better than other secondary sources.
:::::A quick trip to https://books.google.com indicates that there are many books written about the subject. The one whose title appeals to me is [https://books.google.com/books?id=FtJGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23&dq=theranostics&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj645iJk6qAAxUpAjQIHXimDO8Q6AF6BAheEAI Theranostics: An Old Concept in New Clothing], but it is published by [[IntechOpen]],[https://www.intechopen.com/about-intechopen] an open-access publisher about whom we have no article (@[[User:Headbomb|Headbomb]]), so I don't know if it's a reputable publisher. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Theranostic_Imaging_in_Cancer_Precision/yGtgEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Theranostic Imaging in Cancer Precision Medicine] from Frontiers also sounds suitably generic. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 15:20, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::InTech is a vanity press. [[User:Headbomb|Headbomb]] {[[User talk:Headbomb|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Headbomb|c]] · [[WP:PHYS|p]] · [[WP:WBOOKS|b]]} 15:23, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::{{u|Headbomb}} what about https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/VIW.20200134 ?? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 15:25, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::::John Wiley & Sons is a reputable publisher. Surely you must have come across them before. [[User:Headbomb|Headbomb]] {[[User talk:Headbomb|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Headbomb|c]] · [[WP:PHYS|p]] · [[WP:WBOOKS|b]]} 15:28, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::Yes, so why is it not PubMed-indexed, as they usually are? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 20:45, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22View+%28Beijing%29%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D Not currently indexed for MEDLINE. Citations are for articles where the manuscript was deposited in PubMed Central (PMC) in compliance with public access policies.]
::::::::::My guess is that this is seen as too unrelated to medicine to include. But it's a guess. [[User:Headbomb|Headbomb]] {[[User talk:Headbomb|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Headbomb|c]] · [[WP:PHYS|p]] · [[WP:WBOOKS|b]]} 21:06, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::If that is the case ... interesting ... unrelated to medicine :) [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 17:53, 26 July 2023 (UTC)
The topic seems to meet notability as there are scores of secondary reviews. But there is some poor and incomplete sourcing, perhaps some [[WP:UNDUE]], and tone issues that need to be addressed. I've filled in the missing citation information, and flagged the secondary reviews as such, so someone else can take it from there on cleanup. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 14:43, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
:Amazing work helping here Sandy Georgia! Sorry, I did not realize that the drafted article was still 'live'. I was going off of the pastebin text version linked at the start of this conversation. Have a great day! [[User:JenOttawa|JenOttawa]] ([[User talk:JenOttawa|talk]]) 14:53, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
::Thanks to you, too ... I have only scratched the surface, and done for the day. Someone else needs to take a very deep dive here. There is a lot of repetition and redundancy, along with the sourcing issues. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 15:22, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
{{reflist-talk}}

==[[Low-fat diet]]==

The article low-fat diet is in a bad way and needs expansion and better clarity from someone who is experienced in medical editing. Timeshifter a user who has left a lot of bold text on the talk-page has strong views on the subject, there is a current discussion about some 2015 systematic reviews and a low-carb diet author David Ludwig [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Low-fat_diet].

My understanding of low-fat diets is that they were indeed recommended by health and medical organizations in the 80s and early 90s, back then there was some misunderstandings about fat and there was an outdated idea that all fats are bad. The American Heart Association for example, used to recommend a low-fat diet (reduction of total-fat) but as research progressed and new data emerged it was realised that polyunsaturated fats are beneficial in the diet and there is no reason to reduce all fats or total fat intake, instead the culprit for increasing cardiovascular and cancer risk is saturated fat which should be limited, not unsaturated fat or total fat intake. All of the health and medical organizations like the AHA currently recommend a balanced diet similar to the Mediterranean diet and Nordic diet which includes nuts, seafood, seeds and vegetable oils high in polyunsaturated fatty acids but low in saturated fats.

The low-fat diets of the 80s and early 90s such as [[Nathan Pritikin]], [[Dean Ornish]] and [[John A. McDougall]] are very much on the fringe of nutrition. Most modern nutritional textbooks are not recommending a low-fat diet. I can definitely help improve the article with a "history" section making clear how the consensus has shifted over the last 30 years.

I am requesting help from experienced medical users to remove/improve any out-dated reviews on the article in the "health effects" section. There are multiple discussions on the talk-page. Unfortunately there is still some confusion about this topic with the outcome being that some people are mislead by low-carb conspiracy blogs into thinking the current consensus from governmental, dietetic and medical organization guidelines are still recommending low-fat diets. There are a lot of references on this but this quick Harvard Health Publishing article gives a good summary if users here are not aware about this, ''"For the last half of the 20th century, most major health organizations, including the American Heart Association, recommended a low-fat diet. Yes, they did, but the message has changed dramatically. Now, the American Heart Association, the federal dietary guidelines, and other nutrition authorities have shifted away from advising people to limit the total amount of fat in their diets''" [https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/a-heart-healthy-diet-doesnt-need-to-be-low-in-fat] [[User:Psychologist Guy|Psychologist Guy]] ([[User talk:Psychologist Guy|talk]]) 20:32, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

:Oh, that likely explains why he's over at [[Wikipedia talk:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)]] complaining about a supposed lack of transparency in systematic reviews. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 15:53, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

== [[Autistic meltdown]] ==
A [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autistic_meltdown&oldid=678699543 redirect was turned into an article] with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autistic_meltdown&oldid=1163808644 all manner of marginal sources and medical claims cited to advocacy sources]; ongoing original research and synthesis need evaluation. Maintenance tags don't stick. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 14:51, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
: The same editor created [[Autistic shutdown]] with the same issues, that I haven't even had time to look at. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 15:15, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::That one had copyvio from the first versions = G12. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 15:47, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
:I think that having an article on that subject is reasonable, but I'd suggest that editors go into it with somewhat lowered expectations for what's possible. I'm not sure that the research has been done that would make an intellectually impressive article. We might like to treat it something like, say, chemotherapy side effects, and try to add things like a list of common manifestations, risk factors, the precise frequency of meltdowns for different subgroups (e.g., children vs adults, verbal vs non-verbal people, adults living independently vs at home vs in a congregate setting), the best ways to manage the side effects, etc. Instead, I suspect that what's available is at the level of undergraduate teacher training: potentially practical and usually accurate, but imprecise, sometimes vague, and often expressed through narrative stories instead of statistics. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 16:15, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::I'm not necessarily against having an article there -- as long as it's not junk, which it was :) And it still struggles :) [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 16:17, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
: And we've now got [[Autistic burnout]] as well. {{pb}} How far this WP has fallen since the days when Eubulides had cleaned up the walled garden of the autism suite of article, resulting in two featured articles-- now defeatured, and the entire suite overtaken by advocacy. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:56, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::The article on autistic burnout is well-sourced with recent literature and the topic has been covered outside of the academic literature as well, eg by the NYT, seconding its notability. It can certainly be extended but I again fail to see how this topic/article is an example of "advocacy". I'm the main author of that article and I'm not editing Wikipedia to advocate for or against anything. (To be honest, I find such a suggestion quite offensive.)
::Instead of complaining about the current state of articles, particularly the ones that might be "fashionable" terms in social media discourse or are the subject of media reports, let's work on improving them, just as WhatamIdoing is doing for [[Pathological demand avoidance]] and I've started to do for eg [[ARFID]].--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 20:22, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
:::Are we allowed to state the DSM-5 criteria as in [[ARFID]]? I thought they were copyright protected. [[User:Draken Bowser|Draken Bowser]] ([[User talk:Draken Bowser|talk]]) 20:54, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::::I'm not a copyright expert but I don't think the ''criteria'' meet the [[threshold of originality]] required for copyright protection. DSM criteria are quoted often, eg, [https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/learn/by-eating-disorder/arfid here for ARFID] (or in various academic publications) and diagnostic criteria cannot be paraphrased without potentially changing their meaning, so a direct quotation is the only option to accurately describe the DSM-5 ARFID diagnosis. What cannot be copied are the accompanying ''texts'', which make up the majority of the DSM.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 21:09, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::::: I remember having this disussion before. I think the problem was more to do with *every* page containing the DSM criteria. [[User:Talpedia|Tal]]pedia 21:47, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::From the perspective of the article, it makes sense to quote the diagnostic criteria, so I believe it's justified in this case. I can certainly see that simply quoting diagnostic criteria without embedding them in text could lead to copyright issues (and would also be relatively useless for the readers).--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 21:52, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::{{talkquote|From the perspective of the article, it makes sense to quote the diagnostic criteria}} I don't really disagree. The issue is that in a kind of "tragedy of the commons" what makes sense for a single article because of fair use potentially ceases to be fair use when applied at scale. [[User:Talpedia|Tal]]pedia 08:22, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::We most certainly cannot violate DSM's copyright, and the APA has taken us to task for it before. We had scores of articles shut down after they wrote to legal. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 21:54, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::Why are you demanding long quotations in [[autistic meltdown]] (that are certainly above a threshold of originality) but are demanding the deletion of quoted criteria phrased in a technical language? What guideline suggests that the former are OK but the latter are not?--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 21:59, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::I suggest that you understand those matters before you editwar a COPYVIO back into an article again. If you don't understand what several of us typed above, maybe you need a copyvio admin to do the honors. The APA has taken us to task before, and caused us to take down scores of articles. The single or two-sentence quotes I have asked your for at [[autistic meltdown]], to assure you are accurately representing sources, are nothing of this nature, and if you don't understand that, or [[WP:MEDRS]], please work to do so before editwarring. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 22:10, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::::I've never had any issues quoting DSM or ICD diagnostic criteria in publications. As long as a text is engaging with a quotation, it's fine at least under US law, and you will find plenty of examples on the internet and in print. Nobody has suggested that the quoted diagnostic criteria have to be deleted aside from you. People have just wondered whether the quote is fine and you have not even engaged with that question. Happy deleting!--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 22:14, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::Well, now you're on Wikipedia, so get used to real standards. Did You Read What I Typed Above? The APA wrote to legal and made us take down scores of articles. You are becoming [[WP:TEND|tenditious]]; please read before responding. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 22:16, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::{{ping|MER-C|Moneytrees|Diannaa}} See the history at [[Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder]] (editor reinstating direct text from DSM-5 after I removed it once). Must I really go back and search archives for the time that {{u|Moonriddengirl}} had to respond to removing DSM material from almost every condition on Wikipedia after the APA wrote to legal for takedown? [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 22:21, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::I'm not interested in continuing discussions with you. You seem to be very convinced of your own position and expertise and I'm not interested in constantly being discredited and told by you that I have no clue or that my ability to read academic sources needs to be questioned, when I'm the one of us who actually has access to the source you're now constantly mentioning as the definitive reference on the topic. I'm not going to argue with you, I just know that you'll not be able to provide a single example where the APA has objected to a quotation such as the one in the ARFID article, as it would be unfounded and not enforceable under US copyright law. Let your and my editing speak for itself.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 22:25, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::I have it bookmarked: [[Wikipedia:Copyright problems/2010 March 9#DSM Complaint (Ticket:2010030910040817)]] — [[User:Diannaa|Diannaa]] ([[User talk:Diannaa|talk]]) 22:36, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::::The DSM-5 criteria have been quoted in the article [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=609893894 since 2014]. I don't see why this is suddenly becoming a problem.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 22:37, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::::That would be because you called our attention to the article, and Draken Bowser and Talpedia noticed it, so we thank you. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 22:43, 27 July 2023 (UTC)#
::::::::::::::This makes no sense, particularly your most recent revert. If quoting the DSM-5 is a problem, then all revisions since 2014 are a problem and virtually all longer quotes on Wikipedia are a problem, no?--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 22:52, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::I'm sorry REVDEL doesn't make sense to you; copyvio admins will decide how far back to go, but they are always/often reluctant to go so far back in articlehistory that the entire article is wiped out. The most recent copy-paste is the most urgent. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 00:15, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::Thanks so much, Diannaa; perhaps we can get Tempus to read that :) Most appreciated, since I've been spinning my wheels all day on these issues. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 22:40, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::::I don't see anything there that indicates that the specific quotation in ARFID, which has been there since 2014, is problematic. Neither is it the sole content, nor is it unnecessarily lengthy, nor does the text fail to engage with the quote. If the APA really believed that quoting criteria in this way is problematic, it had almost a decade to object.--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 22:45, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::::It's OK if you don't understand. It's not OK if you do it again. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 00:16, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::::[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]], I'm coming a bit late to this discussion. Don't know if is resolved for you. I recall the issues way back with DSM. There is a link above. I think this explanation is best: {{tq|"The problem for the WMF is that material that may be fair use in one article becomes a different issue in aggregate. If we replicate their diagnostic criteria in each article related to the disorders, it seems like we could wind up reproducing the entire book--or at least most of it--which is decidedly not fair use"}}. Copyright is complex and not very rational at times and Wikipedia often has to err on the side of "if in doubt, leave it out". The community accepted the advice we got way back in 2010 and I don't think the matter is up for negotiation. -- [[User:Colin|Colin]]°[[User talk:Colin|Talk]] 18:02, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::::::Thanks, [[User:Colin|Colin]]. There's certainly a difference between copying entire diagnostic criteria and accompanying texts, which is unfortunately done frequently on Wikipedia, and citing specific parts of diagnostic criteria within context, though. The former doesn't make sense from an encyclopedic perspective anyway, so the question whether this is allowed legally doesn't need to be raised, but the latter is definitely fine even without invoking fair use. I've checked with the plagiarism/copyright folks over here and there is no issue with ''quoting'' copyrighted works as long as one is engaging with the quote, ie it's not just done to reproduce an entire text/work. (Aside from that, the diagnostic criteria make up just a small part of the DSM, so the fear that the entire book would be reproduced on Wikipedia is unfounded, and it's questionable whether diagnostic criteria meet the threshold of originality.) Do you happen to know who Wikipedia's contact at the APA is/was? Might be worth clarifying what their current position is. They've either given up tracking down even reproductions of diagnostic criteria or changed their approach/focus, also considering that the DSM-5 is [https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/n9/mode/2up apparently available for free here] and all DSM-5 criteria we're talking about here are part of [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519708/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK519708.pdf this public domain publication] by the [[Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]]. (The WHO has been publishing the ICD-10 and ICD-11 freely accessible for a while now, which might also have an influence.)--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 18:34, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

::Got to say, I am kind of wary of these articles - is this a topic that is commonly mentioned in books, reviews etc. about autism? [[User:Jo-Jo Eumerus|Jo-Jo Eumerus]] ([[User talk:Jo-Jo Eumerus|talk]]) 21:37, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
:::The short answer is: Yes. The main question seems to be the title of the article, "meltdown" is mostly used from a therapeutic/pedagogical perspective eg by parents or teachers, to describe a range of behaviors. It is not a medical or psychiatric term. (Similar to "[[stimming]]".)--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 21:50, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::::The long answer is no; see [[Talk:Autistic meltdown]] for a full-day's work. The only good sources explain and put it in context as a colloquialism for other behaviors. And in the last few weeks to month, several just like this have popped up, usually with not a single MEDRS source. The autism walled garden has been growing in the ten or so years since Eubulides left, and Colin and I gave up on the entire suite. Stimming is quite a recognized and defined thing, covered in legions of secondary reviews; this is not. The article has had to resort to a marginal publishing house, [[Skyhorse Publishing]] to go beyond the colloquialism that [[Fred Volkmar]] (editor) publications place it at. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 22:14, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::As I already said: "The main question seems to be the title of the article".--[[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 22:28, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::I also see some questions about whether this is a topic distinct from similar behaviours in normal children. I mean, repetitive behaviours is a key ASD symptom so [[Stimming]] being a topic is plausible, but the sources don't make a strong claim that the topic under discussion here is distinct. [[User:Jo-Jo Eumerus|Jo-Jo Eumerus]] ([[User talk:Jo-Jo Eumerus|talk]]) 07:32, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::Stimming sample, secondary-source broad autism overview: {{PMID|36507695}} (I would be interested to see similar for "autistic meltdown", "autistic shutdown" or "autistic burnout"). [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 15:04, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::::Table 1 in the literature review of [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8595127/ this paper] has a couple of citations on meltdown and shutdown, though it mentions that what it considers to be the overall topic of "Burnout, Inertia, Meltdown, and Shutdown (BIMS)" has had little formal study. From a quick search on Google Scholar, there are a few other papers that are using the same BIMS acronym, so we might want to consider this as a single broader topic instead of three or four discrete ones when searching for secondary sources. Of course the paper I've just cited is a primary source, as it is another interview based one similar to those in the subsections below. What is useful here I think is the citations in the introduction section, and the terminology it uses, as a datapoint for trying to find any secondary sources. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 18:59, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::Best I can tell, the sources they link are all primary, and not of the highest quality kind (generally, the methodology can be summed up as interviewing or surveying autistic people, sometimes online, hence highly biased). {{pb}} But this is very helpful and does point to a possible solution until/unless some good sources become available -- merging all of them to one article on BIMS, to at least control the proliferation of poorly sourced content. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:28, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

=== Autistic burnout ===

:::Re {{tq|The article on autistic burnout is well-sourced with recent literature and the topic has been covered outside of the academic literature as well ... TempusTacet (talk) 20:22, 27 July 2023 (UTC)}} we have differing definitions of well-sourced; I haven't yet found a good one on that topic. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 21:55, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
::::'''[[Autistic burnout]]''': every source [https://www.amazon.com/Autism-Masking-Felicity-Sedgewick/dp/1787755797/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=9781787755802&qid=1690556770&sr=8-1 but one, a book], is primary or advocacy, and most are based on surveys of people with autism.
::::* The [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autistic_burnout&oldid=1167207650 first line of the article] is plagiarized from a non-MEDRS source, [https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/autistic-burnout-explained/ here]. (Because that [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autistic_burnout&oldid=1153999197 exists from the first revision], the article may be a [[WP:CSD|G12 candidate]].)
::::* {{PMID|32851204}} is a primary source (of the worst kind, based on an internet survey).
::::* {{PMID|36637293}} is a primary source that reads like a Master's thesis at best.
::::* {{PMID|34088219}} is a primary source.
::::* {{PMID|36637292}} is a primary source.
::::* {{PMID|35416430}} is a primary source.
::::* {{PMID|36605565}} is a primary source analyzing online posts.
::::* {{PMID|37359683}} is a primary source.
::::* [https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/professional-practice/autistic-burnout autism.org] is an advocacy website.
::::I cannot find a single secondary review mentioning the term in [[PubMed]]. {{pb}} Google books turns up numerous entries of the self-help type. (At least one of them offers a different definition of the term than the one plagiarized from a magazine in the article now.[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Looking_After_Your_Autistic_Self/UCGMEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Autistic+burnout%22&pg=PA227&printsec=frontcover] That 2023 book indicates no research on management, and yet the article has a Management section (we shouldn't be giving Management advice if there's no research.)
:::: An article is plausible here, but this isn't that article. This is yet another sub-topic, not mentioned at [[Autism spectrum#Other features]], because no secondary reviews cover it; that (main) article is not covering [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/03/well/live/autistic-burnout-advice.html what the NYT article in External links summarizes as common comorbidities]. The walled garden is growing again; [[user:Eubulides/sandbox/autism|this is what Eubulides and I cleaned up]] back in 2008, at the point that we had a featured suite of autism articles (now destroyed). [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 08:52, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::It looks like "autistic burnout" is [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=insource%3A%22autistic+burnout%22&title=Special%3ASearch&ns0=1 mentioned in seven articles]. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 17:27, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::Yep, that list tipped me off to bigger and still depressing problems; removed a copyvio from the mess that is at [[Occupational burnout]]. I'm sure there are also all kinds of MEDRS issues there as well, and probably more copyvio, but how deep can one person dig. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:05, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::[[Occupational burnout]] is going to remain a mess unless and until the real world decides what they want that condition to encompass. This will realistically require them determining how to differentiate between depression, which generally cannot be cured by getting a completely different job (or becoming independently wealthy), and unhappiness, which sometimes can be. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 19:21, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::::Yes, but there are other problems in addition to those; the [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/articleinfo/en.wikipedia.org/Occupational_burnout#tool-authorship active disengagement of most WP:MED editors] wrt MEDRS-needs. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:31, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::That article, and several others around workplace stress, have been the site of a long-term war between an editor and a persistent sock, both of whom have real-world expertise in workplace psychology. While it's a mess, I don't think that the relative absence of WPMED folks is really the biggest problem. Also, it's not tagged for WPMED, but even if it were, it still wouldn't be one of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine/Popular pages|our most-read articles]], so WPMED folks who were looking for a project might not prioritize that one.
:::::::::I do wish that the articles around autism, which are extremely popular, were in better shape, but I understand that the major change to the definition a while back prompted a dearth of high-quality up-to-date sources. Things are probably much better now on that front, but it is a really challenging environment. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 01:53, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::[[Autism therapies]] has more than doubled in size [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=347337055 since Eubulides' reliably-sourced version], and there are likely copyvio, UNDUE and MEDRS issues there as well. (I believe most of the "autistic burnout" links were added by one editor, but have not yet checked all.) [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:13, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
::::::[[Autistic masking]] is making numerous statements about cause, etc without using [[WP:MEDRS]] sources. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:15, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

=== Sample of general decline across autism suite (History of autism) ===
[[Autism spectrum]] is WP:MED's [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Popular_pages#List|seventh-highest viewed article]]. {{pb}}
I offer [[History of autism]], at an unmanageable, unreadable 13,000 words, including boatloads of trivia, uncited content, UNDUE content, excessively long quotes, off-topic material, failure to use [[WP:SS]], marginal sourcing, and based on what I've seen elsewhere, probably plenty of copyvio and MEDRS breaches, too.
* [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/articleinfo/en.wikipedia.org/History_of_autism#tool-authorship Tools-authorship]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&oldid=1008384595#History Autism history before damage]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Asperger_syndrome&oldid=655131558 History of Asperger before damage]
This kind of editing is seen across all autism articles. Cleaning up the walled garden of advocacy would take the years-long effort that Eubulides once did, maintaining the suite at FA and B-class level; I wonder if anyone cares anymore to undertake such an effort on one of WP:MED's most visible articles. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 16:29, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
: Noting the irony of a 13,000-word "start class" article. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 16:48, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
::I think you're using "walled garden" to mean something different from [[Wikipedia:Walled garden]]? [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 17:31, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:::Yes, it appears so ... I am using it to mean articles that the broader community (specifically, WP:MED) has stopped engaging, and are being edited towards one POV by an exceedingly small and limited group of editors. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 17:42, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:::But if you look at this recent (2023) spate of articles, there are both kinds of walled gardens (little broad community input, generally one editor, and a series of articles that basically link to each other). [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 18:17, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:The last time I looked at any of the autism articles in depth was during a [[Talk:Autism_spectrum/Archive_4#Merger_proposal;_Outdated_terminology/taxonomy|merge proposal]] between the [[autism]], [[Asperger's syndrome]], and [[autism spectrum]] articles between February and April 2022. While that did eventually lead to [[autism]] being merged into [[autism spectrum]] as the state of the literature didn't really consider those to be separate entities any longer, there's still a bunch of articles in the autism spectrum template that need updating, trimming, merging, and deleting as contextually appropriate.
:Unfortunately the enormity of the task, along with more than a little distraction, has left me feeling overwhelmed at even contemplating tackling it. I wouldn't even know where to begin right now. I'm more than happy to help out, but I think we might need to plan this out because of how many articles are a problem here. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 18:38, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
::{{u|Sideswipe9th}} the task is doable if enough WP:MED-knowledgeable editors care. And the way to do it is just the way that Eubulides and I did it a decade ago, when we had two editors creating a walled garden of POV advocacy and non-notable topics. I put all the articles in to a chart (since moved to Eubulides' user space) to help us prioritize our work, as there was so much to do. Then we started chipping away at them, prioritizing the least important and least viewed 'til last. {{pb}} You can look at almost any one of these articles and see that huge swatches can be simply removed (over quoting, copyvio, no MEDRS sources, failure to use [[WP:SS]] etc). {{pb}} Your [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Medicine&diff=prev&oldid=1167598101 BIMS (Burnout, Inertia, Meltdown, Shutdown) post above] is a good starting point re the walled garden, creating multiple articles on one as-yet-to-be-MEDRS-sourced concept. A huge part of the problem is that so many editors gave up on the suite years ago, and it has all deteriorated, in spite of autism being a highly viewed topic/page. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:21, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:::{{tq| I put all the articles in to a chart (since moved to Eubulides' user space) to help us prioritize our work, as there was so much to do}} That would be perfect. After being hit by the autism and ADHD double whammy, my working memory is awful, and when a task is ''this large'' it's super easy to get overwhelmed. Any sort of structure on this would be immensely helpful.
:::{{tq|You can look at almost any one of these articles and see that huge swatches can be simply removed}} Yeah, I fully agree. There's also a fair amount of outdated content, and what could best be described as "legacy articles" that are out of sync with the current state of the literature as the terminology has moved on.
:::I'm happy to help out here, just really need some sort of structure for what our plan is. [[User:Sideswipe9th|Sideswipe9th]] ([[User talk:Sideswipe9th|talk]]) 19:31, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
::::I can do that if real life ever gives me a break, but between the very bad stuff (multiple family health matters) and the very good stuff (trying to invest millions in a surprise bequest for my church), I have been utterly swamped, and the end is yet in sight. But as you know, [[WP:DCGAR|when I get going on a project]], I go full on and [[WP:URFA/2020|make it happen]] :). Just don't want to start this until I can really dig in, and know I can't right now. Every time I think I see a light at the end of the tunnel, it's a train. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 19:34, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

=== Sample 2 (Autism and memory) ===
Another example of the kind of editing spreading throughout the autism suite: [[Autism and memory]].{{pb}} The aticle relies on many primary sources, and [[WP:MEDDATE|extremely dated secondary reviews]], and yet a recent review, {{PMID|37431322}} states that "None of the studies found a significant association between WM and ASD symptoms" and several reviews indicate that results are mixed. So we have more than 3,000 dated words, that could probably be reduced to a 100 as part of the main article, if written correctly using recent reviews. What is happening across the suite is that people are using primary and dated sources to synthesize articles-- not understanding that what you may do in a research paper, you may not do on Wikipedia. Another article that should be [[WP:TNT|gutted and re-written to recent secondary sources]]. [[User:SandyGeorgia|'''Sandy'''Georgia]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 13:59, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

== Requested move at [[Talk:Fugue state#Requested move 28 July 2023]] ==
[[File:Information.svg|30px|left]] There is a requested move discussion at [[Talk:Fugue state#Requested move 28 July 2023]] that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. [[User:SilverLocust|SilverLocust]] [[User talk:SilverLocust|💬]] 10:21, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:commented--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|talk]]) 15:17, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

==Iffy Redirects==
Hello, WikiProject Medicine,

I came across an editor creating redirects to [[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant]] and I noticed that there are over 50 redirects to this article. I realize that this is not a high priority task but if anyone could look through them and nominate the ones that are invalid or made up to [[WP:RFD]], you'd be helping keep this place tidy. Thanks very much. [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 18:39, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

:There are 57 redirects at the moment:
:* [[B117]]
:* [[VUI - 202012/01]]
:* [[VUI-202012/01]]
:* [[B.1.1.7]]
:* [[H69/V70]]
:* [[VUI – 202012/01]]
:* [[VOC-202012/01]]
:* [[B117 strain]]
:* [[B117 strain COVID]]
:* [[B117 strain COVID-19]]
:* [[B117 strain coronavirus]]
:* [[B117 COVID]]
:* [[B117 COVID-19]]
:* [[B117 coronavirus]]
:* [[U.K. Coronavirus variant]]
:* [[UK Coronavirus variant]]
:* [[U.K. Covid-19 variant]]
:* [[UK Covid-19 variant]]
:* [[U.K. COVID19 variant]]
:* [[UK COVID19 variant]]
:* [[COVID-19 UK variant]]
:* [[COVID-19 UK strain]]
:* [[UK coronavirus variant]]
:* [[Variant B117]]
:* [[Variant B.1.1.7]]
:* [[501.V1 variant]]
:* [[501.V1]]
:* [[B1.1.7]]
:* [[U.K. variant]]
:* [[UK variant]]
:* [[U.K. strain]]
:* [[UK strain]]
:* [[B117 pandemic]]
:* [[Variant Under Investigation in December 2020]]
:* [[VOC - 202012/01]]
:* [[20B/501Y.V1]]
:* [[B.1.1.7 lineage]]
:* [[First Variant Under Investigation in December 2020]]
:* [[UK COVID-19 variant]]
:* [[British virus]]
:* [[UK covid variant]]
:* [[U.K. covid variant]]
:* [[Kent variant]]
:* [[Kent virus variant]]
:* [[20I/501Y.V1]]
:* [[Variant of Concern 202012/01]]
:* [[B.1.1.7 variant]]
:* [[Kent variant COVID-19]]
:* [[COVID-19 Alpha]]
:* [[Alpha variant]]
:* [[Lineage B.1.1.7]]
:* [[Kent variant COVID]]
:* [[Alpha (SARS-CoV-2 variant)]]
:* [[Covid alpha]]
:* [[Alpha (SARS-CoV-2)]]
:* [[Kent COVID-19 variant]]
:* [[Covid-uk-20]]
:The "[[British virus]]" links to a section, and all the others are to the article in general. One of our more virology-focused editors, such as [[User:Graham Beards|Graham Beards]], would know the nomenclature better than me, but nothing stands out to me as being patently unreasonable. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 02:05, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

== Requested move at [[Talk:Menstrual synchrony#Requested move 21 July 2023]] ==
[[File:Information.svg|30px|left]] There is a requested move discussion at [[Talk:Menstrual synchrony#Requested move 21 July 2023]] that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. ❯❯❯[[User:Raydann| Raydann]][[User talk:Raydann|(Talk)]] 10:57, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

==Merger input welcome==
[[File:Merge-arrows.svg|50px|frameless|left]] Received request to merge the [[Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction]] article into the [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]] article on July 29, 2023. Reason: (See ongoing discussion following an [[wp:AFD|AfD]] decision. Join the discussion '''[[Talk:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor#Merge proposal |>>>HERE<<<]]'''). [[User:GenQuest|GenQuest]] [[User_talk:GenQuest|"scribble"]] 15:47, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

Mike Lesser

2023-07-30T18:08:39Z

TempusTacet: some light copy editing

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2015}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Mike Lesser
| birth_name = Michael John Lesser
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1943|09|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hampstead]], [[London]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|07|01|1943|09|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[London Borough of Barnet|Barnet]], London, England
}}

'''Michael John Lesser''' (28 September 1943 – 1 July 2015) was a [[mathematical]] [[philosopher]] and [[political activist]].

==Early life==
The youngest member of the [[Committee of 100 (United Kingdom)|Committee of 100]], he was sent, aged 16, to [[Wormwood Scrubs (HM Prison)|Wormwood Scrubs]] Prison along with most of the committee. He served two spells as contributor to London's [[Underground press|underground]] journal ''[[International Times]]''.<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news|author=Heathcote Williams|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jul/30/mike-lesser-obituary|title=Mike Lesser obituary|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=30 July 2015|access-date=15 December 2016|archive-date=21 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321085201/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jul/30/mike-lesser-obituary|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was active in [[May 1968 in France]].<ref>R. Tasher, [http://internationaltimes.it "Stop Press Paris 24th May"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103033016/http://www.internationaltimes.it/ |date=3 January 2010 }}, ''International Times'', London, May 1968.</ref>

==Career==
In 1992 he was the co-author, with Prof A. Wuensche, of the book ''The Global Dynamics Of Cellular Automata'', published in the ''[[Santa Fe Institute|Santa Fe Institute's]] Reference Volumes''. The book is an atlas of [[Emergence|emergent]] forms evolving from the apparently chaotic product of a set of iterated logical operations.

He was assistant to the Directing Professor, P. Allen, at the Institute for Ecotechnological Research at [[Cranfield University]]. He is the co-author of several scientific papers on [[dynamical systems]] theory with Allen.<ref>P.Allen & M.Lesser (1991), ''Evolutionary Human Systems: Learning, Ignorance and Subjectivity'', In: ''Evolutionary Theories of Economic Change'', pp. 160–172. Harwood Academic Publishers. Ed. P. P. Saviotti & J. Metcalfe. {{ISBN|3-7186-5078-9}}</ref>

He worked on [[super computer]]s at [[NASA]]'s Goddard Jet Propulsion Lab and at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratories in Oxon, UK.

He published papers on [[autism]] with [[Dinah Murray]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=Dinah |author-link=Dinah Murray |last2=Lesser |first2=Mike |last3=Lawson |first3=Wenn |date=2005 |title=Attention, monotropism and the diagnostic criteria for autism |url= |journal=[[Autism (journal)|Autism]] |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=139–156 |doi=10.1177/1362361305051398 |pmid=15857859 |s2cid=6476917}}</ref> with whom he co-founded ''Autism and Computing'', a non-profit organization.

In 2009 he founded ''The International Times Archive'', a free archive of every page of ''International Times'' from its first issue in 1966 to its last in 1994.

A biographical interview may also be found in the style magazine ''[[Dazed & Confused (magazine)|Dazed & Confused]]''.<ref>[[Karley Sciortino]], "Anti-Authoritarian Mike Lesser on His Life of Anarchy", ''Dazed and Confused'', December 2009.</ref> A more complete autobiography may be found in ''[[The Times]].''<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 September 2005|title=Give me a break|language=en|work=[[The Times]]|location=London|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/give-me-a-break-5bsfppblcx6|access-date=2021-06-19|issn=0140-0460|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204309/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/give-me-a-break-5bsfppblcx6|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Death==
Lesser died in London in 2015 at the age of 71.<ref name=Guardian /> In December 2015, coroner Andrew Walker at [[Barnet Coroners Court]] ruled that Lesser died from [[asphyxiation]]. Evidence was given that Lesser had suffered from depression for "many years". He had a [[heart bypass]] in 1999 and in June 2015 had been told that he had terminal [[lung cancer]]. He left a note for his wife and friends.<ref>[http://www.times-series.co.uk/news/14118604.Philosopher_committed_suicide_after_terminal_cancer_diagnosis/? "Philosopher committed suicide after terminal cancer diagnosis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214101523/http://www.times-series.co.uk/news/14118604.Philosopher_committed_suicide_after_terminal_cancer_diagnosis/ |date=14 December 2015 }}, Charlie Peat, Times Series, 2 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://slutever.com/a-life-of-anarchy-mike-lesser-interview/ A LIFE OF ANARCHY: MIKE LESSER INTERVIEW]. Slutever, 18 February 2010

{{UK underground}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lesser, Mike}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:British philosophers]]
[[Category:British activists]]
[[Category:Cellular automatists]]
[[Category:People associated with Cranfield University]]
[[Category:British anarchists]]

Monotropism

2023-07-30T17:59:56Z

TempusTacet: link Mike Lesser

{{Short description|Cognitive strategy in autism}}{{Update|date=July 2023|reason=This article does not include research past the early 2010s & leaves open whether monotropism is a current theory}}[[File:Tunnel vision sc.png|thumb|Monotropism is often described as "tunnel vision".]]
'''Monotropism''' is a person's tendency to focus their [[attention]] on a small number of interests at any time, tending to miss things outside of this attention tunnel. This [[cognitive strategy]] is posited to be the central underlying feature of [[autism]]. The theory of monotropism was developed by [[Dinah Murray]], Wenn Lawson and [[Mike Lesser]] starting in the 1990s, and first published in 2005.<ref name="Murray">{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=Dinah |author-link=Dinah Murray |last2=Lesser |first2=Mike |author-link2=Mike Lesser |last3=Lawson |first3=Wenn |date=2005 |title=Attention, monotropism and the diagnostic criteria for autism |url=https://monotropism.org/murray-lesser-lawson/ |journal=[[Autism (journal)|Autism]] |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=139–56 |doi=10.1177/1362361305051398 |pmid=15857859 |s2cid=6476917 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lawson's further work on the theory formed the basis of his PhD, ''Single Attention and Associated Cognition in Autism'', and book ''The Passionate Mind'' published in 2011.

A tendency to focus attention tightly has a number of psychological implications. While monotropism tends to cause people to miss things outside their attention tunnel, within it their focused attention can lend itself to intense experiences, deep thinking and [[Flow (psychology)|flow states]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Andy |first1=McDonnell |url= |title=Good Autism Practice: Autism, Happiness and Wellbeing |last2=Damian |first2=Milton |date=2014 |website= |publisher=BILD |isbn=9781905218356 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Glenys |location=Birmingham, UK |pages=38–47 |language= |chapter=Going with the flow: reconsidering 'repetitive behaviour' through the concept of 'flow states' |author-link2=Damian Milton |access-date= |editor-last2=Hurley |editor-first2=Elizabeth}}</ref> However, this [[hyperfocus]] makes it harder to redirect attention, including starting and stopping tasks, leading to what is often described as [[executive dysfunction]] in autism, and [[stereotypies]] or [[perseveration]] where a person's attention is repeatedly pulled back to the same thing.

