https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=The+Canadian+RoadgeekWikipedia - User contributions [en]2024-10-12T17:16:34ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.0-wmf.26https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Island_Route_4&diff=1246597832Prince Edward Island Route 42024-09-19T22:42:14Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Spelling correction</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Refimprove|date=October 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox road<br />
|province=PE<br />
|type=PE<br />
|route=4<br />
|alternate_name=<br />
|image=PEIRoute4NearCardigan.jpg<br />
|image_notes=Route 4 near [[Cardigan, Prince Edward Island|Cardigan]]<br />
|maint=Transportation and Public Works<br />
|length_km=64.9<br />
|length_round=<br />
|length_ref=<ref name="gmaps">{{cite map<br />
|publisher=Google<br />
|title=Google Maps<br />
|url=https://www.google.ca/maps/dir/45.9649426,-62.7481616/46.3594218,-62.4480442/@46.1691413,-62.9170553,10z/data=!4m19!4m18!1m15!3m4!1m2!1d-62.6807106!2d45.965786!3s0x4b5e8842ecb3d86f:0x7e118f93c47344f!3m4!1m2!1d-62.5974042!2d45.9829757!3s0x4b5e7d67a271e6b7:0xc056363d4a687506!3m4!1m2!1d-62.6184645!2d46.0936154!3s0x4b5e64371eb8b20b:0x2e5f69333003e9aa!1m0!3e0<br />
|accessdate=September 25, 2019<br />
}}</ref> <br />
|established=<br />
|direction_a=South<br />
|direction_b=North<br />
|terminus_a={{jct|country=CAN|province=PE|TCH|1}} at [[Wood Islands, Prince Edward Island|Wood Islands]]<br />
|junction={{jct|country=CAN|province=PE|PE|24}} in [[Murray River, Prince Edward Island|Murray River]]<br /><br />
{{jct|country=CAN|province=PE|PE|17}} at [[Murray River, Prince Edward Island|Murray River]] and [[Montague, Prince Edward Island|Montague]]<br /><br />
{{jct|country=CAN|province=PE|PE|3}} near [[Montague, Prince Edward Island|Montague]]<br /><br />
{{jct|country=CAN|province=PE|PE|5}} near [[Cardigan, Prince Edward Island|Cardigan]]<br />
|terminus_b={{jct|country=CAN|province=PE|PE|2}} at [[Dingwells Mills, Prince Edward Island|Dingwells Mills]]<br />
|counties=[[Kings County, Prince Edward Island|Kings]], [[Queens County, Prince Edward Island|Queens]]<br />
|previous_type=PE<br />
|previous_route=3<br />
|next_type=PE<br />
|next_route=5<br />
}} <br />
<br />
'''Route&nbsp;4''' is a {{convert|63|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, two-lane uncontrolled access secondary [[highway]] in eastern [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Canada]]. In runs east from the [[Trans-Canada Highway]] ([[Prince Edward Island Route 1|Route&nbsp;1]]) at [[Wood Islands, Prince Edward Island|Wood Islands]] along the [[Northumberland Strait]] to [[Prince Edward Island Route 18|Route&nbsp;18]] the settlement of [[High Bank, Prince Edward Island|High Bank]], where it turns north and passes through [[Murray River, Prince Edward Island|Murray River]] and [[Montague, Prince Edward Island|Montague]] before ending at [[Prince Edward Island Route 2|Route&nbsp;2]] at [[Dingwells Mills, Prince Edward Island|Dingwells Mills]].<ref name="atlas">{{cite map |author=Prince Edward Island Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal |title=Provincial Road Atlas - Prince Edward Island |url=http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/tir_roadatlas14.pdf |publisher=Government of Prince Edward Island |scale = 1:50,000 |accessdate=September 12, 2019 |pages=36-39,41-42 |date=2014}}</ref> Its maximum speed limit is {{cvt|90|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch Your Speed: PEI Gets Radar Cameras |website=Canada MotoGuide |date=9 June 2023 |url=https://canadamotoguide.com/2023/06/09/watch-your-speed-pei-gets-radar-cameras/ |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2023}}<br />
<br />
Route 4 is designated an arterial highway for approximately {{convert|30|km}} from Route&nbsp;2 in Dingwells Mills to Route&nbsp;17 in Montague; the remainder is designated a collector highway.<ref name="roadsact">{{cite act |title=Roads Act: Highway Access Regulations |article=R-15 |article-type=Chapter |date=20 September 2016 |url=http://www.irac.pe.ca/document.aspx?file=legislation/RoadsActHighwayAccessRegulations.asp |access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Names ==<br />
Route&nbsp;4 has several local names:<ref name="atlas"/><br />
* Shore Road (Wood Islands to High Bank)<br />
* Normans Road (High Bank to Murray River)<br />
* Commercial Road (Murray River to Montague)<br />
* [[Andrew Archibald Macdonald|A.A. Macdonald]] Highway (Montague to Pooles Corner)<br />
* Alleys Mill Road (Pooles Corner to [[Cardigan, Prince Edward Island|Cardigan]])<br />
* Seven Mile Road (Cardigan to Dundas)<br />
* Dundas Road (Dundas to Dingwells Mills)<br />
<br />
== Major intersections ==<br />
From south to north:<ref name="atlas"/><br />
{{jcttop|state=PE|unit=km|length_ref=<ref name="gmaps"/>}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|county = Queens<br />
|cspan = 2<br />
|location = Wood Islands<br />
|km = 0.0<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|TCH|1|to1=yes|PE|315|dir2=north|name2=Wood Islands Road|city1=Montague|city2=Charlottetown|location3=[[Caribou, Nova Scotia|Caribou]] (via ferry)|extra=ferry}}<br />
|notes = Southern terminus<br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = none<br />
|km = 6.1<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|325|dir1=north|name1=County Line Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|county = Kings<br />
|cspan = 32<br />
|location = High Bank<br />
|km = 10.8<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|348|dir1=north|name1=Livingston Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = none<br />
|km = 12.4<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|18|dir1=east|name1=Cape Bear Road|city1=Murray Harbour}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = Murray River<br />
|lspan = 4<br />
|km = 17.1<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|18|dir1=west|name1=Cape Bear Road|city1=Murray Harbour}}<br />
|notes = Signed as Route&nbsp;18 west but heads east<ref>{{google maps |title=Route 4/18 (north intersection) |url=https://www.google.ca/maps/@46.0078278,-62.6062015,3a,21.1y,120.17h,85.02t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sFFaE-cZpP6B2-NuQMCafpg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en |access-date=September 24, 2019 |date=July 2013}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|km = 17.6<br />
|type = concur<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|348|name1=Gladstone Road&nbsp;/ MacInnis Street Road}}<br />
|notes = Intersections offset, {{cvt|30|m|round=5}} concurrency<br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|km = 17.9<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|202|dir1=west|name1=Riverside Drive}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|km = 18.3<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|24|city1=Vernon River|city2=Dover}}<br />
|notes = Roundabout<br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = none<br />
|km = 19.1<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|17|dir1=east|city1=Point Pleasent}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = Alliston<br />
|km = 23.3<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|324|name1=Peters Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = St. Marys Road<br />
|km = 26.1<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|318|name1=St. Marys Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = Milltown Cross<br />
|km = 28.4<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|317|name1=Brooklyn Road&nbsp;/ Line Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = Commercial Cross<br />
|type = concur<br />
|km = 31.2<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|316|name1=Heatherdale Road&nbsp;/ Whim Road}}<br />
|notes = Intersections offset, {{cvt|40|m|round=5}} concurrency<br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = Montague<br />
|lspan = 6<br />
|km = 33.9<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|315|dir1=south|city1=Wood Islands Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|km = 34.6<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|326|name1=Valleyfield Road&nbsp;/ Dousse Road|city1=Valleyfield|city2=Lower Montague}}<br />
|notes = Roundabout<br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|km = 35.4<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|17|dir1=east|name1=Main Street|city1=Lower Montague}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|km = 35.7<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|353|dir1=west|name1=Riverside Drive}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|km = 36.2<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|210|dir1=west|name1=Queens Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|km = 36.8<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|319|dir1=east|name1=Robertson Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = none<br />
|lspan = 2<br />
|km = 39.4<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|319|dir1=east|name1=Brundenell Point Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|km = 40.0<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|356|dir1=north|name1=Power Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = Pooles Corner<br />
|km = 41.0<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|3|city1=Charlottetown|city2=Georgetown}}<br />
|notes = Roundabout<br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = none<br />
|lspan = 5<br />
|km = 44.2<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|5|dir1=west|road|Shore Road|city1=Mount Albion|city2=Cardigan}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|km = 44.5<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|329|dir1=north|name1=Hazelgreen Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|km = 45.5<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|313|dir1=north|name1=Cardigan Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|type = concur<br />
|km = 46.6<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|321|dir1=south|name1=Chapel Road|city1=Cardigan}}<br />
|notes = South end of Route&nbsp;321 concurrency<br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|type = concur<br />
|km = 47.1<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|321|dir1=north|name1=Shepard Road}}<br />
|notes = North end of Route&nbsp;321 concurrency<br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = Primrose<br />
|lspan = 2<br />
|km = 54.4<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|312|dir1=north|name1=Strathcona Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|km = 54.8<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|311|dir1=south|name1=Primrose Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = Bridgetown<br />
|km = 56.4<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|312|dir1=north|name1=Strathcona Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = Dundas<br />
|lspan = 2<br />
|km = 58.1<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|310|dir1=south|name1=Annandale Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|km = 58.4<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|314|dir1=east|name1=Little River Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = Albion Cross<br />
|km = 60.7<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|327|name1=Albion Road}}<br />
|notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{jctint|state=PE|<br />
|location = Dingwell Mills<br />
|km = 64.9<br />
|road = {{jct|state=PE|PE|2|PE|332|dir2=south|name2=Fortune Road|city1=Charlottetown|city2=Souris|city3=Red House}}<br />
|notes = Northern terminus<br />
}}<br />
{{jctbtm|keys=concur}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Prince Edward Island provincial highways}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:004}}<br />
[[Category:Prince Edward Island provincial highways|004]]<br />
[[Category:Roads in Kings County, Prince Edward Island|004]]<br />
[[Category:Roads in Queens County, Prince Edward Island|004]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Missing_Wikipedians&diff=1220327875Wikipedia:Missing Wikipedians2024-04-23T02:52:15Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: /* T */ Never left Wikipedia.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}}<br />
{{Shortcut|WP:MIA|WP:MW|WP:MISS|WP:MISSYOU|WP:GONE}}<br />
{{selfref|"WP:MISS" redirects here. You may be looking for [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Mississippi]].}}<br />
{{selfref|"WP:MW" redirects here. You may be looking for [[Help:Magic words]], [[Wikipedia:Most-wanted articles]], [[Wikipedia:Meta-Wiki]], [[Help:MediaWiki namespace]], [[MediaWiki]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Metalworking]].}}<br />
{{split|date=February 2024|discuss=Wikipedia talk:Missing Wikipedians#Split proposal}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Active_editors_at_the_English_Wikipedia_2001–2023.png|thumb|The number of [[metawiki:Research:Wikistats metrics/Active editors|active editors]] (registered accounts making 5+ edits in a given month) has been stable at the English Wikipedia since about 2013. Even though the overall volume is holding steady, we miss many of the individuals who used to contribute here.]]<br />
<br />
This is a list of [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedians]] who no longer edit the [[English Wikipedia]] and are considered missing by the community.<br />
<br />
Wikipedians who have been confirmed to have died should instead be added to [[Wikipedia:Deceased Wikipedians]].<br />
<br />
==Purpose of this list==<br />
The purpose of this list is to provide a reminder of those who have left and their reasons for doing so.<br />
<br />
Please do not add users with fewer than ~1,000 edits. Do not add people unless you are certain they have left. Do not add anonymous users identified by their IP address or (for [[WP:USEMODDOMAIN|UseModWiki-era accounts]]) domain names; they may have a roaming IP address or possibly created an account to contribute. Do not add [[Wikipedia:Banning policy|banned]] users, or yourself. Leave a message on the person's talk page to let them know that you have added them to this list; they can remove themselves if they ever return. [[:Category:Retired Wikipedians|Retired Wikipedians]] who do not wish to be listed may also remove themselves.<br />
<br />
:*People who leave a goodbye message or a {{tl|retired}} template on their user page or elsewhere, and then actually refrain from editing for at least 3 months are likely to have left permanently and may be added to the list.<br />
:*'''Wait at least 3 months''' before listing someone who has simply stopped editing, unless you have some other reason for being certain that they have left.<br />
:*Generally, editors who have gradually adopted a pattern of occasional editing interspersed with long breaks should not be listed merely because they are on one of their breaks.<br />
:*Editors who return are no longer "missing" and therefore should be removed from the list.<br />
:*Editors who have received a [[Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing|courtesy vanishing]] intentionally ''want to'' be missing and should ''not'' be listed.<br />
:*If you add your own username to the list, even as one of your final edits, your addition might be reverted since it is impossible for a "missing" Wikipedian to make an edit.<br />
<br />
The entries with the mop icon [[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|16px|link=]] beside their names are Wikipedia [[WP:ADMIN|administrators]], or have been at one time (many are procedurally desysopped due to [[WP:INACTIVITY|inactivity]]; see also [[Wikipedia:List of administrators/Inactive]]).<br />
<br />
All dates featured on this page correspond with [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] times.<br />
<br />
{| id="toc" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;" border="0" align="center"<br />
| '''Index''' [[#Numbers and other characters|Numbers and other characters]] [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]]<br />
|}<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
==Numbers and other characters==<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|-- April}} – An early Wikipedian, made her first surviving edit as "April" on [[nost:special:Contributions/April|December 14, 2001]]. Final edit was to {{oldid|User:--_April|51774179|post a notice}} advising of future intermittent editing. Has not edited since. Last edit May 6, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|²¹²}} – Last edit October 24, 2003. Final edit stated that this user was {{oldid|User:²¹²|16097156|"Taking a break."}} Has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|!!}} – Last edit December 3, 2007. Left after the [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Durova|Durova arbitration case]].<br />
* {{User2|*drew}} – Last contribution on May 1, 2011. Editing slowed down heavily after October 2007, only making four edits since then which were to archive their talk page, with their last edit adding a busy status on their userpage. Has made no edits since then.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|7}} – Former administrator who was particularly active at [[WP:AIV|AIV]] and [[WP:UAA|UAA]]. Last edit was on August 25, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|16@r}} – Last edit 5-5-2021, last global edit on French Wikipedia 5-8-2021. Prolific contributor with over 31,000 edits and 4,788 created pages. Editing slowed down significantly after 2008, making only sporadic edits afterwards, until a stop in late 2013. Made a brief return in 2021, making 16 edits until their final edit. First edit was made on January 26, 2006.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|168...}} – Last edit April 21, 2004. Blanked user and user talk pages on March 7, 2004, returning to make a handful of edits (including the final edit) to a [[WP:RFAR|request for arbitration]] in April 2004. More details available at [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_de-adminship#Removed_using_ad_hoc_decision-making:|RfDA]].<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|17Drew}} – Former administrator, previously [[User:ShadowHalo]]. Made almost 21,000 edits; the last two, in 2008, pointed to his new account [[user:PiracyFundsTerrorism]], which made sporadic edits in July–August 2009 and March–May 2011. Was desysopped for inactivity in 2011.<br />
* {{User2|2112 rush}} – Last edit April 15, 2007. Formerly [[User:Jfurr1981]].<br />
* {{User2|21655}} – Retired on {{diff|User:21655|prev|445757654|August 20, 2011}}. A highly active vandal-fighter with over 10,000 edits in 2008, but made only a few hundred over the following three years.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|52 Pickup}} – Former administrator who stopped editing on May 9, 2008. Made three more edits on October 25, the last one leaving a {{oldid|User talk:52 Pickup|247636724|retirement notice}} on his talk page. Made one final edit on April 6, 2009. Made four subsequent edits on German Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons in July 2009; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
<br />
==A==<br />
* {{User2|A930913}} – Last edited frequently in April 2016. Made 10,655 edits to Wikipedia. Edited their user page on February 15, 2021 to post they are now retired. Subsequently made one final edit on February 3, 2023; has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|A.Garnet}} – Made extensive contributions to Turkey-related topics; developed [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] to featured article status. Last edit March 11, 2009. Made 3,671 edits in total.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|A Man In Black}} – Former administrator. Last edited on June 15, 2009, shortly before being [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/A_Man_In_Black#A_Man_In_Black_desysopped desysopped] later that month. Prolific contributor, with 38,430 edits. As of February 2020, 11 years after going dormant, he still ranks among the top 2200 [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|A Musing}} – Last contribution [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poetry&diff=prev&oldid=203334971 April 4, 2008].<br />
* {{User2|AAA!}} – Placed wikibreak templates on user and talk pages on October 27, 2009; edited user page on August 9, 2010. Returned to make one page move in March 2014.<br />
* {{User2|AAA765}} – Last edit December 22, 2008.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Aarktica}} – Last edit November 3, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Aaron}} – Last edit July 10, 2012. First edit December 7, 2002.<br />
* {{User2|Aaron-Tripel}} – Last edit October 7, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|AbbyKelleyite}} – Last edit September 10, 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|ABCD}} – Active 2004 through 2006, his editing dropped in 2007 although he {{diff|User:ABCD|prev|328895688|officially marked a wikibreak in 2009}}. ABCD made his last edit on February 17, 2021 and was subsequently de-sysopped for inactivity.<br />
* {{User2|Abelmoschus Esculentus}} – A prolific countervandalism and AfC editor and user script developer; he made over 48,000 edits and about 250 with [[Special:Contributions/Abelmoschus Esculentus (alt)|his alternate account]]. Last edited with his main account on February 27, 2019 by [[Special:Diff/885345865|adding a Wikibreak enforcer to his common.js]], though he put up <nowiki>{{retired}}</nowiki> templates with his alt the next day. Last edited with his alt with [[Special:Diff/893860652|an RfA vote]] on April 24, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|ABF}} – Contributor of both German Wikipedia and English Wikipedia with 19,528 edits on English Wikipedia. Last edit on April 3, 2013. Continued contributing to German Wikipedia until February 2022; has not edited any Wikimedia projcts since.<br />
* {{User2|AbigailAbernathy}} – Active 2011 through 2014, her edits reduced to a handful annually and her last edit was October 12, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Abigail-II}} – Last edit June 12, 2004. First edit February 4, 2004. Final edits were unhappy farewells posted on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Abigail-II&oldid=4061627 user], [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Abigail-II&oldid=4061450 user talk] and the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Village_pump_archive_2004-09-26&oldid=4061388#Goodbye Village Pump]. Excerpt from user page: "''I've no interest in working on a system where people break down your work without discussing it on appropriate page.''"<br />
* {{User2|Abrech}} – Active [[Wikipedia:Huggle|Huggle]] user who stopped editing for a long time after June 2, 2008. Made a handful of edits on March 16, 2013. Made 3 edits on March 13, 2022, and another 3 on German Wikipedia late that year; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Abryn}} – Retired on July 18, 2021, made last edit on July 20, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Abu badali}} – Last edit September 11, 2007. Left over concerns regarding non-free content usage, per the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Abu_badali&oldid=157201302#:o final edit]. The final edit also indicates the user may return in "''some months''", depending upon progress in this area. Edited twice in 2008, making comments in discussions over the policy.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Acetic Acid}} – A 2005 editor, they made 176 edits in 2006, only 29 edits in 2007, with a final edit on July 29, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Acidburn24m}} – Last edit October 17, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|ACSE}} – Japanese Wikipedian with 42,000 edits over 5 years. Last edit October 19, 2011. Requested for his user page to be deleted on the same day.<br />
* {{User2|Active Banana}} – Last contribution June 12, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Actown}} – Last contribution October 22, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Adam Carr}} – Started contributing in September 2003. After many months of increasing frustration, stopped editing regularly on February 15, 2007, then posted on May 6 that he would no longer contribute to Wikipedia. Made a few sporadic edits afterwards.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Adambro}} – Last edit October 4, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|AdamRetchless}} – Last edit December 14, 2009, first edit June 28, 2002.<br />
* {{User2|Adamsan}} – Last edit: May 1, 2006. Replaced most user page content with [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Adamsan&oldid=50713710 "''I give up. You win.''"] on April 29, 2006, then removed that message with the final edit. May have left over concerns with external linking, per [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Stonehenge&oldid=50713667#The_external_link_to_Eternalidol.com this edit] to [[Talk:Stonehenge]].<br />
* {{User2|AED}} – Was an active editor until suddenly completely stopping in November 2006. Over 14,000 edits.<br />
* {{User2|AgentPeppermint}} – Last edit November 23, 2008; returned on January 20, 2010 to blank the user page and post a farewell notice. Made sporadic edits in 2011–2013.<br />
* {{User2|Agnte}} – Prolific editor on Australian topics. Began trailing off in 2006, took most of the following year off and edits dwindled further. Last edit June 19, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Aido2002}} – Was quite active until 2011. Made sporadic edits in 2013 and 2014. Made over 2,100 contributions to Wikipedia and was last seen editing on April 1, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Ainz Ooal Gown}} – Last edit July 29, 2020.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Aitias}} – Last seen on January 22, 2010; 47,000+ edits. Former administrator.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Akhilleus}} – Was an administrator from 2007 until they were desysopped for inactivity in 2019. Last edit made on 30 October 2018.<br />
* {{User2|Akira Kouchiyama}} – Over 2,000 edits with last edit coming in 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Akld guy}} – Over 21,000 edits. Editing was increasing year by year then suddenly stopped, with last edit 24 November 2019.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Akradecki}} – Administrator with a keen interest in aviation; last mainspace edit March 16, 2010. Made three edits in userspace in March 2015.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Aksi great}} – Prolific Indian Wikipedian, has not edited regularly since May 2008 with the exception of a brief period in August 2010. Last edit November 26, 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Alai}} – Last edit May 20, 2009. Administrator with over 60,000 edits. Operated [[user:Alaibot|Alaibot]].<br />
* {{User2|Alan Liefting}} – Last edit June 5, 2015. First edit January 3, 2004. Over 125,000 edits. Has not returned after his last [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|block]] expired. Made one edit on July 28, 2019. Subsequently made several edits on Wikimedia Commons in November 2022; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Alan16}} – Last contribution November 23, 2018, which was to blank their userpage. Previous edit was made over 5 years before final edit, with past edits becoming sporadic after 2010. First edit was made on May 25, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Alanmaher}} – Last edit November 27, 2019.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Alasdair}} – Last edit August 17, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|AlasdairGreen27}} – Last contribution December 21, 2010, with no reason given for inactivity. Contributor with over 4,000 edits who began editing on August 27, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|AlbertSM}} – Prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] with 43,016 edits. Consistently active from March 2006 until unexplained full stop in March 2014. As of April 2022, 8 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2200 of the [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Alex Bakharev}} – Former administrator who last edited on August 24, 2022. Was deysopped for inactivity in 2023. Made two subsequent edits on Russian Wikipedia, in September 2022 and August 2023; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Alii h}} – Last edit March 24, 2008, except for one edit on July 9, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|AliveFreeHappy}} – A ten year-editor, their last edit was April 27, 2017. Made three subsequent edits on Wikimedia Commons in October 2019; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Allens}} – Last contribution August 11, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Allstarecho}} – Former prolific contributor and [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]] with 41,100 edits. Created 4,911 pages. Consistently active from September 2007 to August 2009. Made a few sporadic edits since, the last of which was in June 2012. As of February 2020, 11 years after first becoming inactive, Allstarecho was still in the top 2000 [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|AlMac}} – Last contribution July 8, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|ALoan}} – Last edit: July 30, 2007 – Requested [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Requests_for_permissions&oldid=637381#De-admin de-adminship] and left a goodbye message on user talk with the final edit. Returned briefly to make 4 edits on July 15, 2009. Renamed to {{user2|RetiredUser2}}<br />
* {{User2|Alpha Monarch}} – Was a [[Wikipedia:Pending changes reviewer|pending changes reviewer]] and [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]] with over 3,000 edits. Made his last edit in 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Alphax}} – Long term editor, no edits since February 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Alren}} – Only three edits since May 31, 2006, the last on December 17, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Alternativity}} – Last edit December 30, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Amarkov}} – An active contributor from 2006&ndash;2007, amassing over 10,000 edits&mdash;primarily in Wikipedia space, where they frequently contributed to backroom discussions and [[WP:RfA|requests for adminship]]. Last edit on March 15, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Ambuj.Saxena}} – Prolific contributor, who started editing in 2006. Helped in bringing [[Indian Institute of Technology]] and [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] to featured article status, made last edit on June 20, 2018.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Amcaja}} – Former administrator who last edited on January 8, 2008. Relinquished tools and retired.<br />
* {{User2|Amgine}} – User talk page bears retired banner, declaring in July 2015: "I will simply continue to add the odd contributions to projects I find more welcoming." Made 5 edits afterwards, most recently in October 2017. Made one edit on English Wikinews in November 2023; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|AnakngAraw}} – Last edit 10-19-2014, last global edit on Tagalog Wikipedia 11-10-2014. Many edits on Asian topics.<br />
* {{User2|And we drown}} – Last edit April 3, 2013.<br />
<!-- User:Andonic does not want to be added to this list. --><br />
* {{User2|Anderson}} – User with over 2,000 edits. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/569332660 Posted] on his user page that he was taking a two-week to a month-long break in August 2013, then made his last edit one week later.<br />
* {{User2|Andreasegde}} – Prolific editor on [[The Beatles|Beatles]]-related articles. Retired in April 2013 and has not edited since.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Andrew c}} – Last edit December 26, 2019.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Android79}} – {{diff|User:Android79|prev|179295265|Went on wikibreak}} and only made four edits since, the last of which was on December 12, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Andux}} – Last edit January 1, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Andy Marchbanks}} – Began in 2006. Last edit November 3, 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|AndyZ}} – Last edit February 14, 2011, but no serious activity since July 24, 2008. Made a brief return to editing in June 2020, but has made no edits since then.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Angela}} – Longtime Wikipedian who registered in 2003 and [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Angela|became an administrator]] shortly thereafter. In 2004, she became [[Wikipedia:Successful bureaucratship candidacies#2004|one of the first six administrators]] to be entrusted with bureaucratship, [[:meta:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/Board_elections/2004/Results|was one of the first elected members]] of the newly-established [[Wikimedia_Foundation#Board_of_Trustees|WMF Board of Trustees]], and co-founded [[Fandom_(website)#2004–2009:_Early_days_and_growth|WikiCities (which later became Wikia, and then Fandom)]] with Jimbo Wales. Became less and less active with each passing year, eventually ceasing nearly all engagement with the project in the 2010s. Ultimately {{diff|Wikipedia:Bureaucrats%27_noticeboard|prev|970712683|handed in her mop in August 2020}} and has not edited since, save for one final edit in January 2021, and nine edits to her talk page archives in March 2024.<br />
* {{mop}} {{former admin|AngelOfSadness}} – Last edit January 29, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Anglius}} – Last edit on June 3, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|AngryHarpy}} – Last edit 2-20-2022, last global edit on Meta-Wiki 10-22-2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Animum}} – Last edit June 13, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|AnmaFinotera}} – Prolific contributor, announced retirement on August 2, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|ANNAfoxlover}} – Last edit: August 30, 2007 – User talk page notes [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:ANNAfoxlover&oldid=125890352 "''computer problems''"] since April 25, 2007, which may be related (notice was added by [[User:Deskana]]). Returned in August 2008 for a spell but disappeared again, then briefly returned to make one edit on April 26, 2014, followed by another one on January 6, 2019.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Anna Frodesiak}} – Prolific editor and former administrator who ceased active editing in April 2019. One year later, Oshwah [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Anna_Frodesiak&diff=prev&oldid=952432444 added] a retired template and personal note to her talk page at her behest; later, in August 2020, she added [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Anna_Frodesiak&diff=prev&oldid=975756249 an update] implying that her reason for not editing is due to [[Great Firewall|Chinese restrictions on access to Wikipedia]]. Made two subsequent edits in October 2021, followed by another almost two years later in June 2023, and has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|Anonymous101}} – Has not edited since placing a [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Anonymous101&diff=prev&oldid=320611504 retirement notice] in 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Anonymous anonymous}} – After [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Anonymous_anonymous/quote_box&oldid=73260008 announcing her/his retirement] on September 1, 2006, user returned briefly in December 2006 to leave some seasons' greetings. Most recent edit was one post to own talk page in March 2019.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Anonymous Dissident}} – Former administrator and bureaucrat with over 47,000 edits between 2007 and 2021, the vast majority of which were prior to 2011. Became one of the youngest editors to ever be granted adminship in [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Anonymous Dissident|September 2007]], at only twelve years of age. Desysopped due to inactivity in 2014; last edit 15 February 2021.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Anonymous editor}} – Last edit: June 17, 2006.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Ansh666}} – Former administrator with 21,115 edits across both accounts. Made 20,382 edits on original account. Requested to be desyopped on June 11, 2019 and have all rights removed except autopatrol. Moved to {{user2|Ansh.666}}, made 733 edits, and placed retirement templates on both accounts September 28, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Antepenultimate}} – Last edit April 25, 2017.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Appraiser}} – Former administrator and prolific contributor, with 42,464 edits and 2,000 pages created from Aug 2006 to Sep 2008, then just 30 random edits before unexplained full stop in March 2012. As of March 2020, over 11 years after first going virtually dormant, was still in the top 1900 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Apollomelos}} – Last edit August 19, 2005. User & user talk pages were deleted May 21, 2005 by request, citing the reason "''I am leaving the project because I no longer have the time to spare contributing to often controversial topics in which I must spend 75% of my time explaining the information to users who did not even bother to read up on the topics''[...]". Final edit indicated this user would be returning; has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|Apostrophe}} – Blanked his user and talk pages on August 4, 2008; last edit on February 25, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Aranel}} – Last edit May 31, 2013; previous edit September 1, 2005.<br />
* {{user2|Aranho}} – Last edit March 20, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Archola}} – Last edit: December 3, 2008. Had been editing since 2005.<br />
* {{User2|Ardenn}} – Last edit: August 14, 2006 – Posted an [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ardenn&oldid=66221436 unhappy valediction] on their user page July 27, 2006, but made fifteen more edits before the final edit. A more detailed explanation for the departure was [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Ardenn&oldid=74455618#I_wonder_what_happened subsequently posted on user talk] by [[User:Captainktainer]].<br />
* {{User2|Are you ready for IPv6?}} – Last edit April 30, 2015.<br />
* {{user2|ArielGold}} – Contributor to a few GAs, author of several articles and DYKs, and the recipient of dozens of barnstars, her main period of activity was 2007 to 2009 with brief burst of editing in 2013 and finally in 2019. <br />
* {{User2|Argolin}} – Last edit October 7, 2014.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Ark30inf}} – Last edit: February 22, 2004 – Left October 24, 2003 with the posting [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:American_Civil_War/Archive_4&oldid=1617260 of] [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Smith03&oldid=1619541 several] [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Angela/Archive1&oldid=1615121 farewell] [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Angela/Archive1&oldid=1615450 messages] indicating concerns at a lack of cooperation. Returned briefly in February 2004 to request de-adminship and have user & user talk pages deleted.<br />
* {{User2|Arknascar44}} – Last edit March 21, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Arriva436}} – [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|Pending changes reviewer]] who mainly edited UK transport articles. Last edit January 29, 2013, adding onto their user page a {{tl|semi-retired}} banner along with a notice on why they had left; this was subsequently removed per [[WP:POLEMIC]].<br />
* {{User2|ARTEST4ECHO}} – Prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] with 42,000 edits and 1,143 pages created, including extensive work on articles relating to the Latter Day Saint movement, before sudden unexplained full stop in September 2015. As of March 2020, over 4 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2000 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Arundhati_bakshi}} – Last edit: March 15, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Astral}} – Retired [[WP:HUGGLE|Huggle]] user; last edit on May 30, 2008. Made one edit almost three years later on May 1, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|AtheWeatherman}} – Edited frequently for two years before stopping in December 2009. Made one last edit on November 6, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|AtilimGunesBaydin}} – Prolific contributor to Turkey-related topics; instrumental in improving [[Turkish language]] to featured article status. Edits began trailing off in April 2010; hasn't edited since August 23, 2012. Made two edits on Wikimedia Commons in August 2013; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Atomic Religione}} – Last edit May 13, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|ATS}} – Added {{tl|Retired}} to user and user talk pages on September 7, 2021. Subsequently returned one year later as {{User2|DaydreamBelizer}}, making a further 403 edits between then and March 5, 2023; has not edited since.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|AuburnPilot}} – Last edit May 7, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Audude08}} – Last edit: April 7, 2008. User page deleted. Left retirement template and message on talk page.<br />
* {{User2|AussieLegend}} – Last edit on 30 March 2022 with 173,395 edits. His user page states his health issues and states that “If I don't edit in a month or more, you can safely assume that I won't be back.”<br />
* {{user2|Avenged Eightfold}}, formerly {{user|Red Thunder}} and {{user|Stormtracker94}} – Active in both content creation and countervandalism; brought [[Backbreaker (video game)]] to [[WP:GA|GA-status]]. After amassing almost 16,000 edits, {{diff|User:Avenged_Eightfold|377783796|377053667|announced in August 2010 that they were on holiday}} and never returned.<br />
* {{User2|Az1568}} – Last edit 1-18-2022, last global edit on English Wikibooks 4-1-2024.<br />
* {{User2|Azalea pomp}} – Last edit May 4, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Azer Red}}, {{User2|Avant Guard}} (alternate acct. for vandal fighting) – Retired both accounts December 2007. Blanked talk and user pages on November 2, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Azylber}} – Last edit January 18, 2014.<br />
<br />
==B==<br />
* {{User2|B.Wind}} – Last edit on May 6, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|B. Wolterding}} – Last edit on March 23, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Badbilltucker}} – Last edit on January 28, 2007 [[special:diff/prev/103891898|on arbitration with User:RyanFreisling]].<br />
* {{User2|Bahavd Gita}} – Last edit December 4, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Balcer}} – Last edit on September 8, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Bald Zebra}} – Formerly known as {{user|Bettia}}. Was primarily active from December 2007 through to mid-2011, after which he contributed on a more sporadic basis before becoming almost completely inactive as of 2015. Last edit 26 November 2020.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Balloonman}} – Last edited on June 12, 2012. Left a retirement notice on his userpage. Has occasionally edited as an IP after his retirement.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Banes}} – On August 29, 2006 he left a retirement message on his userpage, saying he would be busy for the next few months, though he continued editing sporadically. Last edit on April 19, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Barbara Shack}} – Last edit June 25, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Baristarim}} – Last edit November 8, 2007, save for one edit on March 18, 2022.<br />
* {{user2|Barkjon}} – Last edit August 18, 2015.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Former admin|Barneca}} – Former administrator, retired. Last edit July 23, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Barney the barney barney}} – Last edit on September 3, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Barras}} – Last edit 10-25-2015, last global edit on Simple English Wikipedia 1-15-2023.<br />
* {{User2|Barrettmagic}} – Last contribution October 19, 2021. Was indefinitely blocked after being compromised.<br />
* {{User2|Bart133}} – Last edit on October 19, 2011. <br />
* {{User2|BartonPaul}} – Last edit on March 8, 2007. Edited only architecture-related articles.<br />
* {{User2|Basara-kun}} – Left on July 20, 2007 after uploading 50+ unsourced images. "Enough. My contributions are ignored, my images are removed from the articles and in general, my editions aren't "encyclopedic"."<br />
* {{User2|Batman2005}} – Last edit on July 21, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Bcrowell}} – Last edit March 13, 2006. "Wikipedia was fun for a few years, but at this point I think it's entered a stage where it's just not fun anymore.... I've intentionally munged my password, so I can no longer log in." Apparently reappeared briefly as {{User2|Bcrowell2}}.<br />
* {{User2|Begonia Brandbygeana}} – Made their last edit on July 8, 2013. Contributor with over 4,000 edits. First edit was made on December 18, 2011. No reason was given as to why activity stopped.<br />
* {{user2|Bejinhan}} – Stopped actively editing June 2019. Made one mainspace edit in July 2022 and then marked user and user talk pages as retired in January 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Ben}} – Highly experienced with templates, improving several of them. Last edit was on May 18, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Ben-Zin~enwiki}} – Last edit October 7, 2004. First edit June 8, 2002.<br />
* {{User2|Ben b}} – Made over 2,400 contributions to Wikipedia. Was very active until July 2014. Last edit on December 13, 2018.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Bencherlite}} – A ten-year editor, Bencherlite was heavily involved in the [[WP:FAC|featured article]] and [[WP:TFA|TFA]] processes. He essentially stopped editing in December 2017, with his final two edits being made on January 25, 2018.<br />
* {{User2|Benny the mascot}} – Instrumental in getting [[Benet Academy]] to GA status. Not edited since 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Bentley Banana}} – Has not edited since February 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Former admin|Berean Hunter}} – Former administrator and checkuser with over 73,000 edits spanning a 12-year editing career. Active in a variety of different venues, but was a particularly prolific volunteer at [[WP:SPI|SPI]]. Last edited on October 1, 2020, and was desysopped for inactivity the following year.<br />
* {{User2|Bernstein2291}} – Last edit July 14, 2013. Made one edit to userpage in April 2016.<br />
* {{User2|BeteNoir}} – Last edit June 9, 2007. Left a reason on their user page, which was resigning over the then-deletion of [[Allison Stokke]].<br />
* {{User2|Betsythedevine}} – [[Betsy Devine]] says to have mostly retired and her userpage says she occasionally edits from a [[Wikipedia:Clean start|clean-start account]]. Continues to do specific type of edits every now and then. <br />
* {{User2|Bever}} – Last edit was made on August 24, 2021, in an article. First made was made on May 4, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Bgwhite}} – Last edit March 15, 2020. First edit May 11, 2005. 547,151 edits.<br />
* {{User2|Big Adamsky}} – Last edit April 27, 2006, followed by one edit in November 2013, one in September 2014, and one in May 2016. Subsequently made one edit on English Wiktionary in September 2016; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Biker Biker}} – Former prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] and [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]] with 41,000 edits. Created 6,016 new pages, many dealing with motorcycles and automobiles. Consistently active from May 2009 until unexplained full stop in June 2013. As of February 2020, nearly 7 years after stopping, was still in the top 2000 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|BigNate37}} – Last edit on August 31, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Bikeroo}} – Last edit on April 4, 2015 indicated retirement.<br />
* {{User2|Bill Oaf}} – Stopped editing regularly after April 20, 2007. Last edit November 9, 2008.<br />
* {{user2|Bill william compton}} – Last edit June 8, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Bine Mai}} – Former prolific contributor and [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] with 41,700 edits. Created 7,305 pages, active editor of articles relating to rugby, association football and their homeland of Romania. Consistently active from June 2007 to July 2013, then sporadic until unexplained full stop in July 2019. Made one subsequent edit on Wikidata in April 2020; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since. As of February 2020, 7 years after first becoming virtually dormant, was still in the top 2000 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Biosketch}} – Last contribution April 20, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|BL}} (now {{User2|BL~enwiki}}) – Left notice on userpage. Last edit May 15, 2004.<br />
* {{mop}} {{former admin|Black Falcon}} – Last edit August 9, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Blackjacks101}} – Last edited on July 13, 2014, in which user blanked talk page and had userpage deleted. Only made sporadic edits in 2012, and does not appear to have edited actively since May 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Blackmane}} – Last edit June 20, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Blanchey}} – Last edited on February 22, 2023. Their final edit was the creation of their blank user page.<br />
* {{User2|BlankVerse}} – Last edit April 5, 2007. Made one edit on April 8, 2008. "There are times when editor behavior and decision making, as well as governance on the Wikipedia, seems closer to the "Lord of the Flies" than the Quaker ideal of civility and consensus that the Wikipedia professes to follow. There is no joy in Mudville tonight."<br />
* {{User2|Blargh29}} – Last edit February 19, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Bleubeatle}} – Last edit October 6, 2012. Retired "Due to bullying, gaming, lawyering and stalking from disruptive users."<br />
* {{User2|Blood Lines of Darkness}} – Editor who contributed to music articles, among other things. Last edit was on April 20, 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Blood Red Sandman}} – Administrator. Last edit 7-22-2020, last global edit on English Wikinews 8-10-2020.<br />
* {{User2|BloodDoll}} – Last edited in July 2019, then stopped abruptly. Came back on August 4, 2021 to make numerous automated edits.<br />
* {{User2|Blow of Light}} – User with 5,542 edits. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Blow_of_Light&oldid=210038330 Placed semi-retired template] on his user page May 4, 2008. Changed user page to say "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Blow_of_Light&oldid=247824730 I will not edit here - anymore]" on October 26, 2008 with the edit summary "my final call (you'll see me around)". Last edit on March 25, 2009.<br />
* {{user2|Bluegoblin7}} – Most active on [[Simple English Wikipedia]], Bluegoblin7 essentially retired from editing in January 2015, only making one edit on August 24, 2015 and no edits since then. <br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Bluemoose}} (aka Martin) – Left a departure message on December 1, 2006. Has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|BM}} – Last edit May 2, 2005; gave no reason.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Bmicomp}} – Former administrator, focus on articles relating to Chicago. Made full stop on September 28, 2014, returned for a moment with a single edit on January 14, 2017, and briefly returned once again making an edit on March 27, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Boadrummer}} – Left April 27, 2009, did not announce departure. Later made three edits in July 2011 and one to own userpage on October 25, 2013. Had a large number of edits mostly related to music.<br />
* {{User2|Bobblewik}} – More than 20,000 edits, but none since October 4, 2006, after heavy criticism was made on his talk page. Apparently came back as {{user|Editore99}} and most recently {{user|Lightmouse}}. See [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking]].<br />
* {{User2|BoogerD}} – Last edit October 2, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|BoojiBoy}} – Almost 9000 edits, stopped prolific editing in August 2006, then returned in May 2007 before retiring for good on June 11, 2007. Left a message on his talk page, "I gave it another chance, nothing has changed here and it's not worth my time. I won't be back this time."<br />
* {{User2|Bornintheguz}} – Last edit October 3, 2005. A very prolific contributor to articles about soccer.<br />
* {{User2|BoringHistoryGuy}} – Last edit February 13, 2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Boson}} – A fifteen-year editor, Boson asked to be desysopped in November 2018 saying {{diff|Wikipedia:Bureaucrats' noticeboard|prev|868948870|they would "not be able to devote as much time to the project"}} afterward unsubscribed from newsletters and never edited again.<br />
* {{User2|BostonMA}} – Last edit July 17, 2007; stopped editing prolifically in February, a month after a failed RfA. 6000+ edits. No reason given.<br />
* {{User2|Bpeps}} – Last contribution May 15, 2008. Created the [[Wikipedia:essays|essay]] [[Wikipedia:Cabals]].<br />
* {{user2|Brambleberry of RiverClan}} – Last edit June 18, 2018.<br />
* {{User2|BrandonYusufToropov}} – Often signed as "BYT". Last edit September 6, 2009.<br />
<!-- WAIT FOR NEXT PERIOD OF INACTIVITY * {{user2|BranStark}} – A countervandal with [https://xtools.wmflabs.org/topedits/en.wikipedia.org/BranStark/4/Administrator_intervention_against_vandalism 444 reports] to [[WP:AIV]], he had two periods of major activity: 2007-2008 and 2014-2015. He now only occasionally edits.--><br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Bratsche}} – Main period of activity was in 2005. Reduced engagement with Wikipedia from March 2006, contributing only sporadically for the next thirteen years. Made one final edit on April 1, 2019 at the [[WP:BN|bureaucrats' noticeboard]] to request desysopping.<br />
* {{User2|Brat32}} – Last edit August 24, 2006; blanked their userpage and replaced it with the message "I'm gone."<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|BrendelSignature}} – Administrator. Last edit January 27, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Brian}} – Formerly {{user|Brian New Zealand}}. Regular editing dried up in 2013, and his last edit was in January 2018. Brian had contributed to Wikipedia (and other WMF projects) since 2005. He was a highly active member of the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Response_Team OTRS team] (now superceded by the Volunteer Response Team, or "VRT").<br />
* {{User2|BritishWatcher}} – Last edit September 24, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Bryan Derksen}} – Former administrator and prolific editor with over 99,000 edits. Last edit August 23, 2020, with first edit on August 21, 2001.<br />
* {{User2|Bullzeye}} – Stopped editing in early February 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Former admin|Bunchofgrapes}} – Former administrator. Last substantive edit in 2015, before making several edits to their user talk page since, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Bunchofgrapes&diff=prev&oldid=1184466137 one declaring that they were a "poor schlub" who had not edited since "time immemorial"].<br />
* {{User2|Bwithh}} – Last edit September 2, 2007; creator of [[Wikipedia:Random page patrol]]; left goodbye notice on userpage.<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
* {{user2|Caerwine}} – Last edit August 4, 2008. Over 48,000 edits. Left over "method of handling varieties of national Englishes" or lack thereof.<br />
* {{user2|CalJW}} – Last edit March 26, 2007. Over 29,000 edits.<br />
* {{user2|Callinus}} – Last edit June 5, 2019.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Caltrop}} – Last edit February 5, 2022.<br />
* {{user2|Calvin999}} – A formerly frequent editor of various music-related articles. No activity since May 9, 2023.<br />
* {{user2|Camcallister}} – Userpage deleted November 17, 2007; last edit December 10, 2007. Mostly edited music articles.<br />
* {{User2|Camptown}} – Last edit April 23, 2008.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Former admin|Can't sleep, clown will eat me}} – Former administrator and prolific vandal fighter with over 101,000 edits. Last edit was on April 1, 2008; he made a number of questionable blocks in May and July which led to his eventual [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration&diff=226544350&oldid=226543619 desysopping] on July 19 pending communication with [[WP:ARB|ArbCom]]. Has not been heard from since. Made one edit on Wikimedia Commons in March 2010; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|CanadianCaesar}} – Administrator. Last edit April 19, 2007. Made one edit on April 10, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Canadianism}} – Last edit April 8, 2014. First edit August 26, 2005.<br />
* {{user2|Candlewicke}} (now {{user2|CLWE}}) – Last edit March 28, 2017. 52,784 edits since August 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Canihaveacookie}} – First edit December 18, 2007; last edit May 3, 2018, which was to blank their talk page.<br />
* {{User2|Canoe1967}} – Last edit May 11, 2014.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Cantthinkofagoodname}} – Last edit May 26, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Cantus}} – Last edit April 23, 2006. Had over 21,000 edits until being blocked for a month on that date due to violating a previous Arbitration Committee decision. <br />
* {{User2|Captain Disdain}} – Last edit September 17, 2009. Avid Reference Desk contributor.<br />
* {{User2|Captain Wikify}} – Last edit August 10, 2007. Added statement to his [[User:Captain_Wikify|user page]].<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Carbonite}} – Former administrator; last edit February 11, 2006, user page says they've "lost interest in editing here" due to unimportant arguments.<br />
* {{User2|Carbonrodney}} – Last edit July 14, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Casey Abell}} – [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Casey_Abell&diff=prev&oldid=174754901 Quit Wikipedia] concerning the Durova/Giano conflict, at the end of November 2007. Last edit made December 2, 2007, voting on Newyorkbrad's Arbitration Committee election. Made over 11,000 edits. Briefly returned to create [[Victoria Clamp]] in October 2013.<br />
* {{User2|CasualObserver'48}} – Last edit December 23, 2018. First edit September 14, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Casiraghitrio}} – Last edit September 9, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Caspian blue}} – Last edit February 23, 2012, more than a year after preceding edit. Over 35,000 edits, and many new articles mostly related to South Korea.<br />
* {{User2|Catamorphism}} – Taking an indefinite break from Wikipedia, according to user's userpage. Last edit July 27, 2006. Reverted vandalism to own userpage in April 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Catapult}} – Prolific contributor, with 44,700 edits, including 10,500 pages created, all in 2006, their one and only year of editing. Made a request in April 2007 to have their user page deleted, so reasons for leaving are gone. As of March 2020, 14 years after going dormant, was still in the top 1700 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{mop}}{{formeradmin|Catbar}} – Administrator; second to last edit was made on February 20, 2010. Made one final edit on April 18, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|CateFromArcadia}} – First edit June 5, 2020; last edit December 7, 2022.<br />
* {{mop}}{{formeradmin|CatherineMunro}} – Administrator; last edit on March 14, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Catchpole}} (now {{user2|Hannibalormaybejustrex}}) – Last contribution December 17, 2020.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|CattleGirl}} – Administrator; last edit April 4, 2008. Was desysopped in 2011 due to inactivity. Friendly contributor with 4,998 edits who was consistently active from 2006 to 2008, where editing ceased in April 2008, with no reason given on inactivity.<br />
* {{User2|Cavila}} – Added a "semi-retired" notice to their userpage in February 2011; made a declining number of edits until placing a "retired" notice on May 6, 2012. Made a single edit in October 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Cberlet}} – Asked for user page to be deleted and left in July 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Cdc}} – Last edit November 25, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Celestina007}} – Last edit May 25, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Celithemis}} – Last edit September 6, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Celtus}} – Left a "retired" message on his user and talk page on September 25, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Cernen}} – Last contribution May 14, 2008.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Former admin|Chacor}} – A former admin, originally User:NSLE, then User:Chacor. Originally taking a long wikibreak, left a retirement message September 20, 2007. Made well over 10,000 edits on the English Wikipedia as Chacor alone. Made two edits on January 5, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Chairman S.}} – Last edit January 21, 2008. Left retirement notice on page.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Chamal N}} – Owner of 50 DYKs and two [[Wikipedia:Triple Crown|Triple Crown]]s, he was elected admin months after registering in 2008. Chamal N made three edits in 2014, one on 2016, and his final one in 2020.<br />
* {{User2|CharlotteWebb}} – Last edit December 17, 2009. Made many edits to the [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)|technical village pump]].<br />
* {{User2|CharonX}} – Last contribution August 20, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Cheeser1}} – Left Wikipedia several times, always came back, but eventually {{diff|User:Cheeser1|205551491|prev|posted}} a definitive and frustrated goodbye on his/her user page on April 12, 2008. Last edit May 17, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Cherry blossom tree}} – Last edit April 24, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Chicken Wing}} – Last edit March 25, 2013, save for two edits on October 22, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|ChildofMidnight}} – Last edit March 2010. Prolific article creator on popular culture topics, blocked because of disruption on political articles and banned for a year, a ban lengthened due to socking. Did not return.<br />
* {{User2|Chip123456}} – Last edit February 12, 2018.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Chris 73}} – Last edit 1-21-2017, last global edit on Commons 9-18-2022.<br />
* {{User2|Chriscf}} – Stopped editing Wikipedia on March 31, 2007, without explanation, though after displaying frustration for being blocked. Frequently commented at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|Articles for deletion]], and contributed to a wide variety of articles on subjects including railway stations, U.S. interstates, politics, and the internet.<br />
* {{User2|ChrisGualtieri}} – Last edit April 3, 2016.<br />
* {{user2|Chrishmt0423}} – Last edit April 8, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Christopherlin}} – Last contribution March 2, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Chronographos}} – Missing since October 14, 2005. Made one edit to his user page September 6, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|ChyranandChloe}} – Had edited in the areas of [[epidemiology]] and [[virology]] before {{Diff|User talk:Chyranand Chloe|350221687|343844284|going on a "short wikibreak" in March 2010}}. Last edit was to create [[Talk:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling/FAQ]] four months later.<br />
* {{User2|CimanyD}} – Prolific vandal fighter who has not edited regularly since October 30, 2011. Made one edit on November 3, 2011, then placed semi-wikibreak templates on profile and talk page on November 9, 2011. He has not been heard from since.<br />
* {{User2|Citrusbowler}} – Last edit July 21, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|CJ}} – Administrator. Last edit September 14, 2021.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|CJLL Wright}} – Administrator. Last edit March 31, 2012, after a gap of more than a year. Over 40,000 edits. Indicated that they would shortly be resuming but never did. Founded [[WP:MESO|WikiProject Mesoamerica]] and was a prolific editor there.<br />
* {{User2|Clamster5}} – Last edit December 20, 2010. Headed the [[WP:LEM|Lemony Snicket Task Force]] and contributed extensively to ''[[A Series of Unfortunate Events]]''-related articles.<br />
* {{User2|Clicketyclack}} – Self-administered <nowiki>{{User EX-WP}}</nowiki> February 6, 2008. Contributor with [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:List_of_Wikipedians_by_number_of_edits&oldid=185784200 >11,500 edits]; WikiProject memberships at time of departure: [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Categories|Categories]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Biology|Biology]].<br />
* {{User2|CliffC}} – Last contribution March 22, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Clio the Muse}} – Prolific editor at the [[WP:RD|Reference Desks]], particularly on history questions, 2006–2008. Last edit 2010. Left due to marriage/honeymoon and "all of my other commitments, professional, political and personal".<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Closedmouth}} – Last edit June 2, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Clubmarx}} – 13,100 edits; last edit before long stop on November 12, 2011. Made four edits on September 13, 2020.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|CloudNine}} – Former Administrator. Last edit January 1, 2018. Admin rights were removed in January 2013 due to inactivity. Does not appear to have edited actively since 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Cmadler}} – Last edit July 25, 2018, save for one edit on July 11, 2023.<br />
* {{user2|CO}} – Last edit on November 24, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Coasterman1234}} – Member of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Amusement Parks|WikiProject Amusement Parks]]. Last edited on November 24, 2008.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Cobaltbluetony}} – Last edit July 17, 2015. Posted Wikibreak template in August 2010, slowed down as a contributor to an eventual stop in the three years to follow. Appears to have given no reason. Returned in June 2014, then edited occasionally for year and a month.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Coelacan}} – Last edit November 23, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Colin Kimbrell}} – Last edit May 4, 2006. Left over concerns about the [[Wikipedia:Reward board]], saying, "I'm going on Wikibreak, maybe forever, due to WP:RB. I no longer wish to contribute my labor to the project under these conditions, as I feel that this tremendously misguided proposal deals a critical blow to the credibility of the project...If it dies, I might come back. Otherwise, best of luck, y'all"[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Colin_Kimbrell&diff=50994101&oldid=48186129].<br />
* {{User2|ColourBurst}} – Last contribution October 27, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|COMPFUNK2}} – Signed as THE AMERICAN METROSEXUAL. Over 18,000 edits, last edit Christmas 2009 to retire his account and leave a bitter farewell message feeling that he had been unfairly treated in discussions.<br />
* {{User2|Computerjoe}} – Last edit on December 10, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|ConcernedVancouverite}} – Last edit October 20, 2013.<br />
* {{user2|Conte Giacomo}} – Last edit on February 2, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Coolabahapple}} – Last edit June 24, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Cooltobekind}} – Last edit December 29, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Coolug}} – Last edit January 18, 2013. Later made three edits in 2014, and one last edit in May 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Corax}} – Missing since May 22, 2006, following [[User talk:Corax#Block|controversy]] and a [[WP:BLOCK|block]] surrounding his posting of another Wikipedian's personal information.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Coredesat}} – Former administrator, left retirement note on userpage March 30, 2008. Made a few edits afterward, last edit December 2, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Cortonin}} – Missing since shortly after June 26, 2005, six-month ban from certain articles by Arbitration Committee. [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Climate_change_dispute]<br />
* {{User2|Courtkittie}} – Last edit June 18, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Corvus cornix}} – Former prolific contributor, with 40,200 edits. Stopped editing April 2011, saying "Done. Goodbye." in a post stating their [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents&oldid=425616686 reaction to feeling falsely accused of vandalism]. As of February 2020, 9 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2100 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|CovenantD}} – Hasn't returned since being blocked for 3RR violation on March 23, 2007. Made a couple of edits now and then, the last on January 8, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|CowboySpartan}} – Left retirement notice on userpage April 2, 2012; last edit December 5, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Copperchloride}} – Last edit 11 April 2018. <br />
* {{User2|CrazyTalk}} – Last edit on November 5, 2005. Left a departure note on his user page. "Closed up shop. The three months I was a Wikiholic have successfully served their purpose (postponing my career change) and have now run their course. I have also arrived at this conclusion: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/10/27/wikipedia_britannica_and_linux/]."<br />
* {{User2|Cribcage}} – Last edit February 2009, first edit April 19, 2003.<br />
* {{User2|Cricket02}} – Last edit October 17, 2014; first edit August 29, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Cricket246}} – Last edit on August 13, 2018; missing since then.<br />
* {{user2|Crossmr}} – Formally retired in April 2012 but made their last edit on February 6, 2013.<br />
* {{user2|CrowzRSA}} – He earned numerous good articles and DYKs for music-related content. His prolific editing 2009 through 2011 led to a single edit in 2012, a return to heavy editing 2013-2014, four edits in 2015 and nothing in 2016, another spurt of activity in 2017 and only 18 more edits in 2018 perhaps because he was a college student.<br />
* {{user2|Cryptic C62}} – Last edit September 1, 2018, save for one edit on August 20, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Crystal Clear x3}} – Frequent contributor to articles on music, film, and television. Has not edited since September 21, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Csernica}} – Placed a "long wikibreak" notice on their user page on November 27, 2007. Made one more edit on December 21, 2007. <br />
* {{User2|CultureDrone}} – Last edit on May 15, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Curps}} – Declared a semi-Wikivacation on May 13, 2006, and made some bot edits, blocks, and deletions up until June 26, 2006, and then declared a long-term Wikivacation on August 1, 2006 and has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|CWY2190}} – Rollbacker, last edit on July 28, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|CyborgTosser}} – Last edit May 3, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Cyphoidbomb}} – Last edit August 30, 2022, save for three edits in December 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Cyrus XIII}} – Last edit November 2, 2015; preceding edit February 6, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Czj}} – Last edit February 12, 2009.<br />
<br />
==D==<br />
* {{User2|Daaviiid}} – Last edit December 29, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Dabackgammonator}} – Last edit January 29, 2010. Came back as {{User2|Marco Guzman, Jr}} on January 31, 2010. Retired May 2, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Dadaesque}} – Last edit March 26, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Daemonic Kangaroo}} – Retired on April 18, 2014 after an {{diff|User talk:PeeJay2K3|prev|604693795|apparent disagreement}}. Made one edit on Wikimedia Commons later that year; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Damuna}} – Has not edited since November 18, 2012.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Dana boomer}} – Last edit December 1, 2016. <br />
* {{User2|Danakil}} – This user edited for only one and a half months, from August 1 to September 14, 2004, yet during that time made 3,089 edits. Although his page moves were controversial, he was responsible for the systematic and correct categorization of hundreds of programming languages and other software-related articles.<br />
* {{User2|DanDs}} – Expanded many articles to very good B-class articles, and helped to get ''The Sword of Shannara'' to GA, but he left suddenly on July 19, returning only 3 times after that, including blanking his userpage on September 5, 2008.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|DangerousPanda}} – Former administrator who has not edited since December 27, 2014, the day after he was desysopped following [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/DangerousPanda|an arbitration case]]. As of February 2020, over 5 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2200 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Daniel Olsen}} – Last edit was on May 27, 2008. An administrator, he made a total of 6,244 edits at the time of being marked missing.<br />
* {{User2|Daniel11}} – Edited from April 29, 2004 – Last edit July 18, 2008. Contributed primarily to beer-related articles.<br />
* {{User2|Danieljackson}} – Last edit October 29, 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Danny}} – Former administrator, former [[Wikimedia Foundation]] employee, prolific contributor with 41,000 edits. Present from nearly the start, with first edit in February 2002. Created 8,709 pages. Very active until April 2008, then sporadic edits until unexplained full stop in June 2014. As of February 2020, nearly 12 years after first becoming virtually dormant, was still in the top 2000 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Darkfred}} – Last edit September 27, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Darkspots}} – Last edit November 24, 2008. Announced retirement on talk page.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Darthgriz98}} – Administrator. Announced retirement in July 2008. Returned briefly in January 2009. Last edit August 20, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Darth Panda}} – Edited from November 2005 to February 2009. Announced retirement on February 10. Also edited {{user2|NocturneNoir}} (November 30, 2008 – December 13, 2011) and {{user2|DiscreteIllusion}} (June 1, 2009 – September 20, 2009, plus six more edits in April 2010). Returned as {{user2|Town of Cats}}, which edited only from July to September 2012.<br />
* {{User2|DARTH SIDIOUS 2}} – Prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Account creator|account creator]], [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] and [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]] with 45,800 edits, including 7,700 pages created. Massively active for just 12 months, from June 2010 to June 2011, made only forty random edits thereafter until posting “{{tl|Retired}}” and making full stop in June 2012. As of March 2020, nearly 9 years after effectively going dormant, was still in the top 1800 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Da.Tomato.Dude}} – Disappeared and she never returned. Last edit was on April 29, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|David Kernow}} – Former administrator and prolific contributor, with 42,960 edits. Created 1,779 new pages. Very active from November 2005 until posting "{{tl|Wikibreak}}" in June 2007{{snd}}, not editing until 2010, briefly returning then and making 28 edits that year on June, July, and October with the last edit being made on October 11, 2010. As of February 2020, 13 years after becoming virtually dormant, was still in the top 2000 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|David.Throop}} – Stopped editing actively in January 2010, then made two edits in 2011, one in March 2013, and six relating to [[PCSK9]] in June 2015.<br />
* {{User2|David91}} – Last edit April 12, 2006, [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:David91&diff=prev&oldid=48121294 suggested some health issues].<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Davodd}} – Last edit August 31, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Davshul}} – Last contribution December 7, 2011. Prolific editor who started many new pages.<br />
* {{User2|Dayewalker}} – Added {{tl|Retired}} to user and user talk pages on July 11, 2013 and made his last edit eight days later.<br />
* {{User2|Dbroadwell}} – Last edit April 22, 2008. Came back to make a few edits on March 7, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Deckiller}} – Last edit May 1, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Deeb}} – After a pause of more than two years in editing starting August 3, 2012, returned and edited intermittently from 2015 into early 2019. Made one subsequent edit on April 2, 2021; has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|Deepak D'Souza}} – Last edited in January 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Deflective}} – Prolific contributor with over 28,000 edits. Was active during 2017, but slowed down after June 2017, making one last edit on May 2, 2018. First edit July 4, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Dekisugi}} – Stopped editing in early 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Delicious carbuncle}} – Last edit September 28, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Delta G}} – Last edit December 11, 2007, first edit March 14, 2004.<br />
* {{User2|DennyColt}} – Last edit April 13, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Dep. Garcia}} – Last edit by founder of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Law Enforcement|WikiProject Law Enforcement]] was May 21, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Deppty}} – Last edit May 25, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Derek.cashman}} – Last edit July 7, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Derex}} – Began editing in July 2005, retired in May 2007; seemed pretty jaded.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|DESiegel}} – Last edit October 6, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Designate}} – Often contributed to articles on politicians up through 2014, and has only edited sporadically since, most recently on October 26, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Deyyaz}} – Last edit February 7, 2018.<br />
* {{User2|De la Marck}} – Last edit May 20, 2021. Contributor with over 4,000 edits.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Dieter Simon}} – Last edit January 25, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|DieYuppieScum}} – Edited many articles related to money. Vanished in 2007, made a handful of edits in 2009 and one final article edit on January 22, 2011. Changed username to {{User2|Kurt}} in February 2012. Last edited as Kurt in March 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Digwuren}} – Last edit June 21, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Dijxtra}} – Croatian editor, has made no edits since January 19, 2008, with the exception of modifying his userpage to say he is inactive on September 17, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Dina}} – Last contribution November 19, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Dineshkannambadi}} – Long-term and prolific editor with several FAs; last edited in 2011. Continued contributing to Wikimedia Commons until February 2019; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Dinosaur puppy}} – Last edit November 24, 2007. States on userpage that he has gotten a little bored and is less active now.<br />
* {{User2|Dirtlawyer1}} – Prolific and popular user with 90K edits, mainly on US collegiate sports articles and related topics. Last edit in April 2016, almost exactly 7 years after his first edit.<br />
* {{User2|Dispenser}} – Prolific editor, created tools for fixing disambiguation links. Editing slowed down in 2019 and no edits since March 15, 2020. Continued contributing to Wikimedia Commons until March 2021; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|DLJessup}} – Became inactive on November 12, 2006 after two years of prolific editing. Last edit June 5, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Dlloyd}} – Last edit January 31, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|D.M.N.}} – Indicating in 2009 that {{diff|User:D.M.N.|prev|305483242|they had "lost the will to write articles here"}}, they edited sporadically in 2010 and 2012, making a final edit on December 30, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Doceirias}} – Last edit June 22, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Doctree}} – Last edit September 19, 2019.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Docu}} – Former administrator. Last edit April 17, 2014. Was a prolific editor on Commons and Wikidata, but stopped editing on those locations at the same time.<br />
* {{User2|DomRem}} – Last edit November 18, 2007. Contributor that was active in NASCAR-related articles, making over 1,000 edits from 2005 to 2007. Activity slowed in 2007, making 29 edits that year until final edit, with no reason given to inactivity. First edit made on June 12, 2005.<br />
* {{User2|Don'tKnowItAtAll}} – Last edit February 29, 2016; preceding edit August 7, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|DonJay}} – Last edit December 16, 2016.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|DoomsDay349}} – A [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Professional wrestling|pro-wrestling]] focused editor, since desysopped for inactivity. Last edit January 11, 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Dori}} – Sysop, last edit November 10, 2009. Left message on userpage, then made one revert to it on June 10, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|DoriSmith}} – Last edit September 23, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Dozenist}} – Last edit April 15, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Dr. Submillimeter}} – Last contribution February 6, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Dr. Universe}} – Last edit September 22, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Draggleduck}} – Last edit November 13, 2010. Created over 400 articles on film, TV, cinema, albums, and the [[Eurovision Song Contest]].<br />
* {{User2|Draicone}} – Last contribution October 28, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Dreamafter}} – The winner of the [[Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2007|inaugural WikiCup]], their last edit was on November 12, 2012, after a gap in editing since March 13, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Dreambeaver}} – Last edit March 29, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|DreamGuy}} – Last edit December 8, 2015. Prolific contributor.<br />
* {{User2|DrFleischman}} – Major contributor to United States political articles. First edited on July 22, 2008, but began editing regularly on September 1, 2011. Last edit July 26, 2018. <br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin |DropDeadGorgias}} – Former administrator. Last contribution June 29, 2010. Started editing in 2003.<br />
* {{User2|Drow69}} – Last edit February 16, 2018.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Dsimic}} – Former administrator and prolific contributor, with 39,600 edits, including extensive work on articles relating to computer programming, before sudden full stop in July 2016. As of February 2020, nearly 4 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2200 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Dsreyn}} – Last edit March 29, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Dudemanfellabra}} – Last edit December 4, 2017. First edit March 18, 2008. Prolific contributor with 25,648 edits.<br />
* {{User2|Dugwiki}} – Did a lot of category work. Disappeared. Last edit September 25, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Duja}} – Administrator, editor since 2004; last edit July 30, 2008.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Duncharris}} – Long time editor and admin, departed September 25, 2006 after blanking his user pages.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Durin}} – Left in December 2007 due to legal threats from another user.<br />
<!--- Please do not add Durova to this list; she does not want to be on it----><br />
* {{User2|Dusti}} – Active 2007 trough 2014, his last edit came September 14, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|DV8 2XL}} – Message on the user page, last edit April 30, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|DVD R W}} – Last edit in September 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Dvyost}} – An administrator, announced their departure on their user page on January 9, 2006, saying "I'm increasingly unable to justify the time I put in here". Made a few further edits, the last on February 17, 2007. Came back and blanked their pages on September 6, 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Dysprosia}} – Former administrator, last edit March 3, 2007. First edit July 2, 2003.<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
* {{User2|Earlypsychosis}} – Last edit January 14, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Eatingme}} – Fond of updating football articles, last edited in 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Eat me, I'm an azuki}} – Last edit July 23, 2020. Formerly {{User2|Eat me, I'm a red bean}}.<br />