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Polytropy.png|thumb|alt=Typical classroom activity requires lot of polytropic processing of stimuli|Typical classroom activity requires lot of polytropic processing of stimuli]]
[[File:Monotropic.png|thumb|alt=Monotropic way of teaching can be greatly helpful for autistic students. |Monotropic way of teaching can be greatly helpful for autistic students.]]
[[File:Monotropic and polytropic learning.png|thumb|alt=Monotropic and polytropic learning|Monotropic and polytropic learning]]

Since the amount of attention available to a person is limited, [[cognitive processes]] are forced to compete. In the monotropic mind, interests that are active at any given time tend to consume most of the available attention, causing difficulty with tasks that demand a broad attention span, including conventional social interaction. [[Language development]] can be affected, both through the broad attention required and the psychological impact of language providing a tool for others to manipulate a child's interest system.<ref name="Murray"/>

Monotropic individuals have trouble processing multiple things at once, particularly when it comes to multitasking while listening. For example, some have trouble taking notes in class while listening to a teacher,<ref name="Bogdashina">{{cite book |last=Bogdashina |first=Olga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCQ1U38WmjIC&dq=monotropism+autism&pg=PA11 |title=Sensory Perceptual Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Different Sensory Experiences – Different Perceptual Worlds |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |year=2003 |isbn=9781843101666 |location=London}}</ref> and may find it difficult to read a person's face and comprehend what they are saying simultaneously.<ref name="Murray" /> A common tendency is for individuals to avoid complex sensory environments because of this hypersensitivity.<ref name="Bogdashina" /> A monotropic mind may suppress attention or focus on something else, or develop great depth in a given interest or skill rather than gaining breadth in an array of interests.<ref name="Lesser">{{cite book |last1=Lesser |first1=Mike |url= |title=The Neurodiversity Reader |last2=Murray |first2=Dinah |publisher=[[Pavilion Books|Pavilion]] |year=2020 |isbn=9781912755394 |editor-last=Murray |editor-first=Dinah |editor-link=Dinah Murray |location=Shoreham by Sea |pages= |chapter=Mind as a Dynamical System: Implication for Autism |author-link=Mike Lesser |author-link2=Dinah Murray |orig-date=1998 |editor-last2=Milton |editor-first2=Damian |editor-link2=Damian Milton |editor-last3=Ridout |editor-first3=Susy |editor-last4=Martin |editor-first4=Nicola |editor-last5=Mills |editor-first5=Richard |chapter-url=https://monotropism.org/dinah/mind-as-a-dynamical-system/}}</ref>

== Implications for practice ==
{{Tone|date=July 2023|section}}
To help autistic individuals in understanding and navigating the world, Murray et al. proposed in 2005 that certain steps could be helpful. These include:
* Increase connections with other people through the child's interests: 'start where the child is'.
* Allow them to pursue their own interests, and build understanding that way.
* Improve understanding in order to correct false or partial connections.
* Make tasks more attainable by decreasing the number and complexity of them.
* Make tasks and connections more meaningful.<ref name="Murray" />

==See also==
* [[Autism and memory]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Lawson |first=Wenn |title=The Passionate Mind: How People with Autism Learn |date=2011 |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-84905-121-7 |edition= |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Dinah |chapter=Monotropism: An Interest-Based Account of Autism |date=2021 |url= |title=Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders |pages=2954–2956 |editor-last=Volkmar |editor-first=Fred R. |access-date= |chapter-url=https://monotropism.org/dinah/monotropism-2020/ |edition=2nd |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_102269 |isbn=978-3-319-91279-0 |author-link=Dinah Murray |editor-link=Fred R. Volkmar}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Fergus |date=30 November 2018 |title=Me and Monotropism: A unified theory of autism |url=https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/me-and-monotropism-unified-theory-autism |journal=[[The Psychologist]] |publisher=[[The British Psychological Society]]}}

== External links ==

* [https://monotropism.org/ monotropism.org] Information portal on monotropism, including an archive of Dinah Murray's work on the subject
{{Autism spectrum}}
[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Learning disabilities]]
[[Category:Cognition]]

Monotropism

2023-07-30T17:50:24Z

TempusTacet: /* Further reading */ add relatively current introductory essay by Fergus Murray in The Psychologist

{{Short description|Cognitive strategy in autism}}{{Update|date=July 2023|reason=This article does not include research past the early 2010s & leaves open whether monotropism is a current theory}}[[File:Tunnel vision sc.png|thumb|Monotropism is often described as "tunnel vision".]]
'''Monotropism''' is a person's tendency to focus their [[attention]] on a small number of interests at any time, tending to miss things outside of this attention tunnel. This [[cognitive strategy]] is posited to be the central underlying feature of [[autism]]. The theory of monotropism was developed by [[Dinah Murray]], Wenn Lawson and Mike Lesser starting in the 1990s, and first published in 2005.<ref name="Murray">{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=Dinah |author-link=Dinah Murray |last2=Lesser |first2=Mike |last3=Lawson |first3=Wenn |date=2005 |title=Attention, monotropism and the diagnostic criteria for autism |url=https://monotropism.org/murray-lesser-lawson/ |journal=[[Autism (journal)|Autism]] |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=139–56 |doi=10.1177/1362361305051398 |pmid=15857859 |s2cid=6476917 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lawson's further work on the theory formed the basis of his PhD, ''Single Attention and Associated Cognition in Autism'', and book ''The Passionate Mind'' published in 2011.

A tendency to focus attention tightly has a number of psychological implications. While monotropism tends to cause people to miss things outside their attention tunnel, within it their focused attention can lend itself to intense experiences, deep thinking and [[Flow (psychology)|flow states]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Andy |first1=McDonnell |url= |title=Good Autism Practice: Autism, Happiness and Wellbeing |last2=Damian |first2=Milton |date=2014 |website= |publisher=BILD |isbn=9781905218356 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Glenys |location=Birmingham, UK |pages=38–47 |language= |chapter=Going with the flow: reconsidering 'repetitive behaviour' through the concept of 'flow states' |author-link2=Damian Milton |access-date= |editor-last2=Hurley |editor-first2=Elizabeth}}</ref> However, this [[hyperfocus]] makes it harder to redirect attention, including starting and stopping tasks, leading to what is often described as [[executive dysfunction]] in autism, and [[stereotypies]] or [[perseveration]] where a person's attention is repeatedly pulled back to the same thing.

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Polytropy.png|thumb|alt=Typical classroom activity requires lot of polytropic processing of stimuli|Typical classroom activity requires lot of polytropic processing of stimuli]]
[[File:Monotropic.png|thumb|alt=Monotropic way of teaching can be greatly helpful for autistic students. |Monotropic way of teaching can be greatly helpful for autistic students.]]
[[File:Monotropic and polytropic learning.png|thumb|alt=Monotropic and polytropic learning|Monotropic and polytropic learning]]

Since the amount of attention available to a person is limited, [[cognitive processes]] are forced to compete. In the monotropic mind, interests that are active at any given time tend to consume most of the available attention, causing difficulty with tasks that demand a broad attention span, including conventional social interaction. [[Language development]] can be affected, both through the broad attention required and the psychological impact of language providing a tool for others to manipulate a child's interest system.<ref name="Murray"/>

Monotropic individuals have trouble processing multiple things at once, particularly when it comes to multitasking while listening. For example, some have trouble taking notes in class while listening to a teacher,<ref name="Bogdashina">{{cite book |last=Bogdashina |first=Olga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCQ1U38WmjIC&dq=monotropism+autism&pg=PA11 |title=Sensory Perceptual Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Different Sensory Experiences – Different Perceptual Worlds |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |year=2003 |isbn=9781843101666 |location=London}}</ref> and may find it difficult to read a person's face and comprehend what they are saying simultaneously.<ref name="Murray" /> A common tendency is for individuals to avoid complex sensory environments because of this hypersensitivity.<ref name="Bogdashina" /> A monotropic mind may suppress attention or focus on something else, or develop great depth in a given interest or skill rather than gaining breadth in an array of interests.<ref name="Lesser">{{cite book |last1=Lesser |first1=Mike |url= |title=The Neurodiversity Reader |last2=Murray |first2=Dinah |publisher=Pavilion |year=2020 |isbn=9781912755394 |editor-last=Murray |editor-first=Dinah |editor-link=Dinah Murray |pages= |chapter=Mind as a Dynamical System: Implication for Autism |author-link2=Dinah Murray |orig-date=1998 |editor-last2=Milton |editor-first2=Damian |editor-link2=Damian Milton |editor-last3=Ridout |editor-first3=Susy |editor-last4=Martin |editor-first4=Nicola |editor-last5=Mills |editor-first5=Richard |chapter-url=https://monotropism.org/dinah/mind-as-a-dynamical-system/}}</ref>

== Implications for practice ==
{{Tone|date=July 2023|section}}
To help autistic individuals in understanding and navigating the world, Murray et al. proposed in 2005 that certain steps could be helpful. These include:
* Increase connections with other people through the child's interests: 'start where the child is'.
* Allow them to pursue their own interests, and build understanding that way.
* Improve understanding in order to correct false or partial connections.
* Make tasks more attainable by decreasing the number and complexity of them.
* Make tasks and connections more meaningful.<ref name="Murray" />

==See also==
* [[Autism and memory]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Lawson |first=Wenn |title=The Passionate Mind: How People with Autism Learn |date=2011 |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-84905-121-7 |edition= |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Dinah |chapter=Monotropism: An Interest-Based Account of Autism |date=2021 |url= |title=Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders |pages=2954–2956 |editor-last=Volkmar |editor-first=Fred R. |access-date= |chapter-url=https://monotropism.org/dinah/monotropism-2020/ |edition=2nd |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_102269 |isbn=978-3-319-91279-0 |author-link=Dinah Murray |editor-link=Fred R. Volkmar}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Fergus |date=30 November 2018 |title=Me and Monotropism: A unified theory of autism |url=https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/me-and-monotropism-unified-theory-autism |journal=[[The Psychologist]] |publisher=[[The British Psychological Society]]}}

== External links ==

* [https://monotropism.org/ monotropism.org] Information portal on monotropism, including an archive of Dinah Murray's work on the subject
{{Autism spectrum}}
[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Learning disabilities]]
[[Category:Cognition]]

Characteristics of syndromic ASD conditions

2023-07-30T15:38:06Z

TempusTacet: not printworthy

#REDIRECT [[Syndromic autism]]

{{Redirect category shell|{{R from move}}
{{R from subtopic}}}}

Leo Kanner

2023-07-30T13:10:35Z

TempusTacet: see talk:classic autism

{{short description|Austrian-American physician and psychiatrist}}
{{Infobox medical person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Leo Kanner
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Leo-Kanner.jpeg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Kanner, {{abbr|ca.|circa}} 1955
| birth_name = Chaskel Leib Kanner
| birth_date = {{birth date|1894|6|13}}
| birth_place = [[Klekotiv|Klekotów]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1981|4|3|1894|6|3}}
| death_place = [[Sykesville, Maryland]], United States
| death_cause =
| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| education =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| relations =
| website =
| profession = Physician
| field = Psychiatry
| work_institutions = [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]], [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]]
| specialism = Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
| research_field = [[Autism spectrum]] disorder
| notable_works = ''Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact'' (1943)
| prizes =
| child =
| module2 =
| signature =
}}

'''Leo Kanner''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|n|ər}}; born Chaskel Leib Kanner; June 13, 1894 – April 3, 1981) was an Austrian-American [[psychiatrist]], physician, and social activist best known for his work related to [[classic autism|infantile autism]]. Before working at the [[The Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic|Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic]] at the [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]], Kanner practiced as a physician in Germany and [[South Dakota]]. In 1943, Kanner published his landmark paper ''Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact'', describing 11 children who displayed "a powerful desire for aloneness" and "an obsessive insistence on persistent sameness."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Kanner|first=Leo|date=1943|title=Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact|url=http://simonsfoundation.s3.amazonaws.com/share/071207-leo-kanner-autistic-affective-contact.pdf|journal=Nervous Child|volume=35|issue=4|pages=100–36|pmid=4880460}}</ref> He named their condition "early infantile autism". Kanner was in charge of developing the first [[child psychiatry]] clinic in the United States and later served as the ''Chief of Child Psychiatry'' at the [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]]. He is one of the co-founders of [[The Children's Guild]], a [[nonprofit organization]] serving children, families and child-serving organizations throughout Maryland and Washington, D.C., and dedicated to "Transforming how America Cares for and Educates its Children and Youth." He is widely considered one of the most influential American psychiatrists of the 20th century.

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
Leo Kanner was born as Chaskel Leib Kanner in Klekotów, [[Austria-Hungary]] (present day [[Klekotiv|Klekotiv, Ukraine]]) on June 13, 1894, to Abraham Kanner and Clara Reisfeld Kanner.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/leo-kanner-1894-1981|title=Leo Kanner (1894-1981) {{!}} The Embryo Project Encyclopedia|website=embryo.asu.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-04-30}}</ref> In this area, approximately 70% of the total population was of [[Jew]]ish descent.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Bender|first=L|date=1981|title=In memoriam Leo Kanner, M. D. June 13, 1894--April 4, 1981.|journal=Am Acad Child Psychiatry}}</ref> Kanner despised his given names, "Chaskel," which is the Yiddish version of "Ezekiel," and "Leib," instead choosing to go by "Leo," by which he is now known.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Unstrange minds : remapping the world of autism|author=Grinker, Roy Richard|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780786721924|oclc=732958210}}</ref> Growing up in a traditional Jewish household, Kanner received both a religious and a secular education.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Neumarker|first=KJ|date=2003|title=Leo Kanner: his years in Berlin, 1906-24. The roots of autistic disorder|journal=Hist Psychiatry|volume=14|issue=54 Pt 2|pages=205–18|doi=10.1177/0957154x030142005|pmid=14518490|s2cid=2513608}}</ref> Kanner spent the first years of his life in Klekotów with his family and was brought up according to Jewish tradition and custom.<ref name=":0" />

In 1906, Kanner was sent to [[Berlin]] to live with his uncle. Later, the rest of his family followed.<ref name=":8" /> At a young age, Kanner appreciated the arts and wanted to pursue a career as a poet; unfortunately, he was not able to get his works published.<ref name=":7" /> In 1913, Kanner graduated from the [[Sophien-Gymnasium]], a public state high school in Berlin, where he excelled in the sciences.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> He then passed the graduating [[Staatsexamen]] exam in 1919 and enrolled at the University of Berlin medical school.<ref name=":7" /> However, Kanner's medical education was interrupted during [[World War I]], when he was recruited to serve in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] in the medical service of the 10th Infantry Regiment.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Sanua|first=VD|date=1990|title=Leo Kanner (1894-1981): the man and the scientist|journal=Child Psychiatry Hum Dev|volume=21|issue=1|pages=3–23|doi=10.1007/bf00709924|pmid=2204518|s2cid=43890265}}</ref> After the war, Kanner went back to medical school in Berlin and officially received his medical degree in 1921.<ref name=":7" /> Later that year, Kanner married June Lewin, with whom he would eventually have two children: Anita (born in 1923) and Albert (born in 1931).<ref name=":7" />

=== Early career ===
After graduating medical school, Kanner worked as a [[cardiologist]] at the [[Charité|Charité Hospital]] in Berlin.<ref name=":7" /> Kanner began doing work with normal [[heart sound]] to the relationship of the [[electrocardiogram]].<ref name=":0" /> At that time, the atmosphere at the Charité clinics and institutes inspired rapid progress in science, teaching and patient care.<ref name=":2" /> The Charité, situated in the middle of Berlin, attracted students, physicians and scientists from all over the world, resulting in a group of outstanding personalities and renowned clinicians.<ref name=":0" />

Motivated by the post-war [[German hyperinflation|hyperinflation]] and poor economic conditions of [[Weimar Republic|Weimar Germany]], Kanner immigrated to the United States in 1924.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.autismuk.com/home-page/leo-kanner/|title=Leo Kanner {{!}} Autism independent UK|website=www.autismuk.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-01}}</ref> If he had stayed in Germany his fate might have been similar to other Jewish professionals who lost their lives during the war. He stated: "Little did I know, if I had remained in Germany I would have been perished by [[Hitler]] in [[The holocaust|the Holocaust]]".{{failed verification|date=April 2020}}

[[File:Old_main_building,_Yankton,_So._Dakota,_state_hospital._(71526).jpg|thumb|255x255px|Yankton State Hospital in Yankton, South Dakota]]
When he emigrated to the United States in 1924, he worked at the [[Human Services Center|state hospital]] in [[Yankton, South Dakota]], where he started his pediatric and psychiatric studies.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders|last=Feinstein|first=Adam|date=2013-01-01|publisher=Springer New York|isbn=9781441916976|editor-last=Volkmar|editor-first=Fred R.|pages=1668–1669|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1864|chapter = Kanner, Leo}}</ref> Upon arrival, Kanner was appointed assistant physician at the Yankton State Hospital.<ref name=":10" /> It was there Kanner would learn the subtleties of pediatrics and psychiatry, two fields in which he was not experienced. To enhance his command of the English language, Kanner did the crossword puzzles in ''[[The New York Times]].''<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Baxter|first=W.E.|date=November 12, 1985|title=Leo Kanner (1894-1981) Papers Archives Finding Aid|url=http://www.otb.ie/images/Leo_Kanner.pdf|pages=1–3}}</ref> During his time in South Dakota, Kanner published his first works, which were on general [[paralysis]] and [[syphilis]]. Kanner also studied the effects of [[Epinephrine|adrenalin]] on the blood pressure of patients with functional paralysis.<ref name=":11" /> Additionally, he published his first book, ''Folklore of the Teeth'', an analysis of dental practices around the world in relation to customs and folklore, in 1928.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Maud A.|date=2017-05-01|title=Folklore of the Teeth|journal=American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health|volume=18|issue=11|pages=1438–1439|doi=10.2105/AJPH.18.11.1438-b|issn=0002-9572|pmc=1580771}}</ref>
[[File:The_Henry_Phipps_Psychiatric_Clinic.jpg|thumb|255x255px|The Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic at the [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]]]]

=== Career at the ''Johns Hopkins University'' and ''Johns Hopkins Hospital'' ===
After serving four years in South Dakota, Kanner attained a fellowship position at the [[The Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic|Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic]] at the [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] in 1928, after attracting the attention of [[Adolf Meyer (psychiatrist)|Adolf Meyer]] who was the Psychiatrist-in-Chief and Director of the psychiatric clinic. In 1930, with monetary support from the Macy and [[Rockefeller Foundation]]s, [[Adolf Meyer (psychiatrist)|Meyer]] and [[Edwards A. Park (doctor)|Edward A. Park]] were able to establish the Children's Psychiatry Service at the ''Harriet Lane Home'' at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins]], which was the first child psychiatry clinic in the United States, and appointed Kanner to develop the program.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":9" /> Despite his inexperience in the fields of pediatrics and child psychiatry, Kanner was able to teach himself pediatric psychiatry.<ref name=":11" /> In 1933, Meyer promoted Kanner to associate professor of psychiatry at [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref name=":8" /> In 1935 the first edition of his textbook, ''Child Psychiatry'' was published. This was the first English language textbook on child psychiatry.

Beyond his revolutionary clinical research, Kanner's concern for the mentally ill manifested as social activism for which he is also remembered today. In the 1930s, a group of lawyers and judges arranged for 166 state-institutionalized, mentally ill residents to be released and assigned as unpaid domestic servants for affluent families around Baltimore.<ref name=":8" /> The release of these patients was justified through the Habeas Corpus writs and the claim to familial rights.<ref name=":11" /> Out of his own concern, Kanner decided to track down the 166 patients and found them plagued with a variety of dreadful outcomes such as STDs, tuberculosis, prostitution, imprisonment, institutionalization, and even death.<ref name=":8" /> Kanner reported that the 166 released patients had a total of 165 children, many of whom became orphans or died due to neglect.<ref name=":8" /> Kanner's report on these patients, "Scheme to Get Morons to Work in Homes Free Charged," made the headlines of ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in 1938. The publicity helped spark community action and led to the better treatment of the mentally ill.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":11" /> Apart from his social activism for the mentally ill, during the run-up to [[World War II]], Kanner was instrumental in rescuing hundreds of Jewish physicians from the horrors of the [[Nazism|Nazis]] by relocating them to work in the United States.<ref name=":11" /> He and his wife opened their home to many of these European refugees.<ref name=":10" />

Beginning in 1938, Kanner observed eleven of his patients and chronicled the lives and behavioral characteristics of the children in his seminal paper, "Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact," published in 1943.<ref name=":7" /> In this landmark publication, Kanner describes these children, all born in the 1930s, as living very disparate lives, but appearing to share something he labeled as "infantile autism," which is now simply known as [[autism]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Later on, Kanner served as the Chief of Child Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins until his retirement from the position in 1959 and attaining the position of Emeritus. He was replaced by [[Leon Eisenberg]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> After retirement, Kanner continued to publish papers regarding autism until 1973.<ref name=":10" /> Moreover, he served as a visiting professor at [[Stanford University]], the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]], and the [[University of Minnesota]], and ran an active consulting practice until a few years before his passing.<ref name=":11" />

== Research ==

=== Studies of [[autism]] ===
Kanner expressed a great deal of concern about the usual mistreatment of [[developmental disabilities|neurodivergent]] children. He expressed concern about a society where 'intellectual haves' look down on the 'intellectual have-nots', which led many to look down on the child with intellectual disability as an object of adult manipulations rather than as a human being who reacts to affection and hostility, to acceptance and rejection, to approval and disapproval, to patience and irritability as any other child would.<ref name=":4">{{cite news|last = Bird|first = David|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/07/obituaries/dr-leo-kanner-86-child-psychologist.html|title = DR. LEO KANNER, 86, CHILD PSYCHOLOGIST|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = April 7, 1981|accessdate = March 6, 2012}}</ref> This led to his major work in 1943, "Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact," published in 1943. In this paper, Kanner characterizes eleven cases, 3 girls and 8 boys, and would later call his observations '[[autism]]'.

==== ''Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact'' (1943) ====
Published in the journal ''Nervous Child'', "Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact" was one of the most cited papers on autism in the twentieth century.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/autistic-disturbances-affective-contact-1943-leo-kanner|title="Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact" (1943), by Leo Kanner {{!}} The Embryo Project Encyclopedia|website=embryo.asu.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-05-01}}</ref> In his landmark paper, Kanner took the term "autism," which [[Eugen Bleuler]] previously attributed to the inward, introspective symptoms typical in adult [[schizophrenia]] patients, and labeled the eleven children in his study as having "infantile autism." However, rather than relating his observations to the qualities and symptoms seen in schizophrenic adults, Kanner classified his description of "autism" to be ''independent'' from the psychotic disorder of [[schizophrenia]], explaining how autism was '''not''' a precursor to schizophrenia, and that the symptoms of autism appeared evident and present at birth and early life.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://spectrumnews.org/opinion/viewpoint/leo-kanners-1943-paper-on-autism/|title=Leo Kanner's 1943 paper on autism {{!}} Spectrum {{!}} Autism Research News|date=2007-12-07|work=Spectrum {{!}} Autism Research News|access-date=2017-05-01|language=en-US}}</ref> A significant work, this paper on "Kanner Syndrome" formed the basis for later research conducted by Kanner and others on what later became known as childhood [[autism spectrum]] disorder.<ref name=":12" />

From 1938, Kanner began to study a group of eleven young children (eight boys and three girls) who came to see him at his clinic at the [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]]. For each of the cases, Kanner provides a detailed account of the symptoms, health, results of diagnostic tests, familial background, and future development and progression of the children. Adding to his own observations, Kanner further contextualized the lives of his patients by including typically epistolary inputs from family members and other individuals with whom the children interacted. Generally, all of the children shared certain core symptoms and came from similar socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds (all but two of the families were of Anglo-Saxon descent).<ref name=":1" /> The following are summaries of each of the eleven cases:
# '''[[Donald Triplett|Donald T.]]''': Born on September 8, 1933, Donald Triplett was first seen in October, 1938 when he was five years old. At birth, Donald was healthy, with his only complication being eating, which according to an account from his father, "has always been a problem with him. He has never shown a normal appetite." From an early age, Donald demonstrated "an unusual memory for face and names" and "could hum and sing many tunes accurately," being able to memorize phrases that rhymed or were of a similar nature. Donald's parents observed that "he was happiest when left alone," neither paying much attention to anyone in the room nor reacting to the absence or homecoming of his mother or father. What amused him was spinning round objects, such as pans and spinning blocks, but he was afraid of "self-propelling vehicles," like tricycles and swings. Donald had erupted into destructive, terrible temper tantrums when he was disrupted. At his first meeting with Kanner, Donald was observed shaking his head from side-to-side, repeating the same three-note tune, spinning anything he could get his hands on, and organizing objects by color, much to his own merriment. Most of his actions were repetitious, "carried out in exactly the same way in which they had been performed originally." Often, he would utter random words of phrases, and this formed much of his verbal output and speech. Another problem Donald had with language was his understanding of the meaning of words. Words had a "literal, inflexible meaning" to Donald, and he was unable to recognize and apply the denotation of a word to another context; each word had a definite, designated definition and association in his mind. For the most part, conversations with Donald consisted of a barrage of questions. Finally, Kanner noted that the relationship Donald had with others was of a nature insofar as when he needed or wanted to know about something.<ref name=":1" />
# '''Frederick W.''': An only child of two university graduates, Frederick was born May 23, 1936, in [[Breech birth|breech position]] and was referred to see Kanner in 1942 at the age of six. Described as being "self-sufficient," Frederick was capable of entertaining himself happily and was easily absorbed by objects, demonstrating "good attention and perseverance" in playing with toys. In turn, he paid little attention to other people, viewing them as "unwelcome intruders," ignoring them as much as possible in order to maintain his attention to his playthings. Furthermore, Frederick feared mechanical objects, such as vacuum cleaners and egg beaters, even running away at the sight of or hearing the things. Similar to Donald, Frederick liked a regimented lifestyle in which everything had to have been placed and arranged in the same fashion and pattern. Frederick had limited verbal interactions, ejaculating unintelligible sounds and responding to commands in "echolalia fashion," but he was able to sing twenty to thirty songs, including a French lullaby. Due to a lack of cooperation during the Grace Arthur performance scale diagnostic tests, Frederick's results were difficult to evaluate. He performed the best on the Seguin form board, which consisted of inputting variously shaped objects back into their respective form holes on a board, with a best time of 58 seconds. In the mare and foal test, it appeared that he put the pieces in the appropriate places based on their configuration because it did not matter to him whether the pieces were right side up or not. During the form board tests, he was very concentrated and determined, working on them in an interested manner, but between tests, he wandered about the room examining various objects, paying no attention the people in the room.<ref name=":1" />
# '''Richard M.''': Originally, Richard was referred to Johns Hopkins Hospital at the age of three on suspicion that he was deaf because he did not talk and did not respond to questions. Born on November 17, 1937, Richard was relatively healthy and developed in an ordinary fashion, but his mother noted that in comparing Richard to her younger child, the elder child failed to show any "physiognomic or postural sign of preparedness" when being picked up. It was first observed at the clinic that Richard seemed quite intelligent, "playing with the toys in his bed and being adequately curious about instruments used in the examination." Like the other patients, he was described as being self-sufficient. Richard was deeply focused in active play with toys and did not care for the people in the room. Occasionally, he looked at the walls, smiled, and uttered "Ee! Ee! Ee!" sounds. It was noted that Richard "performed well with the unrotated form board, but not with the rotated form board." Both of the subsequent times he was seen by Kanner, Richard paid little attention to those in his presence, fell into fusses when something was disagreeable with him or when he wanted something, and consistently turned on and off the lights of the rooms once he entered it. Eventually, his mother sent him to a foster home to a woman who was known to have a "remarkable talent for dealing with difficult children," and during his stay, she heard him say his first intelligible words, "Good night."<ref name=":1" />
# '''Paul G.''': Viewed as feebleminded as a result of his "incoherent speech, inability to conform, and reaction with temper outbursts to any interference," Paul was referred to see Kanner when he was five years old. Paul was noted to have good manual dexterity when performing tasks. Rarely, he responded when spoken to, even when directly addressed, though an energetic "Don't!" caused him to interrupt what he was doing at the moment. There was a distinct difference in the way he interacted with people and objects; when entering a room, Paul directly went after the objects, using them correctly and treating them with special attention, whereas he disregarded people, behaving as if they were not there. In terms of speech, Paul typically uttered words or phrases that were directly related to what he was doing at the time, but he sometimes ejaculated random declarations unrelated to the immediate situation. Paul clearly enunciated, had a good vocabulary, and had a satisfactory understanding of sentence construction and syntax, with the significant exception of the fact that he did not use the first-person pronoun nor his own name when addressing himself. Whenever he made statements pertaining to himself, he referred to himself in the second person as literal reiterations of statements said to him in the past. Although no formal testing was carried out, Kanner concluded that Paul was clearly not feebleminded, given his intelligence.<ref name=":1" />
# '''Barbara K.''': Born normally on October 30, 1933, Barbara came to the clinic at eight years of age. Verbal expression was limited as she had difficulties with diction and syntax, but she had the phenomenal ability to spell, read, and write. Common with the other children, she was repetitious and obsessive over the order and placement of objects and phrasing. Barbara was very timid and afraid of things that would change, like the wind and large animals. Upon request, she would shake hands and greet others by limply offering her hand, demonstrating a lack of affective contact. During the battery of tests, she was not engrossed because it appeared that the "concept of test, or sharing an experience or situation, seemed foreign to her." On the Binet test, she read excellently, finishing the ten-year Binet fire story in 33 seconds with no errors, but when asked to recall anything from the story she read, Barbara failed to reproduce any from her memory. After repeated questions or commands, she complied almost immediately. Barbara frequently referred to "motor transports" and "piggy-back," and was fascinated with appendages, such as pendulums and smoke stacks. Barbara is also the only child whose mother Kanner did not denigrate.<ref name=":1" />
# '''Virginia S.''': From an account by another psychologist, Virginia was recorded as being distinct from the other children at the training school she attended because she was neat and tidy, did not interact and play with the other students, and was not deaf, but did not talk. Rather, she spent much of her time amusing herself in her own company by putting picture puzzles together. Notably, her older brother commented on the cold nature of their home life, describing that he and Virginia lived in "a frosty atmosphere" with two inapproachable strangers for parents as both of them did not contribute much to raising the children. When seen in October 1942, Virginia stood "listlessly, looking into space," and sometimes answered questions by muttering "Mamma, baby." Appearing to be self-absorbed, Virginia did not interact with the other children grouped around the piano, seemingly not noticing what was occurring. Kanner mentioned that she had "an intelligent physiognomy," but her eyes lacked any expression.<ref name=":1" />
# '''Herbert B.''': Thought to have been intellectually disabled and deaf, on account of his failure to interact with others, Herbert was born on November 16, 1937. Herbert was terribly frightened by many mechanical objects and devices, such as running water and gas burners, and became upset when any alterations were made to his routine or accustomed patterns. On his first visit, he was observed to be highly intelligent with a good motor coordination. Completely absorbed in whatever he did, with great difficulty could Herbert be distracted from his self-chosen tasks at hand, and when interfered, he would get annoyed by shoving intruders away or screaming. In later visits, he continued to not communicate verbally and entered the room paying no attention to the people present. Never seen smiling, Herbert would occasionally produce unintelligible sounds in a "monotonous singsong manner." Herbert also had an elder sister, Dorothy, whose behavior in early childhood indicates that she too was autistic.<ref name=":1" />
# '''Alfred L.''': Noted by his mother to develop a specialized interest that would consume his whole day and to prefer to be a "lone wolf," Alfred was born in May 1932 and was brought to see Kanner at three and a half years old. Entering the office, he paid no attention to the examiner, instead immediately going towards the toys in the room and getting absorbed by play with the toy train. A Binet test was attempted on Alfred, and it was initially difficult, but he finally complied in a manner which Kanner assessed as being indicative of Alfred wanting to get through with the intrusion; he achieved an I.Q. of 140. Later on, he began to play with children younger than he was, but continued to be fully immersed in his play and was fearful of mechanical sounds. In terms of speech, he was very specific with his definition of terms and was often confused by the meaning of words.<ref name=":1" />
# '''Charles N.''': Charles was brought to the clinic on February 2, 1943, at four and a half years of age. When he entered the examination room, he did not pay any attention to the people in the room. On the Seguin form board, he was interested with the name of each of the pieces before putting them in the appropriate holes. In a repetitious pattern, he spun the forms and reacted excitedly when they were spinning. In terms of language, he did not use it to communicate with others, but had a good memory for the names of numerous objects.<ref name=":1" />
# '''John F.''': Born September 19, 1937, John had difficulty in feeding and appeared to be slow in development. At the office, he wandered about the room aimlessly, but did not bring two objects into relation with each other. When interacting with objects, he was destructive with them, throwing them onto the ground. Unlike most of the other children observed, John had a pretty good command of language, being able to form elaborate and grammatically sentences, with the exceptions of using the second pronoun when he referred to himself and being unable to make comparisons between two things. Markedly obsessive, he had a rigid daily routine and had an excellent rote memory, capable of reciting numerous songs, rhymes, and prayers. Furthermore, similar to the other children, words had stiff, designated meanings, as in the case when he asked his father about a group photograph on the wall of the office. Whenever he saw anything broken or incomplete, John would get extremely upset. In December 1942 and January 1943, John had two series of right-sided convulsions, with "conjugate deviation of the eyes to the right and transient paresis of the right arm." The electroencephalogram indicated that there were focal disturbances in the left part of the occipital lobe, but there was difficulty reading the results because of John's lack of cooperation.<ref name=":1" />
# '''Elaine C.''': Elaine was brought by her parents because of her "unusual development": she had difficulty playing with other children, appearing to be in a world of her own. She was deeply engrossed by all types of animals and would often mimic them by making noises and walking on all fours. Elaine started to talk at around five years old, but she communicated through simple sentences that were "mechanical phrases" typically not related to what was going on at the time. Moreover, she had difficulty with using pronouns properly as well as negatives, but she was able to recognize the meaning of the latter when others used them. Like many of the other patients, she was afraid of moving objects and mechanical sounds, such as that of a vacuum cleaner. In response to questions, she would produce an "echolalia type reproduction" of what was asked.<ref name=":1" />
After profiling each of the patients, in the "Discussion" and "Comment" portions of the paper, Kanner stated that the common characteristics observed in the children formed a "unique syndrome" that may have been more frequent than what was reported at the time given the small sample size in the study.<ref name=":1" />

Kanner indicated that the fundamental issue of this disorder is the children's inability to relate to people and objects in an ordinary way from birth.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title= Sowing the seeds of the autism field: Leo Kanner (1943)|last= Blacher and Christensen|first= J, L|date= 2011|journal= Intellect Dev Disabil|doi= 10.1352/1934-9556-49.3.172|pmid= 21639744|volume=49|issue= 3|pages=172–191|s2cid= 16697914|url = http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5401/9404b323eb9aba6a88951affaa5f18a8556f.pdf}}</ref> Distinguishing between the symptoms of the two disorders, Kanner explained that a person with schizophrenia steps outside his or her world and departs from already existing relationships, whereas the children he described had never established such relationships, experiencing an extreme aloneness from very early on.<ref name=":5" /> The notion of the innate nature of what Kanner called "extreme aloneness" was evident by recurrent reports of the failure of the children to "assume at any time an anticipatory posture" and adjust their bodies upon being picked up by their parents.<ref name=":1" /> The preferences the children had towards solitude manifested in complete disregard and ignorance of any external outputs that may interfere with them, such as direct physical contact, sound, or motion.<ref name=":5" /> Regarding the children's lack of interest towards people, Kanner stated that 'it would be best to get these interferences over with, the sooner to be able to return to the still much desired aloneness".<ref name=":1" />

Kanner further noted the centrality of speech disturbances in this neurodivergence, observing that many of the children were delayed in their speech, and that those who did speak often used speech in peculiar ways (e.g., [[Echolalia|echolalic]] repetition of phrases and/or inflexible use of language as seen in the exact repetition of pronouns).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Cohmer|first=Sean|date=2014|title=Leo Kanner and the Psychobiology of Autism|url=https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/137263/content/Cohmer_asu_0010N_14157.pdf|journal=Arizona State University}}</ref>

Additionally, Kanner observed that the children's behavior was governed by an anxious and obsessive desire for sameness, and that this resulted in their repetitions of actions, such as their verbal utterances, as well as limited spontaneous activity.<ref name=":5" /> A related cognitive attribute noted by Kanner was that many of the children had an excellent [[rote memory]], which led their parents to "stuff" them with verse, lists of animal and botanical names, favorite songs, and random facts.<ref name=":6" /> Kanner indicated that four of the children had been considered deaf or hard of hearing early on. He also reported early difficulties with eating and suggested that eating may have represented the first intrusion into the children's extreme aloneness.<ref name=":5" /> He noted that the children had no particular health difficulties and that their [[EEG]] results were normal. He did, however, observe that 5 of the 11 children had relatively large heads, and a few were somewhat clumsy in their gait.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Leo Kanner, M.D. 1894–1981|last = Eisenberg|first = L|date = 1981|journal = J Child Psychol Psychiatry|doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1981.tb00559.x|pmid = 7026583|volume=22|issue = 4|pages=317–22}}</ref>

Recounting his observations of the children's families, Kanner noted the high level of intelligence characterizing parents and relatives, while at the same time asserting that there were few warm-hearted parents among the families he observed.<ref name=":5" /> He stated his opinion that the marriages of the parents of the children he observed seemed to be "rather cold affairs," but also stated his opinion that the children's autism were "inborn autistic disturbances of affective contact."<ref name=":6" />

=== Other studies ===
Kanner's first research publication, "General Paralysis Among The North American Indians," explored the rarity of [[General paresis of the insane|general paralytic dementia]], a [[neuropsychiatric disorder]] that occurs in late-stage [[syphilis]], in the Native Americans he treated at the Yankton State Hospital. In his premier paper, Kanner stated that in what he considered the more "civilized" countries of Europe, there was a higher susceptibility to paralytic dementia from syphilis compared to the "less civilized" Native Americans. Although syphilis was very common amongst the Native Americans, Kanner only came across one patient, Thomas T. Robertson, who was Native American and had symptoms of the late-stage syphilis dementia. Kanner concluded that Native Americans rarely got general paralytic dementia because syphilis had been in their population for so long that it lost the power to produce general paralysis. On the other hand, Kanner argued, syphilis was relatively new to the white populations of Europe so it was more likely to produce general paralysis. However, Kanner believed that with time, the white race could also gain a similar resistance to general paralysis like that of the Native Americans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adams|first1=G. S.|last2=Kanner|first2=Leo|title=General Paralysis Among the North American Indians|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|language=en|volume=83|issue=1|pages=125–133|doi=10.1176/ajp.83.1.125|year=1926}}</ref>

In 1949, Kanner published another notable study, "Problems of Nosology and Psychodynamics of Early Infantile Autism*." Kanner explored the issues surrounding "early infantile autism" as it moved from having a well-defined symptomatology to being ready for a place in psychiatric nosology. Kanner focused on how early infantile autism was related and unrelated to the "intrinsic nature" of other conditions such as dementia infantilis and childhood schizophrenia. While early infantile autism and childhood schizophrenia have virtually identical symptoms, Kanner argued that they ''differ'' in onset. Prior to the onset of childhood schizophrenia, there is a period of normal mental state. However, early infantile autism manifests itself essentially right after birth. Kanner reported that the babies with early infantile autism were unusually apathetic, did not respond normally to people, did not assume proper posture to be picked up, startled at anything that disrupts their isolation, and lacked responsiveness. Kanner raised doubts about the necessity of separating infantile autism entirely from the schizophrenias because it can be considered as "the earliest possible manifestation of childhood schizophrenia." Unlike his other studies, Kanner decided to focus closely on the adult parents of the children and found something an intriguing pattern. Most of the adult parents had extremely successful careers: scientists, college professors, artists, clergymen, and business executives. In fact, Kanner had trouble finding autistic children of unsophisticated parents. This sparked Kanner's curiosity about the attitudes of the parents and the relationship dynamic between the parents and the children. He found that most of the parents had unaffectionate, mechanical relationships with their autistic children and would oftentimes dismiss them entirely. Kanner concluded that this unaffectionate dynamic potentially causes the autistic children to turn away and "seek comfort in solitude." He even argued that the children's obsessive preoccupations and remarkable memory feats represent "a plea for parental approval."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanner|first=Leo|date=1949-07-01|title=Problems of Nosology and Psychodynamics of Early Infantile Autism*|journal=American Journal of Orthopsychiatry|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=416–426|doi=10.1111/j.1939-0025.1949.tb05441.x|issn=1939-0025|pmid=18146742}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
On April 3, 1981, Kanner died of heart failure in [[Sykesville, Maryland]].<ref name=":4" /> In his lifetime, Kanner founded the field of child psychiatry and his research contributions laid the foundation for the fields of psychology, pediatrics, autism, and adolescent psychiatry.<ref name=":13" /> He is now known as the ''Father of Child Psychiatry''. Kanner was the first physician in the United States to be identified as a child psychiatrist. His textbook, "Child Psychiatry" (1935) was the first English language textbook to focus on the psychiatric problems on children. In 1943, Kanner first described the syndrome of early infantile autism. His concise and cogent clinical descriptions of children with autism continues to inform, and is the standard against which current diagnostic criteria are measured.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title = Leo Kanner's Legacy at Johns Hopkins Hospital|url = http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/psychiatry/specialty_areas/child_adolescent/about_us/kanner_history.html|website = www.hopkinsmedicine.org|accessdate = 2015-12-11}}</ref> In his lifetime, Kanner published over 250 articles and eight books spanning the fields of [[psychiatry]], [[pediatrics]], [[psychology]] and [[history of medicine]].<ref name=":7" />

Since Kanner's demarcation of childhood autism, research on autism continues to be an area of increasing interest. Although much progress has been made, this field is still in its infancy, and many avenues of research are just beginning to be pursued.<ref name=":5" /> Despite the time that has passed, the syndrome Kanner identified and his comments about the children he observed continue to have meaning today, and although some of his suggestions about the [[etiology]] and presentation of autism were grounded in the thinking of his day, many of his observations were quite prescient.<ref name=":5" />

Currently, studies of autism focus on the genetic mechanisms that underlie the syndrome. There has been vast research into DNA mutations, epigenetic modifications, and rearrangements that may contribute to the onset of autism. In addition, environmental research, quantitative functional anatomy, and quantitative estimates of gene expression may help us understand "the entire cast of characters" involved in autism. These promising avenues of research heavily stem from Leo Kanner's life research.<ref name=":13" />

In honor of Kanner's work, all Johns Hopkins Child and Adolescent Psychiatry [[Fellowship (medicine)|Fellows]] are now called Kanner Fellows.<ref name=":14" /> The Dr. Leo Kanner Award was created by the Mind Research Foundation for those who actively serve children with autism and their families.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280731842|first = Oana | last = Pavel | date = August 2015 | title= Leo Kanner's life-long contribution on children's education and wellness (PDF Download Available)| doi = 10.13140/RG.2.1.4192.2405 |website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2017-05-01}}</ref> Now there are numerous buildings, schools, and institutes that honor Leo Kanner both in the United States and abroad.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":15" />

== Published works and awards ==

=== Publications ===

==== Papers ====
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Adams GS, Kanner L |title=General paralysis among the North American Indians |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |year=1926 |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.1176/ajp.83.1.125}}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Kanner L |title=The Paediatric–Psychiatric Alliance |journal=[[Canadian Medical Association Journal]] |year=1938 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=71–4 |pmid=20320847|pmc=536313 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Kanner L |title= Autistic disturbances of affective contact |journal= The Nervous Child |volume=2 |pages=217–50 |year=1943|issue= 4 |pmid= 4880460 }}
** Reprinted in {{cite journal |vauthors=Kanner L |year=1968 |title= Autistic disturbances of affective contact |journal= Acta Paedopsychiatrica |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=100–36 |pmid=4880460}}
*{{cite journal |doi= 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1949.tb05441.x |journal= [[American Journal of Orthopsychiatry]] |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=416–26 |year=1949 |vauthors=Kanner L |title= Problems of nosology and psychodynamics in early childhood autism |pmid=18146742}}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Kanner L, Eisenberg L |author2-link= Leon Eisenberg |year=1956 |title= Early infantile autism 1943–1955 |journal= [[American Journal of Orthopsychiatry]] |volume=26 |pages=556–66 |pmid= 13339939 |issue= 3 |doi=10.1111/j.1939-0025.1956.tb06202.x}}

==== Books ====
* ''Folklore of the Teeth'' (1928)
* [https://archive.org/details/childpsychiatry0000kann/mode/2up ''Child Psychiatry'']. (1935).
* ''In Defense of Mothers. How to Bring Up Children In Spite of the More Zealous Psychologists'' (1941)
* [https://archive.org/details/childhoodpsychos0000kann ''Childhood Psychosis: Initial Studies and New Insights'']. (1973).

=== Awards ===
* First Award given by the National Organization for Mentally Ill Children in 1960
* Gutheil Memorial Medal by the [[Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy]] in 1962
* Stanley R. Dean Award by the Fund for Behavioral Sciences in 1965
* Agnes Bruce Greig Award in 1965
* Agnes Purcell McGavin Award by the [[American Psychiatric Association]] in 1967
* Citation from the National Society for Autistic Children in 1969
* Salmon Award by [[New York Academy of Medicine]] in 1974<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":15" />

==Obituaries for Leo Kanner==
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Bender L |year=1982 |title=In Memoriam Leo Kanner, MD June 13, 1894—April 4, 1981 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=88–89 |doi=10.1097/00004583-198201000-00016 |pmid=7047620}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Schopler E, Chess S, Eisenberg L |author3-link=Leon Eisenberg |year=1981 |title=Our Memorial to Leo Kanner |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=257–269 |doi=10.1007/bf01531509|pmid=6763610 |s2cid=19524683 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Wilk D |title=In memoriam Dr. Leo Kanner, 1894-1981 |journal=Korot |date=1982 |volume=8 |issue=3–4 |pages=213–20 |pmid=11630818}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Eisenberg L |year=1981 |title=Leo Kanner, M. D. 1894-1981 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=138 |issue=8 |pages=1122–1125 |doi=10.1176/ajp.138.8.1122|pmid=7020437 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Eisenberg L |year=1994 |title=Leo Kanner, 1894-1981 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=151 |issue=5 |page=751 |doi=10.1176/ajp.151.5.751|pmid=8166319 }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{pervasive developmental disorders}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanner, Leo}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:American people of Austrian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American child psychiatrists]]
[[Category:Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Germany]]
[[Category:Autism researchers]]
[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University faculty]]
[[Category:People from Lviv Oblast]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Brandenburg]]
[[Category:People from Sykesville, Maryland]]
[[Category:Prussian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century American psychologists]]

Template:Autism

2023-07-30T13:04:08Z

TempusTacet: Multiple complex developmental disorder is not a recognized diagnosis & apparently outdated

{{Navbox
| name = Autism spectrum
| title = [[Autism spectrum]]
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| listclass = hlist
| belowclass = hlist
| group1 = Main
| list1 =
* [[Causes of autism|Causes]]
* [[Diagnosis of autism|Diagnosis]]
* [[Epidemiology of autism|Epidemiology]]
* [[Epigenetics of autism|Epigenetics]]
* [[Heritability of autism|Heritability]]
* [[History of autism|History]]
* [[Autism and memory|Memory]]
* [[Pathophysiology of autism|Pathophysiology]]
* [[Sex and gender differences in autism|Sex and gender]]
* [[Societal and cultural aspects of autism|Societal and cultural aspects]]
* [[Autism therapies|Therapies]]

| group2 = Diagnoses
| list2 =
* [[Pervasive developmental disorder]]
** [[Classic autism]]
** [[Asperger syndrome]]
** [[Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]]
** [[Childhood disintegrative disorder]]
* [[High-functioning autism]]
* [[Low-functioning autism]]

| group3 = Associated conditions & phenomena
| list3 =
* [[Alexithymia]]
* [[Autism and LGBT identities]]
* [[Autistic burnout]]
* [[Autistic catatonia]]
* [[Autistic masking]]
* [[Autistic meltdown]]
* [[Hyperlexia]]
* [[Late talker]]
* [[Monotropism]]
* [[Nonverbal autism]]
* [[Pathological demand avoidance]]
* [[Savant syndrome]]
* [[Stimming]]

| group4 = [[Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders|Comorbid conditions]]
| list4 =
* [[Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder]]
* [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]
* [[Anxiety disorder]]
** [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]]
* [[Developmental coordination disorder]]
* [[Epilepsy]]
* [[Intellectual disability]]
* [[Sensory processing disorder]]

|group5=[[Syndromic autism|Associated syndromes]]
|list5=
* [[Fragile X syndrome]]
* [[Rett syndrome]]

|group6=Related issues
|list6=
* [[Autism rights movement]]
* [[Critical autism studies]]
* [[Double empathy problem]]
* [[Multiple complex developmental disorder]]
* [[Neurodiversity]]
* [[Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children|TEACCH program]]

| group7 = [[Controversies in autism|Controversies]]
| list7 =
* [[Applied behavior analysis]]
* [[Facilitated communication]]
* [[Lancet MMR autism fraud]]
* [[MMR vaccine and autism|MMR vaccine]]
* [[Rapid prompting method]]
* [[Thiomersal and vaccines|Thiomersal]]
** [[Chelation therapy|Chelation]]

| group8 = Diagnostic scales
| list8 =
* [[Autism Diagnostic Interview]]
* [[Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule]]
* [[Autism-spectrum quotient]]
* [[Childhood Autism Rating Scale]]
* [[Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale]]

| group9 = Lists
| list9 =
* [[Outline of autism|Autism-related topics]]
* [[List of autistic fictional characters|Fictional characters]]
* [[List of schools for people on the autism spectrum|Schools]]

| group10 = Accommodations
| list10 =
* [[Autism-friendly]]
* [[Sensory friendly]]

|below=

}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation|content=
{{collapsible option}}

[[Category:Autism navigation boxes]]
[[Category:Pervasive developmental disorders|τ]]
[[Category:Mental disorder templates]]

}}</noinclude>

Multiple complex developmental disorder

2023-07-30T13:02:32Z

TempusTacet: needs update & overhaul

{{Distinguish|Multisystem developmental disorder}}
{{More footnotes|date=November 2011}}
{{Outdated|date=July 2023|reason=Apparently this proposed category was not introduced as a diagnostic or research category and, as of 2023, is no longer in use}}{{Infobox medical condition
|name =
|synonym =
|image =
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|pronounce =
|specialty = neurology/psychology
|symptoms =
|complications =
}}
'''Multiple complex developmental disorder''' ('''MCDD''') is a research category, proposed to involve several neurological and psychological symptoms where at least some symptoms are first noticed during early childhood and persist throughout life. It was originally suggested to be a subtype of [[pervasive developmental disorders]] (PDD) with co-morbid schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder; however, there is some controversy that not everyone with MCDD meets criteria for both PDD and psychosis. The term ''multiplex developmental disorder'' was coined by [[Donald J. Cohen]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cohen | first1 = D. J. | last2 = Paul | first2 = R. | last3 = Volkmar | first3 = F. R. | doi = 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60228-4 | title = Issues in the Classification of Pervasive and Other Developmental Disorders: Toward DSM-IV | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 213–220 | year = 1986 | pmid = 3700908}}</ref> in 1986.

==Diagnostic criteria==
The current{{When|date=July 2023}} diagnostic criteria for MCDD are a matter of debate due to it not being in the [[DSM-V]] or [[ICD-10]]. Various websites contain various diagnostic criteria. At least three of the following categories should be present. Co-occurring clusters of symptoms must also not be better explained by being symptoms of another disorder such as experiencing mood swings due to autism, cognitive difficulties due to schizophrenia, and so on. The exact diagnostic criteria for MCDD remain unclear but may be a useful diagnosis for people who do not fall into any specific category. It could also be argued that MCDD is a vague and unhelpful term for these patients.

===Psychotic symptoms===
Criteria are met for a psychotic disorder.

Some symptoms may include:
#Delusions, such as [[thought insertion]], paranoid preoccupations, fantasies of personal omnipotence, over engagement with fantasy figures, grandiose fantasies of special powers, referential ideation, and confusion between fantasy and real life.
#Hallucinations and/or unusual perceptual experiences.
#Negative symptoms ([[anhedonia]], [[affective flattening]], [[alogia]], [[avolition]])
#Disorganized behavior and/or speech such as thought disorder, easy confusability, inappropriate emotions/facial expressions, uncontrollable laughter, etc.
#[[Catatonia|Catatonic behavior]].

===Affective and behavioral symptoms===
These symptoms are not due to situations such as, person is depressed because of difficulty making friends. It is normal to experience dysfunctional emotions and behaviors at times. Criteria are met for a neurotic or personality disorder, preferably at least two.

Some symptoms may include:
#Depression.
#Mania.
#Anxiety.
#Anger.
#Dissociative symptoms such as depersonalization, derealization, deja vu, etc.
#Emotional instability.
#Psychopathic behavior.
#[[Narcissism]].
#Paranoia.
#Obsessive-compulsive behavior.

===Autistic symptoms===
Criteria are met for an [[autistic spectrum disorder]].

Some symptoms may include:
#Difficulty with [[social skills]].
#Repetitive behaviour and patterns.
#[[Sensory processing disorder]]. (Poor [[motor skills]], poor auditory processing, poor [[depth perception]], etc.)
#[[Alexithymia]]. (Difficulty expressing self, difficulty understanding [[emotions]], [[pragmatic language impairment|literal concrete thinking]], etc.)
#Lack of eye contact.
#Intense, singular interests.
#Low interest in dress up games during childhood.

===Neurological symptoms===
Because these are frequently found in cases of autistic disorders, criteria could be met for multiple neurological disorders, or cause severe symptoms.

Some examples include:
#Learning difficulties symptoms such as [[dyslexia]], [[dysgraphia]], [[dyscalcula]], NVLD, slow learning, poor memory, etc.
#[[AD/HD]] symptoms such as poor concentration, poor decision making, poor judgement, impulsiveness, difficulty sitting still, etc.
#[[Synesthesia]].
#Neurological sleep disorders such as narcolepsy, insomnia, circadian rhythm disorder, etc.
#Conditions affecting perceptions and/or cognition, such as [[agnosia]], [[aphasia]], etc.
#[[Tourette syndrome]] or Tic disorder.
#[[Epilepsy]] or Seizure disorder.
#[[Parkinsonism|Parkinsonian syndrome]] features such as tremors, stiff movements, etc.

==Causes==
Multiple complex developmental disorder is likely to be caused by a number of different various genetic factors. Each individual with MCDD is unique from one another and displays different symptoms. Various [[neuropsychological]] disorders can also be found in family members of people with MCDD.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

*{{cite journal| last = Weisbrot| first = Deborah M.| author2 = Carlson, Gabrielle A.| date = February 2005| title = "Diagnostically Homeless": Is it ADHD? Mania? Autism? What to do if no diagnosis fits| journal = [[Current Psychiatry]]| volume = 4| issue = 2| pages = 25–42| publisher = [[Dowden Health Media]]| location = [[Montvale, New Jersey]]| issn = 1537-8276| oclc = 232115063| url = http://www.currentpsychiatry.com/pdf/0402/0402_Article2.pdf| format = PDF| access-date = August 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120219052120/http://www.currentpsychiatry.com/pdf/0402/0402_Article2.pdf| archive-date = February 19, 2012| url-status = dead}}

== External links ==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20140119071845/http://medicine.yale.edu/childstudy/autism/information/mdd.aspx

{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}
{{Autism resources}}

[[Category:Pervasive developmental disorders]]
[[Category:Nervous system]]

Template:Autism

2023-07-30T12:59:06Z

TempusTacet: fix edit & talk links

{{Navbox
| name = Autism spectrum
| title = [[Autism spectrum]]
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| listclass = hlist
| belowclass = hlist
| group1 = Main
| list1 =
* [[Causes of autism|Causes]]
* [[Diagnosis of autism|Diagnosis]]
* [[Epidemiology of autism|Epidemiology]]
* [[Epigenetics of autism|Epigenetics]]
* [[Heritability of autism|Heritability]]
* [[History of autism|History]]
* [[Autism and memory|Memory]]
* [[Pathophysiology of autism|Pathophysiology]]
* [[Sex and gender differences in autism|Sex and gender]]
* [[Societal and cultural aspects of autism|Societal and cultural aspects]]
* [[Autism therapies|Therapies]]

| group2 = Diagnoses
| list2 =
* [[Pervasive developmental disorder]]
** [[Classic autism]]
** [[Asperger syndrome]]
** [[Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]]
** [[Childhood disintegrative disorder]]
* [[High-functioning autism]]
* [[Low-functioning autism]]

| group3 = Associated conditions & phenomena
| list3 =
* [[Alexithymia]]
* [[Autism and LGBT identities]]
* [[Autistic burnout]]
* [[Autistic catatonia]]
* [[Autistic masking]]
* [[Autistic meltdown]]
* [[Hyperlexia]]
* [[Late talker]]
* [[Monotropism]]
* [[Nonverbal autism]]
* [[Pathological demand avoidance]]
* [[Savant syndrome]]
* [[Stimming]]

| group4 = [[Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders|Comorbid conditions]]
| list4 =
* [[Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder]]
* [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]
* [[Anxiety disorder]]
** [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]]
* [[Developmental coordination disorder]]
* [[Epilepsy]]
* [[Intellectual disability]]
* [[Multiple complex developmental disorder]]
* [[Sensory processing disorder]]

|group5=[[Syndromic autism|Associated syndromes]]
|list5=
* [[Fragile X syndrome]]
* [[Rett syndrome]]

|group6=Related issues
|list6=
* [[Autism rights movement]]
* [[Critical autism studies]]
* [[Double empathy problem]]
* [[Neurodiversity]]
* [[Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children|TEACCH program]]

| group7 = [[Controversies in autism|Controversies]]
| list7 =
* [[Applied behavior analysis]]
* [[Facilitated communication]]
* [[Lancet MMR autism fraud]]
* [[MMR vaccine and autism|MMR vaccine]]
* [[Rapid prompting method]]
* [[Thiomersal and vaccines|Thiomersal]]
** [[Chelation therapy|Chelation]]

| group8 = Diagnostic scales
| list8 =
* [[Autism Diagnostic Interview]]
* [[Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule]]
* [[Autism-spectrum quotient]]
* [[Childhood Autism Rating Scale]]
* [[Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale]]

| group9 = Lists
| list9 =
* [[Outline of autism|Autism-related topics]]
* [[List of autistic fictional characters|Fictional characters]]
* [[List of schools for people on the autism spectrum|Schools]]

| group10 = Accommodations
| list10 =
* [[Autism-friendly]]
* [[Sensory friendly]]

|below=

}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation|content=
{{collapsible option}}

[[Category:Autism navigation boxes]]
[[Category:Pervasive developmental disorders|τ]]
[[Category:Mental disorder templates]]

}}</noinclude>

Autistic catatonia

2023-07-30T12:05:52Z

TempusTacet:

{{More medical citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Outdated|date=July 2023|reason="with catatonia" is a specifier for a DSM-5 ASD diagnosis and the article should reflect more recent research that lead to the inclusion of this specifier, which is uncommon and places catatonia on the same level as intellectual and language impairment}}

'''Autistic catatonia''' is a term used to describe the occurrence of [[catatonia]] in [[Autism spectrum|autistic]] people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Shavon |last2=Amatya |first2=Debha N. |last3=Chu |first3=Michael M. |last4=Besterman |first4=Aaron D. |date=2022 |title=Catatonia in autism and other neurodevelopmental disabilities: a state-of-the-art review |journal=npj Mental Health Research |language=en |volume=1 |issue= |pages=12 |doi=10.1038/s44184-022-00012-9 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatonia occurs in roughly 10 percent of people diagnosed with an [[Autism spectrum|autism spectrum disorder]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Vaquerizo-Serrano |first1=J. |last2=Pablo |first2=G. Salazar De |last3=Singh |first3=J. |last4=Santosh |first4=P. |date=2022 |title=Catatonia in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Psychiatry |language=en |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=e4, 1–10 |doi=10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2259 |pmc=8792870 |pmid=34906264}}</ref> In addition to the common sign of catatonia (posturing, negativism, [[mutism]], and [[stupor]]), autistic people with catatonia might show an increase in [[stereotypies]] and [[Self-injuries|self-injurious behavior]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-89042-575-6 |location=Washington, DC |doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787|s2cid= 249488050}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=|page=60}}

The [[DSM-5]] lists "with catatonia" as one of the possible specifiers for an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|pages=|page=57}}

== Pathology ==
There exists debate over the biological origins of autistic catatonia. Some studies have suggested that dysfunction of [[GABA]] and its receptors are primary causes for autistic catatonia.<ref name=":2" /> Also, [[neuroimaging]] studies have indicated that autistic catatonic patients have abnormally small [[Cerebellum|cerebellar]] structures.<ref name=":2" /> Furthermore, genetic studies have implied that alterations on [[chromosome 15]] may underpin the disease.<ref name=":2" />

Alternatively, catatonia has been frequently observed in patients with severe [[anxiety]].<ref name=":2" /> Because autism can cause individuals to be susceptible to anxiety, the prevalence of catatonia in autism may be attributable to anxiety.<ref name=":2" />

==Symptoms==

Autistic catatonia is associated with more than 40 symptoms, many in common with autism.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

The most severe cases display stupor, hyperactivity, or severe excitement, which can sometimes continue for weeks or even months.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wijemanne |first1=Subhashie |last2=Jankovic |first2=Joseph |date=2015-08-01 |title=Movement disorders in catatonia |url=https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/86/8/825 |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |language=en |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=825–832 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2014-309098 |issn=0022-3050 |pmid=25411548|s2cid=5925700 }}</ref> During excitement, individuals show combativeness, can have delusions and hallucinations, and can also pose a danger to themselves and others.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} In the medium, severe, and lethal states, they will also experience [[autonomic instability]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilcox |first1=James Allen |last2=Reid Duffy |first2=Pam |date=2015-12-09 |title=The Syndrome of Catatonia |journal=Behavioral Sciences |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=576–588 |doi=10.3390/bs5040576 |issn=2076-328X |pmc=4695780 |pmid=26690229 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Symptoms overlap with autism spectrum disorder. Thus, diagnosis of catatonic breakdown can be difficult.<ref name=":0" /> [[Childhood schizophrenia]] increases the risk for autistic catatonia later in life dramatically. Also, it seems that the processes that give rise to psychosis, catatonia, and autism are similar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shorter |first1=E. |last2=Wachtel |first2=L. E. |year=2013 |title=Childhood catatonia, autism and psychosis past and present: is there an 'iron triangle'? |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.1111/acps.12082 |pmc=3714300 |pmid=23350770}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhossche |first1=Dirk Marcel |title=Catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders |last2=Carroll |first2=Brendan T. |last3=Carroll |first3=Tressa D. |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-12-366873-8 |editor1-last=Dhossche |editor1-first=Dirk Marcel |series=International Review of Neurobiology |volume=72 |pages=151–64 |chapter=Is There a Common Neuronal Basis for Autism and Catatonia? |doi=10.1016/S0074-7742(05)72009-2 |pmid=16697296 |editor2-last=Wing |editor2-first=Lorna |editor3-last=Ohta |editor3-first=Masataka |editor4-last=Neumärker |editor4-first=Klaus‐Jürgen |display-editors=3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9FvvOxzZAwC&pg=PA151}}</ref>

==Treatment==

There exists great diversity in treatments for autistic catatonia. The psycho-ecological approach considers the individual's profile of autism, identifies the underlying causes behind their catatonia, and formulates support strategies. These strategies vary depending on the individual and their difficulties.<ref>Shah, Amitta ''Catatonia, Shutdown and Breakdown in Autism: A Psycho-Ecological Approach''. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2019, p. 97.</ref>

It has also been shown that [[Benzodiazepine|benzodiazapines]] are effective for some patients.<ref name=":1" /> More recently, [[Electroconvulsive therapy|electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)]] has been trialed, with mixed effect.<ref name=":1" /> Several patients have responded well to intensive, multi-month ECT regimens after other treatments failed.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, ECT was successfully used to treat symptoms in patients prone to self-injury and compulsive behavior.<ref name=":1" /> However, it seems that ECT must be continued for long periods of time to prevent re-onset of autistic catatonic symptoms.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, there is popular resistance to the idea of inducing seizures as treatment - which ECT relies on - especially in pediatric patients.<ref name=":1" />

==History==
[[Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum]] was among the first to systematically describe catatonia, which in 1874 he documented as a separate brain disorder.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Dhossche |first1=Dirk M. |last2=Reti |first2=Irving M. |last3=Wachtel |first3=Lee E. |date=March 2009 |title=Catatonia and Autism |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yct.0b013e3181957363 |journal=The Journal of ECT |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=19–22 |doi=10.1097/yct.0b013e3181957363 |pmid=19190507 |issn=1095-0680}}</ref> The phenomenon was later described by [[Emil Kraepelin]] as a precursor disease that led to dementia.<ref name=":1" /> It was not until the 1970s that catatonia was recognized as a feature of other affective psychiatric disorders in adults, especially manias.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Dhossche |first1=Dirk M. |title=Decalogue of Catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=5 |pages=157 |year=2014 |pmid=25414675 |pmc=4222130 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00157 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ghaziuddin |first1=M. |last2=Quinlan |first2=P. |last3=Ghaziuddin |first3=N. |title=Catatonia in autism: a distinct subtype? |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disability Research |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=102–5 |year=2005 |pmid=15634317 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00666.x |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71765/1/j.1365-2788.2005.00666.x.pdf |hdl=2027.42/71765 |hdl-access=free }}
{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}

[[Category:Autism]]

Autistic catatonia

2023-07-30T12:04:10Z

TempusTacet: /* Symptoms */ remove unsourced list of alleged symptoms, which is so broad that it would apply to a wide variety of other conditions as well

{{More medical citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Outdated|date=July 2023|reason="with catatonia" is a specifier for a DSM-5 ASD diagnosis and the article should reflect more recent research}}
'''Autistic catatonia''' is a term used to describe the occurrence of [[catatonia]] in [[Autism spectrum|autistic]] people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Shavon |last2=Amatya |first2=Debha N. |last3=Chu |first3=Michael M. |last4=Besterman |first4=Aaron D. |date=2022 |title=Catatonia in autism and other neurodevelopmental disabilities: a state-of-the-art review |journal=npj Mental Health Research |language=en |volume=1 |issue= |pages=12 |doi=10.1038/s44184-022-00012-9 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatonia occurs in roughly 10 percent of people diagnosed with an [[Autism spectrum|autism spectrum disorder]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Vaquerizo-Serrano |first1=J. |last2=Pablo |first2=G. Salazar De |last3=Singh |first3=J. |last4=Santosh |first4=P. |date=2022 |title=Catatonia in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Psychiatry |language=en |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=e4, 1–10 |doi=10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2259 |pmc=8792870 |pmid=34906264}}</ref> In addition to the common sign of catatonia (posturing, negativism, [[mutism]], and [[stupor]]), autistic people with catatonia might show an increase in [[stereotypies]] and [[Self-injuries|self-injurious behavior]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-89042-575-6 |location=Washington, DC |doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787|s2cid= 249488050}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=|page=60}}

The [[DSM-5]] lists "with catatonia" as one of the possible specifiers for an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|pages=|page=57}}

== Pathology ==
There exists debate over the biological origins of autistic catatonia. Some studies have suggested that dysfunction of [[GABA]] and its receptors are primary causes for autistic catatonia.<ref name=":2" /> Also, [[neuroimaging]] studies have indicated that autistic catatonic patients have abnormally small [[Cerebellum|cerebellar]] structures.<ref name=":2" /> Furthermore, genetic studies have implied that alterations on [[chromosome 15]] may underpin the disease.<ref name=":2" />

Alternatively, catatonia has been frequently observed in patients with severe [[anxiety]].<ref name=":2" /> Because autism can cause individuals to be susceptible to anxiety, the prevalence of catatonia in autism may be attributable to anxiety.<ref name=":2" />

==Symptoms==

Autistic catatonia is associated with more than 40 symptoms, many in common with autism.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

The most severe cases display stupor, hyperactivity, or severe excitement, which can sometimes continue for weeks or even months.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wijemanne |first1=Subhashie |last2=Jankovic |first2=Joseph |date=2015-08-01 |title=Movement disorders in catatonia |url=https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/86/8/825 |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |language=en |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=825–832 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2014-309098 |issn=0022-3050 |pmid=25411548|s2cid=5925700 }}</ref> During excitement, individuals show combativeness, can have delusions and hallucinations, and can also pose a danger to themselves and others.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} In the medium, severe, and lethal states, they will also experience [[autonomic instability]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilcox |first1=James Allen |last2=Reid Duffy |first2=Pam |date=2015-12-09 |title=The Syndrome of Catatonia |journal=Behavioral Sciences |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=576–588 |doi=10.3390/bs5040576 |issn=2076-328X |pmc=4695780 |pmid=26690229 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Symptoms overlap with autism spectrum disorder. Thus, diagnosis of catatonic breakdown can be difficult.<ref name=":0" /> [[Childhood schizophrenia]] increases the risk for autistic catatonia later in life dramatically. Also, it seems that the processes that give rise to psychosis, catatonia, and autism are similar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shorter |first1=E. |last2=Wachtel |first2=L. E. |year=2013 |title=Childhood catatonia, autism and psychosis past and present: is there an 'iron triangle'? |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.1111/acps.12082 |pmc=3714300 |pmid=23350770}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhossche |first1=Dirk Marcel |title=Catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders |last2=Carroll |first2=Brendan T. |last3=Carroll |first3=Tressa D. |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-12-366873-8 |editor1-last=Dhossche |editor1-first=Dirk Marcel |series=International Review of Neurobiology |volume=72 |pages=151–64 |chapter=Is There a Common Neuronal Basis for Autism and Catatonia? |doi=10.1016/S0074-7742(05)72009-2 |pmid=16697296 |editor2-last=Wing |editor2-first=Lorna |editor3-last=Ohta |editor3-first=Masataka |editor4-last=Neumärker |editor4-first=Klaus‐Jürgen |display-editors=3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9FvvOxzZAwC&pg=PA151}}</ref>

==Treatment==

There exists great diversity in treatments for autistic catatonia. The psycho-ecological approach considers the individual's profile of autism, identifies the underlying causes behind their catatonia, and formulates support strategies. These strategies vary depending on the individual and their difficulties.<ref>Shah, Amitta ''Catatonia, Shutdown and Breakdown in Autism: A Psycho-Ecological Approach''. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2019, p. 97.</ref>

It has also been shown that [[Benzodiazepine|benzodiazapines]] are effective for some patients.<ref name=":1" /> More recently, [[Electroconvulsive therapy|electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)]] has been trialed, with mixed effect.<ref name=":1" /> Several patients have responded well to intensive, multi-month ECT regimens after other treatments failed.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, ECT was successfully used to treat symptoms in patients prone to self-injury and compulsive behavior.<ref name=":1" /> However, it seems that ECT must be continued for long periods of time to prevent re-onset of autistic catatonic symptoms.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, there is popular resistance to the idea of inducing seizures as treatment - which ECT relies on - especially in pediatric patients.<ref name=":1" />

==History==
[[Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum]] was among the first to systematically describe catatonia, which in 1874 he documented as a separate brain disorder.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Dhossche |first1=Dirk M. |last2=Reti |first2=Irving M. |last3=Wachtel |first3=Lee E. |date=March 2009 |title=Catatonia and Autism |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yct.0b013e3181957363 |journal=The Journal of ECT |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=19–22 |doi=10.1097/yct.0b013e3181957363 |pmid=19190507 |issn=1095-0680}}</ref> The phenomenon was later described by [[Emil Kraepelin]] as a precursor disease that led to dementia.<ref name=":1" /> It was not until the 1970s that catatonia was recognized as a feature of other affective psychiatric disorders in adults, especially manias.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Dhossche |first1=Dirk M. |title=Decalogue of Catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=5 |pages=157 |year=2014 |pmid=25414675 |pmc=4222130 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00157 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ghaziuddin |first1=M. |last2=Quinlan |first2=P. |last3=Ghaziuddin |first3=N. |title=Catatonia in autism: a distinct subtype? |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disability Research |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=102–5 |year=2005 |pmid=15634317 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00666.x |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71765/1/j.1365-2788.2005.00666.x.pdf |hdl=2027.42/71765 |hdl-access=free }}
{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}

[[Category:Autism]]