* {{User2|Echuck215}} – Last contribution January 8, 2014.<br />
* {{user2|EdChem}} – A ten year editor, EdChem earned a four award and a triple-crown editing from 2008 to 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Edeans}} – Last edit March 30, 2007. Retired after the [[Essjay controversy]].<br />
* {{User2|Eequor}} – Last edit February 16, 2006 in which she left a note at [[WP:Esperanza|Esperanza]] that said "I don't expect to come back again."<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Efe}} – Former admin who last edited on September 13, 2020. Was desysopped in 2018 for inactivity.<br />
* {{User2|Efghij}} – Last edit November 18, 2003.<br />
* {{User2|Egg Centric}} – Last edit November 6, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Ego White Tray}} – Last edit April 17, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Elaragirl}} – Placed a retirement template on her user page on March 28, 2007, and made her last edits May 27, 2007, then blanked most of her talk page on September 2, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Elaqueate}} – Last edit December 23, 2014.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Electionworld}} – Last edit June 5, 2022, save for one edit on September 6, 2023. Continued contributing to Dutch Wikipedia until October 2023; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Electricburst1996}} – Last edit September 2, 2019. Blanked his user page with a message that he was no longer active on his account.<br />
* {{user2|ElectrodeandtheAnode}} – With multiple GAs to his credit, he stopped editing in February 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Electriccatfish2}} – Last contribution October 12, 2012.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Elen of the Roads}} – Administrator, former arbitrator. Last edit March 20, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|ElinorD}} – Administrator, last edit December 9, 2008.<br />
* {{user2|Elipongo}} – A ten-year editor and countervandal, Elipongo was mostly active 2006 to 2008, with spurts of editing in 2011 and 2014 with only nine edits in 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Eliyak}} – Former prolific contributor, with 34,000 edits (of 40,700 total) from 2006 to early 2009, including extensive work on articles relating to their Israeli homeland. Sporadic for final ten years, until sudden full stop in September 2020. As of February 2020, 2 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2100 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Elockid}} – Admin, CheckUser, and Oversighter who abruptly vanished without a trace July 6, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Emargie}} – Last edit August 1, 2010, after working to create and expand early California history articles.<br />
* {{User2|Emax}} – Last edit February 18, 2005. Disappeared without any notice or indication of reason.<br />
* {{User2|Emcg93}} – First edit April 9, 2014. Last edit April 1, 2018. Mostly edited female wrestler articles.<br />
* {{User2|Enaidmawr}} – Prolific editor on Welsh subjects, has made no edits since April 10, 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Encephalon}} – Former Administrator with 6,009 edits. Last edit was made October 3, 2021, with the first edit being made on August 5, 2005. Normal editing ceased after 2006, making sporadic edits afterwards until final edit in October 2021. Was desysopped in 2012 due to inactivity.<br />
* {{User2|Endrick Shellycoat}} – Last edit February 20, 2012.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Enigmaman}} – A prolific editor 2008-2009 with an additional burst of activity circa 2017-2019, he {{diff|User_talk:Enigmaman|prev|968077538|marked himself semi-retired}} in 2020 and his last edit was April 10, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Enki H.}} – Last edit April 20, 2022. Made over 1,000 edits in the span of a few months, before a sudden stop in editing in July 2009. No reason was given on inactivity. First edit was made on April 21, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|EP111}} – Last edit December 16, 2021. First edit June 25, 2006. 393,069 edits.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Epbr123}} – Administrator. With nearly 292,000 edits, suddenly slowed to a few (26) sporadic edits after May 2013, ending with a final edit, archiving their talk page, in May 2019. As of February 2020, seven years first going virtually dormant, was still in the top 100 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever. Account was later indefinitely blocked on November 20, 2021 after being compromised. <br />
* {{User2|Epeefleche}} – Prolific content creator with more than 150,000 edits over nine years. Abruptly ceased editing in July 2015 amid an ongoing [[WP:CCI|CCI]]. As of June 2022, remains in the top 400 by number of edits.<br />
* {{User2|Equazcion}} – Last edit December 12, 2020. Created the user script [[User:Equazcion/OneClickArchiver|OneClickArchiver]].<br />
* {{User2|Erik the Red 2}} – Last edit on March 3, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Ermahgerd9}} – Last edit July 14, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|ErnestKrause}} – Last edit May 19, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Esoltas}} (now {{User2|LP6ugh2TsT}}) – A Wikignome who helped set up WikiProject Shipwrecks. Abruptly replaced all content on user and talk pages with "THIS ACCOUNT HAS BEEN CLOSED BY THE USER," in February 2010, after a three year gap without edits. Has not edited again.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Essexmutant}} – Surrendered his adminship and left a departure message on his userpage on September 12, 2006, followed by his final four edits 12 days later.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Essjay}} – Last edit March 4, 2007. He retired [[User:Essjay/RFC|after being exposed by the New Yorker]]. He has since surrendered his various flags on [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/rights every Wikimedia project]. See [[Essjay controversy]].<br />
* {{User2|Estrose}} – Last edit April 30, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|EthanGaming7640}} – Last edit August 8, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Eubulides}} – Long-term editor and prolific content producer, often responsible for verifying the truthfulness of others' edits on medical articles. Vanished suddenly and without explanation on March 19, 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Eugene van der Pijll}} – Last edit September 18, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|EvocativeIntrigue}} – Last edit June 17, 2007. Left "due to other commitments in the world of the working".<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Everyking}} – Long-time editor and administrator with well over 100,000 edits. Suddenly became inactive on September 14, 2017.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|EVula}} – A former admin and bureaucrat, he indicated he felt that {{diff|User_talk:EVula|680130547|679959247|there was not much left for 'crats to do on Wikipedia}} and having lost his bits due to inactivity he made a total of five edits across 2016 and 2017 with his last edit coming May 3, 2017.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|EWS23}} – Editor and admin, most active from 2005-2007, with periods of sporadic activity from 2008-2016. Officially retired and de-sysoped due to inactivity in 2019. A message from the editor, Eric: "Wikipedia was a second home for me in an important period in my life, and despite its ups and downs, I wouldn't trade it for anything. I doubt I'll ever be a full time editor again, but rest assured that retirement is treating me well, and I'll continue to lurk here under another name, correcting typos as I read. Thank you to those of you who continue to maintain and build this encyclopedia; please be kind to each other, and I wish you all nothing but peace and blessings."<br />
* {{user2|Exemplo347}} – Exemplo347 was active 2016 through 2018 with a burst of activity in 2023 with a final edit on December 10, 2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Excirial}} – Last edit October 28, 2021. After a year-long absence that began in October 2020, returned to state in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Excirial&diff=prev&oldid=1052308365 this edit summary] that he hoped to become more active before long, but has instead remained inactive.<br />
* {{User2|Exir Kamalabadi}} – Last edit August 24, 2007, owing to the fact that his home country of China had blocked access to Wikipedia at the time. Came back once more to {{diff|Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|prev|213658328|request permanent protection}} of user page on May 20, 2008. {{diff|Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|prev|374541462|Requested unprotection}} in 2010, left <nowiki>{{Abandoned account| an anonymous user}}</nowiki> on his userpage on September 30, 2011, editing again briefly in June and July 2012, and then blanked his userpage, his talk page, and some essays he wrote in September 2014.<br />
* {{User2|ExpressingYourself}} – Long-term editor & article creator, active for over a decade, most commonly on pages related to UK TV shows, films, and actors/actresses. Last edit 17th January, 2017, when he blanked his page.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Extransit}} – Last edit May 3, 2016.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Eye of the Mind}}/{{formeradmin|The Random Editor}} – User's sister allegedly used account to delete the main page in December 2007; was desysopped. Made two final edits, one to remvoe an announcement that they had left in October 2008, and then one in April 2010.<br />
<br />
==F==<br />
* {{User2|Faedra}} – Last edit January 1, 2005. "This contributor is currently under the impression that Wikipeia is a complete waist of time. (except for a spelling lesson)." Was exclusively active in 2004 and made less than 2000 edits total, but helped to expand Wikipedia's coverage of British honorifics and historical figures.<br />
* {{User2|Fabricationary}} – Last edit January 14, 2007. Was a frequent contributor to [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Days of the year]].<br />
* {{User2|Falphin}} – Last edit November 17, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|FamicomJL}} – Made a few edits in March 2008 and then disappeared. 1,499 edits to the mainspace before his departure.<br />
* {{User2|Farine}} – Last edit March 3, 2014. Made over 10,000 edits spread out across namespaces and topics, with a particular interest in Canadian department stores and soap operas.<br />
* {{User2|Fan-1967}} – Left a day after withdrawing [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fan-1967|RfA]] early on January 28, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Farosdaughter}} – A Huggle user who has not edited, nor fought vandalism, since May 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Fasach Nua}} – An editor known for a strong stand against non-free content in featured article candidates, he put a wikibreak notice on his userpage on January 31, 2011, claiming it would be short, but hasn't edited since March 26, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Fat&Happy}} – Last edit on August 9, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|FateClub}} – Last edit July 13, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Fattyjwoods}} – Last edit on July 13, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|FayssalF}} − Former administrator and arbitrator. Has been largely inactive since early 2010, albeit with brief spurts of editing interspersed over the course of several years (most notably in October 2018) Last edit April 20, 2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Feco}} – Last edit October 17, 2008. Was only really active in 2005 and had just a little over 3000 edits in total, but made many useful contributions to finance-related articles.<br />
* {{User2|FellowWikipedian}} – Unseen since a brief final spell of vandal-fighting in late 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Fenice}} – Left January 18, 2006 after an editwar.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Fennec}} – Last edit June 13, 2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Fetchcomms}} – Former administrator and prolific contributor, with 41,600 edits. Created 4,574 pages, was very active on then-[[Portal:Missouri]]. Consistently active from October 2009 until July 2012, then sporadic edits until unexplained full stop in May 2016. As of February 2020, 8 years after first becoming virtually dormant, was still in the top 2000 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Fetofs}} – Last edit November 13, 2008.<br />
* {{user2|Field Marshal}} – He {{diff|User:Field_Marshal|prev|970006432|indicated he would be busy with exams}} on July 28, 2020 and made his last edits on August 1, never to return.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Filiocht}} – After falling ill earlier in the year, he declared himself "away indefinitely" on June 6, 2006. He made a small number of edits from 2008 to 2012. He made his last edit March 14, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Finalnight}} – After withdrawing from an RfA, placed a retirement notice on their userpage on July 17, 2008. Sporadically edited about a few leftover administrative issues afterwards.<br />
* {{User2|Fingers-of-Pyrex}} – Last edit May 2, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Firebug}} – Left on January 1, 2006, due to the [[Wikipedia:Userbox|Userbox]] controversy. There is a goodbye message on his user page that contains explicit language.<br />
* {{User2|Fixuture}} – User had amassed over 18,000 edits over a consistent period of time, but has not edited at all since July 27, 2017. <br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Fl}} – Last edit May 4, 2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Flcelloguy}} – Arbitration Committee member, hasn't edited since May 28, 2007, when he left a note at his talk page explaining he's been busy.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Flockmeal}} – Administrator, signed up on September 9, 2003. Has not made any edits since October 22, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Floridasand}} – First edit May 31, 2006; last edit January 30, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Fluri}} – Last edit May 31, 2016; preceding edit February 29, 2008.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Flowerparty}} – Last edit September 11, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|FlugKerl}} – Last edit November 18, 2016, save for three edits on October 25, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Flygongengar}} – Last edited November 1, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Flyhighplato}} – Last contribution March 8, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Folajimi}} – Last article-space edit March 3, 2008; posted retirement notice September 21, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Folic Acid}} – Last contribution September 10, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Folken de Fanel}} – Last edit November 5, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Fonzy}} – Retired May 2004: "I don't like change much (which some will probably know or guess why). I prefered Wikipedia more when it was smaller and I felt part of a small community, now Wikipedia has got bigger (which is great) but I dont feel as useful, or as important, I just feel like part of a mob." Made last edit on the 26th of that month. Four more edits on November 11, 2007.<br />
*:Made 3 edits on November 9, 2005 to confirm he was the anonymous editor who was instrumental in starting [[Wikinews]]. And admitting he had made some anonymous edits to Wikinews during his absence.<br />
* {{User2|Footlessmouse}} – A user who was prolific in 2020 and worked on physics-based articles. Stopped editing on January 14, 2021. Added a mention to user page on February 4, 2021 about other obligations preventing them from editing Wikipedia. Made their final edits in April 10 and April 11, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Forbsey}} – Last edit December 5, 2007, in which he or she began blanking all of their userpages and subpages.<br />
* {{User2|Forbidden User}} – Worked on many Disney-related articles. No activity since December 3, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Formeruser0910}} – Last edit June 10, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|ForteTuba}} – Last contribution April 22, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Fountainviewkid}} – Announced retirement on September 3, 2011. Made last edit on July 24, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Foxnpichu}} – Last edit June 30, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Fraggle81}} – Last edit November 13, 2014.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Fran Rogers}} – [[Wikipedia:Changing username/Simple/Archive68#Krimpet_.E2.86.92 Fran Rogers|originally edited under the name Krimpet]]. She [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Krimpet|received the mop]] in 2007 after only ''three months'' of editing. Her final edit was on December 31, 2014 and was since desysopped for inactivity.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Francs2000}} – Former bureaucrat, had over 38,000 edits, left good bye message on talk page. Last edit July 15, 2006. First edit September 16, 2003.<br />
* {{User2|Fratrep}} – Prolific contributor, with 46,000 edits, including extensive work on disambiguation pages and their links. Massively active from April 2008 to May 2010, a few random edits thereafter until unexplained full stop in October 2010. As of March 2020, nearly 10 years after effectively going dormant, was still in the top 1700 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Freak104}} – Left February 6, 2008 due to [[WP:N]]'s effects on comic book articles. Came back as {{User2|Spidey104}}, edits dwindled over time with last edit on November 8, 2023. <br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Freakofnurture}} – Administrator, stopped editing on November 5, 2007; has made some edits in late March 2008.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Fredrik}} – A countervandal and mathematics-focused editor, they edited heavily 2003 to 2009, making few edits 2010, 2012, and 2013, with a final edit in 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Fredil Yupigo}} – Last edit May 8, 2018.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|FreeRangeFrog}} – Last edit August 26, 2015. He was desysopped on October 1, 2016 for inactivity.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|FreplySpang}} – Last edit April 22, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Freshgavin}} – Was a frequent contributor to the Reference desks. Last edit March 31, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Frickative}} – Last edit March 10, 2012. Messages on her talk page indicate she moved house around that time.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Friday}} – Administrator, made first edit on June 28, 2005 and last edit on June 15, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|FrummerThanThou}} – Last edit October 23, 2008. Made one edit July 3, 2009, two June 21, 2010, and one on August 11, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Finemann}} – Announced on September 7, 2011 that he was quitting for "personal" reasons and stated that he changed his password to something he can't remember and won't be able to go on Wikipedia again.<br />
* {{User2|FudgeFury}} – Last edits November 9, 2020.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Fuhghettaboutit}} – Last edit January 5, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|FuelWagon}} – Had over 6000 edits from April 2 to December 23, 2005 before receiving a six-month ban from the Arbitration Committee, and has not edited since, even after the expiration of his ban.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Func}} – Administrator; last edit October 10, 2005. "My apologies, I am away from Wikipedia for an extended period of time." Made two edits on April 11, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Funeral}} – Over 8,500 edits. Only three edits from June 2008 to December 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Funnybunny}} – Left August 13, 2006. He has told an editor by email that he had officially quit. Two edits since, last on October 11, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Fvw}} – Last contribution January 19, 2009.<br />
* {{user2|Fyre2387}} – Last edit January 21, 2021.<br />
<br />
==G==<br />
* {{User2|G. C. Hood}} – Last edit February 2, 2015.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|G-Man}} – Last edit May 12, 2009. First edit February 11, 2003.<br />
* {{User2|Gadykozma}} – Stated he was "taking wikivacation, probably permanent" on November 22, 2004. Last edit December 21, 2004.<br />
* {{User2|Gaijin42}} – Last edit October 19, 2016.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Galwhaa}} – Administrator, previously known as "Mathwiz2020", stopped editing regularly in 2007. He returned on August 7, 2008 to be renamed and made a few substantial edits. He ceased editing for one year after a couple of edits on October 21, 2008, but returned to make one edit on November 1, 2009, then requested a resysop (which was denied due to inactivity) on April 2, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Gandydancer}} – Last edit June 14, 2021. First edit September 13, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Ganymead}} – Left a retirement notice on his userpage on August 24, 2007 and on his talk page on November 19, 2007. Returned as {{User2|Empidonax}} with infrequent edits. Last edit 1-24-2023, last global edit on Commons 4-21-2023.<br />
* {{User2|GassyGuy}} – A frequent, quality contributor to popular music articles; retired in July 2007 for reasons unknown.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Gator1}} – Left after being harassed and outed in 2006; returned in early 2008 but then slowed down until July 7 and then stopped again. Last edit May 5, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Gay Cdn}} – Prolific contributor, with 38,969 edits before posting "{{tl|Retired}}" and making full stop in July 2007. As of February 2020, nearly 13 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2100 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Geek2003}} – Last contribution October 7, 2012. A major contributor to the [[Nortel]] suite of articles.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Geogre}} – Last contribution July 29, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Geologyguy}} – Prolific editor from February 2006 to full stop in May 2008, returned for two last edits in early 2019.<br />
* {{User2|George}} – Last edit October 11, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|GeorgeMoney}} – Retired. Last edit June 12, 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|GeneralPatton}} – Formerly an administrator, last edit March 9, 2007, although did come back (albeit very briefly) in January/February 2011 and expanded a single article. Came back again in early 2015, but no edits since March 20, 2015.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Former admin|GermanJoe}} – Last edit October 15, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Getaway}} – Last edit September 28, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Getcrunk}} – Notice on talkpage says "trying to take a wikibreak and might be back on Wikipedia later". Last edit October 6, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|GFHandel}} – Last edit March 23, 2013. Returned to one single edit on May 22, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|GHe}} – Last edit June 18, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|GhostofSuperslum}} – Last edit November 15, 2007, some seven months after indicating their departure on their user page.<br />
* {{user2|Giants27}} – A prolific [[T:DYK|DYK]] editor, his last edit was on May 21, 2019.<br />
* {{user2|Giano}} – Last edit in August 2022. <br />
* {{User2|Giggy}} – Formerly Dihydrogen Monoxide; edits trailed off after February 2009 to last real edit on October 4. Returned to blank userpage on May 17, 2010; removed userbox from talk page 11 months later (April 17, 2011), and blanked a page in own userspace in June 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Gigs}} – Last edit May 9, 2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Ginkgo100}} – Created dozens of articles; thousands of annual edits in 2006 and 2007 dropped into hundreds of annual edits through 2011 to only tens of edits (or less) in following years with her last three edits in June 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Girolamo Savonarola}} – Last edit was on November 1, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|GiW}} – Last edit February 22, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Gixce93}} – Last edit October 10, 2015. First edit May 15, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|GK}} – Last edits on December 7, 2006, when he participated in Arbitration Committee elections. Had previously stated [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:GK&diff=prev&oldid=24204945 he was leaving for good]. Objected to an usurpation of his username in October 2010. <br />
* {{User2|Gloss}} – Often worked on hockey and ''Survivor'' articles. No activity since March 11, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Gocsa}} – Last edit July 18, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Goldfritha}} – Last edit April 21, 2018.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Goldom}} – Last edit was on January 13, 2021. Made a total of 6,132 edits.<br />
* {{mop}} {{admin|Good Olfactory}} – Last edit August 24, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Goodraise}} – Last edit July 22, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Gorrister}} – Last edit October 5, 2005. Made two edits on March 21, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Grafikm fr}} – Over 11,000 edits. Last edit in December 2013.<br />
* {{User2|GRAHAMUK}} – Over 7,000 edits, edited near-constantly between 2003 (first edit) and 2006, last edit February 17, 2015 after only 50 edits in the preceding five years.<br />
* {{User2|Gralo}} – Creator of the [[Portal:Energy|Energy Portal]] and excellent editor of energy-related articles. Last edit August 9, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Graphium}} – Last edit January 22, 2017.<br />
* {{user2|GravityUp}} – Spurts of activity 2006 to 2016, another burst of editing in 2018, he made three edits in 2020 and not since.<br />
* {{User2|Grayshi}} – Last edit May 27, 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|GRBerry}} – Userpage says he is "not now active on any project". Last edit was May 18, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|GreatWhiteNortherner}} – Made over 13,000 edits over the course of over 10 years before vanishing in 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Green-eyed girl}} – Author of the essay [[WP:BEEF|Beef up that first revision]], she semi-retired in 2012 to start her own website, {{diff|User:Green-eyed girl|465745710|439750580|having previously indicated burnout and frustration with Wikipedia}}. Her last edit was in May 2014.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|GregAsche}} – Administrator; stopped editing regularly in June 2006. Made one edit on January 4, 2007, and another single edit to his userpage on February 20. Returned making one more edit on September 25, 2008, and has not edited since then.<br />
* {{User2|GregManninLB}} – Last edit July 20, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|GregRobson}} – Last contribution December 31, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Greyengine5}} – Last edit September 4, 2004.<br />
* {{User2|Greyhood}} – Last edit 8-15-2013, last global edit on Commons 8-20-2013. Frequent contributor to topics related to Russia.<br />
* {{User2|Grimjaw}} – Last edit January 6, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Grrrlriot}} – Last contribution October 6, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Guoguo12}} – Last contribution August 25, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Guillaume2303}} – Last edit February 2, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|GunnarRene}} – Last edit October 20, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Gwen Gale}} – Last edit April 14, 2020.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Gwernol}} – Administrator, wikipedian since May 2005 with over 91,000 edits. Suddenly disappeared without notice or reasoning on July 29, 2008. Returned to add a retired message to their talk page on June 1, 2009 and requested desysopping on June 4.<br />
* {{User2|Gwynand}} – Last edit August 21, 2008.<br />
<br />
==H==<br />
* {{User2|Hafspajen}} – Prolific contributor to art-related topics and [[WP:FPC|featured picture candidates]]; numerous editors proudly proclaimed their user pages to be "decorated by Hafspajen". Deleted user page on April 27, 2015, announcing retirement. Last edit August 26, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Hairhorn}} – Prolific contributor and [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]], with 40,600 edits. Had long pauses and brief returns until a full stop in November 2016. Last edit was on May 15, 2020. As of February 2020, nearly 4 years after going (basically) dormant, was still in the top 2100 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Hajor}} – A former admin desysopped for inactivity, he stated "It stopped being fun... but it was fun while it lasted. Thanks for the ride" in his last edit on November 22, 2005.<br />
* {{User2|HalfShadow}} – Last edit August 7, 2020.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Hall Monitor}} – Active admin in anti-vandal work, stopped editing regularly near end of July 2009. Returned briefly to do more such work in February 2011 and February 2012. As of February 2020, fully eight years after going dormant, he was still in the top 5000 of Wikipedia's [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever. Lost mop due to lack of activity.<br />
* {{user2|Hallows AG}} – Mostly active in 2011, they made a hundred edits in each of the following years before taking a wikibreak on August 5, 2014, later changing the wikibreak on October 31, 2015, which is currently their last edit.<br />
* {{User2|HamatoKameko}} – Last edit August 16, 2014. Edited hard rock topics, particularly relating to [[Lordi]], until contributions dried up.<br />
* {{user2|Hampton11235}} – Last edit on February 2, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Hapsiainen}} – Has been absent from [[Wikipedia]] since December 12, 2005. No further explanation. Made some edits on the Finnish Wikipedia during 2006.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Harro5}} – Harro5's active editing ended in March 2013. Only making a handful of edits in each following year, Harro5 was de-sysopped for inactivity and made their last edit on October 2, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Harry Potter}} – Last edit April 7, 2004. Contributor with 1,057 edits that was active in mid-2003 until September 2003, where activity dropped, making only 13 edits in 2004 until their final edit. First edit was made on May 5, 2003.<br />
* {{User2|Harry the Dirty Dog}} – Last edit March 2, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Harry491}} – Nearly full stop September 2006, inactive since two sporadic edits{{snd}}one in 2009 and final one in August 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Hcheney}} – Administrator. Blanked his user archives with final edits in April 2008. He was subsequently desysopped in 2011 for inactivity.<br />
* {{User2|HDS}} – Last edit December 29, 2016.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Hdt83}} – Former administrator who was desysopped for inactivity. Last edit May 31, 2016, with first edit on September 10, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Heatherawalls}} – Last edit April 5, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Heaven's Wrath}} – Having created calendars for both [[Wikipedia:Esperanza|Wikiproject Esparanza]] and [[WP:BDC|the Birthday Committee]], their last edit occurred September 15, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|HeirToPendragon}} – Made his last edit as a semi-active participant on November 27, 2007. Returned for a single edit on July 14, 2008. Replaced his user space with "I don't really edit Wikipedia anymore, but thanks for stopping by" on September 1, 2011. Major contributor to articles related to ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]''.<br />
* {{user2|Hello32020}} – Last edit was made on June 2, 2019, with the previous edit being made almost four months before. Previously had a gap in editing that was two years in length. No reason was given on inactivity.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Hemanshu}} – Member of WikiProject India whose final edits came on November 16, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Henriettapussycat}} – Last contribution made on September 6, 2011. Was consistently active before final edit, contributing to articles relating to women. First edit was made on July 19, 2011. Made over 2,000 edits in the span of nearly two months.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Henrik}} – Administrator. Stopped editing in October 2013, then returned in March 2014. Last edit August 13, 2014.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Hephaestos}} – Administrator. Stopped editing regularly in December 2004, followed by very sporadic editing. [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Hephaestos&oldid=12018560 Left] an unhappy goodbye on his user page on April 2, 2005. Last edit was on February 27, 2007, until one edit on July 25, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Hermione1980}} – Administrator. Previously took a long break on May 7, 2006 but returned to active editing in December 2008. Left on April 3, 2009 by leaving a [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Hermione1980&oldid=281507713 message] on their talk page, further explaining her refusal to be contacted by Wikipedia or by e-mail.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Hersfold}} – An administrator, bureaucrat, checkuser, oversighter, arbitrator, and operator of [[User:HersfoldBot|two]] [[User:HersfoldArbClerkBot|bot]] accounts. Made over 30,000 edits from 2007 to 2013, mainly working behind-the-scenes in dispute resolution and site maintenance; he was known for his sense of humor and approachable disposition. Effectively retired in 2013, but continued to edit sporadically until his final edit on January 10, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Hghyux}} – Retired after making over 5000 edits between January and May 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Hi878}} – Last edit September 24, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|HighwayCello}} – [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HighwayCello&diff=next&oldid=85639238 Stated] that he felt [[Template:Bonked|WikiBonked]] on November 6, 2006. Ceased editing the next day. Returned in 2020 to edit sporadically as {{noping|PeridotThot}}, see [[Special:Diff/964277181]].<br />
* {{User2|Hillman}} – [[User:Hillman/Archive|Prolific contributor]] to articles on mathematics and physics, especially general relativity. Left in October 2006, [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Xoloz&diff=prev&oldid=80647404 ground down] by degradation of material he had written. Briefly [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents&oldid=228652200#User:Hillman reappeared] in July 2008. Made two later edits (July 2009, July 2010) to blank own user space and restate they were long retired and ask "Request locking of my talk page by some kindly admin. I'm retired! TIA", which an editor did for them a few months later.<br />
* {{User2|Hippi ippi}} – Last articlespace edit November 26, 2007. Made several edits to her own userspace pages in 2008, posting an "I quit" notice on March 20, 2008. Blanked userspace pages in September 2012 and December 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Hiroizmeh}} – Was a prolific editor of paleontology-related pages (particularly new discoveries) in 2021 and early 2022. They disappeared in the middle of a discussion on [[WP:RFD]] with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2022_March_14&diff=prev&oldid=1077202385 their last edit] made on March 15, 2022. Does not respond to emails.<br />
* {{User2|HisSpaceResearch}} – Prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]] with 15,000 edits, including 1,300 page created, during a brief period from June 2006 until unexplained full stop in August 2008.<br />
* {{User2|HistoricMN44}} – Last edit August 2, 2015. Made a few edits in January 2017 to archive talk page.<br />
* {{Mop}} {{formeradmin|Hit bull, win steak}} – Last edit March 8, 2013. Does not appear to have given reason or advance notice of departure.<br />
* {{User2|Hitsuji Kinno}} – Last edit May 6, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Hm2k}} – Last edit on September 8, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|HoboJones}} – Posted "{{tl|Retired}}" with last edit January 2, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Homestarmy}} – Last contribution December 13, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Hrafn}} – Former prolific contributor, with 40,200 edits, before sudden stop in May 2012, save for six edits in February 2013. Returned for two subsequent edits, including a mention that they had retired, to contribute to a [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Primary_sources&oldid=638045572 discussion at Template talk:Primary sources]. Returned for three final edits in July 2022, and has not edited since. As of February 2020, 8 years after first going dormant, was still in the top 2100 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|HResearcher}} – Last edit was made on September 11, 2006. Formerly active editor who cleaned up various pages and articles and participated in AfDs. First edit was made on April 15, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Hubschrauber729}} – Racked up over 11,000 edits before vanishing in 2010.<br />
* {{User2|HuffTheWeevil}} – Last edit August 5, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Humansdorpie}} – Mature, good-humoured editor with special interest in Africa articles. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Humansdorpie&oldid=57527935 Left] an unhappy goodbye on his user page on June 8, 2006, in response to legal threats. Returned to edit replace the goodbye on user page with a quote from ''[[Caged]]'' in April 2018, and made several edits from October–December 2020, and later on October 30, 2021. <br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Humus sapiens}} – Admin and prolific contributor on Jewish-history topics. Last edit May 5, 2008, with no indication of why he stopped. User page later marked "{{tl|Retired}}" by an IP-address user.<br />
* {{user2|HuskyHuskie}} – Last edit on July 2, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Hurricane111}} – Last edit August 5, 2021, after a slowing of edits beginning on December 2019. First edit August 31, 2004.<br />
* {{User2|Hydrogen Iodide}} – Just 31 short of 128,000 edits, was a major contributor to articles on cities and buildings. Stopped editing in December 2008, but inertia meant four last edits on March 24, 2009. As of February 2020, 11 years after going dormant, was still at #405 on list of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Hyperbole}} – Last edit made on February 11, 2008, which was to ask where they could request their user or talk pages be deleted. Stated they were "off the project" on Administrator's Noticeboard following a block for edit warring.<br />
<br />
==I==<br />
* {{user2|IAMTHEEGGMAN}} – Last edit December 3, 2012.<br />
* {{user2|IamNotU}} – Last edit October 8, 2021. Had user page deleted by request.<br />
* {{user2|Iceberg3k}} – Last edit was on March 5, 2008; first edit was on March 9, 2004. Moved to {{User2|La Maupin}} on June 28, 2008 and made an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Iceberg3k&diff=prev&oldid=239773281 edit to original userpage] to reflect this. Last edited as La Maupin on August 20, 2018. Made 9,974 edits total across both accounts.<br />
* {{user2|IdreamofJeanie}} – Last edited October 1, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|I do not exist}} – Announced "long wikibreak" on January 26, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Idontknow610}} – Last edit made on July 16, 2013 after no edits since June 2011. First edit on November 15, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Ice Explorer}} – Abrupt stop in January 2010, {{diff|User_talk:Ice_Explorer|335068036|335067468|left goodbye note}} about "small minded, abusive and bullying" editors later opining {{diff|User_talk:Ice_Explorer|337250867|337195847|"Sometime the people here are too much, that's all. They give the Wiki police badge to just about anyone who has a need for control and a liking for tyrannical behavior."}} Tried six edits in April 2016, then never came back.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Idont Havaname}} – Last edit June 8, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|I love entei}} – Last edit was made on June 11, 2012 after a slowdown in edits after 2008. First edit was made on October 8, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|IMeowbot}} – Made several thousand edits between November 2004 and August 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Imladjov}} – Historian and Scholar. Last edit August 13, 2006. Editor who contributed to Byzantine History and similar topics.<br />
* {{User2|Immunize}} – Has not edited since January 2012.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Improv}} – Last edit December 26, 2006. Left a note on his user page on January 2, 2007 stating: "''I have left Wikipedia. I do not see it as acceptable to have advertisements, whether they be for brand identity or for a product, on Wikipedia.''" – with a link to a foundation-l reference [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2006-December/012848.html]. Edited his userspace March 2, 2007 and March 23, 2010, then made one edit August 23, 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Imran}} – Last edit February 13, 2005. Left a note on November 3, 2004 to say "''Note: I am (as of Sept 04) currently inactive on Wikipedia''".<br />
* {{User2|Indon}} – A regular editor on topics relating to Indonesia. Last edit was in early 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Inferno, Lord of Penguins}} – Edited regularly from November 2008 to May 2010. Made a comeback in April 2011 but has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|Infogapp1}} – Last edit November 15, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Infrangible}} – Stopped editing immediately following an unsuccessful RfA. Last edit August 17, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Instinct}} – Last edit on July 8, 2010. Known as Milk's Favorite Cookie until May 2009. Was well known for being an exceptionally productive editor in content creation, particularly in sports articles around American football, baseball, and basketball.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Interiot}} – Says he needed to spend less time online. Since December 25, 2007 has only made two signed-in edit, on December 22, 2012 and February 28, 2017. Still edits anonymously.<br />
* {{User2|Into The Fray}} – Stopped editing actively in July 2015, but made one edit on March 26, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|IP Address}} – Blanked his user page on July 23, 2006 and made his last contribution on August 5 of that year. Was later indefinitely blocked on February 16, 2021 due to being compromised.<br />
* {{User2|IPadPerson}} – Worked on various music-related articles. Placed a {{tl|Retired}} template {{diff|User:IPadPerson|prev|820254825|on userpage on January 13, 2018}}.<br />
* {{mop}} {{admin|Iridescent}} – Last edit February 19, 2023, save for one edit on December 16, 2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Irishguy}} – Announced retirement on April 4, 2008, due to off-wiki harassment; made a few more edits, the last one being on July 6, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|IronChris}} – Userpage displays a semi-retired notice. Just four edits from since June 2017, last was April 2019.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Ironholds}} – Administrator from 2011–2013 and former WMF staff member; last edited May 22, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Ism schism}} – Contributor with 15,451 edits. Slowed down after December 2016 with less and less edits up until September 5, 2020 to make several edits to the [[Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements|Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreement]] page. Last edited on February 3, 2021, thirteen years after account creation date. <br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Isotope23}} – Announced he was on "indefinite hiatus" in January 2008; returned to make one comment on June 13, 2008 and two edits on February 6, 2018.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Izehar}} – Last edit January 16, 2006. Made a single edit one year later on January 30, 2007.<br />
<br />
==J==<br />
* {{User2|J3Mrs}} – Edited from May 2009 to June 2018, mainly regarding Greater Manchester and Yorkshire. Created 140 articles and pushed 12 articles to GA/FA status. {{As of|2020|February}}, nearly two years after going dormant (a single edit in each of 2019 and 2020), is still in the top 2000 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|J.delanoy}} – Registered 310,263 edits. Basically stopped in December 2013, sixth edit for all of {{diff|User:J.delanoy|628733633|564644775|2014 was farewell letter}} (but no {{tl|retired}} box) in October 2014, but inertia kept him running through 100 edits in 2015 when he {{diff|Wikipedia:Bureaucrats%27_noticeboard|prev|641821740|voluntarily resigned his adminship}}, until full stop after sixth edit of 2016 (September). Made one edit on Wikimedia Commons in June 2021; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since. Often worked at addressing vandalism, on thousands of articles. {{As of|2020|February}}, over six years since basically stopping, is still the 80th [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editor]] ever. <br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|J.smith}} – Last edit December 5, 2018.<br />
* {{User2|Jack Greenmaven}} – Last edit March 16, 2019, which was to remove their name from [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Mailing List]]. Prolific contributor with 26,830 edits and 4,271 created pages. Editing became sporadic after 2014, making only 90 edits in the years after until final edit in 2019. First edit was made on November 5, 2010. <br />
* {{User2|Jack O'Lantern}} – Has not edited regularly since 2007. Blanked user page and talk on August 19, 2013 in final two edits.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Jackmcbarn}} – The recipient of fifteen barnstars, he was [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Jackmcbarn|elected to adminship in November 2014]] but his editing became more sporadic until he stopped editing in 2017 after which he lost his bit for inactivity. He returned in Summer 2020, was [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Jackmcbarn 2|elected to adminship a second time]] but his editing again dwindled to nothing by January 2021. He was procedurally de-sysopped a second time.<br />
* {{User2|Jacob Haller}} – Stopped editing November 12, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Jacoplane}} – Former administrator with over 32,000 edits who made their last edit on September 4, 2016 after a period of sporadic edits. First edit was made on January 17, 2004. Was procedurally desysopped in 2016 due to inactivity. Made two subsequent edits on Wikimedia Commons in August 2020; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Jamcib}} (now {{user2|Jamcib~enwiki}}) – Last contribution August 15, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|James086}} – An admin, abruptly stopped editing on March 30, 2014. Returned in June 2016 to make more than 4,000 edits, mostly to remove cats from user talk pages. Last edit July 23, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Jamesx12345}} – User with 28,014 edits contributed over the span of two years. Abruptly stopped editing on October 1, 2014. <br />
* {{User2|Jappalang}} – Left a {{diff|User:Jappalang|prev|469705071|farewell message}} before he ceased editing on January 5, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Jaraalbe}} – Joined in May 2005 and accumulated 105,816 edits, including 116 pages created and extensive early work on [[WP:CATEGORY]] effort. {{As of|2020|February}} has been in top 1000 editors since 2006, despite being dormant since last edit on March 14, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Jask99}} – Last edit December 28, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Jaxl}} – An admin, has not edited since December 20, 2006, when he blanked his user pages after a period of inactivity. Made one edit on October 25, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|JayHenry}} – Last edit September 29, 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{admin|Jayron32}} – Last edit September 14, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Jaysweet}} – Retired. Last edit made on August 29, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Jayzel68}} – Prolific creator of articles on or related to U.S. political scandals, some featured. Now retired. Last edit May 1, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Jazz77}} – Prolific creator of pages regarding musicians and "YYYY in literature/music/film/television" during first years (2002 and 2003) of Wikipedia. Active editor until August 2003, brief return (23 edits) in August 2004, then very last edit was their userpage in March 2006, with unfulfilled announcement that they were coming back.<br />
* {{User2|Jbhunley}} – Most active 2015 to 2018, his activity dropped after [[WP:FRAMGATE|Framgate]] to simply removing old user talk page messages, with the last of those on July 2, 2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|JCarriker}} – An admin, retired in September 2006, last edit was April 12, 2008. Felt that his work was not appreciated.<br />
* {{User2|JDG}} – A Wikipedian since 2002; last edit December 15, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|JDoorjam}} – Former administrator who last edited on September 6, 2020, save for one edit on July 6, 2022. Was desysopped for inactivity in 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Jeanenawhitney}} – Left retirement notice on user page February 2, 2008; made several more edits that year and a couple in 2009, the last on June 19, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Jeanne boleyn}} – Mostly active 2008 through 2016, she hasn't edited since May 30, 2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Jedi6}} – Former administrator who last edited on September 10, 2013. Was desysopped for inactivity in 2011.<br />
<!--Note: Jeffrey O Gustafson has an alternate account, Mr. Gustafson --><br />
* {{User2|Jeff3000}} – Prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] and [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]] with 45,000 edits, including 1,300 pages created. Consistently active from 2005 to 2014, then random edits until unexplained full stop in December 2017. As of March 2020, 6 years after first going virtually dormant, was still in the top 1700 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Jeni}} – Editor with 16,133 edits. Last edit March 4, 2020. First edit August 23, 2008. <br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Jenks24}} – Last edit December 9, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Jenolen}} – Onetime prolific contributor and critic of current image-use policy. Began editing sporadically after October 2007; last edited on October 11, 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Jeronimo}} – Last edit August 19, 2006. First edit January 8, 2002.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Jersyko}} – User page says he retired as of May 2008; made one more edit that November.<br />
* {{User2|Jesster79}} – Left a message on his userpage on July 2, 2006 saying he was leaving Wikipedia for the time being.<br />
* {{User2|Jethro B}} – Last edit June 10, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|JetLover}} – Last edit May 1, 2008. An IP-address user added {{tl|retired}} in February 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Jewbacca}} – Left "I'm no longer posting at Wikipedia", via IP-address edit, on the user and talk pages on April 8, 2006. Made five later edits with own username, the last in July 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Jezhotwells}} – Last edit February 17, 2014; first edit December 17, 2008.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Former admin|JForget}} – Template {{tl|semi-retired}} was last edit, September 30, 2010. Another user changed it to {{tl|retired}} seven years later. Over 110,000 edits.<br />
* {{User2|Jfurr1981}} – First edit October 3, 2005; last edit October 8, 2006. User created 67 articles during their single year as an editor.<br />
* {{User2|JG66}} – Last edit January 28, 2023. Was a member of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Beatles|WikiProject The Beatles]].<br />
* {{User2|Jguk}} – Last edit March 9, 2007. First edit September 12, 2004 under an account now known as {{user2|Jguk 2}}.<br />
* {{User2|JGXenite}} – {{tl|Semi-retired}} in December 2009, sporadic 50 edits since, only 6 (a 2013, a 2015, an October 2018, 3 January 2023) after 2012.<br />
* {{User2|JHCC}} – {{tl|Retired}} in May 2006. Left a farewell message on their userpage.<br />
* {{User2|Jhinman}} – Last edit September 19, 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Jiang}} – Last edit August 12, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Jim62sch}} – Last edit 7-29-2018, last global edit on English Wiktionary 4-17-2019.<br />
* {{User2|Jiy}} – Last edit August 21, 2006.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Jj137}} – Administrator. Stopped editing July 2015, returned for one "archive talk page" edit December 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Jllm06}} – More than 400,000 edits. First edit August 2, 2006; last edit January 17, 2018.<br />
* {{User2|Jmh123}} – Last edit March 6, 2008.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Jnothman}} – Former administrator. Last edit in 2019.<br />
* {{User2|JoannaSerah}} – Last contribution February 23, 2013. Added retired template to userpage May 4, 2014 citing "Just don't have time to edit with work and family life".<br />
* {{User2|Joao10Siamun}} – Former prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Autopatrolled|autopatrolled]] and [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] with 41,100 edits. Created 1,177 pages, helped create 3 [[Wikipedia:Featured lists|FLs]] and 12 [[Wikipedia:Good articles|GAs]]. Consistently active from August 2007 until posting "{{tl|Personalissues}}" in November 2012. As of February 2020, 8 years after stopping, was still in the top 2000 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Joe Decker}} – Last edit December 11, 2022. After a year-long absence that began in December 2021, he {{diff|Wikipedia:Bureaucrats' noticeboard|next|1126701440|voluntarily resigned his administrative privileges}} and {{diff|User_talk:Joe_Decker|prev|1126700970|said he hoped to eventually become a regular editor again}}, but has instead remained inactive.<br />
* {{User2|Johan Magnus}} – Last contribution May 5, 2005.<br />
* {{User2|Johanthon}} – Last edit January 4, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|John Cardinal}} – Only five edits since March 8, 2010, the last on June 23, 2022. Known for his work on [[Beatles]]-related articles.<br />
* {{User2|John Fader}} – Last edit in May 2006, but those were his first two edits since May 2005 after nearly 5000 edits including regular responses at [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)]]. His user page and his talk page give no indication that he was intending to leave the project and email contact is not enabled.<br />
* {{User2|JohnGormleyJG}} – Active 2014 through 2015, he stopped editing on March 30, 2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{admin|John M Wolfson}} – Last edit November 7, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|John Reid}} – Last edit November 30, 2006, posted the lyrics to [[Crazy Rhythm]], a sad song about lovers parting (about which he'd written of the mainspace article) presumably as an allusion to his leaving Wikipedia, the day after coming off a disputed block for alleged edit-warring on a policy page; his last edit under this username had a sardonic "null edit summary" in reference to the block log reason.<br />
* {{User2|JohnnyAlbert10}} – A prolific contributor to articles about U.S. roads&mdash;particularly Pennsylvanian routes and highways&mdash;from 2007 until 2009. Became a very infrequent editor until making one final edit on January 26, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|JohnInDC}} – Last edit January 15, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|JohnnyMrNinja}} – Stopped editing on June 13, 2019. Returned for 28 edits in August 2022, but has not edited since. Made for edits on Wikimedia Commons in September and October 2022; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since. <br />
* {{User2|Joie de Vivre}} – {{tl|Retired}} as of July 2007. Stated they left after being accused of lying.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Joke137}} – Former administrator who made their last edit on June 13, 2012. Contributor with 3,852 edits who was active in cosmology and astrophysics-related articles. Active in 2006, until a sharp decline in editing in 2007 with editing becoming sporadic afterwards until their final edit in 2012. Desysopped in 2012 due to inactivity. First edit was made on February 4, 2005.<br />
* {{user2|Jonyungk}} – Creator of dozens of classical music articles claiming seven FAs and a Four Award, Jonyungk was active 2007 through 2010 and again 2012. Jonyungk's thousands of edits a year dropped to hundreds of edits a year 2013-2016 before dropping to nothing, with a final clutch of edits to [[Piano Concerto No. 4 (Rachmaninoff)]] on April 29, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|JordanKyser22}} – Last edit January 24, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|JorgeLaArdilla}} – User with 18,907 edits. Blocked three separate times from editing for participating in various [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|edit wars]]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:JorgeLaArdilla&oldid=1042018691 Blocked from editing for the third time] for one week on September 2, 2021 and hasn't edited since. <br />
* {{User2|Jorgenev}} – Last edit December 13, 2011. Stated leaving for a while at [[WP:SIGNPOST]].<br />
* {{User2|Joseph Dwayne}} – Prolific editor until May 2006, then started a new account. Reactivated with two final edits in December 2013, just days before adding {{tl|former account}} notice from new account name. Known for his humorous vandalism.<br />
* {{User2|Joseph Laferriere}} – Prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Autopatrolled|autopatrolled]], with 42,700 edits, including 25,100 pages created. A PhD Ethnobotanist, focused on – or created – many thousands of articles related to this expertise. Consistently active from December 2013 until unexplained full stop in September 2015 (snuck in a single edit that December). As of March 2020, over 4 years after going dormant, was still in the top 1900 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Former admin|Josh Grosse}} – Former administrator, disappeared on December 21, 2006 and has rarely edited since. First edit around January 22, 2001; see the [[nost:Wikipedia:General disclaimer|Nostalgia Wikipedia's]] contributions page for [[nost:Special:Contributions/JoshuaGrosse|JoshuaGrosse]]. Was especially helpful with the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of life|Taxobox template]] and with articles on microscopic animals. Returned to make four edits from October 18 to November 28, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Jredmond}} – Last edit May 25, 2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|JRM}} – Requested de-sysopping in May 2007 and stopped editing. A short 13-edit dalliance in December 2012, but has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|Julia Rossi}} – [[WP:RD|Reference Desk]] regular. Last edit April 3, 2009. <br />
* {{User2|Julien Tuerlinckx}} – Last edit May 1, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Junipers Liege}} – First edit was on July 7, 2009, most recent activity was on October 30, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|JurassicClassic767}} – A prolific anti-vandal editor and contributor on information about [[pterosaur]]s. They edited very frequently until suddenly stopping in mid-September 2021, then came back in November the same year to update their RedWarn configuration. Went missing for almost over a year with a final burst of five edits on August 25, 2022, all to their user and talk pages. Talk page marked with {{template|Not around}} in November 2023.<br />
* {{User2|JustAGal}} – More than 175,000 edits. Rollbacker, pending changes reviewer. First edit May 24, 2006, 20,000 to 30,000 edits per year until mid 2015, then sporadic 20 edits over next three years, silent since July 26, 2018.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Former admin|Just Chilling}} – Last edit July 25, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|J'raxis}} – Retired, left [[User:J'raxis#Departure from Wikipedia|goodbye essay]] on userpage citing issues with neutral point of view policy. Last edit January 11, 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|JYolkowski}} – Over 16,000 edits. Former admin, prolific editor in 2005 & 2006, sporadic 125 edits over next 9 years, silent since May 2015.<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
* {{user2|K}} – Last edit on February 16, 2021. Formerly edited as [[User:Kenosis]]. Made over 22,000 contributions to Wikipedia.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Kafziel}} – Former administrator and prolific contributor to various U.S. regional and military history articles. Has not actively edited since January 2014. Made four edits on April 17, 2020, and then marked self as retired and blanked talk page in January 2024.<br />
* {{User2|Kainaw}} (now {{user2|User9669}}) – Last contribution February 21, 2012; account is no longer a registered user.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Kakofonous}} – Former administrator with over 7,000 contributions who made their last edit on December 9, 2011. First edit made on November 23, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{admin|Kanonkas}} – Last edit September 29, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Kappa}} – Last edit June 5, 2008. First edit September 15, 2004.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Karen Johnson}} – Last edit October 9, 2004. First edit April 3, 2002.<br />
* {{User2|Karenjc}} – Last edit May 9, 2014. Contributor who made 13,022 edits and created 1,335 pages. Activity dropped after 2010, with a small increase in editing in 2012 that stopped afterwards, declining until last edit in 2014. First edit was made on April 11, 2006.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Katefan0}} – A prolific administrator, she left after Daniel Brandt threatened to inform her employer regarding her work on Wikipedia. See [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2006-05-29/Muddying Sandifer|Muddying Sandifer]] for more details. Last edit April 25, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|KathrynLybarger}} – Last edit August 7, 2023.<br />
* {{user2|Katieh5584}} – Active Huggle user and new page patroller who last edited on October 5, 2015.<br />
* {{user2|Kayau}} – Last edit December 9, 2018.<br />
* {{User2|Kb03}} – Last edit November 12, 2022.<br />
* {{user2|Keefer4}} – Last edit November 1, 2008.<br />
* {{user2|KeithD}} – Last edit June 26, 2010. <br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Kelly Martin}} – Former administrator and arbitrator. Last contribution was on December 7, 2008, following a year of near-total inactivity. A different user (<200 edits, then disappeared) added {{tl|retired}} in August 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Kendrick7}} – Last edit May 16, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Kennethaw88}} – First edit May 25, 2013. More than 50,000 edits; last edit January 9, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Kennvido}} – Last edit November 13, 2013. Started editing in 2010 and became very active two years later. A major contributor to United States in-the-news type articles.<br />
* {{User2|Khalidkhoso}} – Last contribution August 19, 2010. Listed as a member of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Pakistani districts|WikiProject Pakistani districts]].<br />
* {{User2|Khazar2}} – Retired November 2015, no edits since a few cleanup edits in December. Frequent editor of articles on human rights activists and prolific reviewer of [[WP:Good article nominations]].<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Khendon}} – Administrator with 1,741 contributions. Last edit was made on June 14, 2022. First edit was made on September 3, 2002.<br />
* {{User2|Kikkokalabud}} – Last edit May 23, 2012.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|KillerChihuahua}} – Last edit in February 2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Killiondude}} – Last edit March 3, 2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Kilo-Lima}} – Last spotted actively editing in November 2011. Last edit {{diff|Wikipedia:Bureaucrats' noticeboard|prev|525002674|to request de-sysopping}} on November 26, 2012, also saying they will return someday.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Kimchi.sg}} – Last edit November 19, 2021.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Kingboyk}} – Joined in 2005, making 57,419 edits. Last edit was April 21, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Kingfisherswift}} – Last edit September 5, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Kingoomieiii}} – Last edit November 3, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Kinneyboy90}} – Left a farewell letter on user page. Last edit June 8, 2015.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Kirill Lokshin}} – Last edit 10-8-2022, last global edit on Meta-Wiki 4-14-2023.<br />
* {{User2|Kirjtc2}} – Left a goodbye note on his/her userpage on November 21, 2006 – left another final message [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Kirjtc2&diff=prev&oldid=227125285 July 21, 2008]. Returned briefly in 2010 as {{user2|Fiveohsixer}}, but retired again in August 2010 after <100 edits on that account; returned for two edits in January 2015.<br />
* {{User2|KirtZJ}} – Last edit on 9-29-2016, last global edit on Meta-Wiki 10-23-2020.<br />
* {{User2|KittySaturn}} – Left a goodbye message on her user page on July 31, 2006 and changed it to Japanese the next day. Roughly translated, her message said: ''You grew tired already. How it is good already. Bygone days, this Wikipedia which I have regularly used. Today, it was broken.''<br />
* {{User2|Klonimus}} – Last edit February 2, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Kmweber}} – Last edit December 6, 2015.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Knowledge Seeker}} – Longtime editor and administrator, mainly active from late 2004 until the end of 2006, with occasional flurries of activity through to 2012. Since then, has made no more than 2-3 edits in a single calendar year, the last of which was on March 1, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Knurftendans}} – Last edit August 30, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Kogsquinge}} – Last edit May 11, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Kolindigo}} – Prolific contributor and [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] with 45,800 edits, including 8,300 page created. Performed thousands of repairs of vandalism. Consistently active from August 2006 until unexplained full stop in August 2010. As of March 2020, nearly 10 years after going dormant, was still in the top 1700 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever. Made six more edits on March 23, 2021 with no further edits afterwards.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Konstable}} – Resigned his admin access following an [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Konstable|arbitration]], fully {{tl|retired}} in April 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Koman90}} – Made ~13,000 edits, many regarding mass transit in [[San Diego]] and computer-related topics, between September 2008 and September 2013. Posted "{{tl|Retired}}" in [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Koman90/header&diff=next&oldid=541828769 July 2013], followed by last two edits over the next few weeks, then requested their userpage be deleted in June 2023. <br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Kosack}} – Last edit 18 February 2023. Mainly editing/reverting vandalism on articles centred around association football with particular focus on Cardiff City and other Welsh football. Has not edited since that date.<br />
* {{User2|Kotepho}} – Last edit July 19, 2007. Requested for user and talk pages to be deleted.<br />
* {{User2|Kotniski}} – A prolific contributor, with 40,300 edits, before full stop in January 2012. Left a message explaining [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Article_titles&diff=prev&oldid=472887699 major frustration with process] in a policy discussion of wording to use for [[Wikipedia:Article_titles#Deciding_on_an_article_title|WP:Article titles - Deciding on an article title]]. As of February 2020, 8 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2100 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Koven.rm}} – Last edit December 19, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Koyaanis Qatsi}} – Former administrator who last edited on September 9, 2008. First edit July 20, 2001.<br />
* {{User2|KP Botany}} – Contributor to articles about botany and biology, and also to BLPs, especially minor ones. Last edit December 8, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Krash}} – Last edit February 9, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|KrebMarkt}} – Last edit January 28, 2018.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Kukini}} – Former admin who had well over 50,000 edits since first editing in December 2005; ceased regular editing four years later, added one final edit in 2010. Last edit was to user talk page attributing lack of activity to boredom with Wikipedia. Was desysopped owing to their absence and a change in policy.<br />
* {{User2|Kukkurovaca}} – Last edit November 23, 2005. Came back briefly on July 3 and 9, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Kurando}} – Last contribution October 28, 2016.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Kylu}} – A cross-wiki editor and Wikimedia Steward. Last edit November 13, 2011. Claims to be "taking a short wikibreak", but will return "once other obligations are met."<br />
* {{User2|Kyoko}} – Last edit August 2, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Kyriakos}} – Prolific Australian editor & article creator with an interest in ancient Greek history, military history, and cricket. They made edits from early 2005 until an abrupt and unexplained end to editing in mid 2018. Last edit July 7, 2018.<br />
<br />
==L==<br />
* {{User2|L Kensington}} – First edit July 2, 2010; last edit March 20, 2021, save for one edit on June 25, 2022. Prolific in anti-vandalism; 37 awards in 17 months.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|L'Aquatique}} – Noting in 2012 that {{diff|User:L'Aquatique|prev|529505415|changes in her life reduced her edits on wiki}} after having been desysopped for inactivity, her last edit was on October 15, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|L33th4x0rguy}} – Last edit October 31, 2009. First edit November 19, 2004.<br />
* {{User2|LaidOff}} – Last contribution January 20, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|LakesideMiners}} – Last edit January 14, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Lapaz}} – Last edit January 20, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Lampman}} – Prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Autopatrolled|autopatrolled]], [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] and [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]]. Highly active from late 2006 to late 2011, slowing over subsequent years to final edit in July 2018. Made 12,000 edits including 1,280 pages created. Made two subsequent edits on Wikimedia Commons in April 2019; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Landon1980}} – Last edit August 25, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Larry laptop}} – Left on March 2, 2007. See [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Larry_laptop&oldid=101979222 essay] for details.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Laser brain}} – Last edit December 8, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Lawrence Cohen}} – Last edit was May 15, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|LeaHazel}} – Last edit February 22, 2012.<br />
*{{user2|Leahtwosaints}} – Made c. 20,000 edits over a decade and focused on rock and R&B acts, particularly adding photos. She hasn't edited since 2017-08-13.<br />
* {{User2|LeaveSleaves}} – Prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]] with 42,900 edits including 5,255 pages created. Super active from January 2008 until unexplained full stop in July 2009. As of March 2020, over 10 years after going dormant, was still in the top 1900 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Lendorien}} – Last contribution September 10, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Lesion}} – Frequent contributor to WikiProject Medicine, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Medicine&diff=prev&oldid=604993069 announced their intent to leave Wikipedia] on April 20, 2014. Last edit May 25, 2014.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Lexi Marie}} – Former administrator, last contribution March 14, 2011. Previously also {{User2|Phroziac}} and {{User2|Stephanie}}.<br />
* {{User2|Libertarian12111971}} – Last edit June 21, 2015. Contributor who made 5,641 edits who was active on articles relating to attacks before inactivity. First edit made on June 1, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Lifefeed}} – Made only a handful of edits after August 2005; blanked his user and talk pages and replaced them with the word "done" on October 10 of that year; has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|Life of Riley}} – Last edit February 1, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|LightandDark2000}} – Last edit 5-17-2022, last global edit on Meta-Wiki 7-14-2022. Made 40 subsequent contributions to Wikimedia Commons under his alternate account, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:BlueHypercane761 BlueHypercane761], in August–October 2023; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Lightdarkness}} – Last edit October 19, 2018.<br />
* {{user2|Lighthead}} – Active 2007-2013, his account was compromised in July 2023 and subsequently blocked.<br />
* {{User2|Lights}} – Last edit July 11, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Lillygirl}} – Last edit January 10, 2009, made one edit to user space on September 15, 2015.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|LinguistAtLarge}} – Plentiful editing through 2016 lessened in following years, with two final edits in April 2021.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Linuxbeak}} – Last edit March 6, 2012. Has made only 39 edits since 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Lips Are Movin}} – Made their last mainspace edit in April 2016 but continued editing their sandbox till February 2017. Primarily a contributor to [[Meghan Trainor]]-related articles.<br />
* {{User2|Liquidluck}} – Last edit June 26, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Littlecarmen}} – Last edit October 14, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|LittleOldMe}} – With the exception of an edit on March 2, 2014, their editing ended in October 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Lockley}} – Last edit 4-5-2023, last global edit on Commons 4-9-2023.<br />
* {{user2|Lonewolf BC}} – Last edit November 24, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Longhair}} – Last edit December 6, 2021.<br />
* {{user2|LordAtlas}} – Last edit April 4, 2019.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Lord Emsworth}} – Former administrator. Last edit December 13, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Lordkinbote}} – Last edit November 28, 2006, after problems with vandals. Left a retirement notice on his userpage quoting [[User:RickK|RickK]] on what he saw as Wikipedia's internal problem in dealing with "vandals, trolls, and malefactors." Came back to make a brief appearance January 29, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|LordViD}} – Last edit March 28, 2006.<br />
*{{user2|LoriLee}} – Also formerly named [[User:HstryQT]]. Did a lot of outreach, conference, and GLAM work in the 2010s. She hasn't edited since 2016-03-18.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|LouI}} – Last edit January 26, 2010. Stopped without explanation. Admin privileges suspended in 2011 due to inactivity. Worked on and created mostly historical articles (''e.g.'' [[Daniel Morgan]], the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]], [[List of Continental Congress Delegates]], [[Saratoga Campaign]], the [[Battle of Saratoga]], the [[Pequot War]], and [[Elias Boudinot]] [from LouI's user page]).<br />
* {{User2|LouriePieterse}} – Rollbacker with over 7000 edits. Last edit April 7, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Lradrama}} – Last edit October 6, 2008. Administrator and prolific vandal fighter. After a long break from August 2008, Lradrama returned only to make some brief edits and then declare his retirement. Has not returned since.<br />
* {{User2|Lucid}} – Declared retirement on September 7, 2007, made one edit on September 13, 2007. Returned to comment on an article he created on November 5, 2009; has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|Ludwigs2}} – After about 18,000 edits, ceased abruptly in 2012 and returned for one edit over a year later. Does not appear to have given any notice or reason for departure, although it may have had to do with being banned for a year by the ArbCom; when the ban expired he did not return, except for one edit on March 9, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Luigizanasi}} – Founded [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Woodworking|WikiProject Woodworking]]. Last edit February 8, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|LukeTH}} – A prolific contributor (as in 100 edits or more in a session!) to [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] and [[American liberalism]]; got married in February 2006, has only a few edits since then, no article space ones since December 2006.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin |Luna Santin}} – Administrator, made first edit in 2006. Has not edited since June 8, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Lupin}} – Creator of the Navigation popups, Lupin's Anti-vandal tool. Created some of the first Categories on Wikipedia. Last edit was September 11, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Luwilt}} – Marked their user page "ACCOUNT CLOSED" on July 5, 2011 and never edited again.<br />
<br />
==M==<br />
* {{User2|M C Y 1008}} – Last edit October 7, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|M3tal H3ad}} – Last edit October 7, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Mac Davis}} – Last edit May 19, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Macgreco}} – Prolific Brazilian editor [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Macgreco&diff=next&oldid=128367210 blanked user page] in October 2007. Last edit July 15, 2012.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|MacGyverMagic}} – Prolific editor stopped regular editing without explanation December 18, 2009. Last edit March 27, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Madapaka}} – Last edit April 11, 2012.<br />
*{{User2|Maddie!}} – [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Maddie!&oldid=268776861 Placed wikibonked template on userpage] on February 5, 2009. Last edit on February 10, 2009. <br />
* {{User2|Madhero88}} – Last edit December 27, 2020.<br />
* {{user2|MadMax}} – Last edit on May 26, 2007 declaring {{diff|User:MadMax|prev|133651251|they would be temporarily inactive}}.<br />
* {{User2|MageLam}} – Last edit August 17, 2017.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Mairi}} – Last edit March 22, 2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Majorly}} – A strong content and cross-wiki editor: Majorly was particularly proficient in [[Greater Manchester]]-related articles, bringing [[Cheadle Hulme]] and [[Bramall Hall]] up to featured status; and did a lot of work on Meta and the Simple English Wikipedia, being an admin at both those places. A former administrator here. Activity ended in 2010, short return one day to cleanup their user space and post goodbye note on May 2013, then made one edit in March 2018. Later made one last edit on February 5, 2021 on an article talk page. As of February 2020, 10 years after going (virtually) dormant, was still in the top 2200 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Makeemlighter}} – A frequent participant at [[Wikipedia:featured picture candidates|featured picture candidates]]. Last edit December 11, 2012.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Makemi}} – Former administrator mainly active in the field of music. Over 15,000 edits since December 13, 2005. Became significantly less active from 2008 on; last edit January 26, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|MakeRocketGoNow}} – Last real edit April 27, 2007. The account was compromised on February 13, 2021 and made about 90 edits, requesting several user rights. Three days later he was found and blocked.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Malcolm}} – Formerly {{u|Llama man}}, Malcolm was [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Llama man 2|elected admin on his second try in 2007]]. In January 2012, he was {{diff|User_talk:Malcolm|prev|469072558|caught socking and therefore desysopped for cause}}. His editing dropped off after that, with only eight more edits in 2012, three edits in 2013, and so forth until his last edit came in January 2020. One additional edit was made on August 23, 2022, with this edit currently being their last.<br />
* {{User2|Malcolm Farmer}} – Last edit February 10, 2013. First edit March 6, 2001.<br />
* {{User2|Malkinann}} – Last edit January 6, 2012.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Malik Shabazz}} – Last edit June 3, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Mamawrites}} – Remarked on user page that she would be contributing perhaps only once or twice a week; however, her last edit was made August 28, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|MangoWong}} – Last contribution December 14, 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Manning Bartlett}} – An early Wikipedian, made his first surviving edit on September 24, 2001. Last edit March 2, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Manxruler}} – Prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Autopatrolled|autopatrolled]], [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] and [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]] with 54,600 edits, including 1,800 page created and providing extensive work on articles regarding their native Norway. Helped achieve 1 [[Wikipedia:ACLASS|A-Class]], 5 [[Wikipedia:Good articles|GAs]] and 85 [[Wikipedia:Did you know|DYKs]]. Consistently active from September 2006, posted "{{tl|User health inactive}}" (health issues... may not be able to respond... in a timely manner) in October 2016, posted "{{tl|Holiday}}" in June 2017 and disappeared. As of May 2020, 3 years after going dormant, was still in the top 1500 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Marasmusine}} – After four and a half months of inactivity, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Bureaucrats%27_noticeboard&diff=prev&oldid=1192511910 turned in her mop] on December 29, 2023 and made her last edit the next day.<br />
* {{User2|Margienewman}} – Last edit August 19, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Marianna251}} – A countervandal who {{diff|User:Marianna251|887951371|812647412|stated in March 2019}} that she "will not be around very often" and made her last edit in September 2020.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Mark Arsten}} – He was an active editor from 2011-2014 with a short burst of editing in 2015 leading to few edits 2017-2020. The owner of three DYKs as well as the recipient of [[WP:QAI|The PumpkinSky Prize]] and eight other barnstars, Mark was eventually desysopped for inactivity.<br />
* {{User2|Mark Richards}} – Last edit March 10, 2005.<br />
* {{User2|MarkS}} – Last edit October 5, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|MarkSweep}} – Administrator; vanished on November 14, 2007 and made a small return in 2009 before again ceasing to edit.<br />
* {{User2|MarnetteD}} – {{diff|User_talk:Gerda_Arendt|prev|1165379055|Announced retirement on July 14, 2023}}; last edit August 23, 2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Marshman}} – Administrator. Left Wikipedia for a year on June 21, 2006. Returned one year later on June 27, 2007 [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Marshman&diff=prev&oldid=140871342 explaining] on his talk page that he "just got TOO busy at work to contribute much," and was desysopped. Made one edit to his user page ("Hope to get back into editing some day.") on January 25, 2017; has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|Martial Law}} – Last edit June 3, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{former admin|MartinHarper }} – Last edit July 9, 2015, first edit November 29, 2002. Formerly edited as {{User2|MyRedDice}}.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Martijn Hoekstra}} – Last edit February 5, 2019. Was previously desysopped due to inactivity.<br />