Autistic catatonia

2023-07-30T12:02:38Z

TempusTacet: needs update

{{More medical citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Outdated|date=July 2023|reason="with catatonia" is a specifier for a DSM-5 ASD diagnosis and the article should reflect more recent research}}
'''Autistic catatonia''' is a term used to describe the occurrence of [[catatonia]] in [[Autism spectrum|autistic]] people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Shavon |last2=Amatya |first2=Debha N. |last3=Chu |first3=Michael M. |last4=Besterman |first4=Aaron D. |date=2022 |title=Catatonia in autism and other neurodevelopmental disabilities: a state-of-the-art review |journal=npj Mental Health Research |language=en |volume=1 |issue= |pages=12 |doi=10.1038/s44184-022-00012-9 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatonia occurs in roughly 10 percent of people diagnosed with an [[Autism spectrum|autism spectrum disorder]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Vaquerizo-Serrano |first1=J. |last2=Pablo |first2=G. Salazar De |last3=Singh |first3=J. |last4=Santosh |first4=P. |date=2022 |title=Catatonia in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Psychiatry |language=en |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=e4, 1–10 |doi=10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2259 |pmc=8792870 |pmid=34906264}}</ref> In addition to the common sign of catatonia (posturing, negativism, [[mutism]], and [[stupor]]), autistic people with catatonia might show an increase in [[stereotypies]] and [[Self-injuries|self-injurious behavior]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-89042-575-6 |location=Washington, DC |doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787|s2cid= 249488050}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=|page=60}}

The [[DSM-5]] lists "with catatonia" as one of the possible specifiers for an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|pages=|page=57}}

== Pathology ==
There exists debate over the biological origins of autistic catatonia. Some studies have suggested that dysfunction of [[GABA]] and its receptors are primary causes for autistic catatonia.<ref name=":2" /> Also, [[neuroimaging]] studies have indicated that autistic catatonic patients have abnormally small [[Cerebellum|cerebellar]] structures.<ref name=":2" /> Furthermore, genetic studies have implied that alterations on [[chromosome 15]] may underpin the disease.<ref name=":2" />

Alternatively, catatonia has been frequently observed in patients with severe [[anxiety]].<ref name=":2" /> Because autism can cause individuals to be susceptible to anxiety, the prevalence of catatonia in autism may be attributable to anxiety.<ref name=":2" />

==Symptoms==

Autistic catatonia is associated with more than 40 symptoms, many in common with autism. These include:
{{col-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Stupor]]
* [[Mutism]]
* [[Hyperactivity]]
* [[Psychomotor agitation|Agitation]]
* [[Anticipation (emotion)|Excitement]]
* [[Posing]]
* [[Pessimism|Negativism]]
* [[Rigidity (neurology)|Rigidity]]
* [[Waxy flexibility]], [[mitmachen]], [[mitgehen]] – tendency to remain in immobile posture, inability to resist external pressure on posture
* [[Obedience (human behavior)|Automatic obedience]]
* [[Combativeness]] (during excitement)
* [[Aggressivity]]
* [[Stereotypies]]
* [[Tics]]
* Grimacing
* [[Echolalia]]
* [[Echopraxia]]
* [[Perseveration]]
* [[Verbigeration]]
* Staring, gaze fixation
* [[Social withdrawal|Withdrawal]]
* [[Immobilization (pathology)|Immobility]]
* [[Challenging behaviour]]
* [[Tremor]]
* Slowness
* [[Amotivation]]
* [[Grasp reflex]]
* [[Choreoathetoid movements]] of the trunk and extremities
* [[Autonomic instability]] (during excitement)
* Inability to start or stop actions (if during excitement episodes needs acute psychiatric care)
* [[Impulsivity]]
* [[Psychosis]]
* [[Sleep problems]], reversal of day and night
* [[Urinary incontinence|Urinary]] or [[fecal incontinence]]
* [[Passivity (behavior)|Passivity]]
* [[Eyeroll]]ing
* [[Stiff muscles]]
* [[Catalepsy]]
* [[Gegenhalten]]
* [[Ambitendency]] – contradictory behavior
* [[Rituals]] – repetitive behaviors
}}The most severe cases display stupor, hyperactivity, or severe excitement, which can sometimes continue for weeks or even months.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wijemanne |first1=Subhashie |last2=Jankovic |first2=Joseph |date=2015-08-01 |title=Movement disorders in catatonia |url=https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/86/8/825 |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |language=en |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=825–832 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2014-309098 |issn=0022-3050 |pmid=25411548|s2cid=5925700 }}</ref> During excitement, individuals show combativeness, can have delusions and hallucinations, and can also pose a danger to themselves and others.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} In the medium, severe, and lethal states, they will also experience [[autonomic instability]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilcox |first1=James Allen |last2=Reid Duffy |first2=Pam |date=2015-12-09 |title=The Syndrome of Catatonia |journal=Behavioral Sciences |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=576–588 |doi=10.3390/bs5040576 |issn=2076-328X |pmc=4695780 |pmid=26690229 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Symptoms overlap with autism spectrum disorder. Thus, diagnosis of catatonic breakdown can be difficult.<ref name=":0" /> [[Childhood schizophrenia]] increases the risk for autistic catatonia later in life dramatically. Also, it seems that the processes that give rise to psychosis, catatonia, and autism are similar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shorter |first1=E. |last2=Wachtel |first2=L. E. |year=2013 |title=Childhood catatonia, autism and psychosis past and present: is there an 'iron triangle'? |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.1111/acps.12082 |pmc=3714300 |pmid=23350770}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhossche |first1=Dirk Marcel |title=Catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders |last2=Carroll |first2=Brendan T. |last3=Carroll |first3=Tressa D. |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-12-366873-8 |editor1-last=Dhossche |editor1-first=Dirk Marcel |series=International Review of Neurobiology |volume=72 |pages=151–64 |chapter=Is There a Common Neuronal Basis for Autism and Catatonia? |doi=10.1016/S0074-7742(05)72009-2 |pmid=16697296 |editor2-last=Wing |editor2-first=Lorna |editor3-last=Ohta |editor3-first=Masataka |editor4-last=Neumärker |editor4-first=Klaus‐Jürgen |display-editors=3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9FvvOxzZAwC&pg=PA151}}</ref>

==Treatment==

There exists great diversity in treatments for autistic catatonia. The psycho-ecological approach considers the individual's profile of autism, identifies the underlying causes behind their catatonia, and formulates support strategies. These strategies vary depending on the individual and their difficulties.<ref>Shah, Amitta ''Catatonia, Shutdown and Breakdown in Autism: A Psycho-Ecological Approach''. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2019, p. 97.</ref>

It has also been shown that [[Benzodiazepine|benzodiazapines]] are effective for some patients.<ref name=":1" /> More recently, [[Electroconvulsive therapy|electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)]] has been trialed, with mixed effect.<ref name=":1" /> Several patients have responded well to intensive, multi-month ECT regimens after other treatments failed.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, ECT was successfully used to treat symptoms in patients prone to self-injury and compulsive behavior.<ref name=":1" /> However, it seems that ECT must be continued for long periods of time to prevent re-onset of autistic catatonic symptoms.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, there is popular resistance to the idea of inducing seizures as treatment - which ECT relies on - especially in pediatric patients.<ref name=":1" />

==History==
[[Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum]] was among the first to systematically describe catatonia, which in 1874 he documented as a separate brain disorder.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Dhossche |first1=Dirk M. |last2=Reti |first2=Irving M. |last3=Wachtel |first3=Lee E. |date=March 2009 |title=Catatonia and Autism |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yct.0b013e3181957363 |journal=The Journal of ECT |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=19–22 |doi=10.1097/yct.0b013e3181957363 |pmid=19190507 |issn=1095-0680}}</ref> The phenomenon was later described by [[Emil Kraepelin]] as a precursor disease that led to dementia.<ref name=":1" /> It was not until the 1970s that catatonia was recognized as a feature of other affective psychiatric disorders in adults, especially manias.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Dhossche |first1=Dirk M. |title=Decalogue of Catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=5 |pages=157 |year=2014 |pmid=25414675 |pmc=4222130 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00157 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ghaziuddin |first1=M. |last2=Quinlan |first2=P. |last3=Ghaziuddin |first3=N. |title=Catatonia in autism: a distinct subtype? |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disability Research |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=102–5 |year=2005 |pmid=15634317 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00666.x |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71765/1/j.1365-2788.2005.00666.x.pdf |hdl=2027.42/71765 |hdl-access=free }}
{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}

[[Category:Autism]]

Autistic catatonia

2023-07-30T12:00:17Z

TempusTacet: /* Symptoms */ removed per WP:MEDDATE

{{More medical citations needed|date=August 2019}}
'''Autistic catatonia''' is a term used to describe the occurrence of [[catatonia]] in [[Autism spectrum|autistic]] people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Shavon |last2=Amatya |first2=Debha N. |last3=Chu |first3=Michael M. |last4=Besterman |first4=Aaron D. |date=2022 |title=Catatonia in autism and other neurodevelopmental disabilities: a state-of-the-art review |journal=npj Mental Health Research |language=en |volume=1 |issue= |pages=12 |doi=10.1038/s44184-022-00012-9 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatonia occurs in roughly 10 percent of people diagnosed with an [[Autism spectrum|autism spectrum disorder]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Vaquerizo-Serrano |first1=J. |last2=Pablo |first2=G. Salazar De |last3=Singh |first3=J. |last4=Santosh |first4=P. |date=2022 |title=Catatonia in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Psychiatry |language=en |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=e4, 1–10 |doi=10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2259 |pmc=8792870 |pmid=34906264}}</ref> In addition to the common sign of catatonia (posturing, negativism, [[mutism]], and [[stupor]]), autistic people with catatonia might show an increase in [[stereotypies]] and [[Self-injuries|self-injurious behavior]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-89042-575-6 |location=Washington, DC |doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787|s2cid= 249488050}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=|page=60}}

The [[DSM-5]] lists "with catatonia" as one of the possible specifiers for an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|pages=|page=57}}

== Pathology ==
There exists debate over the biological origins of autistic catatonia. Some studies have suggested that dysfunction of [[GABA]] and its receptors are primary causes for autistic catatonia.<ref name=":2" /> Also, [[neuroimaging]] studies have indicated that autistic catatonic patients have abnormally small [[Cerebellum|cerebellar]] structures.<ref name=":2" /> Furthermore, genetic studies have implied that alterations on [[chromosome 15]] may underpin the disease.<ref name=":2" />

Alternatively, catatonia has been frequently observed in patients with severe [[anxiety]].<ref name=":2" /> Because autism can cause individuals to be susceptible to anxiety, the prevalence of catatonia in autism may be attributable to anxiety.<ref name=":2" />

==Symptoms==

Autistic catatonia is associated with more than 40 symptoms, many in common with autism. These include:
{{col-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Stupor]]
* [[Mutism]]
* [[Hyperactivity]]
* [[Psychomotor agitation|Agitation]]
* [[Anticipation (emotion)|Excitement]]
* [[Posing]]
* [[Pessimism|Negativism]]
* [[Rigidity (neurology)|Rigidity]]
* [[Waxy flexibility]], [[mitmachen]], [[mitgehen]] – tendency to remain in immobile posture, inability to resist external pressure on posture
* [[Obedience (human behavior)|Automatic obedience]]
* [[Combativeness]] (during excitement)
* [[Aggressivity]]
* [[Stereotypies]]
* [[Tics]]
* Grimacing
* [[Echolalia]]
* [[Echopraxia]]
* [[Perseveration]]
* [[Verbigeration]]
* Staring, gaze fixation
* [[Social withdrawal|Withdrawal]]
* [[Immobilization (pathology)|Immobility]]
* [[Challenging behaviour]]
* [[Tremor]]
* Slowness
* [[Amotivation]]
* [[Grasp reflex]]
* [[Choreoathetoid movements]] of the trunk and extremities
* [[Autonomic instability]] (during excitement)
* Inability to start or stop actions (if during excitement episodes needs acute psychiatric care)
* [[Impulsivity]]
* [[Psychosis]]
* [[Sleep problems]], reversal of day and night
* [[Urinary incontinence|Urinary]] or [[fecal incontinence]]
* [[Passivity (behavior)|Passivity]]
* [[Eyeroll]]ing
* [[Stiff muscles]]
* [[Catalepsy]]
* [[Gegenhalten]]
* [[Ambitendency]] – contradictory behavior
* [[Rituals]] – repetitive behaviors
}}The most severe cases display stupor, hyperactivity, or severe excitement, which can sometimes continue for weeks or even months.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wijemanne |first1=Subhashie |last2=Jankovic |first2=Joseph |date=2015-08-01 |title=Movement disorders in catatonia |url=https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/86/8/825 |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |language=en |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=825–832 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2014-309098 |issn=0022-3050 |pmid=25411548|s2cid=5925700 }}</ref> During excitement, individuals show combativeness, can have delusions and hallucinations, and can also pose a danger to themselves and others.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} In the medium, severe, and lethal states, they will also experience [[autonomic instability]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilcox |first1=James Allen |last2=Reid Duffy |first2=Pam |date=2015-12-09 |title=The Syndrome of Catatonia |journal=Behavioral Sciences |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=576–588 |doi=10.3390/bs5040576 |issn=2076-328X |pmc=4695780 |pmid=26690229 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Symptoms overlap with autism spectrum disorder. Thus, diagnosis of catatonic breakdown can be difficult.<ref name=":0" /> [[Childhood schizophrenia]] increases the risk for autistic catatonia later in life dramatically. Also, it seems that the processes that give rise to psychosis, catatonia, and autism are similar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shorter |first1=E. |last2=Wachtel |first2=L. E. |year=2013 |title=Childhood catatonia, autism and psychosis past and present: is there an 'iron triangle'? |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.1111/acps.12082 |pmc=3714300 |pmid=23350770}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhossche |first1=Dirk Marcel |title=Catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders |last2=Carroll |first2=Brendan T. |last3=Carroll |first3=Tressa D. |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-12-366873-8 |editor1-last=Dhossche |editor1-first=Dirk Marcel |series=International Review of Neurobiology |volume=72 |pages=151–64 |chapter=Is There a Common Neuronal Basis for Autism and Catatonia? |doi=10.1016/S0074-7742(05)72009-2 |pmid=16697296 |editor2-last=Wing |editor2-first=Lorna |editor3-last=Ohta |editor3-first=Masataka |editor4-last=Neumärker |editor4-first=Klaus‐Jürgen |display-editors=3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9FvvOxzZAwC&pg=PA151}}</ref>

==Treatment==

There exists great diversity in treatments for autistic catatonia. The psycho-ecological approach considers the individual's profile of autism, identifies the underlying causes behind their catatonia, and formulates support strategies. These strategies vary depending on the individual and their difficulties.<ref>Shah, Amitta ''Catatonia, Shutdown and Breakdown in Autism: A Psycho-Ecological Approach''. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2019, p. 97.</ref>

It has also been shown that [[Benzodiazepine|benzodiazapines]] are effective for some patients.<ref name=":1" /> More recently, [[Electroconvulsive therapy|electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)]] has been trialed, with mixed effect.<ref name=":1" /> Several patients have responded well to intensive, multi-month ECT regimens after other treatments failed.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, ECT was successfully used to treat symptoms in patients prone to self-injury and compulsive behavior.<ref name=":1" /> However, it seems that ECT must be continued for long periods of time to prevent re-onset of autistic catatonic symptoms.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, there is popular resistance to the idea of inducing seizures as treatment - which ECT relies on - especially in pediatric patients.<ref name=":1" />

==History==
[[Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum]] was among the first to systematically describe catatonia, which in 1874 he documented as a separate brain disorder.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Dhossche |first1=Dirk M. |last2=Reti |first2=Irving M. |last3=Wachtel |first3=Lee E. |date=March 2009 |title=Catatonia and Autism |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yct.0b013e3181957363 |journal=The Journal of ECT |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=19–22 |doi=10.1097/yct.0b013e3181957363 |pmid=19190507 |issn=1095-0680}}</ref> The phenomenon was later described by [[Emil Kraepelin]] as a precursor disease that led to dementia.<ref name=":1" /> It was not until the 1970s that catatonia was recognized as a feature of other affective psychiatric disorders in adults, especially manias.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Dhossche |first1=Dirk M. |title=Decalogue of Catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=5 |pages=157 |year=2014 |pmid=25414675 |pmc=4222130 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00157 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ghaziuddin |first1=M. |last2=Quinlan |first2=P. |last3=Ghaziuddin |first3=N. |title=Catatonia in autism: a distinct subtype? |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disability Research |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=102–5 |year=2005 |pmid=15634317 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00666.x |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71765/1/j.1365-2788.2005.00666.x.pdf |hdl=2027.42/71765 |hdl-access=free }}
{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}

[[Category:Autism]]

Nonverbal autism

2023-07-30T11:56:06Z

TempusTacet: /* Background */ remove dubious, unsourced claim that non-speaking autistic people are overlooked by research

{{Short description|Autism spectrum disorder where one cannot speak}}{{More medical citations needed|date=June 2023}}

'''Nonverbal autism''' is a subset of [[autism]] where the person does not learn how to [[Speech|speak]]. It is estimated that 25% to 50% of children diagnosed with [[autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD) never develop spoken language beyond a few words or utterances.<ref name=pmid23956859/>

== Background ==
Most of the existing body of research in nonspeaking autism focuses on early interventions that predict successful language outcomes. Research suggests that acquiring language before age five is a good indicator of positive child development,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mayo|first1=Jessica|last2=Chlebowski|first2=Colby|last3=Fein|first3=Deborah A.|last4=Eigsti|first4=Inge-Marie|date=February 2013|title=Age of First Words Predicts Cognitive Ability and Adaptive Skills in Children with ASD|journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders|volume=43|issue=2|pages=253–264|doi=10.1007/s10803-012-1558-0|issn=0162-3257|pmc=4386060|pmid=22673858}}</ref> and the likelihood of acquiring functional language in the future past this age is minimal,<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/1471-3802.12384 |title=Self-paced segmentation of written words on a touchscreen tablet promotes the oral production of nonverbal and minimally verbal autistic children |journal=Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=265–73 |year=2017 |last1=Vernay |first1=Frédérique |last2=Kahina |first2=Harma |last3=Thierry |first3=Marrone |last4=Jean-Yves |first4=Roussey }}</ref> that early [[language development]] is crucial to educational achievement, employment, independence during [[adulthood]], and [[social relation]]ships.<ref name="pmid23956859">{{cite journal |doi=10.1155/2013/436286 |pmid=23956859 |pmc=3727194 |title=Sensory Response Patterns in Nonverbal Children with ASD |journal=Autism Research and Treatment |volume=2013 |pages=436286 |year=2013 |last1=Patten |first1=Elena |last2=Ausderau |first2=Karla K |last3=Watson |first3=Linda R |last4=Baranek |first4=Grace T |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The most obvious signs of autism, such as atypical social and language development, and restricted or repetitive behaviors and interests, often present themselves between the ages of two and three, and most children with ASD can be [[Diagnosis of autism|diagnosed]] in early childhood as a result.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=[[American Psychiatric Association]] |title=[[DSM-5-TR|Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision]] |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-89042-575-6 |location=Washington, DC |doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 |s2cid=249488050}}</ref>{{Rp|page=63}} Other disorders such as [[epilepsy]], [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]], [[Gastrointestinal disease|gastrointestinal problems]], sleep disorders, [[Major depressive disorder|depression]] and [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety]] often accompany ASD.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|pages=67–68}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Furfaro |first=Hannah |date=2018-07-25 |title=Conditions that accompany autism, explained |url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/conditions-accompany-autism-explained/ |journal=Spectrum |publisher=[[Simons Foundation]] |doi=10.53053/PCFG3602}}</ref>

==Early predictors==
The causes of nonspeaking autism are unknown. However, there appears to be a relationship between [[joint attention]] and [[verbal communication]]. Joint attention occurs between two individuals when one draws the other's attention to an object through gesturing (i.e. [[eye gazing]], pointing).<ref name=pmid21907346>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jcomdis.2011.08.002 |pmid=21907346 |title=The emergence of nonverbal joint attention and requesting skills in young children with autism |journal=Journal of Communication Disorders |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=569–83 |year=2011 |last1=Paparella |first1=Tanya |last2=Goods |first2=Kelly Stickles |last3=Freeman |first3=Stephanny |last4=Kasari |first4=Connie }}</ref> The ability to achieve joint attention at an early age plays a significant role in language development, and studies indicate severe lapses in joint attention in children with autism.<ref name=pmid21907346/> In one study, researchers suggest that a displayed pattern of delays, absences, or a general impaired response to stimuli (hyporesponsiveness) and a fascination with intense or repetitive stimulation ([[sensory seeking]]) is more likely in nonspeaking children with autism, suggesting that both hyporesponsiveness and sensory seeking is related to poor communication outcomes in children with ASD.<ref name=pmid23956859/>

==Potential causes==
===The amygdala theory===
There is a growing body of tentative evidence indicating the [[amygdala]]'s involvement in the development of autism. The {{vanchor|amygdala theory of autism}} focuses on the importance of the amygdala in relation to social functioning and observes that autism is largely a severe impairment of social functioning. The amygdala is thought to be associated with the [[fight or flight response]] in animals and its activity is heavily correlated with fear in humans. Additionally, it has been heavily implicated in relation to social functioning in various animal studies. Evidence suggests an amygdala hyperactivity model may be more accurate than one comparing it to a [[lesion]].<ref name = ":10">{{cite journal |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.63.12.1417 |pmid=17146016 |title=Amygdala Volume and Nonverbal Social Impairment in Adolescent and Adult Males with Autism |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=12 |pages=1417–1428 |year=2006 |last1=Nacewicz |first1=Brendon M |last2=Dalton |first2=Kim M |last3=Johnstone |first3=Tom |last4=Long |first4=Micah T |last5=McAuliff |first5=Emelia M |last6=Oakes |first6=Terrence R |last7=Alexander |first7=Andrew L |last8=Davidson |first8=Richard J |pmc=4767012 }}</ref>

Lesion studies have shown that amygdala damage results in severe social impairment among animal models. Vervet monkey mothers with amygdala lesions were shown to be much less caring with their young neglecting and even abusing them.<ref name=pmid10781695>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00011-7 |pmid=10781695 |title=The amygdala theory of autism |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=355–64 |year=2000 |last1=Baron-Cohen |first1=S |last2=Ring |first2=H.A |last3=Bullmore |first3=E.T |last4=Wheelwright |first4=S |last5=Ashwin |first5=C |last6=Williams |first6=S.C.R |s2cid=7455984 }}</ref> Rats with amygdala ablations become much more docile.<ref name=pmid10781695/> Monkeys with lesions to the anterior [[temporal lobe]] develop a disorder known as [[Klüver–Bucy syndrome]], characterized by loss of fear, hypersexuality, hyperorality, and an inability to recognize visual objects (often, but not always).<ref name=pmid10781695/>

Evidence shows the amygdala accounts for the emotional, oral, and sexual abnormalities listed above.<ref name=pmid10781695/> These abnormalities coincide with several characteristics of the diagnostic guidelines for autism, at least passably for an animal model.

Post-mortem analysis of humans shows an increased neuronal density in the amygdala in autism compared to controls, indicating a potential linkage and supporting the hyperactivity model.<ref name=pmid10781695/>

Several studies presented subjects with ASD photographs of human eyes and had them report the emotional state of the person in the picture. A smaller amygdala was associated with increased response time but not decreased accuracy.<ref name=pmid10781695/> There was also significantly less amygdaloid activation in the brains of those with ASD than controls. Subjects compensated for this lack of amygdaloid activity with increased activation in the [[temporal lobe]], and are associated with verbally labeling images.<ref name = ":10"/> This activity is thought to imply less usage of emotional/[[social cue]]s to identify objects and rather more objective, factually based processing. One may extrapolate from this model that patients with autism may learn that a specific [[facial configuration]] represents an emotional state and what that emotional state implies socially, but they may not come to truly understand how that person feels. This supports a [[theory of mind]] deficit.

Studies conducted specifically on nonspeaking autistic individuals{{which|date=April 2018}} provide similar evidence. Brain studies have shown several amygdaloid impairments among those with ASD. The amygdala in those with nonspeaking autism have less volume compared to controls, contain a higher density of neurons suggesting hyperconnection, and show a negative correlation between amygdala size and impairment severity among subjects.<ref name = ":10"/>

Infantile autism is actually associated with an oversized [[amygdala]], there are developmental theories as to how this may occur. Research on [[major depressive disorder]] has shown that excessive activation such as stress or fear leads to [[allostasis]], or degeneration of the neurons involved in creating the phenomenon. Initial hypertrophy results in [[atrophy]] and reduction of brain size in the given region.<ref name = ":10"/> Over time, this occurs in patients with severe depression, and they develop a decreased amygdala size. Some scientists{{Who|date=April 2018}} theorize that this is happening early during infancy in the autistic brain, accounting for the initial overgrowth and later observed size reduction.<ref name = ":10"/>

When [[eye tracking]] software is employed to record where subjects focus their visual attention on images of human faces, small amygdala volume is associated with decreased [[eye fixation]].<ref name = ":10"/> Eyes are considered to be especially important for establishing human connection and conveying emotion, thus fixation on them is considered to be a crucial part of identifying people and emotions in a social setting.

In addition to a negative correlation to eye fixation studies showed a smaller amygdala was associated with impairment in [[nonverbal communication]] skills as well.<ref name = ":10"/> This suggests that the amygdala is critical in developing all types of communicative abilities, not just verbal. This suggests the amygdala may play a crucial role in relating to other humans in a way that allows for behavioral mimicry.

Among patients with nonspeaking ASD researchers could predict symptom severity based on amygdala activity. Those with the least amygdala activity had the most impaired nonspeaking communication abilities, those with the most activity had the strongest communication abilities.<ref name = ":10"/>

The development of language, similar to the development of most physical skills, relies heavily on mimicry of other humans.<ref name = ":10"/> ASDs are known to impair one's ability to focus on and relate with people possibly as a result of a damaged amygdala. Nonspeaking autistics will often be able to learn more basic communicative skills such as pointing to objects or selecting a picture from a list. These skills are far more simple and do not require the degree of personal connection needed for language development.

It is important to note that these studies must be considered with great caution. [[Cross-sectional studies]] can only suggest so much about the pathology of a disorder. Further study, particular [[longitudinal studies]], are needed to gain a more complete understanding.<ref name = ":10"/> It is also important to recognize that most disorders arise from a complex interworking of the entire brain and restricting a theory to one subsystem would be a mistake, this theory merely suggests how the amygdala may be involved with develop of ASD and provides evidence to support an association.

==Language outcomes==
For nonspeaking grade school children and adolescents with autism, communication systems and interventions have been implemented to enhance language and communication outcomes. [[Speech-generating devices]] such as [[tablet computer]]s use visual displays for children who lack verbal language, giving them the task of selecting [[icon (computing)|icon]]s indicating a request or need.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.rasd.2012.05.005 |title=Teaching advanced operation of an iPod-based speech-generating device to two students with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1258–64 |year=2012 |last1=Achmadi |first1=Donna |last2=Kagohara |first2=Debora M |last3=Van Der Meer |first3=Larah |last4=o'Reilly |first4=Mark F |last5=Lancioni |first5=Giulio E |last6=Sutherland |first6=Dean |last7=Lang |first7=Russell |last8=Marschik |first8=Peter B |last9=Green |first9=Vanessa A |last10=Sigafoos |first10=Jeff }}</ref> For adolescents with nonspeaking autism, interventions can condition them to learn more advanced operations on speech-generating devices that require more steps (i.e. turning on device, scrolling through pages), which would allow them to enhance their communicative abilities independently.<ref name=":3" />

The [[picture exchange system]] (PECS) is a form of spontaneous communication for children with autism in which an individual selects a picture indicating a request.<ref name=pmid24655345>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/1460-6984.12079 |pmid=24655345 |title=Long-term effects of PECS on social-communicative skills of children with autism spectrum disorders: A follow-up study |journal=International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=478–85 |year=2014 |last1=Lerna |first1=Anna |last2=Esposito |first2=Dalila |last3=Conson |first3=Massimiliano |last4=Massagli |first4=Angelo }}</ref> PECS can be utilized in educational settings and at the child's home. [[Longitudinal studies]] suggest PECS can have long-term positive outcomes for school-aged children with nonspeaking autism, specifically their social-communicative skills, such as higher frequencies of joint attention and initiation, and duration of cooperative play,<ref name=pmid24655345/> which are all important roles in improving language outcomes.

It has also been suggested that a significant stage in acquiring verbal language is learning how to identify and reproduce [[syllables]] of words. One study found that nonspeaking and minimally speaking children with autism are capable of enhancing their oral production and vocalizing written words by isolating each syllable of a word one at a time.<ref name=":1" /> The process of breaking down a syllable at a time and having it visually displayed and audibly available to the child can prompt him or her to imitate and create nonrandom and meaningful utterances.<ref name=":1" />

Most of these studies contain small sample sizes and were [[pilot studies]], making additional research significant to assess whether these findings can be generalized to all age groups of the same population. Furthermore, most studies on nonspeaking autism and [[speech-generating device]] communication were based on more basic skills, such as naming pictures and making requests for stimuli, while studies in advanced communication are limited.<ref name=pmid22940168>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.027 |pmid=22940168 |title=Using iPods® and iPads® in teaching programs for individuals with developmental disabilities: A systematic review |journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=147–56 |year=2013 |last1=Kagohara |first1=Debora M |last2=Van Der Meer |first2=Larah |last3=Ramdoss |first3=Sathiyaprakash |last4=O'Reilly |first4=Mark F |last5=Lancioni |first5=Giulio E |last6=Davis |first6=Tonya N |last7=Rispoli |first7=Mandy |last8=Lang |first8=Russell |last9=Marschik |first9=Peter B |last10=Sutherland |first10=Dean |last11=Green |first11=Vanessa A |last12=Sigafoos |first12=Jeff }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Facilitated communication]]: an [[Augmentative and alternative communication|AAC]] controversial communication technique which purports is to help non-verbal people communicate
* [[Low-functioning autism]]: verbal abilities may be lacking
* [[Language delay]] and [[speech delay]]
* [[Late talker]]s: sometimes mistaken as nonverbal autistics
* [[Nonverbal communication]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Autism spectrum}}
[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Muteness]]

Template:Autism

2023-07-30T11:54:19Z

TempusTacet: Nonverbal autism

{{Navbox
| name = Pervasive developmental disorders
| title = [[Autism spectrum]]
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| listclass = hlist
| belowclass = hlist
| group1 = Main
| list1 =
* [[Causes of autism|Causes]]
* [[Diagnosis of autism|Diagnosis]]
* [[Epidemiology of autism|Epidemiology]]
* [[Epigenetics of autism|Epigenetics]]
* [[Heritability of autism|Heritability]]
* [[History of autism|History]]
* [[Autism and memory|Memory]]
* [[Pathophysiology of autism|Pathophysiology]]
* [[Sex and gender differences in autism|Sex and gender]]
* [[Societal and cultural aspects of autism|Societal and cultural aspects]]
* [[Autism therapies|Therapies]]

| group2 = Diagnoses
| list2 =
* [[Pervasive developmental disorder]]
** [[Classic autism]]
** [[Asperger syndrome]]
** [[Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]]
** [[Childhood disintegrative disorder]]
* [[High-functioning autism]]
* [[Low-functioning autism]]

| group3 = Associated conditions & phenomena
| list3 =
* [[Alexithymia]]
* [[Autism and LGBT identities]]
* [[Autistic burnout]]
* [[Autistic catatonia]]
* [[Autistic masking]]
* [[Autistic meltdown]]
* [[Hyperlexia]]
* [[Late talker]]
* [[Monotropism]]
* [[Nonverbal autism]]
* [[Pathological demand avoidance]]
* [[Savant syndrome]]
* [[Stimming]]

| group4 = [[Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders|Comorbid conditions]]
| list4 =
* [[Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder]]
* [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]
* [[Anxiety disorder]]
** [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]]
* [[Developmental coordination disorder]]
* [[Epilepsy]]
* [[Intellectual disability]]
* [[Multiple complex developmental disorder]]
* [[Sensory processing disorder]]

|group5=[[Syndromic autism|Associated syndromes]]
|list5=
* [[Fragile X syndrome]]
* [[Rett syndrome]]

|group6=Related issues
|list6=
* [[Autism rights movement]]
* [[Critical autism studies]]
* [[Double empathy problem]]
* [[Neurodiversity]]
* [[Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children|TEACCH program]]

| group7 = [[Controversies in autism|Controversies]]
| list7 =
* [[Applied behavior analysis]]
* [[Facilitated communication]]
* [[Lancet MMR autism fraud]]
* [[MMR vaccine and autism|MMR vaccine]]
* [[Rapid prompting method]]
* [[Thiomersal and vaccines|Thiomersal]]
** [[Chelation therapy|Chelation]]

| group8 = Diagnostic scales
| list8 =
* [[Autism Diagnostic Interview]]
* [[Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule]]
* [[Autism-spectrum quotient]]
* [[Childhood Autism Rating Scale]]
* [[Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale]]

| group9 = Lists
| list9 =
* [[Outline of autism|Autism-related topics]]
* [[List of autistic fictional characters|Fictional characters]]
* [[List of schools for people on the autism spectrum|Schools]]

| group10 = Accommodations
| list10 =
* [[Autism-friendly]]
* [[Sensory friendly]]

|below=

}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation|content=
{{collapsible option}}

[[Category:Autism navigation boxes]]
[[Category:Pervasive developmental disorders|τ]]
[[Category:Mental disorder templates]]

}}</noinclude>

Nonverbal autism

2023-07-30T11:53:42Z

TempusTacet: add autism template

{{Short description|Autism spectrum disorder where one cannot speak}}{{More medical citations needed|date=June 2023}}

'''Nonverbal autism''' is a subset of [[autism]] where the person does not learn how to [[Speech|speak]]. It is estimated that 25% to 50% of children diagnosed with [[autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD) never develop spoken language beyond a few words or utterances.<ref name=pmid23956859/>

== Background ==
Despite the growing field of research on ASD, there is not much information available pertaining to people with autism who never develop oral language; that, in fact, nonspeaking autistic individuals are considered to be underrepresented in all of autism research.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Because of the limited research on nonspeaking autism, there are not many validated measurements appropriate for this population. For example, while they may be appropriate for younger children, they lack the validity for school children and have continued to be a roadblock for nonspeaking autism research.<ref name=pmid24353165>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/aur.1334 |pmid=24353165 |pmc=4139180 |title=Assessing the Minimally Verbal School-Aged Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=Autism Research |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=479–93 |year=2013 |last1=Kasari |first1=Connie |last2=Brady |first2=Nancy |last3=Lord |first3=Catherine |last4=Tager-Flusberg |first4=Helen }}</ref>

Most of the existing body of research in nonspeaking autism focuses on early interventions that predict successful language outcomes. Research suggests that acquiring language before age five is a good indicator of positive child development,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mayo|first1=Jessica|last2=Chlebowski|first2=Colby|last3=Fein|first3=Deborah A.|last4=Eigsti|first4=Inge-Marie|date=February 2013|title=Age of First Words Predicts Cognitive Ability and Adaptive Skills in Children with ASD|journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders|volume=43|issue=2|pages=253–264|doi=10.1007/s10803-012-1558-0|issn=0162-3257|pmc=4386060|pmid=22673858}}</ref> and the likelihood of acquiring functional language in the future past this age is minimal,<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/1471-3802.12384 |title=Self-paced segmentation of written words on a touchscreen tablet promotes the oral production of nonverbal and minimally verbal autistic children |journal=Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=265–73 |year=2017 |last1=Vernay |first1=Frédérique |last2=Kahina |first2=Harma |last3=Thierry |first3=Marrone |last4=Jean-Yves |first4=Roussey }}</ref> that early [[language development]] is crucial to educational achievement, employment, independence during [[adulthood]], and [[social relation]]ships.<ref name=pmid23956859>{{cite journal |doi=10.1155/2013/436286 |pmid=23956859 |pmc=3727194 |title=Sensory Response Patterns in Nonverbal Children with ASD |journal=Autism Research and Treatment |volume=2013 |pages=436286 |year=2013 |last1=Patten |first1=Elena |last2=Ausderau |first2=Karla K |last3=Watson |first3=Linda R |last4=Baranek |first4=Grace T |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The most obvious signs of autism, such as atypical social and language development, and restricted or repetitive behaviors and interests, often present themselves between the ages of two and three, and most children with ASD can be [[Diagnosis of autism|diagnosed]] in early childhood as a result.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=[[American Psychiatric Association]] |title=[[DSM-5-TR|Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision]] |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-89042-575-6 |location=Washington, DC |doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 |s2cid=249488050}}</ref>{{Rp|page=63}} Other disorders such as [[epilepsy]], [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]], [[Gastrointestinal disease|gastrointestinal problems]], sleep disorders, [[Major depressive disorder|depression]] and [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety]] often accompany ASD.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|pages=67–68}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Furfaro |first=Hannah |date=2018-07-25 |title=Conditions that accompany autism, explained |url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/conditions-accompany-autism-explained/ |journal=Spectrum |publisher=[[Simons Foundation]] |doi=10.53053/PCFG3602}}</ref>

==Early predictors==
The causes of nonspeaking autism are unknown. However, there appears to be a relationship between [[joint attention]] and [[verbal communication]]. Joint attention occurs between two individuals when one draws the other's attention to an object through gesturing (i.e. [[eye gazing]], pointing).<ref name=pmid21907346>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jcomdis.2011.08.002 |pmid=21907346 |title=The emergence of nonverbal joint attention and requesting skills in young children with autism |journal=Journal of Communication Disorders |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=569–83 |year=2011 |last1=Paparella |first1=Tanya |last2=Goods |first2=Kelly Stickles |last3=Freeman |first3=Stephanny |last4=Kasari |first4=Connie }}</ref> The ability to achieve joint attention at an early age plays a significant role in language development, and studies indicate severe lapses in joint attention in children with autism.<ref name=pmid21907346/> In one study, researchers suggest that a displayed pattern of delays, absences, or a general impaired response to stimuli (hyporesponsiveness) and a fascination with intense or repetitive stimulation ([[sensory seeking]]) is more likely in nonspeaking children with autism, suggesting that both hyporesponsiveness and sensory seeking is related to poor communication outcomes in children with ASD.<ref name=pmid23956859/>

==Potential causes==
===The amygdala theory===
There is a growing body of tentative evidence indicating the [[amygdala]]'s involvement in the development of autism. The {{vanchor|amygdala theory of autism}} focuses on the importance of the amygdala in relation to social functioning and observes that autism is largely a severe impairment of social functioning. The amygdala is thought to be associated with the [[fight or flight response]] in animals and its activity is heavily correlated with fear in humans. Additionally, it has been heavily implicated in relation to social functioning in various animal studies. Evidence suggests an amygdala hyperactivity model may be more accurate than one comparing it to a [[lesion]].<ref name = ":10">{{cite journal |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.63.12.1417 |pmid=17146016 |title=Amygdala Volume and Nonverbal Social Impairment in Adolescent and Adult Males with Autism |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=12 |pages=1417–1428 |year=2006 |last1=Nacewicz |first1=Brendon M |last2=Dalton |first2=Kim M |last3=Johnstone |first3=Tom |last4=Long |first4=Micah T |last5=McAuliff |first5=Emelia M |last6=Oakes |first6=Terrence R |last7=Alexander |first7=Andrew L |last8=Davidson |first8=Richard J |pmc=4767012 }}</ref>

Lesion studies have shown that amygdala damage results in severe social impairment among animal models. Vervet monkey mothers with amygdala lesions were shown to be much less caring with their young neglecting and even abusing them.<ref name=pmid10781695>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00011-7 |pmid=10781695 |title=The amygdala theory of autism |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=355–64 |year=2000 |last1=Baron-Cohen |first1=S |last2=Ring |first2=H.A |last3=Bullmore |first3=E.T |last4=Wheelwright |first4=S |last5=Ashwin |first5=C |last6=Williams |first6=S.C.R |s2cid=7455984 }}</ref> Rats with amygdala ablations become much more docile.<ref name=pmid10781695/> Monkeys with lesions to the anterior [[temporal lobe]] develop a disorder known as [[Klüver–Bucy syndrome]], characterized by loss of fear, hypersexuality, hyperorality, and an inability to recognize visual objects (often, but not always).<ref name=pmid10781695/>

Evidence shows the amygdala accounts for the emotional, oral, and sexual abnormalities listed above.<ref name=pmid10781695/> These abnormalities coincide with several characteristics of the diagnostic guidelines for autism, at least passably for an animal model.