* {{User2|Martinp23}} (now {{User2|MDP23}}) – Amassed over 11,000 edits fighting vandalism, contributing to discussions, and expanding articles. Last edited in April 2020.<br />
* {{mop}} {{former admin|Master of Puppets}} – Last edit January 19, 2021, save for one edit on February 4, 2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Master Thief Garrett}} – Desysopped for inactivity, he had started in 2005 with thousands of edits that year, but only hundreds of edits in following years, only dozens of edits 2010 to 2015, and his final seven edits in 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Matej1234}} – Prolific contributor, with 41,900 edits, including extensive work on articles relating to their homeland through [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Slovenia|WikiProject Slovenia]], before posting "{{tl|Semi-retired}}" in September 2014, full stop after making just-one-more-edit in February 2015. As of February 2020, 5 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2000 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Mathew105601}} – Last edit August 16, 2022. Made numerous contributions to [[Florida]]-related articles.<br />
* {{User2|Matiia}} – Last edit 6-15-2020, last global edit on Meta-Wiki 7-27-2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin| Matt Crypto }} – Former administrator; last edit July 9, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|MattFisher}} – Last edit January 19, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Matthewedwards}} – Active editor 2007 through 2012 responsible for many featured content items, GAs, and DYKs, his edits per year drop to dozens, and then to less than ten before his final edit on October 14, 2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Mav}} – Former admin whose rights were removed due to a lack of activity. Left messages on his user page and talk page on July 22, 2014, indicating that he was busy and intended to return someday. Last edit was on April 28, 2015, before returning for four edits in early 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Maximus Rex}} – Last edit July 31, 2004, deleted his user page right before he left. First edit July 4, 2003. Nearly 22,000 edits, as of February 2020, 16 years after going dormant, was still in the top 4300 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2| MaxPont}} – Last edit May 14, 2017.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Mbecker}} – Former administrator. First edit September 5, 2002; last edit February 10, 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Mboverload}} – Joined in 2004, was super prolific in 2006, making over 25,200 edits (of nearly 40,000 lifetime) in that early year of Wikipedia. Virtually dormant since September 2012, last active with 4 edits in May 2019. As of February 2020, nearly 8 years after going virtually dormant, was still in the top 2200 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|MBK004}} – Last edit November 11, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|McGeddon}} – Prolific editor since September 2005. Abruptly stopped editing on April 22, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Meaghan}} – Last edit was March 7, 2011, to replace {{tl|busy}} with {{tl|semi-retired}}. Her WikiLove still litters the Project.<br />
* {{User2|Meatsgains}} – Last edit July 5, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Megan1967}} – Last edit August 27, 2006. Left a message on her talk page on June 20, 2005 saying she resigned to go live with her girlfriend; [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AMegan1967&diff=17049997&oldid=15485820] made an edit on August 1, 2006, and another on August 27, reiterating her retirement. Was blocked on July 7, 2005 due to a suspected "hijacking" of her account.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Mel Etitis}} – An editor since 2004 and an administrator since 2005. Was heavily active until June 2007, where he edited occasionally. Last edit was on July 1, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Melancholie}} – Last contribution September 8, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{admin|Melburnian}} – Last edit January 6, 2024.<br />
* {{User2|Melcombe}} – Last edit April 21, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|MeltBanana}} – Last edit November 6, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Mereda}} – Just before reaching 6,000 edits, user stated that his/her username will be mainly dormant from April 2007. Last edit March 28, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Merlinus}} – Last edit April 8, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Merovingian}} – Last edit October 19, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|MetroFan2009}} – Last edit August 26, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|MetsFan76}} – Last edit February 8, 2008.<br />
* {{user2|MezzoMezzo}} – Stopped editing in 2021 for no apparent reason.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Mic}} – Last edit September 27, 2004.<br />
* {{User2|Michael David}} – Last edit May 2, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Michael Mad}} – Last edit December 13, 2009, had only been sporadically active since December 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Michaelbusch}} – Last edit June 3, 2016. Left retirement notice on user page.<br />
* {{User2|MichaelTinkler}} – Last edit September 3, 2002.<br />
* {{User2|Midas02}} – Last edit April 3, 2016. Made more than 33,000 edits and a member of the [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation pages with links/Disambiguator Hall of Fame|Disambiguator Hall of Fame]]; stopped editing without notice in the middle of an unsuccessful [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Midas02|RfA]].<br />
* {{User2|MidgleyDJ}} – Last edit June 21, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Mike 7}} – Made a total of 11,185 edits. Last edit on January 29, 2021.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Mike V}} – A former admin with over 29,000 edits since 2007, he blanked his User and User Talk pages and deleted his User Talk Archives in December 2016 following criticism and reversal of one of his blocking decisions, and has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|MindstormsKid}} – Last edit on January 16, 2010. <br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Mintguy}} – Last edit November 13, 2004. "It has stopped being fun. The lunatics are taking over the asylum." See [[User:Mintguy|his userpage]] for more information.<br />
* {{User2|Minun}} – Last edit October 28, 2006, has not returned after Arbitration Committee ban ended on August 13, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Miranda}} – Last edit July 13, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Mirror Vax}} – Last edit September 25, 2012.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Mirv}} – Formerly {{User2|No-One Jones}}. Last edit on September 2, 2014. Left a message on user page on January 15, 2008 saying: "I do not log in much any more: the site is too high-profile and the fun is mostly gone. I still edit anonymously on occasion, and I'll use this account if I want to create, move, or use sysop powers on a page."<br />
* {{User2|MissBono}} – A [[U2]] fan active in 2013, with some edits before and after, the last on September 2, 2023. Formerly {{User2|DominiqueGoode}}.<br />
* {{User2|Missmarple}} – Last edit 4 November, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Miss Mondegreen}} – Became inactive after November 2007 and made her last edit on September 13, 2008. Played a key part in drafting the unsuccessful [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (schools)]] guideline proposal and contributed to a number of biography and school articles.<br />
* {{User2|Miss X-Factor}} – Last edit April 4, 2016. <br />
* {{User2|Mister Jinxy}} – Edited from December 2005 to May 2007. Left after stating, "Too many editors out there drinking the politically correct Kool-Aid and trying to make everybody worship at the altar of the Almighty Wikipedia Rule Book.". Made several edits, primarily to own userpage, since, most recently in June 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Mistress Selina Kyle}} – Last edit April 2, 2012.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Misza13}} – Creator of the MiszaBots; desysopped for inactivity. Last edit August 6, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Miszatomic}} – Last edit 2-23-2019, last global edit on English Wikiquote 5-14-2020.<br />
* {{User2|Mitico}} – Prolific contributor to lacrosse-related articles. Last edit July 12, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|MJ94}} – Active 2010-2015, his last edit was November 13, 2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Mkativerata}} – Made last four edits in 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Mmoyer}} – Last edit on June 3, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Mo ainm}} – Last edit on January 25, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Mock wurzel soup}} – Last edit on November 11, 2019. <br />
* {{User2|Modster}} – Last edit July 15, 2008, first edit October 31, 2002.<br />
* {{User2|Mono}} – Last edit May 16, 2016. Placed retired notice on user talk page. Made eight subsequent edits on Wikimedia Commons in 2017, the last in December of that year; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Monobi}} – Last edit on June 21, 2008. Privately requested his userpage to be deleted and both userpage and talk pages to be fully protected.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Monty845}} – Last edit on July 15, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|MorbidEntree}} – Last edit February 2, 2018. First edit May 31, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Morton devonshire}} – Last edit November 18, 2007. Stated that he'll be on indefinite wikibreak, as there is "not much Wiki-violatin' vanity-conspiracy-spamology left to delete" for him.<br />
* {{User2|Movingboxes}} – Last contribution September 6, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|MPLX}} – Last edit April 28, 2005; left apparently after a conflict at [[Teach the Controversy]].<br />
* {{User2|Mr Accountable}} – Prolific contributor and [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] with 40,700 edits; formerly edited as {{User2|McTrixie}}. Created 17,445 pages, member of WikiProjects Vietnam, Indonesia and Baseball. Consistently active from October 2007 until unexplained full stop in April 2011. Made one subsequent edit on Chinese Wikipedia in May 2011; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since. As of February 2020, 9 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2200 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|MrDarwin}} – Prolific plant editor, left in January 2008 in the first Homeopathy Arbitration Committee case. Briefly edited in January 2009 to blank his user talk page.<br />
* {{User2|Mrfish33}} – Last edit March 24, 2014, save for one edit on January 10, 2024.<br />
* {{User2|Mrjulesd}} – Last edit 5-27-2022, last global edit on English Wikibooks 6-6-2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Mr. Lefty}} – Former administrator. Left and last used tools on July 7, 2008. Returned to make a single edit on November 6, 2008, and a few more in July 2009. A year later, he edited his user page to indicate that he is no longer active.<br />
* {{User2|Mr. Smart LION}} – Last edit November 16, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Mr Stephen}} – [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|Pending changes reviewer]] and [[Wikipedia:Rollbackers|rollbacker]] with over 46,000 edits. Stopped consistently editing on July 23, 2017 before making one edit on November 8, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Mr. Unknown}} – Last edit was on September 20, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Mr. Vernon}} – Last edit December 3, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|MrX}} – Last edit 3-19-2022, last global edit on Commons 7-5-2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Mtmelendez}} – Former administrator. Last edit June 25, 2014, save for two edits on July 6, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Muffin Wizard}} – Last contribution on November 30, 2015. First contribution on December 21, 2011. Contributed heavily on Malaysian topics and nominated many articles for [[Wikipedia:Good article|good article status]] before suddenly disappearing. A note left on his talkpage stated he was sick before his last days in Wikipedia.<br />
* {{User2| MuffledThud}} – Last edit May 10, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|MurderByDeadcopy}} – Last edit February 16, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Muriel Gottrop}} (now {{User2|Muriel Gottrop~enwiki}}) – Last edit November 5, 2007. Terrific editor of European history topics, including the since deleted, but very interesting ''List of young people in history''. Now lurks in wiki-pt?<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Musical Linguist}} – Former administrator, last edit June 23, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Murph9000}} – Last edit June 29, 2017. <br />
* {{User2|Musicpvm}} – Last edit November 26, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Mustafaa}} – Last edit November 18, 2006. His user page cites a lack of free time.<br />
* {{User2|My Chemistry romantic}} – Last edit December 2, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Mydogategodshat}} – Last edit February 18, 2006. First edit May 26, 2003.<br />
<br />
==N==<br />
* {{User2|Naerii}} – Last edit October 19, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Nahallac Silverwinds}} – Last edit November 29, 2018.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Nakon}} – Last edit May 11, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|NancyHeise}} – Last edit February 7, 2016.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Natalie Erin}} – Last edit February 11, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Navy Blue}} – Last edit October 23, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Ncboy2010}} – Last edit January 9, 2015.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|NCurse}} – A Hungarian editor mostly active in 2006, their edits dropped off rapidly 2007 onward, with their {{diff|User_talk:NCurse|prev|868610438|final edit on November 13, 2018 acknowledging their pending de-sysop for inactivity}}.<br />
* {{User2|Ndunruh}} – Last edit June 13, 2014. Editor with 13,809 contributions who was active in military articles.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Nehrams2020}} – Last edit October 15, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Neier}} – Prolific contributor, with 38,738 edits before sudden full stop in March 2009. Returned for a single edit in March 2015, to cleanup user page. As of February 2020, 11 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2200 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|NeilN}} – Former sysop who stopped editing in August 2018, but returned to make one edit in October 2018 stating he was back from his hiatus, and would be more active, then never edited again. Was desysopped for inactivity in 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Neil S Walker}} – Last edit August 13, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Nerdseeksblonde}} – Last edit May 25, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|NerdyScienceDude}} – Last edit September 4, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Nestwiki}} – Last edit January 1, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Neurodivergent}} – Last edit January 12, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Neurolysis}} – Last edit October 14, 2009; left a <nowiki>{{retired}}</nowiki> template on his talk page, leaving a farewell message in the edit summary.<br />
* {{User2|NeuronExMachina}} – Last contribution 29 April, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Newbyguesses}} – Last edit October 23, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|NewEnglandYankee}} – Former prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] and [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]] with 40,700 edits. Created 2,238 pages and performed thousands of repairs of vandalism. Consistently active from November 2006 until unexplained full stop in August 2018. As of February 2020, two years after stopping, was still in the top 2100 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Nhl4hamilton}} – Last contribution July 2, 2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Nichalp}} – Last edit under that account on January 31, 2009. A former administrator, bureaucrat, and oversighter, he had made over 30,000 edits. His userrights were [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee/Noticeboard&oldid=296240244#Nichalp removed by the Arbitration Committee] in June 2009 after it was discovered that he had been using another account for paid editing.<br />
* {{User2|NickelShoe}} – Last edit September 23, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Nieuwsgierige Gebruiker}} – Last edit 8-20-2021, last global edit on Meta-Wiki 8-23-2021.<br />
* {{User2|Night w}} – Last edit May 19, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Nigos}} – Last edit February 1, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Nihlus}} – Last edit September 12, 2021.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Nishkid64}} – Last edit November 27, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Niteowlneils}} – Last edit December 27, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Nixeagle}} – Last edit September 20, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|NJGW}} – Last edit March 19, 2010. An editor of energy articles, main contributor to the [[Peak oil]] article.<br />
* {{User2|Nobleeagle}} – Last edit was on May 26, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Noetica}} – Last contribution February 17, 2015. Posted a retirement banner after receiving a [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/Discretionary sanctions|discretionary sanctions]] notice. Has offered to participate in any Arbitration Committee case on the matter.<br />
* {{User2|Nohansen}} – Made two edits on April 6, 2009 after almost two months without editing, has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|Noirish}} – Last edit September 14, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Noitall}} – Last edit May 4, 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Notheruser}} – Administrator. Left on August 17, 2003 giving no reason, but stating "I'm taking an indefinite break from Wikipedia." Returned for one day on June 4, 2005, but has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|Notinasnaid}} – Last contribution May 18, 2007.<br />
* {{User2| Nouniquenames}} – Last contribution February 6, 2013.<br />
* {{User2| Noypi380}} – Last edit September 11, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Noyster}} – Last edit February 18, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|NWill}} – Prolific contributor, with 38,763 edits{{snd}}many in film, television and tennis{{snd}}before sudden full stop in February 2016. As of February 2020, four years after going dormant, was still in the top 2200 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Nwwaew}} – Last edit March 16, 2009; left a "retired" notice on userpage.<br />
* {{User2|NYMFan69-86}} – Last edit October 20, 2012. Last edit was an [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2012-11-19/WikiProject report|interview with the Signpost]] about WikiProject Turtles.<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
* {{User2|O^O}} – Last edit May 11, 2007. He/she [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:O%5EO&diff=71911533 wrote] on August 26, 2006 that he/she had been a frequent contributor since August 2002, had held several personas over the years, and had used "admin accounts, hundreds of 'anonymous' IP addresses, and more user accounts than I could ever tally". Specialized in zen-like answers.<br />
* {{User2|OccultZone}} – Last edit May 27, 2022.<br />
* {{user2|Oddbodz}} – Last edit May 31, 2019. Was mostly active 2011-2013, with edits sharply dropping afterwards. Edits increased in 2016, but dropped again and continued to do so until their final edit in 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Oden}} – Last edit was January 2007, placing a retirement tag on his userpage. Left due to his involvement in the heated [[WP:NFCC]] debates, resulting AN complaints about wikistalking, incivility on the part of others, etc.<br />
* {{User2|Ojo del tigre}} – Last edit March 17, 2021, with the last global edit being on Spanish Wikipedia on April 8, 2021. Returned to add {{tl|Retired}} to their user page on December 9, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Old Moonraker}} – Last edit August 21, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Oldtaxguy}} – Last contribution October 24, 2020. Activity dropped after 2012, with edits slowly declining until 2016, where edits stopped for four years until final edit in 2020. Formerly active in articles related to taxes.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Oldwindybear}} – Former administrator. Amid allegations of sockpuppetry, Oldwindybear asked for his userpage to be deleted and blanked his talkpage. Last edit July 25, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Olessi}} – Last edit December 27, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Ollie}} – Last edit July 26, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|OmegaWikipedia}} – Last edit November 7, 2005.<br />
* {{User2|Omicronpersei8}} – Last edit December 9, 2006, made a few on the 9th, placing a "Former Wikipedians" template on his user page with "Goodbye" as the edit summary. A dedicated vandalfighter with over 50,000 edits.<br />
* {{User2|Omniplex}} – Last edit July 10, 2006, blanked user page; was also very active on Meta during March–July 2006.<br />
* {{User2|On Wheezier Plot}} – Last edit July 27, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|OneGuy}} – Prolific editor until March 2013, sporadic edits since. Last mainspace edit November 7, 2020, has made some user and user talk edits since.<br />
* {{User2|OnionRing}} – Last edit July 9, 2016.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Optim}} – Former administrator and bureaucrat. Left notice on userpage. Last edit March 6, 2004.<br />
* {{User2|OrangesRyellow}} – Last edit 3-2-2015, last global edit on Meta-Wiki 3-8-2015.<br />
* {{User2|Orca1 9904}} – Contributor with 5,039 edits who was active in military-related articles. Last edit made on October 13, 2021. First edit made on March 30, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Orfen}} – Sporadically edited after August 28, 2009, with several edits in November 2010, and a final edit nearly a year later, on November 2, 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Orioane}} – Last edit February 29, 2012. Procedurally de-sysopped due to inactivity on March 1, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|OsamaK}} – Last edit July 18, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Oshawott 12}} – Last edit October 7, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Osiris}} – Last edit March 20, 2017. Continued editing on Simple English Wikipedia until December 2018, followed by one edit on English Wikivoyage in August 2023; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Otolemur crassicaudatus}} – Left "retired" note on user page. Last edit December 25, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Ottawa4ever}} – Last edit March 3, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|OttawaAC}} – Last edit July 5, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Ottre}} – Last edit July 2, 2016.<br />
* {{mop}}{{Formeradmin|Oxymoron83}} – Former administrator. Last contribution December 9, 2010. Over 70,000 edits since May 17, 2007.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
* {{User2|Packerfansam}} – Last edit November 16, 2021. Contributed mainly to articles relating to U.S. politics, the U.S. military, and sports.<br />
* {{User2|PaddyBriggs}} – Prolific editor of and contributor of photos to cricket-related articles from mid 2005 to mid 2007, when he requested his user and talk pages be deleted. <br />
* {{User2|Pádraic MacUidhir}} – Last contribution February 27, 2007. Requested his user and talk pages be deleted on April 25, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Pahari Sahib}} – Last contribution May 4, 2011. Listed as a member of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Pakistani districts|WikiProject Pakistani districts]].<br />
* {{User2| Pahpaha }} – Last contribution September 7, 2010. Contributor from France.<br />
* {{User2|Pairadox}} – Fairly active vandal fighter whose last edit was April 18, 2008 although he stopped editing at his usual pace on March 18 of that same year.<br />
* {{User2|Palmiro}} – Last edit December 9, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Pan Dan}} – Became inactive without explanation in July 2007, but returned briefly in March 2008 to request his userpage be deleted. Frequently commented at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion]], helped fight vandalism, and contributed to articles related to U.S. politics.<br />
* {{User2| Pantheonzeus}} – Last contribution November 20, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Paralympiakos}} – Last edited March 4, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Pastordavid}} – Last edit May 21, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Path slopu}} – User with 24,775 edits. Last edited November 19, 2022. <br />
* {{User2|PaulHanson}} – Last edit December 27, 2017. First edit October 17, 2004.<br />
* {{user2|P.B. Pilhet}} – Last edit May 14, 2017.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|PBS}} – Last edit November 21, 2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Pcb21}} – Last edit January 6, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Pcpcpc}} – Left a message on his talk page on April 1, 2005, saying he was leaving due to "stress caused by the unreliability of the system and harrassment from certain users." [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Pcpcpc&diff=prev&oldid=12439521] Reiterated this on April 17, and has not edited since.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Former admin| PDH}} – Last edit June 19, 2011. Over 55,000 edits.<br />
* {{User2|Peanut4}} – Last edit on February 12, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Pekinensis}} – Last edit July 31, 2006, except for 2 edits on September 15, 2006 and one on his user talk on June 7, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Penbat}} – Last edit September 27, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Per Honor et Gloria}} – Last edit on March 13, 2011. Left a message on his talk page in 2009 about reducing his editing rate because of disillusionment due to an [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/PHG|arbitration case]].<br />
* {{User2|Perhelion}} – Last edit 10-16-2019, last global edit on Commons 11-18-2019.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Peridon}} – Former administrator. Desysopped for inactivity. Abruptly stopped editing on March 11, 2017.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Peripitus}} – Former administrator and prolific contributor, with 38,440 edits, including extensive work on articles relating to their Australian homeland, before sudden full stop in April 2018. As of February 2020, 2 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2200 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Perl}} – Last edit April 7, 2008. First edit February 14, 2004.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Persian Poet Gal}} – Former administrator and prolific vandal fighter whose mop was removed because of inactivity. Last edit was January 24, 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|PeterSymonds}} – Former administrator who resigned their mop. First edited in December 2005, and last edit was on April 4, 2013. Made one subsequent edit on Wikidata in May 2013; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Peter Shearan}} – Last edit December 14, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Peterwill}} – Active 2006-2012, with a couple dozen or less edits per year thereafter, Peterwill's last edit was September 3, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|PetraSchelm}} – Last edited in June 2008.<br />
* {{User2|PetSounds}} – Last edit July 25, 2005.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Pfortuny}} – Administrator; six edits since December 13, 2004, with the last one being on April 20, 2009. Lost their mop after 2 years of inactivity.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Pgk}} – Last edit August 16, 2007. A sysop who was very good at what he did. Ran a bot called Pgkbot.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Phaedriel}} – Last edit September 28, 2007 and was desysopped for lack of activity. One of the most respected administrators on Wikipedia.<br />
* {{User2|Phaedrus86}} – Last edit June 15, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Phatcat68}} – An evangelical Christian, his userpage suggests he may have left due to conflicts with other users about Wikipedia's treatment of Christianity. Stopped regularly editing on May 7, 2006; has made a few edits since then, but none since September 25, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Philg88}} – Former administrator and prolific contributor, with 41,800 edits. Created 7,548 pages, helped achieve 2 [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|FAs]], 11 [[Wikipedia:Good articles|GAs]] and 23 [[Wikipedia:Did you know|DYKs]]. Very active in 2011, and again from 2014 to 2016, decreasing to an unexplained full stop in July 2019. As of February 2020, appears in the top 2000 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{user2|PhilipTerryGraham}} – Made over 28,000 edits between September 2011 and July 2020. Formally retired in July 2020. Returned for 10 edits in August 2020; has not edited since.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Philippe}} – Last edit April 13, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Phlegm Rooster}} – Made over 6,000 edits between March 2008 and March 2009. Prominent creator of [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|AfDs]].<br />
* {{User2|Phoe}} – [[Wikipedia:Autopatrolled|autopatrolled]] and [[Wikipedia:Rollbackers|rollbacker]] with over 26,000 edits. Retired in January 2010 due to being frustrated with an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case&oldid=340959800#Craigy144 arbitration case]. Made a few edits after that, but made their final edit on October 13, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Phoenix-forgotten}} – Last edit on August 29, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Phyesalis}} – Last contribution on February 9, 2012.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Picaroon}} – Former administrator and Arbitration clerk, last edit on March 1, 2008 to userpage noting disappointment at how things were going.<br />
* {{User2|Pickle UK}} – Last edit October 27, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Pilotguy}} – Former administrator. Last edited in August 2008. Returned on January 10, 2009 to delete his user and talk pages.<br />
* {{User2|Pine}} – Nine-year editor, promoted a [[WP:GA|good article]] and [[WP:DYK|DYK]] for [[Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014]], and frequent contributor to [[WP:SIGNPOST|''The Signpost'']]{{'}}s "On the Bright Side" column; Nearing the end of June 2020 they {{diff|Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2020-06-28/On_the_bright_side|prev|964728134|indicated an interview for ''Signpost''}} would be delayed, {{diff|Wikipedia_talk:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom|prev|964979587|resigned volunteering for ''The Signpost''}}, archived their talk page less than an hour later and never returned. <br />
* {{User2|Pinethicket}} – More than 126,000 edits. First edit May 13, 2009. Last edit July 21, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Ping}} – Last edit June 13, 2013. First edit March 2, 2003.<br />
* {{User2|Pixelface}} – Last contribution August 3, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Plange}} – Stopped editing August 29, 2009; returned briefly in October 2013; returned again in May 2016 through July 18, 2016, made a few more on March 21, 2018 and on January 9, 2020.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|PMDrive1061}} – Retired June 2011 in frustration, then made four edits on March 10, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|PocklingtonDan}} – Left {{diff|Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Wade's Causeway/archive1|prev|585952517|in frustration}} in December 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Pocopocopocopoco}} – Last edit February 27, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Poetic Decay}} – Left goodbye message on userpage. Last edit August 5, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|PohranicniStraze}} – Last edit October 13, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Poison Whiskey}} – Editor with an interest in MMA. Vanished in 2015, reappearing for three edits in January 2017 before going missing once more. Made eight subsequent edits on Portugese Wikipedia, the last in February 2017, and has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Polaron}} – Prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Autopatrolled|autopatrolled]], with 44,800 edits, including 4,200 page created. Consistently active from October 2005 to October 2015, then just a few random edits until unexplained full stop in August 2018. As of March 2020, over 4 years after first going virtually dormant, was still in the top 1800 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Polarscribe}} – Last contribution May 10, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Polonium}} – Stopped editing regularly in March 2007. Two final edits were on December 10, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Popsracer}} – Last edit February 1, 2005.<br />
* {{User2|Praddy06}} – Last edit May 30, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Pretzels}} – Last contribution September 23, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Pro bug catcher}} – Last edit November 8, 2022. Was a member of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Arthropods|WikiProject Arthropods]], hence his username.<br />
* {{User2|ProfessorPaul}} – Last edit August 29, 2018. Worked extensively on topics related to the state of [[Oklahoma]]; does not appear to have given notice or a reason for departure. Briefly returned for one final edit in May 2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|PS2pcGAMER}} – Last edit was made on May 1, 2011. Was active throughout 2008, until slowdown on late 2008 and a stop in editing until 2010, where they made only two edits and later made one edit on May 1, 2011, with this being their final edit. Was desysopped on 2012 due to inactivity.<br />
* {{User2|Pseudo-Richard}} – First edit in March 2006. Made more than 27,000 edits, primarily to Christianity and Judaism topics. Activity began decreasing in 2012 and had effectively ceased by October 2013. Last four edits were July 7, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Puddleglum2.0}} – Last edit August 31, 2020. Was a terrific [[WP:CVUA|CVUA]] trainer, as well as a [[WP:GOCE|copy editor]]. <br />
* {{User2|Punctured Bicycle}} – Last edit February 18, 2009. Does not appear to have given advance notice of or a reason for departure.<br />
* {{User2|Pupster21}} – Last edit October 31, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|PurplePlatypus}} – Last edit June 14, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|PYLrulz}} – Last edit January 31, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Pyrospirit}} – Joined in 2006, and left in June 2012. Made over 9,000 contributions to Wikipedia.<br />
* {{User2|Pyrrhus16}} – Last edit July 12, 2012.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|PZFUN}} – A former admin, the editor made two final edits on July 30, 2008, and finally uploaded two pictures of a Zimbabwean passport on [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&logid=16846442 August 26, 2008]. The account has performed no other actions since then, save two administrator actions in 2010: deleting own userpage on [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&logid=26778753 January 8], with the final logged action, deleting one of the Zimbabwean passports, on [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&logid=29155673 May 5]. If any reason for departure was given, it was lost when the user page was deleted.<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
* {{User2|QazPlm}} – Prolific editor and creator of articles on cricket and Australian geography from late 2005 to mid 2008. <br />
* {{User2|Qirex}} – She effectively quit on January 28, 2006, coming back only once on May 7 that year {{diff|User:Qirex|prev|51917678|to blank her user page}}.<br />
* {{User2|QPT}} – This user (originally called Origamite) had about 4000 edits between March 2013 and January 30, 2016, but has no edits since (as of November 2017). S/he left a message on his/her user page.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Qwyrxian}} – Administrator (from July 2011) with over 57,000 edits beginning in May 2006. Has not edited since announcing an “extended break” in January 2014, which some colleagues attributed to off-wiki harassment.<br />
<br />
==R==<br />
* {{User2|R}} (now {{User2|R~enwiki}}) – Announced his retirement in April 2008; has made a few edits since.<br />
* {{User2|R45}} – Last edit November 23, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Racerx11}} – Prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]], [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]], with 40,200 edits before an abrupt stop in May 2015. Made two isolated edits in 2016, and one final edit in March 2017. As of February 2020, 5 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2100 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Radagast83}} – Last edit May 8, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Radiant!}} – Former admin. Last contribution September 28, 2014.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|RadicalBender}} – Former administrator, consistent editing ended after 2005, making their last edit on July 3, 2007. Left a [[User:RadicalBender|displeased notice]] on userpage, stating that they have quit Wikipedia due to various issues on Wikipedia. First edit was made on September 24, 2003. Made 20,710 edits through 2003 through 2007, with a majority of edits being made in 2004.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|RadioKirk}} – Former admin, announced he was inactive on Wikipedia on April 3, 2007. Last edit was on May 16, 2007, announcing on his user page that "administrative access had been [[:m:RFP#Removal of access|removed by request]]."<br />
* {{User2|Radman1}} – Blanked his user and talk pages in December 2005. He returned to make a few edits on February 10, 2006, but again blanked his talk page and ceased editing. Account renamed to {{user|R.123}} due to final edit on March 31, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Rafablu88}} – Prolific editor of alternative music content, with five featured articles. Abruptly disappeared with their last edit on February 22, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|RahadyanS}} – Last edit December 30, 2008.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Ral315}} – Former administrator. Last edit January 10, 2021. Editor-in-chief of the [[Wikipedia Signpost]] from August 2005 through December 2008.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Rama's Arrow}} – Former administrator credited with nominating 12 featured articles, last edit August 26, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Random Passer-by}} – Last edit May 11, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Randomran}} &ndash; Last edit May 15, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Random Replicator}} – Actively stopped contributing on January 29, 2008. Successfully got article to featured status and then left over the wiki-drama. Made one edit on January 25, 2009 and one on September 11.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|RandomXYZb}} – Formerly User:Gb, deleted all pages in userspace, disappeared. Last edit February 15, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Rangerdude}} – Last edit on December 19, 2005. Had 3155, over a little under a year. Left after an arbitration case.<br />
* {{User2|Rapunzel-bellflower}} – Announced retirement on May 7, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|RattBoy}} – Last edit December 16, 2006. Worked mostly on articles about U.S. politicians. Editor simply vanished.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Raul654}} – Last edit April 15, 2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Raven4x4x}} − Former administrator. Last edit in 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Razr_Nation}} – A former admin, previously known as Hahc21, who [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=637054968 resigned his administrative rights] on December 7, 2014. Last edit was on October 6, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Rd232}} – Last contribution May 12, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Realist2}} – Last contribution May 30, 2021, after a long break since March 20, 2016. Over 40,000 edits, many of which were on [[Michael Jackson]]-related articles.<br />
* {{User2|Reaper X}} – Last edit to article space on August 18, 2008; blanked userpage September 25, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|R.e.b.}} – Prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Autopatrolled|autopatrolled]] and [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] with 42,900 edits, including 7,247 pages created, many in WikiProject Mathematics. Consistently active from March 2003 until unexplained full stop in February 2017. As of March 2020, 3 years after going dormant, was still in the top 1800 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Rebecca1990}} {{snd}} Over 7,400 edits; last edit September 21, 2016. Made a few subsequent edits on Spanish Wikipedia in 2023, the last on June 1 of that year; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{user2|Redfarmer}} – Although he registered in 2004, his most prolific year was 2008 when he [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Last of the Summer Wine|earned a Featured Article]] but was [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Redfarmer|not promoted at RfA]]. After that, his editing dropped off to almost nothing. In 2011 he {{diff|User:Redfarmer/old|409553318|378054697|marked himself "retired"}} finally adding {{diff|User:Redfarmer|773194949|736603600|his valediction in March 2017}}.<br />
* {{User2|Redmarkviolinist}} – Effectively stopped contributing in January 2014 save for two final edits on October 6, 2015 and October 22, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Redrocket}} – Has not been active since May 10, 2008. Added a retired tag on his talk page on June 16.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Redux}} – A former admin, bureaucrat, and steward active 2004-2008, Redux earned many barnstars here but also contributed on pt-wiki in their native Portuguese.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Redvers}} – Last edit June 22, 2010. Over 30,000 edits.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Redwolf24}} – Last contribution November 3, 2011. Former administrator with 12,207 edits who was highly active during 2005, with activity sharply falling in 2006, making sporadic edits afterwards until a small increase in activity in 2009, with edits falling afterwards until final edit, which was a reply to a pending suspension of administrative permissions notice stating "Hello, I am here." First edit was made on April 20, 2005.<br />
* {{User2|Regan123}} – Last edit February 2, 2008. A prolific contributor with 23,580 edits and 2,317 created pages who was active in articles on roads in the UK. Was highly active through 2006-2007, until 2008 where activity suddenly ended on February 2. First edit was made on January 15, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Remuel}} – Has made only 2 edits since August 29, 2005. The second was to add himself to the [[Wikipedia:List of non-admins with high edit counts|List of non-admins with high edit counts]] on February 17, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Renata}} – Last contribution January 19, 2012. Started 2002.<br />
* {{User2|ResidentAnthropologist}} – [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:ResidentAnthropologist&diff=prev&oldid=460538094 Announced temporary retirement] on November 14, 2011 and has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|Resoru}} – Last edit March 16, 2015.<br />
* {{User2| Retired username}} – Last contribution February 23, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Reubenbarton}} – Has edited very sporadically since July 2005. He made a handful of edits on July 20, 2006 and March 16, 2007. He was a major contributor to articles about manned space flight.<br />
* {{User2|Revent}} – Last edit 2017-06-06, last global edit on Commons on 2017-10-15.<br />
* {{User2|Revolutionaryluddite}} – Requested user page deletion; stopped edits 2007/11/13. Has made some smaller edits since then.<br />
* {{User2|Revolver}} – A Wikipedian since June 3, 2003, announced retirement on May 30, 2006. Made a few more edits, the last on April 7, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Revolving Bugbear}} – Last edit May 24, 2023. Formerly edited as {{User2|CheNuevara}}.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|RexNL}} – A highly active [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandal fighter]] and administrator who started off on April 18, 2005. Hasn't edited since August 29, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|RexxS}} – Prolific editor, particularly in the fields of accessibility and templates, and a skilled trainer for new editors. Left in February 2021 in the approach to an arbitration case.<br />
* {{User2|ReyBrujo}} – Former prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] and [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]] with 40,700 edits. Very active late 2005 to early 2008, slowed to a few sporadic edits until full stop in October 2016. As of February 2020, 12 years after first going virtually dormant, was still in the top 2100 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever. Made one edit on April 7, 2020, and has not edited since.<br />
* {{User2|Rfassbind}} – Former prolific contributor, particularly to astronomy-related articles. Active as a [[Wikipedia:Template editor|template editors]] and [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]]. One of the 300 most prolific Wikipedia editors ever with nearly 200,000 edits since October 2012. Last edit October 29, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Rhion}} – An active editor especially on Welsh topics, he left a farewell message on his talk page on January 9, 2007. Left [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Welsh_Wikipedians%27_notice_board&diff=prev&oldid=103799688 one further message] at the [[WP:Welsh Wikipedians' notice board]] on January 28 requesting his userpage be blanked and offering a further explanation for his departure. Made one edit on November 28, 2008.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|RHM22}} – [[Numismatic]] editor with 13 FAs, six of which were Today's FA, 4 GAs, and a triple crown active 2010-2011 and again 2014-2015.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Riana}} – Last edit January 28, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Richard Barlow}} – Last edit August 3, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Riffle}} – Last edit March 22, 2017, almost 23,000 edits.<br />
* {{User2|Rilak}} – Last edit July 17, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Rintrah}} – Declared account [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Rintrah&diff=prev&oldid=110019867 "permanently inactive"] on Februrary 22, 2007, and edited one time after that.<br />
* {{User2|Rivertorch}} – A countervandal with active editing 2006-2014 and 2016-2018 with a focus on sexuality. Last edit September 15, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Rizzleboffin}} – Quit Wikipedia on July 12, 2007. Returned April 2011 as "semi-retired", stated "I got burned out due to the Wikipedia community's hypocritical and contradictory stances on notability/bias/"sum of human knowledge"/censorship/inclusion/deletion/edit-warring, etc., etc., etc.". Final edit made on July 29, 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Rje}} – Last edit September 24, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|RJHall}} – Stopped editing August 27, 2012. Returned February 12, 2013 only to blank his talk page and place a Retired template on his user page. One edit to own talk page in 2014.<br />
* {{User2|RM Gillespie}} – Last edit October 25, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Robbiegiles}} – Stopped editing without explanation. Last edit December 9, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Robchurch}} – Left a message on his user page on July 3, 2006, saying he'd be "getting out of the way". Only a handful of edits since then, the last on May 24, 2007, supporting a RfA.<br />
* {{User2|RobJ1981}} – Last edited on October 19, 2010; used to frequent [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Professional wrestling|WikiProject Professional wrestling]].<br />
* {{user2|RobNS}} – Last edit May 15, 2018.<br />
* {{User2|Rocket000}} – Last edit 7-11-2012, last global edit on Commons 1-16-2013.<br />
* {{User2|Rockgenre}} – Last edit March 9, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|RogDel}} – Edited from January 14, 2008 to January 27, 2015 with over 80,000 edits.<br />
* {{User2|Rogper}} (now {{user2|Rogper~enwiki}} – Prominent on the Swedish Wikipedia, he stopped editing here July 2005. Returned briefly on March 16 and 17, 2006, February 25, 2007, and August 28, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Roleplayer}} – Contributor with over 35,000 edits since July 2006. Created 73 pages. Last edit December 28, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Rolinator}} – Last edit on July 19, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Ron Ritzman}} – Last edit October 8, 2021.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Roozbeh}} – [[Roozbeh Pournader|He]] had been active mostly 2003 through 2009. Desysopped for inactivity, Roozbeh had also been an early contributor to Persian-language Wikipedia [[:fa:ویکی%E2%80%8Cپدیا:مدیران#مدیران_پیشین|where he was an admin]]. His last edit here came on December 1, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Rorschach567}} – Primarily focused on [[comic book]]s, they last edited on May 20, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Rotem Dan}} – Last contribution on March 15, 2006, which was to blank his talkpage and a subpage. Hasn't appeared since.<br />
* {{User2|Roux}} – Last contribution July 8, 2012. Participated in many discussions at [[Wikipedia talk:Canadian Wikipedians' notice board]].<br />
* {{User2|Rowan Forest}} – Edited as {{User|BatteryIncluded}} from 2006 to 2018 before changing to the Rowan Forest account. Last edit 21 December 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Ro4444}} – editor of early and middle Islamic history. Disappeared near the end of 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Rparle}} – Last edit June 8, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{former admin|Rschen7754}} – Former global steward and admin who {{diff|Wikipedia:Bureaucrats' noticeboard|prev|1176630102|resigned adminship after 18 years of editing}} and [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-09-16/News and notes#A fork in the Roads WikiProject|left Wikipedia to join a AARoads Wiki]]. His last edit, following years of content creation and numerous barnstars, came on October 24, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Rudjek}} – Last edit September 23, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Rune.welsh}} – Frequent promoter/failer of lists on [[WP:FLC]]. Last edit January 6, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Rutilant}} – Last edit July 31, 2019.<br />
* {{User2| Rwwww}} – Last edit April 15, 2010, save for four edits on October 24, 2018.<br />
* {{User2|RyanCross}} – Formerly User:RyRy5. Over 20,000 edits, more than 40 contributions to DYK. Bureaucrat on Wikiquote and Simple Wikiquote. Announced semi-retirement February 2009, last edit February 7, 2015. <br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|RyanGerbil10}} – Last edit was on August 16, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Ryan Postlethwaite}} – Last edit March 11, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Ryan Vesey}} – Last edit August 10, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Rybec}} – Last edit March 27, 2014.<br />
<br />
==S== <br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Sade}} – Former administrator, previously known as [[User:Oven Fresh|Oven Fresh]]. Last contribution February 9, 2009. The circumstances of his departure can be assessed from his talk page.<br />
* {{User2|Sagaciousphil}} – Last edit 2-23-2021, last global edit on Norwegian Wikipedia 10-25-2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Salsa Shark}} – Administrator, last edit January 29, 2004.<br />
* {{User2|SaltyBoatr}} – Last edit December 11, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Sam Spade}} – Became only an infrequent contributor after a May 2006 arbitration case. Left a retired notice on user page. Last edit April 19, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Samaritan}} – Made a total of 7,988 edits at the time marked missing. Last edited on September 15, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Samjohnzon}} – Often worked on articles relating to ''[[American Horror Story]]'' and [[Katy Perry]]. No activity since August 27, 2021.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Samsara}} – Last edit June 18, 2021.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Samuel Blanning}} – Retired administrator, last edit August 1, 2018.<br />
* {{User2|Samuelsen}} – Last edit January 23, 2006.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Sango123}} – Retired administrator, last edit October 1, 2006, e-mail messages sent to her have not been replied to.<br />
* {{User2|Sarcasmboy}} – Last edit June 18, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|Sardanaphalus}} – Last edit July 23, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Sarvagnya}} – Last edit January 30, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Sasata}} – Created almost 8,000 articles over 10 years, mostly on fungi; retired; last edit October 21, 2016.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Savidan}} – Completed five [[WP:FA|FA]]s and two [[WP:FL|FL]]s; they {{diff|User:Savidan|prev|513780055|marked themselves "semi-retired" in September 2012}} but contributed sporadically for the following years, making their final edit on December 25, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Sb101}} – Worked relentlessly between April and October 2013 to successfully bring [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] to Good article status. Last edit October 30, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|SB Johnny}} – Last edit September 30, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Scarce}} – Last edit October 11, 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Scarian}} – Amassed over 28,000 edits. Currently displays a semi-retired banner; last edited in March 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Schaefer}} – Last contribution May 1, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Scharks}} – Last edit January 24, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|SchrutedIt08}} – Primarily contributed to articles about popular American TV shows. Last edited on January 12, 2015; left [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Drovethrughosts&diff=prev&oldid=642909669 goodbye message] to another user five days later saying "[e]very single day on this site is nothing but frustration and I have much better things to do." <br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|SchuminWeb}} – His last edit December 20, 2012, where he announced his retirement. He still regularly updates [https://www.schuminweb.com/ his webpage].<br />
* {{User2|Schzmo}} – Last edit February 20, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Scott Mingus}} – Last edit December 19, 2015.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Scottywong}} – Placed {{t|retired}} on his user and user talk pages then blocked himself shortly before being desysopped in [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Scottywong|an arbitration case]]. Last edit on July 10, 2023 to remove a notification that he was desysopped from his talk page.<br />
* {{User2|Scraggy4}} – Last edit October 24, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|ScudLee}} – A prolific editor during 2004, ScudLee first disappeared in December 2004. Made almost 1500 edits in December 2005, then blanked talk page on December 27, 2005 and has not been heard from since.<br />
* {{User2|SD6-Agent}} – Last seen at the end of January 2006, after over 9600 edits; left without explanation. A major contributor to Canadian topics, he [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lost_(TV_series)&oldid=5383133 started] the page on the TV show, ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' and also the current version of ''[[The Nature of Things]]''.<br />
* {{User2|Seabuckthorn}} – Prolific editor of good article nominations. Has not edited since March 7, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|SeanMooney}} – Edited mainly videogames articles. Vanished in 2008. Came back with a single edit on March 31, 2021 to vote on a deletion discussion.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Sean William}} – Became an administrator on April 3, 2007, under the username PullToOpen. Hasn't edited since November 20, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Securiger}} – Last edit May 25, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Segv11}} – Last edit September 29, 2021 after a one year gap in editing. Editing began to slow down and become infrequent after 2006. First edit made on September 1, 2005.<br />
* {{User2|SemperBlotto}} – Last edit 2-7-2021, last global edit on English Wiktionary 8-13-2022.<br />
* {{User2|Sengkang}} — Prolific contributor, with 38,820 edits posting "{{tl|Retired}}" with last edit, in November 2007. As of February 2020, over 12 years since retirement, was still in the top 2200 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{user2|Seonookim}} – Went into semi-retirement on July 4, 2014 and {{diff|User talk:Seonookim|prev|671503496|retired over a year later}}.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Sephiroth BCR}} – Last edit February 22, 2010. He contributed significantly to anime and manga articles and was also an admin coach.<br />
* {{User2|SergeantBolt}} – A contributor of the television series ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]''. Last edit June 16, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Sergeant Snopake}} – Left a message on her talk page on September 15, 2006, saying her "time here has passed." She made a few more edits, the last on December 29, but reiterated that she was not coming back. Made a few edits to user talk pages in August 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Sesshomaru}} – Prolific contributor and [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]], with 40,900 edits. Created 3,288 new pages. Active from November 2007 until sudden full stop in November 2010. As of February 2020, nearly 10 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2000 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Sethmahoney}} – Left for a short wikibreak in 2006 and didn't return. Last edit November 18, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|SeventyThree}} – Last edit February 19, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Sfarney}} – Last edit September 23, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Sfgiants1995}} – Last edit January 6, 2016.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|SGGH}} – Last edit January 19, 2015. Former coordinator of [[WP:LE|Wikiproject:Law Enforcement]], worked in a wide variety of areas, including articles about military history, law enforcement, and cricket.<br />
* {{User2|ShakingSpirit}} – Last edit 19:46, November 9, 2012, first edit 06:07, February 11, 2006. Primarily active during: October 2006 - April 2007; February 2008 - June 2008; December 2008; April 2009; and September 2009. Stopped editing abruptly on September 18, 2009 ({{diff|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2009 September 18|314691072|314691071|last edit before break}}), returning to make one edit on November 9, 2012, which was his last edit. Notable for operating two bots, {{user2|ShakingBot}} and {{User2|DarknessBot}}, both of which have been inactive since 2007 (February 20 and October 27, respectively).<br />
* {{User2|Shaliya waya}} – Last edit November 1, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|ShaneKing}} – Last edit August 19, 2005.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Shanel}} – Former Wikimedia Steward. Her most recent edit on any Wikimedia website was on the English Wikipedia on August 21, 2018.<br />
* {{User2|Shanmugamp7}} – Last edit 4-14-2022, last global edit on Meta-Wiki 4-18-2022.<br />
* {{User2|Sharktopus}} – Primarily worked on articles about biology. Last edited June 2013, previous edit November 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Shauri}} – Last edit December 29, 2005.<br />
* {{User2|Sherurcij}} – Last contribution October 29, 2011.<br />
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* {{User2|Shirulashem}} – Blanked their user and talk pages on November 18, 2014 and made only two edits in August 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Shorne}} – Last edit December 6, 2004.<br />
* {{User2|Shrewpelt}} – Last edit on November 30, 2008. Worked tirelessly on improving [[Warriors (novel series)]] to GA, and on creating a Warriors portal.<br />
* {{User2|Shyamsunder}} – Last edit 5 March 2022. Over 150,000 edits, many on India-related topics. <br />
* {{User2|Silly rabbit}} – A tireless contributor to science and mathematics articles, posted a retirement banner on their talk page on February 22, 2009. Made several edits afterwards until full stop after September 26, 2009. Returned briefly to comment on a requested move December 2-3, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|SilvaStorm}} – Regularly worked on articles on TV shows, especially ''Lost''. Last edit March 18, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|SimonMayer}} – Last edit December 16, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|SiobhanHansa}} – Last edit September 10, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Sjc}} – Last edit March 4, 2010. First edit May 28, 2001.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Skier Dude}} – Formerly SkierRMH. A highly active editor and administrator with a combined total of nearly 340,000 edits and 171,290 deletions. Abruptly ceased editing on September 17, 2012.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Skeezix1000}} – Last edits in July 2016; retired. An administrator; added much good material on Canadian history and architecture; also to Commons. <br />
* {{User2|Skinnyweed}} – Last edit December 18, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Skittleys}} – Last edit January 31, 2019.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Skomorokh}} – Last contribution December 1, 2013 (one minor edit in 2016). He was the nominator of 4 featured articles and for a time was co-managing editor of [[Wikipedia:Signpost|''The Signpost'']].<br />
* {{User2|SkyMachine}} – Vanished without trace in 2013.<br />
* {{User2|SkyWalker}} – Last edit, a retirement notice, January 31, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Smallman12q}} – Last edit July 1, 2013<br />
* {{User2|Smsarmad}} – Prolific contributor, with 38,408 edits, including extensive work on articles relating to their Pakastani homeland, before sudden stop in December 2016. Made six sporadic edits thereafter, last in November 2022. As of February 2020, 3 years after going virtually dormant, was still in the top 2200 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{mop}} {{admin|Smith609}} – Last edit January 9, 2024.<br />
* {{User2|Snocrates}} – Announced they were moving to an area without internet access on their user page on January 31, 2008; announced they would in fact have internet access in February 2008, but have apparently been offline since February 16, 2008. Four edits in November 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Snori}} – Last edit March 25, 2021. Over 33,000 edits.<br />
* {{User2|Socal gal at heart}} – Last edit on October 20, 2008. Quit after {{diff|User talk:John Reaves|prev|246446694|being blocked}} by {{noping|Aphaia}} on English Wikiquote.<br />
* {{user2|SoLando}} – Last edit September 29, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Solarra}} – Last edit April 13, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Solar-Wind}} – Last edit March 3, 2015. Over 90,000 edits.<br />
* {{User2|SoM}} – Last edit July 15, 2006. Left explanation on his user page on March 23, 2007, saying he's "had enough" and "it wasn't fun anymore". Came back on January 9, 2008 to clear out bot messages on his talk page.<br />
* {{User2|Someone else}} – Last edit November 22, 2003. First edit September 3, 2002.<br />
* {{User2|Sonia}} – Was a good contributor. Made more than 9,000+ edits. Hasn't edited since 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Sortior}} – Made an admin January 8, 2005. Last edit January 18, 2005. One edit to userspace October 15, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|SoSaysChappy}} – Frequent contributor to ''[[South Park]]''-related articles. Last edits were on April 15, 2015. Does not seem to have edited regularly since 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Soulpatch}} – Last contributed August 27, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|SouthernComfort}} – Blanked his user page and made his last edit May 14, 2006. Left a retirement message on September 7, 2006 and has not edited since. Account was since blocked to prevent hijack.<br />
* {{User2|Soxrock}} – Last edit December 7, 2007. A member of numerous sports projects with over 52K edits. On an indefinite wikibreak, 'is at a crossroads.' Confirmed via IP on June 4, 2008 he had [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Soxrock&diff=217145058&oldid=211074717 retired].<br />
* {{User2|SpeedReader}} – Last contribution November 10, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Spelemann}} – Last edit May 30, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Spinboy}} – First edit August 28, 2004. Very few edits since December 27, 2005, the last on January 1, 2007. Left a message on his user page.<br />
* {{User2|Spitfire}} – Last edit December 22, 2017, save for one edit on February 20, 2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Splash}} – Former administrator. Last edit June 16, 2018.<br />
* {{User2|SpLoT}} – Last edit October 26, 2008.<br />
* {{user2|Sportsguy17}} – An active contributor to [[MLB]]-related content, and [[User:Sportsguy17/Creations|the creator]] of numerous articles pertaining to [[college basketball]]. First became inactive in 2016; briefly returned in the summer of 2017 and made an additional 661 edits before ceasing activity once again. Made sporadic contributions in 2018 and 2019 before {{diff|User_talk:Sportsguy17&|prev|932060893|announcing his retirement}} in June 2022.<br />
* {{User2|SPUI}} – One-time heavy and prolific contributor to [[WP:USRD|U.S. Roads]] and other transportation-related projects. Stopped editing regularly on December 26, 2006; made a few sporadic edits through 2007 and has not edited since October 21 of that year. Last edit claimed he was still active on IRC.<br />
* {{User2|Squash}} – Made over 4,000 edits spanning a period of roughly one year, from June 2004 until September 2005. Gradually reduced activity until stopping altogether on April 13, 2006. Has since made sporadic edits in 2009, 2017, and 2018. Last edit May 2, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Squash Racket}} – Last edit October 28, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Squeamish Ossifrage}} – Last edit December 7, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Squiggleslash}} – Last edit March 23, 2015. Active in telecommunications articles. Left a note on user page saying goodbye.<br />
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* {{User2|SriMesh}} – Last edit July 19, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Srose}} – Last edit February 5, 2007. <br />
* {{User2|Staffelde}} – Left a farewell message on his user page on June 13, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Stalwart111}} – Last edit November 3, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Starstriker7}} – Prolific editor to country pages for Olympic Games. Last edit was November 23, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Static Universe}} – Active from 2006–2008 in editing St. Louis-area and film articles; last edit July 30, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|STATicVapor}} – No activity since September 26, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Stavros1}} – Last edit December 10, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Stbalbach}} – Stopped actively contributing on September 14, 2007, after slowing down his edits significantly since May. Made one edit on August 16, 2008 and two on July 23, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Steve Dufour}} – Last edit November 23, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|SteveW}} – Last edit September 21, 2005 – the only edit since May 28, 2005.<br />
* {{User2|Storm05}} – Last edit November 14, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Stormy Chamber}} – Last edit April 14, 2022. Formerly edited as {{User2|Mahveotm}}.<br />
* {{User2|Storyliner}} – Last edit October 26, 2009. Left departing note on User Page.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Striver}} – Former administrator and prolific contributor, with 39,300 edits. Last edited in September 2008; left message on their User page saying "I'm sick of the censorship posing NPOV and also about people meddling in articles they don't know anything about." As of February 2020, 12 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2200 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever. <br />
* {{User2|StuartDD}} – Fell out with Wikipedia. Last edit March 10, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Subzerosmokerain}} – Was a regular contributor to many ''[[Mortal Kombat]]''-related articles; put semi-retired template on his userpage explaining he was headed to college in [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Subzerosmokerain&diff=443988956&oldid=435374060 August 2011], and has not edited since November 2016.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Sue Anne}} – Last edit was made on May 14, 2015. Former administrator that was active through 2005 to 2008, where activity slowed down after 2006, and consistent editing ceased in 2008, making only two edits in 2010 and two more in 2015, with the first edit in 2015 being made to blank their userpage. Was desysopped in 2011 due to inactivity.<br />
* {{User2|Sue Rangell}} – Last edit August 15, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Sugaar}} – Last edit September 27, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Sulfurboy}} – Last edit November 8, 2021.<br />
* {{user2|SummerPhDv2.0}} – Helped weed out bad edits to kids' TV show articles, created the essay [[WP:KIDSTVDATES]]. Abruptly stopped editing November 3, 2020. Formerly edited as {{User2|SummerPhD}}.<br />
* {{user2|Sumone10154}} – Last edit February 21, 2019, save for one edit on May 27, 2022.<br />
* {{User2|Suriel1981}} – Last edit October 13, 2018.<br />
* {{User2|Susvolans}} – Last edit December 31, 2005.<br />
* {{User2|Sunborn}} – Last contribution October 14, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Sunderland06}} – Heavy interest in football. Userpage claims contributions towards 8 featured items, 9 GAs, and 8 DYKs, many about Sunderland FC. Editing slowed heavily after 2012 and stopped completely in 2014 after over 11,000 edits.<br />
* {{User2|Suntag}} – Last edit made on December 29, 2010.<br />
* {{user2|Superchunk22}} – Final edit June 6, 2018.<br />
* {{User2|Superslum}} – Retired citing "exhaustion and stress" on his userpage. Last edit February 6, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Sussex Wolves}} – Regular contributor to sports-related articles. Last edit June 23, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Suyogaerospace}} – An infrequent ten-year editor, he essentially stopped editing in 2015, making only three edits in 2016 and then nothing until his final four edits in 2019.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|SWAdair}} – A former admin, desysopped for inactivity. With the exception of one edit in 2013, they effectively quit in March of 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Sweet xx}} – On September 30, 2010 left a retirement message [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Sweet_xx&diff=prev&oldid=387969297] and requested deletion of user pages. Last edited December 29, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Syncategoremata}} – Last edit July 12, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Synthwave.94}} – Prolific editor of music articles since June 2013. Abruptly ceased editing on May 14, 2022.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Syrthiss}} – Last major edits July 19, 2017. Has edited sporadically since then, most recently on May 8, 2018.<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
* {{User2|T}} – Last edited on July 23, 2022. Made 4,399 edits on Wikipedia.<br />
* {{User2|Τασουλα}} – Last edit November 11, 2012. {{Diff|User talk:Τασουλα|517193974|517171781|Had previously said she was considering "permanently retiring for good"}}, later changed this to something different and left only a semi-retired template on her talk page (along with a {{template|busy}} notice).<br />
* {{User2|T@nn}} – Prolific contributor, with 38,738 edits, including extensive work on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Categories/uncategorized|uncategorized articles]], before sudden full stop in April 2010. As of February 2020, 10 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2200 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Taelus}} – Last edit November 27, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Talrias}} – Last edit April 14, 2006, a good bye note on user page.<br />
* {{User2|TakuyaMurata}} – Last edit May 29, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|TangentCube}} – Left on an "indefinite break from editing" on April 13, 2009; he has since only made four page moves and one edit, with the last set on May 7, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Tango}} – Editing since December 2002. Last edit April 12, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Tangotango}} – Former administrator. Last edit April 2, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Tannin}} – Former administrator. Last edit April 12, 2014, then a few edits in July 2015 and August-September 2017, first edit December 11, 2002.<br />
* {{User2|TantalumTelluride}} – Has not edited since 2009, save for 2 edits on November 22, 2017.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Tanthalas39}} – Last edit May 4, 2010. An active admin who left after [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/Noticeboard/Archive 6#Emergency desysop|being desysopped]] for an incident in which he unblocked himself and proceeded to block an administrator who blocked him.<br />
* {{User2|Tarnas}} – On indefinite wikibreak since December 10, 2005. Created some excellent sketches whilst he was here. Announced an indefinite break. Last edit August 18, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Tarquin}} – An editor since January 15, 2002, has not edited with much frequency since 2006. Last edit April 18, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Tatasport}} – From [[East Java]], she effectively stopped editing in 2013, having made only two edits in 2014, one edit in 2016, and a final edit in 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Tatterfly}} – Last contribution March 10, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Tearlach}} – Announced a long Wikibreak on May 24, 2007; made only two more edits, the last one on September 13, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Technobadger}} – Left at the end of February 2008. May have been frustrated by [[GNU/Linux naming controversy|"GNU/Linux" vs "Linux"]] discussions.<br />
* {{User2|Technopat}} – Last edit September 25, 2023.<br />
* {{User2|TedE}} – A prolific contributor to medical and science articles, took [[Down Syndrome]] to featured status in 2006, but appears to have got frustrated at the terminology of disease/disorder/illness in articles and last edits were shortly afterwards. <br />
* {{User2|Ted Wilkes}} – Last edit was on September 24, 2008 to blank user and user talk page.<br />
* {{User2|Teinesavaii}} – Over 4,200 edits. No edits since 23 August 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Teman13}} – Frequent contributor to [[Katy Perry]]-related articles, and original founder of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Katy Perry|WikiProject Katy Perry]]. Last edit was November 8, 2017, and does not seem to have edited regularly since June 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Tempodivalse}} – User retired in September 2017. Made one edit on Esperanto Wikipedia in December 2017, and three more on English Wikipedia in July 2018; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|TestPilot}} – Last edit December 12, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Former admin|Texture}} – Last edit July 25, 2013, first edit November 21, 2003.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Former admin|TFOWR}} – Prolific editor for nearly three years, with final edit made in November 2010. User got desysopped for inactivity.<br />
* {{User2|Thanatosimii}} – Edited his user page in January 2008 saying they were no longer actively editing. Only a few edits since then, the last on November 5, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Thane}} – Active 2005 through 2008 and again 2012 through 2013, his last edit came October 17, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|ThatPeskyCommoner}} – Last edit April 23, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|The-G-Unit-Boss }} – Administrator. Last edit March 20, 2015, one before that on December 8, 2011. Blanked user talk page in April 2019.<br />
* {{User2|The Hybrid}} – Last edit was to blank their Talk page, with edit summary "long since retired", in May 2014.<br />
* {{User2|The Kinslayer}} – Posted a wikibreak message in April 2007. Made two edits in July 2007, hasn't edited since.<br />
* {{User2|The Librarian}} – Made 2,289 edits since joining in 2005. Last edit on June 1, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Themeparkgc}} – Last edit on December 31, 2015, worked on various articles on rides from amusement parks.<br />
* {{User2|The Minister of War}} – First left a long wikibreak tag on their userpage on April 30, 2006, then later performed their last edit by blanking their Talk page in November 2013.<br />
* {{User2|The Mirror Cracked}} (previously {{User2|Railfan23}}) – joined on {{#DATEFORMAT:2016-12-29}} as an occasional editor. Became very prolific during 2019 (peaked in August that year with 2905 edits / month), until a sudden stop on {{#DATEFORMAT:2020-03-09}}. Made 7 further edits in April, the last of which was on {{#DATEFORMAT:2020-04-21}}. This was his final edit.<br />
* {{User2|The Moving Finger Writes}} – Last edit June 10, 2010. Was a member of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Hip Hop|WikiProject Hip Hop]].<br />
* {{User2|The Old Pueblo}} – Last edit June 14, 2018.<br />
* {{User2|The prophet wizard of the crayon cake}} – Last edit July 14, 2009; had not edited regularly since July 2008 before that.<br />
* {{User2| The Random Editor}} – Last contribution April 5, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|The Raven's Apprentice}} – Added retirement notice on September 2, 2007, last edit on June 9, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|TheRedPenOfDoom}} – Prolific editor with over 135,000 edits since November 2007. Last edit December 3, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|The Rogue Penguin}} – Last contribution January 16, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|The Thing That Should Not Be}} – Last few edits, in March 2011, included "Retired" template on their Talk page, after more than 167,000 edits. Still lurks on IRC sometimes.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Theda}} – Last edit January 1, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Thedjatclubrock}} – Last edit June 20, 2009, with an edit summary of "no moar".<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Thehelpfulone}} – Last edit 3-1-2022, last global edit on Meta-Wiki 5-31-2022.<br />
* {{User2|Theilert}} – Editing suddenly came to a halt on June 6, 2011; has only made edit ever since, on September 17, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Thejadefalcon}} – A highly active editor who primarily focused on video game-related articles, Thejadefalcon amassed over 10,000 edits in their year of editing. Although a userbox on their page humorously suggested that they would leave Wikipedia once ''[[Mass Effect 2]]'' was released, their activity level ''did'' drop sharply after the release of that game, and they made their last edit on June 29, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Themadonnamusiccn}} – Worked largely on tour-related articles. No edits since May 1, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|THEN WHO WAS PHONE?}} – Prominent vandal-fighter who suddenly ceased editing on April 29, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Theoldanarchist}} – Placed a retirement notice on his user page on August 22, 2007, made a few more edits, the last on September 4, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|TheOldJacobite}} – Prolific contributor with over 95,000 edits. Last edit was on October 22, 2018, which was to blank his talk page. <br />
* {{User2|Theopolisme}} – Last edit was on November 26, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Thereen}} – Last edit March 3, 2013. Busy wikifier and member of the biography WikiProject. Wrote "semi-retired" on userpage but has not edited since.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Theresa knott}} – Former administrator. Last edit May 29, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Thernlund}} – Thousands of (mainly) firearm subject edits over the course of 12 months; methodically closed out his editor involvement September 14, 2007 then made one edit on March 4, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|TheQ Editor}} – Made over 6,000 edits since February 28, 2014. Last edit July 6, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|THF}} – Last edit September 28, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|ThinkBlue}} – Last edit February 4, 2017, first edit December 1, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Thirdright}} – Prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] and [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]] with 45,500 edits, including 4,800 page created. Performed thousands of repairs of vandalism. Consistently active from May 2011 to February 2016, then random edits until unexplained full stop in October 2017. As of March 2020, 4 years after first going virtually dormant, was still in the top 1700 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Thunderboltz}} – A prolific editor in 2006, Thunderboltz made a bit more than 1330 edits in 2007, about three hundred in 2008, with activity dropping off after that. They received more than [[User:Thunderboltz/Barnstars|a dozen barnstars for India-related contributions]] but {{diff|User_talk:Thunderboltz|prev|660185501|showed little interest in returning}}.<br />
* {{User2|ThuranX}} – Last edit November 15, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Tijfo098}} – Last contribution November 29, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Till}} – Last edit June 15, 2013. Mainly active in music articles for groups such as [[Sugababes]]. Does not appear to have given a reason or advance notice for departure; appears to have vanished abruptly while still busy on Wikipedia.<br />
* {{User2|Tim!}} – One of the 15 most productive editors of all time, with nearly 1 million edits. Thousands of edits per day until they suddenly stopped at 16:59, 14 May 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Tim1357}} – This editor retired in January 2018, but came back in 2020 to make a few edits. Last edit was on August 27, 2020. They made a total of 69,627 edits at the time marked missing.<br />
* {{user2|Timeshift9}} – Over 67,000 edits since April 4, 2006, then just ... stopped. Last edit March 29, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Timneu22}} (now {{user2|CvyvvZkmSUDowVf}}) – Active newpage patroller made his last edit on August 18, 2014 after a three-year pause in editing, amid allegations of [[WP:BITE|biting newbies]]. Later made another edit on December 25, 2017, with this currently being his last edit.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Tiptoety}} – An active vandal-fighter and sock-blocker, he made over 47,300 edits to Wikipedia. Tiptoey {{diff|Wikipedia:Bureaucrats%27_noticeboard|prev|688914596|turned in his mop}} on November 3, 2015 and {{diff|User_talk:Tiptoety|prev|689008887|said goodbye the next day}}.<br />
* {{User2|Tjmoel}} – Last contribution September 26, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|TMC1982}} – Joined Wikipedia on August 24, 2004 and made over 104,000 edits. Last edited March 23, 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|tnxman307}} – Last contribution was marking self as Retired in October 2012. Major contributor at the [[wp:Help Desk| Help Desk]].<br />
* {{User2|Tommy2010}} – Last edit May 11, 2012.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Tonywalton}} – Last edit December 12, 2020. At the time of being marked missing, they made 14,910 edits.<br />
* {{User2|TOO}} – Last edit January 21, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Tobias Hoevekamp}} – The user with internal ID 3. Last edit on March 29, 2004 and have made over 2,000 edits. Later compromised in September 2022, now blocked indefinitely and locked globally.<br />
* {{User2|Toon05}} – This user last edited Wikipedia on May 5, 2021. At that time, they made 11,896 edits.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Topbanana}} – Former administrator. Last edit in July 2018.<br />
* {{User2|Tornado chaser}} – Last edit on March 30, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Toussaint}} – Last contribution November 22, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Traditional unionist}} – Keen contributor on Northern Irish politics. Last edit June 1, 2021, having made 5,110 edits at this time.<br />
* {{User2|Trainfan01}} – Last edit March 28, 2021. First edit May 3, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Tree Biting Conspiracy}} – Retired on User page in July 2010.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Tregoweth}} – Former administrator, retired October 3, 2008, then edited in August 2012.<br />
* {{User2|Treybien}} – Active 2006 through 2020 with an abrupt stop on June 25, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Trey Stone}} – Requested his user and talk page to be deleted on June 17, 2007; no reason given. Blanked own talk page on July 30, 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Triddle}} – Last edit September 23, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Trilliumz}} – Last edited on December 11, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Former admin|Trilobite}} – Last edit December 1, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Triplestop}} – Joined May 31, 2009; held enhanced [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=rights&user=&page=Triplestop&year=&month=-1&tagfilter= privileges]; although not an administrator, did various administrative tasks, such as making edit filters and making reports at [[WP:UAA|usernames for administrator attention]]; resumed editing in August 2013 after a long absence; on September 23, 2013, quietly stopped editing after failed appeal of first block; had made over 9,600 edits. Last edit March 31, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Troy 07}} – Last edit July 12, 2016.<br />
* {{User2|TruPepitoM}} – Active 2012-2013 and again 2017-2018, TruPepitoM primarily edited sports topics, specifically Philippine sports articles. Their last edit came December 10, 2022. <br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Trusilver}} – Desysopped for "making decisions that are in the spirit of Wikipedia but against its rules" instead of "follow[ing] the rules when they fly directly in the face of the spirit of Wikipedia". Stopped editing abruptly in mid-2013, came back for two edits in February 2014, then several starting in June 2015, and one on October 10. Made one edit January 20, 2019. Later made four more edits on June 30, 2021, with these currently being the last.<br />
* {{User2|Truthspreader}} – Left a retirement notice on talk page in February 2007, though last edit was on November 17, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Tryde}} – [[Wikipedia:Autopatrolled|autopatrolled]] and [[Wikipedia:Pending changes reviewer|pending changes reviewer]] who left Wikipedia a couple of times between 2010–2013, but retired for good on January 17, 2013. Made over 36,000 edits.<br />
* {{User2|Tryptofeng}} – Last edit July 21, 2015.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|TUF-KAT}} (Other usernames include {{user2|Tokerboy}} and {{user2|John Price}}.) – Administrator, first chairman of the Mediation Committee, active contributor. First edit was on September 15, 2002, & his last September 4, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Tsumiki}} – Last edit August 25, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Turian}} – Retired following a dustup and the resulting block. Last edit August 20, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Tuspm}} – On August 6, 2006 he left a goodbye note on his userpage, which has since been deleted. He made a few edits on August 25 and 27 and suggested he would still contribute anonymously. Occasional edits since; last January 13, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|Tutelary}} – Last edit March 27, 2023.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|TwinsMetsFan}} – Longtime contributor to upstate New York and road articles who hasn't edited since November 26, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|TwoOneTwo}} – First contribution was on September 9, 2001; last edit was on February 5, 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Tyrenius}} – Longtime contributor, went on an indefinite wikibreak on October 6, 2010. Returned briefly to archive his talk page and make a minor edit during 2011–2012, 2014–2015, and 2016.<br />
* {{User2|Tyson2k}} – Over 1100 edits since January 2005. Last edit February 1, 2006.<br />
<br />
==U==<br />
* {{User2|Uannis}} (now {{User2|Uannis~enwiki}}) – Edited for a year on Turkey-related topics; last edit was April 18, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Uanfala}} – Former prolific contributor with 65,714 edits. Blanked their user and user talk pages on April 29, 2023 and has not edited since.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|UberScienceNerd}} – Last edit December 8, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|UniReb}} – Last contribution April 4, 2011. Editing became sporadic after 2006 with only one edit being made in 2010 and two final ones in 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Uppland}} – Last edit March 31, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Uriyan}} – Last edit August 1, 2003.<br />
* {{User2|Ursasapien}} – Last edit June 2, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|U.S.A.U.S.A.U.S.A.}} – Last edit April 2, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|User A1}} – Last edit September 27, 2010. Left due to the implementation of [[WP:PC|pending changes]].<br />
* {{User2|UW Dawgs}} – Last edit August 13, 2022.<br />
<br />
==V==<br />
* {{User2|Vala M}} – Last edited on March 6, 2016 after nearly two years of no editing. Previous edit was to blank their talk page.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Vancouverguy}} – "I think I've officially "disappeared" now. You can call me a "missing Wikipedian" although I might edit anonymously." Vancouverguy was previously absent from Wikipedia in February 2004. He edited a bit in October 2005 and has not posted since. His account was de-sysopped and blocked after it was compromised in June 2007; see [[Wikipedia:Former administrators/reason/compromised]].<br />
* {{user2|Van der Hoorn}} – Last edit December 6, 2020, with the previous edit being over a year ago. Editing began to slow down after April 2013, with only a few edits being made in later years until full stop on December 6, 2020. <br />
* {{User2|Vegaswikian}} – Last edited on September 15, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Veledan}} – On December 10, 2007, he explained on his userpage on that he is not currently active. Last edit on June 5, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Vera, Chuck & Dave}} – Last edit March 11, 2008. Contributed to articles related to the Beatles and other British bands.<br />
* {{User2|VeryVerily}} – Banned at one point in 2004 for edit warring, he returned for a few months in 2005. On December 27, 2005 he started an [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Appeal of VeryVerily|appeal]] at requests for arbitration to "clear his name" from his previous block. He has not edited since February 28, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Vespristiano}} – Last edit August 26, 2006 to his sandbox after a four-month Wikibreak.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Viajero}} – Last edit July 4, 2019.<br />
* {{User2|Victoriagirl}} – Active contributor whose last edit was February 25, 2010, which was not in keeping with usual rate of contributions.<br />
* {{user2|Videmus Omnia}} – IIRC, left due to complications w/his identity; save for requesting his userpage be deleted, has not edited since April 21, 2009.<br />
* {{user2|Vikingstad}} – Last edit March 7, 2016. First edited on December 14, 2003.<br />
* {{user2|Vina}} – Last edit March 30, 2011, save for eight edits on October 1, 2020.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|VirtualSteve}} – Last edit was made on September 8, 2010, which was to post that they were retired, and requested desysopping in edit summary. Administrator. Former president of Wikimedia Australia.<br />
* {{User2|VivaEmilyDavies}} – Last edit December 30, 2005.<br />
* {{User2|Vorbee}} – Last edit January 1, 2021 with no warning. Made 3,877 contributions to Wikipedia at the time of missing.<br />
* {{user2|Vwanweb}} – Last edit February 12, 2019. Contributor with over 6,000 edits. Was active in 2018 and early 2019 until full stop on February 2019. First edit was made on January 1, 2013. <br />
* {{User2|VX}} – Formerly {{U|RockManQ}}, stopped editing in July 2009, making a handful more edits in December 2009 and in April 2011. Particularly active at [[User:GlassCobra/Editor for deletion|Editor for deletion]].<br />
<br />
==W==<br />
* {{User2|Waacstats}} – Last edit 5 February 2021. One of Wikipedia's most prolific editors of all time, over 1.3 million edits.<br />
* {{User2|Wackywace}} – Last edit July 6, 2013.<br />
* {{User2|WaitingForConnection}} – Last edit was in December 2014. Re-emerged as [[User:StillWaitingForConnection]], which is also now defunct. Over 14,000 edits made.<br />
* {{User2|Walter Humala}} – Last edit April 2, 2007. Consistently active contributor that made over 4,000 edits through 2006 to 2007. Possibly left after being blocked for 48 hours for violating [[WP:POINT]] on April 2, 2007. First edit was made on April 24, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Wandalstouring}} – Early Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons editor, who made over 14,000 edits between May 2006 and June 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Walton One}} – Administrator. Last edit September 1, 2012.<br />
* {{User2|WAS 4.250}} – Last contribution April 13, 2011.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Water Bottle}} – Administrator, inactive since May 2006. Left Wikipedia and protected his userpage on January 26, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Waterden}} – Edited mostly motorcycle racing articles from 2008 to January 2011. Made one edit on August 23, 2020, where they blanked their talk page.<br />
* {{User2|Wavelength}} – Prolifiic editor with more than 179,000+ contributions, suddenly stopped editing on May 11, 2017.<br />
* {{User2|WDGraham}} – Prolific contributor, [[Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes|pending changes reviewer]] and [[Wikipedia:Rollback|rollbacker]] with 45,200 edits, with a focus on spaceflight, rocketry, space science and aviation. Created 4,700 pages and helped achieve 4 [[Wikipedia:Good articles|GAs]] and 5 [[Wikipedia:Did you know|DYKs]]. Consistently active from November 2005 until posting “{{tl|Retired}}” and hitting full stop in February 2015. As of March 2020, 5 years after going dormant, was still in the top 1700 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Werdan7}} – Last edit May 21, 2010.<br />
* {{User2|Wernher}} – Only two edits since May 9, 2008.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Wesley}} – Desysopped for inactivity, Wesley joined in October 2001. He became inactive in March of 2012 making only four edits since then with the last on March 14, 2015.<br />
* {{User2|Wesley Wolf}} – Formerly editing in all things [[Eurovision]], he stopped actively contributing 2018, made a pair of edits in 2019, and announced that {{diff|User:Wesley_Wolf/Wikibreak|prev|957165026|his job demands made editing unfeasible}}. Made a handful of edits in May 2020, mainly to his user talk page. Made one edit on Wikimedia Commons in June 2021; has not edited any Wikimedia projects since.<br />
* {{User2|Wgolf}} – Suddenly stopped editing on July 6, 2019 after 8 years and more than 100,000 edits.<br />
* {{User2|White Arabian Filly}} – Last edit April 5, 2018.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Who}} – Administrator. Prolific editor in 2005. Last edit May 19, 2020 on his talk page.<br />
* {{User2|Who then was a gentleman?}} – Last edit December 2, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Whyaduck}} – Prolific contributor who stopped editing May 8, 2007. [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:AMC_Theatres&diff=prev&oldid=129378301 Last edit] suggested he felt another user was threatening him.<br />
* {{User2|WikHead}} – Joined February 2008, racked up over 106,000 edits and is rumored to be taking a Wikibreak. Their last contribution was on November 3, 2012.<br />
* {{User2| Wiki alf}} – Last edit October 31, 2009, over 60,000 edits, last edit was blanking their user page, adding they were retired with an edit summary of “Disgusted with various editors using Wikipedia for their hit-piece playground, no longer have faith in Wikipedia's pillars (now corrupted by various editors on various crusades)”.<br />
* {{User2|Wiki libs}} – Regular contributor to rock music-related articles. Last edit April 28, 2011.<br />
* {{user2|WikiCopter}} – Three edits in 2015, two in 2016, and a final edit in January 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Wikignome0530}} – Last edit September 29, 2010, left a retired message on user page.<br />
* {{User2|Wikipediatrix}} – Last edit December 14, 2007. Prolific editor and stickler for standards, to the point of often antagonizing others. Userpage suggests she gave up, but not on entirely hostile terms.<br />
* {{User2|Wildhartlivie}} – Last edit August 19, 2010. Last edit was changing their status from semi-retired to retired.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Wile E. Heresiarch}} – Left a note on userpage announcing that he was "taking a break for a while" on December 15, 2005, has made a few edits since (last one on December 14, 2022).<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|WilliamH}} – Checkuser, bureaucrat and administrator. Joined in May 2006. Resigned and retired September 1, 2013, leaving roughly 12,500 live edits.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|WilyD}} – Former administrator who last edited October 4, 2022. Was deysopped for inactivity in 2023.<br />
* {{User2|WIN}} – Last edit December 5, 2008.<br />
* {{User2|Winged Blades of Godric}} – Prolific Indian editor. Abruptly stopped editing 20 July 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Witkacy}} – Last edit September 14, 2005. Disappeared without any notice or indication of reason.<br />
* {{User2|Wizard191}} – Prolific contributor, with over 39,300 edits, before sudden full stop in June 2011. As of February 2020, 9 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2200 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|Wjmummert}} – Last edit March 5, 2019.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Wknight94}} – Former administrator and prolific editor with 89,452 edits. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Bureaucrats%27_noticeboard&oldid=1035073215 Requested to be deysopped on July 23, 2021] and placed retirement template on both user and talk pages the same day. As of December 2023, 2 years after retiring, was still in the top 2000 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|WLU}} – Last edit June 2, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Wnt}} – Last edit July 23, 2019. An indefinite block was lifted a day later, but Wnt has not returned.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|WODUP}} – A former administrator who has not edited since 2009.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin |WojPob}} – Administrator. Last edit June 9, 2003. Joined in 2001.<br />
* {{User2|Wolfer68}} – Last edit December 31, 2009. A prolific editor with over 40,000 edits. Disappeared without any notice or indication of reason. As of February 2020, 11 years after going dormant, was still in the top 2100 of [[WP:MOSTEDITS|most prolific editors]] ever.<br />
* {{User2|WolfmanSF}} – Prolific editor with over 156,000 edits, mostly to zoology and physics related topics. Last edit September 11, 2020.<br />
* {{User2|Worldtraveller}} – Prolific editor with [[WP:WBFAN|24 featured article successful nominations]], last edit on March 3, 2007.<br />
* {{User2|Wronkiew}} – Operator of [[User:DustyBot|DustyBot]]. Last edit July 4, 2009.<br />
* {{User2|Wuhwuzdat}} – Prolific editor with over 56,000 edits. Last edited on February 19, 2016.<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
* {{user2|Xanchester}} – Last edit June 14, 2013.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Xiner}} – Administrator. Last edit on September 23, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Xoloz}} – Prolific editor and former administrator with over 18,600 edits and 1,681 created pages. A sharp decline in editing began after 2007, with a steady decline in edits continuing until 2014, where a spike in activity occurred and continued until their final edit on July 12, 2014, with no reason given to sudden inactivity. Was procedurally desysopped in 2015 due to inactivity. First edit was made on May 26, 2005.<br />
<br />
==Y==<br />
* {{mop}} {{Former admin|Yannismarou}} – Last edit May 13, 2022. Desysoped June 1, 2023.<br />
* {{user2|Yashovardhan Dhanania}} – An Indian countervandal, he abruptly stopped editing in December 2017.<br />
* {{User2|Yath}} – Last edit September 5, 2007.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|YellowMonkey}} – Former admin who last edited November 23, 2010 following an RFC/U. Prolific Featured Article creator and reviewer. Desysopped in January 2012 for inactivity.<br />
* {{User2|Yllosubmarine}} – Left a retirement message on April 10, 2014; no previous edits since August 2013.<br />
* {{user2|Yngvarr}} – Last edit October 8, 2009. Worked mostly on cartoon-related articles.<br />
* {{User2|Yom}} – Last edit June 25, 2012. Worked on articles related to Ethiopia, Yemen and other underserved areas, making over 11,500 edits; fluent in Amharic.<br />
* {{User2|Yuckfoo}} – Last edit December 8, 2009. Worked as a vandalism fighter.<br />
* {{mop}} {{Formeradmin|Yunshui}} – Yunshui last edited Wikipedia June 16, 2020. With 69,412 edits, he had many roles in keeping Wikipedia accurate. Eight-year enwiki admin (from July 30, 2012 to October 5, 2020), was also checkuser and oversight.<br />
<br />
==Z==<br />
* {{User2|Zachary crimsonwolf}} – {{diff|User:Zachary crimsonwolf|prev|429084136|Became inactive}} in May of 2011 and has only edited thrice since.<br />
* {{User2|Zad68}} – Last edit May 13, 2016, making a few edits in early 2018, with one being made to their talk page, replacing a not around template with long wikibreak. <br />
* {{User2|Zazpot}} – Last edit January 17, 2021 with no warning. Very friendly and open editor who made 10,935 contributions to Wikipedia at the time of missing.<br />
* {{User2|Zeldamaster3}} – Five edits in 2007, one edit on June 29, 2007, but hadn't edited regularly since September 24, 2006.<br />
* {{User2|Zenwhat}} – Last edit February 5, 2011.<br />
* {{User2|Zero Gravity}} – Last edit March 18, 2014.<br />
* {{User2|Zestauferov}} – Last edit December 16, 2005.<br />
* {{user2|Zhaofeng Li}} – Last edit on April 1, 2021. Famous for developing [[WP:REFILL|ReFill]].<br />
* {{User2|Zleitzen}} – Last edit September 29, 2007. Left in May over disgust with featured article candidate process; returned briefly in July when [[Jimbo Wales]] put a {{tl|NPOV}} tag on [[Che Guevara]], then a featured article. Made one edit in September.<br />
* {{mop}} {{formeradmin|Zoe}} – Last edit February 1, 2007. Left due to a conflict with [[Jimbo Wales]] over a professor who asked his students to vandalise Wikipedia. Account was later compromised, desysopped, and indefinitely blocked.<br />
* {{User2|Zortwort}} – Last edit May 14, 2021.<br />
* {{User2|Zoz}} – Left on September 26, 2006. However, returned on April 18, 2007 to add {{tl|Db-userreq}} to user and user talk pages. They have not made any edits since.<br />
* {{User2|Zzz345zzz}} – Founder of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Skiing and Snowboarding|WikiProject Skiing and Snowboarding]] began editing less in mid-2007, with a sharp decline in edits occurring in 2008. Last edit was made on April 11, 2013 to [[T206 Honus Wagner]], over four years after their previous edit.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Wikipedia:Discovered reasons for leaving Wikipedia]]<br />
*[[Wikipedia:Deceased Wikipedians]]<br />
*[[Wikipedia:Former administrators]]<br />
*[[Wikipedia:Retiring]]<br />
*[[Wikipedia:Leave gracefully]]<br />
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Quality Article Improvement/missed users]]<br />
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Editor Retention]]<br />
*[[:Category:Banned Wikipedia users]]<br />
<br />
*[[Template:Not around]] <small>([[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Not around|Pages that link to this template]])</small><br />
*[[Template:Retired]] <small>([[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Retired|Pages that link to this template]])</small><br />
*[[Template:Userbox Ex-Wikipedia]] <small>([[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Userbox Ex-Wikipedia|Pages that link to this template]])</small><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[[meta:Wikipedia drop-outs]]<br />
*[[strategy:Former Contributors Survey Results]]<br />
*[[Meatball:GoodBye]]<br />
*[[Meatball:RightToVanish]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of Wikipedians by Wikipedia activity|Missing Wikipedians]]<br />
<div style="position: absolute; bottom: 0.29em; right: 0.4em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 1px; background:#FFFFFF;" class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks"><small>[[#firstHeading|Back to the top]]</small></div></div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Birthday_Committee/Calendar/April/2&diff=1220327802Wikipedia:Birthday Committee/Calendar/April/22024-04-23T02:51:32Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Undid revision 1216034051 by Chris troutman (talk)</p>
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<div><noinclude><!-- Please add new users alphabetically, separated by commas.<br />
Also, please add just a link to your name, no signatures.<br />
Keep it neat. --><br />
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{{Wikipedia:Birthday Committee/Calendar/April}}<br />
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{| style="border: 2px solid #CCFFCC; background-color: #EEFFEE;"</noinclude><br />
| '''Birthday'''<br />
: {{u|Cobi}}, {{u|The Canadian Roadgeek}}, {{u|Egeymi}}, {{u|Vanilla Wizard}}<br />
|-<br />
| '''Adminship Anniversary'''<br />
: ''none''<br />
|-<br />
| '''First Edit Day'''<br />
: {{u|Anarchyte}}, {{u|Chaetodipus}}, {{u|Titoxd}}, {{u|Jeanne boleyn}}<br />
<noinclude>|}<br />
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{{Wikipedia:Birthday Committee/Calendar/Instructions}}<br />
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[[Category:Wikipedia Birthday Committee]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:The_Canadian_Roadgeek/Main&diff=1220327733User talk:The Canadian Roadgeek/Main2024-04-23T02:50:59Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: </p>
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<div>{{nobots}}<br />
{{Not around|left Wikipedia|{{BASEPAGENAME}}|August 4, 2023}}<br />
{{User:Smcafirst/Header1}}<br />
<div class="plainlinks" style="<br />
background-color: {{{bgcolor|Crimson}}};<br />
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"><big>This is a test drive, in attempt to sort messages into categories for easy readings. <br> Feedbacks are welcomed at the [[User talk:Smcafirst/Test 1]]</big> </div><br />
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buttonlabel=Click here to leave a comment! Chit-Chat with me, easy as a click!<br />
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{{User:Smcafirst/Archive Directory}}<br />
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What do you think about my work at Wikipedia, good, or bad? Anything you want to chat with me? Plot them down here, I will reply to you as soon as possible. (BUT NO VANDALISM). <br />
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Remember to sign your name using four tides~. Like this:<br />
<br />
==New Signature==<br />
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<small><span style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;background:#228B22;">[[User:The Canadian Roadgeek|<span style="color:#000">Smcafirst the Roadgeek</span>]]|[[User talk:The Canadian Roadgeek|<span style="color:#FFF">Questions?</span>]]</span></small> 21:48, 2 October 2007 (UTC)<br />
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{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! [[User talk:The Canadian Roadgeek/Compliments|Compliments]]<br />
! [[User talk:The Canadian Roadgeek/Complains|Complaints]]<br />
! [[User talk:The Canadian Roadgeek/Comments|Comments]]<br />
! [[User talk:The Canadian Roadgeek/Requests|Requests]]<br />
! [[User talk:The Canadian Roadgeek/Test 1|Feedback]]<br />
! To view all messages at once<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
File your message under this section if your message is about these topics:<br />
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* WISH ME A HAPPY BIRTHDAY! <br />
<br />
| <br />
File your message under this section if your message is about these topics:<br />
* Something that I did wrong<br />
* Vandalism that I unintentionally did (and hope I don't)<br />
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| <br />
File your message under this section if your message is about these topics:<br />
* Miscellaneous messages<br />
* Comment about my articles, my user page, and others...<br />
|<br />
File your message under this section if your message is about these topics:<br />
* Something that you want me to do for you<br />
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|<br />
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<div class="wikEdBlock"><div class="plainlinks" style="<br />
background-color: {{{bgcolor|Crimson}}};<br />
{{#if:{{{extra-style|}}}|{{{extra-style}}};}}<br />
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border: 1px solid Green;<br />
{{#if:{{{border-color|}}}|border-color: {{{border-color}}};}}<br />
{{#if:{{{color|}}}|color: {{{color}}};}}<br />
font-weight: bold; <br />
margin: 2em 0 1em; <br />
padding: .5em 1em; <br />
vertical-align: middle; <br />
clear: both;<br />
"><big>This is a test drive, in attempt to sort messages into categories for easy readings. <br> Feedbacks are welcomed at the [[User talk:The Canadian Roadgeek/Test 1]]</big> </div></div><br />
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== Celebrations for 2<sup>nd</sup> Anniversary of Wikimedia Hong Kong ==<br />
<div class="boilerplate metadata" id="vfd" style="margin: 0 5%; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; background: #EEFFB4; border: 1px solid #999999; text-align: left; font-size:95%;"><br />
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'''Dear: {{{subject|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' ： <br><br />
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'''[[:m:Wikimedia Hong Kong|Wikimedia Hong Kong]]''' has been founded two year ago. Today, we would like to invite you to a great event for our '''second anniversary celebrations''', that is co-host by us - '''Digital Content Jam 1.0''', which is belongs to '''The 3C Digital Creativity Dialogue Series -- Creativity, Content, Community'''. <br />
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[[Image:Hennessy Road wanchai.jpg|165px|left]]<br />
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This is the information of the event：<br />
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: '''Date: <span style="color: red;">31, July, 2009 (Friday) </span>'''<br />
: '''Time: <span style="color: blue;">From 7:00pm to 9:30pm</span>'''<br />
: '''Venue: <span style="color: navy;">eTech Centre Meeting Room M2 &3, 4/F Opulent Building, 402-406 [[Hennessy Road]], [[Wan Chai]]（[http://maps.google.com.hk/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=402-406+Hennessy+Road,+Wan+Chai&sll=22.276111,114.18153&sspn=0.011834,0.022724&ie=UTF8&ll=22.278315,114.181209&spn=0.011834,0.022724&z=16&iwloc=A Google map]）</span>'''<br />
: '''Language: <span style="color: green;">Cantonese</span>'''<br />
: '''Free snacks and drinks will be served!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">'''Please register via the link below to tell us if you would like to join the event.'''</div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">[https://spreadsheets.google.com/viewform?formkey=dGEtcnhhQ2ZEUnpVd0dfS1hIR2UyWVE6MA Registration Form]</div><br />
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<div style="text-align: right;"><br />
Regards,<br />
Hong Kong Wikimedian<div style="text-align: right;">[[User:SusanLai|SusanLai]] ([[User talk:SusanLai|talk]])</div><br />
<div style="text-align: right;">11:58, 20 July 2009 (UTC)</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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== Edits regarding Oak Ridges, Ontario ==<br />
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Just wondering if you could clarify what you mean regarding Oak Ridges' unique situation. [[User:Outback the koala|Outback the Koala]] ([[User_talk:Outback the koala|talk]]) 02:10, 5 April 2010 (UTC)<br />
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== Happy First Edit Day ==<br />
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{| class="messagebox standard-talk" style="border: 1px solid #CC9999; background-color: Yellow;"<br />
|align="center"|[[Image:Nuvola apps cookie.svg|50px]]<br />
|align="left" width="100%"|Happy First Edit Day, <b> {{ROOTPAGENAME}}, </b> from the [[WP:BDC|Wikipedia Birthday Committee]]! '''Have a great day!''' [[User:Armbrust|<span style="color:#082567">Armbrust</span>]] <sup>[[User talk:Armbrust|<span style="color:#E3A857">Talk</span>]]</sup> <sub>[[Special:Contributions/Armbrust|<span style="color:#008000">Contribs</span>]]</sub> 02:07, 27 September 2010 (UTC)<br />
|}<br />
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==MfD nomination of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada Roads/Golden Horseshoe/Outreach Department]]==<br />
[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada Roads/Golden Horseshoe/Outreach Department]], a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for [[WP:MfD|deletion]]. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada Roads/Golden Horseshoe/Outreach Department ]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You are free to edit the content of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada Roads/Golden Horseshoe/Outreach Department]] during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you.<!-- Template:MFDWarning --> <span style="background:#006B54; padding:2px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" >'''[[User:Imzadi1979|<span style="color:white">Imzadi</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Imzadi1979|<span style="color:white">1979</span>]]&nbsp;[[Special:Contributions/Imzadi1979|<big style="color:white">→</big>]]'''</span> 09:10, 11 December 2010 (UTC)<br />
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==MfD nomination of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada Roads/Golden Horseshoe/Sample Article]]==<br />
[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada Roads/Golden Horseshoe/Sample Article]], a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for [[WP:MfD|deletion]]. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada Roads/Golden Horseshoe/Sample Article ]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You are free to edit the content of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada Roads/Golden Horseshoe/Sample Article]] during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you.<!-- Template:MFDWarning --> <span style="background:#006B54; padding:2px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" >'''[[User:Imzadi1979|<span style="color:white">Imzadi</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Imzadi1979|<span style="color:white">1979</span>]]&nbsp;[[Special:Contributions/Imzadi1979|<big style="color:white">→</big>]]'''</span> 09:11, 11 December 2010 (UTC)<br />
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==MfD nomination of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada Roads/Golden Horseshoe/to do]]==<br />
[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada Roads/Golden Horseshoe/to do]], a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for [[WP:MfD|deletion]]. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada Roads/Golden Horseshoe/to do ]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You are free to edit the content of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada Roads/Golden Horseshoe/to do]] during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you.<!-- Template:MFDWarning --> <span style="background:#006B54; padding:2px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" >'''[[User:Imzadi1979|<span style="color:white">Imzadi</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Imzadi1979|<span style="color:white">1979</span>]]&nbsp;[[Special:Contributions/Imzadi1979|<big style="color:white">→</big>]]'''</span> 09:11, 11 December 2010 (UTC)<br />
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== [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion|Nomination for deletion]] of [[Template:Project Golden Horseshoe Roads]] ==<br />
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|30px]][[Template:Project Golden Horseshoe Roads]] has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion#Template:Project Golden Horseshoe Roads|the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page]]. Thank you.<!--Template:Tfdnotice--> <span style="background:#006B54; padding:2px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" >'''[[User:Imzadi1979|<span style="color:white">Imzadi</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Imzadi1979|<span style="color:white">1979</span>]]&nbsp;[[Special:Contributions/Imzadi1979|<big style="color:white">→</big>]]'''</span> 09:16, 11 December 2010 (UTC)<br />
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==Categories for discussion nomination of Category:WikiProject Golden Horseshoe Roads participants==<br />
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[[Image:Info non-talk.png|left|36px|]]'''[[:Category:WikiProject Golden Horseshoe Roads participants]]''', which you created, has been nominated for [[Wikipedia:Category deletion policy|deletion]], [[:Category:Categories for merging|merging]], or [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (categories)|renaming]]. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at '''[[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2010 December 11#Category:WikiProject Golden Horseshoe Roads participants|the category's entry]]''' on the [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|Categories for discussion]] page.<!-- Template:Cfd-notify--> Thank you. <span style="background:#006B54; padding:2px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" >'''[[User:Imzadi1979|<span style="color:white">Imzadi</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Imzadi1979|<span style="color:white">1979</span>]]&nbsp;[[Special:Contributions/Imzadi1979|<big style="color:white">→</big>]]'''</span> 19:13, 11 December 2010 (UTC)<br />
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==MfD nomination of [[Wikipedia:York Region Road Construction Project]]==<br />
[[Wikipedia:York Region Road Construction Project]], a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for [[WP:MfD|deletion]]. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:York Region Road Construction Project ]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You are free to edit the content of [[Wikipedia:York Region Road Construction Project]] during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you.<!-- Template:MFDWarning --> <span style="background:#006B54; padding:2px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" >'''[[User:Imzadi1979|<span style="color:white">Imzadi</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Imzadi1979|<span style="color:white">1979</span>]]&nbsp;[[Special:Contributions/Imzadi1979|color="white"><big>→</big></span>]]'''</span> 07:36, 13 December 2010 (UTC)<br />
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== [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion|Nomination for deletion]] of [[Template:Viva line]] ==<br />
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|30px|link=]][[Template:Viva line]] has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion#Template:Viva line|the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page]].<!--Template:Tfdnotice--> — <span style="border:dashed #666;border-width:1px 0 0 1px">[[User:This, that and the other|This, that]]</span>, and <span style="border:dashed #666;border-width:0 1px 1px 0">[[User talk:This, that and the other|the other<small> (talk)</small>]]</span> 07:16, 23 January 2011 (UTC)<br />
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== Nomination of [[York Regional Road 71]] for deletion ==<br />
<br />
<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|42px|alt=|link=]]</div>The article '''[[York Regional Road 71]]''' is being discussed concerning whether it is suitable for inclusion as an article according to [[Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]] or whether it should be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deleted]].<br />
<br />
The article will be discussed at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/York Regional Road 71]] until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.<br />
<br />
Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. <span style="background:#006B54; padding:2px;" >'''[[User:Imzadi1979|<span style="color:white">Imzadi&nbsp;1979</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Imzadi1979|<big style="color:white">→</big>]]'''</span> 21:26, 4 February 2011 (UTC)<br />
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== Nomination of [[York Regional Road 71]] for deletion ==<br />
<br />
<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|42px|alt=|link=]]</div>The article '''[[York Regional Road 71]]''' is being discussed concerning whether it is suitable for inclusion as an article according to [[Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]] or whether it should be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deleted]].<br />
<br />
The article will be discussed at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/York Regional Road 71]] until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.<br />
<br />
Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. '''[[User:Floydian|<span style="color:#5A5AC5">ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ</span>]]'''&nbsp;<sup>[[User_talk:Floydian|<span style="color:#3AAA3A">τ</span>]]</sup> <sub>[[Special:Contributions/Floydian|<span style="color:#3AAA3A">¢</span>]]</sub> 21:27, 4 February 2011 (UTC)<br />
TESTIMONY OF HOW I GOT CURED FROM HIV...I am so happy to share this testimony with the world because generally there are so many doubts about the cure of HIV and HERPES simplex virus This is real take it serious,my name is Susan Hopkins and i am so happy that today i can give this testimony to the world and also help in saving the life of people who have been condemned for death just as i was..who will believe that a herb can cure HERPES and HIV VIRUS completely from the body , i never believed that this will work, i have spent a lot of money getting drugs from the hospital to keep me healthy, it got to a time that all i waited for was death to come,because i was broke and i already had strong outbreaks from the HIV virus..One day i was going through the net asking questions online just to know more about the latest development in the medical sector to see if there is still hope,i then stumbled on a post about this great man called DR ALAFIN through an online friend who publicly made a testimony on how she was cured of herpes simplex virus by this herbal doctor who is well known for his strong ancient herbal practice for HERPES, HIV, and CANCER cure,at first i doubted both the woman and the doctor just as so many that see's this post would doubt because medically it has been proven impossible..later i decided to give him a try so i emailed him..I did not believe him that much, I just wanted to give him a try, he replied my mail and Needed some Information about me, then I sent them to him, he prepared a herbal medicine (CURE) and sent it through Online Courier Service for delivery, he gave my details to the Courier Office. they told me that 3-5 days I will receive the package and after receiving it, i took the medicine as prescribed by him at the end of 13days that the medicine lasted, he told me to go to the hospital for a test, and i went, surprisingly after the test the doctor confirm me HIV negative, i thought it was a joke, i went to other hospitals and was also negative..The doctors were speechless and said it was a miracle..I thank God Almighty,and i say thank you sir for saving my life,even if you cannot see this post i shall never stop testifying the impact you made in my life by restoring back my life when i was being stigmatized and even avoided by family and friends , I promise I will always testify of your good works. if you are suffering from any illness,or problems of any such,contact him and I am sure you will get cured, contact him via: emaill at [templeforsolutions@gmail.com<br />
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==Non-free rationale for File:Marriage With A Fool 1.JPG==<br />
[[File:Copyright-problem.svg|64px|left|alt=|link=]]<br />
Thanks for uploading or contributing to '''[[:File:Marriage With A Fool 1.JPG]]'''. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under [[WP:NFCC|non-free content criteria]], but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia is acceptable. Please go to [[:File:Marriage With A Fool 1.JPG|the file description page]], and edit it to include a [[Wikipedia:Non-free use rationale guideline|non-free rationale]].<br />
<br />
If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified the non-free rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "[[Special:Contributions/The Canadian Roadgeek/Main|my contributions]]" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If the file is already gone, you can still make a [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion|request for undeletion]] and ask for a chance to fix the problem.<!-- Template:You can request undeletion --> If you have any questions, please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:media copyright questions|Media copyright questions page]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Di-no fair use rationale-notice --> [[User:Sfan00 IMG|Sfan00 IMG]] ([[User talk:Sfan00 IMG|talk]]) 11:59, 12 August 2011 (UTC)<br />
== Nomination of [[Clark Avenue]] for deletion ==<br />
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<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|42px|alt=|link=]]</div>A discussion is taking place as to whether the article '''[[Clark Avenue]]''' is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to [[Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]] or whether it should be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deleted]].<br />
<br />
The article will be discussed at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Clark Avenue]] until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.<br />
<br />
Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. '''[[User:Floydian|<span style="color:#5A5AC5">ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ</span>]]'''&nbsp;<sup>[[User_talk:Floydian|<span style="color:#3AAA3A">τ</span>]]</sup> <sub>[[Special:Contributions/Floydian|<span style="color:#3AAA3A">¢</span>]]</sub> 04:16, 16 September 2011 (UTC)<br />
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== [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion|Nomination for deletion]] of [[Template:VIVA Stations]] ==<br />
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|30px|link=]][[Template:VIVA Stations]] has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion#Template:VIVA Stations|the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page]].<!--Template:Tfdnotice--> [[User:Secondarywaltz|Secondarywaltz]] ([[User talk:Secondarywaltz|talk]]) 16:45, 16 September 2011 (UTC)<br />
== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Denison Street]] ==<br />
[[Image:Ambox warning yellow.svg|left|link=|48px|]]<br />
<br />
The article [[Denison Street]] has been [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed for deletion]]&#32; because of the following concern:<br />
:'''Non notable road. Just a suburban thoroughfare. Not even an arterial road.'''<br />
<br />
While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be [[WP:DEL#REASON|deleted for any of several reasons]].<br />
<br />
You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{Tlc|proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your [[Help:edit summary|edit summary]] or on [[Talk:Denison Street|the article's talk page]].<br />
<br />
Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing {{Tlc|proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed deletion process]], but other [[Wikipedia:deletion process|deletion process]]es exist. In particular, the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedy deletion]] process can result in deletion without discussion, and [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|articles for deletion]] allows discussion to reach [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] for deletion.<!-- Template:Proposed deletion notify --> '''[[User:Floydian|<span style="color:#5A5AC5">ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ</span>]]'''&nbsp;<sup>[[User_talk:Floydian|<span style="color:#3AAA3A">τ</span>]]</sup> <sub>[[Special:Contributions/Floydian|<span style="color:#3AAA3A">¢</span>]]</sub> 17:47, 5 January 2012 (UTC)<br />
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== MOTDs ([[Wikipedia:MOTD|This space for rent]]) ==<br />
<br />
You may have noticed over the past few days that the MOTD that you link to on your user page has simply displayed a red link. This is due to the fact that not enough people are reviewing pending MOTDs [[Wikipedia:Motto of the day/Nominations/In review|here]]. Please help us keep the MOTD template alive and simply go and review a few of the MOTDs in the list. That way we can have a real MOTD in the future rather than re-using ([[Wikipedia:MOTD|This space for rent]]). Any help would be appreciated! –[[User:Pjoef|p<span style="color: #802400">joe</span>f]] <small>(''[[User talk:Pjoef|talk]]'' • [[Special:Contributions/Pjoef|contribs]])</small> 14:02, 7 March 2012 (UTC)<br />
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== Happy Birthday (2012) ==<br />
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<div style="align: upperright; padding: 1em; border: solid 3px #2B547E; background-color: #E6E6FA;">[[Image:Wikipe-tan Birthday.svg|left|60px| ]] '''Wishing [[User:The Canadian Roadgeek|The Canadian Roadgeek]] a very happy birthday on behalf of the [[WP:BDC|Birthday Committee]]! [[User:Armbrust|Armbrust, B.Ed.]] <sup>[[User talk:Armbrust|<span style="color:#E3A857">Let's talk</span>]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/Armbrust|<span style="color:#008000">about my edits?</span>]]</sub> 00:21, 2 April 2012 (UTC)'''</div><br />
== File:Avenue Road Richmond Hill.PNG listed for deletion ==<br />
A file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:Avenue Road Richmond Hill.PNG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2012 July 19#File:Avenue Road Richmond Hill.PNG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. <!-- Template:Fdw --> [[User:Stefan2|Stefan2]] ([[User talk:Stefan2|talk]]) 16:24, 19 July 2012 (UTC)<br />
== File:Avenue Road Toronto.PNG listed for deletion ==<br />
A file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:Avenue Road Toronto.PNG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2012 July 19#File:Avenue Road Toronto.PNG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. <!-- Template:Fdw --> [[User:Stefan2|Stefan2]] ([[User talk:Stefan2|talk]]) 16:24, 19 July 2012 (UTC)<br />
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== Nomination of [[Shoreline (band)]] for deletion ==<br />
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<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>A discussion is taking place as to whether the article '''[[Shoreline (band)]]''' is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to [[Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]] or whether it should be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deleted]].<br />
<br />
The article will be discussed at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shoreline (band) ]] until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.<br />
<br />
Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article.<!-- Template:afd-notice --> <small style="font-family:arial">[[User:Northamerica1000|Northamerica1000]]<sup>[[User_talk:Northamerica1000|(talk)]]</sup></small> 08:21, 30 November 2012 (UTC)<br />
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== Chinese Music History ==<br />
<br />
Hi, I found via the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chinese-language entertainment/Participants|participants list of WikiProject Chinese language entertainment]]. I myself have worked on the article for [[Chinese rock]] a few times in the past and am dedicated to present Chinese music online to those that don't speak Chinese, i.e. 5/6 of the world.<br />
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As you can see from my user page, I am also one of the founding members of [[Rock in China]] (which currently expanded to Music-China.org). Our community is also a Mediawiki-based system solely focussed on Chinese music with one major difference: Whereas Wikipedia would like to be an encyclopedia with the aim to capture humankind's knowledge in brief, short and destinctive articles, it is our aim to present Chinese music in all its details and as much information as possible. As we like to say, we are preparing the reference page that Wikipedia is linking to. You can see the page for [[Cui Jian]] as example where this is implemented.<br />
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The main reason I am writing to you is that we have started a new project at Music-China.org called 'Chinese Music History' during which we want to document the complete history of Chinese music in all its details and cross-reference it to Wikipedia, i.e. work on both platforms according to each platforms' aims.<br />
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I would like to invite you, as member of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chinese-language entertainment/Participants|the WikiProject Chinese language entertainment]] to help us build up both wikis, Wikipedia and Music-China.org. Please feel free to read more about [http://www.music-china.org/w/Music-China_Wiki:Chinese_Music_History us and the the project].<br />
<br />
--[[User:Azchael|Azchael]] ([[User talk:Azchael|talk]]) 13:54, 13 March 2013 (UTC)<br />
== File:Rue Crescent.PNG listed for deletion ==<br />
A file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:Rue Crescent.PNG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2013 November 24#File:Rue Crescent.PNG|'''discussion''']] to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. <!-- Template:Fdw --> [[User:Kelly|<span style="color:#060;font-family:Monotype Corsiva;cursor:help">'''Kelly'''</span>]] <sup>[[User talk:Kelly|hi!]]</sup> 18:52, 24 November 2013 (UTC)<br />
== Caledon By-Pass listed at [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|Redirects for discussion]] ==<br />
[[File:Information.svg|40px|left]]<br />
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect [[Caledon By-Pass]]. Since you had some involvement with the ''Caledon By-Pass'' redirect, you might want to participate in [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2014 January 22#Caledon By-Pass|the redirect discussion]] if you have not already done so. <!-- from Template:RFDNote --> '''[[User:Floydian|<span style="color:#5A5AC5">Floydian</span>]]'''&nbsp;<sup>[[User_talk:Floydian|<span style="color:#3AAA3A">τ</span>]]</sup> <sub>[[Special:Contributions/Floydian|<span style="color:#3AAA3A">¢</span>]]</sub> 23:58, 22 January 2014 (UTC)<br />
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==Merge discussion for [[Sha Tin Heights Tunnel]]==<br />
[[File:Merge-arrows.svg|50px|frameless|left]] An article that you have been involved in editing, [[Sha Tin Heights Tunnel]], has been '''proposed for a [[Wikipedia:Merging|merge]]''' with another article. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going [[Talk:Eagle's Nest Tunnel#Merge proposal|here]], and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. [[User:Jc86035|Jc86035]] ([[User talk:Jc86035|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jc86035|contributions]]) 10:28, 14 February 2014 (UTC) <!-- Template:mergenote --><br />
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== [[Wikipedia:Motto of the day|Motto of the Day]] Help Request April 2014 ==<br />
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<div style="width:72%;border-bottom:1px solid silver;margin-left:14%">{{Motd}}</div><br />
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[[WP:MOTD|Motto of the Day]] ([[WP:MOTD]]) is in a '''state of emergency''' and '''really needs your help'''! There are not enough editors who are reviewing or nominating mottos at [[Wikipedia:Motto of the day/Nominations/In review]], and this probably means that you will notice a <span style="color:red">'''red link'''</span> or “[[Wikipedia:MOTD|''This space for rent'']]” as our mottos for the next weeks and months. <br />
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Please take a moment to [[Wikipedia:Motto of the day/Nominations|'''review the nominations''' and '''nominate your own''' new mottos]] at [[Wikipedia:Motto of the day/Nominations/In review|Wikipedia:Motto of the day/Nominations/'''In review''']] and [[Wikipedia:Motto of the day/Nominations/Specials|Wikipedia:Motto of the day/Nominations/''''Specials''']]. Any help would be appreciated! [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 09:13, 29 April 2014 (UTC)<br />
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== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[:Positive and negative relief]] ==<br />
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The article [[:Positive and negative relief]] has been [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed for deletion]]&#32;because of the following concern:<br />
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== Nomination of [[:List of municipal roads in Markham, Ontario]] for deletion ==<br />
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<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>A discussion is taking place as to whether the article '''[[:List of municipal roads in Markham, Ontario]]''' is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to [[Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]] or whether it should be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deleted]].<br />
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The article will be discussed at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of municipal roads in Markham, Ontario]] until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.<br />
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Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.<br />
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== Nomination of [[:List of municipal roads in Vaughan, Ontario]] and other articles for deletion ==<br />
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[[List of municipal roads in Vaughan, Ontario]] ([https://xtools.wmflabs.org/authorship/en.wikipedia.org/List_of_municipal_roads_in_Vaughan,_Ontario authorship])|<br />
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The discussion will take place at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of municipal roads in Markham, Ontario]] until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.<br />
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==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Category:Roads in Vaughan]]==<br />
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A tag has been placed on [[:Category:Roads in Vaughan]] requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under [[WP:CSD#C1|section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion]], because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a [[:Category:Disambiguation categories|disambiguation category]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia soft redirected categories|category redirect]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics categories|featured topics category]], under discussion at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|Categories for discussion]], or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. <br />
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If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Category:Roads in Vaughan|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]]. <!-- Template:Db-catempty-notice --> <!-- Template:Db-csd-notice-custom --> <span style="font-family:Papyrus; color:#800080;">[[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]]</span> <sup style="font-family: Times New Roman; color: #006400;">[[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']]</sup> 14:26, 9 April 2021 (UTC)<br />
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== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[:Arterial roads in Whitehorse, Yukon]] ==<br />
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The article [[:Arterial roads in Whitehorse, Yukon]] has been [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed for deletion]]&#32;because of the following concern:<br />
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== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[:Bay Street (Hamilton, Ontario)]] ==<br />
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The article [[:Bay Street (Hamilton, Ontario)]] has been [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed for deletion]]&#32;because of the following concern:<br />
<blockquote>'''Generic street, notability not established with substantive sources'''</blockquote><br />
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== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[:File:Ontario 50 Highway marker(1) .PNG]] ==<br />
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The file [[:File:Ontario 50 Highway marker(1) .PNG]] has been [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed for deletion]]&#32;because of the following concern:<br />
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:I have never left Wikipedia. Please do not add me to missing lists or removing me from lists. Please comment in the proper section. This action is not well appreciated. Thank you. '''[[User:The Canadian Roadgeek|Smcafirst the Roadgeek]]''' ([[User talk:The Canadian Roadgeek/All|Road talk]]) at 02:50, 23 April 2024 (UTC)</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_William_Commanda_Bridge&diff=1168754450Chief William Commanda Bridge2023-08-04T20:05:32Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Added the reopening date for pedestrian/cyclist use in the infobox</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Bridge between Ottawa, Ontario and Gatineau, Quebec}}<br />
{{Infobox bridge<br />
|bridge_name = Chief William Commanda Bridge<br />
|image = Ottawa rail bridge.JPG<br />
|image_upright = 1.5<br />
|caption = Looking west to the Chief William Commanda Bridge<br />
|official_name = {{lang-en|Chief William Commanda Bridge}}<br />{{lang-fr|Pont Chef-William-Commanda}}<br />
|owner = City of Ottawa<br />
|carries = Not in use <br />
|crosses = [[Ottawa River]], [[Lemieux Island]]<br />
|locale = [[Ottawa]]-[[Gatineau]], [[National Capital Region (Canada)|National Capital Region]], Canada<br />
|maint = <br />
|id = <br />
|design = [[Truss bridge]]<br />
|mainspan = <br />
|length = <br />
|width = <br />
|height = <br />
|num_track = 1, but not in use<br />
|track_gauge = {{Track gauge|56.5in|allk=on}}<br />
|structure_gauge = [[Association of American Railroads|AAR]]<br />
|load = <br />
|clearance = <br />
|below = <br />
|traffic = <br />
|begin = <br />
|complete = <br />
|open = 1880<br/>August 4, 2023<br />
|closed = 2005<br />
|toll = <br />
|mapframe-zoom = 12<br />
|coordinates = {{Coord|45|24|56|N|75|43|40|W|display=inline,title}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''Chief William Commanda Bridge''' ({{lang-fr|Pont Chef-William-Commanda}}), formerly the '''Prince of Wales Bridge''', is a disused [[railway bridge|rail bridge]] in Canada, which spans the [[Ottawa River]] between [[Ottawa]], Ontario and [[Gatineau]], Quebec. It is now open for bicyclists and pedestrians. It connects with the [[Bytown and Prescott Railway]] line just west of [[Lebreton Flats]], and crosses the south channel of the river to [[Lemieux Island]] at the edge of [[Nepean Bay (Canada)|Nepean Bay]]; it then continues across the northern channel into Quebec. Operated by the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] for most of its history, it was bought by the [[City of Ottawa]] in 2005. Plans to incorporate it as part of an [[Letsgomoose|interprovincial public transportation link]] fell through.<br />
<br />
It is a multi-span [[Truss bridge#Pratt truss|Pratt]] [[truss bridge]], consisting of six equal spans over the south channel, and seven spans over the north channel; the second-last span, proceeding northward, is longer by a factor of about 1.7.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
=== 19th century ===<br />
The bridge was built by the [[Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.railways.incanada.net/circle/Hull_Gatineau.htm#HullQMOO| title=The Railways of Ottawa: Hull - Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental| work=Colin Churcher's Railway Pages| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718175225/http://www.railways.incanada.net/circle/Hull_Gatineau.htm#HullQMOO| archive-date=2016-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.railways.incanada.net/circle/findings9.html| title=The Railways of Ottawa: Findings of the Circle| work=Colin Churcher's Railway Pages| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518063002/http://www.railways.incanada.net/circle/findings9.html| archive-date=2008-05-18}}</ref> in 1880, named for [[Edward VII|Albert Edward]], [[Prince of Wales]]. At that time, it was one of the few crossings of the Ottawa River, and was one of the most valuable assets of the line, which was owned by the Quebec provincial government. The QMO&O continued to lose money, however, and it was purchased by the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] (CPR) in 1882, which connected it with their other recent purchase, the [[Canada Central Railway]]. This connection gave the CPR a solid route from their westward line being built from [[North Bay, Ontario|North Bay]] to the ports of the [[Saint Lawrence River|St. Lawrence]]. The bridge was joined by the CPR's [[Alexandra Bridge|Royal Alexandra Interprovincial Bridge]] in 1901, the second railway bridge to cross the river between Ottawa and [[Hull, Quebec|Hull]].<br />
<br />
=== 20th century ===<br />
The bridge served well into the 20th century, but as rail transport diminished and more efficient routes became more common, the line saw less traffic. In 1999, the City of Ottawa leased the CPR line, including the bridge for the construction of the [[Trillium Line]].<ref name="ottawa.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/occ/2004/12-15/csedc/ACS2004-CRS-RPR-0047.htm|title=Property Acquisition - CP Rail Railway Corridor - Ottawa River to Leitrim Road|work=City of Ottawa Report to Corporate Services and Economic Development Committee and Council, 7 December 2004}}</ref> <br />
<br />
=== 21st century ===<br />
==== 2000s ====<br />
The bridge was used by rail traffic for the last time on July 26, 2001.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Churcher |first=Colin J. |date=January 2006 |title=The Opening of the Prince of Wales Bridge |magazine=Branchline |publisher=Bytown Railway Society |editor-first=Earl W. |editor-last=Roberts |volume=45 |number=1 |issn=0824-233X |pages=6–10 |url=https://churcher.crcml.org/Articles/Article2006_01.html |access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>{{rp|9}}<br />
<br />
In 2005, the bridge was disconnected from the tracks just before its approach on the Ottawa side; this was done for a water line project being built along the [[Kichi Zibi Mikan]] as part of the Lebreton Flats revitalization.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}<br />
<br />
In 2005, the [[City of Ottawa]] purchased the bridge and associated rail corridors for {{CAD|11}} million as part of a plan to link [[Ottawa LRT|Ottawa]] and [[Gatineau light rail|Gatineau's light rail systems]]. However, Mayor [[Jim Watson (Canadian politician)|Jim Watson]] would later declare that this original plan was unworkable.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Duffy |first=Andrew |date=May 3, 2022 |title=Family of Ottawa boy who died in jump from Prince of Wales bridge sues City of Ottawa for negligence |work=[[Ottawa Citizen]] |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/family-of-ottawa-boy-who-died-in-jump-from-prince-of-wales-bridge-sues-city-of-ottawa-for-negligence |access-date=May 3, 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
The bridge has remained unused and the section of track between the [[Bayview Station (OC Transpo)|Bayview Station]] and the bridge is overgrown. As the purchase of the bridge included the approaches on both sides, the City of Ottawa now owns property in Quebec.<ref name="ottawa.ca"/><br />
<br />
[[Image:Prince of wales bridge.jpg|thumb|right|Chief William Commanda Bridge, south approach, July 2005]]<br />
<br />
The bridge is now at the centre of controversy regarding current access and use by pedestrians. The disused bridge is often used illegally by pedestrians, sunset watchers and dog walkers, who have advocated it remain open for such active use.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}<br />
<br />
On the other hand, city officials have been pointing out safety and other concerns related to the bridge for some time. Between January 1, 2005 and August 29, 2016 the [[Ottawa Police Service]] has received 51 calls about activities at the bridge, three of which resulted in charges being laid, though no complaints related to the structural safety of the bridge itself, rather to possible criminal activity occurring on the property.<ref>{{cite news |last=Willing |first=Jon |title=Ottawa police called to Prince of Wales Bridge 51 times — over 10 years |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/ottawa-police-called-to-prince-of-wales-bridge-51-times-over-10-years |newspaper=[[Ottawa Citizen]] |publisher=Postmedia |access-date=21 November 2016 |date=6 October 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== 2010s ====<br />
With City of Gatineau officials now showing great interest in the bridge as a transit link between the two cities,<ref>{{cite news |last=Pfeffer |first=Amanda |title='Take advantage of the timing': Hull-Aylmer MP wants Gatineau to jump on Ottawa tramway idea |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/tramway-ottawa-gatineau-proposal-1.3769612 |website=[[CBC.ca]] |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=19 July 2021 |date=20 September 2016}}</ref> modifications would need to be made, as there is only enough room for a single track on the bridge; the City of Ottawa has now permanently built over this rail infrastructure to create the new Trillium Line station at Bayview.<ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/rail-line-breach-of-duty-city-ottawa-1.4151285| title = City questioned over rail line removal for LRT work {{!}} CBC News}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2016 the City of Ottawa spent $46,000 to install new chain-link fences to block entrance to the bridge, although the fence was breached shortly afterwards.<ref name="Fence">{{cite web|last1=Willing|first1=Jon|date=21 September 2016|title=Stop damaging the Prince of Wales bridge barriers, councillor pleads|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/vandals-break-through-prince-of-wales-bridge-barriers-in-a-matter-of-hours|website=ottawacitizen.com|publisher=Postmedia Network Inc.|access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> In September 2016, a pop-up picnic led by residents was organized in opposition to the proposed barricades.<ref name="Ottawa Citizen Article, Ottawa residents stage pop-up picnic to save Prince of Wales rail bridge">{{cite web|last1=Lofaro|first1=Joe|title=Ottawa residents stage pop-up picnic to save Prince of Wales rail bridge|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/ottawa-residents-stage-pop-up-picnic-to-save-prince-of-wales-rail-bridge|website=ottawacitizen.com|publisher=Ottawa Citizen|access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> As of the end of the year 2016, the city has no plans to convert the bridge into a pedestrian or cycling path, which it says will cost $10.5 million. Rather, their stated goal is to use the bridge as an interprovincial rail link, connecting [[OC Transpo]]’s [[Trillium Line]] with Gatineau’s [[Rapibus|rapid transit network]], although there has now been permanent and illegal building over of this rail infrastructure by the City of Ottawa.<ref name="cbc.ca"/> It was also proposed that this rail link might become part of a proposed [[commuter rail]] system.<ref name="moose">[https://www.letsgomoose.ca/ Moose Consortium]</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2018, the Canadian Transportation Agency ruled that the city breached its duty as a rail line owner when it dismantled a section of tracks near the bridge in order to build a new entrance to Bayview Station of the new Light Rail System.<ref name="CBC News">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/rail-bridge-cta-decision-ottawa-1.4541486|title=Future of Prince of Wales Bridge still unclear after regulator's decision|work=CBC News|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en}}</ref> The CTA gave the City of Ottawa two options: to either try to sell a portion of the rail line leading to the bridge or to restore the tracks so they can accommodate rail traffic within 12 months. In statements, Ottawa mayor Jim Watson asserted that, "We don't have the funds to put rail across to Quebec at this point".<ref name="CBC News"/> While there had been funding put aside for the work several years earlier, it has since been re-directed to a pedestrian bridge over the [[Rideau Canal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/funding-for-prince-of-wales-bridge-transferred-to-glebe-project|title=Funding for Prince of Wales Bridge transferred to canal project|date=2015-12-11|work=Ottawa Citizen|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2019 (a federal election year), the Federal Cabinet issued an Order In Council rescinding the Canadian Transportation Agency's decision, meaning that the City of Ottawa would no longer need to appeal the order to repair the rail link,<ref name=cabinet>{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/prince-of-wales-bridge-cabinet-1.5091286| title = Cabinet overturns order to repair Prince of Wales Bridge {{!}} CBC News}}</ref> also rejecting a petition from Moose Consortium Ltd., which wanted to use the bridge as part of a commuter rail project spanning the Ottawa River.<ref name=cabinet /> The order in council dated April 5 stated that "the agency's decision went against national policy because it would force a railway company to invest in an "unused and non-profitable railway line," or discontinue it permanently",<ref name="cabinet"/> despite the Moose consortium indicating that it actively wanted to invest in this rail infrastructure.<br />
<br />
As of June 2019, the City of Gatineau's current design for its planned [[Société de transport de l'Outaouais]] [[Light rail|LRT]] system, which would launch in 2028, would see it cross the bridge to link to Ottawa's [[O-Train]] system at [[Bayview station (Ottawa)|Bayview Station]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/gatineau-lrt-network-funding-province-quebec-secured-1.5168105| title = Quebec pledges to fund Gatineau's light rail plans {{!}} CBC News}}</ref> However, in September 2019, Ottawa Mayor Watson declared that the Prince of Wales bridge will “never” be used for interprovincial commuter rail, offering the explanation that it would be "far too congested to have so many people drop off at one of the busiest intersections in our LRT system", though without offering explanation as to why the recently-built station in question, which could have been designed to manage this commuter traffic, was effectively designed to block any future use of the railway.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adam: Never say 'never' to a rail link along the Prince of Wales bridge|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/adam-never-say-never-to-a-rail-link-along-the-prince-of-wales-bridge|access-date=2021-03-07|website=ottawacitizen|language=en-CA}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== 2020s ====<br />
In December 2020, the City of Ottawa approved undertaking an Environmental Assessment study and the design of an interim multi-use pathway on the bridge.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-09|title=Prince of Wales Bridge interim multi-use pathway|url=https://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall/public-engagement/projects/prince-wales-bridge-interim-multi-use-pathway|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-21|website=City of Ottawa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222185051/https://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall/public-engagement/projects/prince-wales-bridge-interim-multi-use-pathway |archive-date=2021-02-22 }}</ref> In July 2021, Ottawa City Council committed to spending $14 million to upgrade the bridge into a pedestrian bridge, and officially renamed the bridge to the Chief William Commanda Bridge, in honour of [[William Commanda]] who was the chief of the [[Kitigan Zibi]] Anishinabeg First Nation from 1951 to 1970.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-07|title=Former Prince of Wales Bridge gets renamed, and $14M in city funding|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/chief-william-commanda-bridge-funding-1.6092848|access-date=2021-07-07|website=CBC Ottawa}}</ref> $8.6 million was pledged to the project by the federal government.<ref name=":0" /> Construction began in the fall of 2021, and the multi-use pathway is expected to be completed by the fall of 2022 with additional rehabilitation work being completed by 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Planning |first=Real Estate and Economic Development Dept |date=2021-12-21 |title=Chief William Commanda Bridge multi-use pathway and rehabilitation project |url=https://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall/public-engagement/projects/chief-william-commanda-bridge-multi-use-pathway-and-rehabilitation-project |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=ottawa.ca |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2022, the City of Ottawa was sued for $1.5 million in a negligence case involving the death of a 14-year-old boy who drowned after climbing through the fencing barring access to the bridge put up by the City and jumping into the Ottawa River. According to the family's lawyer, [[Lawrence Greenspon]], the City failed to take effective steps to prevent the public from accessing the bridge.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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On 4 August 2023, the bridge opened for pedestrian and cyclist use.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Broadcasting Corporation |first=Canadian |date=04/08/2023 |title=Chief William Commanda pedestrian bridge now open |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/chief-william-commanda-bridge-ottawa-river-pedestrian-1.6927987 |website=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><br />
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== See also ==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=23em}}<br />
* [[Letsgomoose]]<br />
* [[List of bridges in Ottawa#Spanning the Ottawa River|List of bridges in Ottawa]]<br />
* [[List of crossings of the Ottawa River]]<br />
* [[Quebec Gatineau Railway#Lachute Subdivision|Quebec Gatineau Railway]]<br />
* [[Trillium Line]]<br />
* [[William Commanda]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{commons-inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Crossings navbox<br />
|structure = Bridges<br />
|place = [[Ottawa River]]<br />
|bridge = Chief William Commanda Bridge <br />
|bridge signs = <br />
|upstream = [[Champlain Bridge (Ottawa)|Champlain Bridge]]<br />
|upstream signs = <br />
|downstream = [[Chaudière Bridge]]<br />
|downstream signs = <br />
}}<br />
{{Gatineau Roads}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Canadian Pacific Railway bridges in Ontario]]<br />
[[Category:Railway bridges in Quebec]]<br />
[[Category:Bridges in Ottawa]]<br />
[[Category:Bridges in Gatineau]]<br />
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1880]]<br />
[[Category:Pratt truss bridges]]<br />
[[Category:Bridges over the Ottawa River]]<br />
[[Category:Truss bridges in Canada]]<br />
[[Category:1880 establishments in Ontario]]<br />
[[Category:1880 establishments in Quebec]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richmond,_Ontario&diff=1162526088Richmond, Ontario2023-06-29T18:02:19Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Added dab link to Richmond, British Columbia</p>
<hr />
<div>{{distinguish|Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond, British Columbia}}<br />
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Richmond<br />
| official_name = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Community<br />
| image_skyline = Richmond ON 1.JPG<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = Canada Ottawa<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --><br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --><br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ottawa<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|45|11|40|N|75|50|20|W|region:CA-ON|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[Canada]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Canada|Province]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ontario]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = Municipality<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ottawa]]<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = 1818<br />
| established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]<br />
| established_date2 = 1850<br />
| established_title3 = [[Amalgamation (politics)|Amalgamated]]<br />
| established_date3 = 1974 (Township of Goulbourn) <br />2001 (City of Ottawa)<br />
| leader_title = <br />
| leader_name =<br />
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MP]]<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Pierre Poilievre]] {{small|([[Conservative Party of Canada|C]])}}<br />
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPP]]<br />
| leader_name2 = [[Goldie Ghamari]] {{small|([[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|PC]])}}<br />
| leader_title3 = [[Ottawa City Council|City Councillor]]<br />
| leader_name3 = [[David Brown (Canadian politician)|David Brown]]<br />
| area_total_km2 = 12.05<br />
| area_land_km2 = <br />
| area_water_km2 = <br />
| elevation_m = 90<br />
| population_total = 4,482<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_density_km2 = 318.59<br />
| population_urban = 3,797<br />
| timezone = Eastern (EST)<br />
| utc_offset = -5<br />
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|EDT]]<br />
| utc_offset_DST = -4<br />
| postal_code_type = Postal code span<br />
| postal_code = K0A 2Z0<br />
| area_code = [[Area code 613|613]], [[Area code 343|343]]<br />
| blank_name = Telephone exchange<br />
| blank_info = 838<br />
| website = <br />
}} <!-- Infobox ends --><br />
<br />
'''Richmond''' is a [[suburb]]an community, part of the Canadian capital of [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], Canada.<ref>City of Ottawa Official Plan showing rural villages within new municipal boundary: http://www.ottawa.ca/city_hall/ottawa2020/official_plan/vol_1/06_schedules/schedule_a_en.pdf</ref> Founded in 1818, it spans the [[Jock River]], a tributary of the [[Rideau River]]. A part of the [[National Capital Region (Canada)|National Capital Region]], Richmond is located {{convert|10|km|mi}} southwest of [[Kanata, Ontario|Kanata]] and immediately south to the community of [[Stittsville]].<br />
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==History==<br />
After the [[War of 1812]], loyal settlers were sought for [[Upper Canada]] (now Ontario). The United Empire Loyalists, who, after the [[American Revolution]], had helped to settle areas further south and west in Upper Canada were being regarded with increasing suspicion. Instead, disbanded soldiers were the most immediate loyal settlers for this new era of development.<br />
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Richmond was originally laid out for the Government in 1817 by Major George Thew Burke, and settlement commenced as early as 1818. This was a military point for a number of years. Later renamed the Jock River. The Masonic Arms Tavern, his abode on the previous night, was renamed Duke of Richmond Tavern in his honour. Richmond derives its name from the Duke of Richmond.<ref name="ReferenceA">Ottawa City and counties of Carleton and Russell Directory, 1866-7</ref><br />
<br />
Richmond was selected by the [[United Kingdom|British]] Army in 1818 as one of the first military settlements. Others included Perth and Lanark. Named after the [[Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond and Lennox|Duke of Richmond]], who was the newly appointed Governor General of the Canadas, Richmond was laid out in a grid on the north bank of the Jock River (which for a while was renamed the Goodwood after the Duke’s English estate). Richmond was the centre for the administration of lands in the area. Military supervisor, Major Burke, placed mainly [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] soldiers of his 99th Regiment in [[Goulbourn]]. [[Scotland|Scottish]] settlers from [[Perthshire]] were placed in the adjoining area of northeast [[Beckwith, Ontario|Beckwith]], while Irish civilians were settled in southeast Beckwith, [[Goulbourn]], and other parts of the neighbouring townships.<br />
<br />
In the spring of 1818 the officers and men of 99th were at [[Quebec]], and, in common with those of other regiments, had their choice of a passage home to Ireland or, if they so elected, to remain here in Canada where they would receive free grants of land in the new country to be settled on the Ottawa and Rideau rivers. Thus, in late 1818 (with the help of neighbours in Hull, Quebec assisting in construction) Richmond was born.<br />
[[File:Monument Perth Street Richmond Ontario Canada.jpg|thumb|left|Monument to the "Richmond Military Settlement 1818" on Perth Street (main street) in Richmond, describing its history.]]<br />
<br />
From 1818 to 1822, Richmond was managed by the Settling Branch of Upper Canada's Military Department. Life was dominated by military culture and institutions during these early years. While official plans demonstrate an optimism for its future growth and importance, this never came to pass. By the time the military relinquished control of Richmond in 1822, very few civilians had settled. In the case of Richmond, the rising importance of [[Bytown]] and the building of the [[Rideau Canal]] several kilometres east of Richmond significantly contributed to its failure to thrive.<ref>Richard Reid ed., Upper Ottawa Valley to 1855. Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1990.</ref> By 1832, Hamnett Pinhey described the state of Richmond to the Freeholders of Carleton as, "a jail in itself." He goes on to note that, "I have known that place these thirteen years, it was then a rising place, but it has been falling ever since, and is now almost nothing; not a house has been built but many a one has fallen down and still are falling... if you get into it in the Spring, you can't get out till Summer; and if you get into it in the Fall, you must wait till the Winter, and whose fault is it but the Magistrates and Gentry of Richmond; that is to say the Shopkeepers?"<ref>Hamnett Pinhey to the Freeholders of Carleton. 25 February 1832. (NAC, Hill Collection, Vol. 2)</ref><br />
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Richmond was incorporated on Goodwood river, in the east corner of the township of Goulbourn, 21 miles from Ottawa City, and 11 miles from the Ottawa river in 1850. For a number of years the trade and business was very active, but by the 1860s appears to have declined. By 1866, with a population of 600, contained several general stores, flouring mills and tannery; a grammar school, building of frame, W. Houghton, master. There were four churches-Church of England, built of stone, Rev. J. C. B. Pettit, rector; Church of Scotland, building of frame, Rev. Wm. P. White, minister; Wesleyan Methodist, building of frame; and the Roman Catholic church, built of stone, Rev. Peter O'Connell, parish priest.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />
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It was annexed by [[Goulbourn Township, Ontario|Goulbourn Township]] in 1974. In 1969, Richmond became part of [[Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton]] until 2001. It has been within the [[Ottawa|City of Ottawa]] since January 1, 2001. Some residents in Richmond are displeased about the most recent amalgamation into the Ottawa city structure and would like to de-amalgamate along with other areas of rural [[Carleton County, Ontario|Carleton County]].<br />
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=== Richmond Bakery ===<br />
<br />
The original Richmond Bakery started in the late 1800s when Sam Wright came from Kemptville and opened a bakery business on Strachan Street. It was sold in 1900 to Sam Wright, who operated the business until 1926.<br />
<ref name=bakery>{{cite journal|title=HISTORY OF THE RICHMOND BAKERY|journal=GOULBOURN TOWNSHIP HISTORICAL SOCIETY Newsletter |publisher=Goulbourn Township Historical Society |date=2014|volume=1|pages=8, 9|url=http://goulbournhistoricalsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/2014_1.pdf|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref><br />
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In 1930, Harold Brown rented a bakeshop and opened the Richmond Bakery on McBean Street which had a wood-fired brick oven, a few utensils and a kerosene lamp for lighting because there was no electricity. All the water was hand pumped from a well and carried to the bakery. Bread sold for 3 cents a loaf to retailers, who in turn sold it for 5 cents and the baker usually worked 16 hours per day. To deliver the bread, Mr. Brown borrowed horses from the local farmers and fed the horses in return. Drivers had to feed the horses at 4 a.m. and usually didn’t finish deliveries until 7 p.m. covering 20–25 miles per day. After being discharged from the RCAF in 1945, Mr. Brown opened another bakery in Richmond on McBean Street. Although it had electricity and trucks to do the deliveries, water still had to be pumped by hand and carried to the bakery.<ref name=bakery/><br />
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In 1952, Mr. Brown moved the Richmond Bakery to the corner of McBean and Perth Streets and new equipment was purchased including, gas and oil ovens, revolving trays and a bread steamer. Water was finally pumped into the bakery with an electric pump. At the new location, Mr. Brown added pastries which became one of the attractions of the bakers.<ref name=bakery/><br />
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On August 11, 2014, the Richmond Bakery closed its doors suddenly after 75 years in business. The owner stated that challenges he faced trying to find experienced bakers was the reason for closing.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wright Allan|first1=Samantha|title=Richmond Bakery owner still reeling from closure|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/richmond-bakery-owner-still-reeling-from-closure|access-date=16 November 2014|issue=Last Updated: August 11, 2014 6:07 PM EST|publisher=The Ottawa Citizen|date=August 11, 2014}}</ref><br />
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==Today==<br />
[[File:Richmond ON 2.JPG|thumb|right|The Old O'Rielly House in Richmond]]<br />
The mascot is a fox. Richmond has many historical buildings such as St Philip's Church, which is the oldest church in the Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa, and St John the Baptist Anglican Church, established in 1822 with the first sanctuary built in 1823; the oldest parish in now what is the Anglican Diocese of Ottawa <br />
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Popular sports in Richmond include [[baseball]], [[soccer]], [[curling]], and [[ice hockey]]. The [[Rideau Trail]] runs through Richmond. The [[Ottawa-Carleton Catholic School Board]] runs an elementary school named St. Philip. The public [[Ottawa-Carleton District School Board]] operates an elementary school named [[Richmond Public School]] and a high school named [[South Carleton High School]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www1.ocdsb.edu.on.ca/scarweb/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2006-08-31 |archive-date=2006-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813224515/http://www.ocdsb.edu.on.ca/SCARweb/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Residents can take RR 10 in travelling to Carleton Place, Perth, or Smith Falls. They may also take the [[Highway 416 (Ontario)|Highway 416]], To Prescott or Ottawa. Richmond Road also meanders to downtown Ottawa. Richmond has a Scout Troop. Bus service to Ottawa is through the {{color|#0b0|283}} [[OC Transpo]].<br />
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Richmond has a selection of shops and services including a [[Liquor Control Board of Ontario|LCBO]], banks, drugstore, grocer, and several restaurants.<br />
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=== Amalgamation ===<br />
Richmond was amalgamated into the city of [[Ottawa]] in 2001.<ref>David J.A. Douglas, "The Restructuring of Local Government in Rural Regions: A rural development perspective," Journal of Rural Studies 21 (2005) 231-246.</ref><br />
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== Media ==<br />
There are two community newspapers serving Richmond. The "Manotick Messenger" is published every other week and is delivered to every home in Richmond. The Manotick Messenger also operates the www.richmondhub.ca website, a Richmond-based news and information website launched by the Richmond Village Association, who has partnered with the Manotick Messenger for the site. "The Stittsville & Richmond Community Voice " is distributed every second week to ALL homes, apartments and businesses by Canada Post. This newspaper was started in August 2019. The Stittsville & Richmond Community Voice details may found at: ottawavoice.ca<br />
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==Notable residents==<br />
* [[George Lyon (golfer)|George Seymour Lyon]], won the gold medal in golf for Canada at the [[1904 Olympics]]<br />
* [[Gordon Danby]], coinventor with [[James R. Powell (physicist)|James R. Powell]] of the Null Flux Superconducting [[Maglev]] technology used in the [[Japan Railways Maglev|JR–Maglev]]<ref>James Powell, Gordon Danby & James Jordan (2102) ''The Fight for Maglev'', Self-Published: https://www.amazon.com/The-Fight-Maglev-America-Transport/dp/1468144804</ref><br />
*[[Maria Hill, Daughter of the Regiment|Maria Hill]], Early settler and heroine of the War of 1812<br />
*[[Terry Gray (ice hockey)|Terry Gray]], Ex NHL Hockey Player<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Portal|Ontario}}<br />
*{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
* [http://www.richmondvillage.ca Richmond Association]<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Ottawa]]<br />
[[Category:Former municipalities now in Ottawa]]<br />
[[Category:Former villages in Ontario]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in 1818]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in 2001]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Day&diff=1161561451Discovery Day2023-06-23T14:42:11Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Regroup the section on Newfoundland with Canada's section</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
'''Discovery Day''' is the name of several holidays commemorating the discovery of land, gold, and other significant national discoveries.<br />
<br />
==The Bahamas==<br />
The Bahamas Discovery Day was a public holiday on October 12, that celebrated the arrival of [[Christopher Columbus]] in the [[New World]] in 1492. It coincided with the [[Columbus Day]] celebrations of many other countries in the Americas. Columbus's initial landfall was on the now-unknown island of [[Guanahani]] in the Bahamas in 1492.<br />
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It was last observed as a holiday in 2012 and has been replaced by [[Heroes' Day|National Heroes Day]] holiday, which is a public holiday observed on the second Monday in October.<br />
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==Brazil==<br />
In [[Brazil]], Discovery Day is observed on April 22 each year. This date commemorates the day when [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] became the first [[Europe]]an to land in Brazil in 1500 (although this discovery is [[Alternative theory of the European discovery of Brazil|contested]] by some).<br />
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==Canada==<br />
[[File:Yukon Order of Pioneers, Discovery Day, August 17, 1913 (HS85-10-27821).jpg|thumb|[[Yukon Order of Pioneers]], Discovery Pat August 17, 1913.]]<br />
In [[Yukon]], Discovery Day is a public holiday on the third Monday in August commemorating the anniversary of the discovery of gold in 1896, which started the [[Klondike Gold Rush]].<br />
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In [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], it is observed on the Monday nearest June 24 and commemorates [[John Cabot]]'s discovery of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] in 1497. In June 2020, it was announced that the name of the holiday would be changed in consultation with Indigenous groups in the province.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 June 2020 |title=Province promises to ditch Discovery Day, consult with Indigenous groups on new name |publisher=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/mun-changes-discovery-day-1.5617046 |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref><br />
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==Cayman Islands==<br />
Discovery Day in the [[Cayman Islands]] commemorates the discovery of the Sister Islands of [[Cayman Brac]] and [[Little Cayman]] by Christopher Columbus in 1503. The public holiday is celebrated on the third Monday in May.<br />
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==Guam==<br />
March 6 marks the day in 1521 that Magellan's expedition dropped anchor in [[Umatac]] Bay.<br />
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==Hispaniola==<br />
December 5, the date in 1492 when [[Christopher Columbus]] landed on the island of [[Hispaniola]] in what is now [[Môle-Saint-Nicolas]], Haiti, is called Discovery Day. Today the island is shared by two countries: [[Haiti]] and the [[Dominican Republic]] which both recognize the holiday.<br />
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== Puerto Rico ==<br />
{{Main|Public holidays in Puerto Rico}}<br />
November 19, the date in 1493 when Columbus landed on the island is an official holiday. Not to be confused with [[Columbus Day]], which is celebrated on the 2nd Monday of October in the United States, including Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web|title=Discovery Day in Puerto Rico in 2021|url=https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/puerto-rico/puerto-rico-discovery-day|website=Office Holidays|access-date=January 5, 2021|language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:March observances]]<br />
[[Category:April observances]]<br />
[[Category:May observances]]<br />
[[Category:June observances]]<br />
[[Category:August observances]]<br />
[[Category:October observances]]<br />
[[Category:December observances]]<br />
[[Category:Public holidays in Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Types of secular holidays]]<br />
[[Category:Holidays and observances by scheduling (nth weekday of the month)]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serrini&diff=1157585455Serrini2023-05-29T16:09:02Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Serrini was born in Hong Kong</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hong Kong singer-songwriter}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Serrini<br />
| image = Serrini 20230220.jpg<br />
| caption = Serrini in 2023.<br />
| native_name = 梁嘉茵<br />
| native_name_lang = zh-hant<br />
| birth_name = Serruria Leung Ka-yan<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|08|13|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[British Hong Kong]]<br />
| occupation = Singer-songwriter<br />
| background = solo_singer<!--mandatory field--><br />
| genre = {{hlist|[[Cantopop]]|[[alternative pop]]|[[R&B]]}}<br />
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocal|guitar}}<br />
| years_active = 2011–present<br />
| website = {{url|https://www.jengsbunka.com/}}<br />
| module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes<br />
|c=梁嘉茵<br />
|j={{tone superscript|Loeng4 Gaa1 Jan1}}<br />
|p=Liáng Jiā Yīn}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Serruria Leung Ka-yan''' ({{zh|c=梁嘉茵}}; born 13 August 1990), better known by her stage name '''Serrini''', is a Hong Kong independent songwriter-singer who started her singing career in 2012. In recent years, her songs mostly relate to current affairs and romantic relationships among young people.<ref name="apple2019">{{cite news|url=https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20190430/20667435|title=蘋人誌：無力感時代 開發新秩序 獨立音樂人Serrini|author=鍾嘉瑩|newspaper=[[Apple Daily]]|date=2019-04-30|accessdate=2019-11-10|archive-date=2019-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110083739/https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20190430/20667435}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://hk.entertainment.appledaily.com/enews/realtime/article/20180525/58228335|title=【歌詞夠本土】油尖旺金毛玲Serrini 住劏房的享樂主義|newspaper=[[Apple Daily]]|date=2018-05-25|accessdate=2019-11-10|archive-date=2019-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110083738/https://hk.entertainment.appledaily.com/enews/realtime/article/20180525/58228335}}</ref><br />
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Serrini graduated from [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] with a bachelor's degree in English and studied at a Master of Arts program at the [[University of Hong Kong]].<ref name="芭姐2021-04-13">{{cite magazine |author=芭姐 |date=2021-04-13 |title=年輕人需要的偶像就是這樣！SERRINI 憑甚麼贏得大眾歡心？|trans-title=This is the idol that young people need! Why does SERRINI win the public's favour? |language=zh |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com.hk/celebrity/serrini-leung-ka-yan |magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]] |accessdate=2022-05-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509090058/https://www.harpersbazaar.com.hk/celebrity/serrini-leung-ka-yan |archivedate=2022-05-09 }}</ref> She received a Doctor of Philosophy (Literary and Cultural Studies) degree from the University of Hong Kong.<ref name="Lau2022-01-07">{{cite news |last=Lau |first=Henry |date=2022-01-07 |title=Move over, Mirror? 5 of Hong Kong's rising music stars – from Serrini's unique lyrical style to MC $oho and KidNey's popular YouTube channel Trial & Error |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3162484/move-over-mirror-5-hong-kongs-rising-music-stars-serrinis |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |accessdate=2022-01-31 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.01.31-092643/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3162484/move-over-mirror-5-hong-kongs-rising-music-stars-serrinis |archivedate=2022-01-31 }}</ref> The ''[[South China Morning Post]]''{{'}}s Henry Lau said that Serrini "has a strong connection with her audience, owing to her unique and fun lyrics covering a wide range of themes, from love to current affairs, through refreshing and catchy tunes".<ref name="Lau2022-01-07"/><br />
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In January 2022, local media reported that ten Canto-pop singers and groups had been put on a blacklist of government-funded broadcaster [[RTHK]], with radio DJs having been ordered not to play their songs. Serrini was reportedly on the list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/music/asia/hong-kong-rthk-blacklists-musicians-1235164826/|title=Hong Kong’s RTHK blacklists pro-democracy musicians (reports)|first=Vivienne|last=Chow|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=2022-01-26|access-date=2023-03-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.jengsbunka.com/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Serrini}}<br />
[[Category:1990 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Hong Kong songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the Chinese University of Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Hong Kong]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plastic&diff=1101834120Plastic2022-08-02T01:49:44Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Added a comma between the year and the number immediately after it for readability.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Material of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids}}<br />
{{Other uses}}<br />
{{pp-semi-indef}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=March 2021}}[[File:Plastic household items.jpg|thumb|Household items made of various types of plastic]]<br />
<br />
'''Plastics''' are a wide range of [[synthetic polymers|synthetic]] or semi-synthetic materials that use [[polymer]]s as a main ingredient. Their [[Plasticity (physics)|plasticity]] makes it possible for plastics to be [[Injection moulding|moulded]], [[Extrusion|extruded]] or [[Compression molding|pressed]] into solid objects of various shapes. This adaptability, plus a wide range of other properties, such as being lightweight, durable, flexible, and inexpensive to produce, has led to its widespread use. Plastics typically are made through human industrial systems. Most modern plastics are derived from [[petrochemical|fossil fuel-based chemical]]s like [[natural gas]] or [[petroleum]]; however, recent industrial methods use variants made from renewable materials, such as [[corn]] or [[cotton]] derivatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life Cycle of a Plastic Product |url=http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_plastics/doc.asp?CID=1571&DID=5972 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317004747/http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_plastics/doc.asp?CID=1571&DID=5972 |archive-date=2010-03-17 |access-date=2011-07-01 |website=Americanchemistry.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
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9.2 billion tonnes of plastic are estimated to have been made between 1950 and 2017. More than half this plastic has been produced since 2004. In 2020, 400 million tonnes of plastic were produced.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2021-10-21 |title=Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> If global trends on plastic demand continue, it is estimated that by 2050 annual global plastic production will reach over 1,100 million tonnes.<br />
<br />
The success and dominance of plastics starting in the early 20th century has caused widespread environmental problems,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2020 |title=The environmental impacts of plastics and micro-plastics use, waste and pollution: EU and national measures |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/658279/IPOL_STU(2020)658279_EN.pdf |url-status=live |website=europarl.europa.eu}}</ref> due to their slow decomposition rate in natural ecosystems. Toward the end of the 20th century, the [[plastics industry]] promoted [[plastic recycling|recycling]] in order to ease environmental concerns while continuing to produce virgin plastic and to push the responsibility of plastic pollution onto the consumer. The main companies producing plastics doubted the economic viability of recycling at the time, and the economic viability has never improved. Plastic collection and recycling is largely ineffective because of failures of contemporary complexity required in cleaning and sorting post-consumer plastics for effective reuse. Most plastic produced has not been reused, either being captured in [[landfill]]s or persisting in the environment as [[plastic pollution]]. Plastic pollution can be [[Marine plastic pollution|found in all the world's major water bodies]], for example, creating [[garbage patch]]es in all of the world's oceans and contaminating terrestrial ecosystems. Of all the plastic discarded so far, some 14% has been incinerated and less than 10% has been recycled.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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In developed economies, about a third of plastic is used in packaging and roughly the same in buildings in applications such as [[piping]], [[plumbing]] or [[vinyl siding]].<ref name="Applications" /> Other uses include automobiles (up to 20% plastic<ref name="Applications" />), furniture, and toys.<ref name="Applications" /> In the developing world, the applications of plastic may differ; 42% of India's consumption is used in packaging.<ref name="Applications" /> In the medical field, polymer implants and other medical devices are derived at least partially from plastic. Worldwide, about 50&nbsp;kg of plastic is produced annually per person, with production doubling every ten years.<br />
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The world's first fully synthetic plastic was [[Bakelite]], invented in New York in 1907, by [[Leo Baekeland]],<ref name="Landmark">{{cite web|last1=American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks|title=Bakelite: The World's First Synthetic Plastic|url=http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/bakelite.html|access-date=23 February 2015}}</ref> who coined the term "plastics".<ref name="Edgar and Edgar 2009">{{Cite book | vauthors = Edgar D, Edgar R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9WGar3yxsAC&q=Baekeland+coined&pg=PA11 |title=Fantastic Recycled Plastic: 30 Clever Creations to Spark Your Imagination|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60059-342-0 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Dozens of different types of plastics are produced today, such as [[polyethylene]], which is widely used in [[product packaging]], and [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC), used in construction and pipes because of its strength and durability. Many chemists have contributed to the [[materials science]] of plastics, including [[Nobel laureate]] [[Hermann Staudinger]], who has been called "the father of [[polymer chemistry]]" and [[Herman Francis Mark|Herman Mark]], known as "the father of [[polymer physics]]".<ref name="Teegarden 2004">{{Cite book | vauthors = Teegarden DM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qFQ5OuKoy8C&q=%22father+of+polymer%22&pg=PA58 |title=Polymer Chemistry: Introduction to an Indispensable Science |publisher=NSTA Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-87355-221-9 |via=Google Books}}</ref><br />
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==Etymology==<br />
The word ''[[wikt:plastic|plastic]]'' derives from the Greek πλαστικός (''plastikos'') meaning "capable of being shaped or [[Molding (process)|molded]]," and in turn from πλαστός (''plastos'') meaning "molded."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plastikos |script-title=el:πλαστι^κ-ός |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2383506 |access-date=2011-07-01 |website=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon}}</ref> As a [[noun]] the word most commonly refers to the solid products of petrochemical-derived manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plastic |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=plastic |access-date=2021-07-29 |website=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref><br />
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The noun ''plasticity'' refers specifically here to the deformability of the materials used in the manufacture of plastics. Plasticity allows molding, extrusion or compression into a variety of shapes: films, fibers, plates, tubes, bottles and boxes, among many others. [[Plasticity (physics)|Plasticity]] also has a technical definition in materials science outside the scope of this article referring to the non-reversible change in form of solid substances.<br />
<br />
== Structure ==<br />
{{See also|Polymer}}Most plastics contain [[Organic compound|organic]] polymers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnccCgAAQBAJ&q=most+plastics+contain+organic+compounds&pg=PA52|title=General Chemistry| vauthors = Ebbing D, Gammon SD |date=2016|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-88729-9|language=en}}</ref> The vast majority of these polymers are formed from chains of carbon atoms, with or without the attachment of oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms. These chains comprise many [[repeat unit|repeating units]] formed from [[monomer]]s. Each polymer chain consists of several thousand repeating units. The [[backbone chain|backbone]] is the part of the chain that is on the ''main path'', linking together a large number of repeat units. To customize the properties of a plastic, different molecular groups called [[side chains]] hang from this backbone; they are usually hung from the monomers before the monomers themselves are linked together to form the polymer chain. The structure of these side chains influences the properties of the polymer.<br />
<br />
==Properties and classifications==<br />
Plastics are usually classified by the chemical structure of the polymer's backbone and side chains. Important groups classified in this way include the [[acryl group|acrylics]], [[polyester]]s, [[silicones]], [[polyurethanes]], and [[halocarbon|halogenated plastics]]. Plastics can be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis, such as [[condensation reaction|condensation]], [[polyaddition]], and [[cross-link]]ing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classification of Plastics |url=http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C06/C06Links/qlink.queensu.ca/~6jrt/chem210/Page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215124919/http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C06/C06Links/qlink.queensu.ca/~6jrt/chem210/Page3.html |archive-date=2007-12-15 |access-date=2011-07-01 |website=Joanne and Steffanie's Plastics Web Site |language=en}}</ref> They can also be classified by their physical properties, including [[hardness]], [[density]], [[tensile strength]], [[thermal resistance]], and [[glass transition temperature]]. Plastics can additionally be classified by their resistance and reactions to various substances and processes, such as exposure to organic solvents, [[oxidation]], and [[ionizing radiation]].<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Kent R |title=Periodic Table of Polymers |url=http://www.pcn.org/Technical%20Notes%20-%20Periodic%20Table%20of%20Polymers.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703034726/http://www.pcn.org/Technical%20Notes%20-%20Periodic%20Table%20of%20Polymers.htm |archive-date=2008-07-03 |website=Plastics Consultancy Network |language=en}}</ref> Other classifications of plastics are based on qualities relevant to manufacturing or product design for a particular purpose. Examples include [[thermoplastics]], [[thermosetting polymer|thermosets]], [[conductive polymers]], [[biodegradable plastics]], [[engineering plastic]]s and [[elastomer]]s.<br />
<br />
===Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers===<br />
[[File:Melted plastic.jpg|thumb|This plastic handle from a kitchen utensil has been deformed by heat and partially melted|272x272px]]<br />
One important classification of plastics is the degree to which the chemical processes used to make them are reversible or not.<br />
<br />
Thermoplastics do not undergo chemical change in their composition when heated and thus can be molded repeatedly. Examples include polyethylene (PE), [[polypropylene]] (PP), [[polystyrene]] (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Composition and Types of Plastic |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0860420.html |url-status=dead |website=Infoplease |language=en |access-date=2009-09-29 |archive-date=2012-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015093623/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0860420.html }}</ref><br />
<br />
Thermosets, or thermosetting polymers, can melt and take shape only once: after they have solidified, they stay solid.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Gilleo K |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_2qLoLA_tgC&q=%C2%A0Thermosets,+or+thermosetting+polymers,+can+melt+and+take+shape+only+once |title=Area Array Packaging Processes: For BGA, Flip Chip, and CSP |date=2004 |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |isbn=978-0-07-142829-3 |language=en |via=Google Books}}</ref> If reheated, thermosets decompose rather than melt. In the thermosetting process, an irreversible chemical reaction occurs. The [[vulcanization]] of rubber is an example of this process. Before heating in the presence of sulfur, natural rubber ([[polyisoprene]]) is a sticky, slightly runny material; after vulcanization, the product is dry and rigid.<br />
<br />
===Amorphous plastics and crystalline plastics===<br />
Many plastics are completely [[amorphous]] (without a highly ordered molecular structure),<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Kutz M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWg-rchM700C&q=many+plastics+completely+amorphous&pg=PA336 |title=Handbook of Materials Selection |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-471-35924-1 |language=en |via=Google Books}}</ref> including thermosets, polystyrene, and [[polymethyl methacrylate|methyl methacrylate]] (PMMA). [[Crystalline]] plastics exhibit a pattern of more regularly spaced atoms, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), and polyether ether ketone (PEEK). However, some plastics are partially amorphous and partially crystalline in molecular structure, giving them both a melting point and one or more glass transitions (the temperature above which the extent of localized molecular flexibility is substantially increased). These so-called [[Crystallization of polymers|semi-crystalline]] plastics include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamides (nylons), polyesters and some polyurethanes.<br />
<br />
===Conductive polymers===<br />
{{Main|Conductive polymer}}<br />
[[Conductive polymers|Intrinsically Conducting Polymers]] (ICP) are organic polymers that conduct electricity. While a conductivity of up to 80 kS/cm in stretch-oriented [[polyacetylene]],<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Heeger AJ, Kivelson S, Schrieffer JR, Su WP |date=1988 |title=Solitons in Conducting Polymers |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=781–850 |bibcode=1988RvMP...60..781H |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.60.781}}</ref> has been achieved, it does not approach that of most metals. For example, copper has a conductivity of several hundred kS/cm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Properties of Copper |url=https://copperalliance.org.uk/about-copper/copper-alloys/properties-copper/ |website=Copper Development Association |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Biodegradable plastics and bioplastics===<br />
====Biodegradable plastics====<br />
{{Main|Biodegradable plastic}}<br />
[[Biodegradable]] plastics are plastics that degrade (break down) upon exposure to sunlight or [[ultra-violet radiation]]; water or dampness; bacteria; enzymes; or wind abrasion. Attack by insects, such as waxworms and mealworms, can also be considered as forms of biodegradation. [[aerobic digestion|Aerobic]] degradation requires that the plastic be exposed at the surface, whereas [[anaerobic digestion|anaerobic]] degradation would be effective in landfill or composting systems. Some companies produce [[biodegradable additives]] to enhance biodegradation. Although starch powder can be added as a filler to allow some plastics to degrade more easily, such treatment does not lead to complete breakdown. Some researchers have [[Genetic engineering|genetically engineered]] bacteria to synthesize completely biodegradable plastics, such as polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB); however, these are relatively costly as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Brandl H, Püchner P |date=1992 |title=Biodegradation Biodegradation of Plastic Bottles Made from 'Biopol' in an Aquatic Ecosystem Under In Situ Conditions |journal=Biodegradation |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=237–43 |doi=10.1007/BF00114555 |s2cid=37486324}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Bioplastics====<br />
{{Main|Bioplastic}}<br />
While most plastics are produced from petrochemicals, [[bioplastics]] are made substantially from renewable plant materials like cellulose and starch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/tools/biochemical-opportunities-in-the-uk-nnfcc-08-008 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-03-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720183608/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/tools/biochemical-opportunities-in-the-uk-nnfcc-08-008 |archive-date=2011-07-20 }}</ref> Due both to the finite limits of fossil fuel reserves and to [[Climate change|rising levels of greenhouse gases]] caused primarily by the burning of those fuels, the development of bioplastics is a growing field.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://packagingeurope.com/bioplastics-growth-report/#:~:text=Packaging%20remains%20the%20largest%20field,total%20bioplastics%20market%20in%202019.&text=According%20to%20the%20report%2C%20global,2.4%20million%20tonnes%20in%202024.|title=Bioplastics industry shows dynamic growth|date=5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bioplasticsmagazine.com/en/news/meldungen/20181130-becoming-employed.php|title=Becoming Employed in a Growing Bioplastics Industry - bioplastics MAGAZINE|website=www.bioplasticsmagazine.com}}</ref> Global production capacity for bio-based plastics is estimated at 327,000 tonnes per year. In contrast, global production of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), the world's leading petrochemical-derived polyolefins, was estimated at over 150 million tonnes in 2015.<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Galie F |title=Global Market Trends and Investments in Polyethylene and Polyproplyene|url=https://www.icis.com/globalassets/documents/forms/ppf-pdf/global_trends_whitepaper_pp_pe.pdf|access-date=16 December 2017|work=ICIS Whitepaper|publisher=Reed business Information, Inc.|date=November 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plastic industry==<br />
The plastic industry includes the global production, [[Plastic compounding|compounding]], [[Converters (industry)|conversion]] and sale of plastic products. Although the [[Middle East]] and [[Russia]] produce most of the required [[petrochemical]] raw materials; the production of plastic is concentrated in the global East and West. The plastic industry comprises a huge number of companies and can be divided into several sectors:<br />
<br />
===Production===<br />
9.2 billion tonnes of plastic are estimated to have been made between 1950 and 2017, with more than half this having been produced since 2004. Since the birth of the plastic industry in the 1950s, global production has increased enormously, reaching 400 million tonnes in 2021 up from 381 million metric tonnes in 2015 (excluding additives).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Geyer2017>{{cite journal |last1=Geyer |first1=Roland |last2=Jambeck |first2=Jenna R. |last3=Law |first3=Kara Lavender |title=Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made |journal=Science Advances |date=July 2017 |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=e1700782 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1700782 |pmid=28776036 |pmc=5517107 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E0782G |doi-access=free}}</ref> From the 1950s rapid growth occurred in the use of plastics for packaging, in building and construction, and in other sectors.<ref name=":0" /> If global trends on plastic demand continue, it is estimated that by 2050 annual global plastic production will reach over 1,100 million tonnes.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| width = 160<br />
| header = Polypropylene plants<br />
| image1 = Slovnaft - new polypropylene plant PP3.JPG<br />
| alt1 = A Slovnaft facility in Bratislava, Slovakia<br />
| caption1 = A [[Slovnaft]] facility in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]]<br />
| image2 = Ilham Aliyev, Italian President Sergio Mattarella attended inauguration of polypropylene plant constructed in Sumgayit Chemical Industrial Park under SOCAR Polymer project 32.jpg<br />
| alt2 = A SOCAR Polymer polypropylene plant in Sumgayit, Azerbaijan <br />
| caption2 = A SOCAR Polymer polypropylene plant in [[Sumgayit Chemical Industrial Park|Sumgayit]], [[Azerbaijan]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Image frame <br />
|width=600<br />
| align=left<br />
| caption=Annual global plastic production 1950–2015.<ref name=Geyer2017 /> Vertical lines denote the [[1973–1975 recession]] and the [[financial crisis of 2007–2008]] which caused brief reductions in plastic production.<br />
| content = {{Graph:Chart<br />
| width=500<br />
| height=250<br />
|vAnnotatonsLine=1975,2008<br />
|vAnnotatonsLabel=,<br />
| xGrid=<br />
| yGrid=<br />
| xAxisTitle=<br />
| yAxisTitle=Million metric tonnes<br />
| type=line<br />
| x=1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015<br />
| y=2,2,2,3,3,4,5,5,6,7,8,9,11,13,15,17,20,23,27,32,35,38,44,51,52,46,54,59,64,71,70,72,73,80,86,90,96,104,110,114,120,124,132,137,151,156,168,180,188,202,213,218,231,241,256,263,280,295,281,288,313,325,338,352,367,381<br />
| <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
{{clear}}<br />
Plastics are produced in chemical plants by the [[polymerization]] of their starting materials ([[monomers]]); which are almost always [[petrochemical]] in nature. Such facilities are normally large and are visually similar to [[Oil refinery|oil refineries]], with sprawling pipework running throughout. The large size of these plants allows them to exploit [[economies of scale]]. Despite this, plastic production is not particularly monopolized, with about 100 companies accounting for 90% of global production.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 100 Producers: The Minderoo Foundation |url=https://www.minderoo.org/plastic-waste-makers-index/data/indices/producers/ |website=www.minderoo.org |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref> This includes a mixture of private and state-owned enterprises. Roughly half of all production takes place in East Asia, with China being the largest single producer. Major international producers include:<br />
<br />
{{align|left|<br />
*[[Dow Chemical]]<br />
*[[LyondellBasell]]<br />
*[[Exxonmobil]]<br />
*[[SABIC]]<br />
*[[BASF]]<br />
*[[Sibur]]<br />
*[[Shin-Etsu Chemical]]<br />
*[[Indorama Ventures]]<br />
*[[Sinopec]]<br />
*[[Braskem]]<br />
}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto"<br />
|+ Global plastic production (2020)<ref name=PlasEU>{{cite web |url=https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/5716/0752/4286/AF_Plastics_the_facts-WEB-2020-ING_FINAL.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! Region !! Global production<br />
|-<br />
| China || 31%<br />
|-<br />
| Japan || 3%<br />
|-<br />
| Rest of Asia || 17%<br />
|-<br />
| [[NAFTA]] || 19%<br />
|-<br />
| Latin America || 4%<br />
|-<br />
| Europe || 16%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] || 3%<br />
|-<br />
| Middle East & Africa || 7%<br />
|}<br />
Historically, [[Europe]] and [[North America]] have dominated global plastics production. However, since 2010 Asia has emerged as a significant producer, with [[China]] accounting for 31% of total plastic resin production in 2020.<ref name=PlasEU /> Regional differences in the volume of plastics production are driven by user demand, the price of fossil fuel feedstocks, and investments made in the petrochemical industry. For example, since 2010 over US$200 billion has been invested in the United States in new plastic and chemical plants, stimulated by the low cost of raw materials. In the [[European Union]] (EU), too, heavy investments have been made in the plastics industry, which employs over 1.6 million people with a turnover of more than 360 billion euros per year. In China in 2016 there were over 15,000 plastic manufacturing companies, generating more than US$366 billion in revenue.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In 2017 the global plastics market was dominated by [[thermoplastic]]s– polymers that can be melted and recast. Thermoplastics include [[polyethylene]] (PE), [[polyethylene terephthalate]] (PET), [[polypropylene]] (PP), [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC), [[polystyrene]] (PS) and synthetic fibres, which together represent 86% of all plastics.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
===Compounding===<br />
[[File:Compounding-en.png|thumb|right|450px|Plastic compounding scheme for a [[thermosoftening]] material]]<br />
<br />
Plastic is not sold as a pure unadulterated substance, but is instead mixed with various chemicals and other materials, which are collectively known as additives. These are added during the [[Plastic compounding|compounding]] stage and include substances such as [[polymer stabilizers|stabilizers]], [[plasticizer]]s and [[dye]]s, which are intended to improve the lifespan, workability or appearance of the final item. In some cases, this can involve mixing different types of plastic together to form a [[polymer blend]], such as [[high impact polystyrene]]. Large companies may do their own compounding prior to production, but some producers have it done by a third party. Companies that specialize in this work are known as Compounders.<br />
<br />
The compounding of thermosetting plastic is relatively straightforward; as it remains liquid until it is [[Curing (chemistry)|cured]] into its final form. For thermosoftening materials, which are used to make the majority of products, it is necessary to melt the plastic in order to mix-in the additives. This involves heating it to anywhere between {{Convert|150-320|C|F|round=5}}. Molten plastic is viscous and exhibits [[laminar flow]], leading to poor mixing. Compounding is therefore done using extrusion equipment, which is able to supply the necessary heat and mixing to give a properly dispersed product.<br />
<br />
The concentrations of most additives are usually quite low, however high levels can be added to create [[Masterbatch]] products. The additives in these are concentrated but still properly dispersed in the host resin. Masterbatch granules can be mixed with cheaper bulk polymer and will release their additives during processing to give a [[homogeneous]] final product. This can be cheaper than working with a fully compounded material and is particularly common for the introduction of colour.<br />
<br />
===Converting===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| direction = Horizontal<br />
| total_width = 400<br />
| header = <br />
| image1 = Plastic Injection Molding.webm<br />
| alt1 = See caption<br />
| caption1 = Short video on injection molding (9 min 37 s)<br />
| image2 = Blow molding process.jpg<br />
| alt2 = See caption <br />
| caption2 = Blow molding a plastic drinks bottle<br />
}}<br />
Companies that produce finished goods are known as [[Converters (industry)|converters]] (sometimes processors). The vast majority of plastics produced worldwide are thermosoftening and must be heated until molten in order to be molded. Various sorts of [[Plastic extrusion|extrusion]] equipment exist which can then form the plastic into almost any shape.<br />
<br />
*[[Film blowing machine|Film blowing]] - Plastic films (carrier bags, sheeting)<br />
*[[Blow molding]] - Thin-walled hollow objects in large quantities (drinks bottles, toys)<br />
*[[Rotational molding]] - Thick-walled hollow objects ([[Intermediate bulk container|IBC tanks]])<br />
*[[Injection molding machine|Injection molding]] - Solid objects (phone cases, keyboards) <br />
*[[Spinning (polymers)|Spinning]] - Produces fibers ([[nylon]], [[spandex]] etc.)<br />
<br />
For thermosetting materials the process is slightly different, as the plastics are liquid to begin with and but must be [[Curing (chemistry)|cured]] to give solid products, but much of the equipment is broadly similar.<br />
<br />
The most commonly produced plastic consumer products include packaging made from [[Low-density polyethylene|LDPE]] (e.g. bags, containers, food packaging film), containers made from [[High-density polyethylene|HDPE]] (e.g. milk bottles, shampoo bottles, ice cream tubs), and [[Polyethylene terephthalate|PET]] (e.g. bottles for water and other drinks). Together these products account for around 36% of plastics use in the world. Most of them (e.g. disposable cups, plates, cutlery, takeaway containers, carrier bags) are used for only a short period, many for less than a day. The use of plastics in building and construction, textiles, transportation and electrical equipment also accounts for a substantial share of the plastics market. Plastic items used for such purposes generally have longer life spans than. They may be in use for periods ranging from around five years (e.g. textiles and electrical equipment) to more than 20 years (e.g. construction materials, industrial machinery).<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Plastic consumption differs among countries and communities, with some form of plastic having made its way into most people's lives. North America (i.e. the North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTA region) accounts for 21% of global plastic consumption, closely followed by China (20%) and Western Europe (18%). In North America and Europe there is high per capita plastic consumption (94&nbsp;kg and 85&nbsp;kg/capita/year, respectively). In China there is lower per capita consumption (58&nbsp;kg/capita/year), but high consumption nationally because of its large population.<ref name=":0" />{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==Types of plastics==<br />
===Commodity plastics===<br />
[[File:Plastics Summary.svg|right|250px|thumb|Chemical structures and uses of some common plastics]]<br />
<br />
Around 70% of global production is concentrated in six major polymer types, the so-called [[commodity plastics]]. Unlike most other plastics these can often be identified by their [[resin identification code]] (RIC):<br />
:[[File:Symbol Resin Code 01 PET.svg|35px]] [[Polyethylene terephthalate]] (PET or PETE)<br />
:[[File:Symbol Resin Code 02 PE-HD.svg|35px]] [[High-density polyethylene]] (HDPE or PE-HD)<br />
:[[File:Symbol Resin Code 03 PVC.svg|35px]] [[Polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC or V)<br />
:[[File:Symbol Resin Code 04 PE-LD.svg|35px]] [[Low-density polyethylene]] (LDPE or PE-LD),<br />
:[[File:Symbol Resin Code 05 PP.svg|35px]] [[Polypropylene]] (PP)<br />
:[[File:Symbol Resin Code 06 PS.svg|35px]] [[Polystyrene]] (PS)<br />
<br />
[[Polyurethane]]s (PUR) and PP&A fibres<ref name=PP&A>PP&A stand for [[polyester]], [[polyamide]] and [[acrylate polymers]]; all of which are used to make [[synthetic fibres]]. Care should be taken not to confuse it with [[polyphthalamide]] (PPA)</ref> are often also included as major commodity classes, although they usually lack RICs, as they are chemically quite diverse groups. These materials are inexpensive, versatile and easy to work with, making them the preferred choice for the [[mass production]] everyday objects. Their biggest single application is in packaging, with some 146 million tonnes being used this way in 2015, equivalent to 36% of global production. Due to their dominance; many of the properties and problems commonly associated with plastics, such as [[plastic pollution|pollution]] stemming from their poor [[biodegradability]], are ultimately attributable to commodity plastics.<br />
<br />
A huge number of plastics exist beyond the commodity plastics, with many having exceptional properties.<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
{{div flex row|align-items=center}}<br />
{{Graph:Chart<br />
| width=110<br />
| height=110<br />
| type=pie<br />
| legend=Polymer<br />
| x=LDPE,HDPE,PP,PS,PVC,PET,PUR,PP&A Fibers,All Others,Additives<br />
| y1=0.157,0.128,0.167,0.061,0.093,0.081,0.066,0.145,0.039,0.061<br />
| showValues=format:.1%,offset:5<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:55em; margin: 1em auto"<br />
|+Global plastic production by polymer type (2015)<ref name=Geyer2017 /><br />
|-<br />
! Polymer !! Production (Mt) !! Percentage of all plastics !! Polymer type !! Thermal character<br />
|- <br />
|Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) || 64 || 15.7% || Polyolefin || Thermoplastic<br />
|-<br />
|High-density polyethylene (HDPE) || 52 || 12.8% ||Polyolefin || Thermoplastic<br />
|-<br />
|polypropylene (PP) || 68 || 16.7% || Polyolefin || Thermoplastic<br />
|-<br />
|Polystyrene (PS) || 25|| 6.1% || Unsaturated polyolefin || Thermoplastic<br />
|-<br />
|Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) || 38 || 9.3% || Halogenated || Thermoplastic<br />
|-<br />
|Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) || 33 || 8.1% || Condensation || Thermoplastic<br />
|-<br />
|Polyurethane (PUR) || 27 || 6.6% || Condensation || Thermoset<ref>The majority of polyurethanes are thermosets, however some thermoplastics are also produced, for instance [[spandex]]</ref><br />
|-<br />
|PP&A Fibers<ref name=PP&A/> || 59 || 14.5% || Condensation || Thermoplastic <br />
|-<br />
| All Others || 16 || 3.9% || Various || Varies<br />
|-<br />
| Additives || 25 || 6.1% || - || -<br />
|-<br />
| '''Total''' || '''407''' || '''100%''' || - || -<br />
|}<br />
{{div flex row end}}<br />
<br />
===Engineering plastics===<br />
[[Engineering plastic]]s are more robust and are used to make products such as vehicle parts, building and construction materials, and some machine parts. In some cases they are [[polymer blend]]s formed by mixing different plastics together (ABS, HIPS etc.). Engineering plastics can replace metals in vehicles, reducing their weight, with a 10% reduction improving fuel efficiency by 6-8%. Roughly 50% of the volume of modern cars is made of plastic but this only accounts for 12-17% of the vehicle weight.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plastic Recycling Factsheet |url=https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/euric_-_plastic_recycling_fact_sheet.pdf |publisher=EuRIC - European Recycling Industries’ Confederation |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene]] (ABS): electronic equipment cases (e.g. computer monitors, printers, keyboards) and drainage pipe<br />
*[[High impact polystyrene]] (HIPS): refrigerator liners, food packaging and vending cups<br />
*[[Polycarbonate]] (PC): compact discs, eyeglasses, [[riot shield]]s, security windows, traffic lights, and lenses<br />
*Polycarbonate + acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC + ABS): a blend of PC and ABS that creates a stronger plastic used in car interior and exterior parts, and in mobile phone bodies<br />
*Polyethylene + acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PE + ABS): a slippery blend of PE and ABS used in low-duty dry bearings<br />
*[[Acrylic glass|Polymethyl methacrylate]] (PMMA) ([[acrylic polymer|acrylic]]): contact lenses (of the original "hard" variety), glazing (best known in this form by its various trade names around the world; e.g. [[Perspex]], Plexiglas, and Oroglas), fluorescent-light diffusers, and rear light covers for vehicles. It also forms the basis of artistic and commercial [[acrylic paints]], when suspended in water with the use of other agents.<br />
*[[Silicone]]s (polysiloxanes): heat-resistant resins used mainly as sealants but also used for high-temperature cooking utensils and as a base resin for industrial paints<br />
*[[Urea-formaldehyde]] (UF): one of the aminoplasts used as a multi-colorable alternative to phenolics: used as a wood adhesive (for plywood, chipboard, hardboard) and electrical switch housings<br />
<br />
===High-performance plastics===<br />
[[High-performance plastics]] are usually expensive, with their use limited to specialised applications which make use of their superior properties.<br />
<br />
*[[Aramid]]s: best known for their use in making [[body armor]], this class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers are also used in aerospace and military applications, includes [[Kevlar]] and [[Nomex]], and [[Twaron]].<br />
*[[Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene]]s<br />
*[[Polyetheretherketone]] (PEEK): strong, chemical- and heat-resistant thermoplastic; its [[biocompatibility]] allows for use in medical implant applications and aerospace moldings. It is one of the most expensive commercial polymers.<br />
*[[Polyetherimide]] (PEI) (Ultem): a high-temperature, chemically stable polymer that does not crystallize<br />
*[[Polyimide]]: a high-temperature plastic used in materials such as [[Kapton]] tape<br />
*[[Polysulfone]]: high-temperature melt-processable resin used in membranes, filtration media, water heater dip tubes and other high-temperature applications<br />
*[[Polytetrafluoroethylene]] (PTFE), or [[Teflon]]: heat-resistant, low-friction coatings used in non-stick surfaces for frying pans, plumber's tape and water slides<br />
*[[Polyamide-imide]] (PAI): High-performance engineering plastic extensively used in high performance gears, switches, transmission and other automotive components, and aerospace parts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euroshore.com.my/about/industries/aerospace-plastics/ |title=Polymers in aerospace applications |publisher=Euroshore |access-date=2021-06-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:PET Bottle Water.jpg|PET water bottle<br />
File:Shampoo1.jpg|High density polythene (HDPE) is used sturdy containers; Transparent ones may be made of PET<br />
File:Pulling on the hood of the Tyveck suit (5429334133).jpg|Disposable suits; nonwoven HDPE fabric<br />
File:Registered Mail Royal Mail - Great Britain-Germany 2017 - envelope front side.jpg|Plastic mailing envelopes (hdpe)<br />
File:1682478-poster-1280-plasticbags.jpg|Clear plastic bags (shown) are made of low density polythene (LDPE); blown-film shopping bags with handles are now made of HDPE<br />
File:A Ziploc bag made from LDPE.jpg|A Ziploc bag made from LDPE<br />
File:Kinder Joy 01.jpg|[[Kinder Joy]] shell made of polypropylene<br />
File:Red Polypropylene Chair with Stainless Steel Structure.JPG|A polypropylene chair<br />
File:Hanoi Vietnam The-omnipresent-plastic-chairs-01.jpg|Stools of hdpe<br />
File:Polistirolo.JPG|Expanded polystyrene foam ("Thermocol")<br />
File:Styrofoam-grey-board.jpg|Extruded polystyrene foam ("Styrofoam")<br />
File:LDPE Foam.jpg|A piece of [[Cushioning|packaging foam]] made from LDPE<br />
File:Urethane sponge1.jpg|A kitchen sponge made of polyurethane foam<br />
File:Frying pan.jpeg|Non-stick cookware made of Teflon<br />
File:IPhone 5c blue back.jpg|[[IPhone 5C|iPhone 5c]], a smartphone with a polycarbonate unibody shell<br />
File:KelpAquarium.jpg|10m deep Monterey Bay Aquarium tank has [[acrylic glass|acrylic]] windows up to 33&nbsp;cm thick to withstand the [[Fluid statics#Hydrostatic pressure|water pressure]]<br />
File:Plastic tubing.jpg|alt=|PVC pipes <br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Applications==<br />
The largest application for plastics is as packaging materials, but they are used in a wide range of other sectors, including: construction (pipes, gutters, door and windows), textiles ([[stretch fabric|stretchable fabrics]], [[Polar fleece|fleece]]), consumer goods (toys, tableware, toothbrushes), transportation (headlights, bumpers, [[body panel]]s, [[wing mirror]]s), electronics (phones, computers, televisions) and as machine parts.<ref name=Geyer2017 /><br />
<br />
{{align|left|<br />
{{Graph:Chart<br />
| width=600<br />
| height=300<br />
| yAxisTitle=Million metric tonnes<br />
| type=rect<br />
| x=Packaging,Construction,Other sectors,Textiles,Consumer products,Transportation,Electronics,Industrial Machinery<br />
| xAxisAngle=+30<br />
| xAxisTitle=Primary plastic production by industrial sector 2015<br />
| y1=146<br />
| y2=,65<br />
| y3=,,59<br />
| y4=,,,47<br />
| y5=,,,,42<br />
| y6=,,,,,27<br />
| y7=,,,,,,18<br />
| y8=,,,,,,,3<br />
|showValues = offset:4<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Break|2}}<br />
{{Graph:Chart<br />
| width=110<br />
| height=110<br />
| type=pie<br />
| x=Packaging,Construction,Other sectors,Textiles,Consumer products,Transportation,Electronics,Industrial Machinery<br />
| y1=0.358722359,0.15970516,0.144963145,0.115479115,0.103194103,0.066339066,0.044226044,0.007371007<br />
| showValues=format:.0%,offset:6<br />
}}<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==Additives==<br />
Additives are chemicals blended into plastics to change their performance or appearance, making it possible to alter the properties of plastics to better suit their intended applications.<ref name="Additive-rev">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hahladakis JN, Velis CA, Weber R, Iacovidou E, Purnell P | title = An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling | journal = Journal of Hazardous Materials | volume = 344 | pages = 179–199 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29035713 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marturano |first1=Valentina |last2=Cerruti |first2=Pierfrancesco |last3=Ambrogi |first3=Veronica |title=Polymer additives |journal=Physical Sciences Reviews |date=27 June 2017 |volume=2 |issue=6 |page=130 |doi=10.1515/psr-2016-0130|bibcode=2017PhSRv...2..130M |s2cid=199059895 }}</ref> Additives are therefore one of the reasons why plastic is used so widely.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pfaendner |first1=Rudolf |title=How will additives shape the future of plastics? |journal=Polymer Degradation and Stability |date=September 2006 |volume=91 |issue=9 |pages=2249–2256 |doi=10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.10.017}}</ref> Plastics are composed of chains of polymers. Many different chemicals are used as plastic additives. A randomly chosen plastic product generally contains around 20 additives. The identities and concentrations of additives are generally not listed on products.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In the EU, over 400 additives are used in high volumes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mapping exercise – Plastic additives initiative - ECHA |url=https://echa.europa.eu/mapping-exercise-plastic-additives-initiative |website=echa.europa.eu |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> 5500 additives were found in a global market analysis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wiesinger |first1=Helene |last2=Wang |first2=Zhanyun |last3=Hellweg |first3=Stefanie |date=2021-07-06 |title=Deep Dive into Plastic Monomers, Additives, and Processing Aids |journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]] |volume=55 |issue=13 |pages=9339–9351 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c00976|bibcode=2021EnST...55.9339W |hdl=20.500.11850/495854 |s2cid=235597312 }}</ref> At a minimum all plastic contains some [[polymer stabilisers]] which permit them to be melt-processed (moulded) without suffering [[polymer degradation]]. Other additives are optional and can be added as required, with loadings varying significantly between applications. The amount of additives contained in plastics varies depending on the additives’ function. For example, additives in [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC) can constitute up to 80% of the total volume.<ref name=":0" /> Pure unadulterated plastic (barefoot resin) is never sold, even by the primary producers.<br />
<br />
=== Leaching ===<br />
Additives may be weakly bound to the polymers or react in the polymer matrix. Although additives are blended into plastic they remain chemically distinct from it, and can gradually leach back out during normal use, when in landfills, or following improper disposal in the environment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emission Scenario Documents: N°3 Plastic Additives (2004, revised in 2009) |url=https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2004)8/rev1&doclanguage=en |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref> Additives may also degrade to form other toxic molecules. Plastic fragmentation into microplastics and nanoplastics can allow chemical additives to move in the environment far from the point of use. Once released, some additives and derivatives may persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in organisms. They can have adverse effects on human health and biota. A recent review by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) revealed that out of 3,377 chemicals potentially associated with plastic packaging and 906 likely associated with it, 68 were ranked by ECHA as “highest for human health hazards” and 68 as “highest for environmental hazards”.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Recycling ===<br />
{{Main|Plastic recycling}}<br />
As additives change the properties of plastics they have to be considered during recycling. Presently, almost all recycling is performed by simply remelting and reforming used plastic into new items. Additives present risks in recycled products, as they are difficult to remove. When plastic products are recycled, it is highly likely that the additives will be integrated into the new products. Waste plastic, even if it is all of the same polymer type, will contain varying types and amounts of additives. Mixing these together can give a material with inconsistent properties, which can be unappealing to industry. For example, mixing different coloured plastics with different [[plastic colorant]]s together can produce a discoloured or brown material and for this reason plastic is usually sorted by both polymer type and color before recycling.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Absence of transparency and reporting across the value chain often results in lack of knowledge concerning the chemical profile of the final products. For example, products containing brominated flame retardants have been incorporated into new plastic products. Flame retardants are a group of chemicals used in electronic and electrical equipment, textiles, furniture and construction materials which should not be present in food packaging or child care products. A recent study found brominated dioxins as unintentional contaminants in toys made from recycled plastic electronic waste that contained brominated flame retardants. Brominated dioxins have been found to exhibit toxicity similar to that of chlorinated dioxins. They can have negative developmental effects and negative effects on the nervous system and interfere with mechanisms of the endocrine system.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Health effects ===<br />
Many of the controversies associated with plastics actually relate to their additives, as some compounds can be persistent, [[Bioaccumulation|bioaccumulating]] and potentially harmful.<ref name="Ullmann">{{cite journal |last1=Elias |first1=Hans-Georg |last2=Mülhaupt |first2=Rolf |title=Plastics, General Survey, 1. Definition, Molecular Structure and Properties |journal=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=14 April 2015 |pages=1–70 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a20_543.pub2|isbn=9783527306732 }}</ref><ref name="Transportandrelease">{{cite journal | vauthors = Teuten EL, Saquing JM, Knappe DR, Barlaz MA, Jonsson S, Björn A, Rowland SJ, Thompson RC, Galloway TS, Yamashita R, Ochi D, Watanuki Y, Moore C, Viet PH, Tana TS, Prudente M, Boonyatumanond R, Zakaria MP, Akkhavong K, Ogata Y, Hirai H, Iwasa S, Mizukawa K, Hagino Y, Imamura A, Saha M, Takada H | display-authors = 6 | title = Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 364 | issue = 1526 | pages = 2027–45 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19528054 | pmc = 2873017 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2008.0284 }}</ref><ref name="Additive-rev" /> The now banned flame retardants [[OctaBDE]] and [[PentaBDE]] are an example of this, while the health effects of [[phthalate]]s are an ongoing area of public concern. Additives can also be problematic if waste is burned, especially when burning is uncontrolled or takes place in low- technology incinerators, as is common in many developing countries. Incomplete combustion can cause emissions of hazardous substances such as acid gases and ash which can contain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as [[Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds|dioxins]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
A number of additives identified as hazardous to humans and/or the environment are regulated internationally. The [[Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants]] (POPs) is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have harmful impacts on human health or on the environment.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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Other additives proven to be harmful such as [[cadmium]], [[chromium]], [[lead]] and [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] (regulated under the [[Minamata Convention on Mercury]]), which have previously been used in plastic production, are banned in many jurisdictions. However they are still routinely found in some plastic packaging including food packaging. The use of the additive [[bisphenol A]] (BPA) in plastic baby bottles is banned in many parts of the world, but is not restricted in some low-income countries.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Types of additive ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Additive type !! Typical concentration when present (%)<ref name="Additive-rev" /> !! Description !! Example compounds !! Comment !! Share of global additive production (by weight)<ref name=Geyer2017 /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Plasticizer]]s || 10–70 || Plastics can be brittle, adding some plasticizer makes them more durable, adding lots makes them flexible || [[Phthalate]]s are the dominant class, safer alternatives include [[adipate]] esters ([[Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate|DEHA]], [[Dioctyl adipate|DOA]]) and [[citrate]] esters ([[acetyltributylcitrate|ATBC]] and [[triethyl citrate|TEC]]) || 80–90 % of world production is used in PVC, much of the rest is used in [[cellulose acetate]]. For most products loadings are between 10 and 35%, high loadings are used for [[plastisol]]s || 34%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Flame retardant]]s || 1-30 || Being petrochemicals, most plastics burn readily, flame retardants can prevent this || [[Brominated flame retardants]], [[chlorinated paraffins]] || Non-chlorinated [[organophosphate]]s are ecologically safer, though often less efficient || 13%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Heat stabilizer]]s || 0.3-5 || Prevents heat related degradation || Traditionally derivatives of lead, cadmium & tin. Safer modern alternatives include barium/zinc mixtures and [[calcium stearate]], along with various synergists || Almost exclusively used in PVC. || 5%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filler (materials)|Fillers]] || 0-50 || Changes appearance and mechanical properties, can reduce price || [[Calcium carbonate]] "chalk", [[talc]], glass beads, [[carbon black]]. Also reinforcing fillers like [[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers|carbon-fiber]] || Most [[Opacity (optics)|opaque]] plastic contains fillers. High levels can also protect against UV rays. || 28%<br />
|-<br />
| Impact modifiers || 10-40 || Improved toughness and resistance to damage<ref>{{cite journal |title=Impact modifiers: how to make your compound tougher |journal=Plastics, Additives and Compounding |date=May 2004 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=46–49 |doi=10.1016/S1464-391X(04)00203-X}}</ref> || Typically some other [[elastomeric]] polymer, e.g. rubbers, styrene copolymers || [[Chlorinated polyethylene]] is used for PVC || 5%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Antioxidant]]s || 0.05–3 || Protects against degradation during processing || [[Phenols]], [[phosphite ester]]s, certain [[thioethers]] || The most widely used type of additives, all plastics will contain [[polymer stabilisers]] of some sort || 6%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Colorant]]s || 0.001-10 || Imparts colour || Numerous dyes or pigments || || 2%<br />
|-<br />
| Lubricants || 0.1-3 || Assists in molding the plastic, includes processing aids (or flow aids), [[release agent]]s, slip additives || [[Paraffin wax]], [[wax ester]]s, metal stearates (i.e. [[zinc stearate]]), long-chain [[fatty acid amide]]s ([[oleamide]], erucamide) || || 2%<br />
|-<br />
| Light stabilizers || 0.05–3 || Protects against UV damage || [[Hindered amine light stabilizers|HALS]], UV blockers and quenchers || Normally only used for items itended for outdoor use || 1%<br />
|-<br />
| Other || || Various || Antimicrobials, antistatics, [[blowing agent]]s, [[nucleating agent]]s || || 4%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Toxicity==<br />
Pure plastics have low toxicity due to their insolubility in water, and because they have a large molecular weight, they are biochemically inert. Plastic products contain a variety of additives, however, some of which can be toxic.<ref name=additives>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hahladakis JN, Velis CA, Weber R, Iacovidou E, Purnell P | title = An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling | journal = Journal of Hazardous Materials | volume = 344 | pages = 179–199 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29035713 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014 | doi-access = free }}{{open access}}</ref> For example, plasticizers like [[adipate]]s and [[phthalate]]s are often added to brittle plastics like PVC to make them pliable enough for use in food packaging, toys, and many other items. Traces of these compounds can leach out of the product. Owing to concerns over the effects of such [[leachate]]s, the EU has restricted the use of [[Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate|DEHP]] (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and other phthalates in some applications, and the US has limited the use of DEHP, [[Dibutyl phthalate|DPB]], [[Benzyl butyl phthalate|BBP]], [[Diisononyl phthalate|DINP]], [[Diisodecyl phthalate|DIDP]], and [[Di(n-octyl) phthalate|DnOP]] in children's toys and child-care articles through the [[Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act]]. Some compounds leaching from polystyrene food containers have been proposed to interfere with hormone functions and are suspected human carcinogens (cancer-causing substances).<ref name="NationalGeographic" /> Other chemicals of potential concern include [[alkylphenol]]s.<ref name=Transportandrelease/><br />
<br />
While a finished plastic may be non-toxic, the monomers used in the manufacture of its parent polymers may be toxic. In some cases, small amounts of those chemicals can remain trapped in the product unless suitable processing is employed. For example, the [[World Health Organization]]'s [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC) has recognized [[vinyl chloride]], the precursor to PVC, as a human carcinogen.<ref name="NationalGeographic">{{cite web| vauthors = McRandle PW |title = Plastic Water Bottles|publisher = [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|date = March–April 2004|url = http://www.thegreenguide.com/doc/101/plastic|access-date = 2007-11-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Bisphenol A (BPA)===<br />
{{See also|Health effects of Bisphenol A}}<br />
Some plastic products degrade to chemicals with [[estrogen]]ic activity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang CZ, Yaniger SI, Jordan VC, Klein DJ, Bittner GD | title = Most plastic products release estrogenic chemicals: a potential health problem that can be solved | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 119 | issue = 7 | pages = 989–96 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21367689 | pmc = 3222987 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.1003220 }}</ref> The primary building block of polycarbonates, [[bisphenol A]] (BPA), is an estrogen-like [[endocrine disruptor]] that may leach into food.<ref name="NationalGeographic" /> Research in [[Environmental Health Perspectives]] finds that BPA leached from the lining of tin cans, [[dental sealant]]s and polycarbonate bottles can increase the body weight of lab animals' offspring.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rubin BS, Murray MK, Damassa DA, King JC, Soto AM | title = Perinatal exposure to low doses of bisphenol A affects body weight, patterns of estrous cyclicity, and plasma LH levels | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 109 | issue = 7 | pages = 675–80 | date = July 2001 | pmid = 11485865 | pmc = 1240370 | doi = 10.2307/3454783 | jstor = 3454783 }}</ref> A more recent animal study suggests that even low-level exposure to BPA results in insulin resistance, which can lead to inflammation and heart disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alonso-Magdalena P, Morimoto S, Ripoll C, Fuentes E, Nadal A | title = The estrogenic effect of bisphenol A disrupts pancreatic beta-cell function in vivo and induces insulin resistance | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 114 | issue = 1 | pages = 106–12 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16393666 | pmc = 1332664 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.8451 | url = http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2005/8451/abstract.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090119022220/http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2005/8451/abstract.html | archive-date = 2009-01-19 }}</ref> As of January 2010, the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is spending $30 million to investigate indications of BPA's link to cancer.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Zajac A |date=2010-01-16 |title=FDA Issues BPA Guidelines |language=en |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jan-16-la-na-fda-bpa16-2010jan16-story.html |access-date=2021-07-29}}</ref> [[Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate]], present in plastic wrap based on PVC, is also of concern, as are the [[volatile organic compounds]] present in [[new car smell]]. The EU has a permanent ban on the use of phthalates in toys. In 2009, the US government banned certain types of phthalates commonly used in plastic.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = McCormick LW | url = http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2009/10/pirg_lead_tests.html | title = More Kids' Products Found Containing Unsafe Chemicals | work = ConsumerAffairs.com | date = 30 October 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Environmental effects==<br />
[[File:More Plastic in the Ocean than Fish Infographic.png|thumb|A communication campaign infographic showing that there will be more plastic in the oceans than fish by 2050]]<br />
{{See also|Plastic pollution|Marine debris|Great Pacific garbage patch}}<br />
Because the chemical structure of most plastics renders them durable, they are resistant to many natural degradation processes. Much of this material may persist for centuries or longer, given the demonstrated persistence of structurally similar natural materials such as [[amber]].<br />
<br />
There are differing estimates of how much plastic waste has been produced in the last century. By one estimate, one billion tons of plastic waste have been discarded since the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Weisman A |title=The world without us|date=2007|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4434-0008-4}}</ref> Others estimate a cumulative human production of 8.3 billion tons of plastic, of which 6.3 billion tons is waste, with only 9% getting recycled.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL | title = Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made | journal = Science Advances | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = e1700782 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28776036 | pmc = 5517107 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.1700782 | bibcode = 2017SciA....3E0782G }}</ref><br />
<br />
It is estimated that this waste is made up of 81% polymer resin, 13% polymer fibres and 32% additives. In 2018 more than 343 million tonnes of plastic waste were generated, 90% of which was composed of post-consumer plastic waste (industrial, agricultural, commercial and municipal plastic waste). The rest was pre-consumer waste from resin production and manufacturing of plastic products (e.g. materials rejected due to unsuitable colour, hardness, or processing characteristics).<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The [[Ocean Conservancy]] reported that China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam dump more plastic into the sea than all other countries combined.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Leung H |title=Five Asian Countries Dump More Plastic Into Oceans Than Anyone Else Combined: How You Can Help |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahleung/2018/04/21/five-asian-countries-dump-more-plastic-than-anyone-else-combined-how-you-can-help/#1d663de71234 |access-date=23 June 2019 |work=[[Forbes]] |date=21 April 2018 |language=en |quote=China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam are dumping more plastic into oceans than the rest of the world combined, according to a 2017 report by Ocean Conservancy}}</ref> The rivers Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and Mekong "transport 88% to 95% of the global [plastics] load into the sea."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmidt C, Krauth T, Wagner S | title = Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea | journal = Environmental Science & Technology | volume = 51 | issue = 21 | pages = 12246–12253 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29019247 | doi = 10.1021/acs.est.7b02368 | bibcode = 2017EnST...5112246S | url = http://oceanrep.geomar.de/43169/4/es7b02368_si_001.pdf | quote = The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Franzen H |title=Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers |url=https://p.dw.com/p/2oTF6 |access-date=18 December 2018 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=30 November 2017 |quote=It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that order).}}</ref>{{Verify quote|date=February 2021|type=quote punctuation|text=Should the full stop in this quote be placed outside of it instead? See Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation for more information.}}<br />
<br />
The presence of plastics, particularly [[microplastics]], within the food chain is increasing. In the 1960s microplastics were observed in the guts of seabirds, and since then have been found in increasing concentrations.<ref name=Accumulation/> The long-term effects of plastics in the food chain are poorly understood. In 2009 it was estimated that 10% of modern waste was plastic,<ref name=PlasticAge/> although estimates vary according to region.<ref name="Accumulation">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barnes DK, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M | title = Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 364 | issue = 1526 | pages = 1985–98 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19528051 | pmc = 2873009 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2008.0205 }}</ref> Meanwhile, 50% to 80% of debris in marine areas is plastic.<ref name=Accumulation/> Plastic is often used in agriculture. There is more plastic in the soil that in the oceans. The presence of plastic in the environment hurt ecosystems and human health.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carrington |first1=Damian |title='Disastrous' plastic use in farming threatens food safety – UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/07/disastrous-plastic-use-in-farming-threatens-food-safety-un |access-date=8 December 2021 |agency=The Guardian |date=7 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Research on the environmental impacts has typically focused on the disposal phase. However, the production of plastics is also responsible for substantial environmental, health and socioeconomic impacts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cabernard|first1=Livia|last2=Pfister|first2=Stephan|last3=Oberschelp|first3=Christopher|last4=Hellweg|first4=Stefanie|date=2021-12-02|title=Growing environmental footprint of plastics driven by coal combustion|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-021-00807-2|journal=Nature Sustainability|volume=5 |issue=2 |language=en|pages=139–148|doi=10.1038/s41893-021-00807-2|s2cid=244803448|issn=2398-9629}}</ref><br />
<br />
Prior to the [[Montreal Protocol]], [[Chlorofluorocarbon|CFCs]] had been commonly used in the manufacture of the plastic polystyrene, the production of which had contributed to depletion of the [[ozone layer]].<br />
<br />
Efforts to reduce environmental effects of plastics may include reduction of plastics production and use, waste- and recycling-policies, and the proactive development and deployment of [[List of alternatives to plastics|alternatives to plastics]] such as for [[sustainable packaging]].<br />
<br />
=== Microplastics ===<br />
{{Excerpt|Microplastics}}<br />
<br />
===Decomposition of plastics===<br />
{{main|Polymer degradation}}<br />
Plastics [[polymer degradation|degrade]] by a variety of processes, the most significant of which is usually [[Photo-oxidation of polymers|photo-oxidation]]. Their chemical structure determines their fate. Polymers' [[Plastic degradation by marine bacteria|marine degradation]] takes much longer as a result of the saline environment and cooling effect of the sea, contributing to the persistence of plastic debris in certain environments.<ref name="Accumulation" /> Recent studies have shown, however, that plastics in the ocean decompose faster than had been previously thought, due to exposure to the sun, rain, and other environmental conditions, resulting in the release of toxic chemicals such as [[bisphenol A]]. However, due to the increased volume of plastics in the ocean, decomposition has slowed down.<ref name="ScienceDaily">{{cite web |last1= American Chemical Society |title=Plastics In Oceans Decompose, Release Hazardous Chemicals, Surprising New Study Says|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090819234651.htm|website=Science Daily|publisher=Science Daily|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> The Marine Conservancy has predicted the decomposition rates of several plastic products: It is estimated that a foam plastic cup will take 50 years, a plastic beverage holder will take 400 years, a [[disposable nappy|disposable diaper]] will take 450 years, and fishing line will take 600 years to degrade.<ref name="Plastic Pollution">{{cite web|url=http://plastic-pollution.org/|title=When The Mermaids Cry: The Great Plastic Tide| vauthors = Le Guern C |date=March 2018|website=Coastal Care|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405071834/http://plastic-pollution.org/|archive-date=5 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=10 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Microbial species capable of degrading plastics are known to science, some of which are potentially useful for disposal of certain classes of plastic waste.<br />
*In 1975, a team of Japanese scientists studying ponds containing waste water from a nylon factory discovered a strain of ''[[Flavobacterium]]'' that digests certain byproducts of [[nylon 6]] manufacture, such as the linear dimer of [[Aminocaproic acid|6-aminohexanoate]].<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Kinoshita S, Kageyama S, Iba K, Yamada Y, Okada H |date=1975 |title=Utilization of a Cyclic Dimer and Linear Oligomers of E-Aminocaproic Acid by Achromobacter Guttatus |journal=Agricultural and Biological Chemistry |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1219–1223 |doi=10.1271/bbb1961.39.1219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nylon 4 (polybutyrolactam) can be degraded by the ND-10 and ND-11 strands of ''Pseudomonas sp.'' found in sludge, resulting in GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) as a byproduct.<ref name="pmid19865515" /><br />
*Several species of soil fungi can consume polyurethane,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Russell JR, Huang J, Anand P, Kucera K, Sandoval AG, Dantzler KW, Hickman D, Jee J, Kimovec FM, Koppstein D, Marks DH, Mittermiller PA, Núñez SJ, Santiago M, Townes MA, Vishnevetsky M, Williams NE, Vargas MP, Boulanger LA, Bascom-Slack C, Strobel SA | display-authors = 6 | title = Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 77 | issue = 17 | pages = 6076–84 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21764951 | pmc = 3165411 | doi = 10.1128/aem.00521-11 | bibcode = 2011ApEnM..77.6076R }}</ref> including two species of the Ecuadorian fungus ''[[Pestalotiopsis]]''. They can consume polyurethane both aerobically and anaerobically (such as at the bottom of landfills).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Russell JR, Huang J, Anand P, Kucera K, Sandoval AG, Dantzler KW, Hickman D, Jee J, Kimovec FM, Koppstein D, Marks DH, Mittermiller PA, Núñez SJ, Santiago M, Townes MA, Vishnevetsky M, Williams NE, Vargas MP, Boulanger LA, Bascom-Slack C, Strobel SA | display-authors = 6 | title = Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 77 | issue = 17 | pages = 6076–84 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21764951 | pmc = 3165411 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.00521-11 | bibcode = 2011ApEnM..77.6076R }}</ref><br />
*Methanogenic microbial consortia degrade styrene, using it as a carbon source.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceaa-acee.gc.ca/050/documents/56647/56647E.pdf |title=Deep Geologic Repository Project |website=Ceaa-acee.gc.ca |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref> ''[[Pseudomonas putida]]'' can convert [[styrene]] oil into various biodegradable plastic|biodegradable [[polyhydroxyalkanoates]].<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Roy R |url=http://www.livescience.com/technology/060307_styrofoam_cup.html |title=Immortal Polystyrene Foam Meets its Enemy |website=Livescience.com |date=2006-03-07 |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ward PG, Goff M, Donner M, Kaminsky W, O'Connor KE | title = A two step chemo-biotechnological conversion of polystyrene to a biodegradable thermoplastic | journal = Environmental Science & Technology | volume = 40 | issue = 7 | pages = 2433–7 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16649270 | doi = 10.1021/es0517668 | bibcode = 2006EnST...40.2433W }}</ref><br />