Post-mortem analysis of humans shows an increased neuronal density in the amygdala in autism compared to controls, indicating a potential linkage and supporting the hyperactivity model.<ref name=pmid10781695/>

Several studies presented subjects with ASD photographs of human eyes and had them report the emotional state of the person in the picture. A smaller amygdala was associated with increased response time but not decreased accuracy.<ref name=pmid10781695/> There was also significantly less amygdaloid activation in the brains of those with ASD than controls. Subjects compensated for this lack of amygdaloid activity with increased activation in the [[temporal lobe]], and are associated with verbally labeling images.<ref name = ":10"/> This activity is thought to imply less usage of emotional/[[social cue]]s to identify objects and rather more objective, factually based processing. One may extrapolate from this model that patients with autism may learn that a specific [[facial configuration]] represents an emotional state and what that emotional state implies socially, but they may not come to truly understand how that person feels. This supports a [[theory of mind]] deficit.

Studies conducted specifically on nonspeaking autistic individuals{{which|date=April 2018}} provide similar evidence. Brain studies have shown several amygdaloid impairments among those with ASD. The amygdala in those with nonspeaking autism have less volume compared to controls, contain a higher density of neurons suggesting hyperconnection, and show a negative correlation between amygdala size and impairment severity among subjects.<ref name = ":10"/>

Infantile autism is actually associated with an oversized [[amygdala]], there are developmental theories as to how this may occur. Research on [[major depressive disorder]] has shown that excessive activation such as stress or fear leads to [[allostasis]], or degeneration of the neurons involved in creating the phenomenon. Initial hypertrophy results in [[atrophy]] and reduction of brain size in the given region.<ref name = ":10"/> Over time, this occurs in patients with severe depression, and they develop a decreased amygdala size. Some scientists{{Who|date=April 2018}} theorize that this is happening early during infancy in the autistic brain, accounting for the initial overgrowth and later observed size reduction.<ref name = ":10"/>

When [[eye tracking]] software is employed to record where subjects focus their visual attention on images of human faces, small amygdala volume is associated with decreased [[eye fixation]].<ref name = ":10"/> Eyes are considered to be especially important for establishing human connection and conveying emotion, thus fixation on them is considered to be a crucial part of identifying people and emotions in a social setting.

In addition to a negative correlation to eye fixation studies showed a smaller amygdala was associated with impairment in [[nonverbal communication]] skills as well.<ref name = ":10"/> This suggests that the amygdala is critical in developing all types of communicative abilities, not just verbal. This suggests the amygdala may play a crucial role in relating to other humans in a way that allows for behavioral mimicry.

Among patients with nonspeaking ASD researchers could predict symptom severity based on amygdala activity. Those with the least amygdala activity had the most impaired nonspeaking communication abilities, those with the most activity had the strongest communication abilities.<ref name = ":10"/>

The development of language, similar to the development of most physical skills, relies heavily on mimicry of other humans.<ref name = ":10"/> ASDs are known to impair one's ability to focus on and relate with people possibly as a result of a damaged amygdala. Nonspeaking autistics will often be able to learn more basic communicative skills such as pointing to objects or selecting a picture from a list. These skills are far more simple and do not require the degree of personal connection needed for language development.

It is important to note that these studies must be considered with great caution. [[Cross-sectional studies]] can only suggest so much about the pathology of a disorder. Further study, particular [[longitudinal studies]], are needed to gain a more complete understanding.<ref name = ":10"/> It is also important to recognize that most disorders arise from a complex interworking of the entire brain and restricting a theory to one subsystem would be a mistake, this theory merely suggests how the amygdala may be involved with develop of ASD and provides evidence to support an association.

==Language outcomes==
For nonspeaking grade school children and adolescents with autism, communication systems and interventions have been implemented to enhance language and communication outcomes. [[Speech-generating devices]] such as [[tablet computer]]s use visual displays for children who lack verbal language, giving them the task of selecting [[icon (computing)|icon]]s indicating a request or need.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.rasd.2012.05.005 |title=Teaching advanced operation of an iPod-based speech-generating device to two students with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1258–64 |year=2012 |last1=Achmadi |first1=Donna |last2=Kagohara |first2=Debora M |last3=Van Der Meer |first3=Larah |last4=o'Reilly |first4=Mark F |last5=Lancioni |first5=Giulio E |last6=Sutherland |first6=Dean |last7=Lang |first7=Russell |last8=Marschik |first8=Peter B |last9=Green |first9=Vanessa A |last10=Sigafoos |first10=Jeff }}</ref> For adolescents with nonspeaking autism, interventions can condition them to learn more advanced operations on speech-generating devices that require more steps (i.e. turning on device, scrolling through pages), which would allow them to enhance their communicative abilities independently.<ref name=":3" />

The [[picture exchange system]] (PECS) is a form of spontaneous communication for children with autism in which an individual selects a picture indicating a request.<ref name=pmid24655345>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/1460-6984.12079 |pmid=24655345 |title=Long-term effects of PECS on social-communicative skills of children with autism spectrum disorders: A follow-up study |journal=International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=478–85 |year=2014 |last1=Lerna |first1=Anna |last2=Esposito |first2=Dalila |last3=Conson |first3=Massimiliano |last4=Massagli |first4=Angelo }}</ref> PECS can be utilized in educational settings and at the child's home. [[Longitudinal studies]] suggest PECS can have long-term positive outcomes for school-aged children with nonspeaking autism, specifically their social-communicative skills, such as higher frequencies of joint attention and initiation, and duration of cooperative play,<ref name=pmid24655345/> which are all important roles in improving language outcomes.

It has also been suggested that a significant stage in acquiring verbal language is learning how to identify and reproduce [[syllables]] of words. One study found that nonspeaking and minimally speaking children with autism are capable of enhancing their oral production and vocalizing written words by isolating each syllable of a word one at a time.<ref name=":1" /> The process of breaking down a syllable at a time and having it visually displayed and audibly available to the child can prompt him or her to imitate and create nonrandom and meaningful utterances.<ref name=":1" />

Most of these studies contain small sample sizes and were [[pilot studies]], making additional research significant to assess whether these findings can be generalized to all age groups of the same population. Furthermore, most studies on nonspeaking autism and [[speech-generating device]] communication were based on more basic skills, such as naming pictures and making requests for stimuli, while studies in advanced communication are limited.<ref name=pmid22940168>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.027 |pmid=22940168 |title=Using iPods® and iPads® in teaching programs for individuals with developmental disabilities: A systematic review |journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=147–56 |year=2013 |last1=Kagohara |first1=Debora M |last2=Van Der Meer |first2=Larah |last3=Ramdoss |first3=Sathiyaprakash |last4=O'Reilly |first4=Mark F |last5=Lancioni |first5=Giulio E |last6=Davis |first6=Tonya N |last7=Rispoli |first7=Mandy |last8=Lang |first8=Russell |last9=Marschik |first9=Peter B |last10=Sutherland |first10=Dean |last11=Green |first11=Vanessa A |last12=Sigafoos |first12=Jeff }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Facilitated communication]]: an [[Augmentative and alternative communication|AAC]] controversial communication technique which purports is to help non-verbal people communicate
* [[Low-functioning autism]]: verbal abilities may be lacking
* [[Language delay]] and [[speech delay]]
* [[Late talker]]s: sometimes mistaken as nonverbal autistics
* [[Nonverbal communication]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Autism spectrum}}
[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Muteness]]

Hyperlexia

2023-07-30T11:24:43Z

TempusTacet: /* Acquisition */ speculative hypotheses based on a single case study fails WP:MEDRS

{{short description|Significantly advanced reading ability in children}}
{{Reading}}
[[File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - The Difficult Lesson (1884).jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]], ''The Difficult Lesson'' (1884)]]
'''Hyperlexia''' is a [[syndrome]] characterized by a [[child]]'s [[wiktionary:precocious|precocious]] [[Literacy|ability to read]]. It was initially identified by [[Norman E.|Norman E. Silberberg]] and [[Margaret C. Silberberg]] (1967), who defined it as the precocious ability to read words without prior training in learning to read, typically before the age of five. They indicated that children with hyperlexia have a significantly higher word-decoding ability than their [[reading comprehension]] levels.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Richman|first=Lynn, C.|author2=Wood, K.M.|title=Learning disability subtypes: classification of high functioning hyperlexia|journal=Brain and Language|year=2002|volume=82|issue=1|pages=10–21|doi=10.1016/S0093-934X(02)00007-X|pmid=12174811|s2cid=23218407|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f4c99948e19f04d69a7f697605842d5caeb1accd}}</ref> Children with hyperlexia also present with an intense fascination for written material at a very early age.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Hyperlexia: Systematic review, neurocognitive modelling, and outcome|last=Ostrolenk|first=Alexia|date=May 2017|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.029|pmid=28478182|volume=79|journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews|pages=134–149|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Hyperlexic children are characterized by word-reading ability well above what would be expected given their age.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Newman|first1=Tina M.|last2=Macomber|first2=Donna|last3=Naples|first3=Adam J.|last4=Babitz|first4=Tammy|last5=Volkmar|first5=Fred|last6=Grigorenko|first6=Elena L.|title=Hyperlexia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders|journal=[[Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders]]|date=19 September 2006|volume=37|issue=4|pages=760–774|doi=10.1007/s10803-006-0206-y|url=http://www.yale.edu/eglab/pdf/NewmanEtAl.pdf|access-date=12 February 2016|pmid=17048093|s2cid=23401685|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421074905/http://www.yale.edu/eglab/pdf/NewmanEtAl.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2015}}</ref> First named and scientifically described in 1967 (Silverberg and Silverberg), it can be viewed as a [[superability]] in which word recognition ability goes far above expected levels of skill.<ref name="Grigorenko">{{cite journal|last1=Grigorenko|first1=Elena L.|last2=Klin|first2=Ami|last3=Volkmar|first3=Fred|title=Annotation: Hyperlexia: disability or superability?|journal=[[Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry]]|date=November 2003|volume=44|issue=8|pages=1079–1091|doi=10.1111/1469-7610.00193|pmid=14626452|citeseerx=10.1.1.456.6283}}</ref> Some hyperlexics, however, have trouble understanding speech.<ref name=Grigorenko/> Some experts believe that most children with hyperlexia, or perhaps even all of them, lie on the [[autism spectrum]].<ref name=Grigorenko/><ref name=":0" /> However, one expert, [[Darold Treffert]], proposes that hyperlexia has subtypes, only some of which overlap with [[autism]].<ref name="Hyperlexia Types">{{cite web|last1=Treffert |first1=Darold A. |title=Hyperlexia: Reading Precociousness or Savant Skill? Distinguishing autistic-like behaviors from Autistic Disorder |url=https://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/professional/savant-syndrome/resources/articles/hyperlexia-reading-precociousness-or-savant-skill/ |website=[[Wisconsin Medical Society]] |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823211138/https://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/professional/savant-syndrome/resources/articles/hyperlexia-reading-precociousness-or-savant-skill/ |archive-date=23 August 2015 |date=2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Treffert|first1=Darold A.|title=Hyperlexia III: Separating 'Autistic-like' Behaviors from Autistic Disorder; Assessing Children who Read Early or Speak Late|journal=[[WMJ]]|date=December 2011|volume=110|issue=6|pages=281–287|pmid=22324205|url=https://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/_WMS/publications/wmj/pdf/110/6/281.pdf|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709095824/https://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/_WMS/publications/wmj/pdf/110/6/281.pdf|archive-date=9 July 2019}}</ref> Between five and twenty percent of autistic children have been estimated to be hyperlexic.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Burd|first1=Larry|last2=Kerbeshian|first2=Jacob|title=Hyperlexia and a variant of hypergraphia.|journal=[[Perceptual and Motor Skills]]|date=June 1985|volume=60|issue=3|pages=940–2|doi=10.2466/pms.1985.60.3.940|pmid=3927257|s2cid=6158584}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grigorenko|first1=Elena L.|last2=Klin|first2=Ami|last3=Pauls|first3=David L.|last4=Senft|first4=Riley|last5=Hooper|first5=Catalina|last6=Volkmar|first6=Fred|date=2002-02-01|title=A Descriptive Study of Hyperlexia in a Clinically Referred Sample of Children with Developmental Delays|journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=3–12|doi=10.1023/A:1017995805511|pmid=11916330|s2cid=20220209|issn=0162-3257|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6684558700d049a1bc8a9dae28e130f3dd7e6ec0}}</ref>

Hyperlexic children are often fascinated by [[letter (alphabet)|letter]]s or [[number]]s. They are extremely good at decoding language and thus often become very early readers. Some English-speaking hyperlexic children learn to spell long words (such as ''[[elephant]]'') before they are two years old and learn to read whole sentences before they turn three.

== Etymology==
The word hyperlexia is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] terms {{Lang|grc-latn|hyper}} 'over, beyond, overmuch, above measure'<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.etymonline.com/word/hyper- |title=hyper- |last=Harper |first=Douglas |website=Etymonline |access-date=2020-05-25 }}</ref> and {{Lang|grc-latn|lexis}} 'word'.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.etymonline.com/word/dyslexia |title=dyslexia |last=Harper |first=Douglas |website=Etymonline |access-date=2020-05-25 }}</ref>

==Development==
{{Refimprovesection|date=September 2021}}
Although hyperlexic children usually learn to read in a non-communicative way, several studies have shown that they can acquire reading comprehension and communicative language after the onset of hyperlexia.<ref name=":0" /> They follow a different developmental trajectory relative to neurotypical individuals, with milestones being acquired in a different order. Despite hyperlexic children's precocious reading ability, they may struggle to [[communicate]]. Often, hyperlexic children will have a precocious ability to read but will learn to speak only by [[rote learning|rote]] and heavy repetition, and may also have difficulty learning the [[rules of language]] from examples or from [[trial and error]], which may result in social problems. Their language may develop using [[echolalia]], often repeating words and sentences. Often, the child has a large [[vocabulary]] and can identify many objects and pictures, but cannot put their language skills to good use. Spontaneous language is lacking and their [[Pragmatics|pragmatic speech]] is [[Language delay|delayed]]. Hyperlexic children often struggle with [[Five Ws|Who? What? Where? Why? and How? questions]]. Between the ages of four and five years old, many children make great strides in communicating.

The [[social skills]] of a child with hyperlexia often lag tremendously. Hyperlexic children often have far less interest in playing with other children than do their peers.

==Types of hyperlexia==

In one paper, [[Darold Treffert]] proposes three types of hyperlexia.<ref name="Hyperlexia Types"/> Specifically:
*Type 1: [[Neurotypical]] children who are very early readers.
*Type 2: Autistic children who demonstrate very early reading as a [[splinter skill]].
*Type 3: Very early readers who are not on the autism spectrum, though they exhibit some "autistic-like" traits and behaviours which gradually fade as the child gets older.

A different paper by [[Rebecca Williamson Brown]], [[Doctor of Optometry|OD]] proposes only two types of hyperlexia.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Rebecca Williamson|title=Hyperlexia: Related to Vision and Language Problems|url=http://www.nldline.com/hyperlexia.htm|website=NLDline|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=28 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228003317/http://www.nldline.com/hyperlexia.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> These are:
*Type 1: Hyperlexia marked by an accompanying language disorder.
*Type 2: Hyperlexia marked by an accompanying [[visual-spatial learning disorder]].

==Non-English studies==

In studies in [[Cantonese]] and [[Korean language|Korean]], subjects were able to read non-words in their native [[orthography]] without a delay relative to the speed with which they read real words in their native orthography. There is a delay noted with [[English orthography#Spelling irregularities|exception words]] in [[English language|English]], including the examples ''chaos'', ''unique'', and ''enough''. These studies also illustrate difficulties in understanding what it is that they are reading. The findings suggest that non-hyperlexic readers rely more heavily on word [[semantics]] in order to make inferences about word meaning.<ref name="HyperK">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sung Hee|last2=Hwang|first2=Mina|title=Word and nonword processing without meaning support in Korean-speaking children with and without hyperlexia|journal=[[Reading and Writing]]|date=1 August 2014|volume=28|issue=2|pages=217–238|doi=10.1007/s11145-014-9522-3|s2cid=143655030|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4fe2e06c552deb7003bffacddbda86862683bac0}}</ref><ref name="HyperC">{{cite journal|last1=Wong|first1=W.|last2=Weekes|first2=B.|last3=Iao|first3=L.|last4=To|first4=K.|last5=Su|first5=I.|title=Is Reading Aloud Semantically Mediated in Chinese Hyperlexia?|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences|date=October 2013|volume=94|pages=153–154|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.09.075|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Cantonese study distinguish [[homograph]]s and determine the readings for rarely used characters. In this study, the subject also made errors of [[phonetic analogy]] and regularization of sound. The authors of the study suggest that the two-routes model for reading Chinese characters may be in effect for hyperlexics. The two-routes model describes understanding of Chinese characters in a purely phonetic sense and the understanding of Chinese characters in a semantic sense.<ref name="HyperC" />

The semantics deficit is also illustrated in the study of Korean hyperlexics through a priming experiment. Non-hyperlexic children read words primed with a related image faster than non-primed words while hyperlexics read them at the same pace. Lee Sunghee and Hwang Mina, the authors of the Korean study, also found that hyperlexics have fewer errors in non-word reading than non-hyperlexics. They suggest that this may be because of an imbalance in the [[phonological]], [[orthographical]], and semantic understandings of the subjects’ native language and writing system, in this case, [[Hangul]]. This combination of the parts of linguistics is known as [[connectionist theory]], in which non-words are distinguished from words by differences in interaction between phonology, orthography, and semantics.<ref name="HyperK" />

In the Lee and Hwang study, the subjects scored lower on general language test and vocabulary tests than the average for their age groups. Literacy education in [[South Korea]] involves teaching students entire words, rather than starting with the relationship between phonemes and letters in Hangul, despite evidence that letter name knowledge is useful for learning to read words that have not been taught. The results suggest that hyperlexics are able to obtain the relations between letters (or the smallest unit of the writing system) and their phonemes without knowing the names.<ref name="HyperK" /><ref name="Klit">{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Young-Suk|title=The foundation of literacy skills in Korean: the relationship between letter-name knowledge and phonological awareness and their relative contribution to literacy skills|journal=Reading and Writing|date=29 June 2008|volume=22|issue=8|pages=907–931|doi=10.1007/s11145-008-9131-0|s2cid=146180409|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3c095349af9783e706ccee3d41559369ca4a70c1}}</ref>

[[Reading comprehension|Comprehension]] difficulties can also be a result of hyperlexia. Semantics and comprehension both have ties to meaning. Semantics relates to the meaning of a certain word while comprehension is the understanding of a longer text. In both studies, interpretation-based and meaning-based tests proved difficult for the hyperlexic subjects. In the Weeks study, the subject was unable to identify characters based on the logographic aspect of the writing system, and in the Lee and Hwang study, priming was ineffective in decreasing reading times for hyperlexics.<ref name="HyperK" /><ref name="HyperC" /><ref name="Klit" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Gilman|first1=Priscilla|title=The Anti-Romantic Child: A Memoir of Unexpected Joy|date=2012|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0061690280}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Newman |first1=TM |last2=Macomber |first2=D |last3=Naples |first3=AJ |last4=Babitz |first4=T |last5=Volkmar |first5=F |last6=Grigorenko |first6=EL |title=Hyperlexia in children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |date=April 2007 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=760–74 |doi=10.1007/s10803-006-0206-y |pmid=17048093|s2cid=23401685 |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9683b191245a04fe7bcb045a79ad0ce13de8bd37 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lamônica|first1=DA|last2=Gejão|first2=MG|last3=Prado|first3=LM|last4=Ferreira|first4=AT|title=Reading skills in children diagnosed with hyperlexia: case reports|journal=Codas|date=2013|volume=25|issue=4|pages=391–5|pmid=24408490|doi=10.1590/S2317-17822013000400016|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite news|last1=Treffert|first1=Darold|title=Oops! When "Autism" Isn't Autistic Disorder: Hyperlexia and Einstein Syndrome|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/oops-when-autism-isnt-autistic-disorder-hyperlexia-and-einstein-syndrome/|access-date=December 6, 2017|publisher=[[Scientific American Mind]]|date=July 8, 2013}}

{{Wiktionary}}
{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}
{{Autism resources}}

[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood]]
[[Category:Learning to read]]
[[Category:Reading (process)|*Hyper]]
[[Category:Speech and language pathology]]

Hyperlexia

2023-07-30T11:23:34Z

TempusTacet: remove dubious & unsourced statement regarding special interests. remove double whitespaces.

{{short description|Significantly advanced reading ability in children}}
{{Reading}}
[[File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - The Difficult Lesson (1884).jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]], ''The Difficult Lesson'' (1884)]]
'''Hyperlexia''' is a [[syndrome]] characterized by a [[child]]'s [[wiktionary:precocious|precocious]] [[Literacy|ability to read]]. It was initially identified by [[Norman E.|Norman E. Silberberg]] and [[Margaret C. Silberberg]] (1967), who defined it as the precocious ability to read words without prior training in learning to read, typically before the age of five. They indicated that children with hyperlexia have a significantly higher word-decoding ability than their [[reading comprehension]] levels.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Richman|first=Lynn, C.|author2=Wood, K.M.|title=Learning disability subtypes: classification of high functioning hyperlexia|journal=Brain and Language|year=2002|volume=82|issue=1|pages=10–21|doi=10.1016/S0093-934X(02)00007-X|pmid=12174811|s2cid=23218407|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f4c99948e19f04d69a7f697605842d5caeb1accd}}</ref> Children with hyperlexia also present with an intense fascination for written material at a very early age.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Hyperlexia: Systematic review, neurocognitive modelling, and outcome|last=Ostrolenk|first=Alexia|date=May 2017|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.029|pmid=28478182|volume=79|journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews|pages=134–149|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Hyperlexic children are characterized by word-reading ability well above what would be expected given their age.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Newman|first1=Tina M.|last2=Macomber|first2=Donna|last3=Naples|first3=Adam J.|last4=Babitz|first4=Tammy|last5=Volkmar|first5=Fred|last6=Grigorenko|first6=Elena L.|title=Hyperlexia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders|journal=[[Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders]]|date=19 September 2006|volume=37|issue=4|pages=760–774|doi=10.1007/s10803-006-0206-y|url=http://www.yale.edu/eglab/pdf/NewmanEtAl.pdf|access-date=12 February 2016|pmid=17048093|s2cid=23401685|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421074905/http://www.yale.edu/eglab/pdf/NewmanEtAl.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2015}}</ref> First named and scientifically described in 1967 (Silverberg and Silverberg), it can be viewed as a [[superability]] in which word recognition ability goes far above expected levels of skill.<ref name="Grigorenko">{{cite journal|last1=Grigorenko|first1=Elena L.|last2=Klin|first2=Ami|last3=Volkmar|first3=Fred|title=Annotation: Hyperlexia: disability or superability?|journal=[[Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry]]|date=November 2003|volume=44|issue=8|pages=1079–1091|doi=10.1111/1469-7610.00193|pmid=14626452|citeseerx=10.1.1.456.6283}}</ref> Some hyperlexics, however, have trouble understanding speech.<ref name=Grigorenko/> Some experts believe that most children with hyperlexia, or perhaps even all of them, lie on the [[autism spectrum]].<ref name=Grigorenko/><ref name=":0" /> However, one expert, [[Darold Treffert]], proposes that hyperlexia has subtypes, only some of which overlap with [[autism]].<ref name="Hyperlexia Types">{{cite web|last1=Treffert |first1=Darold A. |title=Hyperlexia: Reading Precociousness or Savant Skill? Distinguishing autistic-like behaviors from Autistic Disorder |url=https://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/professional/savant-syndrome/resources/articles/hyperlexia-reading-precociousness-or-savant-skill/ |website=[[Wisconsin Medical Society]] |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823211138/https://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/professional/savant-syndrome/resources/articles/hyperlexia-reading-precociousness-or-savant-skill/ |archive-date=23 August 2015 |date=2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Treffert|first1=Darold A.|title=Hyperlexia III: Separating 'Autistic-like' Behaviors from Autistic Disorder; Assessing Children who Read Early or Speak Late|journal=[[WMJ]]|date=December 2011|volume=110|issue=6|pages=281–287|pmid=22324205|url=https://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/_WMS/publications/wmj/pdf/110/6/281.pdf|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709095824/https://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/_WMS/publications/wmj/pdf/110/6/281.pdf|archive-date=9 July 2019}}</ref> Between five and twenty percent of autistic children have been estimated to be hyperlexic.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Burd|first1=Larry|last2=Kerbeshian|first2=Jacob|title=Hyperlexia and a variant of hypergraphia.|journal=[[Perceptual and Motor Skills]]|date=June 1985|volume=60|issue=3|pages=940–2|doi=10.2466/pms.1985.60.3.940|pmid=3927257|s2cid=6158584}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grigorenko|first1=Elena L.|last2=Klin|first2=Ami|last3=Pauls|first3=David L.|last4=Senft|first4=Riley|last5=Hooper|first5=Catalina|last6=Volkmar|first6=Fred|date=2002-02-01|title=A Descriptive Study of Hyperlexia in a Clinically Referred Sample of Children with Developmental Delays|journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=3–12|doi=10.1023/A:1017995805511|pmid=11916330|s2cid=20220209|issn=0162-3257|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6684558700d049a1bc8a9dae28e130f3dd7e6ec0}}</ref>

Hyperlexic children are often fascinated by [[letter (alphabet)|letter]]s or [[number]]s. They are extremely good at decoding language and thus often become very early readers. Some English-speaking hyperlexic children learn to spell long words (such as ''[[elephant]]'') before they are two years old and learn to read whole sentences before they turn three.

== Etymology==
The word hyperlexia is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] terms {{Lang|grc-latn|hyper}} 'over, beyond, overmuch, above measure'<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.etymonline.com/word/hyper- |title=hyper- |last=Harper |first=Douglas |website=Etymonline |access-date=2020-05-25 }}</ref> and {{Lang|grc-latn|lexis}} 'word'.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.etymonline.com/word/dyslexia |title=dyslexia |last=Harper |first=Douglas |website=Etymonline |access-date=2020-05-25 }}</ref>

==Development==
{{Refimprovesection|date=September 2021}}
Although hyperlexic children usually learn to read in a non-communicative way, several studies have shown that they can acquire reading comprehension and communicative language after the onset of hyperlexia.<ref name=":0" /> They follow a different developmental trajectory relative to neurotypical individuals, with milestones being acquired in a different order. Despite hyperlexic children's precocious reading ability, they may struggle to [[communicate]]. Often, hyperlexic children will have a precocious ability to read but will learn to speak only by [[rote learning|rote]] and heavy repetition, and may also have difficulty learning the [[rules of language]] from examples or from [[trial and error]], which may result in social problems. Their language may develop using [[echolalia]], often repeating words and sentences. Often, the child has a large [[vocabulary]] and can identify many objects and pictures, but cannot put their language skills to good use. Spontaneous language is lacking and their [[Pragmatics|pragmatic speech]] is [[Language delay|delayed]]. Hyperlexic children often struggle with [[Five Ws|Who? What? Where? Why? and How? questions]]. Between the ages of four and five years old, many children make great strides in communicating.

The [[social skills]] of a child with hyperlexia often lag tremendously. Hyperlexic children often have far less interest in playing with other children than do their peers.

==Types of hyperlexia==

In one paper, [[Darold Treffert]] proposes three types of hyperlexia.<ref name="Hyperlexia Types"/> Specifically:
*Type 1: [[Neurotypical]] children who are very early readers.
*Type 2: Autistic children who demonstrate very early reading as a [[splinter skill]].
*Type 3: Very early readers who are not on the autism spectrum, though they exhibit some "autistic-like" traits and behaviours which gradually fade as the child gets older.

A different paper by [[Rebecca Williamson Brown]], [[Doctor of Optometry|OD]] proposes only two types of hyperlexia.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Rebecca Williamson|title=Hyperlexia: Related to Vision and Language Problems|url=http://www.nldline.com/hyperlexia.htm|website=NLDline|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=28 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228003317/http://www.nldline.com/hyperlexia.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> These are:
*Type 1: Hyperlexia marked by an accompanying language disorder.
*Type 2: Hyperlexia marked by an accompanying [[visual-spatial learning disorder]].

==Non-English studies==

In studies in [[Cantonese]] and [[Korean language|Korean]], subjects were able to read non-words in their native [[orthography]] without a delay relative to the speed with which they read real words in their native orthography. There is a delay noted with [[English orthography#Spelling irregularities|exception words]] in [[English language|English]], including the examples ''chaos'', ''unique'', and ''enough''. These studies also illustrate difficulties in understanding what it is that they are reading. The findings suggest that non-hyperlexic readers rely more heavily on word [[semantics]] in order to make inferences about word meaning.<ref name="HyperK">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sung Hee|last2=Hwang|first2=Mina|title=Word and nonword processing without meaning support in Korean-speaking children with and without hyperlexia|journal=[[Reading and Writing]]|date=1 August 2014|volume=28|issue=2|pages=217–238|doi=10.1007/s11145-014-9522-3|s2cid=143655030|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4fe2e06c552deb7003bffacddbda86862683bac0}}</ref><ref name="HyperC">{{cite journal|last1=Wong|first1=W.|last2=Weekes|first2=B.|last3=Iao|first3=L.|last4=To|first4=K.|last5=Su|first5=I.|title=Is Reading Aloud Semantically Mediated in Chinese Hyperlexia?|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences|date=October 2013|volume=94|pages=153–154|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.09.075|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Cantonese study distinguish [[homograph]]s and determine the readings for rarely used characters. In this study, the subject also made errors of [[phonetic analogy]] and regularization of sound. The authors of the study suggest that the two-routes model for reading Chinese characters may be in effect for hyperlexics. The two-routes model describes understanding of Chinese characters in a purely phonetic sense and the understanding of Chinese characters in a semantic sense.<ref name="HyperC" />

The semantics deficit is also illustrated in the study of Korean hyperlexics through a priming experiment. Non-hyperlexic children read words primed with a related image faster than non-primed words while hyperlexics read them at the same pace. Lee Sunghee and Hwang Mina, the authors of the Korean study, also found that hyperlexics have fewer errors in non-word reading than non-hyperlexics. They suggest that this may be because of an imbalance in the [[phonological]], [[orthographical]], and semantic understandings of the subjects’ native language and writing system, in this case, [[Hangul]]. This combination of the parts of linguistics is known as [[connectionist theory]], in which non-words are distinguished from words by differences in interaction between phonology, orthography, and semantics.<ref name="HyperK" />

In the Lee and Hwang study, the subjects scored lower on general language test and vocabulary tests than the average for their age groups. Literacy education in [[South Korea]] involves teaching students entire words, rather than starting with the relationship between phonemes and letters in Hangul, despite evidence that letter name knowledge is useful for learning to read words that have not been taught. The results suggest that hyperlexics are able to obtain the relations between letters (or the smallest unit of the writing system) and their phonemes without knowing the names.<ref name="HyperK" /><ref name="Klit">{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Young-Suk|title=The foundation of literacy skills in Korean: the relationship between letter-name knowledge and phonological awareness and their relative contribution to literacy skills|journal=Reading and Writing|date=29 June 2008|volume=22|issue=8|pages=907–931|doi=10.1007/s11145-008-9131-0|s2cid=146180409|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3c095349af9783e706ccee3d41559369ca4a70c1}}</ref>

[[Reading comprehension|Comprehension]] difficulties can also be a result of hyperlexia. Semantics and comprehension both have ties to meaning. Semantics relates to the meaning of a certain word while comprehension is the understanding of a longer text. In both studies, interpretation-based and meaning-based tests proved difficult for the hyperlexic subjects. In the Weeks study, the subject was unable to identify characters based on the logographic aspect of the writing system, and in the Lee and Hwang study, priming was ineffective in decreasing reading times for hyperlexics.<ref name="HyperK" /><ref name="HyperC" /><ref name="Klit" />

==Acquisition==
Although it is generally associated with autism, a 69-year-old woman appears to have been made hyperlexic because of a "[[cerebral infarction]] in the left anterior [[cingulate cortex]] and [[corpus callosum]]".<ref name="Suzuki">{{cite journal|last1=Suzuki|first1=T|last2=Itoh|first2=S|last3=Hayashi|first3=M|last4=Kouno|first4=M|last5=Takeda|first5=K|title=Hyperlexia and ambient echolalia in a case of cerebral infarction of the left anterior cingulate cortex and corpus callosum.|journal=[[Neurocase]]|date=October 2009|volume=15|issue=5|pages=384–9|pmid=19585352|doi=10.1080/13554790902842037|s2cid=40527124}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Gilman|first1=Priscilla|title=The Anti-Romantic Child: A Memoir of Unexpected Joy|date=2012|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0061690280}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Newman |first1=TM |last2=Macomber |first2=D |last3=Naples |first3=AJ |last4=Babitz |first4=T |last5=Volkmar |first5=F |last6=Grigorenko |first6=EL |title=Hyperlexia in children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |date=April 2007 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=760–74 |doi=10.1007/s10803-006-0206-y |pmid=17048093|s2cid=23401685 |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9683b191245a04fe7bcb045a79ad0ce13de8bd37 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lamônica|first1=DA|last2=Gejão|first2=MG|last3=Prado|first3=LM|last4=Ferreira|first4=AT|title=Reading skills in children diagnosed with hyperlexia: case reports|journal=Codas|date=2013|volume=25|issue=4|pages=391–5|pmid=24408490|doi=10.1590/S2317-17822013000400016|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite news|last1=Treffert|first1=Darold|title=Oops! When "Autism" Isn't Autistic Disorder: Hyperlexia and Einstein Syndrome|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/oops-when-autism-isnt-autistic-disorder-hyperlexia-and-einstein-syndrome/|access-date=December 6, 2017|publisher=[[Scientific American Mind]]|date=July 8, 2013}}

{{Wiktionary}}
{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}
{{Autism resources}}

[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood]]
[[Category:Learning to read]]
[[Category:Reading (process)|*Hyper]]
[[Category:Speech and language pathology]]

Hans Asperger

2023-07-30T11:18:54Z

TempusTacet: remove "history of autism category" (does not contain any other autism researcher) & remove "austrian nazis" (claim not reflected in the article's text)

{{short description|Austrian pediatrician, medical theorist, and medical professor}}

{{Use American English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox medical person
| name = Hans Asperger {{anchor|photo}}
| image = Hans Asperger portrait ca 1940.png
| alt =
| caption = Asperger in the 1940s
| birth_date = {{birth date|1906|2|18|df=y}}
| birth_name = Johann Friedrich Karl Asperger
| birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1980|10|21|1906|2|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Vienna]], Austria
| education = [[University of Vienna]]
| known_for = Writing on "autistic psychopathy" [[Eponym]] of [[Asperger syndrome]]
| profession = [[Physician]]
| work_institutions = University Children's Hospital, Vienna
| specialism = [[Pediatrics]]
| research_field = [[Autism]]
}}

'''Johann Friedrich Karl Asperger''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|s|p|ɜːr|g|ər}}, {{IPA-de|hans ˈʔaspɛɐ̯ɡɐ|lang}}; 18 February 1906 – 21 October 1980{{sfn|Bohnenberger|}}) was an Austrian psychiatrist. He is remembered for his pioneering studies of autism, specifically in children. His name was given to [[Asperger syndrome]], a form of autism defined in 1981 by [[Lorna Wing]], which in 1994 was included as a diagnosis in the [[DSM-IV]] and [[ICD-10]]. He wrote more than 300 publications on psychological disorders that posthumously acquired international renown in the 1980s. He had previously termed the diagnosis, "autistic psychopathy", which garnered controversy. Further controversy arose during the late 2010s over allegations that Asperger referred children to a [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] clinic responsible for murdering disabled patients.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=29}}{{sfn|Falk|2020|pp=2573-2584}}{{sfn|Sher|2020}}

His role in Austria annexed by the Nazis remained unknown for a long time, until the study of archival documents. These show that Hans Asperger, who worked under the direction of his friend Franz Hamburger, collaborated with the [[Government of Nazi Germany]], benefited from career advancement due to the flight of Jewish doctors, and participated in the selection of children sent to [[Am Spiegelgrund clinic]], where some of them were murdered.

==Biography==
Hans Asperger was born in ''Neustiftgasse'' in the [[Neubau|7th district]] of [[Vienna]], Austria, on 18 February 1906,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1906 |title=Taufbuch - 01-73 {{!}} 07., Altlerchenfeld {{!}} Wien/Niederösterreich (Osten): Rk. Erzdiözese Wien {{!}} Österreich {{!}} Matricula Online |url=https://data.matricula-online.eu/de/oesterreich/wien/07-altlerchenfeld/01-73/?pg=19 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=data.matricula-online.eu}}</ref> and was raised on a farm in [[Hausbrunn]] not far from the city.{{sfn|Bohnenberger|}} The eldest of three sons, his younger brother died shortly after birth.{{sfn|Silberman|2016|p=106}}{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=34}} As a youth, he joined the Wandering Scholars of the Bund Neuland{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=5}}{{sfn|Czech|2019|pp=6-10}}(in the group of ''Fahrende Scholaren'', which organized outdoor activities such as hiking and mountaineering).{{sfn|Just|Pelphrey|2013|p=14}} "Founded in 1921, the Austria-based Bund was a split-off from the Christian-German Student Union (CDSB) but stressed its affinities with the [[German Youth Movement]] (...) which Asperger cited in 1974 as a guiding principle in his life".{{Sfn|Czech|2021|p=3}} He later stated that "[he] was moulded by the spirit of the German youth movement, which was one of the noblest blossoms of the German spirit".{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=26-27}} This movement maintained close links with the [[Hitler Youth]] from the 1930s onwards.{{sfn|Czech|2018}}

Hans Asperger was described as "cold and distant ".{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=35}} He collected over 10,000 books in his personal library during his lifetime.{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=34}} He attributed his "progressive spiritual maturity" to his reading.{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=34}} His former colleagues at the pediatric clinic in Vienna testified that he often quoted classical authors, poets or the Bible.{{sfn|Just|Pelphrey|2013|p=14}}

According to his daughter Maria Asperger-Felder, the two events that most affected Hans Asperger between 1931 and 1945 were, on the one hand, the development of curative education (Heilpädagogik), and on the other hand, the confrontation with the ideology of National Socialism.{{sfn|Just|Pelphrey|2013|p=15}}

=== Family ===
Hans Asperger married Hanna Kalmon in 1935,{{sfn|Turkington|Anan|p=9|2007}} whom he met during a mountain hike, and with whom he had five children; four daughters and a son:{{sfn|Sheffer|2020|p=34-35}}{{sfn|Just|Pelphrey|2013|pp=14-16}} Gertrud (born 1936), Hans (born 1938), Hedwig (born 1940), Maria (born 1946) and Brigitte (born 1948).{{sfn|Lechner|2020|p=S201}} In 1961, Gertrud Asperger completed her doctorate at Innsbruck.{{sfn|Lechner|2020|pp=197-203}} Another daughter, Maria Asperger Felder, became a renowned child psychiatrist.{{sfn|Just|Pelphrey|2013|pp=14-16}}{{sfn|Lechner|2020|pp=197-203}} Hans Asperger and his daughter were also "socially well-connected".{{sfn|Lechner|2020|p=S202}}

=== Religion ===
Hans Asperger was a devout Christian, a practicing Catholic {{sfn|Czech|2018|p=5}},{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=22}} but without the political tendencies generally associated with Catholicism at the time.{{sfn|Czech|2020|p=S166}} His faith was initially considered a disadvantage in his evaluation after the Anschluss.{{sfn|Czech|2018|pp=8-9}} He was a member of the Sankt-Lukas Guild, which, according to Sheffer and Czech, "advocated for Catholic eugenics," {{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=61}} including support for positive eugenics (the multiplication of individuals considered desirable) rather than negative eugenics.{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=61}}{{sfn|Czech|2020|p=S164}}

===Education===
Hans Asperger claimed to have discovered his future vocation as a doctor by dissecting the liver of a mouse during his final year of high school.{{Sfn|Just|Pelphrey|p=14|2013}} He passed his secondary school final examination on 20 May 1925, with distinction and the grade of "very good" in all subjects.{{Sfn|Brezinka|1997|p=400}}

According to his daughter, from 1916 to 1928, he followed an education oriented towards [[humanism]], learning western philosophy, [[Latin]] and ancient [[Greek language|Greek]].{{sfn|Just|Pelphrey|2013|pp=14-16}} Asperger studied medicine at the [[University of Vienna]] under [[Franz Hamburger]] and practiced at the University Children's Hospital in Vienna.{{Sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=36}} Asperger earned his medical degree in 1931 and became director of the [[special education]] section at the university's children's clinic in Vienna in 1932.{{sfn|Bohnenberger|}} He joined the [[Austrofascism|Austrofascist]] [[Fatherland Front (Austria)|Fatherland Front]] on 10 May 1934, nine days after [[Chancellor of Austria|Chancellor]] [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] passed a new constitution making himself dictator. {{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=46}}

== Career ==

=== Early career (1930-1938) ===
According to Czech, "with the appointment of Hamburger as president in 1930, the Vienna pediatric clinic{{Which|date=December 2022}} became a beacon of anti-Jewish policy, long before the Nazi takeover"{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=5}}

After the death of [[Clemens von Pirquet]] in 1929, [[Franz Hamburger]] expelled the [[Jews|Jewish]] doctors from the clinic{{Which|date=December 2022}}, and also tried to remove the women.{{sfn|Czech|2020|pp=163-175}}{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=5}} Hans Asperger thus obtained his first post in May 1931, thanks to the "purge" of Jewish doctors,{{sfn|Rubinsztein|2019|p=176}}{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=5}}{{sfn|Sheffer|2020}} as Hamburger's assistant at the University Paediatric Clinic in Vienna.{{sfn|Sheffer|2020}} He then worked for different departments.{{sfn|Just|Pelphrey|pp=14-16|2013}} Czech points out the changes in leadership: "The political orientation of Hamburger's assistants is illustrated by the fact that among those who obtained the highest academic qualification (habilitation), all, with the exception of Hans Asperger, were rejected in 1945 as Nazis".{{sfn|Hubenstorf|2002|p=320}} Under the influence of Franz Chvostek junior, the Vienna clinic became a "hotbed of [[Pan-German Party|pan-Germanist]] and Nazi agitation".{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=5}}

When Erwin Lazar, the head of the curative pedagogy department died in 1932,{{sfn|Turkington|Anan|p=9|2007}}{{sfn|Sheffer|2020}}{{sfn|Brezinka|1997|pp=395-420}} Hans Asperger took over in May 1934{{sfn|Sheffer|2020}} or 1935,{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=5}} as head of the department of ''Heilpädagogik'' (or: ''Heilpädagogische'' curative pedagogy) at the pediatric clinic in Vienna. He joined an experienced team, consisting of psychiatrist {{ill|Georg Frankl|de}} (who was Jewish), psychologist Josef Feldner and a nun, Sister Viktorine Zak.
{{sfn|Silberman|2016|pp=86-87}} Asperger's very rapid rise to head of the pediatric ward, despite his few publications and the existence of more qualified candidates, was facilitated by the anti-Jewish policy.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=5}} The team also included, from August 1933 to February 1936, a young doctor specializing in gastrointestinal disorders, Erwin Jekelius, who later became a major architect of the Nazi extermination.{{sfn|Silberman|2016|p=26-27}}{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=5}} The pedagogy employed in ''Heilpädagogik'' was inspired by Erwin Lazar, the founder of the clinic;{{sfn|Silberman|2016|p=26-27}} Asperger continued and developed this approach.{{sfn|Just|Pelphrey|2013|pp=14-16}} He was influenced by two pedagogues, Jan-Daniel Georgens and Johann Heinrich Deinhardt, who founded a specialized institute in 1856.{{sfn|Rosenblum|1961|p=165-178}} He is particularly interested in the "psychically abnormal child".{{sfn|Turkington|Anan|p=9|2007}}

In addition to Hamburger and Jekelius, Asperger frequented other Nazi ideologues, including Erwin Risak, who studied with him in 1931 and with whom he co-authored an article the following year.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=5}} There is, however, no documented evidence that Asperger joined groups of Nazi sympathizers before 1938.{{sfn|Czech|2018|pp=6-10}}{{sfn|Czech|2020|pp=163-175}}

His career was spent entirely in Vienna, with two brief exceptions.{{sfn|Just|Pelphrey|pp=14-16|2013}} In 1934 he was invited to work for some time at the psychiatric clinic in Leipzig, with Paul Schröder.{{sfn|Just|Pelphrey|pp=14-16|2013}}{{sfn|Brezinka|1997|pp=395-420}} He was also invited for three months, during the summer of 1934, to the psychiatric hospital in Vienna, directed by Otto Pötzl{{sfn|Brezinka|1997|pp=395-420}} (whom he would later describe as a "terrifying exterminator"{{sfn|Just|Pelphrey|pp=14-16|2013}}{{sfn|Sheffer|2020}}). He joined the nationalist and anti-Semitic German Medical Association in Austria the same year.{{sfn|Sheffer|2020|pp=60-61}}

=== World War II (1939-1945) ===
{{Further|World War II}}
During [[World War II]], Asperger was a medical officer, serving in the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] [[occupation of Yugoslavia]]; his younger brother died at [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]]. Near the end of the war, Asperger opened a school for children with Sister Viktorine Zak. The school was bombed and destroyed, Viktorine was killed, and much of Asperger's early work was lost.{{sfn|Attwood|1997|p=11}}

Asperger published a definition of autistic psychopathy in 1944 that resembled the definition published earlier by a Russian neurologist named [[Grunya Sukhareva]] in 1926.{{sfn|Nieminen-von Wendt|2004|p=10}}<ref name="Ssucharewa">{{cite journal | vauthors =Ssucharewa GE | date=1926| title=Die schizoiden Psychopathien im Kindesalter (Part 2 of 2)| journal=[[European Neurology|Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie]]| volume=60| issue=3–4| pages=248–261| doi=10.1159/000316609}}</ref> Asperger identified in four boys a pattern of behavior and abilities that included “a lack of [[empathy]], little ability to form friendships, one-sided conversations, intense absorption in a special interest, and clumsy movements”. {{sfn|Attwood|1997|p=11}} Asperger noticed that some of the children he identified as being autistic used their special talents in adulthood and had successful careers. One of them became a professor of [[astronomy]] and solved an error in [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]'s work that he had originally noticed as a student.<ref name="Asperger">{{cite journal | vauthors= Asperger H | year=1944| title=Die "Autistischen Psychopathen" im Kindesalter| journal=[[Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten]]| volume=117| issue=1| pages=132–135| doi=10.1007/bf01837709| s2cid=33674869}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Asperger | first = Hans | date = 1991 | chapter-url = http://4gp.me/bbtc/1540630579666.pdf | chapter = ‘Autistic psychopathy’ in childhood | translator-first = Uta | translator-last = Frith | translator-link = Uta Frith | veditors = Frith U | title = Autism and Asperger syndrome | pages = 37–92 | location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181027085903/http://4gp.me/bbtc/1540630579666.pdf | archive-date = 27 October 2018 }}</ref>{{rp|89}} Another one of Asperger's patients was the Austrian writer and [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] laureate, [[Elfriede Jelinek]].<ref name=MayerKoberg>{{cite book| last1=Mayer| first1=Verena| last2=Koberg| first2=Roland | name-list-style = vanc | date=31 January 2006| title=Elfriede Jelinek: Ein Porträt| language=de| edition=First| location=[[Berlin]]| publisher=[[Rowohlt Verlag|Rowohlt Verlag GmbH]]| page=[https://archive.org/details/elfriedejelineke00maye/page/32 32]| isbn=978-3498035297| url=https://archive.org/details/elfriedejelineke00maye| url-access=registration}}</ref>

Under the [[Third Reich]], with his position as a doctor in Vienna, Hans Asperger was a decision-maker in the context of examinations of minors: he could defend them if he thought they would integrate into [[Volk]] (the national community of Nazi Germany), or the contrary, sending to ''Spiegelgrund'' the minors he thought were too deficit, and therefore unfit for integration.{{sfn|Sheffer|2020}} [[Am Spiegelgrund clinic]], created in July 1940 on the premises of the Steinhof psychiatric hospital in Vienna, was directed by Erwin Jekelius, a former colleague of Asperger's at the university clinic who became a major architect of the extermination policy, from June 1940 until the end of 1941{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=3;15}}{{Update inline|date=December 2022}}.

During the last two years of the [[Second World War]], from April 1943, Asperger was a doctor for the [[Wehrmacht]].{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=28}} He underwent nine months of training in Vienna and Brünn, then was sent with the 392nd Infantry Division to [[Croatia]] in December 1943 as part of a "mission of protection" of the occupied territories in [[Yugoslavia]] and the struggle against the "partisans".{{sfn|Czech|2018}} The ''Heilpädagogik'', in which Asperger worked before his military service, was destroyed in 1944 by a bombing, in which sister Viktorine Zak was killed.{{sfn|Just|Pelphrey|2013|p=18}}

In 1944, after the publication of his landmark paper describing autistic symptoms, Asperger found a permanent tenured post at the University of Vienna. Shortly after the war ended, he became director of a children's clinic in the city. There, he was appointed chair of pediatrics at the University of Vienna, a post he held for twenty years. He later held a post at [[Innsbruck]].

=== Post-World War II (1945 - to death) ===
Hans Asperger resumed his academic career after the war,{{Sfn|Baron-Cohen|2018|p=306}} in 1945, returning to the department he was directing, which had been destroyed by a bombardment.{{Sfn|Just|Pelphrey|2013|p=18}} His authorization to teach was confirmed on February 9, 1946, because he was not a member of the NSDAP.{{Sfn|Brezinka|1997|p=402}}

Between 1946{{Sfn|Turkington|Anan|2007|p=9}} and 1949, he was deputy director of the pediatric clinic in Vienna.{{Sfn|Just|Pelphrey|2013|p=18}} In 1948, he co-founded the pediatric clinic, ''Österreichische Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Heilpädagogik'' (now the ''Heilpädagogische Gesellschaft Österreichs'') in Innsbruck, Austria, for 5 years,{{Sfn|Lechner|2020|p=S199}} succeeding Richard Priesel, who died suddenly on 18 November 1955.{{Sfn|Lechner|2020|p=S198}} Documentation of this part of his life is scarce.{{Sfn|Lechner|2020|p=S199}} Hans Asperger's name is the last one mentioned on the list of recommendations, after those of three other doctors.{{Sfn|Lechner|2020|p=S199}} Asperger took up his new position on 31 March 1957, with an inaugural lecture devoted to problems in modern pediatrics.{{Sfn|Lechner|2020|pp=S199-S200}} According to the Innsbruck historian Franz Huter (1899-1997), Hans Asperger "quickly created a circle of friends and colleagues".{{Sfn|Lechner|2020|p=S200}} His wife Hanna preferred to stay in Vienna.{{Sfn|Lechner|2020|p=S200}} He was generally appreciated there for his pedagogy.{{Sfn|Lechner|2020|p=S202}}

Asperger was then appointed to the chair of pediatrics at the Vienna hospital on 26 June 1962,{{Sfn|Lechner|2020|p=S200}} and was its director until his official retirement in 1977.{{Sfn|Just|Pelphrey|2013|p=18}} In 1964 he was in charge of SOS-Kinderdorf in Hinterbrüh.{{sfn|Anderson|Cushing|2012|p=142}} In the same year he was appointed president of the ''Internationalen Gesellschaft für Heilpädagogik''.

On 8 May 1971, he was appointed vice-president of the newly founded Austrian Society for Allergy and Immunology (''Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie'').

He became professor emeritus in 1977, and died three years later on 20 October 1980, after a short illness.{{Sfn|Just|Pelphrey|2013|p=18}}

=== Allegations of persecution by the Gestapo ===
{{Further|Gestapo}}
According to his statement in 1962, the Gestapo attempted to arrest Hans Asperger because of his remarks during his 1938 lecture.{{Sfn|Czech|2018|pp=7-8}} However, the only known source for this claim is Hans Asperger, who mentions this incident during the inauguration of his chair of pediatrics, and then claims to have been "saved from the Gestapo" by his mentor Franz Hamburger, during an interview in 1974,{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=8}}{{Update inline|date=December 2022}}.{{Sfn|Czech|2019|p=3885}} During the same interview, he claimed to have "volunteered for the army to escape Gestapo reprisals because he had refused to cooperate with Nazi racial hygiene policies" {{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=9}}{{Update inline|date=December 2022}}. There is no evidence in the archives of any attempted arrest by the Gestapo {{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=9}}{{Update inline|date=December 2022}}.<blockquote>"Other facts speak against Asperger's self-portrayal as a man persecuted by the Gestapo for his resistance to Nazi racial hygiene, who had to flee into military service to avoid further problems. On several occasions, he published approving comments on racial hygiene measures such as forced sterilizations."

- Herwig Czech{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=9}}{{Update inline|date=December 2022}}, Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna</blockquote>There is no archival evidence that Asperger's publications were perceived to be opposed to the new regime{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=8}}{{Update inline|date=December 2022|reason=Corrections were made to this publication}}. In November 1940, the Vienna Gestapo responded that it had "nothing on him" to a request for a political evaluation of Asperger{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=8}}{{Update inline|date=December 2022}}: this is the only documented interaction between Asperger and the Gestapo{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=8}}{{Update inline|date=December 2022}},{{Sfn|Czech|2019|p=3885}}. Czech believes that this Gestapo investigation is the source of Asperger's subsequent claim that he was being persecuted, and that his Nazi party (NSDAP) mentor, Franz Hamburger, most likely vouched for his assistant while asking him to cooperate with the ruling regime, which would explain Asperger's statement during his 1974 interview{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=8}}{{Update inline|date=December 2022}}.

== Nazi involvement ==
{{Further|Aktion T4}}

According to [[Simon Baron-Cohen]] ''et al.'', "The degree of Asperger’s involvement in the targeting of Vienna’s most vulnerable children has remained an open and vexing question in autism research for a long time."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baron-Cohen |first1=Simon |last2=Klin |first2=Ami |last3=Silberman |first3=Steve |last4=Buxbaum |first4=Joseph D. |date=2018-04-19 |title=Did Hans Asperger actively assist the Nazi euthanasia program? |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0209-5 |journal=Molecular Autism |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.1186/s13229-018-0209-5 |issn=2040-2392 |pmc=5907469 |pmid=29713441}}</ref>

Edith Sheffer, a modern European history scholar, wrote in 2018 that Asperger cooperated with the Nazi regime, including sending children to the [[Am Spiegelgrund clinic|Am Spiegelgrund]] clinic which participated in the [[Euthanasia#Nazi Euthanasia Program|euthanasia program]].{{sfn|Sheffer|2018}}{{sfn|Sheffer|2020}}<ref name="LA_Skull_2018">{{cite magazine | last= Skull | first = Andrew | name-list-style = vanc | date = 13 December 2018 | title = De-Nazifying the "DSM": On "Asperger's Children: The Origins of Autism in Nazi Vienna"| url =https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/de-nazifying-the-dsm-on-aspergers-children-the-origins-of-autism-in-nazi-vienna | magazine = [[Los Angeles Review of Books]] }}</ref> According to Sheffer, Asperger supported the Nazi goal of eliminating children who could not fit in with the ''[[Volk]]'': the Nazi ideal of a homogeneous [[Aryan race|Aryan]] people.{{sfn|Baron-Cohen|2018}}

Herwig Czech, another scholar and historian from the [[Medical University of Vienna]], concluded in a 2017 article in the journal ''[[Molecular Autism]]'', which was published in April 2018:

<blockquote>
Asperger managed to accommodate himself to the Nazi regime and was rewarded for his affirmations of loyalty with career opportunities. He joined several organizations affiliated with the NSDAP (although not the Nazi party itself), publicly legitimized 'race hygiene' policies including forced sterilizations and, on several occasions, actively cooperated with the [[Child euthanasia in Nazi Germany|child 'euthanasia' program]].{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=1}}</blockquote>

However, he worked under the direction of Franz Hamburger, a prominent long-time member of the NSDAP,{{sfn|Czech|2018}} for whom he expressed the greatest admiration,{{sfn|Just|Pelphrey|pp=14-16|2013}} signed his letters with the formula "Heil Hitler",{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=11}} and joined organizations affiliated with the Nazi Party after 1938. (''Deutsche Arbeitsfront, Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt, Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Ärztebund'').{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=9}} For Czech, "by renouncing membership in the NSDAP, he chose a middle path between staying away from the new regime and aligning himself with it.".{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=9}}

[[Dean Falk]], an American anthropologist from [[Florida State University]], questioned Czech and Sheffer's allegations against Hans Asperger in a paper in ''[[Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders]]''.{{sfn|Falk|2020|pp=2573-2584}} Czech's reply was published in the same journal.{{sfn|Czech|2019|pp=3882-3887}} Falk defended her paper against Czech's reply in a second paper.{{sfn|Falk|2020|pp=3877-3882}}

Norwegian doctor and historical scholar Ketil Slagstad added his interpretation of both Sheffer's and Czech's work in his 2019 article "Asperger, the Nazis and the children - the history of the birth of a diagnosis", in which he describes the nuances of the situation.{{sfn|Slagstad|2019}} He offers an alternative explanation of Asperger's involvement: citing the challenges of war, a desire to protect his career, and the protection of the children he cared for.

Slagstad concluded:

<blockquote>The story of Hans Asperger, Nazism, murdered children, post-war oblivion, the birth of the diagnosis in the 1980s, the gradual expansion of the diagnostic criteria and the huge recent interest in autism spectrum disorders exemplify the historical and volatile nature of diagnoses: they are historic constructs that reflect the times and societies where they exert their effect.{{Sfn|Slagstad|2019}}</blockquote>

Slagstad also wrote, "Historical research has now shown that [Asperger] was...a well-adapted cog in the machine of a deadly regime. He deliberately referred disabled children to the clinic Am Spiegelgrund, where he knew that they were at risk of being killed. The eponym Asperger’s syndrome ought to be used with an awareness of its historical origin".{{sfn|Slagstad|2019}}

After the Anschluss, Asperger, like all medical personnel, was investigated in the application of the "decree on the reorganization of the Austrian professional civil service" dated May 31, 1938,{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=8}} and then received confidential evaluations from NSDAP officials, who expressed an increasingly positive opinion of him.{{sfn|Czech|2018|pp=6-10}} His first evaluation, dated June 1939, judged him "politically acceptable from the National Socialist point of view", "unassailable as far as his character and politics are concerned", and concluded with the statement that Asperger was "in conformity with the racial and sterilization laws of National Socialism", despite his Catholic orientation.{{sfn|Czech|2018|pp=6-10}} In October 1940, he wrote that he had "committed himself to work for the Hitler Youth.” Czech analyzed this as a desire to adapt to the new regime and to protect his career.{{sfn|Czech|2018|pp=6-10}} Hans Asperger was never considered an opponent of the regime.{{sfn|Czech|2018}} According to Czech, "Asperger’s political socialization in Neuland likely blinded him to National Socialism’s destructive character due to an affinity with core ideological elements".{{Sfn|Czech|2021|p=36}} Czech asserts that Asperger "publicly protected his patients from forced sterilization",{{Sfn|Czech|2021|p=1}} supporting his claim with Asperger's description of his patients "whose abnormity is not of a type that would call for sterilization, who would socially fail without our understanding and guiding assistance, but who with this help are able to occupy their place in the large organism of our people".{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=36}}

In 1939, he published an article with his colleague Heribert Goll, in which he "demonstrated" that innate or hereditary characteristics determine later personality traits. This article was published in the journal, edited by [[Otmar von Verschuer]], a prominent propagator of [[Racial hygiene]] theories.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=39}} According to Czech's analysis, "Asperger went so far in these attempts [to prove his loyalty to the NSDAP] that his collaborator [[Josef Felder|Josef Feldner]] had to restrain him, lest he risks his credibility"{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=11}}

Asperger obtained his [[accreditation]] in 1943, passing the political control of the [[National Socialist German Lecturers League|National Socialist League of German Lecturers]].{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=11}}

The British psychiatrist Lorna Wing{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} and the anthropologist Dean Falk{{sfn|Falk|2020|p=2573}} consider that Hans Asperger's Catholic convictions are incompatible with the voluntary sending of children to extermination programs. For Falk, it is not certain that Asperger was aware of the fate awaiting the children he had transferred to:{{sfn|Falk|2020|p=2573}} knowing his religion, his colleagues could have hidden this information from him.{{sfn|Falk|2020|p=2577}} Czech refutes Falk's conclusions, noting that the Viennese population was protesting against the mortality rates in psychiatric hospitals several months before Asperger referred patients to the [[Am Spiegelgrund clinic]] and that even if he was not informed of the intention of the officials of the clinic to kill the children he referred there, he was necessarily aware of these mortality rates and of the risks that a transfer to the clinic would pose to the children. Czech concludes that "The assumption that Asperger was unaware of the risks to the children is unfounded".{{sfn|Czech|2020|p=S173}}

The curative pedagogy promoted by Hans Asperger was never considered to be contrary to the objectives of the Third Reich, which was marked by a shortage of manpower.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=14}} Moreover, this approach was approved by euthanasia policy makers such as Erwin Jekelius.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=15}} Only children considered to be educable benefit from it.{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=17}} Hans Asperger's text, which is most often interpreted as a defense of his autistic patients against the "euthanasia" program, can also be read in a utilitarian way.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=14}} For Sheffer, "the examination of the archives reveals the dual nature of his action".{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=22}} According to her:<blockquote>He distinguished between young people whom he considered amendable, endowed with a potential for "social integration", and those judged irrecoverable. At the same time as he offered intensive and individualized care to promising children, he ordered the placement in an institution or even the transfer to the home of severely handicapped children.{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|pp=22-23}}</blockquote>Czech believes that the argument that Asperger placed a positive emphasis on a small number of autistic individuals in order to protect all autistic children does not hold water. For Sheffer, Asperger is a "self-proclaimed [[Eugenics|eugenicist]]"{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=61}} and "this duality of Asperger's mirrors that of Nazism as a whole".{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=23}}

=== Children sent to Spiegelgrund ===
[[File:Wien - Steinhof - Eingang Pavillon 17.jpg|thumb|Doorstep of Am Spiegelgrund clinic ]]{{Further|Am Spiegelgrund clinic}}
In 1940, Asperger obtained a position as a medical expert in Vienna, for which he was responsible for diagnosing "hereditary diseases" and proposing forced sterilization in the interest of the Nazi eugenics program.{{sfn|Rubinsztein|2019|p=176}} Even at that time, the excess mortality in Vienna's psychiatric hospitals was well known to the population, which protested against this situation, especially in September and November 1940.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=3884}} According to Czech's analysis of Hans Asperger's written diagnoses, he was not "more benevolent towards his patients than his peers in labelling children with diagnoses that could have an enormous impact on their future - quite the contrary ";{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=27}} in the majority of cases, Asperger made a harsher judgment than other doctors towards the children and adolescents he examined.{{sfn|Czech|2018|pp=18-20}}

He described one of the children he recommended for Am Spiegelgrund on 27 June 1941, Herta Schreiber, as follows:{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=20}}<blockquote>"Severe personality disorder (post-encephalic?): very severe motor retardation; erethic idiocy; epileptic seizures. The child is an unbearable burden at home for her mother, who has five healthy children to care for. A permanent placement in seems absolutely necessary"

- Dr. Asperger, WStLA file, 1.3.2.209.10, Herta Schreiber, Heilpädagogische Abteilung der Universitäts-Kinderklinik Vienna, 27 June 1941</blockquote>Sent to the hospital on 1 July as Asperger had requested, Herta Schreiber died there two months later, on 2 September, officially of "pneumonia".{{Sfn|Czech|2018|pp=20-21}}{{Update inline|date=December 2022}}

In 1942, following a request addressed to his superior Franz Hamburger,{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=19}} Asperger took part in a selection of patients aimed at separating the "uneducable" from those who could become German citizens.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=19}} Although he was not directly responsible for their death, he chose 35 children whom he considered to be "uneducable ".{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=24}}

While he did not cooperate with the forced sterilization programs according to the records,{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=19}} he also did not oppose them.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=13,19}} According to Czech, "what emerges from the available sources is that Asperger's approach to the forced sterilization program was ambivalent ".{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=19}} He quotes passages written by Hans Asperger demonstrating his support for this aspect of racial hygiene policy:<blockquote>"In the new Germany, we took on new responsibilities in addition to our old ones. To the task of helping the individual patient is added the great obligation to promote the health of the people [], which is more than the well-being of the individual. I need not add to the enormous amount of dedicated work done in terms of affirmative action and support. But we all know that we must also take restrictive measures. Just as the physician must often make painful incisions during the treatment of individuals, we must also make incisions in the national body [], out of a sense of responsibility: we must make sure that those patients who would pass on their diseases to distant generations, to the detriment of the individual and the , are prevented from passing on their diseased hereditary material"

- Hans Asperger, Pädagogische Therapie bei abnormen Kindern{{sfn|Czech|2018|pp=13-14}}</blockquote>There is a possible protective case of a patient, Aurel I., whom Hans Asperger examined in the autumn of 1939 and exempted from group education.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=19}} His family sent him to the countryside, where he survived the war under his parents' care.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=19}} In 1962, a member of Asperger's family believed that he had saved Aurel from "castration" and possibly worse.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=19}} The Austrian psychiatrist wrote his report a few days before the introduction of the sterilization law in Austria.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=19}}

==== Hansi Busztin ====
The ''Heilpädagogik'' Vienna department, where Asperger worked, is known to have taken in Hansi Busztin from September 1942, a Jewish patient in hiding until the end of the war, who states that about a hundred people knew of his existence, and that this department housed "a group of opponents of National Socialism".{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=9}} However, Busztin does not mention Hans Asperger's name, and the Austrian psychiatrist makes no reference to this episode even after the war, even though it could have helped him establish anti-Nazi credentials.{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=9}} According to Czech, Asperger may have been aware of this Jewish patient, but he did not take an active role in protecting him, and more importantly, joined the Wehrmacht only six months after Busztin's admission.{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=9}} Czech considers it likely that Asperger joined the Wehrmacht to protect himself in case Busztin's presence in his ward was discovered, rather than because of "persecution by the Gestapo", which is not proven.{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=9}} However, he also did not denounce the presence of this Jewish child.{{Sfn|Falk|2020|p=2584}}

== Works and publications ==
Hans Asperger published a total of 359 texts, most of them devoted to "autistic psychopathy" and the notion of death.{{Sfn|Turkington|Anan|2007|p=9}} All of his publications are written in German.{{Sfn|Turkington|Anan|2007|p=9}} According to Edith Sheffer, the context in which Asperger evolved facilitated the development of his most famous publication, insofar as he and his colleagues frequently used the notion of "''Gemut''", which had been misused in Nazi psychiatry to refer to "the metaphysical capacity of humans to form social bonds ".{{Sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=26}} This caused Nazi doctors and psychiatrists to pay attention to children they considered to have a weak ''Gemüt''.{{Sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=26}} The first description of autism was thus based on an observation of this population of children.{{Sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=26}} Czech, on the other hand, believes that Sheffer places too much emphasis on the concept of ''Gemüt'' and that "psychiatry during National Socialism is much better characterized by the concept of ‘life unworthy of living’".{{Sfn|Czech|2019|p=3883}}

=== ''Die "Autistischen Psychopathen" im Kindesalter'' ===
Hans Asperger established in 1943 the description of an "autistic psychopathy of childhood".{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=30}} He identified in over 200 children (including 4 cases of young boys described in detail {{Sfn|Rebecchi|2021}}) a pattern of behavior and skills including "lack of empathy, poor ability to make friends, unidirectional conversation, strong preoccupation with special interests, and awkward movements." {{sfn|Turkington|Anan|2007|p=9}} Asperger calls these four boys his "little teachers" because of their ability to talk about their favourite subject in great detail.{{sfn|Turkington|Anan|2007|p=9}} His article was not published until 1944 in the journal:{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=40}}

*(de) "Die 'Autistischen Psychopathen' im Kindesalter", ''Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten'', no 117, 1944, pp. 76-136 — the article appeared in 1938 in ''Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift''.