*Microbial communities isolated from soil samples mixed with starch have been shown to be capable of degrading polypropylene.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cacciari I, Quatrini P, Zirletta G, Mincione E, Vinciguerra V, Lupattelli P, Giovannozzi Sermanni G | title = Isotactic polypropylene biodegradation by a microbial community: physicochemical characterization of metabolites produced | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 59 | issue = 11 | pages = 3695–700 | date = November 1993 | pmid = 8285678 | pmc = 182519 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.59.11.3695-3700.1993 | bibcode = 1993ApEnM..59.3695C | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
*The fungus ''[[Aspergillus fumigatus]]'' effectively degrades plasticized PVC.<ref name="Ishtiaq_2011">{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Thesis/3362H.pdf |vauthors=Ishtiaq AM |title=Microbial Degradation of Polyvinyl Chloride Plastics |publisher=Quaid-i-Azam University |location=Islamabad |year=2011 |pages= |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=2013-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224083944/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Thesis/3362H.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|45–46}} ''[[Phanerochaete chrysosporium]]'' has been grown on PVC in a mineral salt agar.<ref name="Ishtiaq_2011" />{{rp|76}}</ref> ''P. chrysosporium'', ''[[Lentinus tigrinus]]'', ''[[Aspergillus niger|A. niger]]'', and ''[[Aspergillus sydowii|A. sydowii]]'' can also effectively degrade PVC.<ref name="Ishtiaq_2011" />{{rp|122}}<br />
*Phenol-formaldehyde, commonly known as Bakelite, is degraded by the white rot fungus ''P. chrysosporium''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gusse AC, Miller PD, Volk TJ | title = White-rot fungi demonstrate first biodegradation of phenolic resin | journal = Environmental Science & Technology | volume = 40 | issue = 13 | pages = 4196–9 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16856735 | doi = 10.1021/es060408h | bibcode = 2006EnST...40.4196G }}</ref><br />
*''[[Acinetobacter]]'' has been found to partially degrade low-molecular-weight polyethylene [[oligomers]].<ref name="pmid19865515">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tokiwa Y, Calabia BP, Ugwu CU, Aiba S | title = Biodegradability of plastics | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | pages = 3722–42 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19865515 | pmc = 2769161 | doi = 10.3390/ijms10093722 | doi-access = free | author-link = Yutaka Tokiwa }}</ref> When used in combination, ''[[Pseudomonas fluorescens]]'' and ''[[Sphingomonas]]'' can degrade over 40% of the weight of plastic bags in less than three months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://woohooreport.com/2009/09/wci-student-isolates-microbe-that-lunches-on-plastic-bags/|publisher=The Record.com|title=CanadaWorld – WCI student isolates microbe that lunches on plastic bags|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718081923/http://woohooreport.com/2009/09/wci-student-isolates-microbe-that-lunches-on-plastic-bags/|archive-date=2011-07-18}}</ref> The thermophilic bacterium ''[[Brevibacillus borstelensis]]'' (strain 707) was isolated from a soil sample and found capable of using low-density [[polyethylene]] as a sole carbon source when incubated at 50&nbsp;°C. Pre-exposure of the plastic to ultraviolet radiation broke chemical bonds and aided biodegradation; the longer the period of UV exposure, the greater the promotion of the degradation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hadad D, Geresh S, Sivan A | title = Biodegradation of polyethylene by the thermophilic bacterium Brevibacillus borstelensis | journal = Journal of Applied Microbiology | volume = 98 | issue = 5 | pages = 1093–100 | date = 2005 | pmid = 15836478 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02553.x | s2cid = 2977246 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
*Hazardous molds have been found aboard space stations that degrade rubber into a digestible form.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2007/11may_locad3/| vauthors = Bell TE |year=2007|title=Preventing "Sick" Spaceships }}</ref><br />
*Several species of yeasts, bacteria, algae and lichens have been found growing on synthetic polymer artifacts in museums and at archaeological sites.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cappitelli F, Sorlini C | title = Microorganisms attack synthetic polymers in items representing our cultural heritage | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 74 | issue = 3 | pages = 564–9 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18065627 | pmc = 2227722 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.01768-07 | bibcode = 2008ApEnM..74..564C }}</ref><br />
*In the plastic-polluted waters of the [[Sargasso Sea]], bacteria have been found that consume various types of plastic; however, it is unknown to what extent these bacteria effectively clean up poisons rather than simply release them into the marine microbial ecosystem.<br />
*Plastic-eating microbes also have been found in landfills.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Zaikab GD |date=March 2011 |title=Marine Microbes Digest Plastic |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110328/full/news.2011.191.html |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news.2011.191}}</ref><br />
*''[[Nocardia]]'' can degrade PET with an esterase enzyme.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}<br />
*The fungus ''[[Geotrichum candidum]]'', found in Belize, has been found to consume the polycarbonate plastic found in CDs.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Bosch X |date=2001 |title=Fungus Eats CD |url=http://www.nature.com/news/1998/010628/full/news010628-11.html |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news010628-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2001 |title=Fungus 'Eats' CDs |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1402533.stm}}</ref><br />
*[[Futuro]] houses are made of fiberglass-reinforced polyesters, polyester-polyurethane, and PMMA. One such house was found to be harmfully degraded by ''Cyanobacteria'' and ''Archaea''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cappitelli F, Principi P, Sorlini C | title = Biodeterioration of modern materials in contemporary collections: can biotechnology help? | journal = Trends in Biotechnology | volume = 24 | issue = 8 | pages = 350–4 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16782219 | doi = 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.06.001 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rinaldi A | title = Saving a fragile legacy. Biotechnology and microbiology are increasingly used to preserve and restore the world's cultural heritage | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 7 | issue = 11 | pages = 1075–9 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17077862 | pmc = 1679785 | doi = 10.1038/sj.embor.7400844 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:TriagemDeLixo.jpg|thumb|Manual material triage for recycling.]]<br />
<br />
===Recycling===<br />
{{Excerpt|Plastic recycling}}<br />
<br />
=== Climate change ===<br />
According to one report, plastic contributed [[greenhouse gas]]es in the equivalent of 850 million tons of [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) to the atmosphere in 2019. Emissions could grow to 1.34 billion tons by 2030. By 2050, plastic could emit 56 billion tons of greenhouse gas emissions, as much as 14% of the earth's remaining [[Emissions budget|carbon budget]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sweeping New Report on Global Environmental Impact of Plastics Reveals Severe Damage to Climate|url=https://www.ciel.org/news/plasticandclimate/|access-date=16 May 2019|website=Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) | date = 15 May 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The effect of plastics on global warming is mixed. Plastics are generally made from petroleum, thus the production of plastics creates further emissions. However, due to the lightness and durability of plastic versus glass or metal, plastic may reduce energy consumption. For example, packaging beverages in PET plastic rather than glass or metal is estimated to save 52% in transportation energy.<ref name=Applications/><br />
<br />
===Production of plastics===<br />
Production of plastics from crude oil requires 7.9 to 13.7 kWh/lb (taking into account the average efficiency of US utility stations of 35%). Producing silicon and semiconductors for modern electronic equipment is even more energy consuming: 29.2 to 29.8 kWh/lb for silicon, and about 381 kWh/lb for semiconductors.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = De Decker K | veditors = Grosjean V | date = June 2009 |title=The monster footprint of digital technology|url=http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2009/06/embodied-energy-of-digital-technology.html|access-date=2017-04-18|publisher=Low-Tech Magazine}}</ref> This is much higher than the energy needed to produce many other materials. For example, to produce iron (from iron ore) requires 2.5-3.2 kWh/lb of energy; glass (from sand, etc.) 2.3–4.4 kWh/lb; steel (from iron) 2.5–6.4 kWh/lb; and paper (from timber) 3.2–6.4 kWh/lb.<ref>{{cite web|date=2014-12-26|title=How much energy does it take (on average) to produce 1 kilogram of the following materials?|url=http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/what-is-the-embodied-energy-of-materials.html|access-date=2017-04-18|publisher=Low-Tech Magazine}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Incineration of plastics===<br />
Controlled high-temperature [[incineration]], above 850&nbsp;°C for two seconds,{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} performed with selective additional heating, breaks down toxic dioxins and furans from burning plastic, and is widely used in municipal solid waste incineration. Municipal solid waste incinerators also normally include flue gas treatments to reduce pollutants further. This is needed because uncontrolled incineration of plastic produces polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, a carcinogen (cancer causing chemical). The problem occurs because the heat content of the waste stream varies.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Halden RU | title = Plastics and health risks | journal = Annual Review of Public Health | volume = 31 | pages = 179–94 | date = 2010 | pmid = 20070188 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Open-air burning of plastic occurs at lower temperatures, and normally releases such [[toxicity|toxic]] fumes.<br />
<br />
===Pyrolytic disposal===<br />
Plastics can be [[Pyrolysis#Waste management|pyrolyzed]] into [[alkane|hydrocarbon]] fuels, since plastics include hydrogen and carbon. One kilogram of waste plastic produces roughly a liter of hydrocarbon.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Narayanan S | url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/12/19/stories/2005121900140300.htm | title = The Zadgaonkars turn carry-bags into petrol! | work = The Hindu | date = 12 December 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109220245/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/12/19/stories/2005121900140300.htm | access-date = 1 July 2011 | archive-date = 2012-11-09 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{See also|Timeline of plastic development}}<br />
The development of plastics has evolved from the use of naturally plastic materials (e.g., [[Natural gum|gums]] and [[shellac]]) to the use of the chemical modification of those materials (e.g., natural rubber, [[cellulose]], [[collagen]], and [[Casein|milk proteins]]), and finally to completely synthetic plastics (e.g., bakelite, epoxy, and PVC). Early plastics were bio-derived materials such as egg and blood proteins, which are [[organic polymers]]. In around 1600 BC, [[Mesoamerican]]s used natural rubber for balls, bands, and figurines.<ref name=Applications>{{cite journal | vauthors = Andrady AL, Neal MA | title = Applications and societal benefits of plastics | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 364 | issue = 1526 | pages = 1977–84 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19528050 | pmc = 2873019 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2008.0304 }}</ref> Treated cattle horns were used as windows for lanterns in the [[Middle Ages]]. Materials that mimicked the properties of horns were developed by treating milk proteins with lye. In the nineteenth century, as chemistry developed during the [[Industrial Revolution]], many materials were reported. The development of plastics accelerated with [[Charles Goodyear]]'s 1839 discovery of [[vulcanization]] to harden natural rubber.<br />
<br />
[[File:Alexander Parkes Blue Plaque.jpg|thumb|left|Plaque commemorating Parkes at the Birmingham Science Museum]]<br />
[[Parkesine]], invented by Alexander Parkes in 1855 and patented the following year,<ref>{{cite book|last=UK Patent office|title=Patents for inventions|year=1857|publisher=UK Patent office|page=255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nCoU-2tAx8C&pg=PA255}}</ref> is considered the first man-made plastic. It was manufactured from cellulose (the major component of plant cell walls) treated with [[nitric acid]] as a solvent. The output of the process (commonly known as cellulose nitrate or pyroxilin) could be dissolved in alcohol and hardened into a transparent and elastic material that could be molded when heated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ce/celluloid.html |title=Dictionary – Definition of celluloid |publisher=Websters-online-dictionary.org |access-date=2011-10-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211220823/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ce/celluloid.html |archive-date=2009-12-11 }}</ref> By incorporating pigments into the product, it could be made to resemble ivory. Parkesine was unveiled at the [[1862 International Exhibition]] in London and garnered for Parkes the bronze medal.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Fenichell S |title=Plastic : the making of a synthetic century|date=1996|publisher=HarperBusiness|location=New York|isbn=978-0-88730-732-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/plasticmakingofs00feni/page/17 17]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/plasticmakingofs00feni}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1893, French chemist Auguste Trillat discovered the means to insolubilize [[casein]] (milk proteins) by immersion in formaldehyde, producing material marketed as [[galalith]].<ref name="ganoksin" /> In 1897, mass-printing press owner Wilhelm Krische of Hanover, Germany, was commissioned to develop an alternative to blackboards.<ref name="ganoksin">{{cite web|url=http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/milk-stone.htm|title=Jewelry Stone Make of Milk| vauthors = Trimborn C |publisher=GZ Art+Design|date=August 2004|access-date=2010-05-17}}</ref> The resultant horn-like plastic made from casein was developed in cooperation with the Austrian chemist (Friedrich) Adolph Spitteler (1846–1940). Although unsuitable for the intended purpose, other uses would be discovered.<ref name="ganoksin" /><br />
<br />
The world's first fully synthetic plastic was [[Bakelite]], invented in New York in 1907 by [[Leo Baekeland]],<ref name="Landmark"/> who coined the term ''plastics''.<ref name="Edgar and Edgar 2009" /> Many chemists have contributed to the [[materials science]] of plastics, including Nobel laureate [[Hermann Staudinger]], who has been called "the father of [[polymer chemistry]]," and [[Herman Francis Mark|Herman Mark]], known as "the father of [[polymer physics]]."<ref name="Teegarden 2004" /><br />
<br />
After World War I, improvements in chemistry led to an explosion of new forms of plastics, with mass production beginning in the 1940s and 1950s.<ref name=PlasticAge>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thompson RC, Swan SH, Moore CJ, vom Saal FS | title = Our plastic age | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 364 | issue = 1526 | pages = 1973–6 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19528049 | pmc = 2874019 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2009.0054 }}</ref> Among the earliest examples in the wave of new polymers were polystyrene (first produced by [[BASF]] in the 1930s)<ref name=Applications/> and polyvinyl chloride (first created in 1872 but commercially produced in the late 1920s).<ref name=Applications/> In 1923, Durite Plastics, Inc., was the first manufacturer of phenol-furfural resins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.furan.com/furfural_historical_overview.html|title=Historical Overview and Industrial Development|website=International Furan Chemicals, Inc.|access-date=4 May 2014}}</ref> In 1933, polyethylene was discovered by [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] (ICI) researchers Reginald Gibson and Eric Fawcett.<ref name=Applications/><br />
<br />
The discovery of polyethylene terephthalate is credited to employees of the [[Calico Printers' Association]] in the UK in 1941; it was licensed to [[DuPont]] for the US and ICI otherwise, and as one of the few plastics appropriate as a replacement for glass in many circumstances, resulting in widespread use for bottles in Europe.<ref name=Applications/> In 1954 polypropylene was discovered by [[Giulio Natta]] and began to be manufactured in 1957.<ref name=Applications/> Also in 1954 expanded polystyrene (used for building insulation, packaging, and cups) was invented by [[Dow Chemical]].<ref name=Applications/><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Corn construction]]<br />
* [[Film]]s<br />
* [[Light activated resin]]<br />
* [[Microplastics|Nurdle]]<br />
* [[Molding (process)]]<br />
** [[Injection molding]]<br />
** [[Rotational molding]]<br />
* [[Organic light emitting diode]]<br />
* [[Plastic film]]<br />
* [[Plastic recycling]]<br />
* [[Plastics engineering]]<br />
* [[Plastics extrusion]]<br />
* [[Plasticulture]]<br />
* [[Biodegradable plastic]]<br />
* [[Bioplastic]]<br />
* [[:Category:Organisms breaking down plastic|Organisms breaking down plastic]]<br />
* [[Progressive bag alliance]]<br />
* [[Refill (scheme)]]<br />
* [[Roll-to-roll processing]]<br />
* [[Self-healing plastic]]<br />
* [[Thermal cleaning]]<br />
* [[Thermoforming]]<br />
* [[Timeline of materials technology]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* ''Substantial parts of this text originated from'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20070810225820/http://www.vectorsite.net/ttplast.html An Introduction to Plastics v1.0] ''by Greg Goebel (1 March 2001), which is in the public domain''.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
{{Free-content attribution<br />
| title = Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics<br />
| publisher = United Nations Environment Programme<br />
| documentURL = https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics<br />
| license statement URL = https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Environment_Programme_Drowning_in_Plastics_%E2%80%93_Marine_Litter_and_Plastic_Waste_Vital_Graphics.pdf<br />
| license = Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Plastics}}<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* {{cite web | url = http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8008.htm | title = J. Harry Dubois Collection on the History of Plastics, ca. 1900–1975 | work = Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060212130150/http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8008.htm | archive-date = 2006-02-12 }}<br />
* {{cite web | url = http://www.plasticsintl.com/sortable_materials.php?display=mechanical | title = Material Properties of Plastics – Mechanical, Thermal & Electrical Properties | work = Plastics International | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170324052637/http://www.plasticsintl.com/sortable_materials.php?display=mechanical | archive-date = 2017-03-24 }}<br />
* {{cite web | url = http://www.plastiquarian.com/ | title = Plastics Historical Society }}<br />
* {{cite web | url = http://www.plasticsindustry.org/AboutPlastics/content.cfm?ItemNumber=670&navItemNumber=1117 | title = History of plastics, Society of the Plastics Industry | work = plasticsindustry.org | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090706054409/http://www.plasticsindustry.org/AboutPlastics/content.cfm?ItemNumber=670&navItemNumber=1117 | archive-date = 2009-07-06 }}<br />
* {{cite web | vauthors = Knight L | date = 17 May 2014| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27442625 | title = A brief history of plastics, natural and synthetic | work = BBC Magazine }}<br />
* {{cite web | url = http://www.tangram.co.uk/TI-Polymer-Timeline.html | title = Timeline of important milestone of plastic injection moulding and plastics | date = 27 June 2014<br />
| work = Tangram Technology Ltd }}<br />
<br />
{{Plastics}}<br />
{{Labeling}}<br />
{{Rubber}}<br />
{{Sculptures}}<br />
{{Human impact on the environment}}<br />
{{Technology topics}}<br />
{{HealthIssuesOfPlastics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plastics| ]]<br />
[[Category:Dielectrics]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light_Rail_(MTR)&diff=1101655433Light Rail (MTR)2022-08-01T04:35:36Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Added the official name "North-west Railway"</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hong Kong New Territories rail service}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Hong Kong Tramways|Light Rail Transit (Singapore)}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox rail line<br />
| box_width = auto<br />
| name = {{HK-MTR route title<br />
| engname = Light Rail<br />
| chiname = 輕鐵<br />
| line = Light Rail<br />
}}<br />
| logo = MTRlightrail.svg<br />
| logo_width = 100px<br />
| image = LRT 505 Siu Lun.JPG<br />
| image_width = 300px<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = MTR Light Rail at [[Siu Lun stop]]<br />
| type = [[Light rail]]<br />
| owner = [[Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation]]<br />
| system = [[MTR]]<br />
| locale = [[Districts of Hong Kong|Districts]]: [[Tuen Mun District|Tuen Mun]], [[Yuen Long District|Yuen Long]]<br />
| stations = 68<br />
| open = {{Start date and age|df=y|1988|9|18}}<br />
| close = <br />
| linelength = {{convert|36.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|sg|allk=on}}<br />
| electrification = 750 [[volt|V]] [[direct current|DC]] from [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]<br />
| map = {{Light Rail RDT}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
}}<br />
{{Chinese|t=輕鐵|s=轻铁|l=Light rail|p=Qīngtiě|y=Hīngtit|ci={{IPA-yue|héːŋ.tʰīːt̚|}}|j=Hing1tit3|poj=Kheng-thih|h=Khiâng-thiet|showflag=y}}<br />
[[File:MTR Light Rail network map en.svg|thumb|Light Rail network map]]<br />
[[File:Hong Kong Light Rail Geographical Map.png|thumb|Geographically accurate map of the Light Rail network]]<br />
[[File:StrassenbahnGleisplanTuenMun1996.png|thumb|Track layout diagram of the network in 1996]]<br />
<br />
The '''Light Rail''', also known as the '''Light Rail Transit''' ('''LRT'''), officially the '''North-West Railway'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap372E?_lang=en|title=Hong Kong e-Legislation Cap. 372E North-West Railway By-Laws|access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref>, is a [[light rail system]] in Hong Kong, serving the northwestern [[New Territories]], within [[Tuen Mun District]] and [[Yuen Long District]]. The system operates over {{RailGauge|1435 mm|al=on|allk=on}} [[Track gauge|gauge]] track, using 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[Overhead line|overhead]] power supply. It was once one of four systems comprising the [[Kowloon–Canton Railway|KCR]] network in Hong Kong, before the [[MTR–KCR merger]] in 2007. It has a daily ridership of about 483,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transport|url=http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/transport.pdf|website=Hong Kong: The Facts|publisher=Hong Kong Government|access-date=25 March 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Planning and commencement ===<br />
When [[Tuen Mun]] was developed in the 1970s, the [[Government of Hong Kong|Hong Kong government]] set aside space for the laying of [[rail tracks]]. There was uncertainty however as to which company would be chosen to build the railway. In 1982, [[Hong Kong Tramways]] showed interest in building the system and running [[aerial tramway|double-decker]] trams on it, before abandoning the project after negotiations over land premiums for related property development failed.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jim|first1=Timothy|title=LRT operator must pay $280m premium|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=26 February 1983}}</ref> The government sought another builder. The [[MTR Corporation|Mass Transit Railway Corporation]] (MTRC) was "heavily indebted" at the time, and so [[Secretary for Transport and Housing#History|Secretary for Transport]] [[Alan James Scott|Alan Scott]] invited the [[Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation]] (KCRC) to consider the project instead.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jim|first1=Timothy|title=KCR offered LRT system|work=South China Morning Post|date=23 November 1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jim|first1=Timothy|title=KCR to study Light Rail to NT|work=South China Morning Post|date=20 December 1983}}</ref> The KCRC announced they would build the system in 1984 to a budget of $1.5 billion, after investigating ways to improve commercial viability.{{sfn|Yeung|2008|p=171}} After some research, construction commenced on 14 July 1985.<br />
<br />
By that time, [[Kowloon Motor Bus]] (KMB) had developed its own network in Tuen Mun and Yuen Long, and there were about 10 routes serving within the districts internally, most of them profitable. However, the government introduced the concept of the "Light Rail Service Area" in both districts, within which the LRT would monopolise all public transport services, forcing the KMB to withdraw all internal bus services in favour of the Light Rail. It also forced the KMB to impose boarding and alighting restrictions for external routes. It was decided that services between town centres and settlements would be provided solely by the Light Rail, while feeder buses operated by the [[Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation|KCRC]] would connect remote sites to the network, replacing KMB's equivalent services where applicable.<br />
<br />
The system was completed and fully operational in September 1988. The first section was opened to the public on 14 September 1988, with free rides between Tuen Mun and Yuen Long; normal, all-day service began four days later, on 18 September.<ref name="mt-Jan89">Runnacles, T.V. (January 1989). "Tramway Developments in Hong Kong / Part 6: The Tuen Mun—Yuen Long LRT system". ''[[Tramways & Urban Transit|Modern Tramway & Light Rail Transit]]'', pp. 3–18. [[Ian Allan Publishing]]/[[Light Rail Transit Association]].</ref> The system consisted of two large and three small loops serving most of the [[public housing]] [[housing estate|estates]] in northern Tuen Mun. Three branches: one to On Ting Estate in the southeast, one to the [[Tuen Mun Ferry Pier]] in the southwest and another northern branch all the way into the town of [[Yuen Long]] along [[Castle Peak Road]]. It was then known as Light Rail Transit or LRT and is also called as the North-west Railway according to the Kowloon–Canton Railway Corporation Ordinance and Mass Transit Railway (North-west Railway) Bylaw.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cap 372 Kowloon–Canton Railway Corporation Ordinance|url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap372|website=Hong Kong e-Legislation|publisher=Department of Justice|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LCQ15: Mass Transit Railway By-laws and Mass Transit Railway (North-west Railway) Bylaw|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201505/13/P201505130392.htm|publisher=Legislative Council|date=13 May 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The transit system is the first and the only one in Hong Kong adopted zonal fare system. The feeder buses have fares independent of these zones, but provide discounts when passengers interchange between these buses and LRT. 70 single-deck LRVs were manufactured in [[Melbourne]] and [[Brisbane]], Australia by [[Commonwealth Engineering|Comeng]], to be shipped to Hong Kong for the seven LRT routes in the system.<ref>Dateline Hong Kong 8-8-88 ''[[Transit Australia]]'' January 1989 pages 3-10</ref> Three of the routes were to Yuen Long and the others were confined to Tuen Mun.<br />
<br />
===Extensions===<br />
The system's first extension came for the southern and eastern parts of Tuen Mun. The eastern extension branches off the main line south of [[Siu Hong stop]] and crosses the river that runs through Tuen Mun immediately with a flyover. The line then runs along Castle Peak Road to a road north of the town centre, where it climbs to another flyover and rejoins the main route. The northern end of this extension is still the only non-triangular junction in the entire system.<br />
<br />
The southern extension mainly consists of a route linking On Ting and Ferry Pier, on the newly [[Land reclamation in Hong Kong|reclaimed land]] near the [[river mouth]] of [[Tuen Mun River]], known as "Mouse Island" by locals. A short spur was also built from the extension to another terminus at Sam Shing Estate, located near [[Castle Peak Bay]]. Three LRT routes were diverted (route 505 was extended to Sam Shing) and one feeder bus route (route 559) discontinued as a result of these changes.<br />
<br />
[[Tin Shui Wai]] was originally an area with numerous [[fish pond]]s, but was developed as a residential new town in the early 1990s. With the increase of internal commuter traffic demand, an LRT spur was built north of [[Hung Shui Kiu stop]] that opened in 1993, with four stops serving the initial housing areas of the town. The area was further developed in the next few years and the line was extended by two stops: [[Chestwood stop|Chestwood]] and [[Tin Wing stop]] in 1995 (Tin Shui Wai Terminus was renamed [[Tin Wing stop|Tin Wing]] after the opening of [[West Rail line]]). Two LRT routes were established, route 720 (now 751) to [[Yau Oi stop|Yau Oi]] and route 721 (now 761P) to [[Yuen Long stop|Yuen Long]].<br />
<br />
===West Rail===<br />
The system remained essentially unchanged until the completion of the [[West Rail line|West Rail]] (now Tuen Ma line) in December 2003. Many changes were made, mainly around the new railway stations. The [[Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation|KCRC]] designed most railway stations in the LRT area to interchange with the new West Rail line. The idea was to encourage passengers to use the West Rail line instead of the Light Rail for longer journeys, thereby freeing up LRT vehicles for passengers making shorter journeys. For this purpose, an interchange discount system was launched with the introduction of the West Rail line system, meaning that passengers would pay no more (and in some cases less) to travel on West Rail line instead of the LRT for the main part of their journey. Although this most recent extension is the largest ever, no new vehicles were purchased. And although rearrangements were made, some infrequent and unreliable services resulted, causing passengers to blame the lack of vehicles and poor arrangement of new services.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PzMUSVcZ1M (8 December 2003)亞洲電視-輕鐵新支線第一個工作天], YouTube</ref> The KCRC has since modified the inside of some vehicles to allow more standing room for passengers during peak hours. They also made several route alterations to arrange them better.<br />
<br />
In addition to the reconfiguration of light rail tracks around the new West Rail stations, the system was extended to reach northern Tin Shui Wai to serve ongoing development there.<ref name="tswextensions">{{cite web |title=KCRC Light Rail Tin Shui Wai extensions to open on 7 December |url=http://www.kcrc.com/en/announcements/2003/031128b.html |publisher=Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation |date=28 November 2003}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Rolling stock===<br />
[[File:KCR Light Rail Route 751.jpg|thumb|Phase I LRV in KCR livery]]<br />
The system's vehicles consist of five different types of [[Light rail|LRVs]]. All LRVs are [[Uni-directional vehicle|uni-directional]] with driving cab on one side only, 20.2 metres long and have 3 sliding doors fitted on the left side (when facing the running direction from inside). This means that island platforms (except the triangular platform at [[Siu Hong stop]]) cannot be used at all in the LRT system and the termini have to feature [[Balloon loop|loops]] for LRVs to reverse in direction.<br />
<br />
Phase I LRVs were built by [[Commonwealth Engineering|Comeng]] and put in service in 1988. They are numbered 1001–1070 and accommodate 43 seated passengers and 161 standees. The driver's cab interior and exterior design was conceived for KCRC by [[Design Triangle]] in 1986. Phase II LRVs were built by [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company|Kawasaki]] and entered service in 1992. They are numbered 1071-1090/1201-1210 and accommodate 26 seated and 185 standees. Cars 1071–1090 are cab cars while 1201–1210 are cabless trailers. Phase III LRVs were built by [[UGL Rail|A Goninan]] and entered service in 1997. They are numbered 1091–1110 and accommodate 26 seated and 212 standees. Phase IV LRV's were manufactured by [[UGL Rail|United Group]] and [[CSR Group|CSR]] and entered service in December 2009. They are numbered 1111–1132 accommodate 37 seated and 248 standees. Phase I LRVs have two wheelchair positions while Phase II, III, IV and V LRVs have three positions. The newest Phase V LRV's were manufactured by [[CRRC Nanjing Puzhen]] and entered service on 17 November 2020.<ref>https://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/corporate/en/press_release/PR-16-067-E.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> They are numbered 1133-1162/1211-1220; 1133-1162 are cab cars while 1211-1220 are cabless trailer. 30 of these are set to replace existing Phase II LRVs, while the other 10 are for expansion.<br />
<br />
Traction systems for Phase I and II LRVs consist of [[Gate turn-off thyristor|GTO thyristor]] [[Chopper (electronics)|choppers]] and [[Direct current|DC]] [[traction motors]] provided by [[AEG]], while those for the Phase III, IV and V LRVs consist of 3-level [[IGBT]]–[[VVVF]] [[power inverter|inverters]] and asynchronous 3-phase [[Alternating current|AC]] traction motors provided by [[Mitsubishi Electric]]. The maximum speed for all LRVs is {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}}, although they rarely reach that speed because of the many grade crossings between stops and the close proximity between stops in Tuen Mun, Yuen Long and Tin Shui Wai.<br />
<br />
From the exterior it is difficult to differentiate between the first three types of LRVs. There are, however, distinct features that one can use to tell them apart; Phase III LRVs still retain their original green [[electronic displays]] while all other LRVs have new orange electronic displays. Phase I cars also have a wide window at the rear that can be opened in case of an emergency, while Phase II cars have a door at the back. The interior of the Phase III cars has a greenish look and the doors are also green. The Phase IV LRVs have a completely different appearance in contrast to the older phase. It has a white exterior livery with olive green and purple line on the side. The shape of the front of the LRV is more streamlined than the older phases. The door opening and closing mechanism was similar to the ones from the K-class cars used in the Tseung Kwan O line and Tung Chung line. The Phase IV has 3 surveillance cameras in each vehicle. Seat belts and wheelchair positions were also available in the Phase IV. On older-generation LRVs there is a perch seat but the Phase IVs do not maintain this feature. The refurbished Phase I LRVs have rounded rectangular windows while Phase IV LRVs have square ones.<br />
<br />
The Phase II LRVs will not be refurbished; upon the commissioning of 30 Phase V LRVs, this will see the Phase II LRVs phased out. The Phase III LRVs are expected to be rebuilt and repainted with a scheme similar to the Phase IV LRVs.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
<br />
File:LRT 761P Ping Shan.jpg|Comeng Phase I LRV car 1042<br />
File:LRT1016 615P.JPG|Comeng Phase I LRV refurbished car 1016<br />
File:Kcr lrt 1090+1205.jpg|Kawasaki Phase II LRV cab car 1090 and trailer 1205<br />
File:LRT 615 Hung Shui Kiu.jpg|A. Goninan Phase III LRV car 1102<br />
File:Lrt p41111.jpg|A. Goninan (UGL)/CSR Phase IV Light Rail vehicle 1111<br />
File:20201125 LRT1133 at Tai Hing North.jpg|CRRC Nanjing Puzhen Phase V LRV cab car 1133 and trailer 1211<br />
File:Interior_mtr_lightrail1.jpg|Interior of an unrefurbished MTR Light Rail vehicle<br />
File:LRT Vehicle Phase 1 Interior (After renew).jpg|Interior of a refurbished MTR Light Rail vehicle<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Stops and routes==<br />
===Stops===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-type="text" | Fare zone<br />
! Name<br />
! Routes<br />
! [[District of Hong Kong|District]]<br />
! Connections<br />
! data-sort-type="date" | Opened<br />
! Code<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=10 style="background:#F3CED4;color:#ED316A;" | '''1'''<br />
| [[Lung Mun stop|Lung Mun]]{{efn|Formerly San Shek Wan Stop}}<br />
| rowspan="4" | 610, 615, 615P<br />
| rowspan="10" | [[Tuen Mun District|Tuen Mun]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | MTR Bus Route 506<br />
| rowspan=5 | 18 September 1988<br />
| 030<br />
|-<br />
| [[Light Rail Depot stop|Light Rail Depot]]{{efn|Formerly Pak Kok Stop}}<br />
| 020<br />
|-<br />
| [[Butterfly stop|Butterfly]]<br />
| rowspan=3 | MTR Bus Route 506, K52<br />
| 015<br />
|-<br />
| [[Melody Garden stop|Melody Garden]]<br />
| 010<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuen Mun Ferry Pier stop|Tuen Mun Ferry Pier]]<br />
| 507, 610, 614, 614P, 615, 615P<br />
| 001<br />
|-<br />
| [[Siu Hei stop|Siu Hei]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | 507, 614, 614P<br />
| rowspan=3 |<br />
| rowspan=4 | 17 November 1991<br />
| 240<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuen Mun Swimming Pool stop|Tuen Mun Swimming Pool]]<br />
| 250<br />
|-<br />
| [[Goodview Garden stop|Goodview Garden]]<br />
| 260<br />
|-<br />
| [[Siu Lun stop|Siu Lun]]<br />
| 505, 507, 614, 614P<br />
| MTR Bus Route 506<br />
| 265<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sam Shing stop|Sam Shing]]<br />
| 505<br />
| MTR Bus Route 506, K51, K52, K53<br />
| 2 February 1992<br />
| 920<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=21 style="background:#F0F3B1;color:#FBD014;" | '''2'''<br />
| [[Tsing Shan Tsuen stop|Tsing Shan Tsuen]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 610, 615, 615P<br />
| rowspan="21" | [[Tuen Mun District|Tuen Mun]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | MTR Bus Route 506<br />
| rowspan=10 | 18 September 1988<br />
| 040<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tsing Wun stop|Tsing Wun]]{{efn|Formerly Technical Institute Stop}}<br />
| 050<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ming Kum stop|Ming Kum]]<br />
| 505 ''<small>(to Sam Shing)</small>'', 610, 615, 615P<br />
| rowspan=2 | MTR Bus Route K58<br />
| 200<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shek Pai stop|Shek Pai]]<br />
| 505, 610, 615, 615P<br />
| 170<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ngan Wai stop|Ngan Wai]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | 507, 610<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
| 230<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tai Hing (South) stop|Tai Hing (South)]]<br />
| 220<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tai Hing (North) stop|Tai Hing (North)]]<br />
| MTR Bus Route K58<br />
| 212<br />
|-<br />
| [[Affluence stop|Affluence]]{{efn|Formerly Ho King Stop}}<br />
| 610, 751<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
| 080<br />
|-<br />
| [[Choy Yee Bridge stop|Choy Yee Bridge]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 507, 751<br />
| 075<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ho Tin stop|Ho Tin]]<br />
| [[Tuen Ma line]] [[Tuen Mun station]]<br />
| 070<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuen Mun stop|Tuen Mun]]<small>{{ref label|1|295|295}}</small><br />
| 505, 507, 751<br />
| [[Tuen Ma line]] [[Tuen Mun station]], <br />MTR Bus Route 506, K51, K52, K53, K58<br />
| 23 September 1988<br />
| 295<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yau Oi stop|Yau Oi]]<br />
| 751<br />
|<br />
| rowspan=4 | 18 September 1988<br />
| 275<br />
|-<br />
| [[On Ting stop|On Ting]]<br />
| 505, 507, 614, 614P, 751 ''<small>(to Tin Yat)</small>''<br />
| MTR Bus Route 506<br />
| 270<br />
|-<br />
| [[Town Centre stop|Town Centre]]<br />
| 505, 507, 614, 614P, 751<br />
| MTR Bus Route 506, K51, K52, K53, K58<br />
| 280<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kin On stop|Kin On]]<br />
| 505<br />
| MTR Bus Route 506, K58<br />
| 060<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shan King (South) stop|Shan King (South)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 505 ''<small>(to Siu Hong)</small>''<br />
| rowspan=5 |<br />
| rowspan=2 | 24 September 1988<br />
| 190<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shan King (North) stop|Shan King (North)]]<br />
| 180<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pui To stop|Pui To]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | 614, 614P<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2 February 1992<br />
| 300<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hoh Fuk Tong stop|Hoh Fuk Tong]]<br />
| 310<br />
|-<br />
| [[San Hui stop|San Hui]]<br />
| 320<br />
|-<br />
| [[Prime View stop|Prime View]]<br />
| MTR Bus Route K51<br />
| 330<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=12 style="background:#BFDDDD;color:#2AA4BD;" | '''3'''<br />
| [[Kei Lun stop|Kei Lun]]<br />
| 505 ''<small>(to Siu Hong)</small>'', 615P<br />
| rowspan="12" | [[Tuen Mun District|Tuen Mun]]<br />
| rowspan=4 | MTR Bus Route K58<br />
| 18 September 1988<br />
| 110<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ching Chung stop|Ching Chung]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 505, 615, 615P<br />
| rowspan=5 | 24 September 1988<br />
| 120<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kin Sang stop|Kin Sang]]<br />
| 130<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tin King stop|Tin King]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | 505, 507, 615, 615P<br />
| 140<br />
|-<br />
| [[Leung King stop|Leung King]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |<br />
| 150<br />
|-<br />
| [[San Wai stop|San Wai]]<br />
| 160<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuen Mun Hospital stop|Tuen Mun Hospital]]<br />
| 610, 751<br />
| 18 September 1988<br />
| 090<br />
|-<br />
| [[Fung Tei stop|Fung Tei]]<br />
| 614, 614P<br />
| MTR Bus Route K51<br />
| 2 February 1992<br />
| 340<br />
|-<br />
| [[Siu Hong stop|Siu Hong]]<br />
| 505, 610, 614, 614P, 615, 615P, 751<br />
| [[Tuen Ma line]] [[Siu Hong station]], <br />MTR Bus Route K51, K58<br />
| rowspan=4 | 18 September 1988<br />
| 100<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lam Tei stop|Lam Tei]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | 610, 614, 615, 751<br />
| rowspan=3 |<br />
| 350<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nai Wai stop|Nai Wai]]<br />
| 360<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chung Uk Tsuen stop|Chung Uk Tsuen]]<br />
| 370<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=13 style="background:#D9E9B8;color:#8CC12B;" | '''4'''<br />
| [[Hung Shui Kiu stop|Hung Shui Kiu]]<br />
| rowspan="13" | [[Yuen Long District|Yuen Long]]<br />
| MTR Bus Route K75, K75P<br />
| rowspan=3 | 18 September 1988<br />
| 380<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ping Shan stop|Ping Shan]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 610, 614, 615, 761P<br />
| MTR Bus Route K65<br />
| 400<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tong Fong Tsuen stop|Tong Fong Tsuen]]<br />
|<br />
| 390<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hang Mei Tsuen stop|Hang Mei Tsuen]]<br />
| 751, 761P<br />
| MTR Bus Route K65<br />
| rowspan=4 | 10 January 1993<br />
| 425<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tin Yiu stop|Tin Yiu]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | 705, 706, 761P<br />
| [[Tuen Ma line]] [[Tin Shui Wai station]], <br />MTR Bus Route K75, K75P<br />
| 445<br />
|-<br />
| [[Locwood stop|Locwood]]<br />
| MTR Bus Route K75P<br />
| 448<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tin Shui stop|Tin Shui]]<br />
| MTR Bus Route K74, K75P<br />
| 460<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tin Shui Wai stop|Tin Shui Wai]]<br />
| rowspan="5" | 705, 706, 751, 751P<br />
| [[Tuen Ma line]] [[Tin Shui Wai station]], <br />MTR Bus Route K65, K75, K76<br />
| rowspan=4 | 7 December 2003<br />
| 430<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tin Wu stop|Tin Wu]]<br />
|<br />
| 450<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tin Tsz stop|Tin Tsz]]<br />
| MTR Bus Route K73, K74<br />
| 435<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ginza stop|Ginza]]<br />
| MTR Bus Route K73<br />
| 455<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tin Wing stop|Tin Wing]]{{efn|Formerly Tin Shui Wai Terminus}}<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
| rowspan=2 | 26 March 1995<br />
| 500<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chestwood stop|Chestwood]]<br />
| 751, 751P<br />
| 490<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=7 style="background:#F1D9A7;color:#F37E16;" | '''5A'''<br />
| [[Chung Fu stop|Chung Fu]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | 705, 706, 751, 751P, 761P<br />
| rowspan="7" | [[Yuen Long District|Yuen Long]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | MTR Bus Route K76<br />
| rowspan=7 | 7 December 2003<br />
| 468<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tin Fu stop|Tin Fu]]<br />
| 480<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tin Yat stop|Tin Yat]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | MTR Bus Route K73, K76<br />
| 550<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tin Heng stop|Tin Heng]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | 705, 706<br />
| 540<br />
|-<br />
| [[Wetland Park stop|Wetland Park]]<br />
|<br />
| 530<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tin Sau stop|Tin Sau]]<br />
| MTR Bus Route K73<br />
| 520<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tin Yuet stop|Tin Yuet]]<br />
|<br />
| 510<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 style="background:#CABDCF;color:#6F57A1;" | '''5'''<br />
| [[Shui Pin Wai stop|Shui Pin Wai]]<br />
| rowspan="5" | 610, 614, 615, 761P<br />
| rowspan="5" | [[Yuen Long District|Yuen Long]]<br />
| MTR Bus Route K65<br />
| rowspan=5 | 18 September 1988<br />
| 560<br />
|-<br />
| [[Fung Nin Road stop|Fung Nin Road]]{{efn|Formerly Town Hall Stop}}<br />
| MTR Bus Route K65, K66, K68, K73, K74<br />
| 570<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hong Lok Road stop|Hong Lok Road]]<br />
| MTR Bus Route K65, K74<br />
| 580<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tai Tong Road stop|Tai Tong Road]]<br />
| MTR Bus Route K65, K66, K74<br />
| 590<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yuen Long stop|Yuen Long]]<br />
| [[Tuen Ma line]] [[Yuen Long station]], <br />MTR Bus Route K65, K74<br />
| 600<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
<br />
===Routes===<br />
There are currently 12 routes in the Light Rail system.<br />
* Route 505 runs between [[Siu Hong stop|Siu Hong]] and [[Sam Shing stop|Sam Shing]] via [[Kin On stop|Kin On]]. The route was created in 1988 and extended from [[On Ting stop|On Ting]] to Sam Shing in 1992.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} On 14 July 2002, due to the Light Rail grade separation works on Pui To Road being done as part of the Light Rail's integration with the then-under construction West Rail, route 505 was diverted to operate via [[Ngan Wai stop|Ngan Wai]],<ref name="map-2002">{{cite web |author1=[[Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation]] |title=Light Rail Route Map |url=http://www.kcrc.com.hk/eng/services/services/images/lr_route.gif |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030426005506/http://www.kcrc.com.hk/eng/services/services/images/lr_route.gif |archive-date=26 April 2003 |url-status=dead |date=26 August 2002}}</ref> and service to [[Shan King (North) stop|Shan King (North)]], [[Shan King (South) stop|Shan King (South)]] and Kin On was replaced by a temporary bus also numbered 505.<ref name="kcrc-020705">{{cite web |author1=Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation |title=Light Rail introduces two temporary bus routes during works |url=http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2002/020705.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213144218/http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2002/020705.html |archive-date=13 December 2018 |url-status=dead |date=5 July 2002}}</ref> The prior service was restored on 30 August 2003, following the completion of the grade separation works.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation |title=New elevated Light Rail section brought into service |url=http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2003/030830.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213140018/http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2003/030830.html |archive-date=13 December 2018 |url-status=dead |date=30 August 2003}}</ref><br />
* Route 507 runs between [[Tuen Mun Ferry Pier stop|Tuen Mun Ferry Pier]] and [[Tin King stop|Tin King]] via Ngan Wai. It was created in 1989 and was extended from On Ting to Tuen Mun Ferry Pier in 1991.<br />
* Route 610 runs between Tuen Mun Ferry Pier and [[Yuen Long stop|Yuen Long]] via Ngan Wai and [[Ming Kum stop|Ming Kum]]. It was created in 1988.<br />
* Route 614 runs between Tuen Mun Ferry Pier and Yuen Long via [[San Hui stop|San Hui]]. It was created in 1992 and replaced route 611, which ran between Tuen Mun Ferry Pier and Yuen Long via [[Ho Tin stop|Ho Tin]] and Kin On from 1988 to 1992.<br />
* Route 615 runs between Tuen Mun Ferry Pier and Yuen Long via Tin King. It was created in 1993.<br />
* Routes 614P and 615P were created on 4 April 2004, and operate a circular service between Tuen Mun Ferry Pier and Siu Hong.<ref name="map-2004">{{cite web |author1=[[Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation]] |title=輕鐵路線圖 |url=http://www.kcrc.com.hk/chi/services/services/images/lr_route_big.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040406022925/http://www.kcrc.com.hk/chi/services/services/images/lr_route_big.jpg |archive-date=6 April 2004 |url-status=dead |language=zh-Hant |date=31 March 2004}}</ref><ref name="kcrc-040401">{{cite web |author1=Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation |title=KCRC strengthens Light Rail feeder service |url=http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2004/040401.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213140018/http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2004/040401.html |archive-date=13 December 2018 |url-status=dead |date=1 April 2004}}</ref> The routes were created as a result of the Light Rail's transition into becoming a short-distance feeder service for West Rail, and upon their creation the service frequencies of routes 614 and 615 were accordingly halved, such that the overall service levels at stops between Siu Hong and Tuen Mun Ferry Pier remained the same.<ref name="kcrc-040401"/><br />
* Route 705 runs an anticlockwise service around the Tin Shui Wai area via [[Tin Yat stop|Tin Yat]]. The route was created on 22 August 2004 and replaced route 701,<ref name="kcrc-040816">{{cite web |author1=Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation |title=KCRC augments Light Rail service for back-to-school period |url=http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2004/040816.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213132502/http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2004/040816.html |archive-date=13 December 2018 |url-status=dead |date=4 August 2004}}</ref> which ran a shorter anticlockwise service via [[Chestwood stop|Chestwood]] between 16 December 2003 and 21 August 2004.<ref name="map-2004"/><ref>{{cite web |author1=Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation |title=輕鐵路線圖 |url=http://www.kcrc.com.hk/chi/services/services/images/lr_route_big.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051018173453/http://www.kcrc.com.hk/chi/services/services/images/lr_route_big.jpg |archive-date=18 October 2005 |url-status=dead |language=zh-Hant |date=13 August 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation |title=New Light Rail route 701 to commence service tomorrow |url=http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2003/031215.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213134709/http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2003/031215.html |archive-date=13 December 2018 |url-status=dead |date=15 December 2003}}</ref><br />
* Route 706 runs a clockwise service around the Tin Shui Wai area and serves the same stops as route 705. The route was created on 9 April 2004 to enhance short-distance feeder service in Tin Shui Wai.<ref name="map-2004"/><ref name="kcrc-040401"/><ref>{{cite web |author1=Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation |title=KCRC introduces Light Rail route 706 for Tin Shui Wai |url=http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2004/040407.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213133642/http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2004/040407.html |archive-date=13 December 2018 |url-status=dead |date=7 April 2004}}</ref><br />
* Route 751 runs between Tin Yat and [[Yau Oi stop|Yau Oi]]. It was created on 7 December 2003<ref name="kcrc-031128b">{{cite web |author1=Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation |title=KCRC Light Rail Tin Shui Wai extensions to open on 7 December |url=http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2003/031128b.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213135147/http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2003/031128b.html |archive-date=13 December 2018 |url-status=dead |date=28 November 2003}}</ref> and replaced route 720, which ran between [[Tin Wing stop|Tin Wing]] and Yau Oi<ref name="map-2002"/> from 1994 to 2003. (Route 720 was created in 1994 and replaced route 722, which ran between Tin Wing and Siu Hong from 1993 to 1994, as well as route 612, which ran between Yuen Long and Yau Oi from 1988 to 1994.)<br />
* Route 751P operates as a short-distance variant of route 751 between Tin Yat and Tin Shui Wai, and runs only during peak hours on school days. It was created in August 2004.<ref name="kcrc-040816"/><br />
* Route 761P runs between Tin Yat and Yuen Long via [[Locwood stop|Locwood]]. It was originally a short-distance variant of route 761, but then replaced route 761 when it was permanently discontinued on 8 October 2006.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation |title=Light Rail service improvement |url=http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2006/060927.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213121051/http://www.kcrc.com.hk/en/announcements/2006/060927.html |archive-date=13 December 2018 |url-status=dead |date=27 September 2006}}</ref> Route 761 ran between Tin Wing and Yuen Long via [[Wetland Park stop|Wetland Park]] from 7 December 2003<ref name="kcrc-031128b"/> to 7 October 2006, and was a replacement of route 721, which ran between Tin Wing and Yuen Long via Chestwood<ref name="map-2002"/> from 1993 to 2003. After the discontinuation of route 761, special services of route 761P to Tin Wing continued to operate at 30-minute intervals from 10:00 to 15:00 daily until 23 August 2010.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}<br />
<br />
The present MTR Bus route 506 retains the number of the Light Rail route that it replaced. Light Rail route 506 ran between Tuen Mun Ferry Pier and Yau Oi via Kin On; it was created in 1988 and was extended from On Ting to Yau Oi in 1992. On 14 July 2002, due to the Light Rail grade separation works on Pui To Road, the route was suspended in its entirety and replaced by bus route 506.<ref name="kcrc-020705"/> The suspension was originally intended to be temporary, but the Light Rail route was never resumed.<br />
<br />
{{MTR Light Rail routes|505|507|610|614|614P|615|615P|705|706|751|751P|761P}}<br />
<br />
== Fares ==<br />
The Light Rail is the only [[public transport]] system in Hong Kong to have fare zones and the only one with an [[Proof-of-payment|honour system]], in which there are no ticket gates. These fare zones apply only to passengers purchasing single-ride tickets from ticketing machines at LRT stops. Since the introduction of [[Octopus card]]s, however, passengers have a choice of ticketing options. All fares indicated below are for adults, while children and the elderly usually pay the concessionary fare, which is about half the adult fare.<br />
<br />
=== Single-ride tickets ===<br />
There are six fare zones – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 5A – for passengers purchasing single-ride tickets in Light Rail stops. Zone 5A was introduced solely for the latest extension in [[Tin Shui Wai]], and both zones 5 and 5A are only connected to Zone 4. Therefore, travelling between zones 5 and 5A is considered as travelling through three zones.<br />
<br />
=== Octopus cards ===<br />
[[Octopus card]] fares are calculated based on the minimum number of stops travelled (from origin to destination stops), rather than the number of fare zones travelled through. All stops have Octopus entry and exit processors at the entrances to and exits from [[railway platform|platforms]]. Passengers may enter the system after scanning their Octopus card at an orange 'Entry Processor' reader. At this point, the maximum fare is deducted from the card. On completion of a journey, the card previously read by an 'Entry Processor' must be scanned at a dark-green 'Exit Processor', where the maximum fare less the fare incurred is refunded. Failure to do so within the time limit would cause the fare difference to be forfeited. If a person exits the same platform with the same card within 5 minutes, the fare deducted will be fully refunded.<br />
<br />
Light-blue 'Enquiry Processors' can also be found on most platforms. Like enquiry processors found in other places, passengers can check the balance on their card, along with the 10 most recent Octopus transactions. If a Personalised Octopus card is used, the number of Light Rail credits accumulated is also shown.<br />
<br />
Passengers using [[Octopus card#Personalised cards|Personalised Octopus cards]] are able to participate in the Light Rail Bonus Scheme. A card on which fares totalling HK$30 (adults) or HK$15 (children/seniors) or more are paid over six consecutive days gets an automatic credit of HK$3 (adults) or HK$1.5 (children/seniors).<br />
<br />
Passengers using Octopus cards that are registered with the MTR Club are automatically enrolled into the MTR Club Bonus Scheme. Members can earn Bonus Points by riding on the MTR, Airport Express, Light Rail and MTR Bus with their registered Octopus card during the promotion period. Members can then redeem these points for exclusive rewards. Passengers can visit the MTR website for the information of the gift during that particular promotion period.<br />
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/club/bonus_point_scheme.html|title=MTR > MTR Club Bonus Points Scheme|website=www.mtr.com.hk|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Incidents==<br />
* In July 1994, a light rail vehicle and a lorry collided, killing the LRV captain.{{sfn|Yeung|2008|p=225}}<br />
* On 11 September 1994, a coach carrying factory workers ran a red light and was crushed between two light rail trains at a junction near Fu Tei. The coach driver and a coach passenger were killed.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ball|first1=Steve|title=Secret report on LRT crash calls for safety moves|work=South China Morning Post|date=27 September 1994}}</ref> The two LRV captains were cleared of wrongdoing. The [[Hong Kong Railway Inspectorate|railway inspectorate]] also said the design of the junction was not to blame. The government said it would implement video recording at LRT junctions, improve road signage between Tuen Mun and Yuen Long, and better educate drivers.<ref>{{cite news|title=LRT boosts safety after crash deaths|work=South China Morning Post|date=2 October 1994|page=2}}</ref><br />
* On 13 January 1995, a light rail train derailed as a result of intentional vandalism to the [[Railroad switch|points]] at Tin King and Ming Kum roads. The KCRC had not received any threats or warning beforehand.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Szeto|first1=Wanda|title=LRT train derailed by vandals|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/103101/lrt-train-derailed-vandals|access-date=11 July 2014|work=South China Morning Post|date=13 January 1995}}</ref><br />
* On 9 February 2010, a construction crane fell on an LRT train as it approached Leung King stop. 18 were injured.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lo|first1=Clifford|last2=Wan|first2=Adrian|last3=Wong|first3=Martin|title=Building crane topples onto LRT train|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/724363/building-crane-topples-lrt-train|work=South China Morning Post|date=10 September 2010}}</ref><br />
* On 17 May 2013, a [[CSR Corporation Limited|CSR]] Phase IV light rail train, cars 1112 and 1117 on route 761P, derailed and crashed while navigating a tight curve at 40.9&nbsp;km/h, in excess of the posted speed limit of 15&nbsp;km/h. The train was turning from Kiu Hung Road to [[Castle Peak Road]] south of [[Tin Shui Wai]]. At least 77 people were injured in the crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Baby among 77 injured after train derails in Tin Shui Wai|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1239851/tin-shi-wai-train-derails-injuring-20|work=South China Morning Post|date=18 May 2013}}</ref> The LRV captain was convicted of negligence under the Mass Transit Railway Ordinance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Record of train service disruptions of 31 Minutes or above caused by equipment failure or human factor from 2011 to October 2015|url=http://gia.info.gov.hk/general/201512/09/P201512090545_0545_156402.pdf|publisher=Legislative Council|date=9 December 2015}}</ref><br />
* On 19 August 2013, a 63-year-old man was killed at [[Locwood stop]] while crossing the tracks at a crossing point; the train did not stop in time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1297772/man-dies-after-being-hit-light-rail-train-tin-shui-wai|title=Man killed by light rail train in Tin Shui Wai|date=19 August 2013|access-date=6 September 2013|work=South China Morning Post|author=Lai Ying-kit}}</ref><br />
* On 21 November 2014, LRV 1093 on route 507 collided with an MTR double decker bus near Tuen Mun Ferry Terminus. The bus crashed because it ran a red light. The train derailed and 20 were injured.<ref>{{cite news|title=Twenty hurt in Light Rail-Bus crash |url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking_news_detail.asp?id=54941&icid=3&d_str= |access-date=21 November 2014 |work=The Standard |date=21 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401113435/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking_news_detail.asp?id=54941&icid=3&d_str= |archive-date= 1 April 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
{{Gallery|width=220|height=165|lines=2|align=center<br />
|File:Mtr lightrail single ticket machine.jpg|Old Single-ride ticket machine (retired)|File:Mtr lightrail octopus card validators.jpg|Octopus card processors<br />
|File:Transport_HK_LR_MingKam.jpg|[[Ming Kum stop]]<br />
|File:Transport_HK_LR_Kin_On.jpg|[[Kin On stop]]<br />
|File:Mtr lightrail crossing nai wai.jpg|Light rail stop platform crossing<br />
|File:MTR_lightrail_luggage_limit_gauge.jpg|Luggage size gauge<br />
|File:Transport_HK_LR_ONT.jpg|[[On Ting stop]] (2006)|File:LRT Town Centre Stop.JPG|[[Town Centre stop]] (Platforms shown on the image is recently disused)|File:Transport_HK_LR_ChungFu.jpg|[[Chung Fu stop]] (on viaduct)<br />
|File:Transport_HK_LR_TinYuet.jpg|[[Tin Yuet stop]], Tin Yuet Estate is to the left<br />
|File:HK_Transport_LR_Tin_Sau.jpg|[[Tin Sau stop]], Vianni Cove estate is in the background right<br />
|File:Wetland_park_LR.JPG|[[Wetland Park stop]]|title=}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
* {{cite book|last=Yeung|first=Rikkie|title=Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways|year=2008|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{attached KML|display=inline,title}}<br />
{{Commons category|MTR Light Rail}}<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/services/more_light_rail.html}}<br />
<br />
{{MTR}}<br />
{{MTRStations}}<br />
{{Eastern Guangdong & Hong Kong transit}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Light Rail (Mtr)}}<br />
[[Category:MTR Light Rail| ]]<br />
[[Category:MTR]]<br />
[[Category:Former Kowloon–Canton Railway stations]]<br />
[[Category:750 V DC railway electrification]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ap_Lei_Chau&diff=1100318859Ap Lei Chau2022-07-25T08:51:31Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: As per the documentation of the template - Any country/territory with a standard three-letter ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code can be filled in this section. Hong Kong has its own HKG code. Further, the word "country" is just a label in the infobox code, and does not show up publicly. It should be noted that under one country two systems, Hong Kong SAR should be listed as the top-level administrating body.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Island in Hong Kong}}<br />
{{hatnote|"Aberdeen Island" redirects here. For the Canadian island in Georgian Bay, Ontario, see [[List of islands of Ontario#Georgian Bay]].}}<br />
{{Use Hong Kong English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox islands<br />
| name = Ap Lei Chau<br />
| local_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hant|鴨脷洲}}}}<br />
| image_name = Ap Lei Chau aerial view 202107.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = Aerial view of Ap Lei Chau, across [[Aberdeen Harbour, Hong Kong|Aberdeen Harbour]]. (2021)<br />
| map_image = Ap Lei Chau location map.svg<br />
| map_caption = Location of Ap Lei Chau within Hong Kong<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22|14|30|N|114|9|20|E|type:city(90000)|display=inline,title}}<br />
| etymology = <br />
| location = South of [[Hong Kong Island]]<br />
| waterbody = <br />
| total_islands = <br />
| major_islands = <br />
| area_km2 = 1.3<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| rank = <br />
| length_km = <!-- or |length_m= --><br />
| width_km = <!-- or |width_m= --><br />
| coastline_km = <!-- or |coastline_m= --><br />
| elevation_m = 196<br />
| highest_mount = [[Mount Johnston, Hong Kong|Mount Johnston]]<br />
| country = {{HKG}}<br />
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = District<br />
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Southern District, Hong Kong|Southern District]]<br />
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = <br />
| country_admin_divisions_2 = <br />
| population = 86,782<br />
| population_as_of = 2007<ref>[http://www.elections.gov.hk/dc2007/eng/summaryd.html District Council Election 2007 - Southern] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822031715/http://www.elections.gov.hk/dc2007/eng/summaryd.html |date=August 22, 2009 }}. The sum of the population in constituency areas D02 to D07</ref><br />
| density_km2 = 66,755<br />
| density_rank = <br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox Chinese<br />
|pic=File:Ap Lei Chau in November 2016.jpg <br />
|piccap=Ap Lei Chau viewed from Ap Lei Chau Bridge in 2016<br />
| order = <br />
| showflag = <br />
| t = {{linktext|鴨脷洲}}<br />
| s = {{linktext|鸭脷洲}}<br />
| j = Aap<sup>3</sup>-lei<sup>6</sup>-zau<sup>1</sup><br />
| cy = Aap<sup>3</sup>-lei<sup>6</sup>-jau<sup>1</sup><br />
| y = Aap-leih-jāu<br />
| p = Yālìzhōu<br />
| w = Ya-li-chou<br />
| h = Ap<sup>5</sup> li<sup>4</sup> Ziu<sup>1</sup><br />
| l = [[Duck]]-[[Tongue]] Island<br />
}}<br />
{{Chinese<br />
|title=Former Names<br />
|altname=Ap Lei San<br />
|t2={{linktext|鴨脷|山}}<br />
|s2={{linktext|鸭脷|山}}<br />
|p2=Yālìshān<br />
|w2=Ya-li-shan<br />
|l2=[[Duck]]-[[Tongue]] Island<br>[[Duck]]-[[Tongue]] Mountain<br />
|altname3=Hong Kong<br />
|c3={{linktext|香港|村}}<br />
|p3=Xiānggǎngcūn<br />
|l3=Fragrant Harbour [[Villages of China|Village]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Ap Lei Chau'''<!--Chinese in infoboxes; see [[WP:MOS-ZH]]--> or '''Aberdeen Island''' is an [[List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong|island]] of [[Hong Kong]], located off [[Hong Kong Island]] next to [[Aberdeen Harbour, Hong Kong|Aberdeen Harbour]] and [[Aberdeen Channel]]. It has an area of {{convert|1.30|km2}}.<ref>Survey and Mapping Office, Lands Department: [http://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/hk_geographic_data_sheet.pdf Hong Kong geographic data sheet]</ref> Administratively, it is part of the [[Southern District, Hong Kong|Southern District]]. Ap Lei Chau is the [[List of islands by population density|4th most densely populated island in the world]], it is also the most densely populated island in the world with a population of over 10,000.<br />
<br />
[[File:HK ALC Ap Lei Chau Bridge Road Precious Blood Primary School n SH4.JPG|thumb|Ap Lei Chau Bridge Road on Ap Lei Chau.]]<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Before the [[First Opium War]], Ap Lei Chau was a small fishing village, with its harbour forming an excellent natural [[Aberdeen Typhoon Shelters|typhoon shelter]]. The island appears on a [[Ming dynasty|Ming-era]] map<ref>Kuo Fei, ''Yueh ta-chi'', attached ''Guangdong Coastal Map'' (《粵大記》海防卷「廣東沿海圖」)</ref> with its primary settlement labelled "Fragrant Harbour Village". This is the probable origin of the name for [[Hong Kong]], although the town eventually took the name of its island.<br />
<br />
Under the terms of the 1841 [[Treaty of Nanking]], it was ceded to the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] together with [[Hong Kong Island]]. It was sometimes known as '''Taplichan''',<ref>{{cite wikisource|chapter=Hong-Kong|wslink=Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition|plaintitle=Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition|last=MacDonald|first=A.|year=|volume=XII|pages=141-142}}</ref> '''Taplishan''',<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hong-Kong |volume= 13 | pages = 657&ndash;659 }}</ref> &c. from an alternative name for the island.<br />
<br />
The island had a largely uneventful history under [[British Hong Kong|British rule]].<br />
<br />
In 1968, [[Hongkong Electric Company|Hongkong Electric]] opened a power station on Ap Lei Chau to provide electricity for the whole of Hong Kong Island. In 1980 and 1994, [[Ap Lei Chau Bridge|a bridge]] was constructed to connect the island to the Hong Kong Island, and this created momentum for rapid economic development. [[Public housing estates in Pok Fu Lam, Aberdeen and Ap Lei Chau|Public housing estates]] were built to accommodate people, including some who had suffered in a fire in the [[Aberdeen Typhoon Shelters|Aberdeen shelter]]. In 1989, the generators of the power station were relocated to [[Lamma Power Station|Lamma Island]], and the old power station was demolished. The site was re-developed into the [[South Horizons]] residential area, with the addition of some [[Land reclamation in Hong Kong|land reclaimed]] from the sea.<br />
<br />
== Geography and demographics ==<br />
[[File:Mount Johnston Ap Lei Chau.jpg|thumb|Mount Johnston on Ap Lei Chau, viewed from [[Ocean Park Hong Kong|Ocean Park]].]]<br />
Ap Lei Chau was named after the shape of the island, which resembles the tongue of a duck. ''Ap'' means ''duck'', ''Lei'' means ''tongue'', and ''Chau'' means ''island.'' The northern part has the highest population, while the southern part of the island is less densely populated.<br />
<br />
The highest point on the island is [[Mount Johnston, Hong Kong|Yuk Kwai Shan]] (玉桂山; aka. Mount Johnston), with an altitude of {{convert|196|m}}.<br />
<br />
It comprises four main residential areas &mdash; [[Lei Tung Estate]], Ap Lei Chau Main Street, [[South Horizons]] and [[Ap Lei Chau Estate]], each of which comprises several [[highrise]] towers. There is an industrial estate on the southern tip of the island.<br />
<br />
The population of Ap Lei Chau is 86,782 {{As of|2007|lc=y}},<ref>[http://www.elections.gov.hk/dc2007/eng/summaryd.html District Council Election 2007 - Southern] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822031715/http://www.elections.gov.hk/dc2007/eng/summaryd.html |date=August 22, 2009 }}. The sum of the population in constituency areas D02 to D07</ref> and its area is {{convert|1.30|km²|abbr=off}}, giving it a population density of 66,755 people / km², and making it [[List of islands by population density|the fourth most densely populated island in the world]].<ref>[http://www.worldislandinfo.com/SUPERLATIVESV2.html Island Superlatives]</ref><br />
<br />
Ap Lei Chau also lends its name to the Ap Lei Chau [[geologic formation]], which covers most of Hong Kong Island.<ref>[http://www.cedd.gov.hk/eng/about/organisation/kra.htm Ap Lei Chau Formation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020132/http://www.cedd.gov.hk/eng/about/organisation/kra.htm |date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Places of interest ==<br />
[[File:Ap Lei Chau Shui Yuet Temple.JPG|thumb|Shui Yuet Temple on Ap Lei Chau.]]<br />
The [[Hung Shing Temple]] located on Hung Shing Street, off Main Street, Ap Lei Chau, is a notable site. Dating back to 1773, it is the oldest temple in the Aberdeen and Ap Lei Chau areas<ref>[http://www.ctc.org.hk/en/directcontrol/temple9.asp Chinese Temples Committee website - Hung Shing Temple, Ap Lei Chau] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212022203/http://www.ctc.org.hk/en/directcontrol/temple9.asp |date=December 12, 2008 }}</ref> and is a [[Declared monuments of Hong Kong|declared monument]].<br />
<br />
The Shui Yuet Temple aka. Kwun Yum Temple is located at No. 181 Main Street, Ap Lei Chau. Dedicated to [[Guan Yin]], it was built at the end of the 19th century<ref>[http://www.ctc.org.hk/en/directcontrol/temple8.asp Chinese Temples Committee website - Shui Yuet Temple, Ap Lei Chau] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721094726/http://www.ctc.org.hk/en/directcontrol/temple8.asp |date=July 21, 2011 }}</ref> and is a [[List of Grade III historic buildings in Hong Kong|Grade III historic building]]. The temple site is adjacent to the site of the former Aberdeen Police Station. Clearly chosen for its [[feng shui]], the superior dragons were seen as being protection from the 'threat of the tiger's jaw' from the police station. Although the police station has now been demolished, the dragons are still present and seen as enduring feng shui guards. Apart from Guan Yin, the temple also houses [[Kwan Tai]], [[Tin Hau]], [[Ji Gong]] and [[Wong Tai Sin]].<br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
[[File:Ap Lei Chau Bridge 201508.jpg|thumb|right|Ap Lei Chau Bridge.]]<br />
Ap Lei Chau and Hong Kong Island are connected by the four-lane [[Ap Lei Chau Bridge]]. Opened in 1983, it originally only had two lanes, and was widened to four in 1994.<br />
<br />
[[Bus services in Hong Kong|Buses]] are the main form of transport for the residents in Ap Lei Chau. Bus routes depart from the six bus termini on the island to various places on [[Hong Kong Island]] and in [[Kowloon]]:<br />
* Ap Lei Chau Estate<br />
* Ap Lei Chau (Lee Lok Street) and Ap Lei Chau (Lee King Street) in the industrial area<br />
* Ap Lei Chau Main Street <!--not Main Street, Ap Lei Chau for the bus terminus, as shown in bus company website--><br />
* Lei Tung Estate<br />
* South Horizons<br />
<br />
[[Public light bus|Green minibuses]] and [[Taxicabs of Hong Kong|taxi]]s are available. [[Public light bus|Red minibuses]] are prohibited from entering the island.<br />
<br />
There is a regular [[sampan]] service running between Ap Lei Chau Main Street and Aberdeen. (Service hours: 6am-12am)<br />
<br />
The [[MTR]] [[South Island line]] opened on 28 December 2016 links [[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] of Hong Kong Island to Ap Lei Chau by [[Aberdeen Channel Bridge]]. There are two stations on the island: [[Lei Tung station|Lei Tung]] (for Lei Tung Estate and Ap Lei Chau Main Street) and [[South Horizons station|South Horizons]] (for South Horizons, Ap Lei Chau Estate and Ap Lei Chau Industrial Estate) serving the development of the same name.<br />
<br />
==Community Issues==<br />
Since Ap Lei Chau is currently the 4th most densely populated island in the world, public space is highly insufficient. In 2016, the Hong Kong government reallocated the waterfront land of the former Hong Kong Driving School on Lee Nam Road for building luxury apartments, ignoring the suggestion of the locals and intensified the problem of insufficient land use.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} In February 2017, it was reported that the land, measuring 11,761 square metres, had been sold by tender for a record price of HK$16.86 billion (US$2.17 billion) to a venture between [[KWG Property]] and [[Logan Property Holdings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/property/hong-kong-china/article/2073805/mainland-developers-logan-kwg-win-residential-site-ap-lei|title=Chinese builders pay record HK$16.86 billion for Ap Lei Chau site|first1=Peggy|last1=Sito|first2=Summer|last2=Zhen|first3=Naomi|last3=Ng|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=24 February 2017|access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Ap Lei Pai]]<br />
* [[List of places in Hong Kong]]<br />
* [[List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong]]<br />
* [[Shek Pai Wan]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite news |last= Hayes|first= James|author-link=James W. Hayes|date= 1971|title= Rope-making and Dyeing/Calendering on Ap Lei Chau, Hong Kong|url= http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/a1fc9cc97e6c940bed10ee67d6e5c934.pdf|newspaper= Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]]|location= [[Hong Kong]]|volume=11|pages=199–200|access-date=15 September 2014}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|position=left|Ap Lei Chau}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926235619/http://home.netvigator.com/~camng/ History and Memories of Ap Lei Chau]<br />
{{Southern District, Hong Kong}}<br />
{{Islands of Hong Kong}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ap Lei Chau| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--><br />
[[Category:Southern District, Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Restricted areas of Hong Kong red public minibus]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Islands_of_Hong_Kong&diff=1100318181Template:Islands of Hong Kong2022-07-25T08:44:04Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: By size, Kowloon Rock is the smallest island in Hong Kong.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Navbox<br />
|name = Islands of Hong Kong<br />
|state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}<br />
|title = Major [[List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong#Islands|islands of]] [[Hong Kong]]<br />
|listclass = hlist<br />
<br />
|group1 = By size<br />
|list1 =<br />
* [[Lantau Island]]<br />
* [[Hong Kong Island]]<br />
* [[Lamma Island]]<br />
* [[Chek Lap Kok]]<br />
* [[Tsing Yi]]<br />
* [[Kau Sai Chau]]<br />
* [[Leung Shuen Wan]]<br />
* [[Po Toi Islands]]<br />
** [[Po Toi]]<br />
** [[Waglan Island|Waglan]]<br />
* [[Cheung Chau]]<br />
* [[Tung Lung Chau]]<br />
* [[Crooked Island, Hong Kong|Crooked Island]]<br />
* [[Double Island, Hong Kong|Double Island]]<br />
* [[Hei Ling Chau]]<br />
* [[Ap Lei Chau]]<br />
* [[Soko Islands]]<br />
** [[Tai A Chau]]<br />
** [[Siu A Chau]]<br />
* [[Ping Chau]]<br />
* [[Peng Chau]]<br />
* [[Ma Wan]]<br />
* [[Ninepin Group]]<br />
* [[Tap Mun]]<br />
* [[The Brothers (islands), Hong Kong|The Brothers]]<br />
* [[Green Island, Hong Kong|Green Island]]<br />
* [[Centre Island, Hong Kong]]<br />
* [[Kowloon Rock]]<br />
<br />
|group2 = Former islands<br />
|list2 =<br />
* [[Kellett Island]]<br />
* [[Stonecutters Island]]<br />
* [[Hoi Sham Island]]<br />
* [[Channel Rock (Hong Kong)|Channel Rock]]<br />
* [[Pillar Island]]<br />
* [[Mong Chau]]<br />
* [[Chau Tsai]]<br />
* [[Nga Ying Chau]]<br />
* [[Lam Chau]]<br />
* [[Rumsey Rock]]<br />
* [[High Island, Hong Kong|High Island]]<br />
* [[Yuen Chau Tsai]]<br />
}}<br />
<noinclude><br />
{{collapsible option}}<br />
[[Category:Hong Kong geography templates]]<br />
[[Category:Island templates]]<br />
</noinclude></div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Rock&diff=1100317892Kowloon Rock2022-07-25T08:41:29Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: After verifying with the cited source, the so-called significance of Chinese culture has nothing to do with the rock.</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kowloon_Rock.jpg|275px|thumb|right|Kowloon Rock]]<br />
[[File:Victoria City and Kowloon 1915.jpg|thumb|300px|left|1915 map showing the location of Kowloon Rock]]<br />
'''Kowloon Rock''' ({{zh|t=九龍石}}) is an [[island]] in the middle of [[Kowloon Bay]] in [[Hong Kong]], near the runway of the former [[Kai Tak Airport]]. Administratively, it is part of [[Kowloon City District]]. The rock has no vegetation, as it is a rock. An [[Isolated danger mark|isolated danger daymark]] is installed to alert passing vessels.<br />
<br />
The island is now sheltered in the [[To Kwa Wan]] [[typhoon shelter]] by a dyke across the bay.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Kowloon Rock}}<br />
*[http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/p_study/prog_s/sek_09/website_chib5_eng/english/TR1/Chapter%203.html Heritage Assets for Preservation/Enhancement]<br />
*[http://www.hk-place.com/pic.php?src=p138011 Picture of Kowloon Rock]<br />
<br />
{{Islands of Hong Kong}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|22|18|59.2|N|114|11|56.0|E|type:isle_scale:5000_region:HK|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Kowloon City District]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{NewKowloon-geo-stub}}</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_Island&diff=1089506057Hong Kong Island2022-05-24T06:10:31Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: /* Transport */ East Rail Line is now in service</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Second largest island in Hong Kong}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|text=the [[Hong Kong|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]]}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Hong Kong English|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox islands<br />
| name = Hong Kong Island<br />
| image_name = Hong Kong Island Skyline 201108.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Dusk view of Hong Kong Island as viewed from [[North Point]], August 2011<br />
| image_size = <br />
| map_image = Hong Kong HK Island.svg<br />
| map_caption = Location within [[Hong Kong]] (in green)<br />
| local_name = 香港島<br />
| native_name_link =<br />
| nickname =<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22|15|52|N|114|11|14|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| archipelago =<br />
| total_islands =<br />
| major_islands =<br />
| length_km = <br />
| width_min_km = <br />
| width_max_km = <br />
| area_km2 = 78.59<br />
| highest_mount = [[Victoria Peak]]<br />
| elevation_m = 552<br />
| country_admin_divisions =<br />
| population = 1,270,876<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| density_km2 = 16,390<br />
| ethnic_groups = {{ubl|88.5% [[Han Chinese|Chinese]]|4% [[Filipinos in Hong Kong|Filipino]]|2.4% [[Indonesians in Hong Kong|Indonesian]]|2.4% [[White people|White]]}}<br />
| additional_info =<br />
}}<br />
{{Chinese<br />
|t=香港島<br />
|s=香港岛<br />
|showflag=j<br />
|p=Xiāng gǎng dǎo<br />
|h=Hiong<sup>1</sup> gong<sup>3</sup> dau<sup>3</sup><br />
|y=Hēunggóng dóu<br />
|ci={{IPAc-yue|h|oeng|1|.|g|ong|2|-|d|ou|2}}<br />
|j=Hoeng1gong2 dou2<br />
|wuu=Shian<sup>平</sup>kaon<sup>上</sup> tau<sup>上</sup><br />
|poj=Hiong-káng-tó<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Hong Kong Is. From TST.png|thumb|250px|The panoramic night view of "Island side" as seen from "Kowloon side" - TST]]<br />
[[File:repulsebay.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A view of [[Middle Island, Hong Kong|Middle Island]] in the foreground and [[Repulse Bay]] in the background from the [[Ocean Park Hong Kong|Ocean Park]] cable car ride (in the Southern District)]]<br />
[[File:Hong Kong Isnald Eastern District Buildings 200909.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Kornhill]] and [[Shau Kei Wan]], located in the northern part of Eastern District]]<br />
<br />