=== Other publications ===
* {{Cite journal |language=de |title=Leucin und Tyrosin im Ham bei Lungengeschwülsten |location=Wien |journal=Klin WSCHR |date=1930 |volume=2 |pages=1281–1284}}
* {{Cite journal |language=de |last=Siegl |date=1934 |title=Zur Behandlung der Enuresis |journal=Archiv für Kinderheilkunde |pages=88–102}}
* {{Cite journal |language=de |date=1938 |title=Das psychisch abnorme Kind |journal=Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift |volume=49 |pages=1314–1317}}
* {{Cite journal |language=de |location=Munchen, Berlin |date=1942 |title="Jugendpsychiatrie" und "Heilpädagogik" |journal=Münch med WSCHR |volume=89 |pages=352–356}}
* {{Cite web |website=webapp.uibk.ac.at |lang=de |title=Kataloge der Universitäten Graz, Linz, Bratislava und Innsbruck |url=http://webapp.uibk.ac.at/alo/cat/card.jsp?id=8539033 |access-date=20 November 2020}}
* {{Cite journal |language=de |date=1944 |title=Postencephalitische Persönlichkeitsstörungen |location=München, Berlin |journal=Münch med WSCHR |volume=91 |pages=114–117 }}
* {{Cite journal |language=de |date=1952 |title=Encephalitis im Kindesalter und Folgezustände |journal=Wien Klin WSCHR |volume=64 |pages=171 |issue=H. 10}}
* {{Cite journal |language=de |date=1954 |title=Heilpädagogische Problematik der organischen Hirnstörungen |journal=Acta Psychother Psychosom Orthopedagog |volume=2 |pages=115–126 |doi=10.1159/000278416 |last1=Asperger |first1=Hans |issue=2 }}
* {{Cite news |language=de |title=Heilpädagogik: Eine Einführung in die Psychopathologie des Kindes für Ärzte, Lehrer, Psychologen, Richter und Fürsorgerinnen |location=Wien: Springer Verlag |editor= |year=1956 |edition=2 }}
* {{Cite news |language=de |title=Die Jugendgemeinschaften als Erziehungsfaktor: Jugend in Not. Schriften zur Volksbildung des Bundesministeriums für Unterricht |location=Vienna |editor= |year=1959 }}
* {{Cite book |language=de |date=1966 |title=Die Fremdversorgung der Jugend |location=Salzburg |last=Laireiter|first=Matthias}}
* {{Cite journal |language=de |date=1968 |title=Zur Differentialdiagnose des frühkindlichen Autismus |journal=Acta Paedopsychiatrica |volume=35 |pages=136–145 }}
* {{Cite news |language=de |title=Neurologie-Psychologie-Psychiatrie |editor=Springer Verlag |year=1969 |last=Schmid|first=F|location=New York}}
* {{Cite journal |language=de |date=1971 |title=Kurze Geschichte der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Heilpädagogik |journal=Heilpädagogik, Fachzeitschr. D. Österr. Ges. F. Heilpäd |volume=4 |pages=50–55 }}
* {{Cite news |language=de |title=Das Werden sozialer Einstellungen in Familie, Schule und anderen Sozialformen |location=Vienna |editor=Österr. Bundesverl. für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst |year=1974 |isbn=}}
* {{Cite book |language=de |date=1975 |title=Leben heute - Eine Herausforderung an die Pädagogik - Tagungsbericht der 23. internationalen pädagogischen Werktagung |editor=Österreichischer Bundesverlag |last1=Asperger|first1=H|last2=Haider|first2=F|pages=60–70}}
* {{Cite book |language=de |date=1978 |title=Neue Impulse in der Heilpädagogik. Bericht des 2. Österreichischen Heilpädagogischen Kongresses |editor=Österreichische Gesellschaft für Heilpädagogik }}
* {{Cite journal |language=en |date=1979 |title=Problems of infantile autism |journal=Communication |volume=13 |pages=45–52}}
* {{Cite journal |language=en |date=1979 |title=50th anniversary of the death of Clemens von Pirquet |journal=Pädiatrie und Pädologie |volume=14 |pages=1–2 |issue=2}}
* {{Cite book |language=de |date=1979 |title=Kinderprobleme - Problemkinder - Tagungsbericht der 27.Werktagung 1978. Bd. 33 |editor=Selbstverlag der internationalen pädagogischen Werktagung |last1=Asperger|first1=H|location=Salzburg|pages=14–24|last2=Haider|first2=F}}
* {{Cite book |language=de |date=1980 |title=Mit Konflikten umgehen - Tagungsbericht der 28. internationalen pädagogischen Werktagung. Bd. 34 |editor=Selbstverlag der internationalen pädagogischen Werktagung |page=56-66 |location=Salzburg}}
* {{Cite book |language=de |date=1981 |title=Das rechte Mass - Hilfen zur Lebensorientierung - Tagungsbericht der 29. Werktagung 1980 |editor=Selbstverlag der Internationalen Pädagogischen Werktagung |last1=Asperger|first1=H|location=Salzburg|pages=61–71|last2=Rothbucher|first2=M}}
* {{Cite news |language=de |title=Psychotherapie und Heilpädagogik bei Kindern |editor=Urban & Schwarzenberg |year=1982 |isbn=|last1=Asperger|first1=H|last2=Wurst|first2=F|location=München, Wien, Baltimore}};
* Chapters:
** "Schwierigkeiten Hochbegabter". {{Cite book |title=Psychotherapie und... |pages=242–248}}
** {{Cite book |title=Psychotherapie und... |pages=286–292|chapter=Frühkindlicher Autismus, Typ Kanner}}
** {{Cite book |title=Psychotherapie und... |pages=293–301|chapter=Kindlicher Autismus Typ Asperger}}

== Posthumous adoption of Asperger syndrome diagnosis ==
{{further|History of Asperger syndrome}}
Due to his major role in defining the notion of the "autism spectrum", Hans Asperger has been "often touted as a champion of neurodiversity," {{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=21}} particularly by Adam Feinstein and Steve Silberman.{{sfn|Czech|2020|p=S163}} Although he died before his identification of behavioural patterns in autistic people became widely recognized, this was in part due to his work being exclusively in German and as such it was little translated.

After the Second World War and before access to the archives concerning him, Hans Asperger had a reputation as a protector of sick and handicapped children,{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=5}}{{sfn|Baron-Cohen|2018|p=83}}{{sfn|Czech|2020|p=S163}} notably under the influence of Uta Frith's book published in 1991.{{Sfn|Czech|2018|p=2}} His earliest detractor, Eric Schopler, portrayed him instead as participating in racial hygiene programs, but without being able to provide evidence of this.<ref>{{cite web |language=en |first=John |last=Donvan |title=Why Did It Take So Long to Expose Hans Asperger's Nazi Ties? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/04/why-it-took-so-long-to-expose-hans-aspergers-nazi-ties/558872/ |website=[[The Atlantic]] |date=2018-04-25 |access-date=2021-09-01}}.</ref>

He has been portrayed as progressive and opposed to eugenics under the Nazi regime,{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=22}} including by Lorna Wing {{sfn|Donvan|Zucker|2017|p=330}} and Steve Silberman (in his book, ''NeuroTribes'', published in 2015 {{sfn|Silberman|2016|p=119}}). The educator Brita Schirmer, who first published about Hans Asperger's relationship with Nazism in 2002, gives her article an explicit title: "''Hans Aspergers Verteidigung der 'autistischen Psychopathen' gegen die NSEgenik'", i.e. "Hans Asperger's defense of autistic psychopaths against Nazi eugenics".<ref>{{cite journal |language=de |url=http://www.dr-brita-schirmer.de/pdf/artikel06.pdf |author=Brita Schirmer |title=Autismus und NS-Rassengesetze in Österreich 1938. Hans Aspergers Verteidigung der 'autistischen Psychopathen' gegen die NSEugenik |journal=Die Neue Sonderschule |date=2002 |volume=47 |pages=460–4}}.</ref>{{sfn|Just|Pelphrey|2013|p=17}} Helmut Gröger, on the basis of Asperger's scientific publications, concludes that he generally avoided addressing themes related to Nazi ideology, such as race.<ref>{{cite journal |language=de |first=Gröger |last=Helmut |title=Das Syndrom des 'Autistischen Psychopathen.' Hans Asperger zwischen Pädiatrie, Kinderpsychiatrie und Heilpädagogik |journal=Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nervenheilkunde |date=2003 |volume=14 |pages=199–213}}.</ref>

His description of the technical contributions of the four children described in his 1944 article is initially interpreted in terms of a desire to protect them.{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=22}} Adam Feinstein's (2010) book argues that Asperger deliberately disseminated Nazi-friendly references in his writing in order to hide his true intent.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=3}} This perception was facilitated by his self-portrait as a protector of children and a resister.{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=22}} In his 1974 interview, Asperger stated that when "the time for National Socialism came, it was clear from my previous life that one could well accept many 'national' things, but not inhumanity (''Unmenschlichkeiten'')".{{sfn|Brezinka|1997|p=397}} John Donvan and Caren Zucker's book, ''In A Different Key'', is according to Czech, who shared some of her sources with the authors, "the first publication in the English language to break with the narrative of Asperger as an active opponent of Nazi racial hygiene and to introduce hitherto unknown critical elements into the debate".{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=4}}

===The Translation of Asperger's Work in the Late 20th Century===
English researcher [[Lorna Wing]] proposed the condition Asperger's syndrome in a 1981 paper, ''Asperger's syndrome: a clinical account'', that challenged the previously accepted model of autism presented by [[Leo Kanner]] in 1943.<ref name="Wing">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wing L | title = Asperger's syndrome: a clinical account | journal = Psychological Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 115–129 | date = February 1981 | pmid = 7208735 | doi = 10.1017/S0033291700053332 | s2cid = 16046498 }}</ref> It was not until 1991 that an authoritative translation of Asperger's work was made by [[Uta Frith]];{{sfn|Frith|1992}} before this, Asperger's syndrome had still been "virtually unknown".<ref name="What'sSpecial">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Klin A | title = What's so special about Asperger Syndrome? | journal = Brain and Cognition | volume = 61 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–4 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16563588 | doi = 10.1016/j.bandc.2006.02.002 | s2cid = 12554302 }}</ref>
Frith says that fundamental questions regarding the diagnosis had not been answered, and the necessary scientific data to address this did not exist.{{sfn|Frith|1992|p=2}}In the early 1990s, Asperger's work gained some notice due to Wing's research on the subject and Frith's recent translation, leading to the inclusion of the eponymous condition in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th revision ([[ICD-10]]) in 1993, and the [[American Psychiatric Association]]'s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th revision ([[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM-IV]]) in 1994, some half a century after Asperger's original research.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
In Asperger's 1944 paper, as Frith translated in 1991, he wrote: "We are convinced, then, that autistic people have their place in the organism of the social community. They fulfill their role well, perhaps better than anyone else could, and we are talking of people who as children had the greatest difficulties and caused untold worries to their caregivers."{{sfn|Frith|1992|pp=37-92}} Based on Frith's translation, however, Asperger initially stated: "Unfortunately, in the majority of cases the positive aspects of autism do not outweigh the negative ones.{{sfn|Frith|1992|pp=37-92}} Psychologist [[Eric Schopler]] wrote in 1998: "Asperger's publications did not inspire research, replication, or scientific interest before 1980. Instead, he laid the fertile groundwork for the diagnostic confusion that has grown since 1980."<ref name="Schopler">{{cite book | year=1998| editor1-last=Schopler| editor1-first=Eric| editor2-last=Mesibov| editor2-first=Gary B.| editor3-last=Kunce| editor3-first=Linda J. | name-list-style = vanc | title=Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism?| url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780306457463| series=Current Issues in Autism| language=en| edition= First| location=Berlin| publisher= [[Springer Science+Business Media|Plenum Press]]| page= 388| doi= 10.1007/978-1-4615-5369-4| isbn= 978-0-306-45746-3}}</ref>

Despite this brief resurgence of interest in his work in the 1990s, Asperger's syndrome remained a controversial and contentious diagnosis due to its unclear relationship to the autism spectrum.

===Perceptions of Asperger's work in the 21st century===
In 2010, there was a majority consensus to subsume Asperger's syndrome into the diagnosis "[[Autistic Spectrum Disorder]]" in the 2013 [[DSM-5]] diagnostic manual.<ref name="DSMV">{{cite web |date=25 December 2010 |title=DSM-5 Development: 299.80 Asperger's Disorder |url=http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=97# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225152454/http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=97 |archive-date=25 December 2010 |access-date=1 January 2016 |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]]'s ICD-10 Version 2015 describes Asperger's syndrome as “a disorder of uncertain [[nosological]] validity”.<ref name="ICD-10 Version 2015">{{cite web | url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en#/F84.5| title=F84.5 Asperger syndrome| date=2015| website=ICD-10 Version 2015| publisher=[[World Health Organization]]| access-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

Czech was the first to study the issue of Hans Asperger's Jewish patients. While Asperger did not express overtly anti-Semitic ideas, his public statements and Asperger's treatment of his Jewish patients show an indifference to the persecution suffered by this population.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=12}} He also seems to have internalized at least some of the anti-Jewish stereotypes of his time.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=12}}

Czech{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=14,27,29}} and Sheffer{{sfn|Falk|2020|p=2574}} believe that Hans Asperger's diagnoses are sexist, while Dean Falk refutes that Hans Asperger was sexist.{{sfn|Falk|2020|p=2573}}

Sheffer devotes a chapter of her book to the differences between the diagnoses of boys and girls.<ref name="Grimal">{{cite web |language=fr |first=Claude |last=Grimal |title=Les enfants d'Asperger. Le dossier noir des origines de l'autisme |url=https://www.en-attendant-nadeau.fr/2019/06/04/asperger-et-le-troisieme-reich/ |website=En attendant Nadeau |date=2019-06-04 |access-date=2021-09-03}}.</ref> According to Claude Grimal's review in the journal, it should not be considered surprising that Asperger's diagnoses contain "all the gender biases of the time ".<ref name="Grimal" />

Czech notes that Hans Asperger's gender bias leads to "disadvantaging girls in terms of sexual abuse and precociousness",{{sfn|Czech|2021|p=3886}} adding that he blames victims of sexual abuse.{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=14}} Czech cites, in particular, the example of the diagnosis of a 12-year-old Jewish girl, who, according to Asperger, "acted like a madwoman, talked about anti-Jewish persecution, was afraid." Asperger interpreted these signs of distress as symptoms of schizophrenia, and concluded his report, "for her age and race, sexual development is visibly retarded".{{sfn|Czech|2018|p=12}}

In Steve Silberman's first edition of his book, in 2015, before the publication of the archives studied by Czech, Silberman openly supports Asperger's work, postulating that, if Asperger's syndrome had been used as the basis for defining autism in the twentieth century, rather than Leo Kanner's infantile autism, individuals with autism and their families would have avoided a great deal of suffering, positive criteria would have been used for diagnosis rather than deficits, and financial resources would have been allocated more quickly to supporting individuals with autism themselves rather than to seeking therapies and cures.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Chloe |last1=Silverman |language=en |title=NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity by Steve Silberman (review) |journal=Anthropological Quarterly |volume=88 |issue=4 |date=2015-11-12 |issn=1534-1518 |doi=10.1353/anq.2015.0057 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/598463 |access-date=2016-11-12 |pages=1111–1121|s2cid=145096181 }}</ref>

According to Czech, it is from April 2018 onwards that Hans Asperger's legacy is seriously questioned, notably through an editorial and press release distributed by, widely reported in the media, and then by the publication of Edith Sheffer's book a few weeks later.{{sfn|Czech|2020|p=S163}} This gave rise to some sensationalist media exaggerations concerning the true role of Asperger's.{{sfn|Czech|2021|p=S163}} Silberman reconsidered his position, pointing out that people with autism who once saw Hans Asperger as an ally probably felt betrayed, and updated new editions of his book.<ref>{{cite web |language=en |first=Shannon Des Roches |last=Rosa |title=On Hans Asperger, the Nazis, and Autism: A Conversation Across Neurologies |date=19 April 2018 |url=http://www.thinkingautismguide.com/2018/04/on-hans-asperger-nazis-and-autism.html |access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref>

In ''Asperger's Children'', historian Edith Scheffer argues for the abandonment of the notion of "Asperger's syndrome". After reading this book, Judy Sasha Rubinsztein says she is "convinced not to use the term 'Asperger's Syndrome' because it raises the spectre of that barbaric time when medical values were distorted to support Nazi ideology.{{sfn|Rubinsztein|2019|p=176}} Professor Simon Baron-Cohen states that, in light of Czech and Sheffer's findings, "we now need to revise our views, and probably our language as well", by no longer referring to "Asperger's syndrome" but only to "autism".{{sfn|Baron-Cohen|2018|p=306}} In contrast, the American journalist Seth Mnookin does not agree with Sheffer's conclusion, which he analyzes as an attempt to deconstruct the notion of autism by falsely making it sound like a "Nazi invention".<ref>{{cite news |language=en-US |first1=Seth |last1=Mnookin |title=Was Autism a Nazi Invention? |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2018-06-18 |issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/18/books/review/aspergers-children-edith-sheffer.html |access-date=2021-09-04}}</ref>

The reactions of autistic people to the revelations about Hans Asperger's past are varied: some are attached to the terminology of "Asperger's syndrome", while others testify in favour of abandoning this name.{{sfn|Baron-Cohen|2018|p=306}} This is notably the case of the doctor of philosophy Josef Schovanec,<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |author=Christian Du Brulle |title=Ne dites pas à Josef Schovanec qu'il est « Asperger » |date=15 October 2018 |url=https://dailyscience.be/15/10/2018/ |website=Daily science |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref> who states:

"Even more than his links with Nazism, it is what must have been Dr. Asperger's strong point that will seal his doom, namely his ability to sort out children among humans."

- Josef Schovanec {{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=13}}

===Did Hans Asperger have Asperger's syndrome?===
In 2007, Viktoria Lyons and Michael Fitzgerald (a controversial expert in retrospective diagnosis) hypothesized that Hans Asperger himself had Asperger's syndrome, as they believed that as a child he exhibited features of the very disorder that later received his name.{{sfn|Lyons|Fitzgerald|2007|pp=2020-2021}} The article is based on a German newsletter{{sfn|Lyons|Fitzgerald|2007|pp=2020-2021}} and on the book by [[Uta Frith]], published in 1991.{{sfn|Lyons|Fitzgerald|2007|pp=2020-2021}}

This hypothesis was taken up by the investigative journalist Steve Silberman{{sfn|Silberman|2016}} and by Élisabeth Roudinesco, who asserted that Hans Asperger was affected during his childhood by the syndrome he later described.<ref>{{cite book |language=fr |first1=Elisabeth |last1=Roudinesco |first2=Michel |last2=Plon |title=Dictionnaire de la psychanalyse |location=Paris |publisher=Fayard |series=La Pochothèque |date=2011 |orig-date=1997 |pages=114–117 |isbn=978-2-253-08854-7 |chapter=Autisme }}</ref> It is refuted by Sheffer, who believes that the diagnostic criteria for Asperger's syndrome are irrelevant (and even less so in retrospect), but also that Asperger's "severe criticism" of "autistic psychopaths" precludes the possibility that he would have considered applying a diagnosis that he judged so negatively to himself.{{sfn|Sheffer|2018|p=29}}

Czech points out that "the potential obstacles to his [Hans Asperger's] support for National Socialism were his religious convictions, his humanistic background, and his elitist and cultured habitus. He adds that "Asperger's political socialization at the time probably blinded him to the destructiveness of National Socialism because of an affinity with its ideological core elements."{{sfn|Czech|2021|p=1}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Jami L. |last2=Cushing |first2=Simon |date=16 November 2012 |title=The Philosophy of Autism |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-1709-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bb0cAAAAQBAJ&dq=SOS-Kinderdorf+asperger&pg=PA142 }}

*{{cite book |last1=Attwood |first1=Tony |date=1 October 1997 |title=Asperger's Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals |url=https://archive.org/details/aspergerssyndrom00attw_0 |url-access=registration |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/aspergerssyndrom00attw_0/page/11 11] |isbn=978-1-85302-577-8 |access-date=1 January 2016 }}

*{{cite journal |last1=Baron-Cohen |first1=Simon |title=The truth about Hans Asperger's Nazi collusion |journal=Nature |date=8 May 2018 |volume=557 |issue=7705 |pages=305–306 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05112-1 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..305B |s2cid=13700224 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05112-1 }}

*{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Bohnenberger |first=Alexandra |title=Hans Asperger (1906–1980) |encyclopedia=The Embryo Project Encyclopedia |publisher=Arizona State University |url=https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/hans-asperger-1906-1980 |access-date=17 October 2020 }}

*{{Cite journal |last=Brezinka |first=Wolfgang |date=1997 |title=Heilpädagogik an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Wien. Ihre Geschichte von 1911-1985 |url=https://www.pedocs.de/frontdoor.php?source_opus=6988 |journal=Zeitschrift für Pädagogik |language=de |volume=43 |issue=3 }}

*{{Cite journal |last=Czech |first=Herwig |date=2018 |title=Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna |journal=Molecular Autism |volume=9 |issue=29 |page=29 |doi=10.1186/s13229-018-0208-6 |pmid=29713442 |pmc=5907291 |s2cid=13809363 |issn=2040-2392}}

*{{cite journal |last=Czech |first=Herwig |title=Response to 'Non-complicit: Revisiting Hans Asperger's Career in Nazi-era Vienna' |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=49 |issue=9 |date=September 2019 |pages=3883–3887 |pmid=31197636 |pmc=6667397 |doi=10.1007/s10803-019-04106-w}}

*{{Cite journal |last=Czech |date=2020 |title=Hans Asperger und der Nationalsozialismus: Konturen einer Kontroverse |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00112-020-00947-3 |journal=Monatsschrift Kinderheikunde |language=de |volume=168 |issue=3 |pages=163–175 |doi=10.1007/s00112-020-00947-3 |s2cid=220721940 }}

*{{Cite journal |last=Czech |first=Herwig |date=2021 |title=Correction to: Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna |journal=Molecular Autism |volume=9 |issue=29 |page=29 |doi=10.1186/s13229-018-0208-6 |pmid=29713442 |pmc=5907291 |s2cid=13809363 }}

*{{Cite book | last1 = Donvan | first1 = John | last2 = Zucker | first2 = Caren | date=2017 | title= In a different key : the story of autism |location= London | publisher = Penguin Books | isbn = 978-0-241-95817-9 | oclc= 980330818}}

*{{cite journal |last=Falk |first=D |title=Non-complicit: Revisiting Hans Asperger's Career in Nazi-era Vienna |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=50 |issue=7 |date=July 2020 |pages=2573–2584 |pmid=30887409 |doi=10.1007/s10803-019-03981-7 |s2cid=83462826}}

*{{cite book |last1=Frith |first1=Uta |date=January 1992 |chapter=‘Autistic psychopathy' in childhood |title=Autism and Asperger syndrome |chapter-url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/medicine/mental-health-psychiatry-and-clinical-psychology/autism-and-asperger-syndrome |language=en |edition=First |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521386081 }}

*{{cite book |last1=Grandin |first1=Temple |last2=Panek |first2=Richard |date=30 April 2013 |title=The Autistic Brain: Thinking Across the Spectrum |url=http://www.hmhco.com/shop/books/The-Autistic-Brain/9780547636450 |language=en |edition=First |location=Boston |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0547636450 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135051/http://www.hmhco.com/shop/books/The-Autistic-Brain/9780547636450 |access-date=1 January 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}

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*{{cite journal |language=en |first1=Viktoria |last1=Lyons |first2=Michael |last2=Fitzgerald |title=Did Hans Asperger (1906–1980) have Asperger Syndrome? |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=37 |issue=10 |date=2007-10-17 |issn=0162-3257 |doi=10.1007/s10803-007-0382-4 |access-date=2021-09-01 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10803-007-0382-4 |pages=2020–2021|pmid=17917805 |s2cid=21595111 }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Just |editor1-first=Marcel Adam |editor2-last=Pelphrey |editor2-first=Kevin A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdR7C6yI4LcC |title=Development and Brain Systems in Autism |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-84872-866-0 |location=[[New York City|New York]] }}

*{{cite book |last1=Nieminen-von Wendt |first1=Taina |year=2004 |url=http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/kliin/vk/nieminen-wendt |location=Helsinki, Finland |url-status=dead |title=On the origins and diagnosis of Asperger syndrome: a clinical, neuroimaging and genetic study |publisher=[[University of Helsinki]] |isbn=978-952-10-2079-7 |access-date=16 May 2011 |archive-date=7 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407040625/http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/kliin/vk/nieminen-wendt }}

*{{cite book |last1=Rebecchi |first1=Kevin |title=Les enfants autistes - Hans Asperger |date=4 December 2021 |publisher=Independently published |isbn=979-8774618064 |url=https://www.amazon.fr/enfants-autistes-Hans-Asperger/dp/B09MYX1FW5 }}

*{{Cite journal |last=Rosenblum |first=Eve |date=1961 |title=Le développement de la pédagogie curative |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/enfan_0013-7545_1961_num_14_2_2260 |journal=Enfance |language=fr |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=165–178 |doi=10.3406/enfan.1961.2260 }}

*{{Cite journal |last=Rubinsztein |first=Judy Sasha |date=March 2019 |title=Asperger's Children: The Origins of Autism in Nazi Vienna By Edith Sheffer |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/aspergers-children-the-origins-of-autism-in-nazi-vienna-by-edith-sheffer-ww-norton-and-company-2018-320-pp-1899-hb-isbn-9780393609646/FC1D66F4952149052D986E2D017359A5 |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |type=Review |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-date=18 February 2019 |volume=214 |issue=3 |doi=10.1192/bjp.2019.15 |s2cid=73495447 }}

*{{cite book |last=Sheffer |first=Edith |title=Asperger's children: the origins of autism in Nazi Vienna |year=2018 |isbn=9780393609646 |edition=First |location=New York |oclc=1005104504}}

*{{Cite book |last=Sheffer |first=Edith |title=Asperger's Children: The Origins of Autism in Nazi Vienna |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2020 |isbn=9780393357790}}

*{{cite book |last1=Silberman |first1=Steve |title=NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity |publisher=[[Avery Publishing]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-58333-467-6}}

*{{Cite journal |last=Silberman |first=Steve |date=23 August 2016 |title=The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity |journal=NeuroTribes |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Avery Publishing |isbn=978-0-399-18561-8 |oclc=932001597}}

*{{cite journal |last=Slagstad |first=K |title=Asperger, the Nazis and the children - the history of the birth of a diagnosis |journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening |volume=139 |issue=9 |date=May 2019 |pmid=31140263 |doi=10.4045/tidsskr.18.0932 |doi-access=free}}

*{{Cite journal |last1=Turkington |first1=Carol |last2=Anan |first2=Ruth |date=2007 |title=Asperger, Hans (1906 - 1980) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-XGmKsK6ycC&dq=asperger+hans+emeritus+1977&pg=PA9 |journal=The Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-7505-8 }}

* {{cite web |url=https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/aftermath-hans-asperger-expose |title=The aftermath of the Hans Asperger exposé |last1=Sher |first1=David |date=27 July 2020 |publisher=British Psychological Society |access-date=18 April 2023 |quote=}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|32em}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Hippler K, Klicpera C |title=A retrospective analysis of the clinical case records of 'autistic psychopaths' diagnosed by Hans Asperger and his team at the University Children's Hospital, Vienna |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=358 |issue=1430 |pages=291–301 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12639327 |pmc=1693115 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2002.1197 |jstor=3558142}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Asperger H |date=1938 |title=Das psychisch abnorme Kind [The psychically abnormal child] |url= |journal=Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift |language=de |volume=51 |pages=1314–1317}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Asperger H |date=June 1944 |title=Die 'Autistischen Psychopathen' im Kindesalter [Autistic psychopaths in childhood] |url=http://www.th-hoffmann.eu/archiv/asperger/asperger.1944.pdf |journal=[[Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten]] |language=de |volume=117 |pages=76–136 |doi=10.1007/BF01837709 |s2cid=33674869}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Asperger H |title=[On the differential diagnosis of early infantile autism] |language=de |journal=Acta Paedopsychiatrica |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=136–145 |date=1968 |pmid=4880461}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Asperger H |title=[Early infantile autism] |language=de |journal=Medizinische Klinik |volume=69 |issue=49 |pages=2024–2027 |date=December 1974 |pmid=4444665}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Asperger H |title=[The lived life. 50 years of pediatrics] |language=de |journal=Padiatrie und Padologie |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=214–223 |date=1977 |pmid=331197}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web
| title= Was this autism pioneer also a Nazi?
| url= https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/was-this-autism-pioneer-also-a-nazi
| date= 20 January 2016
| work=[[PBS NewsHour]]
| publisher= [[PBS]]
| access-date= 17 March 2018
}}

{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asperger, Hans}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian physicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian scientists]]
[[Category:Austrian pediatricians]]
[[Category:Autism researchers]]
[[Category:Combat medics]]
[[Category:German Army officers of World War II]]
[[Category:Nazi eugenics]]
[[Category:University of Vienna alumni]]

History of Asperger syndrome

2023-07-30T11:15:04Z

TempusTacet: resolve factual errors in the lead section

{{update|reason=This diagnosis now part of autism spectrum for DSM and ICD classifications|date=February 2021}}[[Asperger syndrome]] (AS) was formerly a separate diagnosis under [[autism spectrum disorder]]. Under the DSM-5 and ICD-11, patients formerly diagnosable with Asperger syndrome are diagnosable with [[Autism spectrum|Autism Spectrum Disorder]]. The term is considered offensive by some autistic individuals.<ref name="What'sSpecial">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S, Klin A | title = What's so special about Asperger Syndrome? | journal = Brain and Cognition | volume = 61 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–4 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16563588 | doi = 10.1016/j.bandc.2006.02.002 | url = http://www.elsevier.com/authored_subject_sections/S05/S05_360/pdf/klin.pdf | access-date = 2012-04-05 | url-status = live | s2cid = 12554302 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120218133009/http://www.elsevier.com/authored_subject_sections/S05/S05_360/pdf/klin.pdf | archive-date = 2012-02-18 }}</ref> It was named after [[Hans Asperger]] (1906–80), who was an Austrian [[psychiatrist]] and [[pediatrician]]. An English psychiatrist, [[Lorna Wing]], popularized the term "Asperger's syndrome" in a 1981 publication; the first book in English on Asperger syndrome was written by [[Uta Frith]] in 1991 and the condition was subsequently recognized in formal diagnostic manuals later in the 1990s.<ref name="What'sSpecial" />

Details<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Czech H | title = Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna | journal = Molecular Autism | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 29 | date = 2018-12-01 | pmid = 29713442 | pmc = 5907291 | doi = 10.1186/s13229-018-0208-6 }}</ref> of [[Hans Asperger]]'s actions<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Baron-Cohen S |date=2018-05-08 |title=The truth about Hans Asperger's Nazi collusion |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05112-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=557 |issue=7705 |pages=305–306 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05112-1|bibcode=2018Natur.557..305B |s2cid=13700224 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Asperger's Syndrome Named After a Nazi Enabler? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/asperger-nazi/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=Snopes.com |language=en-US}}</ref> as a psychiatrist in [[Austria under National Socialism|Nazi era Austria]], made public in 2018, incited debate<ref>{{Cite news |title=Doctor Behind Asperger's Syndrome Subject To Name Change |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/05/12/610716324/doctor-behind-asperger-s-syndrome-subject-to-name-change#:~:text=Asperger's%20syndrome,%20a%20form%20of,was%20largely%20unknown%20until%20now. |access-date=2022-06-06}}</ref> of the syndrome's name and public lobbying for a renaming of the syndrome.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Sheffer E |date=2018-03-31 |title=Opinion {{!}} The Nazi History Behind 'Asperger' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/31/opinion/sunday/nazi-history-asperger.html |access-date=2022-06-06 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Discovery of autistic psychopathy ==

===Hans Asperger===
[[Hans Asperger]] was director of the [[University of Vienna]] Children's Clinic. As a result, he spent most of his professional life in Vienna. Throughout Asperger's career, he was also a pediatrician, medical theorist, and medical professor.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hippler K, Klicpera C | title = A retrospective analysis of the clinical case records of 'autistic psychopaths' diagnosed by Hans Asperger and his team at the University Children's Hospital, Vienna | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 358 | issue = 1430 | pages = 291–301 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12639327 | pmc = 1693115 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2002.1197 }}</ref> His works were published largely in German.<ref name="What'sSpecial"/> He is most well known for his work with mental disorders, especially those in children.<ref name=":0" /> As a child, Asperger appeared to have exhibited some features of the very condition named after him, such as social remoteness and talent in language.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lyons V, Fitzgerald M | title = Did Hans Asperger (1906-1980) have Asperger syndrome? | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 37 | issue = 10 | pages = 2020–2021 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17917805 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-007-0382-4 | s2cid = 21595111 }}</ref>

===Asperger's research===
Asperger's 1940 work, ''Autistic psychopathy in childhood'',<ref name=ha>{{cite book | vauthors = Asperger H |chapter= 'Autistic psychopathy' in childhood | chapter-url=https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.uoregon.edu/dist/d/16656/files/2018/11/Asperger-Autistic-Psychopathy-in-Childhood-2h51vw4.pdf | veditors = Frith U | title=Autism and Asperger syndrome | publisher=Cambridge University Press | publication-place=Cambridge New York | year=1991 | isbn=978-0-521-38608-1 | oclc=23731537 | pages=37–92}}. Originally published as {{cite journal | vauthors = Asperger H |year=1944 |title=Die 'Autistischen Psychopathen' im Kindesalter |journal=[[Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten]] |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=76–136 |doi=10.1007/BF01837709 |s2cid=33674869 |language=de}}</ref> found that four of the 200 children studied<ref name=Baskin>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baskin JH, Sperber M, Price BH | title = Asperger syndrome revisited | journal = Reviews in Neurological Diseases | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–7 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16596080 }}</ref> had difficulty with integrating themselves socially. Although their intelligence levels appeared normal, the children lacked nonverbal communication skills, failed to demonstrate empathy with their peers, and were physically clumsy. Their verbal communication was either disjointed or overly formal, and their all-absorbing interest in a single topic dominated their conversations. Asperger named the condition "autistic psychopathy", and described it as primarily marked by [[social isolation]].<ref name=NINDS>{{cite web |publisher=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) |date=July 31, 2007 |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/asperger/detail_asperger.htm |title=Asperger Syndrome Fact Sheet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821112426/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/asperger/detail_asperger.htm |archive-date=2007-08-21 |access-date=24 August 2007}}</ref> Asperger described those patients as like "little professors" who talked about their interests at great length,<ref>{{cite book | veditors = McPartland JC, Klin A, Volkmar FR, Felder MA | editor-link4 = Maria Asperger Felder |title=Asperger syndrome: assessing and treating high-functioning autism spectrum disorders|date=2014|publisher=Guilford|location=New York |isbn=978-1462514144|page=5|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLtaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|access-date=13 December 2016|ref=LittleProfessors}}</ref> and believed the individuals he described would be capable of exceptional achievement and original thought later in life.<ref name="Baskin"/> Asperger's paper defended the value of high-functioning autistic individuals, writing "We are convinced, then, that autistic people have their place in the organism of the social community. They fulfill their role well, perhaps better than anyone else could, and we are talking of people who as children had the greatest difficulties and caused untold worries to their care-givers." However, he also wrote concerning his other cases, "Unfortunately, in the majority of cases the positive aspects of autism do not outweigh the negative ones...In many cases the social problems are so profound that they overshadow everything else ... the problems are compensated by a high level of original thought and experience."<ref name=ha/>

A Soviet child psychiatrist, [[Grunya Sukhareva]], described a similar syndrome that was published in Russian in 1925, and in German in 1926.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manouilenko I, Bejerot S | title = Sukhareva--Prior to Asperger and Kanner | journal = Nordic Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 69 | issue = 6 | pages = 479–482 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 25826582 | doi = 10.3109/08039488.2015.1005022 | type = Report | s2cid = 207473133 | url = http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-47358 | publication-date = 31 March 2015 }}</ref>

==Fritz V.==
{{more citations needed|date=April 2021}}
''Fritz V.'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=kfwilliams |date=2019-04-30 |title=Controversy Regarding Asperger’s Syndrome |url=https://healthfulmind.blog/2019/04/30/340/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=h e a l t h f u l m i n d |language=en}}</ref> is a pseudonym that Hans Asperger used to refer to his first patient. This makes him the first person in history to be identified as having Asperger's Syndrome. Fritz displayed many behavioral problems in childhood and acted out at school but he had a strong interest in [[mathematics]] and [[astronomy]], particularly the theories of [[Isaac Newton]]. Fritz grew up to become a professor of astronomy and solved an error in Newton's work he originally noticed as a child. Much of what Asperger learned about the condition in its early days derives from his meetings with Fritz, whom he kept track of throughout his life.<ref name=ha />

Fritz V. was born in June 1933 in [[First Austrian Republic|Austria]] and was sent to Hans Asperger in autumn of 1939. The school referred him as they considered him "uneducable" by his first day there. He had severe impairment in social integration. Hans Asperger gave a very detailed report of Fritz and his efforts to understand his problems in his case report '''Autistic psychopathy' in childhood''.<ref name=ha /> Fritz was a first child of his parents. According to Asperger, his mother was a descendant of "one of the greatest Austrian poets" and she described her family as "in the mad-genius mould." Her family were intellectuals who wrote poetry "quite beautifully." Asperger noticed the genetic component of the syndrome here because Fritz's grandfather and several of his relatives had displayed similar traits and had been expelled from private schools numerous times. His grandfather lived as an eccentric recluse at the time of Asperger's report. He lived alone and was "preoccupied with his own thoughts." Fritz's mother also displayed similar behavior to him. She made poor eye contact, always looked unkempt, dressed rather poorly and walked in a very clunky, [[goosestep|military fashion]] with her arms behind her back. She had problems communicating with her family and when things at home became too stressful she would travel alone to the [[Alps]] for weeks at a time and leave the rest of the family to deal with things themselves. Fritz's father was a civil servant and Asperger noted that he was 55 years old at the time of Fritz's birth.

Fritz had a normal birth. However, his motor development was delayed and he was very clumsy which worried his parents. He only learned to walk at fourteen months. He also had problems with learning self-help skills such as washing and cleaning. However, he also learnt to talk much earlier at ten months and quickly expressed himself in formal sentence structure "like an adult." Asperger noted that from a young age, Fritz never did what he was told and would often intentionally do the exact opposite. Punishment did not deter him. He was restless and fidgety and had "a destructive urge." Any toys left around him would soon be broken. He did not get along well with other children either. They "wound him up" and he once attacked one with a [[hammer]]. He cared little for the danger posed to himself or others. He was kicked out of kindergarten on the first day. He attacked other children, paced about nonchalantly during the lesson and destroyed the coat-rack. Fritz did not care if people were upset with him and seemed to enjoy their angry responses to his disobedience. Despite this, he would also sometimes hug other classmates without provocation. Asperger noted that Fritz was indifferent to the authority of adults and would use abrasive, informal language when speaking to them (he used the informal "du" and never the formal "sie"). He also displayed repetitive movements such as hitting, jumping and [[echolalia]]. Fritz had poor eye contact and would never look at people when speaking to them. He also spoke in a dull, monotone voice. He did however, sometimes sing "I don't like to say that" in response to a question or beat rhythms on objects around him. He experienced serious stomach problems from eating non-edible things such as [[pencils]] and from licking the tables. He did very poorly in [[Physical education|PE]] because he was very clumsy and never swung in any rhythm. He would frequently run away from class or begin hitting and jumping up and down. When it came to intelligence tests, it was impossible to get a good measure of his intelligence as his responses to test questions varied. Sometimes he would jump up and move around or just answer with nonsense (Asperger implies here it might be deliberate) and other times he might give an answer considerably advanced for his age. Asperger noted that it almost seemed up to chance. To some questions, he would give a very precise answer and to others he would mumble nonsense.

Much of what Asperger learned about the syndrome and its effect on health and learning can be seen from his interactions with Fritz. He noted the many behavioral problems that Fritz faced and remarked that these problems he faced from a young age in making relationships with his parents would lead to later problems with his teachers and peers. Children's development relies quite heavily on things such as eye contact and understanding others which Fritz had problems with. Asperger believed Fritz could feel emotions very easily but the problems he had were with displaying them. Many of the traits that have came to be seen as key features of Asperger syndrome can be seen in Asperger's records of Fritz including, difficulty socializing and understanding the thoughts of others, trouble empathizing, special interests, motor problems, sensory issues, avoidance of other classmates and difficulty relating with peers. Asperger recommended to his mother that he would do better with a private tutor than he would in the full classroom but that even still, he would face some difficulties with keeping focus. Much of what Asperger had learned from Fritz has helped with the understanding of Asperger Syndrome today.

== Relationship to Kanner's work ==
Two subtypes of autism were described between 1943 and 1944 by two Austrian researchers — Austrian-born [[Hans Asperger|Asperger]] and child psychiatrist [[Leo Kanner]] (1894–1981).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chown N, Hughes L | title = History and First Descriptions of Autism: Asperger Versus Kanner Revisited | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 46 | issue = 6 | pages = 2270–2272 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 26883648 | doi = 10.1007/s10803-016-2746-0 | s2cid = 207161754 }}</ref> Kanner emigrated to the United States in 1924;<ref name="What'sSpecial"/> he described a similar syndrome in 1943, known as "classic autism" or "[[Kannerian autism]]", characterized by significant cognitive and communicative deficiencies, including delayed or absent [[language development]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kanner L | title = Autistic disturbances of affective contact | journal = Acta Paedopsychiatrica | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 100–136 | year = 1943 | pmid = 4880460 | author-link = Leo Kanner }} Reprint (1968) ''Acta Paedopsychiatr'' 35 (4): 100–36. {{PMID|4880460}}.</ref> Kanner's descriptions were influenced by the developmental approach of [[Arnold Gesell]], while Asperger was influenced by accounts of [[schizophrenia]] and personality disorders.<ref name="Klin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Klin A | title = [Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview] | journal = Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria | volume = 28 Suppl 1 | issue = suppl 1 | pages = S3-11 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16791390 | doi = 10.1590/S1516-44462006000500002 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Asperger's frame of reference was [[Eugen Bleuler]]'s typology, which [[Christopher Gillberg]] has described as "out of keeping with current diagnostic manuals", adding that Asperger's descriptions are "penetrating but not sufficiently systematic".<ref name="EhlGill">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ehlers S, Gillberg C | title = The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome. A total population study | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 34 | issue = 8 | pages = 1327–1350 | date = November 1993 | pmid = 8294522 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x }} {{cite web|url=http://asperger.org/Publications/Ehlers_and_Gillberg_Article.asp |title=Truncated version |access-date=2008-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719235125/http://www.asperger.org/Publications/Ehlers_and_Gillberg_Article.asp |archive-date=2008-07-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Asperger was unaware of Kanner's description published a year before his;<ref name="Klin"/> the two researchers were separated by an ocean and a raging war, and Asperger's descriptions were unnoticed in the United States.<ref name="Baskin"/> During his lifetime, Asperger's work, in German, remained largely unknown outside the German-speaking world.<ref name="What'sSpecial"/>

The outlook the two had on the causes of Autism and the way it should be reacted to were quite different. Kanner was a bit more censorious of the parents of the autistic children and held their emotional coldness as at least partially responsible (see [[Refrigerator mother theory]]) whereas Hans Asperger was more sympathetic to the parents of his patients and even noticed that they had similar symptoms to their kids. Hans Asperger had very high hopes for his patients (his "little professors") and felt that they would benefit most from special tutors who were willing to deal with their many quirks and emotional problems, outside of an academic environment where they would have difficulties interacting with other children, and [[Stimulation#Over-stimulation|uncomfortable sensory stimuli]] and would be likely to disrupt classes.

==Coinage==
According to Ishikawa and Ichihashi in the ''Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine'', the first author to use the term ''Asperger's syndrome'' in the English-language literature was the German physician, Gerhard Bosch.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ishikawa G, Ichihashi K | title = [Autistic psychopathy or pervasive developmental disorder: how has Asperger's syndrome changed in the past sixty years?] | language = ja | journal = Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 409–418 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17354550 }}</ref> Between 1951 and 1962, Bosch worked as a psychiatrist at [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt University]]. In 1962, he published a monograph detailing five case histories of individuals with PDD<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Bosch G |year=1962 |title=Der frühkindliche Autismus: eine klinische und phänomenologisch-anthropologische Untersuchung am Leitfaden der Sprache |trans-title=Early childhood autism: a clinical and phenomenological-anthropological investigation based on language |series=Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie | volume = 96 |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer |language=de}}</ref> that was translated into English eight years later,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Bosch G |year=1970 |title=Infantile autism: a clinical and phenomenological anthropological investigation taking language as the guide |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer}}</ref> becoming one of the first to establish German research on autism, and attracting attention outside the German-speaking world.<ref name="Bosch">{{cite journal | title = Bosch's Cases: a 40 years follow-up of patients with infantile autism and Asperger syndrome |vauthors=Bölte S, Bosch G | url = http://www.gjpsy.uni-goettingen.de/gjp-article-boelte.pdf |journal=German Journal of Psychiatry |access-date=2007-08-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040411195432/http://www.gjpsy.uni-goettingen.de/gjp-article-boelte.pdf |archive-date = 2004-04-11}}</ref>

[[Lorna Wing]] coined the term Asperger's syndrome in 1976<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guidingpathways.com.au/2018/01/24/what-is-aspergers-syndrome/|title=What is Asperger's Syndrome|publisher=Guiding Pathways header logo|language=en|author=Carolyn Cole|date=24 January 2018|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref> and is also credited with widely popularizing the term in the English-speaking medical community in her February 1981 publication<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wing L | title = Asperger's syndrome: a clinical account | journal = Psychological Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 115–129 | date = February 1981 | pmid = 7208735 | doi = 10.1017/S0033291700053332 | s2cid = 16046498 | url = http://www.mugsy.org/wing2.htm | access-date = 2007-08-15 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070817231015/http://www.mugsy.org/wing2.htm | archive-date = 2007-08-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/18/books/review/aspergers-children-edith-sheffer.html|title=Asperger's Children|work=New York Times|language=en|author=Seth Mnookin|date=18 June 2018|access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/aspergers-syndrome-a-clinical-account/D32E7EB0D467FD05D1A51D267B1F4A72|title=Asperger's syndrome: a clinical account|publisher=Psychological Medicine|language=en|author=Lorna Wing|date=February 1981|access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref> of a series of case studies of children showing similar symptoms.<ref name="What'sSpecial"/> Wing also placed AS on the autism spectrum, although Asperger was uncomfortable characterizing his patient on the continuum of autistic spectrum disorders.<ref name="Baskin"/> She chose "Asperger's syndrome" as a neutral term to avoid the misunderstanding equated by the term ''autistic psychopathy'' with sociopathic behavior.<ref name="Mattila"/> Wing's publication effectively introduced the diagnostic concept into American psychiatry and renamed the condition as Asperger's;<ref name="McPartland">{{cite journal | vauthors = McPartland J, Klin A | title = Asperger's syndrome | journal = Adolescent Medicine Clinics | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 771–88; abstract xiii | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17030291 | doi = 10.1016/j.admecli.2006.06.010 | doi-broken-date = 31 December 2022 }}</ref> however, her accounts blurred some of the distinctions between Asperger's and Kanner's descriptions because she included some mildly disabled children and some children who presented with [[language delay]]s early in life.<ref name="Klin"/>

==Early studies==

The first systematic studies appeared in the late 1980s in publications by Tantam (1988) in the UK, Gillberg and Gilbert in Sweden (1989), and Szatmari, Bartolucci and Bremmer (1989) in North America.<ref name="What'sSpecial"/> The diagnostic criteria for AS were outlined by Gillberg and Gilbert in 1989; Szatmari also proposed criteria in 1989.<ref name="Mattila">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mattila ML, Kielinen M, Jussila K, Linna SL, Bloigu R, Ebeling H, Moilanen I | title = An epidemiological and diagnostic study of Asperger syndrome according to four sets of diagnostic criteria | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 636–646 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17450055 | doi = 10.1097/chi.0b013e318033ff42 | s2cid = 28596939 | name-list-style = vanc }}</ref> Asperger's work became more widely available in English when [[Uta Frith]], an early researcher of Kannerian autism, translated his original paper in 1991.<ref name="What'sSpecial"/> AS became a distinct diagnosis in 1992, when it was included in the 10th published edition of the [[World Health Organization]]’s diagnostic manual, International Classification of Diseases ([[ICD-10]]); in 1994, it was added to the fourth edition of the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' ([[DSM-IV]]) as ''Asperger's Disorder''.<ref name=NINDS/> When Hans Asperger observed the autistic like symptoms and behaviors in boys through their social and communication skills, many professionals felt like Asperger's syndrome was just a less severe form of autism. [[Uta Frith]] was one of these professionals who had this opinion. She was a professor at the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience of University College London, and was also an editor of ''Autism and Asperger Syndrome''. She said that individuals with Asperger's had a "dash of autism". She was one of the first scientists who recognized autism and related disorders as the result of a condition of the brain instead of the outcome of detached parenting.

==Contemporary==
Less than two decades after the widespread introduction of AS to English-speaking audiences, there are hundreds of books, articles and websites describing it; prevalence estimates have increased dramatically for ASD, with AS recognized as an important subgroup.<ref name="What'sSpecial"/> However, questions remain concerning many aspects of AS; whether it should be a separate condition from [[high-functioning autism]] is a fundamental issue requiring further study.<ref name="Baskin"/> The [[Diagnosis of Asperger syndrome|diagnostic validity of Asperger syndrome is tentative]], there is little consensus among clinical researchers about the usage of the term "Asperger's syndrome", and there are questions about the empirical validation of the DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria.<ref name="Klin"/> It is likely that the definition of the condition will change as new studies emerge<ref name="Klin"/> and it will eventually be understood as a multifactorial heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder involving a catalyst that results in prenatal or perinatal changes in brain structures.<ref name="Baskin"/>

There is uncertainty regarding the gender gap between males and females with AS. A person with Asperger's is often remarked as possessing masculine traits like emotional distance from the inability to empathize, and far more boys than girls are diagnosed with Asperger's.<ref name="Flora">{{cite news|url=http://psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-20061103-000002.html|title=An Aspie in the City|author=Flora, Carlin|work=Psychology Today|date=Nov–Dec 2006|access-date=2008-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919224549/http://psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-20061103-000002.html|archive-date=2008-09-19|url-status=live}}</ref>{{ums|date=January 2018}} Most studies on the syndrome were derived from research on males, neglecting specific attention to females with AS who often go misdiagnosed. For the most part, studies on girls with Asperger's are anecdotal.<ref name="Flora"/>

==Changes in DSM-5==

In 1994, Asperger's Syndrome was added to the ''American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (DSM-IV). The DSM-V made a new, broad diagnosis in 2013 of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This category contains the previous individual diagnoses of Autistic Disorder, Asperger's Syndrome, and other related developmental disorders. ASD is rated on levels of severity on a scale ranging from severe, through moderate, to mild based on clinical presentation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 |url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf |date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]] |archive-date=February 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The levels are determined by the amount of support the individual requires.

==See also==
* [[History of autism]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.uoregon.edu/dist/d/16656/files/2018/11/Asperger-Autistic-Psychopathy-in-Childhood-2h51vw4.pdf Doctor Hans Asperger's full case report on Fritz V.]

{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}
{{Mental and behavioural disorders}}
{{Autism resources}}

[[Category:Asperger syndrome]]
[[Category:History of autism|Asperger_syndrome]]

Template:Autism

2023-07-30T11:11:39Z

TempusTacet: separate diagnosable comorbidities (ie contained in DSM and/or ICD) from other associated conditions & phenomena

{{Navbox
| name = Pervasive developmental disorders
| title = [[Autism spectrum]]
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| listclass = hlist
| belowclass = hlist
| group1 = Main
| list1 =
* [[Causes of autism|Causes]]
* [[Diagnosis of autism|Diagnosis]]
* [[Epidemiology of autism|Epidemiology]]
* [[Epigenetics of autism|Epigenetics]]
* [[Heritability of autism|Heritability]]
* [[History of autism|History]]
* [[Autism and memory|Memory]]
* [[Pathophysiology of autism|Pathophysiology]]
* [[Sex and gender differences in autism|Sex and gender]]
* [[Societal and cultural aspects of autism|Societal and cultural aspects]]
* [[Autism therapies|Therapies]]

| group2 = Diagnoses
| list2 =
* [[Pervasive developmental disorder]]
** [[Classic autism]]
** [[Asperger syndrome]]
** [[Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]]
** [[Childhood disintegrative disorder]]
* [[High-functioning autism]]
* [[Low-functioning autism]]

| group3 = Associated conditions & phenomena
| list3 =
* [[Alexithymia]]
* [[Autism and LGBT identities]]
* [[Autistic burnout]]
* [[Autistic catatonia]]
* [[Autistic masking]]
* [[Autistic meltdown]]
* [[Hyperlexia]]
* [[Late talker]]
* [[Monotropism]]
* [[Pathological demand avoidance]]
* [[Savant syndrome]]
* [[Stimming]]

| group4 = [[Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders|Comorbid conditions]]
| list4 =
* [[Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder]]
* [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]
* [[Anxiety disorder]]
** [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]]
* [[Developmental coordination disorder]]
* [[Epilepsy]]
* [[Intellectual disability]]
* [[Multiple complex developmental disorder]]
* [[Sensory processing disorder]]

|group5=[[Syndromic autism|Associated syndromes]]
|list5=
* [[Fragile X syndrome]]
* [[Rett syndrome]]

|group6=Related issues
|list6=
* [[Autism rights movement]]
* [[Critical autism studies]]
* [[Double empathy problem]]
* [[Neurodiversity]]
* [[Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children|TEACCH program]]

| group7 = [[Controversies in autism|Controversies]]
| list7 =
* [[Applied behavior analysis]]
* [[Facilitated communication]]
* [[Lancet MMR autism fraud]]
* [[MMR vaccine and autism|MMR vaccine]]
* [[Rapid prompting method]]
* [[Thiomersal and vaccines|Thiomersal]]
** [[Chelation therapy|Chelation]]

| group8 = Diagnostic scales
| list8 =
* [[Autism Diagnostic Interview]]
* [[Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule]]
* [[Autism-spectrum quotient]]
* [[Childhood Autism Rating Scale]]
* [[Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale]]

| group9 = Lists
| list9 =
* [[Outline of autism|Autism-related topics]]
* [[List of autistic fictional characters|Fictional characters]]
* [[List of schools for people on the autism spectrum|Schools]]

| group10 = Accommodations
| list10 =
* [[Autism-friendly]]
* [[Sensory friendly]]

|below=

}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation|content=
{{collapsible option}}

[[Category:Autism navigation boxes]]
[[Category:Pervasive developmental disorders|τ]]
[[Category:Mental disorder templates]]

}}</noinclude>

PDD-NOS

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#REDIRECT [[Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]]
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PDD NOS

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PDDNOS

2023-07-30T10:52:38Z

TempusTacet: rcat

#REDIRECT [[Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]]
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Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 July 30

2023-07-30T10:51:02Z

TempusTacet: Adding :Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS).

<noinclude>{{rfd log header|2023|July 29|2023|July 31}}</noinclude>
===[[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 July 30|July 30]]===
<noinclude>This is a list of redirects that have been proposed for deletion or other action on July 30, 2023.</noinclude>


====Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) }} → [[:Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]]  ([[Talk:Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-30&end=2023-07-29&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Pervasive_Developmental_Disorder_-_Not_Otherwise_Specified_(PDD-NOS)|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

I believe this redirect should be deleted. The title combines an unusual hyphenation of the complete name of the diagnosis with an abbreviation in parentheses. Nothing links to it and it does not help readers find the article, as [[Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified]] (without the abbreviation in parentheses) already exists. [[User:TempusTacet|TempusTacet]] ([[User talk:TempusTacet|talk]]) 10:51, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
====Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Men's 60 kg====
*{{no redirect|1 = Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Men's 60 kg }} → [[:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games]]  ([[Talk:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Men's 60 kg|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Men's 60 kg|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Men's 60 kg|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-30&end=2023-07-29&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Judo_at_the_2021_Summer_World_University_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_60_kg|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Men's 60 kg|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Men's 60 kg]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Men's 60 kg|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Men's 60 kg]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Men's 60 kg|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Men's 60 kg]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ]
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*{{no redirect|1 = Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 57 kg }} → [[:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games]]  ([[Talk:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 57 kg|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 57 kg|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 57 kg|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-30&end=2023-07-29&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Judo_at_the_2021_Summer_World_University_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_57_kg|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 57 kg|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 57 kg]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 57 kg|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 57 kg]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 57 kg|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 57 kg]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ]
*{{no redirect|1 = Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 63 kg }} → [[:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games]]  ([[Talk:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 63 kg|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 63 kg|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 63 kg|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-30&end=2023-07-29&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Judo_at_the_2021_Summer_World_University_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_63_kg|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 63 kg|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 63 kg]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 63 kg|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 63 kg]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 63 kg|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 63 kg]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ]
*{{no redirect|1 = Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 70 kg }} → [[:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games]]  ([[Talk:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 70 kg|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 70 kg|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 70 kg|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-30&end=2023-07-29&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Judo_at_the_2021_Summer_World_University_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_70_kg|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 70 kg|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 70 kg]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 70 kg|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 70 kg]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 70 kg|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 70 kg]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ]
*{{no redirect|1 = Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 78 kg }} → [[:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games]]  ([[Talk:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 78 kg|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 78 kg|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 78 kg|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-30&end=2023-07-29&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Judo_at_the_2021_Summer_World_University_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_78_kg|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 78 kg|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 78 kg]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 78 kg|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 78 kg]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 78 kg|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 78 kg]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ]
*{{no redirect|1 = Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's +78 kg }} → [[:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games]]  ([[Talk:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's +78 kg|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's +78 kg|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's +78 kg|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-30&end=2023-07-29&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Judo_at_the_2021_Summer_World_University_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_%2B78_kg|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's +78 kg|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's +78 kg]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's +78 kg|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's +78 kg]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's +78 kg|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's +78 kg]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ]
*{{no redirect|1 = Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's team }} → [[:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games]]  ([[Talk:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's team|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's team|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's team|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-30&end=2023-07-29&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Judo_at_the_2021_Summer_World_University_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's team|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's team]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's team|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's team]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's team|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Judo at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's team]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Delete all. These redirects are misleading, as the come from either the target article itself or next to a link to it in another article. [[User:CLalgo|CLalgo]] ([[User talk:CLalgo|talk]]) 08:49, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
====One Armed Bandits(Dukes)====
*{{no redirect|1 = One Armed Bandits(Dukes) }} → [[:List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes#ep1]]  ([[Talk:One Armed Bandits(Dukes)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/One Armed Bandits(Dukes)|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/One Armed Bandits(Dukes)|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-30&end=2023-07-29&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=One_Armed_Bandits(Dukes)|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:One Armed Bandits(Dukes)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#One Armed Bandits(Dukes)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:One Armed Bandits(Dukes)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#One Armed Bandits(Dukes)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:One Armed Bandits(Dukes)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#One Armed Bandits(Dukes)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Redirect title without a space between the title and disambiguation. Delete per [[WP:RDAB]]. Valid redirect at [[One Armed Bandits (Dukes)]] so nothing is lost. [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] ([[User talk:Gonnym|talk]]) 07:53, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete'''. Classic [[WP:RDAB]]. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 09:40, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

====Partially hydrogenated oil====
*{{no redirect|1 = Partially hydrogenated oil }} → [[:Hydrogenation#In the food industry]]  ([[Talk:Partially hydrogenated oil|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Partially hydrogenated oil|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Partially hydrogenated oil|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-22&end=2023-07-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Partially_hydrogenated_oil|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Partially hydrogenated oil|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Partially hydrogenated oil]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Partially hydrogenated oil|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Partially hydrogenated oil]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Partially hydrogenated oil|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Partially hydrogenated oil]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ]
*{{no redirect|1 = Partially hydrogenated soybean oil }} → [[:Trans fat]]  ([[Talk:Partially hydrogenated soybean oil|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Partially hydrogenated soybean oil|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Partially hydrogenated soybean oil|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-22&end=2023-07-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Partially_hydrogenated_soybean_oil|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Partially hydrogenated soybean oil|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Partially hydrogenated soybean oil]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Partially hydrogenated soybean oil|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Partially hydrogenated soybean oil]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Partially hydrogenated soybean oil|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Partially hydrogenated soybean oil]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ]
*{{no redirect|1 = Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil }} → [[:Trans fat regulation]]  ([[Talk:Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-22&end=2023-07-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Partially_hydrogenated_vegetable_oil|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

All three of these redirects go to different targets despite the topic in the redirect title being very similar, and I feel all three of these should go to one target. [[User:Colgatepony234|Colgatepony234]] ([[User talk:Colgatepony234|talk]]) 23:06, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
* '''Retarget''' all to [[Fat hydrogenation]]. The material in question has moved to that article (created in 2020) since I last retargeted one of these redirects in 2016. [[User:StarryGrandma|StarryGrandma]] ([[User talk:StarryGrandma|talk]]) 23:24, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
* '''Comment''' Not necessarily the same target.
:* [[Partially hydrogenated oil]] could be any oil natural or unnatural.
:* [[Partially hydrogenated soybean oil]] is very specific and has an obvious best target [[Soybean oil#Composition]].
:* [[Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil]] is the clearest for [[Fat hydrogenation]].
:StarryGrandma's suggestion is best for [[Partially hydrogenated oil]] & [[Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil]] at the present time. [[User:Invasive Spices|Invasive Spices]] ([[User talk:Invasive Spices#top|talk]]) 20:18, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' Each of these don't need the same target; [[Partially hydrogenated soybean oil]] and [[Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil]] are subtopics of [[soybean oil]] and [[vegetable oil]], and those articles have sections touching on hydrogenation at [[Soybean oil#Composition]] and [[Vegetable_oil#Hydrogenation]]. The first redirect, [[Partially hydrogenated oil]], is trickier since it technically could apply to any oil susceptible to hydrogenation, but [[Fat hydrogenation]] might just be the primary topic. ― [[User:Synpath|'''Syn''']][[User talk:Synpath|path]] 02:09, 26 July 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 01:44, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
====Anglican cemetery====
*{{no redirect|1 = Anglican cemetery }} → [[:Anglicanism]]  ([[Talk:Anglican cemetery|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Anglican cemetery|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Anglican cemetery|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-22&end=2023-07-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Anglican_cemetery|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Anglican cemetery|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Anglican cemetery]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Anglican cemetery|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Anglican cemetery]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Anglican cemetery|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Anglican cemetery]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned at target. Thus, this should be '''deleted'''. [[User:Veverve|Veverve]] ([[User talk:Veverve|talk]]) 04:17, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
*'''Retarget''' to [[Cemetery]]. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 10:13, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
*'''Retarget''' to [[Cemetery]]: {{tl|r from subtopic}}. [[User:Edward-Woodrow|Edward-Woodrow]] :) <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[User talk:Edward-Woodrow|talk]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> 12:57, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete'''. Nothing at [[Cemetery]] relates to Anglicanism. If there are encyclopedic things to be said about such a ''type'' of cemetery, we should have an article at this title. [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 19:12, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
**A good point, and I'd equally support delete. I don't support a cross-namespace redirect to a category which in this case is an incomplete list with no substantive explanation. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 09:33, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
* Note that we have a [[:Category:Anglican cemeteries]] but no list page.[[User:Jay| Jay]][[User talk:Jay| 💬]] 05:37, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
* '''Retarget''' to [[:Category:Anglican cemeteries]]. I know it's not great, but it's the best option available at the moment. Deletion, given the quality of search results, is akin to a much less organised form of the category. '''[[User talk:J947|J947]]''' † [[Special:Contributions/J947|edits]] 00:09, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 01:41, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

====Christian - Anglican====
*{{no redirect|1 = Christian - Anglican }} → [[:Anglicanism]]  ([[Talk:Christian - Anglican|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Christian - Anglican|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Christian - Anglican|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-22&end=2023-07-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Christian_-_Anglican|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Christian - Anglican|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Christian - Anglican]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Christian - Anglican|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Christian - Anglican]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Christian - Anglican|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Christian - Anglican]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Weird, unhelpful formatting; this should be '''deleted'''. [[User:Veverve|Veverve]] ([[User talk:Veverve|talk]]) 04:17, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete'''. A search for either term will reveal useful results. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 10:20, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per above. [[User:A smart kitten|A smart kitten]] ([[User talk:A smart kitten|talk]]) 18:29, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
* '''Delete''': unhelpful formatting and an unlikely search term, the search results will be able to handle this if it is ever searched. [[User:InterstellarGamer12321|InterstellarGamer12321]] ([[User talk:InterstellarGamer12321|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/InterstellarGamer12321|contribs]]) 12:28, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
* '''Keep'''. Despite the slightly odd formatting, Anglicanism is exactly what one would mean by "Christian - Anglican"; namely, it is the Anglican version of Christianity. [[User:Duckmather|Duckmather]] ([[User talk:Duckmather|talk]]) 02:34, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
* '''Keep''' per Duckmather – not often used ≠ should be deleted. '''[[User talk:J947|J947]]''' † [[Special:Contributions/J947|edits]] 00:06, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 01:40, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

====Belarusian mythology====
*{{no redirect|1 = Belarusian mythology }} → [[:Slavic paganism]]  ([[Talk:Belarusian mythology|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Belarusian mythology|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Belarusian mythology|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-21&end=2023-07-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Belarusian_mythology|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Belarusian mythology|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Belarusian mythology]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Belarusian mythology|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Belarusian mythology]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Belarusian mythology|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Belarusian mythology]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Deletion. Belarusian mythology is not connected with Slavic paganism, these are superstitions inscribed in Christian motives. There is Christ, the Virgin Mary, St. George and other saints, the church calendar is used. [[User:Maksim L.|Maksim L.]] ([[User talk:Maksim L.|talk]]) 20:25, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

:Do you think you could write an article about this topic, by any chance? (Here are [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C22&q=%22belarusian+mythology%22&btnG= some relevant Google Scholar results].) [[User:Duckmather|Duckmather]] ([[User talk:Duckmather|talk]]) 22:13, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

:: Sorry, I can't create an article, my English level is low. The article is in Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian, but the topic is difficult to translate. The page has a history and the first versions were informative. Then they were removed and redirected. I can't rate the quality of the first versions.--[[User:Maksim L.|Maksim L.]] ([[User talk:Maksim L.|talk]]) 23:32, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
:::Then why don't we '''restore''' the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belarusian_mythology&oldid=790215012 old article]? It's unsourced (apparently it was supposed to be merged into [[Slavic paganism]] in 2017, but the relevant content was never added from what I can tell of [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=history&offset=20171030194634%7C807908484 the latter page's history]), but it's much better than nothing, and I think we'd be able to use the sources I've found to back up at least ''part'' of it. [[User:Duckmather|Duckmather]] ([[User talk:Duckmather|talk]]) 02:33, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
::::That article seems to consistent largely if not entirely of dubious [[WP:OR|original research]], so I don't agree that it's much better than nothing.
::::The lead defines its topic as {{tq|the system of legends, myths and cosmological presentations in ancient religion that was practiced in Belarus before Christianization in the 10th century}}. The glaring problem with that there was no such thing as "Belarus" (even the Belarusian language; see {{slink|Belarusian language#History}}) that long ago. "Belarusian mythology" is an extremely anachronistic label. Those ethnic, national, and linguistic distinctions had not yet developed, and to present the topic in these terms is very misleading to readers. If any sources which explicitly discuss the topic in terms of "Belarusian mythology" even exist they are very unlikely to be reliable.
::::Honestly, there's probably a nationalist POV at work here. Unfortunately [[Rodnovery]]-adjacent topics like Slavic mythology and folklore are a magnet for it, and the version of article you link to includes a link to a nationalist blog in its "External links" section. – [[User:Scyrme|Scyrme]] ([[User talk:Scyrme|talk]]) 23:12, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:'''Keep''', since Belarusian mythology is (also) an aspect of [[East Slavic mythology]] or multiple subjects called [[Slavic religion (disambiguation)]], at least until a new article is written.  —''[[user:Mzajac|Michael]] [[user_talk:Mzajac|Z]].'' 17:48, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
*I'm good with '''restore''' to the version found pre-deletion. The current target is questionable and we do have a minimal article under the redirect. [[User:Hobit|Hobit]] ([[User talk:Hobit|talk]]) 21:15, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete'''. To use "Belarusian mythology" in reference to pre-Christianisation Slavic paganism is anachronistic and misleading to readers. If this redirect were to exist the ideal target would be an article on [[Belarusian folklore]], similar to how [[Swiss mythology]] redirects to [[Swiss folklore]], but no such article exists. The broader [[Slavic folklore]] exists {{small|(and is the target of [[Belarusian folklore]])}}, but is a stub that has no section on Belarus specifically. I don't agree with restoring the article, for all the reasons I described above in my reply to Duckmather. – [[User:Scyrme|Scyrme]] ([[User talk:Scyrme|talk]]) 23:45, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 01:39, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

====Titanic Five====
*{{no redirect|1 = Titanic Five }} → [[:Titan submersible implosion]]  ([[Talk:Titanic Five|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Titanic Five|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Titanic Five|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-21&end=2023-07-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Titanic_Five|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Titanic Five|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Titanic Five]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Titanic Five|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Titanic Five]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Titanic Five|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Titanic Five]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = Titanic five }} → [[:Titan submersible implosion]]  ([[Talk:Titanic five|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Titanic five|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Titanic five|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-21&end=2023-07-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Titanic_five|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Titanic five|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Titanic five]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Titanic five|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Titanic five]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Titanic five|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Titanic five]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = The Titanic five }} → [[:Titan submersible implosion]]  ([[Talk:The Titanic five|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/The Titanic five|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/The Titanic five|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-21&end=2023-07-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=The_Titanic_five|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:The Titanic five|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The Titanic five]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:The Titanic five|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The Titanic five]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:The Titanic five|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The Titanic five]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = The Titanic Five }} → [[:Titan submersible implosion]]  ([[Talk:The Titanic Five|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/The Titanic Five|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/The Titanic Five|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-21&end=2023-07-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=The_Titanic_Five|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:The Titanic Five|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The Titanic Five]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:The Titanic Five|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The Titanic Five]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:The Titanic Five|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The Titanic Five]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = The titanic Five }} → [[:Titan submersible implosion]]  ([[Talk:The titanic Five|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/The titanic Five|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/The titanic Five|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-21&end=2023-07-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=The_titanic_Five|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:The titanic Five|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The titanic Five]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:The titanic Five|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The titanic Five]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:The titanic Five|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The titanic Five]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = The titanic five }} → [[:Titan submersible implosion]]  ([[Talk:The titanic five|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/The titanic five|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/The titanic five|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-21&end=2023-07-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=The_titanic_five|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:The titanic five|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The titanic five]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:The titanic five|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The titanic five]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:The titanic five|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The titanic five]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned in the target article. What is this supposed to represent??? Seems like some sort of made-up neologism. [[User:Steel1943|'''''Steel1943''''']] ([[User talk:Steel1943|talk]]) 19:51, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
* See [https://www.google.com/search?q=%22The+Titanic+Five%22] [[User:RodRabelo7|RodRabelo7]] ([[User talk:RodRabelo7|talk]]) 20:07, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
*:{{Ping|RodRabelo7}} Any way to get that added into the article with a reference? If so, it could potentially validate these redirects' existence. (Otherwise, readers won't know why they are redirected to the target article when searching these titles.) [[User:Steel1943|'''''Steel1943''''']] ([[User talk:Steel1943|talk]]) 20:37, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
*::A reference using this term could easily be added to {{slink|Titan submersible implosion#Fatalities}}, but if you want more than a mention in the title of a citation, I'm not sure incorporaing this exact phrase into the article text would be appropriate. It appears to have been coined by tabloid press, and I haven't been able find evidence of it being picked up more widely despite the relevant articles having been published over a month ago. – [[User:Scyrme|Scyrme]] ([[User talk:Scyrme|talk]]) 19:11, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom. [[User:Ertrinken|Ertrinken]] 14:26, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' as it appears to be [[WP:TOOSOON]]. This term seems to have popped up only in the past couple of days, and the only 2 sources that are notable aren't known for reliability according to [[WP:RSP]]. Let's wait until it has more widespread use. - [[User:AquilaFasciata | AquilaFasciata]] ([[User talk:AquilaFasciata |talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/AquilaFasciata |contribs]]) 14:09, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
*'''keep''' I'm seeing reasonable articles in reasonable places using the term (e.g. [https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/44497/20230623/titanic-fives-tragic-final-moment-quick-painless-why-billionaires-seek.htm] which used it in June) also [https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/u-s-coast-guard-gives-update-on-missing-titanic-five-trapped-in-submersible/video_f8b365d1-88cc-529f-869c-48e676c8f3f0.html] and many others. Doesn't meet the GNG, but perfectly reasonable redirect per CHEAP. [[User:Hobit|Hobit]] ([[User talk:Hobit|talk]]) 21:19, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' – it's certainly a term that was in use, and I don't really think we need reliable sources to support non-controversial redirect titles, just evidence that the term is in use. There's enough sources supporting use to keep anyway. Tag with {{tl|R without mention}} if no mention is added (I wouldn't be too worried about rushing to add one, we don't need to state every alternative name for something, but if someone searches that alternative name they should still be taken to the right place). [[User:Skarmory|Skarmory]] [[User talk:Skarmory|(talk •]] [[Special:Contributions/Skarmory|contribs)]] 07:39, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 01:37, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
* '''Keep'''. Most people who search this term know what it refers to and don't require it explained. The others can work it out easily enough. '''[[User talk:J947|J947]]''' † [[Special:Contributions/J947|edits]] 02:52, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

====Epiphytum====
*{{no redirect|1 = Epiphytum }} → [[:Marsupidium epiphytum]]  ([[Talk:Epiphytum|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Epiphytum|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Epiphytum|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-06-30&end=2023-07-29&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Epiphytum|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Epiphytum|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Epiphytum]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Epiphytum|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Epiphytum]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Epiphytum|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Epiphytum]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

'''Delete''', partial title match, ambiguous with ''[[Bulbophyllum epiphytum]]'' (and likely other species which lack articles). Disambiguation pages for species epithets (partial title matches) aren't desirable per [[Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Tristis_(2nd_nomination)]]. [[User:Plantdrew|Plantdrew]] ([[User talk:Plantdrew|talk]]) 01:05, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' to facilitate uninhibited Search. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 09:42, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified

2023-07-30T10:48:23Z

TempusTacet: rcats

#REDIRECT [[Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]]
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Atypical autism

2023-07-30T10:47:14Z

TempusTacet: r cats

#REDIRECT [[Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]]
{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from subtopic}}
{{R with possibilities}}
{{R printworthy}}
{{R with Wikidata item}}
}}

PDD not otherwise specified

2023-07-30T10:45:52Z

TempusTacet: r cat

#REDIRECT [[Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]]
{{Redirect category shell|
{{r from short name}}
}}