'''Hong Kong Island''' is an [[Islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong|island]] in the southern part of [[Hong Kong]]. It has a population of 1,289,500 and its population density is 16,390/km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{Citation|last=Census and Statistics Department |title=Population and Vital Events |access-date=31 August 2009 |date=2008 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.hk/publication/feature_article/B70906FC2009XXXXB0100.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090824065021/http://www.statistics.gov.hk/publication/feature_article/B70906FC2009XXXXB0100.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2009 }}</ref> {{As of|2008|lc=y}}. The island had a population of about 3,000 inhabitants scattered in a dozen fishing villages when it was occupied by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] in the [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842). In 1842, the island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the UK under the [[Treaty of Nanking]] and the [[Victoria, Hong Kong|City of Victoria]] was then established on the island by the British Force in honour of [[Queen Victoria]]. <br />
The [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] area on the island is the historical, political and economic centre of Hong Kong. The northern coast of the island forms the southern shore of the [[Victoria Harbour]], which is largely responsible for the development of Hong Kong due to its deep waters favoured by large trade ships.<br />
<br />
The island is home to many of the most famous sights in Hong Kong, such as "[[Victoria Peak|The Peak]]", [[Ocean Park Hong Kong|Ocean Park]], many historical sites and various large shopping centres. The mountain ranges across the island are also famous for [[hiking]].<br />
The northern part of Hong Kong Island, together with [[Kowloon]] and [[Tsuen Wan New Town]], forms the core urban area of Hong Kong. Their combined area is approximately {{convert|88.3|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=off}} and their combined population (that of the northern part of the island and of Kowloon) is approximately 3,156,500, reflecting a population density of 35,700/km<sup>2</sup> (91,500/sq. mi.).<br />
<br />
The island is often referred to locally as "Hong Kong side" or "Island side". Suffix "side" applied to other locations (e.g. China-side and [[Kowloon Walled City|Kowloon Walled City-side]]), the sole remnant of which is "Kowloon side" when indicating the two sides of the harbour.<ref>Booth, Martin. ''Gweilo: A memoir of a Hong Kong childhood'', Bantam Books, 2005. {{ISBN|0-553-81672-1}}, pp108, 173</ref> The form was once more common in Britain than now, such as south/Surrey-side<ref>''[[The Professor and the Madman]]'', [[Simon Winchester]], Harper, {{ISBN|978-0-06-083978-9}}, p8,</ref> and endures in British placenames like [[Cheapside]], [[Tyneside]], and [[Teesside]], not all of which have an obvious watercourse or boundary.<br />
<br />
==Suburbs and localities==<br />
{{original research|date=April 2022}}<br />
Hong Kong Island comprises the following suburbs/localities of [[Hong Kong]]:<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=16em}}<br />
*[[Aberdeen, Hong Kong|Aberdeen]]<br />
*[[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]]<br />
*[[Ap Lei Chau]]<br />
*[[Causeway Bay]]<br />
*[[Central, Hong Kong|Central/Chung Wan]]<br />
*[[Chai Wan]]<br />
*[[Cyberport]]<br />
*[[Deep Water Bay]]<br />
*East Mid-Levels<br />
*[[Fortress Hill]]<br />
*[[Happy Valley, Hong Kong|Happy Valley]]<br />
*[[Kennedy Town]]<br />
*[[Mid-Levels]]<br />
*[[Mount Davis, Hong Kong|Mount Davis]]<br />
*[[North Point]]<br />
*[[Pok Fu Lam]]<br />
*[[Quarry Bay]]<br />
*[[Repulse Bay]]<br />
*[[Sai Wan Ho]]<br />
*[[Sai Wan]]<br />
*[[Sai Ying Pun]]<br />
*[[Sandy Bay, Hong Kong|Sandy Bay]]<br />
*[[Shau Kei Wan]]<br />
*[[Shek O]]<br />
*[[Shek Tong Tsui]]<br />
*[[Sheung Wan]]<br />
*[[Siu Sai Wan]]<br />
*[[So Kon Po]]<br />
*[[Stanley, Hong Kong|Stanley]]<br />
*[[Tai Hang]]<br />
*[[Tai Tam]]<br />
*[[Tin Hau, Hong Kong|Tin Hau]]<br />
*[[Victoria Park (Hong Kong)|Victoria Park]]<br />
*[[Victoria Peak]]<br />
*[[Wan Chai]]<br />
*West Mid-Levels<br />
*[[Wong Chuk Hang]]<br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
{{Main|Hong Kong Island (constituency)}}<br />
Hong Kong Island is not part of the [[Islands District]]. Four [[districts of Hong Kong]] are located on the island:<br />
* [[Central and Western District]]<br />
* [[Eastern District, Hong Kong|Eastern District]]<br />
* [[Southern District, Hong Kong|Southern District]] (including the islands of [[Ap Lei Chau]] and [[Ap Lei Pai]])<br />
* [[Wan Chai District]]<br />
<br />
Hong Kong Island is one of the five [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong#Geographical constituencies|Legislative Council geographical constituencies]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Human settlement of the area dates back millennia, as evidenced by Neolithic artifacts discovered in Stanley, Hong Kong Island. [[Qin Shi Huang]]'s imperial government settled Baiyue, and later Hong Kong Island was under the jurisdiction of Panyu County ({{lang|zh-Hant-HK|番禺縣}}) in Nanhai County ({{lang|zh-Hant-HK|南海郡}}), to the Western Jin Dynasty. After the sixth year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 331), it belonged to Baoan County ({{lang|zh-Hant-HK|寶安縣)}}). According to the book: "monuments and heritage Hong Kong Island East Region "( Chinese name: < 港島東區風物志》 ）， the Hong Kong Yacht Club (formerly known as Lantern Island, also known as Kellett Island) (the entrance to the Hong Kong Island at the Cross-Harbour Tunnel today) has unearthed the copper coins from the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Song Dynasty. It is estimated that at during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the island already had commercial activity. In the first year of the Wanli Period of the Ming Dynasty (1573), it was the territory of Xin'an County, and remained so until it was ceded to the United Kingdom.<ref>[https://www.amo.gov.hk/en/archaeology_work.php Archaeological Work in Hong Kong]</ref><br />
<br />
=== British colony ===<br />
{{expand section|date = December 2011}}<br />
{{Main|History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)}}<br />
<br />
Following the [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842), Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain in 1842 under the Treaty of Nanking and the territory became a [[Crown colony]]. At the time, the island was populated by only a few thousand people, and was thus described as being almost uninhabited.<br />
<br />
==== Japanese invasion and occupation ====<br />
The [[Second World War]] was a dark period for Hong Kong. In the 1930s, the British anticipated a Japanese attack on Hong Kong. As [[Wong Nai Chung Gap]] was a strategically-important place of defence, large-scale defensive works were constructed there, including [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft batteries]], [[howitzer]]s and [[machine gun]] nests.<br />
<br />
The [[Battle of Hong Kong]] began on 8 December 1941. [[United Kingdom|British]], [[Canada|Canadian]] and [[India|Indian]] armies and the [[Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers)|Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Forces]] resisted the Japanese invasion commanded by [[Sakai Takashi]], which began eight hours after the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. However, the Japanese took control of the Hong Kong skies on the first day of attack and outnumbered the defenders, who retreated from the [[Gin Drinkers Line]] and consequently from Kowloon under heavy aerial bombardment and artillery barrage.<br />
<br />
On 18 December, the Japanese had conquered North Point, reaching Wong Nai Chung Gap on the next day. English and Scottish forces and the [[The Winnipeg Grenadiers|Canadian Winnipeg Grenadiers]] vigorously defended the crucial point of Wong Nai Chung Gap, and for a while successfully secured the passage between Central and the secluded southern parts of the island. Japanese casualties were about 600. However, Allied forces there were ultimately defeated by the Japanese on 23 December, and Wong Nai Chung Reservoir was lost – the only one in Hong Kong at the time. As Wan Chai Gap had also fallen that same day, the British had no choice but to surrender.<br />
<br />
Hong Kong was surrendered on 25 December 1941, thereafter often called "Black Christmas" by locals. The [[Governor of Hong Kong]], [[Mark Aitchison Young|Mark Young]], surrendered in person at the temporary Japanese headquarters, on the third floor of the [[The Peninsula Hong Kong|Peninsula Hotel]], thus beginning the [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong]]. [[Rensuke Isogai|Isogai Rensuke]] became the first Japanese governor of Hong Kong. Hyper-inflation and food rationing followed; and the Japanese declared Hong Kong Dollars illegal. The Japanese enforced a repatriation policy throughout the period of occupation because of the scarcity of food and the possible counter-attack of the Allies. As a result, the unemployed were deported to the [[mainland China|Mainland]], and the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Hong Kong Report 1989|author=T. L. Tsim|publisher=Chinese University Press|date=Jan 1, 1989|page=391}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
<br />
Hong Kong Island is the second-largest island of the territory, the largest being [[Lantau Island]]. Its area is {{convert|78.59|km2|abbr=on}}, including {{convert|6.98|km2|abbr=on}} of [[Land reclamation in Hong Kong|land reclaimed]] since 1887 and some smaller scale ones since 1851. It makes up approximately 7% of the total territory. It is separated from the mainland ([[Kowloon Peninsula]] and [[New Territories]]) by [[Victoria Harbour]].<br />
<br />
Most of the hills across the middle of the island are included within the [[Conservation in Hong Kong#Country parks|country parks]].<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
The population {{As of|2011|lc=y}} is 1,270,876, which makes up approximately 19% of that of [[Hong Kong]]. Its population density is higher than for the whole of [[Hong Kong]], c. 18,000 per km<sup>2</sup>. However, the population is heavily concentrated along the northern shore. The combined population of Central and Western, Wan Chai, and Eastern is 1,085,500, giving this urbanised part of the island a density of around 26,000 per km<sup>2</sup>, or 67,000 per mi<sup>2</sup>, in its approximately {{convert|41.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<br />
<br />
The residents living in the Central and Western and Wanchai districts of Hong Kong island have the highest median household income of any area in Hong Kong. Affluent districts on Hong Kong Island are [[Victoria Peak|The Peak]], Western Mid-Levels ([[Conduit Road]]/[[Robinson Road, Hong Kong|Robinson Road]]/[[Magazine Gap Road]]/[[Kotewall Road]] etc.), Eastern Mid-Levels ([[Happy Valley, Hong Kong|Happy Valley]]/[[Tai Hang]]/[[Jardine's Lookout]]), [[Tai Tam]], [[Deep Water Bay]] and [[Repulse Bay]].<br />
<br />
88.5% of Hong Kong Island's residents are of [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] descent. The largest ethnic minority groups are [[Filipinos in Hong Kong|Filipino]]s (4%), [[Indonesians in Hong Kong|Indonesians]] (2.4%), and [[Caucasian|White people]] (2.4%).<ref name=hkcensus>{{Citation|title=District Profiles|access-date=27 September 2013|date=2011|publisher=[[Hong Kong Census]]|url=http://www.census2011.gov.hk/en/district-profiles.html|archive-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927182828/http://www.census2011.gov.hk/en/district-profiles.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
80.2% of Hong Kong Island's residents use [[Cantonese]] as their usual language, while 8% use [[English language|English]] and 1.9% use [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]].<ref name=hkcensus/><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
{{More citations needed|section|date=January 2019}}<br />
[[File:Admiralty Station 2018 01 part1.jpg|thumb|[[Admiralty station (MTR)|Admiralty MTR station]], the interchange station between the [[Tsuen Wan line]], [[Island line (MTR)|Island line]], [[East Rail Line]], and [[South Island line]]]]<br />
Seven of the [[MTR]] rapid transit system's eleven lines service Hong Kong Island. The [[Island line (MTR)|Island line]] and [[South Island line]] run exclusively on Hong Kong Island, with the Island line serving the north shore at 17 stations, and the South Island line connecting four stations on [[Ap Lei Chau]] and in [[Wong Chuk Hang]] to the north shore at [[Admiralty station (MTR)|Admiralty station]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Highways Department - Island Line |url=https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/road_and_railway/existing/railway_network/isl/index.html |website=www.hyd.gov.hk |publisher=[[Highways Department]] of the [[Government of Hong Kong]] |access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Highways Department - South Island Line(East) |url=https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/road_and_railway/existing/railway_network/sile/index.html |website=www.hyd.gov.hk |publisher=[[Highways Department]] of the [[Government of Hong Kong]] |access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref> Five MTR lines – the [[Tsuen Wan line]], the [[Tseung Kwan O line]], the [[Tung Chung line]], the [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] – connect the north shore with Kowloon and provide onward service to the [[New Territories]], and the [[East Rail line]] which provides another cross-harbour connection upon its extension from [[Hung Hom station]] to Admiralty station. In future, the planned [[North Island line]] infrastructure project would extend both the Tung Chung line and the Tseung Kwan O line to connect them to each other, forming a route parallel to the middle section of the Island line.<br />
<br />
Two other rail systems, [[Hong Kong Tramways]] and the [[Peak Tram]], also run exclusively on Hong Kong Island. The former runs mostly parallel to the Island line between [[Kennedy Town]] and [[Shau Kei Wan]], with a loop linking [[Causeway Bay]] and [[Happy Valley, Hong Kong|Happy Valley]]; the latter is a [[funicular]] linking [[Central, Hong Kong|Central District]] to [[Victoria Peak]].<br />
[[File:Western Harbour Tunnel.JPG|thumb|Kowloon portal of the [[Western Harbour Crossing]], one of the tunnels that link Kowloon and Hong Kong Island.]]<br />
Hong Kong Island is connected to the [[Kowloon Peninsula]] on the mainland by two road-only [[tunnel]]s (the [[Cross-Harbour Tunnel]] and the [[Western Harbour Crossing]]), two MTR railway tunnels (Tsuen Wan line and Tung Chung line/Airport Express) and one combined road and MTR rail link tunnel ([[Eastern Harbour Crossing]], containing the Tseung Kwan O line and road traffic in separate parallel conduits). There are no bridges between the island and Kowloon, although two bridges – the [[Ap Lei Chau Bridge]], a road bridge, and [[Aberdeen Channel Bridge]], part of the South Island line – connect the Hong Kong island to [[Ap Lei Chau]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Hong Kong}}<br />
* [[Connaught Road]]<br />
* [[Conservation in Hong Kong]]<br />
* [[Des Voeux Road]]<br />
* [[Hong Kong]]<br />
* [[List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong]]<br />
* [[List of places in Hong Kong]]<br />
* [[List of streets and roads in Hong Kong]]<br />
* [[Queen's Road East, Hong Kong|Queen's Road]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Hong Kong Island}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061231113112/http://hkclweb.hkpl.gov.hk/doc/internet/cht/cnt_highlight.html Map of Hong Kong in 1844]<br />
<br />
{{Islands of Hong Kong}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hong Kong Island| ]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_D%27Aguilar&diff=1089354423Cape D'Aguilar2022-05-23T09:40:49Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Extra space before bracket</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Hong Kong English|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
<br />
{{Chinese<br />
| pic = Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve2.JPG<br />
| piccap = Cape D'Aguilar<br />
|t=鶴咀<br />
|j=Hok2 Zeoi2<br />
|l=Crane Beak<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Kau_pei_chau.jpg|thumb|right|Kau Pei Chau]]<br />
<br />
'''Cape D'Aguilar''' ({{zh-t|鶴咀}}), is a [[cape (geography)|cape]] in the south of [[Shek O]] and [[D'Aguilar Peak]] on southeastern [[Hong Kong Island]], [[Hong Kong]]. The peninsula, where the cape is on its southeastern side, is also known as Cape D'Aguilar. It is located at the southeastern end of [[D'Aguilar Peninsula]]. It is named after [[Major-General]] [[George Charles d'Aguilar]]. There is another cape to the west called Hok Tsui that is often confused with Cape D'Aguilar.<br />
<br />
It is in the [[Southern District, Hong Kong|Southern District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eac.hk/pdf/distco/2019dc/final/dc2019d2.pdf|title=District Council Constituency Boundaries - Southern District (Sheet 2)|publisher=[[Electoral Affairs Commission]]|access-date=2021-04-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
There are two small islands, known as [[Kau Pei Chau]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-HK|狗髀洲}}), in the southern vicinity of the cape. Its south water is [[Sheung Sze Mun]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-HK|雙四門}}).<br />
<br />
==Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve==<br />
{{see also|Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve}}<br />
<br />
Cape D'Aguilar is environmentally protected as part of the Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve.<br />
<br />
==Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse==<br />
{{Infobox lighthouse<br />
| qid = Q11174014<br />
| image = Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse1.JPG<br />
| image_width = 250<br />
| caption = Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse<br />
| location = Cape D'Aguilar, [[Shek O]]<br>[[Hong Kong Island]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.209042|N|114.259122|E}}<br />
| yearbuilt = 1875<br />
| yeardeactivated = 1896-1975<br />
| construction = stone tower<br />
| shape = cylindrical tower with gallery, lantern removed and the light placed on a mast<br />
| marking = white tower and balcony rail<br />
| height = {{convert|9.7|m|ft}}<br />
| focalheight = {{convert|60|m|ft}}<br />
| range = {{convert|20|nmi}}<br />
| characteristic = Fl W 15s.<br />
| country = Hong Kong<br />
| countrynumber = HK-158<ref>{{cite rowlett|hkg|accessdate=January 13, 2016}}</ref><br />
| managingagent = [[Marine Department (Hong Kong)]]<br />
}}<br />
Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse is one of the [[declared monuments of Hong Kong]]. It is also known as '''Hok Tsui Beacon'''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Monument/en/monuments_80.php |title=Antiquities and Monuments Office: Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse |access-date=14 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121171513/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Monument/en/monuments_80.php |archive-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The lighthouse is one of five pre-war surviving lighthouses in Hong Kong; it is also the oldest lighthouse in Hong Kong. Two of the five lighthouses are on [[Green Island, Hong Kong|Green Island]] while the other three are at Cape D'Aguilar, [[Waglan Island]] and [[Tang Lung Chau]] respectively. Waglan Lighthouse and Tang Lung Chau Lighthouse are also declared monuments of Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/news_20051228.php |title=Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse Gazetted as a Historical Building |access-date=3 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812234818/http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/news_20051228.php |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The lighthouse was named after Major-General Sir [[George Charles d'Aguilar]] and began service 6 April 1875. The light was a fixed [[dioptric]] first order [[Fresnel lens#Lighthouse lens sizes|Fresnel lens]], emitting a white light on a focal plane of {{Convert|200|ft}} above sea level, that could be seen in clear weather {{Convert|23|NM}}. When the Waglan Island Lighthouse began operation in 1896 the Cape D'Aguilar light was rendered obsolete. In 1905 the light was removed and transferred to the Green Island Lighthouse to replace the forth order Fresnel light. In 1975 the Cape D'Aguilar was placed back into service with an automated system. The existing structure is {{Convert|9.7|m}} tall.<ref>[http://www.amo.gov.hk/form/pamphlet_lighthouses_201602.pdf Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625085835/http://www.amo.gov.hk/form/pamphlet_lighthouses_201602.pdf |date=25 June 2016 }}- Antiquities and Monuments office: Leisure and Cultural Service Department, pp 3. Retrieved 2016-06-05</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{stack|{{Portal|Engineering|Hong Kong}}}}<br />
* [[Green Island Lighthouse Compound]]<br />
* [[Waglan Lighthouse]]<br />
* [[Tang Lung Chau Lighthouse]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|position=left|D'Aguilar Peninsula|D'Aguilar Peninsula}}<br />
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=22.212381,114.245539&spn=0.030496,0.045580&t=k&hl=en Satellite image of the peninsula by Google Maps]<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJGn4D6CuAU&t=2s Cape D’Aguilar Lighthouse video on YouTube]<br />
<br />
{{Southern District, Hong Kong}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|22|12|28|N|114|15|38|E|display=title|type:landmark}}<br />
<br />
{{Lighthouse identifiers | qid2=Q11174014}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Capes of Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Declared monuments of Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Southern District, Hong Kong]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{HongKongIsland-geo-stub}}</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_D%27Aguilar&diff=1089354285Cape D'Aguilar2022-05-23T09:39:26Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: The correct Chinese name for Cape d'Aguilar should be 鶴咀.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Hong Kong English|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
<br />
{{Chinese<br />
| pic = Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve2.JPG<br />
| piccap = Cape D'Aguilar<br />
|t=鶴咀<br />
|j=Hok2 Zeoi2<br />
|l=Crane Beak<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Kau_pei_chau.jpg|thumb|right|Kau Pei Chau]]<br />
<br />
'''Cape D'Aguilar'''({{zh-t|鶴咀}}), is a [[cape (geography)|cape]] in the south of [[Shek O]] and [[D'Aguilar Peak]] on southeastern [[Hong Kong Island]], [[Hong Kong]]. The peninsula, where the cape is on its southeastern side, is also known as Cape D'Aguilar. It is located at the southeastern end of [[D'Aguilar Peninsula]]. It is named after [[Major-General]] [[George Charles d'Aguilar]]. There is another cape to the west called Hok Tsui that is often confused with Cape D'Aguilar.<br />
<br />
It is in the [[Southern District, Hong Kong|Southern District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eac.hk/pdf/distco/2019dc/final/dc2019d2.pdf|title=District Council Constituency Boundaries - Southern District (Sheet 2)|publisher=[[Electoral Affairs Commission]]|access-date=2021-04-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
There are two small islands, known as [[Kau Pei Chau]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-HK|狗髀洲}}), in the southern vicinity of the cape. Its south water is [[Sheung Sze Mun]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-HK|雙四門}}).<br />
<br />
==Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve==<br />
{{see also|Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve}}<br />
<br />
Cape D'Aguilar is environmentally protected as part of the Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve.<br />
<br />
==Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse==<br />
{{Infobox lighthouse<br />
| qid = Q11174014<br />
| image = Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse1.JPG<br />
| image_width = 250<br />
| caption = Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse<br />
| location = Cape D'Aguilar, [[Shek O]]<br>[[Hong Kong Island]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.209042|N|114.259122|E}}<br />
| yearbuilt = 1875<br />
| yeardeactivated = 1896-1975<br />
| construction = stone tower<br />
| shape = cylindrical tower with gallery, lantern removed and the light placed on a mast<br />
| marking = white tower and balcony rail<br />
| height = {{convert|9.7|m|ft}}<br />
| focalheight = {{convert|60|m|ft}}<br />
| range = {{convert|20|nmi}}<br />
| characteristic = Fl W 15s.<br />
| country = Hong Kong<br />
| countrynumber = HK-158<ref>{{cite rowlett|hkg|accessdate=January 13, 2016}}</ref><br />
| managingagent = [[Marine Department (Hong Kong)]]<br />
}}<br />
Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse is one of the [[declared monuments of Hong Kong]]. It is also known as '''Hok Tsui Beacon'''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Monument/en/monuments_80.php |title=Antiquities and Monuments Office: Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse |access-date=14 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121171513/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Monument/en/monuments_80.php |archive-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The lighthouse is one of five pre-war surviving lighthouses in Hong Kong; it is also the oldest lighthouse in Hong Kong. Two of the five lighthouses are on [[Green Island, Hong Kong|Green Island]] while the other three are at Cape D'Aguilar, [[Waglan Island]] and [[Tang Lung Chau]] respectively. Waglan Lighthouse and Tang Lung Chau Lighthouse are also declared monuments of Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/news_20051228.php |title=Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse Gazetted as a Historical Building |access-date=3 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812234818/http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/news_20051228.php |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The lighthouse was named after Major-General Sir [[George Charles d'Aguilar]] and began service 6 April 1875. The light was a fixed [[dioptric]] first order [[Fresnel lens#Lighthouse lens sizes|Fresnel lens]], emitting a white light on a focal plane of {{Convert|200|ft}} above sea level, that could be seen in clear weather {{Convert|23|NM}}. When the Waglan Island Lighthouse began operation in 1896 the Cape D'Aguilar light was rendered obsolete. In 1905 the light was removed and transferred to the Green Island Lighthouse to replace the forth order Fresnel light. In 1975 the Cape D'Aguilar was placed back into service with an automated system. The existing structure is {{Convert|9.7|m}} tall.<ref>[http://www.amo.gov.hk/form/pamphlet_lighthouses_201602.pdf Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625085835/http://www.amo.gov.hk/form/pamphlet_lighthouses_201602.pdf |date=25 June 2016 }}- Antiquities and Monuments office: Leisure and Cultural Service Department, pp 3. Retrieved 2016-06-05</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{stack|{{Portal|Engineering|Hong Kong}}}}<br />
* [[Green Island Lighthouse Compound]]<br />
* [[Waglan Lighthouse]]<br />
* [[Tang Lung Chau Lighthouse]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|position=left|D'Aguilar Peninsula|D'Aguilar Peninsula}}<br />
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=22.212381,114.245539&spn=0.030496,0.045580&t=k&hl=en Satellite image of the peninsula by Google Maps]<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJGn4D6CuAU&t=2s Cape D’Aguilar Lighthouse video on YouTube]<br />
<br />
{{Southern District, Hong Kong}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|22|12|28|N|114|15|38|E|display=title|type:landmark}}<br />
<br />
{{Lighthouse identifiers | qid2=Q11174014}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Capes of Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Declared monuments of Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Southern District, Hong Kong]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{HongKongIsland-geo-stub}}</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AirPods&diff=1088163640AirPods2022-05-16T14:25:06Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Wireless earbuds by Apple (2016–)}}<br />
{{about|the wireless earbuds|the car|AIRPod}}<br />
{{Distinguish|iPod}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox information appliance<br />
| name = AirPods<br />
| logo = Apple AirPods Wordmark.svg<br />
| image = AirPods.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| developer = [[Apple Inc.]]<br />
| manufacturer = {{plainlist|*[[Wang Laichun|Luxshare-ICT]] ([[contract manufacturer|on contract]])<br />[[GoerTek]] ([[contract manufacturer|on contract]])}}<br />
| family = AirPods<br />
| type = [[Headset (audio)#Bluetooth|Wireless]] [[Headphones#Earphones|earbuds]]<br />
| releasedate = {{Plainlist|<br />
*'''1st generation''': {{Start date|2016|12|13}}<br />
*'''2nd generation''': {{Start date|2019|3|20}}<br />
*'''3rd generation''': {{Start date|2021|10|26}}<br />
}}<br />
| units sold = <br />
| soc = {{Plainlist|<br />
*'''1st generation''': [[Apple silicon#Apple W1|Apple W1]]<br />
*'''2nd and 3rd generation''': [[Apple silicon#Apple H1|Apple H1]]<br />
}}<br />
| discontinued = '''1st generation''': March 20, 2019<br />
| input = '''AirPods''' {{small|(each)}}<br />Dual beam-forming microphones, dual optical sensors<br />
| connectivity = '''AirPods''' {{small|(each)}}<br />[[Bluetooth]]<br />'''Charging case'''<br />[[Lightning (connector)|Lightning]] port<ref name="AirPods tech specs" /> <br />[[Qi (standard)|Qi]] (Wireless Charging Case for 1st and 2nd generation)<br />[[MagSafe (smartphones)|MagSafe]] (3rd generation)<br />
| currentfw = '''1st gen''': 6.8.8 {{small|(December 2019)}}<ref name=":4" /><br />'''2nd gen''': 4C165 {{small|(December 2021)}}<br />'''3rd gen''': 4C170 {{small|(January 2022)}}<br />
| dimensions = '''AirPods''' {{small|(each)}}<br />0.65 x 0.71 x 1.59 in<br />(16.5 x 18.0 x 40.5 mm)<br />'''Charging case'''<br />1.74 x 0.84 x 2.11 in<br />(44.3 x 21.3 x 53.5 mm)<ref name="AirPods tech specs" /><br />
| weight = '''AirPods''' {{small|(each)}}<br />{{convert|0.14|oz|g}}<br />'''Charging case'''<br />{{convert|1.34|oz|g}}<ref name="AirPods tech specs" /><br />
| website = [https://apple.com/airpods apple.com/airpods]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''AirPods''' are wireless [[Bluetooth]] [[Headphones#Ear-fitting headphones|earbuds]] designed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple Inc]]. They were first announced on September 7, 2016, alongside the [[iPhone 7]]. Within two years, they became Apple's most popular accessory.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-03|title=Apple's updated AirPods will release in 2019: report|url=https://mobilesyrup.com/2018/12/03/apple-updated-airpods-release-2019/|access-date=2020-04-03|website=MobileSyrup|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Fingas|first1=Roger|title=Apple sold 35 million AirPods in 2018, currently most popular 'hearable' brand|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/19/03/15/apple-sold-35-million-airpods-in-2018-currently-most-popular-hearable-brand|access-date=2020-04-03|website=AppleInsider|language=en}}</ref> They are Apple's entry-level wireless [[headphones]], sold alongside the [[AirPods Pro]] and [[AirPods Max]].<br />
<br />
In addition to playing audio, the AirPods contain a microphone that filters out [[background noise]] as well as built-in [[accelerometers]] and optical sensors capable of detecting taps and pinches (e.g. double-tap or pinch to pause audio) and placement within the ear, which enables automatic pausing of audio when they are taken out.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-airpod-faq-2016-9|title=Everything you need to know about Apple's new AirPods|last=Kovach|first=Steve|website=Business Insider|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
On March 20, 2019, Apple released the second-generation AirPods, which feature the [[Apple silicon#Apple H1|H1 chip]], longer talk time, and hands-free "Hey [[Siri]]" support. An optional wireless charging case which costs extra was added in the offerings.<br />
<br />
On October 26, 2021, Apple released the third-generation AirPods, which feature an external redesign with shorter stems similar to [[AirPods Pro]], [[Surround sound|spatial audio]], [[IP Code|IPX4]] water resistance, longer battery life, and [[MagSafe (smartphones)|MagSafe]] charging capability.<br />
<br />
== Models ==<br />
<br />
=== 1st generation ===<br />
Apple announced the first generation AirPods on September 7, 2016, at an [[List of Apple Inc. media events#Apple Special Event (September 7, 2016)|Apple Special Event]] alongside the [[iPhone 7]] and Apple Watch Series 2. Apple originally planned to release the AirPods in late October,<ref>{{cite web|title=Apple – Press Info – Apple Reinvents the Wireless Headphone with AirPods|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2016/09/07Apple-Reinvents-the-Wireless-Headphone-with-AirPods.html|website=www.apple.com|access-date=3 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007200319/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2016/09/07Apple-Reinvents-the-Wireless-Headphone-with-AirPods.html|archive-date=October 7, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> but delayed the release date.<ref>{{cite web|title=Apple Delays AirPod Rollout|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/26/apple-delays-airpod-rollout-dont-expect-them-in-october/|access-date=3 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104074913/https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/26/apple-delays-airpod-rollout-dont-expect-them-in-october/|archive-date=November 4, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On December 13, 2016, Apple began taking online orders for AirPods. They were available at [[Apple Store]]s, Apple Authorized Resellers, and select carriers on December 20, 2016.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/review-apple-airpods-are-pretty-f--king-cool-w446877| title=Review: Apple AirPods Are Pretty F—king Cool| publisher=Rolling Stone| author=Greg Emmanuel| date=14 December 2016| access-date=13 December 2016| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214052025/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/review-apple-airpods-are-pretty-f--king-cool-w446877| archive-date=December 14, 2016| df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2016/12/apple-airpods-are-now-available.html|title=Apple AirPods are now available|date=13 December 2016|access-date=14 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214021703/http://www.apple.com/newsroom/2016/12/apple-airpods-are-now-available.html|archive-date=December 14, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
AirPods contain a proprietary [[Apple silicon#Apple W1|Apple W1]] [[System on a chip|SoC]] processor which helps optimize battery use as well as the Bluetooth 4.2 and audio connections. The advanced connectivity functions of the W1 requires devices running [[iOS 10]], [[macOS Sierra]], [[watchOS]] 3, or later.<ref name="AirPods tech specs">{{cite web |title=AirPods – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP750?locale=en_US |publisher=Apple Inc. |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831054835/https://support.apple.com/kb/SP750?locale=en_US |archive-date=31 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> They can also function as standard [[Headset (audio)#Bluetooth|Bluetooth headphones]] when connected to any device that supports [[Bluetooth 4.0]] or higher, including [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] laptops and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/09/hands-on-airpods/|title=Hands On: Apple's AirPod Wireless Earphones Look Very nice And Work Great|first=David|last=Pierce|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=31 August 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919231343/https://www.wired.com/2016/09/hands-on-airpods/|archive-date=19 September 2016|date=7 September 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wired UK 2017-03-02">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/apple-wireless-airpods|title=Apple AirPods review: better than previous iterations, but still a letdown|last1=Woollaston|first1=Victoria|date=March 2, 2017|magazine=[[Wired UK]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831070050/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/apple-wireless-airpods|archive-date=August 31, 2018|access-date=August 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wearableinear.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-apple-wireless-earbuds-airpods/|title=Everything You Need To Know About Apple Wireless Earbuds, The Airpods – Wearable In Ear|date=2016-09-16|newspaper=Wearable In Ear|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116150817/https://www.wearableinear.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-apple-wireless-earbuds-airpods/|archive-date=January 16, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/tv/features/the-custom-w1-chip-inside-apples-airpods-is-more-than-just-a-bluetooth-controller-1456214|title=Apple's W1 Chip for AirPods Is More Than Just a Bluetooth Controller|newspaper=NDTV Gadgets360.com|access-date=2017-02-06|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113020/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/tv/features/the-custom-w1-chip-inside-apples-airpods-is-more-than-just-a-bluetooth-controller-1456214|archive-date=February 7, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are two microphones inside each AirPod, one facing outward at ear level and another at the bottom of the stem.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@Rutherling/a-new-solution-to-volume-on-airpods-9580b784dfa8 |title=A New Solution to Volume on AirPods |last=Walton |first=Tommy |date=January 20, 2017 |website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622055409/https://medium.com/@Rutherling/a-new-solution-to-volume-on-airpods-9580b784dfa8 |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=June 22, 2018 |quote=One microphone is on the outside of the casing, below the acoustic port, and one at the bottom of the stem.}}</ref><ref name="Apple AirPods website">{{cite web|title=AirPods|url=https://www.apple.com/airpods/|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918215039/https://www.apple.com/airpods/|archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> Each AirPod weighs {{convert|0.14|oz|g|abbr=on}}, and its charging case weighs {{convert|1.34|oz|g|abbr=on}}. The AirPods are capable of holding a charge of around five hours. Charging them for fifteen minutes in the case gives three hours of listening time.<ref name="Apple AirPods website" /> The charging case provides 24 hours of total usage time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/shop/product/MMEF2AM/A/airpods|title=AirPods|website=Apple|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref> During a complete dismantling, each AirPod was found to contain a 93 milliwatt hour battery in its stem, while the charging case contains a 1.52 watt hour or 398 mAh at 3.81 V battery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/AirPods+Teardown/75578#s152776|title=AirPods Teardown – iFixit|website=www.ifixit.com|date=December 20, 2016|language=en|access-date=2017-02-07|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208035430/https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/AirPods+Teardown/75578#s152776|archive-date=February 8, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
The model numbers for the first-generation AirPods are A1523 and A1722.<ref name="techjunkie.com">{{cite web |last1=Arch |title=How To Check If Your Airpods Are Gen 2 |url=https://www.techjunkie.com/how-to-check-if-your-airpods-are-gen-2/ |website=TechJunkie |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Production of the first-generation AirPods was discontinued on March 20, 2019, after the second generation was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1304131-REG/apple_mmef2am_a_airpods_wireless_earphones_earpods.html?fromDisList=y|title=Apple AirPods Wireless Bluetooth Earphones (1st Generation)}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 2nd generation ===<br />
Apple announced the second generation AirPods on March 20, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/03/apples-new-airpods-have-hey-siri-50-more-battery-life-wireless-charging/|title=Apple's updated AirPods are here, cost $199 with new wireless charging case|last=Palladino|first=Valentina|date=2019-03-20|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2019/03/airpods-the-worlds-most-popular-wireless-headphones-are-getting-even-better/|title=AirPods, the world's most popular wireless headphones, are getting even better|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> They are the same design as the first generation, but have updated features.<ref name=":1" /> They include an [[Apple silicon#Apple H1|H1 processor]] which supports hands-free "Hey [[Siri]]", [[Bluetooth 5]] connectivity. Apple also claims 50% more talk time and faster device connection times.<ref name=":1" /> The "Announce Messages with Siri” feature was added in [[iOS 13]].2, which allows the user to dictate text messages to Siri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2019/10/02/announce-messages-with-siri-ios-13-2/|title='Announce Messages with Siri' feature returns for AirPods owners in iOS 13.2|last=Mayo|first=Benjamin|date=2019-10-02|website=9to5Mac|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
Second-generation AirPods can be purchased with the same charging case as the first generation, or for an additional price bundled with the [[Qi (standard)|Wireless Charging]] Case, which can be used with [[Qi (standard)|Qi]] chargers. The Wireless Charging Case can be purchased separately and is compatible with first-generation AirPods. It moves the charging indicator LED to the exterior of the case.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2019/03/airpods-the-worlds-most-popular-wireless-headphones-are-getting-even-better/ AirPods, the world’s most popular wireless headphones, are getting even better]. Apple.com. 20 March 2019.</ref> The Wireless Charging Case was initially announced in September 2017 alongside the [[AirPower (hardware)|AirPower]] charging mat, but was delayed by AirPower's protracted development and eventual cancellation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2017/09/12/apple-announces-a-wireless-charging-case-for-the-airpods/|title=Apple announces a wireless charging case for the AirPods|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref> The second generation AirPods remained on sale with a price cut following the release of the third generation in October 2021, but are now only available with the lightning charging case.<br />
<br />
The model numbers for the second-generation AirPods are A2032 and A2031.<ref name="techjunkie.com" /><br />
<br />
=== 3rd generation ===<br />
Apple announced the third generation AirPods on October 18, 2021. They feature an external redesign with shorter stems similar to [[AirPods Pro]] and use similar force touch controls. They include support for [[Surround sound|spatial audio]] and [[Dolby Atmos]], [[IP Code|IPX4]] water resistance, skin detection and a case supporting [[MagSafe (smartphones)|MagSafe]] charging. Apple claims increased battery life, with AirPods lasting six hours and the charging case providing up to 30 hours.<ref>{{citation|title=Apple announces new third-generation AirPods featuring Spatial Audio|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gadgets/apple-announces-new-third-generation-airpods-featuring-spatial-audio-7578802/|date=18 October 2021|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2021-10-18}}</ref> Preorders of the third generation AirPods began on October 18, 2021. The third generation AirPods were released on October 26, 2021, and are priced at $179.<ref>{{citation|title=AirPods (3rd generation)|url=https://www.apple.com/airpods-3rd-generation/|website=Apple|access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
The model numbers for the third-generation AirPods are A2565 and A2564.<ref name="appleModel2Gen">{{cite web |title=Identify your AirPods<br />
|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT209580 |website=Apple |access-date=2022-03-11}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Technical specifications ==<br />
All of the electronics and circuitry responsible for the audio drivers and Bluetooth transmission are stored entirely within the head of the AirPod. The battery is stored in the stem. The battery and circuit boards are connected via flex/ribbon cable.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}<br />
<br />
=== Compatibility ===<br />
AirPods are compatible with any device that supports [[Bluetooth 4.0]] or higher, including [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and Windows devices, although certain features such as automatic switching between devices are only available on Apple devices using [[iCloud]].<ref name="Wired UK 2017-03-02" /><br />
<br />
The first-generation AirPods are fully compatible with [[iPhone]], [[iPad]], and [[IPod Touch|iPod touch]] models with [[iOS 10]] or later, [[Apple Watch]] models with [[watchOS]] 3 or later, and Mac models with [[macOS Sierra]] or later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP750?locale=en_US|title=AirPods (1st generation) – Technical Specifications|website=support.apple.com|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
The second-generation AirPods are fully compatible with devices running [[iOS 12]].2 or later, [[macOS Mojave]] 10.14.4 or later, and [[watchOS]] 5.2 or later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imore.com/airpods-1-vs-airpods-2|title=What's the difference between AirPods 1 and AirPods 2?|date=2020-01-22|website=iMore|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
The third-generation AirPods are fully compatible with devices running [[iOS 15]].1 or later, [[iPadOS 15]].1 or later, [[macOS Monterey]] 12.0 or later, and [[watchOS]] 8.1 or later. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/en-ca/guide/airpods/dev8eff1958f/web|title=Get started with AirPods (3rd generation)|website=support.apple.com|access-date=2022-03-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Support ===<br />
The [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]] in AirPods can see significant [[Lithium-ion battery#Degradation|degradation]] over time, with two-year-old sets lasting for less than half of the advertised five hours.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Semuels|first=Alana|date=2019-03-21|title=Your AirPods Will Die Soon|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2019/03/your-airpods-probably-have-terrible-battery-life/585439/|access-date=2020-04-02|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gallagher|first1=William|title=Here's why your AirPods battery life is getting worse, and what you can do about it|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/19/03/11/heres-why-your-airpods-battery-life-is-getting-worse-and-what-you-can-do-about-it|access-date=2020-04-02|website=AppleInsider|language=en}}</ref> Apple has a program to service batteries and purchase replacement individual AirPods and charging cases. The replacement of one or both AirPods or the charging case has a lower price with AppleCare+ than without.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/airpods/repair/service|title=AirPods Repair – Official Apple Support|website=support.apple.com|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> Apple offers battery servicing for free with AppleCare+ and for a fee without. However, this is just a replacement service, as AirPods batteries cannot be removed.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
AirPods contain upgradeable firmware. Its original firmware was version 3.3.1. In February 2017, Apple released version 3.5.1,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2017/02/01/apple-quietly-updates-airpods/|title=Apple Quietly Updates AirPods Firmware to Version 3.5.1|website=www.macrumors.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> 3.7.2 in May 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2017/05/24/airpods-firmware-update/|title=Apple Releases New Firmware Update for AirPods|website=www.macrumors.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> and then 6.3.2 on March 26, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2019/03/26/airpods-2nd-gen-first-impressions/|title=New AirPods Sound Quality Debated as Orders Begin to Arrive Around the World|website=www.macrumors.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> In July 2019, version 6.7.8 was released and 6.8.8 followed in September 2019.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://airpodsfaq.com/what-is-the-current-airpods-firmware-version/|title=What is the current AirPods firmware version? {{!}} AirPods FAQ|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> In June 2020, firmware 2D15 was released (G2).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple Updates Second-Generation AirPods Firmware to Version 2D15|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2020/05/12/apple-updates-airpods-2-firmware-2d15/|website=MacRumors|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> In September 2020, firmware 3A283 (G2 and Pro) was released<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple Updates AirPods 2 and AirPods Pro Firmware to Version 3A283 |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2020/09/14/apple-updates-airpods-firmware-3a283/ |website=MacRumors |access-date=15 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and in April 2021, firmware 3E751.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Chance|date=2021-04-28|title=Apple releases updated firmware version for AirPods and AirPods Pro|url=https://9to5mac.com/2021/04/28/apple-releases-updated-firmware-version-for-airpods-and-airpods-pro/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=9to5Mac|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=OTA Updates/AirPods (2nd generation) – The iPhone Wiki|url=https://www.theiphonewiki.com/wiki/OTA_Updates/AirPods_(2nd_generation)|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.theiphonewiki.com}}</ref> AirPods automatically sync through Apple's [[iCloud]] service, allowing users to switch audio sources to other supported devices connected by the same [[Apple ID]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/shop/product/MMEF2AM/A/airpods|title=Buy AirPods – Apple|date=2018-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831052449/https://www.apple.com/shop/product/MMEF2AM/A/airpods|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=August 31, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Sales ==<br />
Analysts estimate Apple sold between 14 million and 16 million AirPods in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2018/12/12/how-big-can-apples-airpods-business-become/|title=How Big Can Apple's AirPods Business Become?|last=Team|first=Trefis|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> In 2018, AirPods were Apple's most popular [[IPhone accessories|accessory product]], with 35 million units sold.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobilesyrup.com/2018/12/03/apple-updated-airpods-release-2019/|title=Apple's updated AirPods will release in 2019: report|date=2018-12-03|website=MobileSyrup|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/19/03/15/apple-sold-35-million-airpods-in-2018-currently-most-popular-hearable-brand|title=Apple sold 35 million AirPods in 2018, currently most popular 'hearable' brand|last1=Fingas |first1=Roger |website=AppleInsider|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> 60 million units were sold in 2019.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-sold-nearly-60-million-airpods-in-2019-strategy-analytics-2020-1|title=Apple sold nearly 60 million AirPods in 2019, analysts estimate|last=Wood|first=Charlie|website=Business Insider|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> Analysts estimate AirPods make up 60% of the global wireless headphone market and that Apple's entire Wearables products (Apple Watch, AirPods, and AirPods Pro) “is now bigger than 60% of the companies in the [[Fortune 500]]”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2019/08/06/apple-airpods-business/|title=Apple's AirPods Business Is Bigger Than You Think|website=Fortune|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2019/09/10/apple-still-dominates-the-hearables-market.aspx|title=Apple Still Dominates the Hearables Market|last=CFA|first=Evan Niu|date=2019-09-10|website=The Motley Fool|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> An estimated 5-7% of Apple's revenue from AirPods comes from replacement earbuds and cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/apple-airpods-are-so-beloved-people-spend-more-than-half-a-billion-replacing-them/|title=People love AirPods so much they spend more than half a billion a year replacing them|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cultural impact ==<br />
On announcement day, AirPods were compared to Apple's previously existing [[Apple earbuds|EarPods]] (2012–present), with ''[[The Verge]]'' noting "They look... just like the old EarPods, with the wires cut off."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patel|first=Nilay|date=2016-09-07|title=Apple AirPods hands (and ears) on|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/7/12838810/apple-airpods-wireless-headphones-hands-on-first-look|access-date=2020-04-02|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> Initially mocked by many for their unfamiliar design (including [[CNN]] asking "Would people actually wear these?" in 2016),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kelly|first=Samantha Murphy|date=2016-12-21|title=Apple AirPods review: Do they actually stay in your ears?|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/12/21/technology/apple-airpods-review/index.html|access-date=2020-04-02|website=CNNMoney}}</ref> their popularity grew rapidly over the years and they were voted the most popular "hearable" brand of 2019.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
At an Apple earnings call in 2019, CEO [[Tim Cook]] called AirPods “nothing less than a cultural phenomenon.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Chance|date=2019-04-30|title=Apple working to increase AirPods supply|url=https://9to5mac.com/2019/04/30/airpods-supply-demand-q2-2019/|access-date=2020-04-02|website=9to5Mac|language=en-US}}</ref> AirPods had become a viral sensation with [[memes]] circulating across the internet about its appearance and its relation to the removal of the headphone jack in iPhones.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guynn |first1=Jessica |title=Don't lose your cool: Apple will help you find your errant AirPods |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2017/01/24/apple-find-my-airpods/97003084/ |access-date=May 3, 2021 |work=USA TODAY |date=January 24, 2017}}</ref> However, as time wore on, AirPods became known as a status symbol.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gallagher |first1=Jacob |title=Do AirPods Make You Look Rich? These Millennials Think So |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/do-airpods-make-you-look-rich-these-millennials-think-so-11550591284 |access-date=May 3, 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=February 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Apple's AirPods became a 'flex' — and why it matters|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/apple-s-airpods-once-punchline-emerge-flex-financial-force-n970541|access-date=2020-04-02|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Criticism ===<br />
One criticism of AirPods is their high price; however, at launch they were actually priced less than most "[[True Wireless Headphones|true wireless]]" earbuds on the market (e.g. the Samsung Gear IconX and Bragi Dash) and remain competitively priced with similar products from other major brands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.google.com/product/pixel_buds|title=Pixel Buds|website=Google Store|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/9/28/16381800/samsung-gear-iconx-sale-original-model|title=Samsung's truly wireless earbuds are on sale for $50|last=Kastrenakes|first=Jacob|date=2017-09-28|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/5/12798640/bragi-wireless-headphones-earbuds-price-release-date|title=Bragi's new wireless earbuds are simpler and a lot cheaper|last=O'Kane|first=Sean|date=2016-09-05|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
Another prominent criticism was a problem that caused the charging case battery to deplete at a rapid rate despite the AirPods not being used. Users were reporting upwards of 30% idle discharge per day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/airpods-users-complain-battery-drainage-issues-charging-case/|title=AirPods Users Complain Of Charging Case Battery Drain Issues|date=2016-12-28|website=Digital Trends|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> In response, Apple released a firmware update (version 3.5.1) for the AirPods, which addressed connectivity and battery drain problems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2017/02/01/apple-airpods-silently-receive-bug-fix-firmware-update-to-version-3-5-1/|title=Apple AirPods silently receive bug fix firmware update to version 3.5.1|last=Mayo|first=Benjamin|date=2017-02-01|website=9to5Mac|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to the [[Financial Times]], AirPods are difficult if not impossible to recycle, and not designed to be repairable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ig.ft.com/fixing-my-broken-wireless-earbuds/|title=I tried to fix my wireless earbuds. It did not go well}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Competition ==<br />
Some consumers expressed the viewpoint that there were better options for wireless earphones based on quality and cost.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/shop/select-airpods|title=Shop AirPods|website=Apple|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moneyinc.com/why-are-airpods-so-expensive/|title=Why Are AirPods So Expensive? Here's Why They're Overpriced|last=Flynn|first=Liz|date=2019-10-12|website=Money Inc|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> One of Apple's biggest competitors is [[Samsung]], which markets wireless earbuds that are very similar to AirPods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesdigitalcovers/2020/03/13/samsung-vs-apple-inside-the-brutal-war-for-smartphone-dominance/|title=Samsung vs. Apple: Inside The Brutal War For Smartphone Dominance|last=Cain|first=Geoffrey|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> Another similar product line is from Apple's [[Beats Electronics]], which sells products such as the [[Powerbeats Pro]] wireless earbuds.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.beatsbydre.com/earphones/powerbeats-pro|title=Powerbeats Pro|website=Beats by Dre|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Apple headphones]]<br />
**[[EarPods]]<br />
**[[AirPods Pro]]<br />
**[[AirPods Max]]<br />
* [[Google Pixel Buds]]<br />
* [[Hearables]]<br />
* [[Powerbeats Pro]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.apple.com/airpods|AirPods}} – official site<br />
<br />
{{Apple}}<br />
{{Apple hardware}}<br />
{{Apple hardware since 1998}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Apple Inc. peripherals]]<br />
[[Category:IPhone accessories]]<br />
[[Category:Headphones]]<br />
[[Category:Products introduced in 2016]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kau_Tam_Tso&diff=1061981056Kau Tam Tso2021-12-25T10:25:27Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Hong Kong localities use Cantonese transliterations</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kau Tam Tso 2.JPG|thumb|Kau Tam Tso]]<br />
[[File:Kau Tam Tso 3.JPG|thumb|Hiking path near Kau Tam Tso]]<br />
'''Kau Tam Tso''' ({{zh|s=九担租|t=九擔租}}) is a village in [[North District, Hong Kong|North District]], in the [[New Territories]] of [[Hong Kong]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The ancestors of the people of Kau Tam Tso Village first came to settle in the New Territories of Hong Kong during the middle of the [[Qing dynasty]]. They were nomadic farmers, planting rice and crops, and moved from one part of the New Territories to another before finally settling down in its current location towards the end of the Qing dynasty. Prior to migrating southward to the New Territories, they previously settled in the [[Bao'an County]] at the beginning of the Qing dynasty.<br />
<br />
The family tree of the Lee Clan in the Kau Tam Tso Village is documented in the Village Name List Book ({{lang|zh-Hant|族譜}}). This Village Name List Book also holds family tree records that date back to the [[Tang dynasty]] in which the first "Lee" ancestor was believed to have come from central China, an area around the current [[Hubei]] and [[Hunan]] border.<br />
<br />
During the two great wars, Kau Tam Tso Villagers joined the Resistance Army with neighbouring villagers and fought against the [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Japanese occupation]]. It is believed that, in the vicinity of the current village location, long network of tunnels were dug into the hills as hiding places during the wars. These were later destroyed by the monsoon rains after the second world war. With recognition and sponsorship from the current [[Government of Hong Kong]], a monument has been erected near the entrance to the [[Wu Kau Tang]] Village that commemorates those who lost their lives in order for present generations to live in peace.<ref>[http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100924/00407_009.html 抗戰老兵轟日無中生有]</ref> To date, many households still possess Japanese paper currencies that were used during the wars, with the hope that at some point in the future, the current or future Japanese Government will exchange and compensate with today's currencies.<br />
<br />
During the annual [[Qingming Festival|Ching Ming]] and [[Chung Yeung Festival|Chung Yeung]] Festivals, villagers often visit the burial ground of the couple that first settled in the New Territories to pay their respect, gratitude and sincerity. They were buried in a sacred place overlooking the hilltops that has a grand view of the northeast shores in the New Territories.<br />
<br />
Currently, the majority of the villagers reside in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], around the [[London boroughs]] and in the [[Greater Manchester]] districts.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Kau Tam Tso}}<br />
* [https://www.had.gov.hk/rre/images/village_map1922/N/n-stk-29.pdf Delineation of area of existing village Kau Tam Tso (Sha Tau Kok) for election of resident representative (2019 to 2022)]<br />
* Pictures of Kau Tam Tso: [http://www.hkhikers.com/images/Tiu%20Tang%20Lung%202008/Tiu%20Tang%20Lung%202008%2001.JPG] [http://www.hkhikers.com/images/Tiu%20Tang%20Lung%202008/Tiu%20Tang%20Lung%202008%2002.JPG]<br />
<br />
{{Coord|22.503802|N|114.247871|E|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:North District, Hong Kong]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{HongKong-geo-stub}}</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waglan_Island&diff=1054276784Waglan Island2021-11-09T02:48:00Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Undid revision 1054237496 by MSGJ (talk) - Read the documentation of the template - Any country/territory with a standard three-letter ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code can be filled in this section. Hong Kong has its own HKG code. Further, the word "country" is just a label in the infobox code, and does not show up publicly. It should be noted that under one country two systems, Hong Kong SAR should be listed as the top-level administrating body.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use British English|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox islands<br />
| name = Waglan Island<br />
| local_name = 橫瀾島<br />
| image_name = Po Toi Islands Aerial .jpg<br />
| image_caption = Waglan Island and the Po Toi group of islands<br />
| map_image = Waglan Island Location.png<br />
| map_caption = Location of Waglan Island within Hong Kong<br />
| location = [[South China Sea]]<br />
| area_km2 = 0.104<br />
| country = {{HKG}}<br />
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[Districts of Hong Kong|District]]<br />
| country_admin_divisions = [[Islands District]]<br />
| population = 0<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox Chinese<br />
|order=<br />
|showflag=<br />
|t=橫瀾島<br />
|s=横澜岛<br />
|j=Waang<sup>4</sup> laan<sup>4</sup> dou<sup>2</sup> <br />
|y=Wàahng làahn dóu<br />
|p=Hénglándǎo<br />
}}<br />
'''Waglan Island''' is a member of the [[Po Toi Islands|Po Toi group of islands]] in [[Hong Kong]]. It hosts a ground of meteorological observation and recording.<br />
<br />
==Waglan lighthouse==<br />
{{Infobox lighthouse<br />
| qid = Q11122301<br />
| name = Waglan Island Lighthouse<br>''Wang Lan To''<br />
| image_name = Waglan Island Sung Kong Lo Chau.jpg<br />
| caption = Aerial view of Waglan Island<br />
| location = Waglan Island, [[Hong Kong]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.181991|N|114.302880|E|display=inline}}<br />
| yearbuilt = 1893<br />
| automated = 1989<br />
| construction = cast iron tower<br />
| shape = cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern<br />
| marking = white tower with a horizontal red band under the balcony, white lantern<br />
| height = {{convert|16|m|ft}}<br />
| focalheight = {{convert|69|m|ft}}<br />
| range = {{convert|24|nmi}}<br />
| characteristic = Fl (2) W 20s.<br />
| fogsignal = two blasts every 60s.<br />
| admiralty = P3578<br />
| NGA = 19326<br />
| ARLHS = HOK-005<br />
| country = Hong Kong<br />
| countrynumber = HK-102<ref>{{cite rowlett|hkg|access-date=January 13, 2016}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
The Waglan Lighthouse on Waglan Island has been listed as a [[Declared monuments of Hong Kong|declared monument of Hong Kong]] since 2000. It commenced operation in 1893; it is one of the five surviving pre-war lighthouses in Hong Kong.<ref>[http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/monuments_71.php Antiquities and Monuments Office:Waglan Lighthouse]</ref><br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
{{Weather box|width=auto<br />
|location = Waglan Island (1989-2016)<br />
|metric first = Y<br />
|single line = Y<br />
<!-- Record high temperatures --><br />
| Jan record high C = 28.5<br />
| Feb record high C = 28.8<br />
| Mar record high C = 32.3<br />
| Apr record high C = 33.4<br />
| May record high C = 37.9<br />
| Jun record high C = 38.4<br />
| Jul record high C = 37.7<br />
| Aug record high C = 38.1<br />
| Sep record high C = 36.9<br />
| Oct record high C = 35.1<br />
| Nov record high C = 33.1<br />
| Dec record high C = 29.9<br />
| year record high C = 38.4<br />
|Jan high C = 18.3<br />
|Feb high C = 18.6<br />
|Mar high C = 20.7<br />
|Apr high C = 24.7<br />
|May high C = 28.3<br />
|Jun high C = 30.4<br />
|Jul high C = 31.3<br />
|Aug high C = 31.3<br />
|Sep high C = 30.6<br />
|Oct high C = 28.2<br />
|Nov high C = 24.5<br />
|Dec high C = 20.3<br />
|year high C = 25.6<br />
|Jan mean C = 15.5<br />
|Feb mean C = 15.9<br />
|Mar mean C = 18.0<br />
|Apr mean C = 21.8<br />
|May mean C = 25.3<br />
|Jun mean C = 27.5<br />
|Jul mean C = 28.2<br />
|Aug mean C = 28.0<br />
|Sep mean C = 27.3<br />
|Oct mean C = 25.1<br />
|Nov mean C = 21.5<br />
|Dec mean C = 17.6<br />
|year mean C = 22.7<br />
|Jan low C = 13.2<br />
|Feb low C = 14.3<br />
|Mar low C = 16.3<br />
|Apr low C = 20.1<br />
|May low C = 23.5<br />
|Jun low C = 25.7<br />
|Jul low C = 26.0<br />
|Aug low C = 25.8<br />
|Sep low C = 24.6<br />
|Oct low C = 23.4<br />
|Nov low C = 19.7<br />
|Dec low C = 15.7<br />
|year low C = 20.0<br />
<!-- Record low temperatures --><br />
| Jan record low C = 3.4<br />
| Feb record low C = 6.0<br />
| Mar record low C = 7.8<br />
| Apr record low C = 10.2<br />
| May record low C = 17.4<br />
| Jun record low C = 20.2<br />
| Jul record low C = 21.5<br />
| Aug record low C = 21.7<br />
| Sep record low C = 18.7<br />
| Oct record low C = 16.1<br />
| Nov record low C = 9.8<br />
| Dec record low C = 4.4<br />
| year record low C = 3.4<br />
|source 1 = [[Hong Kong Observatory]]<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url =http://www.hko.gov.hk/cis/awsYearlyExtract_uc.htm?stn=WGL<br />
| title = Extract of Annual Data - Waglan Islandy, 1989-2016<br />
| publisher = Hong Kong Observatory<br />
| access-date = February 27, 2017}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Hong Kong Observatory]]<br />
* [[Green Island Lighthouse Compound]]<br />
* [[Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse]]<br />
* [[Tang Lung Chau Lighthouse]]<br />
* [[List of lighthouses in China]]<br />
* [[SS Hsin Wah|SS ''Hsin Wah'']]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite journal |last1= Ha|first1= Louis|last2= Waters|first2= Dan|year=2001 |title=Hong Kong's Lighthouses and the Men Who Manned Them|journal= [[Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch]]|volume= 41|pages=281–320 |url=http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/203758cdeb1696e0f3fb7ceca59e88b1.pdf |issn= 1991-7295}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.weather.gov.hk Hong Kong Observatory website]<br />
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&om=1&ie=UTF8&z=16&ll=22.184782,114.304869&spn=0.008961,0.014591&t=k Aerial image from Google Maps]<br />
* [http://www.heritage.gov.hk/images/monuments/gPlan/DM71.pdf Map of Waglan Island]<br />
* [http://www.nautinsthk.com/archive/documents/waglan.htm Mr. Deacon, "About Waglan Lighthouse]<br />
<br />
{{stack|{{Portal|Hong Kong}}}}<br />
{{Commonscat|position=left|Waglan Island}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Waglan Island.PNG|thumb|left|300px|Waglan Island seen from north]]<br />
{{Islands District}}<br />
{{Islands of Hong Kong}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|22|10|55|N|114|18|12|E|display=title|type:isle}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Lighthouses in Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1893]]<br />
[[Category:1893 establishments in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Po Toi Islands]]<br />
<br />
{{HongKong-geo-stub}}</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waglan_Island&diff=1054130398Waglan Island2021-11-08T07:03:04Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use British English|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox islands<br />
| name = Waglan Island<br />
| local_name = 橫瀾島<br />
| image_name = Po Toi Islands Aerial .jpg<br />
| image_caption = Waglan Island and the Po Toi group of islands<br />
| map_image = Waglan Island Location.png<br />
| map_caption = Location of Waglan Island within Hong Kong<br />
| location = [[South China Sea]]<br />
| area_km2 = 0.104<br />
| country = {{HKG}}<br />
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[Districts of Hong Kong|District]]<br />
| country_admin_divisions = [[Islands District]]<br />
| population = 0<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox Chinese<br />
|order=<br />
|showflag=<br />
|t=橫瀾島<br />
|s=横澜岛<br />
|j=Waang<sup>4</sup> laan<sup>4</sup> dou<sup>2</sup> <br />
|y=Wàahng làahn dóu<br />
|p=Hénglándǎo<br />
}}<br />
'''Waglan Island''' is a member of the [[Po Toi Islands|Po Toi group of islands]] in [[Hong Kong]]. It hosts a ground of meteorological observation and recording.<br />
<br />
==Waglan lighthouse==<br />
{{Infobox lighthouse<br />
| qid = Q11122301<br />
| name = Waglan Island Lighthouse<br>''Wang Lan To''<br />
| image_name = Waglan Island Sung Kong Lo Chau.jpg<br />
| caption = Aerial view of Waglan Island<br />
| location = Waglan Island, [[Hong Kong]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.181991|N|114.302880|E|display=inline}}<br />
| yearbuilt = 1893<br />
| automated = 1989<br />
| construction = cast iron tower<br />
| shape = cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern<br />
| marking = white tower with a horizontal red band under the balcony, white lantern<br />
| height = {{convert|16|m|ft}}<br />
| focalheight = {{convert|69|m|ft}}<br />
| range = {{convert|24|nmi}}<br />
| characteristic = Fl (2) W 20s.<br />
| fogsignal = two blasts every 60s.<br />
| admiralty = P3578<br />
| NGA = 19326<br />
| ARLHS = HOK-005<br />
| country = Hong Kong<br />
| countrynumber = HK-102<ref>{{cite rowlett|hkg|access-date=January 13, 2016}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
The Waglan Lighthouse on Waglan Island has been listed as a [[Declared monuments of Hong Kong|declared monument of Hong Kong]] since 2000. It commenced operation in 1893; it is one of the five surviving pre-war lighthouses in Hong Kong.<ref>[http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/monuments_71.php Antiquities and Monuments Office:Waglan Lighthouse]</ref><br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
{{Weather box|width=auto<br />
|location = Waglan Island (1989-2016)<br />
|metric first = Y<br />
|single line = Y<br />
<!-- Record high temperatures --><br />
| Jan record high C = 28.5<br />
| Feb record high C = 28.8<br />
| Mar record high C = 32.3<br />
| Apr record high C = 33.4<br />
| May record high C = 37.9<br />
| Jun record high C = 38.4<br />
| Jul record high C = 37.7<br />
| Aug record high C = 38.1<br />
| Sep record high C = 36.9<br />
| Oct record high C = 35.1<br />
| Nov record high C = 33.1<br />
| Dec record high C = 29.9<br />
| year record high C = 38.4<br />
|Jan high C = 18.3<br />
|Feb high C = 18.6<br />
|Mar high C = 20.7<br />
|Apr high C = 24.7<br />
|May high C = 28.3<br />
|Jun high C = 30.4<br />
|Jul high C = 31.3<br />
|Aug high C = 31.3<br />
|Sep high C = 30.6<br />
|Oct high C = 28.2<br />
|Nov high C = 24.5<br />
|Dec high C = 20.3<br />
|year high C = 25.6<br />
|Jan mean C = 15.5<br />
|Feb mean C = 15.9<br />
|Mar mean C = 18.0<br />
|Apr mean C = 21.8<br />
|May mean C = 25.3<br />
|Jun mean C = 27.5<br />
|Jul mean C = 28.2<br />
|Aug mean C = 28.0<br />
|Sep mean C = 27.3<br />
|Oct mean C = 25.1<br />
|Nov mean C = 21.5<br />
|Dec mean C = 17.6<br />
|year mean C = 22.7<br />
|Jan low C = 13.2<br />
|Feb low C = 14.3<br />
|Mar low C = 16.3<br />
|Apr low C = 20.1<br />
|May low C = 23.5<br />
|Jun low C = 25.7<br />
|Jul low C = 26.0<br />
|Aug low C = 25.8<br />
|Sep low C = 24.6<br />
|Oct low C = 23.4<br />
|Nov low C = 19.7<br />
|Dec low C = 15.7<br />
|year low C = 20.0<br />
<!-- Record low temperatures --><br />
| Jan record low C = 3.4<br />
| Feb record low C = 6.0<br />
| Mar record low C = 7.8<br />
| Apr record low C = 10.2<br />
| May record low C = 17.4<br />
| Jun record low C = 20.2<br />
| Jul record low C = 21.5<br />
| Aug record low C = 21.7<br />
| Sep record low C = 18.7<br />
| Oct record low C = 16.1<br />
| Nov record low C = 9.8<br />
| Dec record low C = 4.4<br />
| year record low C = 3.4<br />
|source 1 = [[Hong Kong Observatory]]<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url =http://www.hko.gov.hk/cis/awsYearlyExtract_uc.htm?stn=WGL<br />
| title = Extract of Annual Data - Waglan Islandy, 1989-2016<br />
| publisher = Hong Kong Observatory<br />
| access-date = February 27, 2017}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Hong Kong Observatory]]<br />
* [[Green Island Lighthouse Compound]]<br />
* [[Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse]]<br />
* [[Tang Lung Chau Lighthouse]]<br />
* [[List of lighthouses in China]]<br />
* [[SS Hsin Wah|SS ''Hsin Wah'']]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite journal |last1= Ha|first1= Louis|last2= Waters|first2= Dan|year=2001 |title=Hong Kong's Lighthouses and the Men Who Manned Them|journal= [[Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch]]|volume= 41|pages=281–320 |url=http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/203758cdeb1696e0f3fb7ceca59e88b1.pdf |issn= 1991-7295}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.weather.gov.hk Hong Kong Observatory website]<br />
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&om=1&ie=UTF8&z=16&ll=22.184782,114.304869&spn=0.008961,0.014591&t=k Aerial image from Google Maps]<br />
* [http://www.heritage.gov.hk/images/monuments/gPlan/DM71.pdf Map of Waglan Island]<br />
* [http://www.nautinsthk.com/archive/documents/waglan.htm Mr. Deacon, "About Waglan Lighthouse]<br />
<br />
{{stack|{{Portal|Hong Kong}}}}<br />
{{Commonscat|position=left|Waglan Island}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Waglan Island.PNG|thumb|left|300px|Waglan Island seen from north]]<br />
{{Islands District}}<br />
{{Islands of Hong Kong}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|22|10|55|N|114|18|12|E|display=title|type:isle}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Lighthouses in Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1893]]<br />
[[Category:1893 establishments in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Po Toi Islands]]<br />
<br />
{{HongKong-geo-stub}}</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheung_Yan-lung&diff=1045571223Cheung Yan-lung2021-09-21T07:51:28Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Removed from Living persons category; added to 2021 deaths category</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
|name=Benton Cheung Yan-lung<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] [[OStJ]] [[Justice of Peace|JP]]<br />
|image= <br />
|native_name = {{nobold|張人龍}}<br />
|native_name_lang = zh-hk<br />
|honorific-suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], [[OStJ]], [[Justice of Peace|JP]]<br />
|birth_date={{birth date|1922|4|18|df=y}}<br />
|birth_place= [[New Territories]], [[North District, Hong Kong|North District]], [[British Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Database on LegCo members|url=http://app.legco.gov.hk/member_front/english/library/member_detail.aspx?id=100|year=2012|accessdate=2 April 2013|work=Legislative Council of Hong Kong}}</ref><br />
|death_date={{death date and age|2021|9|19|1922|4|18|df=y}}<br />
|death_place= [[Hong Kong]]<br />
|office=Member of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]<br />
|constituency1= [[Regional Council (constituency)|Regional Council]]<br />
|term_start=7 October 1981<br />
|term_end=22 August 1991<br />
|predecessor1= [[Lau Wong-fat]]<br />
|successor1= [[Gilbert Leung]]<br />
|office2=Chairman of the [[Regional Council of Hong Kong|Regional Council]]<br />
|term_start2=1986<br />
|term_end2=1991<br />
|predecessor2= ''New title''<br />
|successor2= [[Daniel Lam]]<br />
|office3=Chairman of the [[Heung Yee Kuk]]<br />
|term_start3=1964<br />
|term_end3=1966<br />
|predecessor3= [[Chan Yat-sen]]<br />
|successor3= Pang Fu-wa<br />
|alma_mater= [[La Salle College]],<br>[[Zhongshan University]] {{small|(BA)}}<br />
|occupation= Businessman<br />
|party= <br />
|death_place = <br />
|citizenship = <br />
|spouse = Angela Liu Fung-wo<br>Dolly Chan Shuk-ching <br> Hui Yuk-kau<br />
|children = Cheung Sing-chung<br>Cheung Heung-ping<br>Cheung Chun Sing<br>Cheung May Ping<br>Cheung Leung-sing<br>Cheung Yiu-sing<br>Cheung Lok-ching<br>Cheung Tak-Hay<br>Cheung Yuen-wa<br>[[Alexander Fu]]<br>Cheung Chin-pang<br>Cheung Leung-Kwan<Br>Cheung Tak-kwai<br />
| mother = Choi Siu-tai <br />
| father = Cheung Chi-hang<br />
| relatives = <br />
|portfolio = <br />
|religion = }}<br />
{{Chinese<br />
|order=ts<br />
|t=張人龍<br />
|s=张人龙<br />
|j=zoeng1 jan4 lung4<br />
|p=Zhāng Rénlóng<br />
}}<br />
'''Benton Cheung Yan-lung''', [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], [[OStJ]], [[Justice of Peace|JP]] (18 April 1922 - 19 September 2021) is a Hong Kong businessman and politician with [[New Territories]] [[Indigenous inhabitants (Hong Kong)|rural background]]. He was a member of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] from 1981 to 1991 and chairman of the [[Regional Council of Hong Kong]] and New Territories [[Heung Yee Kuk]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Cheung was born on 18 April 1922 in a [[New Territories]] village in the [[North District, Hong Kong|North District]] nearby the Hong Kong–China border to his father Cheung Chi-hang and his wife Choi Siu-tai.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Difference: Hong Kong's New Territories and Its People, 1898-2004|last=Hayes|first=James|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=2006|pages=237–238}}</ref> Graduated from the [[La Salle College]] and with a degree in Economics from the [[Zhongshan University|University of Dr. Sun Yat-sen]] in [[Guangzhou|Canton]], Cheung worked in his father's business in Hong Kong. <br />
<br />
In 1964, he was selected by the [[rural committee]]s as the 16th chairman of the [[Heung Yee Kuk]], representing the indigenous inhabitants. He was also chairman of the North District Community Centre and Town Hall Management Committee.<br />
<br />
Cheung was appointed to the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] in 1981. In 1985, he became the chairman of the [[Regional Council of Hong Kong|Regional Council]] which he held the position until 1991. He was also member of the [[North District Board]]. He held other public positions including member of North District Social Services Committee, St. John Council, [[Hong Kong Housing Authority]] and Fireworks Displays Vetting Committee. He was also director of the Hong Kong Future Exchange and [[Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation]].<br />
<br />
He had three wives, the first being Angela Liu Fung-wo, while the second was Dolly Chan Shuk-ching, and the third was Hui Yuk-kau, with them he had 16 children. His ninth son, [[Alexander Fu]] (birth name Cheung Fu-sheng) was a famous kungfu movie star.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheung, Yan-lung}}<br />
[[Category:1922 births]]<br />
[[Category:2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Regional Council of Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:District councillors of North District]]<br />
[[Category:Heung Yee Kuk]]<br />
[[Category:Indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories in Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Progressive Hong Kong Society politicians]]<br />
[[Category:HK LegCo Members 1985–1988]]<br />
[[Category:HK LegCo Members 1988–1991]]<br />
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Officers of the Order of St John]]<br />
[[Category:Hong Kong Affairs Advisors]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Selection Committee of Hong Kong]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheung_Yan-lung&diff=1045571143Cheung Yan-lung2021-09-21T07:50:41Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Fixed error with death date template</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
|name=Benton Cheung Yan-lung<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] [[OStJ]] [[Justice of Peace|JP]]<br />
|image= <br />
|native_name = {{nobold|張人龍}}<br />
|native_name_lang = zh-hk<br />
|honorific-suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], [[OStJ]], [[Justice of Peace|JP]]<br />
|birth_date={{birth date|1922|4|18|df=y}}<br />
|birth_place= [[New Territories]], [[North District, Hong Kong|North District]], [[British Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Database on LegCo members|url=http://app.legco.gov.hk/member_front/english/library/member_detail.aspx?id=100|year=2012|accessdate=2 April 2013|work=Legislative Council of Hong Kong}}</ref><br />
|death_date={{death date and age|2021|9|19|1922|4|18|df=y}}<br />
|death_place= [[Hong Kong]]<br />
|office=Member of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]<br />
|constituency1= [[Regional Council (constituency)|Regional Council]]<br />
|term_start=7 October 1981<br />
|term_end=22 August 1991<br />
|predecessor1= [[Lau Wong-fat]]<br />
|successor1= [[Gilbert Leung]]<br />
|office2=Chairman of the [[Regional Council of Hong Kong|Regional Council]]<br />
|term_start2=1986<br />
|term_end2=1991<br />
|predecessor2= ''New title''<br />
|successor2= [[Daniel Lam]]<br />
|office3=Chairman of the [[Heung Yee Kuk]]<br />
|term_start3=1964<br />
|term_end3=1966<br />
|predecessor3= [[Chan Yat-sen]]<br />
|successor3= Pang Fu-wa<br />
|alma_mater= [[La Salle College]],<br>[[Zhongshan University]] {{small|(BA)}}<br />
|occupation= Businessman<br />
|party= <br />
|death_place = <br />
|citizenship = <br />
|spouse = Angela Liu Fung-wo<br>Dolly Chan Shuk-ching <br> Hui Yuk-kau<br />
|children = Cheung Sing-chung<br>Cheung Heung-ping<br>Cheung Chun Sing<br>Cheung May Ping<br>Cheung Leung-sing<br>Cheung Yiu-sing<br>Cheung Lok-ching<br>Cheung Tak-Hay<br>Cheung Yuen-wa<br>[[Alexander Fu]]<br>Cheung Chin-pang<br>Cheung Leung-Kwan<Br>Cheung Tak-kwai<br />
| mother = Choi Siu-tai <br />
| father = Cheung Chi-hang<br />
| relatives = <br />
|portfolio = <br />
|religion = }}<br />
{{Chinese<br />
|order=ts<br />
|t=張人龍<br />
|s=张人龙<br />
|j=zoeng1 jan4 lung4<br />
|p=Zhāng Rénlóng<br />
}}<br />
'''Benton Cheung Yan-lung''', [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], [[OStJ]], [[Justice of Peace|JP]] (18 April 1922 - 19 September 2021) is a Hong Kong businessman and politician with [[New Territories]] [[Indigenous inhabitants (Hong Kong)|rural background]]. He was a member of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] from 1981 to 1991 and chairman of the [[Regional Council of Hong Kong]] and New Territories [[Heung Yee Kuk]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Cheung was born on 18 April 1922 in a [[New Territories]] village in the [[North District, Hong Kong|North District]] nearby the Hong Kong–China border to his father Cheung Chi-hang and his wife Choi Siu-tai.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Difference: Hong Kong's New Territories and Its People, 1898-2004|last=Hayes|first=James|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=2006|pages=237–238}}</ref> Graduated from the [[La Salle College]] and with a degree in Economics from the [[Zhongshan University|University of Dr. Sun Yat-sen]] in [[Guangzhou|Canton]], Cheung worked in his father's business in Hong Kong. <br />
<br />
In 1964, he was selected by the [[rural committee]]s as the 16th chairman of the [[Heung Yee Kuk]], representing the indigenous inhabitants. He was also chairman of the North District Community Centre and Town Hall Management Committee.<br />
<br />
Cheung was appointed to the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] in 1981. In 1985, he became the chairman of the [[Regional Council of Hong Kong|Regional Council]] which he held the position until 1991. He was also member of the [[North District Board]]. He held other public positions including member of North District Social Services Committee, St. John Council, [[Hong Kong Housing Authority]] and Fireworks Displays Vetting Committee. He was also director of the Hong Kong Future Exchange and [[Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation]].<br />
<br />
He had three wives, the first being Angela Liu Fung-wo, while the second was Dolly Chan Shuk-ching, and the third was Hui Yuk-kau, with them he had 16 children. His ninth son, [[Alexander Fu]] (birth name Cheung Fu-sheng) was a famous kungfu movie star.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheung, Yan-lung}}<br />
[[Category:1922 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Regional Council of Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:District councillors of North District]]<br />
[[Category:Heung Yee Kuk]]<br />
[[Category:Indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories in Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Progressive Hong Kong Society politicians]]<br />
[[Category:HK LegCo Members 1985–1988]]<br />
[[Category:HK LegCo Members 1988–1991]]<br />
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Officers of the Order of St John]]<br />
[[Category:Hong Kong Affairs Advisors]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Selection Committee of Hong Kong]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheung_Yan-lung&diff=1045570702Cheung Yan-lung2021-09-21T07:47:12Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: According to iCable News, Cheung died on 19 September 2021.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
|name=Benton Cheung Yan-lung<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] [[OStJ]] [[Justice of Peace|JP]]<br />
|image= <br />
|native_name = {{nobold|張人龍}}<br />
|native_name_lang = zh-hk<br />
|honorific-suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], [[OStJ]], [[Justice of Peace|JP]]<br />
|birth_date={{birth date|1922|4|18|df=y}}<br />
|birth_place= [[New Territories]], [[North District, Hong Kong|North District]], [[British Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Database on LegCo members|url=http://app.legco.gov.hk/member_front/english/library/member_detail.aspx?id=100|year=2012|accessdate=2 April 2013|work=Legislative Council of Hong Kong}}</ref><br />
|death_date={{death date and age|2021|9|19}}<br />
|death_place= [[Hong Kong]]<br />
|office=Member of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]<br />
|constituency1= [[Regional Council (constituency)|Regional Council]]<br />
|term_start=7 October 1981<br />
|term_end=22 August 1991<br />
|predecessor1= [[Lau Wong-fat]]<br />
|successor1= [[Gilbert Leung]]<br />
|office2=Chairman of the [[Regional Council of Hong Kong|Regional Council]]<br />
|term_start2=1986<br />
|term_end2=1991<br />
|predecessor2= ''New title''<br />
|successor2= [[Daniel Lam]]<br />
|office3=Chairman of the [[Heung Yee Kuk]]<br />
|term_start3=1964<br />
|term_end3=1966<br />
|predecessor3= [[Chan Yat-sen]]<br />
|successor3= Pang Fu-wa<br />
|alma_mater= [[La Salle College]],<br>[[Zhongshan University]] {{small|(BA)}}<br />
|occupation= Businessman<br />
|party= <br />
|death_place = <br />
|citizenship = <br />
|spouse = Angela Liu Fung-wo<br>Dolly Chan Shuk-ching <br> Hui Yuk-kau<br />
|children = Cheung Sing-chung<br>Cheung Heung-ping<br>Cheung Chun Sing<br>Cheung May Ping<br>Cheung Leung-sing<br>Cheung Yiu-sing<br>Cheung Lok-ching<br>Cheung Tak-Hay<br>Cheung Yuen-wa<br>[[Alexander Fu]]<br>Cheung Chin-pang<br>Cheung Leung-Kwan<Br>Cheung Tak-kwai<br />
| mother = Choi Siu-tai <br />
| father = Cheung Chi-hang<br />
| relatives = <br />
|portfolio = <br />
|religion = }}<br />
{{Chinese<br />
|order=ts<br />
|t=張人龍<br />
|s=张人龙<br />
|j=zoeng1 jan4 lung4<br />
|p=Zhāng Rénlóng<br />
}}<br />
'''Benton Cheung Yan-lung''', [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], [[OStJ]], [[Justice of Peace|JP]] (18 April 1922 - 19 September 2021) is a Hong Kong businessman and politician with [[New Territories]] [[Indigenous inhabitants (Hong Kong)|rural background]]. He was a member of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] from 1981 to 1991 and chairman of the [[Regional Council of Hong Kong]] and New Territories [[Heung Yee Kuk]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Cheung was born on 18 April 1922 in a [[New Territories]] village in the [[North District, Hong Kong|North District]] nearby the Hong Kong–China border to his father Cheung Chi-hang and his wife Choi Siu-tai.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Difference: Hong Kong's New Territories and Its People, 1898-2004|last=Hayes|first=James|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=2006|pages=237–238}}</ref> Graduated from the [[La Salle College]] and with a degree in Economics from the [[Zhongshan University|University of Dr. Sun Yat-sen]] in [[Guangzhou|Canton]], Cheung worked in his father's business in Hong Kong. <br />
<br />
In 1964, he was selected by the [[rural committee]]s as the 16th chairman of the [[Heung Yee Kuk]], representing the indigenous inhabitants. He was also chairman of the North District Community Centre and Town Hall Management Committee.<br />
<br />
Cheung was appointed to the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] in 1981. In 1985, he became the chairman of the [[Regional Council of Hong Kong|Regional Council]] which he held the position until 1991. He was also member of the [[North District Board]]. He held other public positions including member of North District Social Services Committee, St. John Council, [[Hong Kong Housing Authority]] and Fireworks Displays Vetting Committee. He was also director of the Hong Kong Future Exchange and [[Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation]].<br />
<br />
He had three wives, the first being Angela Liu Fung-wo, while the second was Dolly Chan Shuk-ching, and the third was Hui Yuk-kau, with them he had 16 children. His ninth son, [[Alexander Fu]] (birth name Cheung Fu-sheng) was a famous kungfu movie star.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheung, Yan-lung}}<br />
[[Category:1922 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Regional Council of Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:District councillors of North District]]<br />
[[Category:Heung Yee Kuk]]<br />
[[Category:Indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories in Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Progressive Hong Kong Society politicians]]<br />
[[Category:HK LegCo Members 1985–1988]]<br />
[[Category:HK LegCo Members 1988–1991]]<br />
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Officers of the Order of St John]]<br />
[[Category:Hong Kong Affairs Advisors]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Selection Committee of Hong Kong]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_versions_of_Family_Feud&diff=1041253367International versions of Family Feud2021-08-29T13:52:56Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Hong Kong's version is airing</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Television series}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{more footnotes|date=November 2012}}<br />
The following article details examples of the game show ''[[Family Feud]]'', originally aired in the United States on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and [[CBS]] and in syndication, elsewhere in the world. Currently,{{when|date=September 2017}} most international versions are being produced by [[Fremantle (company)|Fremantle]].<br />
<br />
==International versions==<br />
:{{Color box|#90EE90|border=darkgray}} Airing<br />
:{{Color box|#FFC0CB|border=darkgray}} Not airing<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2016}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:98%; line-height:16px; width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! Country<br />
! Local name<br />
! Host(s)<br />
! Network<br />
! Air dates{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" |[[Afghanistan]]<br />
|''Ro Dar Ro'' <br />
|Qasim Ibrahimi<br />
|[[Tolo TV]]<br />
|June 25, 2017 – present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" |[[Algeria]]<br />
| ''فاملتنا''<br>''[[Familetna]]''<br />
| Mehdi Adjaout<br />
| [[Télévision Algérienne]]<br>[[A3 (TV channel)|A3]]<br>[[Canal Algérie]]<br />
| October 26, 2014 – 2018<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" |[[Arab World]]<br />
| ''تحدي العائلات''<br>''Tahadi Al-Aelat''<br />
| Dawood Al-Sherian<br />
| [[MBC 1 (Middle East and North Africa)|MBC1]] <br />
| 2020–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Argentina]]<br />
| ''100 Argentinos Dicen''<br />
| [[:es:Ramón "Monchi" Balestra|Monchi Balestra]] (2004–2006, 2021)<br>Darío Barassi (2020–present)<br />
| [[Canal 13 (Argentina)|Canal 13]]<br>(now [[El Trece]])<br />
| 2004–2006<br>2020–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Armenia]]<br />
| ''100 Tarberak''<br />
| [[:hy:Hrant Tokhatyan|Hrant Tokhatyan]]<br />
| [[Armenian Public Television|H1]]<br />
| 2006<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=7 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" |[[Australia]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |''[[Family Feud (1978 Australian game show)|Family Feud Australia]]''<br />
| [[Tony Barber]]<br>[[Daryl Somers]]<br>[[Sandy Scott (singer)|Sandy Scott]]<br />
| [[Nine Network]]<br />
| 1978–1980<br>1980–1984<br>1984<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rob Brough]]<br>[[John Deeks]]<br />
|rowspan=3 |[[Seven Network]]<br />
| 1989–1995<br>1996<br />
|-<br />
| ''Celebrity Family Feud Australia''<br />
|rowspan=2 |[[Rob Brough]]<br />
| 1990–1991<br />
|-<br />
| ''Team Family Feud Australia''<br />
| 1990s<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bert's Family Feud]]''<br />
| [[Bert Newton]]<br />
| [[Nine Network]]<br />
| 2006–2007<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Family Feud (2014 Australian game show)|Family Feud Australia]]''<br />
| rowspan=2 |[[Grant Denyer]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |[[Network 10|Network Ten]]<br />
| 2014–2018<br>2020<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[All Star Family Feud]]''<br />
| 2016–2018<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Azerbaijan]]<br />
| ''Tap dostum''<br />
| Rahim Rahimli<br>Mushfiq Shahverdiyev<br>Rahman Rasulov<br />
| [[Lider TV]]<br />
| 2008–2014<br />
|-<br />
| ''Söz gəlsin''<ref>http://gameshows.ru/forum/azerbaydzhanskaya-versiya-t10690.html?hilit=Dostum#105695</ref><br><br />
| Mushfiq Shahverdiyev<br />
| Xəzər TV<br />
| September 25 – December 25, 2017<br />
|-<br />
| ''Camaat nə deyir?''<br />
| Agha Nadirov<br />
| İctimai TV<br />
| 2021<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Belgium]] {{in lang|nl}}<br />
| rowspan=2 | ''[[:nl:Familieraad|Familieraad]]''<br />
| [[:en:Koen Wauters|Koen Wauters]]<br>[[:nl:Jo de Poorter|Jo de Poorter]]<br>[[:nl:Chris Van den Durpel|Chris Van den Durpel]]<br />
| [[VTM (TV channel)|vtm]]<br />
| 1990–1994<br>2005–2006<br>2014<br />
|-<br />
| [[:nl:Inge Moerenhout|Inge Moerenhout]]<br />
| [[VT4]]<br />
| 2002–2003<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Brazil]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | ''Jogo das Familias''<br />
| rowspan=3 |[[Silvio Santos]]<br />
| [[Rede Tupi]]<br />
| 1979<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão|SBT]]<br />
| 1984 <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:pt:Family Feud|Family Feud]]''<br />
| 2005–2006<br />
|-<br />
| ''Familionária''<br />
| [[Jonas Bloch]]<br />
| [[TV Bandeirantes]]<br />
| 1980s<br />
|-<br />
| ''Tem Ou Não Tem''<br />
| [[Luciano Huck]] (2020-2021) <br>[[Marcos Mion]] (2021–present)<br />
| [[TV Globo]]<br />
| 2020–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Bulgaria]]<br />
| ''[[:bg:Семейни войни|Ceмейни войни]]''<br>''[[:bg:Cемейни войни|Semeĭni Voĭni]]''<br />
| [[:bg:Диян Мачев|Dian Machev]]<br>Tsvetomir Ivanov<br />
| [[Nova Television (Bulgaria)|Nova TV]]<br />
| 2002–2005<br />2016–present<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Canada]]<br />
| ''[[Family Feud Canada]]'' (English)<br />
| [[Gerry Dee]]<br />
| [[CBC Television|CBC]]<br />
| 2019–present<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 |''[[La Guerre des clans]]'' (French)<br />
| [[:fr:Luc Senay|Luc Senay]]<br />
| [[TQS]]<br />
| 1992–1997<br />
|-<br />
| [[:fr:Jean-François Baril|Jean-François Baril]] (2009-2017)<br>[[Jean-François Breau]] (2018–2019)<br />
| [[Noovo|V]]<br />
| 2009–2017<br />2018–2019<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Chile]]<br />
| ''Desafío Familiar''<br />
| [[:es:Jorge Aedo|Jorge Aedo]]<br />
| [[Televisión Nacional de Chile|TVN]]<br />
| 1993–1994<br />
|-<br />
| ''¡Qué Dice Chile!''<br />
| [[Martín Cárcamo]]<br />
| [[Canal 13 (Chilean TV channel)|Canal 13]]<br />
| 2021-present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[China]]<br />
| {{lang|zh|家庭赛乐赛}}<br>''Jiātíng Sài Lè Sài''<br />
| Lin Hai (April 2010–October 2010)<br>[[Ying Da]] (October 2010–January 2011)<br />
| [[DragonTV]]<br />
| 2010–2011<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Colombia]]<br />
| ''[[:es:100 colombianos dicen|100 Colombianos Dicen]]''<br />
| [[:es:Carlos Calero|Carlos Calero]] (2002–05)<br />[[:es:Marcelo Cezán|Marcelo Cezán]] (2017)<br />
| [[Caracol TV]]<br />
| 2002–2005<br />2017<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Croatia]]<br />
| ''Pet na pet''<br />
| [[Davor Dretar]] (2014–2016) <br /> Daniel Bilić (2018)<br />
| [[RTL Televizija]]<br />
| 2014–2016<br>2018<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Czech Republic]]<br />
| ''5 proti 5''<br />
| [[:cs:Petr Novotný|Petr Novotny]]<br>[[:cs:Petr Lesák|Petr Lesák]]<br />
| [[TV Prima|Prima]]<br />
| 2006–2008<br>2008–2009<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:cs:Co na to Češi|Co na to Češi]]''<br />
| [[:cs:Tomáš Matonoha|Tomáš Matonoha]]<br />
| [[TV Nova (Czech Republic)|TV Nova]]<br />
| 2016–present<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Estonia]]<br />
| ''[[:et:Rooside Sõda (telesaade)|Rooside Sõda]]''<br />
| rowspan=2 |[[:et:Kristjan Jõekalda|Kristjan Jõekalda]]<br />
| TV3<br>[[Kanal 2]]<br />
| 2005–2007<br>2008–2009<br>2010–2011<br />
|-<br />
| ''Suur Lotokolmapӓev – Rooside Sõda''<br />
| [[Kanal 2]]<br>TV3<br />
| 2013–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Finland]]<br />
| ''[[:fi:Voitto kotiin|Voitto kotiin]]''<br />
| [[Nicke Lignell]]<br />
| [[Nelonen]]<br />
| 1999–2002<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[France]]<br />
| ''[[:fr:C'est beau la vie|C'est beau la vie]]''<br />
| [[:fr:Alain Gillot-Pétré|Alain Gillot-Pétré]]<br />
| [[La Cinq]]<br />
| 1986<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 |''[[:fr:Une Famille en or|Une Famille en or]]''<br />
|[[Patrick Roy (TV presenter)|Patrick Roy]] (1990–92)<br>[[:fr:Bernard Montiel|Bernard Montiel]] (1992–93, 1997–98)<br>[[:fr:Laurent Cabrol|Laurent Cabrol]] (1993–97)<br>[[:fr:Pascal Brunner|Pascal Brunner]] (1998–99)<br>[[Christophe Dechavanne]]<br>(2007–14)<br>[[:fr:Camille Combal|Camille Combal]] (2021)<br />
| [[TF1]]<br />
| 1990–1999<br>2007–2014<br>2021-<br />
|-<br />
| [[:fr:Arnaud Tsamère|Arnaud Tsamère]]<br />
| [[TMC (TV channel)|TMC]]<br />
| 2015<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:fr:Une Famille en or|Des Copains en or]]''<br />
| [[:fr:Alexandre Delpérier|Alexandre Delpérier]]<br />
| [[TF1]]<br />
| 1995–1997<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:fr:Family Battle|Family Battle]]''<br />
| [[:fr:Cyril Hanouna|Cyril Hanouna]] (September–November 2017)<br />[[:fr:Benjamin Castaldi|Benjamin Castaldi]] (November 2017)<br />
| [[Canal 8 (TV channel)|C8]]<br />
| 2017<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Germany]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |''[[:de:Familien-Duell|Familien-Duell]]''<br />
| [[:de:Werner Schulze-Erdel|Werner Schulze-Erdel]]<br />
| [[RTL Television|RTL]]<br />
| 1992–2003<br />
|-<br />
| [[:de:Inka Bause|Inka Bause]]<br />
| [[:de:RTLplus|RTLplus]]<br />
| 2016–2018<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:de:Familien-Duell|5 gegen 5]]''<br />
| [[Oliver Petszokat]]<br />
| [[RTL II]]<br />
| 2006<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:de:Familien-Duell|Familien-Duell - Prominenten-Special]]''<br />
| [[Daniel Hartwich]]<br />
| [[RTL Television|RTL]]<br />
| 2013–2014<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ghana]]<br />
|''Family Feud''<br />
|[[Jot Agyeman]]<br />
|[[GTV (Ghana)|GTV]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=6 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Greece]]<br />
| ''Κόντρες<br>Kondres''<br />
| [[Vlassis Bonatsos]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[Mega Channel]]<br />
| 1991–1995<br />
|-<br />
| ''Κόντρα Πλακέ<br>Kontra Plake''<br />
| Spyros Papadopoulos<br />
| 1995–2000<br />
|-<br />
| ''Fast Money!''<br />
| Markos Seferlis<br />
| [[ANT1]]<br />
| 2012<br />
|-<br />
| ''Άκου Τι Είπαν! Βραδιάτικα<br>Akou Ti Eipan! Vradiatika''<br />
| rowspan=2 | Christos Ferentinos<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[Alpha TV]]<br />
| 2014–2015<br />
|-<br />
| ''Άκου Τι Είπαν!<br>Akou Ti Eipan!''<br />
| 2014–2016<br />
|-<br />
| ''5X5''<br />
| Marcos Seferlis<br />
| [[ANT1]]<br />
| 2021–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Hong Kong]]<br />
| ''[[:zh:思家大戰|思家大戰]]<br>War of the Game''<br />
| [[Johnson Lee]] <br />
| [[TVB]]<br />
| 2021–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Hungary]]<br />
| ''[[:hu:4N4LN - A családi játszma|4N4LN: Négyen négy ellen – A családi játszma]]''<br>''4N4LN: Four of Four against – a Family Game''<br />
| [[Balázs Sebestyén]]<br />
| [[RTL Klub]]<br />
| 2014–present<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[India]]<br />
| ''[[MasterCard]] Family Fortunes''<br />
| [[Roshan Abbas]]<br />
| [[Star Plus]]<br />
| 2003<br />
|-<br />
| ''Family Fortunes''<br />
| RJ Mantra<br />
| [[BIG Magic|Big Magic]]<br />
| 2015–2016<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[India]] (Tamil)<br />
| '' (Arokya Presents) Jackpot''<br />
| [[Khushbu]] (2002-2010)<br />[[Nadhiya]] (2010)<br />[[Simran (actress)|Simran]] (2010-2013)<br />
| [[Jaya TV]]<br />
| 2002–2013<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=7 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Indonesia]]<br />
| ''[[:id:Famili 100|Famili 100]]''<br />
| [[:id:Sonny Tulung|Sonny Tulung]]<br />
| [[antv|ANteve]]<br>[[Indosiar]]<br>[[Trans7|TV7]]<br />
| 1996–1998<br>1999–2004<br>2004–2005<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:id:Super Family|Super Family]]''<br />
| [[:id:Darius Sinathrya|Darius Sinathrya]]<br />
| [[antv]]<br />
| 2009–2011<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:id:Famili 100 Musim IV|New Famili 100]]''<br />
| [[Tukul Arwana]]<br />
| [[Indosiar]]<br />
| 2013–2015<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | ''[[:id:Famili 100 Musim V|Super Family 100]]''<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[:id:Eko Patrio|Eko Patrio]]<br />
| [[antv]]<br />
| 2016<br />
|-<br />
| [[tvOne (Indonesia)|tvOne]]<br />
| 2017 (until July)<br />
|-<br />
| [[:id:Gilang Dirga|Gilang Dirga]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[GTV (Indonesia)|GTV]]<br />
| 2021<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:id:Famili 100 Musim VII|Family 100 Indonesia]]''<br />
| [[Ananda Omesh]]<br />
| 2017–2018<br />2019<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Iraq]]<br />
| ''عائلتي تربح <br>Aelati Tarbah''<br />
| Jawad Al-Shukurji<br />
| [[MBC Iraq]]<br />
| 2019<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pirs100''<br />
| Arî Xurşîd<br />
| AVA Entertainment<br />
| 2019–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Ireland]]<br />
| ''[[Family Fortunes (Ireland)|Alan Hughes Family Fortunes]]''<br />
| [[Alan Hughes (presenter)|Alan Hughes]]<br />
| [[TV3 (Ireland)|TV3]]<br />
| 2012–2014<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Israel]]<br />
| ''[[:he:טוטו משפחתי|טוטו משפחתי]]<br>Toto Mishpahti''<br />
| [[Dudu Topaz]]<br>[[Tzipi Shavit]]<br />
| [[Channel 3 (Israel)|Channel 3]]<br />
| 1992–1995<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Italy]]<br />
| ''[[:it:Tuttinfamiglia|Tuttinfamiglia]]''<br />
| [[:it:Claudio Lippi|Claudio Lippi]]<br>[[Lino Toffolo]]<br />
| [[Canale 5]]<br />
| 1984–1987<br>1987–1989<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:It:C'est la vie (programma televisivo)|C'est la vie]]''<br />
| [[:it:Marco Columbro|Marco Columbro]] <br>[[Umberto Smaila]]<br />
| [[Canale 5]]<br>[[Retequattro]]<br />
| 1985–1986<br>1986–1989<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:it:Tutti x uno (programma televisivo)|Tutti x Uno]]''<br />
| [[United States]]: [[Mike Bongiorno]]<br />
| [[Canale 5]]<br />
| 1992–1993<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Japan]]<br />
| ''[[:ja:クイズ100人に聞きました|クイズ100人に聞きました]]<br>[[:ja:クイズ100人に聞きました|Quiz 100nin ni kikimashita]]''<br />
| [[:ja:関口宏|Hiroshi Sekiguchi]]<br />
| [[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]<br />
| 1979–1992<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Kazakhstan]]<br />
| ''Битва умов''<br>''Bitva umov''<br>''Battle of Wits''<br />
| David Orbeliany<br />
| [[Khabar Agency|Khabar]]<br />
| 2013–2014<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Latvia]]<br />
| ''Zelta ģimene''<br />
| Raimonds Bergmanis<br />
| [[Latvijas Neatkarīgā Televīzija|LNT]]<br />
| 2006–2008<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Lebanon]]<br />
| ''كل ميلة عيلة''<br>''Kel mayle aile''<br />
| Samer El Gharib (1998-03)<br>Michel Abou Sleiman (2017–present)<br />
| [[Murr Television|MTV]]<br />
| 1998–2003<br>2017–present<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[Lithuania]]<br />
| ''Šeimų dvikova–Akropolio turnyras''<br />
| [[:lt:Vytenis Senkevičius|Vytenis Senkevicius]]<br />
| [[Lietuvos rytas|Lietuvos ryto TV]]<br />
| 2009–?<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ant Liežuvio Galo''<br />
| Radistai Jonas Nainys & Roland Mackevičius<br />
| [[BTV (Lithuania)|BTV]]<br />
| 2016<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Luxembourg]]<br />
| ''Famillenduell''<br />
| Dan Spogen<br />
| [[RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg]]<br />
| 2018–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Malaysia]]<br />
| ''[[:ms:Famili Ceria|Famili Ceria]]''<br />
| [[:ms:Redzuawan "Chef Wan" Ismali|Eduawan "Chef Wan" Ismali]]<br>Helmi Harun<br />
| [[TV3 (Malaysia)|TV3]] (1996–1998)<br>[[NTV7]] (1998–2005; 2009)<br />
| 1996–2005<br>2009<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Mexico]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | ''[[100 mexicanos dijeron]]''<br />
| [[Marco Antonio Regil]]<br />
| [[Televisa]]<br>[[United States]]: [[TeleFutura]]<br />
| 2001–2006<br />
|-<br />
| Adrian Uribe "El Vitor"<br />
| Televisa<br />
| 2009–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Moldova]]<br />
| ''100 De Moldoveni Au Zis''<br />
| [[:ro:Nicu Tărnă|Nicu Tărnă]] (2013-2014)<br />Mircea Marco (2017–2019)<br />[[:ro:Lilia Ojovan|Lilu Ojovan]] (2020–present)<br />
| [[:ro:Prime|Prime]]<br />
| 2013-2014<br />2017–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Mongolia]]<br />
| ''Гэр бүлийн тулаан''<br />
|<br />
| TV2<br />
| 2018<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Myanmar]]<br />
| ''[[Family Feud (Myanmar)|Mitharsu pying pwel]]''<br />
|[[Kaung Htet Zaw]]<br />
| [[Channel 7 (Myanmar)|Channel 7]]<br />
| 2016–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Netherlands]]<br />
| ''[[Vijf tegen Vijf]]''<br />
| [[Willem Ruis]] (1983-1986)<br>Peter-Jan Rens (1992-1998)<br>[[Gordon Heuckeroth|Gordon]] (2005-2006, 2021–present)<br>Winston Gerschatanowitz (2006)<br>[[:nl:Carlo Boszhard|Carlo Boszhard]] (2009)<br>Ruben Nicolai (2015)<br />
| [[VARA (broadcaster)|VARA]]<br>[[RTL4]]<br>[[Talpa TV|Talpa TV/Tien]]<br>[[SBS6]]<br />
| 1983–1986, 1992–1993<br>1993-1998, 2015<br>2005–2006, 2009<br>2021–present<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[New Zealand]]<br />
| ''[[Family Feud (New Zealand game show)|Family Feud]]''<br />
|rowspan=2 |[[Dai Henwood]]<br />
|rowspan=2 |[[TV3 (New Zealand)|TV3/Three]]<br />
| 2016–2017<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Family Feud (New Zealand game show)|All Star Family Feud]]''<br />
| 2016<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Nicaragua]]<br />
| ''¿Qué Dice Mi Gente?''<br />
| Dane Olivera<br />
| VOSTV/Canal 14<br />
| 2014–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Norway]]<br />
| ''[[:no:Familieduellen|Familieduellen]]''<br />
| [[:no:Klaus Sonstad|Klaus Sonstad]]<br />
| [[TV 2 (Norway)|TV2]]<br />
| 2019–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Panama]]<br />
| ''100 Panameños Dicen''<br />
| Rolando Sterling<br />
| [[TVN (Panama)|TVN]]<br />
| 2006<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Peru]]<br />
| ''Desafio Familiar''<br />
| [[Ricardo Belmont Cassinelli|Ricardo Belmont]]<br>Aldo Canziani<br>Estrella Amprimo<br />
| RBC Televisión<br />
| 1987–1988<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:es:100 peruanos dicen|100 Peruanos Dicen]]''<br />
| [[:es:Bruno Pinasco|Bruno Pinasco]]<br />
| [[América Televisión]]<br />
| 2013<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mi gente dice''<br />
| [[:es:Paco Bazán|Paco Bazán]]<br />
| [[ATV (Peru)|ATV]]<br />
| 2019<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Philippines]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | ''Family Feud''<br />
| [[Ogie Alcasid]]<br />
| [[TV5 (Philippines)|ABC (now TV5)]]<br />
| November 26, 2001 – December 28, 2002<br />
|-<br />
| [[Richard Gomez]]<br>[[Dingdong Dantes]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |[[GMA Network]]<br />
| October 13, 2008 – April 17, 2009<br>October 19, 2009 – April 16, 2010<br />
|-<br />
| ''Family Feud:<br>The Showdown Edition''<br />
| [[Edu Manzano]]<br />
| April 11, 2011 – July 1, 2011<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Family Feud (Philippine game show)|Family Feud]]''<br />
| [[Luis Manzano]]<br />
| [[ABS-CBN]]<br />
| April 9, 2016 – May 7, 2017<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Poland]]<br />
| ''[[Familiada]]''<br />
| [[:pl:Karol Strasburger|Karol Strasburger]]<br />
| [[TVP2]]<br />
| September 17, 1994 – present<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Portugal]]<br />
| ''Entre Famílias''<br />
| [[Fialho Gouveia]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |[[RTP1]]<br />
| 1992–1994<br />
|-<br />
| ''Em Família com Fernando Mendes''<br />
| Fernando Mendes<br />
| 2006<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Romania]]<br />
| ''[[FamiliaDA]]''<br />
| [[:ro:Cosmin Seleși|Cosmin Seleși]]<br />
| [[Antena 1 (Romania)|Antena 1]]<br />
| 2012–2014<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:ro:Ce spun românii|Ce spun românii]]''<br />
| [[Cabral Ibacka]]<br />
| [[Pro TV]]<br />
| 2015–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Russia]]<br />
| ''[[Hundred to One (game show)|Сто к одному<br>Sto k odnomu]]''<br />
| Alexander Gurevich<br />
| NTV (1995–1996)<br>MTK (1997)<br>TV Center (1997–1998)<br>Russia 1 (1998–present)<br />
| 1995–present<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Serbia]]<br />
| ''Familijada''<br />
| Aleksandar Srećković Kubura<br />
| [[TV Avala]]<br />
| 2008–2009<br />
|-<br />
| ''Porodični obračun''<br />
| Miroslav Miki Dujović<br />
| [[RTV Pink]]<br />
| 2011–2012<br />
|-<br />
| ''100 ljudi, 100 ćudi''<br />
| Anđelka Prpić<br />
| [[Prva Srpska Televizija|TV Prva]]<br />
| April 2, 2018– 21 June 2019<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Slovakia]]<br />
| ''5 proti 5''<br />
| Andrej Bičan<br />
| [[Jednotka]]<br />
| 2007–2009<br>2011–present<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Slovenia]]<br />
| ''Družinski dvoboj''<br />
| Vesna Malnar<br />
| [[TV3 Slovenia|TV3]]<br />
| 2007–2010<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kdo bo koga?''<br />
| Aljoša Ternovšek<br />
| [[:sl:Planet TV|Planet TV]]<br />
| 2013–2014<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[South Africa]]<br />
|''Family Feud''<br />
| [[United States]]: [[Steve Harvey]]<br />
| [[e.tv]]<br />
| April 5, 2020 – present<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Spain]]<br />
| ''[[:es:Todo queda en casa|Todo queda en casa]]''<br />
| [[:es:Pedro Osinaga|Pedro Osinaga]]<br />
| rowspan=3 | [[TVE1]]<br />
| 1986–1987<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:es:Todo queeda en casa|¿Cómo lo veis?]]''<br />
| [[:es:Joaquin Prat|Joaquin Prat]]<br />
| 1994–1995<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:es:Todo queda en casa|¡Vaya peña!]]''<br />
| Carlos Lozano<br />
| 2001<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:es:Family Feud: La batalla de los famosos|Family Feud: La batalla de los famosos]]''<br />
| [[Nuria Roca]]<br />
| [[Antena 3 (Spanish TV channel)|Antena 3]]<br />
| July 30, 2021–present<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Sweden]]<br />
| ''Fråga Släkten''<br />
| [[:en:Ingvar Oldsberg|Ingvar Oldsberg]]<br />
| [[:en:SVT1|TV1]]<br />
| 1985<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:sv:Familjefejden|Familjefejden]]''<br />
| [[:sv:Benny Borg|Benny Borg]]<br />
| [[TV3 (Sweden)|TV3]]<br />
| 1990s<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Switzerland]]<br />
| ''5 Gegen 5''<br />
| [[Sven Epiney]]<br />
| [[SF 1]]<br />
| 2005–2012<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Taiwan]]<br />
| ''{{lang|zh-tw| [[:zh:大家一起來|大家一起來<br>Dàjiā yīqǐ lái]]}}''<br />
| Zhào Shùhǎi<br />
| [[China Television|CTV]]<br />
| 1983–1988<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Thailand]]<br />
|''{{lang|th|[[:th:4 ต่อ 4 แฟมิลี่เกม#4 ต่อ 4 เซเลบริตี้|4 ต่อ 4 ซันเด]]<br>4 vs 4 Sunday}}''<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Kanit Sarasin]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Channel 3 (Thailand)|Channel 3]]<br />
|2003–2006<br />
|-<br />
|''{{lang|th|[[:th:4 ต่อ 4 แฟมิลี่เกม|4 ต่อ 4 ฮอลิเดย์]]<br>4 vs 4 Holiday}}''<br />
|2003–2004<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''{{lang|th|[[:th:4 ต่อ 4 แฟมิลี่เกม|4 ต่อ 4 แฟมิลี่เกม]]<br>4 vs 4 Family Game}}''<br />
|January 13, 2001 – December 31, 2006<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |Kitti Cheawwongkul<br />
| rowspan="7" |[[One 31|ONE HD]]<br />
|March 7, 2016 – December 21, 2017<br />
|-<br />
|July 7, 2018 – present<br />
|-<br />
| ''{{lang|th|[[:th:4 ต่อ 4 แฟมิลี่เกม#4 ต่อ 4 เซเลบริตี้|4 ต่อ 4 เซเลบริตี้]]<br>4 vs 4 Celebrity}}''<br />
|March 12, 2016 – December 25, 2016<br />
|-<br />
|''{{lang|th|[[:th:4 ต่อ 4 แฟมิลี่เกม#4 ต่อ 4 เซเลบริตี้|4 ต่อ 4 ฟรายเดย์]]<br>4 vs 4 Friday}}''<br />
|February 10, 2017 – December 22, 2017<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''{{lang|th|[[:th:4 ต่อ 4 แฟมิลี่เกม#4 ต่อ 4 เซเลบริตี้|4 ต่อ 4 ออลสตาร์แชริตี้]]<br>4 vs 4 All Star Charity}}''<br />
|January 15, 2017 – February 26, 2017<br />
|-<br />
|August 4, 2018 – September 1, 2018<br />
|-<br />
|''{{lang|th|[[:th:4 ต่อ 4 แฟมิลี่เกม|4 ต่อ 4 ปีจอ]]<br>4 vs 4 2018}}''<br />
|January 8, 2018 – July 1, 2018<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Tunisia]]<br />
| ''أحـنـا هـكـا''<br>''Ahna Hakka''<br />
| [[Nizar Chaari]]<br />
| [[Tunisie 7|Tunis 7]]<br />
| 2008–2010<br />
|-<br />
|''ملا توانسة''<br />
''Malla Twensa''<br />
|Karim Gharbi<br />
|[[El Hiwar El Tounsi|Elhiwar Ettounsi]]<br />
|2020<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Turkey]]<br />
| ''[[:tr:Süper Aile|Süper Aile]]''<br />
| [[Erol Evgin]]<br>[[Demet Akbağ]]<br />
| [[Show TV]]<br>[[:tr:Kanal 1|Kanal 1]]<br />
| 1992–1994<br>2008<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:tr:Aileler Yarişiyor|Aileler Yarişiyor]]''<br />
| [[Beyazıt Öztürk]] (1998–1999)<br>[[:tr:Ufuk Özkan|Ufuk Özkan]] (2013–2014, 2018)<br>[[Erol Evgin]] (2014)<br>[[:tr:Gülben Ergen|Gülben Ergen]] (2014)<br>[[Burcu Esmersoy]] (2014)<br>[[:tr:Atalay Demirci|Atalay Demirci]] (2014)<br>[[:tr:Alp Kirşan|Alp Kirşan]] (2014)<br>[[:tr:Jess Molho|Jess Molho]] (2014)<br>[[Kubilay Aka]] (2018-2020)<br>[[Asuman Krause]] (2021-present)<br />
| [[Kanal D]] (1998-1999)<br>[[TV8 (Turkish TV channel)|TV8]] (2014)<br>[[TRT 1]] (2013-2014, 2018)<br>[[Show TV]] (2018-2020)<br>[[360 (Turkey)|360 TV]] (2021–present)<br />
| 1998–1999<br>2013–2014, 2018–2020<br>2021–present<br />
|-<br />
| ''Birimiz Hepimiz Için''<br />
| [[Mehmet Ali Erbil]]<br />
| [[Star TV (Turkey)|Star TV]]<br />
| 2009<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[:tr:Aile Boyu|Aile Boyu]]''<br />
| [[:tr:Çağla Şikel|Çağla Şikel]] & [[:tr:Emre Altuğ|Emre Altuğ]]<br />
| [[TRT 1]]<br />
| 2010–2011<br />
|-<br />
| ''100 Kişiye Sorduk''<br />
| [[:tr:Atalay Demirci|Atalay Demirci]]<br />
| [[TV8 (Turkish TV channel)|TV8]]<br />
| 2015<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Ukraine]]<br />
| ''Просто шоу''<br>''Prosto show''<br />
| [[:uk:Горбунов Юрій Миколайович|Yuri Gorbunov]]<br />
| [[1+1 (channel)|1+1]]<br />
| February 4, 2013<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[United Arab Emirates]]<br />
|''احلى عيلة''<br>''Ahla Aile''<br />
| Nayef El Naimi<br />
| [[Abu Dhabi TV]]<br />
| 2011<br />
|-<br />
|''العائلة الأقوى''<br>''Al-Aela El-Aqwa''<br />
| Ayman Qaissouni<br />
| [[Dubai TV]]<br />
| 2019<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[United Kingdom]]<br />
| ''[[Family Fortunes]]''<br />
| [[Bob Monkhouse]]<br>[[Max Bygraves]]<br>[[Les Dennis]]<br>[[Andy Collins (TV presenter)|Andy Collins]]<br>[[Gino D'Acampo]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]<br />
| 1980–1983<br>1983–1985<br>1987–2004<br>2002<br>2020–present<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[All Star Family Fortunes]]''<br />
| [[Vernon Kay]]<br />
| 2006–2015<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=9 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[United States]] {{in lang|en}}<br />
| rowspan=4 | ''[[Family Feud]]''<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[Richard Dawson]]<br />
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]<br />
| 1976–1985<br />
|-<br />
| [[Broadcast syndication|Syndication]]<br />
| 1977–1985<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 |[[Ray Combs]]<br />
| [[CBS]]<br />
| 1988–1992<br />
|-<br />
| Syndication<br />
| 1988–1992<br />
|-<br />
| ''Family Feud Challenge''<br />
| CBS<br />
| 1992–1993<br />
|-<br />
| ''New Family Feud''<br />
| Syndication<br />
| 1992–1994<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Family Feud]]''<br />
| Richard Dawson<br>[[Louie Anderson]]<br>[[Richard Karn]]<br>[[John O'Hurley]]<br>[[Steve Harvey]]<br />
| Syndication<br />
| 1994–1995<br>1999–2002<br>2002–2006<br>2006–2010<br>2010–present<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 |''[[Celebrity Family Feud]]''<br />
| [[Al Roker]]<br />
| [[NBC]]<br />
| 2008<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steve Harvey]]<br />
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]<br />
| 2015–present<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[United States]] {{in lang|es}}<br />
| ''[[¿Qué dice la gente?]]''<br />
| [[Mexico]]: [[Marco Antonio Regil]], [[Omar Chaparro]]<br />
| [[TeleFutura]]<br />
| 2006–2008<br>2008<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 |''[[100 latinos dijeron]]''<br />
| rowspan=3 | [[Mexico]]: [[Marco Antonio Regil]] (2013–16)<br />[[Armando Hernández (actor)|Armando Hernández]] (2019)<br />Mau Nieto (2019–present)<br />
| [[MundoMax|MundoFOX]]<br />
| 2013–2015<br />
|-<br />
| [[MundoMax]]<br />
| 2015–2016<br />
|-<br />
| [[Estrella TV]]<br />
| 2019–present<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Uruguay]]<br />
| ''[[¿Qué dice la gente?]]''<br />
| [[:es:Humberto de Vargas|Humberto de Vargas]]<br />
| [[Saeta TV]]<br />
| 2008<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Venezuela]]<br />
| ''Qué dice la gente''<br />
| [[Maite Delgado]]<br />
| [[Venevision]]<br />
| 2001–2002<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Vietnam]]<br />
| ''[[:vi:Chung sức|Chung sức]]''<br />
| [[:vi:Tạ Minh Tâm|Ta Minh Tam]]<br> [[:vi:Bình Minh (người mẫu)|Bình Minh]]<br> [[South Korea]]: [[Hari Won]]<br> [[:vi:Trường Giang (nghệ sĩ)|Trường Giang]] <br>[[:vi:Đại Nghĩa (diễn viên)|Đại Nghĩa]] <br>[[:vi:Lê Khánh|Lê Khánh]]<br />
| [[Ho Chi Minh City Television|HTV7]]<br />
| January 6, 2004 – December 2011<br>2012–2014<br>2015<br>2016<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{portal|Television}}<br />
* [[List of international game shows]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBstZcyJPHk/ Family Feud format sales promo from Fremantle International Distribution]<br />
* [http://www.familetna.com Official site for ''Familetna'' (Algerian version)] on Canal Algerie<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040426055910/http://www.100argentinosdicen.ciudad.com.ar/ Official site for ''100 Argentinos Dicen'' (Argentinian version)] on [[Canal 13 (Argentina)|Canal 13]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060212184350/http://channelnine.ninemsn.com.au/section.aspx?sectionid=2182&sectionname=familyfeud Official site for ''Bert's Family Feud'' (1st generation)] on [[Nine Network]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701143824/http://channelnine.ninemsn.com.au/section.aspx?sectionid=2182&sectionname=familyfeud Official site for ''Bert's Family Feud'' (2nd generation)] on [[Nine Network]]<br />
* [http://tenplay.com.au/channel-ten/family-feud Official site for ''Family Feud''] on [[Network Ten]]<br />
* [http://familyfeud.com.au/ Official sub site for the 2014 Australian revival of ''Family Feud''] on [[Network Ten]]<br />
* [http://tenplay.com.au/channel-ten/all-star-family-feud Official site for ''All Star Family Feud''] on [[Network Ten]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051126033658/http://www.sbt.com.br/familyfeud/ Official website for ''Family Feud'' (Brazilian version)] on [[Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão|SBT]] (via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615050139/http://www.vtm.be/familieraad/index_programma_familieraad_kandidaten.htm Official Website for ''Familieraad''(2005 version)] on [[VTM (TV channel)|vtm]]<br />
* [http://vtm.be/familieraad Official site for ''Familieraad'' (2014 version)] on [[VTM (TV channel)|vtm]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030423234340/http://voini.hit.bg/ site for ''Ceмeйни войни'' (Semeĭni Vοĭni/Family Wars/Bulgarian version) (via internet archive)]<br />
* [http://novatv.bg/semeinivoini Official site for ''Cемейни войни (2016)'' (Semeіnі Ѵоіni (2016)/Family Wars (2016)/Bulgarian version] on [[Nova Television (Bulgaria)|Nova TV]]<br />
* [http://tv.sohu.com/s2010/sailesai/ Official website for ''Family Feud China''] on Sohu<br />
* [http://www.petnapet.rtl.hr/ Official application site for ''Pet na Pet'' (Croatian version)] on RTL Televizija<br />
* [http://www.rtl.hr/televizija/programi/zabava/10781/pet-na-pet/ Official website for ''Pet na Pet''] on RTL Televizija<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051216050213/http://www.sigmatv.com/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=35412 Official site for ''Kontra Plakes'' (Cyprus version)] on [[Sigma TV]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107231613/http://www.iprima.cz/primarodina/?1079e=19283 Official site for ''5 Proti 5'' (Czech Republic/Novotný version)] on [[TV Prima|Prima]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071116174453/http://chungsuc.dongtay.com/homepage.php Official website for ''Chung Sức''] {{in lang|vi}}<br />
* [http://kanal2.ee/pluss/telecast/Suur-lotokolmapaev Official website for ''Suur Lotokolmapӓev - Rooside Sṏda''] on [[Kanal2]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040826153143/http://www.esmas.com/canal2/notas/378523.html Official website for ''100 Mexicanos Dijeron''] (via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040826153143/http://www.esmas.com/canal2/notas/378637.html Official website for ''100 Mexicanos Dijeron V.I.P Edition''] (via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040809232515/http://www.esmas.com/televisahome/espectaculos/311318.html Official website for ''100 Mexicanos Dijeron'' (Televisa site)] (via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080910031201/http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=884279 Official website for ''¿Que Dice La Gente?''] on [[TeleFutura]] (via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20011031234622/http://www.venevision.net/programacion/generos/variedades/qdl_gente/index.htm Official website for ''Qué Dice la Gente''] on [[Venevision]] (via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030124014226/http://www.canalcaracol.com/100colombianos/ Official website for ''100 Colombianos Dicen''] (via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061124233721/http://www.tvn-2.com/100panamenos.asp Official website for ''100 Panamenős Dicen''] (via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131013211159/http://www.mundofox.com/show/100latinosdijeron Official website for ''100 Latinos Dijeron''] on [[MundoFOX]] (Spanish-language USA)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231025942/http://www.mundofox.com/videos/100-latinos-dijeron-17022 Official video site for ''100 Latinos Dijeon''] on [[MundoFOX]] (Spanish-language USA)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141018182847/http://telerama.ec/100latinosdijeron Official website for ''100 Latinos Dijeron''] on [[Telerama]] (Spanish-language)<br />
* [http://www.vtm.be/familieraad/index_programma_familieraad.htm Official website for Familieraad] (Belgian version) on [[VTM (TV channel)|VTM]]<br />
* [http://www.tf1.fr/une-famille-en-or/ Official website for ''Une Famille en or'' (French version)] on [[TF1]]<br />
* [http://www.c8.fr/c8-divertissement//pid8921-c8--family-battle.html Official website for ''Family Battle'' (French version)] on [[Canal 8 (TV channel)|C8]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030118073749/http://www.rtl.de/quiz/quiz_familienduell.html Official website for ''Familien-Duell''] on [[RTL Television|RTL]]<br />
* [http://www.rtl.de/cms/sendungen/show/familien-duell.html Official website for ''Familien-Duell Prominenten-Special'' (German version)] on [[RTL Television|RTL]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19991118103821/http://www.pearsontv.com/pages/library/bintangon.htm Original Famili 100 (Part 1) @ Pearson's Official site (via internet archive)]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000930161951/http://www.pearsontv.com/pages/library/bintang.htm Original Famili 100 (Part 2) @ Pearson's Official site (via internet archive)]<br />
* [http://www.famili100.com/ Official website for ''New Famili 100'' (Indonesian version)] on (Indosiar)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121021042700/http://www.tv3.ie/shows.php?request=alanhughesfamilyfortunes Official website for ''Family Fortunes'' (Ireland version)] on tv3 (via Internet Archive)<br />
* [http://www.toutelatele.com/une-famille-en-or-5476/ description of ''Une Famille en or'' (French version)] on [[TF1]]<br />
* [http://www.toutelatele.com/c-est-beau-la-vie-18870/ description of ''C'est Beau La Vie'' (French)] on the defunct [[La Cinq]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120514055719/http://grundy-le.de/shows/uebersicht/familien-duell.html ''Familien Duell'' 1992-2003 original (German version)] on [[RTL Television|RTL]]<br />
* [http://grundy-le.net/content/shows/weitereshows.01.,Ubersicht.17.familien_duell.php?m=2/ original website for "Familien Duell" (German version)] on RTL<br />
* [http://www.rtlplus.de/cms/sendungen/familien-duell.html Official website for "Familien Duell" (2016 German version)] on [[:de:RTLplus|RTL Plus]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120514061635/http://grundy-le.de/shows/uebersicht/5-gegen-5.html ''5-gegen-5'' 2006 short-lived remake (German version)] on [[RTL II]]<br />
* [http://grundy-le.de/content/shows/weitereshows.01.,Ubersicht.01.5_gegen_5.php?m=2/ original website for "5 gegen 5" (German version)] on [[RTL II]]<br />
* [http://www.alphatv.gr/shows/entertainment/akoutieipan Official website for ''Akou ti Eipan'' (Greek version)] on [[Alpha TV]]<br />
* [http://www.rtlklub.hu/musorok/negyenneegyellen/cikkek/545287 Official website of ''4N4LN: Négyen négy ellen - A családi játszma'' (Hungarian version)] on [[RTL Klub]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030109064944/http://www.tbs.co.jp/tbs-ch/lineup/v0014.html Official Site for ''I Heard 100 People Quiz'' (Japanese version)] on TBS (via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130929210431/http://www.prime.md/rom/shows/item30/ Official website of ''100 De Moldoveni Au Zis'' (Moldova version)] on [[:ro:Prime|Prime]]<br />
* [http://www.tv3.co.nz/Shows/FamilyFeud.aspx Official Website of ''Family Feud'' (New Zealand version)] on [[TV3 (New Zealand)|TV3]]<br />
* [http://www.americatv.com.pe/100-peruanos-dicen/ Official website of ''100 Peruanos Dicen'' (Peru version)] on América Televisión<br />
* [http://entertaiment.abs-cbn.com/tv/shows/familyfeud/main Official website of ''Family Feud'' (Philippines version)]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on [[ABS-CBN]]<br />
* [http://www.tvp.pl/rozrywka/teleturnieje/familiada Official website for ''Familiada'' (Polish version)] on tvp<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121112201634/http://a1.ro/shows/familiada Official Website for ''FamiliaDA'' (Romanian version)] on [[Antena 1 (Romania)|Antena 1]]<br />
* [http://www.protv.ro/stiri-despre/ce-spun-romanii Official site for ''Ce Spun Românii'' (Romanian version)] on Pro TV<br />
* [http://www.rutv.ru/tvpreg.html?id=684&d=0 Official website for ''Cто κ οдʜοмy'' (Russian version] on [[Russia-1|RTR]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141215152410/http://www.rtvpink.com/tvprogram/?category=7&View=182 Official site for ''Porodincni Obracun'' (Serbian version)]<br />
* [http://www.prva.rs/program/emisija/100-ljudi-100-cudi.html Official site for ''100 ljudi, 100 ćudi'' (Serbian version)]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120514052134/http://grundy-le.de/shows/uebersicht/5gegen5.html ''5gegen5'' 2005 (Swiss version)]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140525214419/http://www.1plus1.ua/dyvitsya/programy/prosto-shou.html Official website for ''ΠPOCTO шоy'' (Ukrainian version)] on 1+1<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021202112538/http://www.thaitv3.com/variety/data/fourbyfour.html Official website for ''4 of 4 Family Game'' (2001-06 Thailand version)] on [[Channel 3 (Thailand)|Thaitv3]]<br />
* [http://www.onehd.net/program/4tor4familygame Official website of ''4 of 4 Family Game'' (2016 Thailand version)] on ONE HD<br />
* [http://www.trt.net.tr/televizyon/sayfa/detay.aspx?pid=29858/ Supporting website for ''Aileler Yarişiyor'' (Turkish version)]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on [[TRT 1]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121211093654/http://aileleryarisiyor.youthmedia.com.tr/Home Official website for ''Aileler Yarişiyor'' (Turkish version)] on [[TRT 1]]<br />
* [http://www.trt1.com.tr/programlar/aileler-yarisiyor Official Website for ''Aileler Yarişiyor'' (Turkish version)] on [[TRT 1]]<br />
* [http://www.tv8.com.tr/aileler-yarisiyor Official Website for ''Aileler Yarişiyor'' (Turkish version)] on [[TV8 (Turkish TV channel)|TV8]]<br />
* [http://www.tv8.com.tr/100-kisiye-sorduk Official Website for ''100 Kişiye Sorduk'' (Turkish version)] on [[TV8 (Turkish TV channel)|TV8]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141215152410/http://www.rtvpink.com/tvprogram/?category=7&View=182 Official website for ''Porodični Obračun'' (Serbia version)] on [[RTV Pink]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071007040951/http://www.stv.sk/relacieaz/jednotka/5-proti-5/ Official website for ''5 proti 5'' (Slovakian version)] on [[Jednotka]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110924044723/http://www.stv.sk/relacieaz/jednotka/5-proti-5/ Official website for ''5 proti 5'' (2011 Slovakian version)] on [[Jednotka]]<br />
* [http://www.vpk.si/?mod=catalog&action=productDetails&ID=41&lang=sl Družinski Dvoboj - Slovenia]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130713074508/http://www.siol.net/planet-tv/novosti/2013/05/o_kvizu_kdo_bo_koga.aspx Official website for ''Kdo bo Koga?''] (Slovenian version) on [[:sl:Planet TV|Planet TV]] {{in lang|sl}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110803123614/http://www.adtv.ae/a7la3ela Official website for ''Ahla Aile'' (United Arab Emirates version)] on [[Abu Dhabi TV]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130822115037/http://www.khabar.kz/ru/programms/program/bitva_umov Info about ''Bitva Umov'' (Battle of Wits) @ Khabar] (Kazakhstan version)<br />
* [http://www.sharmholding.com/eng/projects/100-tarberak Trailer for ''100 Tarberak'' (Armenian version)] on [[Armenian Public Television|H1]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
{{Family Feud}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Family Feud| ]]<br />
[[Category:Television lists by series]]<br />
[[Category:Television franchises]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transit_(app)&diff=1030930026Transit (app)2021-06-28T20:37:01Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Added STO as an endorser, as seen on sto.ca</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Software company in Canada}}<br />
{{Infobox software<br />
|logo = [[Image:Transit App logotype.png|150px|Image: 150 pixels]][[Image:Transit App icon.png|150px|Image: 150 pixels]]<br />
|name = Transit<br />
|developer = Transit<br />
|latest_release_date = <br />
|latest_preview_version =<br />
|latest_preview_date =<br />
|operating_system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]]<br />
|genre = [[GPS navigation software]]<br />
|website = {{url|https://transitapp.com}}<br />
|released={{Start date and age|2012|df=yes}}}}'''Transit''' is a [[mobile app]] providing real-time public transit data. The app functions in over 175 [[metropolitan area]]s around the world. Transit was designed for aggregating and [[Web mapping|mapping]] [[Real-time data|real-time]] [[public transit]] data,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/transit-app/how-were-bringing-real-time-countdowns-to-nyc-s-lettered-lines-482d3b8f9899|title=Real-time data is now available for ALL New York City subways — thanks to crowdsourcing|last=Transit|date=2017-12-13|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref> [[crowdsourcing]] user data to determine the true location of buses and trains. Transit was first released in 2012 for [[iPhone]] and soon after launched the [[Android (operating system)|Android]]-compatible version. It offers users schedules and alerts for multiple modes of transportation where available, including [[bus]] and [[Rail transport#passenger trains|rail]]. Transit was developed in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada by Sam Vermette and Guillaume Campagna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transitapp.com/about|title=Transit - About|website=transitapp.com|access-date=2019-09-20}}</ref> This app is meant to minimize the need for individuals to own vehicles in cities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90310946/this-transit-app-can-now-figure-out-your-route-even-if-you-have-no-service|title=This transit app now can figure out your route even if you have no service|last=Peters|first=Adele|date=2019-02-25|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref> Transit is in direct competition with other transit mapping services such as [[Moovit]] and [[Citymapper|CityMapper]], as well as general mapping services that also provide transit data such as [[Google Maps#Google Transit|Google Maps]], [[Bing Maps]], and [[Apple Maps#Transit|Apple Maps]].<br />
<br />
Current Transit app executives are Chief Executive Officer, Sam Vermette and Chief Business Officer, David Block-Schachter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1440383D:US|title=Transit App Inc|last=|first=|date=2019|website=bloomberg.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2020, Transit became the official [[Big Blue Bus|Big Blue Bus (BBB)]] app for travel planning and information on arriving in real-time buses.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=22 June 2020|title=Transit Becomes Big Blue Bus's Official App|url=https://www.smdp.com/transit-becomes-big-blue-buss-official-app/193355|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 June 2020|website=smdp}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Features ==<br />
Transit is compatible with car-sharing and ride-hailing apps such as [[Uber]], [[Lyft]], [[Via (company)|Via]], and [[Ola Cabs|Ola]], along with multiple [[Bicycle-sharing system|bike-share]] systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bikesharetoronto.com/app/|title=Download the App - Ride Toronto with your Smarthone|website=Bike Share Toronto|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> In April 2018, the app expanded to include [[scooter-sharing system]]s in four American cities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/transit-app-electric-scooters-los-angeles-san-francisco-san-diego-washington-dc/522331/|title=Transit app now aggregates available electric scooters in 4 cities|website=Smart Cities Dive|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> The app provides users with a color-coded system that matches colors with modes of transportation in order for users to quickly associate a color with the mode of transportation they are monitoring.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://download.cnet.com/Transit-Real-Time-Transit-App/3000-20426_4-75966150.html|title=Transit: Real-Time Transit App|website=Download.com|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2019, the Transit app released an update that allows users to look up bus and train schedules for their whole city even without a data connection, or determine if a bike-sharing station has bikes available. Even when users are offline, they are able to find the nearest public transport stops and map their journey.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Supported Regions == <br />
Transit is supported in 11 countries across the globe including Argentina, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Within the United States, Transit can be used in 118 regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transitapp.com/region/boston#all-regions|title=Transit - Boston|website=transitapp.com|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Partners ==<br />
Transit supports multiple mobile ticketing platforms including [[Token Transit]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Big Blue Bus single passes now available on Transit app |url=https://www.masstransitmag.com/technology/fare-collection/mobile-applications/press-release/21114328/big-blue-bus-big-blue-bus-single-passes-now-available-on-transit-app |accessdate=15 October 2020 |work=Mass Transit |date=13 November 2019}}</ref> and [[Masabi (company)|Masabi]]. Users are only required to input their payment information into the app one time, and then able to purchase ride and bike-share passes within the app's interface. Transit has been endorsed by multiple cities' Transportation Authorities including the [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]], [[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority|Metro]], [[Michigan Department of Transportation|MDOT]], and the [[Edmonton Transit Service|Edmonton Transit System]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transitapp.com/partners|title=Transit - Partners|website=transitapp.com|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Endorsers ===<br />
Transit has partnered with public agencies around the world to become their official or endorsed multimodal app.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.govtech.com/biz/Transit-App-Gets-175M-to-Help-Drivers-Move-Beyond-Cars.html|title=Transit App Gets $17.5M to Help Drivers Move Beyond Cars|website=www.govtech.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> Agencies that have endorsed the app include:<br />
<br />
* Boston's Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ([[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]])<br />
* [[Gatineau]]'s Société de transport de l'Outaouais ([[Société de transport de l'Outaouais|STO]])<br />
* Halifax Transit ([[Halifax Transit]])<br />
* Los Angeles Metro ([[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority|Metro]])<br />
* Maryland Transit Administration ([[Maryland Transit Administration|MTA]])<br />
* Montreal's Société de transport de Montréal ([[Société de transport de Montréal|STM]])<br />
* Santa Clara, California's Valley Transportation Authority ([[Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail|VTA]])<br />
* Tampa Bay's Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority ([[Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority|PTSA]])<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Investors ==<br />
In 2018, Transit raised $17.5 million. The majority of investments came from auto manufacturers. The lead investor was Alliance Ventures. Others included [[Jaguar Land Rover]]'s venture capital fund, InMotion Ventures, [[Accel (venture capital firm)|Accel]], and Real Ventures.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Crowdsourcing]]<br />
[[Category:Mobile route-planning software]]<br />
[[Category:Software companies of Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Montreal]]<br />
[[Category:IOS software]]<br />
[[Category:WatchOS software]]<br />
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Autoroute_5&diff=1025637403Quebec Autoroute 52021-05-28T17:23:30Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Updated length</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Highway in Quebec}}<br />
{{distinguish|Quebec Route 5}}<br />
{{Infobox road<br />
|province=QC<br />
|type=Autoroute<br />
|route=5<br />
|alternate_name=Autoroute de la Gatineau<br />
|map= A-5.png<br />
|maint=[[Transports Québec]]<br />
|length_km=33.8<br />
|length_ref=<ref>Ministère des Transport: "Distances routières", page 5, Les Publication du Québec, 2005</ref><ref name=A5>{{cite web|url=http://www1.mtq.gouv.qc.ca/fr/repertoire_autoroute/autoroute.asp|title=Répertoire des autoroutes du Québec|language=fr|publisher=[[Transports Québec]]|access-date=2021-05-28|urlhttps://www.transports.gouv.qc.ca/fr/projets-infrastructures/info-reseau-routier/repertoire-autoroutes/Pages/repertoire-des-autoroutes-du-Quebec.aspx}}</ref><br />
|length_round=1<br />
|established=1964<ref name="A5"/><br />
|direction_a=South<br />
|direction_b=North<br />
|terminus_a=[[King Edward Avenue (Ottawa)|King Edward Avenue]] in [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario|ON]]<br />
|junction={{jct|state=QC|A|50}} in [[Gatineau, QC|Gatineau]]<br />
|terminus_b={{jct|state=QC|QC|105|QC|366}} in [[Wakefield, Quebec|Wakefield]]<br />
|previous_type=Route<br />
|previous_route=399<br />
|next_type=A<br />
|next_route=10<br />
|cities = [[Gatineau, Quebec|Gatineau]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Autoroute 5''' ('''A-5''', also known as the '''Autoroute de la Gatineau''') is a short [[Autoroute (Quebec)|Autoroute]] in the [[Outaouais (region)|Outaouais]] region of western [[Quebec]]. It connects the central urban area of [[Gatineau, Quebec|Gatineau]] (formerly [[Hull, Quebec|Hull]]) with the recreational areas of [[Gatineau Park]] and the exurban rural areas of [[Chelsea, Quebec|Chelsea]] and [[La Pêche, Quebec|La Pêche]]. The southern terminus provides access to the [[Macdonald-Cartier Bridge]], which continues into downtown [[Ottawa]]. The A-5 generally has four lanes of traffic (two per direction) with the exception of southernmost section across the Macdonald-Cartier Bridge where A-5 widens to six lanes (three per direction). <br />
<br />
Part of [[Quebec Route 148|Route 148]] overlapped A-5 from [[Quebec Autoroute 50|Autoroute 50]] to [[Boulevard Saint-Raymond (Gatineau)|Boulevard Saint-Raymond]] until completion of [[Boulevard des Allumettières (Gatineau)|Boulevard des Allumettières]] in 2007. With the completion of Boulevard des Allumettières, [[Quebec Route 148|Route 148]] was rerouted onto the southern leg of [[Quebec Autoroute 50|Autoroute 50]] and then west towards [[Aylmer, Quebec|Aylmer]] on Boulevard des Allumettières.<br />
<br />
Until October 2014 there had been two segments of A-5 for several years:<br />
<br />
# The main segment was a freeway that continued for {{convert|21.5|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} from the Macdonald-Cartier Bridge through the [[Hull, Quebec|Hull]] sector of Gatineau to a short access road to [[Quebec Route 105|Route 105]] south of [[Wakefield, Quebec|Wakefield]].<br />
# The second segment, built in 1993, was a short four-lane, at-grade expressway bypass of [[Wakefield, Quebec|Wakefield]], which overlapped [[Quebec Route 105|Route 105]] and [[Quebec Route 366|Route 366]]. The MTQ plan to eliminate the discontinuity between the two segments was completed in October 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtq.gouv.qc.ca/portal/page/portal/grands_projets/trouver_grand_projet/prolongement_a5 |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 10, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716214025/http://www.mtq.gouv.qc.ca/portal/page/portal/grands_projets/trouver_grand_projet/prolongement_a5 |archive-date=July 16, 2011 }}</ref> Further extensions of A-5 north of Wakefield have been deemed unnecessary given the current AADT on [[Quebec Route 105|Route 105]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}<br />
<br />
A {{convert|2.5|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} extension of the southern segment past [[Tulip Valley]], an area of [[Quebec Route 105|Route 105]] that has been the site of multiple fatal incidents in the past, was opened on 4 December 2009 following a $27 million ({{CAD}}) extension project.<ref name=OC2009>{{cite news | url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/stretch+opened/2318936/story.html | title=New stretch of Hwy. 5 opened | first=Dave | last=Rogers | date=9 December 2009 | newspaper=[[Ottawa Citizen]] | access-date=2009-12-09 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>[http://www.lawrencecannon.com/?section_id=4421&section_copy_id=47713&language_id=0 Prolongement de l'autoroute 5 en Outaouais<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Another $115 million {{convert|6.5|km|mi}} project began in 2010 to connect the south and north segments, completing the carriageway to Wakefield in October 2014.<ref name=OC2009 /><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.radio-canada.ca/regions/ottawa/2009/12/04/005-autoroute-5-Gatineau.shtml | title=Un nouveau tronçon est ouvert (A new section is open) | publisher=[[Radio-Canada]] | language=fr | date=4 December 2009 | access-date=2009-12-09 }}</ref><ref name=a52014> {{cite news | url =http://ici.radio-canada.ca/regions/ottawa/2014/10/10/005-outaouais-ouverture-nouveau-troncon-autoroute-5.shtml|title = Le nouveau tronçon de l'A-5 est ouvert dans les deux directions|publisher = Radio-Canada | language = fr|date = 10 October 2014|access-date = 2014-10-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
Beginning in June 2008, the MTQ began replacing the concrete surface from Ottawa to [[Boulevard Saint-Joseph|Saint-Joseph Boulevard]] with asphalt after multiple incidents in which pieces of concrete broke out from the surface including one that struck the windshield of a vehicle, killing its driver in November 2007. Construction was completed by the end of 2008.<br />
<br />
Autoroute 5 is the only Quebec A-class Autoroute to have only 1 digit in its name.<br />
<br />
==Exit list==<br />
{{mileposts|km=y}}<br />
{{QCinttop|exit|division=Outaouais}}<br />
{{QCint|exit<br />
|location_special=[[Ottawa River]]<br />
|lspan=2<br />
|km=0.00<br />
|kspan=2<br />
|exit=–<br />
|road=[[King Edward Avenue (Ottawa)|King Edward Avenue (Regional Road 99)]] south<br />
|notes=Continuation into [[Ontario]]}}<br />
{{jctbridge|exit<br />
|km=none<br />
|bridge=[[Macdonald-Cartier Bridge|Pont Macdonald-Cartier]]}}<br />
{{QCint|exit<br />
|location=Gatineau<br />
|lspan=5<br />
|km=0.30<br />
|exit=1<br />
|type=incomplete<br />
|road=[[Boulevard Maisonneuve]]&nbsp;/ [[Boulevard Fournier]]&nbsp;– [[Gatineau, Quebec|Centre-Ville Gatineau]]<br />
|notes=Southbound exit is via exit 2}}<br />
{{QCint|exit<br />
|km=0.80<br />
|exit=2<br />
|road={{jct|state=QC|A|50|dir1=east|QC|148|dir2=east|city1=Montréal}} <br />
|notes=Exit 135 on A-50 (Autoroute de l'Outaouais)}}<br />
{{QCint|exit<br />
|km=2.60<br />
|exit=3<br />
|road=Boulevard du Casino&nbsp;/ [[Boulevard Saint-Raymond (Gatineau)|Boulevard Saint-Raymond]]&nbsp;– [[Pontiac Regional County Municipality, Quebec|Pontiac]]<br />
|notes=Also serves [[Quebec Route 105|Route 105]]}}<br />
{{QCint|exit<br />
|km=4.10<br />
|exit=5<br />
|road={{jct|state=QC|QC|105|name1=[[Boulevard Saint-Joseph (Gatineau)|Boulevard Saint-Joseph]]|road=Boulevard Mont-Bleu}}<br />
|notes=Signed as exits 5N (north) and 5S (south) northbound}}<br />
{{QCint|exit<br />
|km=7.20<br />
|exit=8<br />
|road=Boulevard des Hautes-Plaines<br />
|notes=}}<br />
{{QCint|exit<br />
|location=Chelsea<br />
|lspan=4<br />
|km=11.50<br />
|exit=12<br />
|type=incomplete<br />
|road=Chemin Old Chelsea<br />
|notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance}}<br />
{{QCint|exit<br />
|km=13.50<br />
|exit=13 <br />
|road=Tenaga, Old Chelsea<br />
|notes=}}<br />
{{QCint|exit<br />
|km=21.50<br />
|exit=21<br />
|road=Chemin de la Rivière<br />
|notes=Access via [[Quebec Route 105|Route 105]]}}<br />
{{QCint|exit<br />
|km=<br />
|exit=24<br />
|road=Chemin Cross Loop<br />
|notes=Also serves [[Quebec Route 105|Route 105]]}}<br />
{{QCint|exit<br />
|location=Wakefield<br />
|lspan=2<br />
|km=<br />
|exit=28<br />
|type=concur<br />
|road={{jct|state=QC|QC|105|QC|366|dir1=south|dir2=west|road=Chemin de la Vallée-de-Wakefield}}<br />
|notes=Southern terminus of [[concurrency (road)|concurrency]] with Routes 105 and 366}}<br />
{{QCint|exit<br />
|km=<br />
|exit=–<br />
|type=concur<br />
|road={{jct|state=QC|QC|105|QC|366|dir1=north|dir2=east|road=Chemin Maclaren west|city1=Val-des-Monts|city2=Maniwaki|city3=Rupert}}<br />
|notes=[[At-grade intersection]]}}<br />
{{jctbtm|keys=incomplete,concur}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Attached KML|display=inline,title}}<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*[http://www.google.ca/maps?saddr=Autoroute+5+N&daddr=Autoroute+5+N&hl=en&ll=45.520541,-75.778198&spn=0.200138,0.445976&sll=45.576622,-75.877161&sspn=0.049985,0.111494&geocode=FRZQtQIdRN98-w%3BFaKetwIdeAN6-w&vpsrc=6&mra=dme&mrsp=1&sz=14&t=h&z=12 Google Maps: Autoroute 5 from Ontario border to Chelsea]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060516213726/http://webfil_92.tripod.com/autoroutes_en/id1.html A-5 at Quebec Autoroutes]<br />
*[http://www.inforoutiere.qc.ca/fr/carte_routiere/index.asp Transports Quebec Map] {{in lang|fr}}<br />
{{Quebec Autoroutes}}<br />
<br />
{{Gatineau Roads}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Quebec Autoroutes|05]]<br />
[[Category:Streets in Gatineau]]<br />
[[Category:Roads in Outaouais]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ontario_Highway_16&diff=1025432115Ontario Highway 162021-05-27T14:27:55Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Fixed the county that Hwy 16 passes through</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Ontario provincial highway}}<br />
{{Infobox road<br />
|province = ON<br />
|type = Hwy<br />
|route = 16<br />
|established = <br />
|length_km = 3.6<br />
|length_ref = <ref name="km" /><br />
|direction_a = South<br />
|terminus_a = {{jct|state=NY|NY|812}} &ndash; [[Ogdensburg, NY]]<br />
|direction_b = North<br />
|terminus_b = {{jcon|Hwy|416|town=Prescott}}<br />
|junction = <br />
|counties = [[United Counties of Leeds and Grenville|Leeds and Grenville]]<br />
|map = <br />
|previous_type = ON<br />
|previous_route = 15<br />
|next_type = ON<br />
|next_route = 17<br />
}}<br />
'''King's Highway 16''', commonly referred to as '''Highway 16''' and historically as the '''Prescott Highway''', is a [[Provincial highways in Ontario|provincially maintained highway]] in the Canadian province of [[Ontario]]. The highway once travelled from near [[Prescott, Ontario|Prescott]] to [[Ottawa]]. However, its length was truncated significantly when most of the route was "twinned" with a second roadway, and renumbered as [[Ontario Highway 416|Highway 416]]. However, a short stub remains through [[Johnstown, Leeds and Grenville United Counties, Ontario|Johnstown]], crossing the [[St. Lawrence River]] on the [[Ogdensburg-Prescott International Bridge]] to [[Ogdensburg, New York]], where it becomes [[New York State Route 812]].<br />
<br />
The Ottawa&ndash;Prescott Road was one of the first highways designated in Ontario; it was one of four designated in 1918. The highway was numbered in August 1925.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:Johnstown ON.JPG|thumb|left|Highway 16 becomes [[New York State Route 812]] at the [[Ogdensburg-Prescott International Bridge]]]]<br />
The Prescott Highway was established as a provincial highway in 1918, shortly after the Provincial Highway (Highway 2). It remained named until the summer of 1925, when route numbering was introduced and it became Provincial Highway 16. A new route was constructed throughout the 1970s to provide a controlled-access right of way for the highway. During the 1990s, this new route was "twinned", whereby a new carriageway was constructed parallel to the existing one, and redesignated as the southern segment of Highway 416. A short section through downtown Ottawa was not incorporated into Highway 416, instead being redesigned as Ottawa Regional Road 73 ([[Prince of Wales Drive]]), as the province chose the a different alignment along Cedarview Drive for the northern section of Highway 416 that would connect to Highway 417 (The Queensway). This left a short stub through Johnstown, which remains designated as Highway 16.<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
=== Highway 16 New ===<br />
{{main|Ontario Highway 416}}<br />
In 1966 the Eastern Ontario Highway Planning Study was published the Department of Highways (DHO), the predecessor to today's [[Ministry of Transportation of Ontario]] (MTO), identifying the need for a [[controlled-access highway]] between Ottawa and Highway 401.<ref name="history">{{cite web<br />
|title = History of Highway 416<br />
|author = Ministry of Transportation of Ontario<br />
|publisher = Government of Ontario<br />
|date = June 17, 2010<br />
|url = http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/416/history.shtml<br />
|access-date = September 30, 2011<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110830204653/http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/416/history.shtml<br />
|archive-date = August 30, 2011<br />
}}</ref><br />
Highway&nbsp;16, which crosses the geologically subdued St. Lawrence Lowlands, was selected over Highway&nbsp;15, which crosses the undulating [[Canadian Shield]] to the west, as the ideal route for the new link.<ref name="ea report">{{cite report<br />
| title = EA-86-01<br />
| author = Environmental Assessment Board<br />
| publisher = Environmental Review Tribunal<br />
| date = July 31, 1987<br />
| page = 9<br />
| url = http://www.ert.gov.on.ca/files/DEC/ea8601d1.pdf<br />
| access-date = September 30, 2011}}</ref><br />
To overcome the issue of abutting properties established along the Highway&nbsp;16 corridor, the DHO began purchasing a new right of way between Highway&nbsp;401 and Century Road by late 1967 and constructed a two lane bypass of the original alignment, avoiding all the built up areas that the original Highway&nbsp;16 encountered. This route was designed to easily accommodate the eventual upgrade to a freeway when traffic volumes necessitated.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| title = New 45-Mile Highway to Link Ottawa with 401<br />
| work = The Globe and Mail<br />
| location = Toronto<br />
| date = November 14, 1967<br />
| page = 4<br />
| volume = 124<br />
| issue = 36,795}}</ref><br />
<br />
Construction of the [[Super two]], dubbed ''Highway 16 New'',<ref name="82projects" /> took place between 1969 and 1983.<ref name="history" /> The [[Spencerville, Ontario|Spencerville]] Bypass opened by 1971, connecting with the old highway in the south near Crowder Road and in the north near Ventnor Road.<ref name="1971map">{{cite map<br />
| title = Ontario Road Map<br />
| cartography = Photogrammetry Office<br />
| publisher = Ontario Department of Transportation and Communications<br />
| year = 1971<br />
| section = G&ndash;H30}}</ref><br />
By the end of 1973 the new highway was completed from immediately north of Highway&nbsp;401 through Leeds and Grenville United Counties and into [[Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton|Ottawa–Carleton]]. This included a bypass around Kemptville and a new structure over the Rideau River.<ref name="1971map"/><br />
The new highway ended at Dilworth Road (Regional Road&nbsp;13).<br />
<br />
For nearly a decade, no new construction took place. Then, during the summer of 1982, the MTO awarded a contract to begin constructing the route north from Dilworth Road towards [[Manotick]], bypassing [[North Gower]]. Following the completion of this first contract, which extended the route as far north as Roger Stevens Drive (Regional Road&nbsp;6) and included a structure over Stevens Creek, a second contract was awarded for the remaining distance north to Century Road (Regional Road&nbsp;8).<ref name="82projects">{{cite report<br />
| title = Provincial Highways Construction Projects 1982–83<br />
| author = Ministry of Transportation and Communications<br />
| publisher = Transportation Capital Branch, Ministry of Transportation of Ontario<br />
| date = April 1982<br />
| page = XXVII}}</ref><br />
The project was completed in 1983,<ref name="history" /> merging into the original route of Highway&nbsp;16 northeast of the present Prince of Wales Drive overpass.<ref>{{Google maps<br />
<br />
| title = Site of merger between Highway 16 and old Highway 16 before the construction of Highway 416<br />
| url = http://goo.gl/maps/po7qe<br />
| accessdate = September 30, 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
With the completion of Highway&nbsp;16 New, there was sufficient right-of-way to construct interchanges and the southbound lanes in order to create a full freeway corridor. The upgrade to Highway&nbsp;416 took place between 1989 and 1999 and was created by the [[twinning (roads)|twinning]] of {{convert|57|km|abbr=on}} of Highway&nbsp;16 New and the construction of an interchange at Highway&nbsp;401.<br />
<br />
== Route description ==<br />
Highway 16 is now a very brief route, though it was much longer before the construction of Highway&nbsp;416 truncated it. The highway begins near the shores of the St. Lawrence River in Johnstown at the former Highway 2, now Leeds and Grenville County Road&nbsp;2.<ref name="2010 mapart">{{cite map<br />
| title = Ontario Back Road Atlas<br />
| year = 2010<br />
| publisher = Peter Heiler<br />
| cartography = [[MapArt]]<br />
| page = 50<br />
| section = X&ndash;Y64<br />
| isbn = 978-1-55198-226-7}}</ref><br />
From there the route travels northwest adjacent to the Ogdensburg-Prescott International Bridge, which lies to the southwest. A customs plaza lies at the end of the bridge, north of which the road to the bridge meets the highway. To the northeast is single-detached housing. The highway continues, exiting Johnstown and curving slightly towards the north.<ref name="Gmaps">{{Google maps<br />
<br />
| title = Highway 16 length and route<br />
| url = http://goo.gl/maps/nLZPT<br />
| accessdate = September 7, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Immediately after crossing over a [[Canadian National]] track, the route encounters an interchange with Highway&nbsp;401, Exit&nbsp;721B. This [[parclo]] interchange features full access to Highway&nbsp;401, including movements not possible at the Highway&nbsp;416 interchange to the west.<ref name="2010 mapart" /> North of the interchange, the road curves gently to the northwest, intersecting Cedar Grove Road. After this, the opposing directions of travel diverge and become ramps to northbound and from southbound Highway&nbsp;416.<ref name="Gmaps" /><br />
<br />
== Major intersections ==<br />
{{ONinttop|maint=MTO|division=Leeds and Grenville|division_ref=<ref name="2010 mapart" />|length_ref=<ref name="km">{{cite web<br />
<br />
| title = Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts<br />
| author = Ministry of Transportation of Ontario<br />
| author-link = Ministry of Transportation of Ontario<br />
| year = 2016<br />
| url = https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/tvSplash.aspx<br />
| access-date = January 1, 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{ONint<br />
| location = Johnstown<br />
| km = 0.0<br />
| road = {{jcon|LG|2|town=Prescott|town2=Cardinal}}<br />
| notes = Access to [[Ogdensburg-Prescott International Bridge]]<br />
}}<br />
{{ONint<br />
| location_special = [[Edwardsburgh/Cardinal]]<br />
| lspan = 3<br />
| km = 1.5<br />
| road = {{jcon|Hwy|401|city=Kingston|city2=Cornwall}}, [[Montreal]]<br />
| notes = Exit 721B<ref name="2010 mapart" /><br />
}}<br />
{{ONint<br />
| km = 2.1<br />
| road = {{jcon|LG|44|dir=north}}<br />Cedar Grove Road<br />
| notes = Old Highway 16 alignment<br />
}}<br />
{{ONint<br />
| km = 3.6<br />
| road = {{jcon|Hwy|416}}<br />
| notes = Northbound access to and southbound access from Highway 416<ref name="2010 mapart" /><br />
}}<br />
{{jctbtm}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Ontario King's Highways}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ontario provincial highways|016]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_record_charts&diff=1025112735List of record charts2021-05-25T19:54:43Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Adding charts for Hong Kong</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}<br />
A '''record chart''', also known as a '''music chart''', is a method of ranking [[music]] judging by the [[popularity]] during a given period of time. Although primarily a marketing or supermarketing tool like any other [[sales]] statistic, they have become a form of popular media culture in their own right.<br />
<br />
Record charts are compiled using a variety of criteria. These commonly include sales of [[Gramophone record|records]], [[Compact Cassette|cassettes]] and [[compact disc]]s; amount of [[radio]] airplay; requests to radio [[disk jockey]]s; voting for songs by the radio listeners and, more recently, number of [[music download|download]]s and [[Streaming media|streams]].<br />
<br />
Some charts are specific to a particular [[musical genre]] and most to a particular geographical location. The most common period of time covered by a chart is one week, with the chart being printed or broadcast at the end of this time. Summary charts for years and decades are then calculated from their component weekly charts. [[Component chart]]s have become an increasingly important way to measure the commercial success of individual songs.<br />
<br />
Reviewers often describe records using [[round number]] milestones within a chart. For example, a record that peaks at number 7 may be called a "Top 10" [[hit single|hit]], even when there is no chart limited to only the top 10 records in that particular location.<br />
<br />
== Africa ==<br />
<br />
; South Africa:<br />
* [[Entertainment Monitoring Africa]]<br />
<br />
== Asia ==<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-break|width=30%}}<br />
* One Asia Chart<br />
<br />
; China:<br />
* [[Baidu 500]]<br />
* [[Billboard China]]<br />
** [[Billboard China Top 100|China Top 100]]<br />
** [[Billboard China Airplay/FL|China Airplay/FL]]<br />
* [[Sino Chart]]<br />
* MusicRadio China Top Chart<br />
* [[Beijing Music Radio Chart]]<br />
* ERS Chinese Top Ten<br />
* Global Chinese Music Golden Chart<br />
* [[Global Chinese Pop Chart]]<br />
* Southeast Music Chart<br />
* ZhongGuoYinYueLianBoBang<br />
* Migu Music Chart<br />
* AP Music chart<br />
* China V Chart<br />
* [[Chinese Music Charts]]<br />
<br />
; Hong Kong:<br />
* [[Commercial Radio Hong Kong|903 Top 20]]<br />
* Hong Kong IFPI Music Chart<br />
* [[Metro Broadcast Corporation|Metro Radio]] Charts (Cantonese / Foreign Languages)<br />
* [[Radio Television Hong Kong|RTHK]] Chinese Pop Chart<br />
* [[TVB]] [[Jade Solid Gold]] Charts<br />
* [[HK Television Entertainment|ViuTV]] Chill Club<br />
<br />
; Indonesia:<br />
* ''[[Billboard Indonesia]]''<br />
** [[Billboard Indonesia Top 100|''Billboard Indonesia'' Top 100]]<br />
<br />
; Israel:<br />
* [[Media Forest]]<br />
<br />
; Japan:<br />
* [[Billboard Japan Hot 100]]<br />
* Music Labo<br />
* Music Research<br />
* [[Oricon]]<br />
** [[Oricon Singles Chart]]<br />
** [[Oricon Albums Chart]]<br />
* Planet Chart<br />
* SoundScan <!-- Note: This should not point to USA SoundScan --><br />
{{col-break|width=70%}}<br />
<br />
; Lebanon:<br />
* [[The Official Lebanese Top 20]]<br />
<br />
; Malaysia:<br />
* [[Recording Industry Association of Malaysia|RIM Charts]]<br />
<br />
; Philippines:<br />
* ''[[Billboard Philippines]]''<br />
** [[Philippine Hot 100]]<br />
** [[Philippine Top 20]]<br />
** Catalog Chart<br />
<br />
; Singapore:<br />
*[[Recording Industry Association Singapore|RIAS Top Charts]]<br />
<br />
; South Korea:<br />
* [[Gaon Music Chart]]<br />
** [[Gaon Digital Chart]]<br />
** [[Gaon Album Chart]]<br />
** [[Gaon Social Chart]]<br />
** [[Gaon Weibo Chart]]<br />
* Instiz iChart<br />
* [[K-pop Hot 100]]<br />
<br />
; Taiwan:<br />
* [[G-Music]]<br />
* [[Hit FM (Taiwan)|Hit FM Hit-O-Radio Chart]]<br />
* [[KKBox]]<br />
<br />
; Thailand:<br />
* [[Joox Thailand Top 100|Thailand Top 100]] by [[JOOX]]<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
; [[Myanmar]]:<br />
* Myanmar Top 100 by [[JOOX]]<br />
* Myanmar Top 100 by [[Melo Music|Melo]]<br />
* Myanmar Top 30 by [[Major M Music Chart]]<br />
<br />
== Europe ==<br />
* [[European Hot 100 Singles]]<br />
* [[European Top 100 Albums]]<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-break|width=30%}}<br />
<br />
; Austria:<br />
* [[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]<br />
* Austrian Ranking<br />
* [[FM4]] Charts<br />
* Österreichische Airplaycharts<br />
<br />
; Belgium:<br />
* [[De Afrekening]]<br />
* [[Top 40]]<br />
* [[Ultratop]]<br />
** Ultratop 50 Singles<br />
** Ultratop 200 Albums<br />
<br />
; Bulgaria:<br />
* PROPHON<br />
<br />
; Croatia:<br />
* [[Croatian Airplay Radio Chart]]<br />
<br />
; Cyprus:<br />
* [[Cypriot Albums Chart]]<br />
<br />
; Czech Republic:<br />
* [[Rádio – Top 100 (Czech Republic)|Rádio – Top 100]]<br />
<br />
; Denmark:<br />
* [[Hitlisten]]<br />
** Track Top-40<br />
** Album Top-40<br />
<br />
; Finland:<br />
* [[The Official Finnish Charts]]<ref name="finland">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/virallinen-lista|title=Suomen virallinen lista|publisher=[[Musiikkituottajat&nbsp;– IFPI Finland]]|language=fi|access-date=2012-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217114421/http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/virallinen-lista|archive-date=2012-02-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
; France:<br />
* [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]<br />
<br />
; Germany:<br />
* Deutsche Alternative Charts<br />
* [[GfK Entertainment Charts]]<br />
** [[GfK Entertainment hip hop albums chart]]<br />
<br />
; Greece:<br />
* [[IFPI Greece|Greek IFPI singles and albums charts]]<br />
<br />
; Hungary:<br />
* [[Association of Hungarian Record Companies]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Mahasz |url= http://www.mahasz.hu/m/index.php |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090427071030/http://www.mahasz.hu/m/index.php |archive-date= 2009-04-27 }}</ref><br />
** Single (track) Top 40 lista<br />
** Top 40 album-, DVD- és válogatáslemez-lista<br />
<br />
; Iceland:<br />
* Tónlist<br />
<br />
; Ireland:<br />
* [[Irish Recorded Music Association]]<br />
** [[Irish Singles Chart]]<br />
** [[Irish Downloads Chart]]<br />
** [[Irish Albums Chart]]<br />
** [[Irish Independent Albums Chart]]<br />
<br />
; Italy:<br />
* [[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 |title=FIMI - Pagina non trovata - FIMI |work=FIMI.it |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050806082431/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 |archive-date=2005-08-06 }}</ref><br />
* ''[[Musica e dischi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.musicaedischi.it/classifiche.php?tipo=singoli_generale&freq=sett |title=Musica & Dischi Singles Chart |access-date=2008-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630213748/http://musicaedischi.it/classifiche.php?tipo=singoli_generale&freq=sett |archive-date=2014-06-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* [[RAI]]<br />
* ''[[TV Sorrisi e Canzoni]]''<br />
<br />
; Malta:<br />
* BMAT PRS Malta Top 20 Airplay Chart<br />
<br />
; Netherlands:<br />
* [[Dutch Charts]]<br />
** [[Single Top 100]]<br />
** Single Tip<br />
** [[Album Top 100]]<br />
** Compilation Top 30<br />
* [[Dutch Top 40]]<br />
** Tipparade<br />
** Global Top 40<br />
** Airplay Top 40<br />
** Streaming Top 40<br />
* [[Mega Top 50]]<br />
{{col-break|width=70%}}<br />
<br />
; Norway:<br />
* [[Norsktoppen]]<br />
* [[VG-lista]]<br />
<br />
; Poland:<br />
* [[Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry]]<br />
** [[Polish music charts|AirPlay – Top]]<ref>[http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/top5.php Polish Airplay Chart on ZPAV.pl] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809070917/http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/top5.php |date=2011-08-09 }}</ref><br />
** [[Polish music charts|AirPlay – Nowości]]<ref>[http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/nowosci.php Polish Airplay Chart - New Singles on ZPAV.pl] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xoWSJFFY?url=http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/nowosci.php |date=2011-04-09 }}</ref><br />
** [[Polish music charts|AirPlay – Największe skoki]]<ref>[http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/skoki.php Polish Airplay Chart - Jumps on ZPAV.pl] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613144414/http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/skoki.php |date=2010-06-13 }}</ref><br />
** [[Polish music charts|Polish Videos Chart]]<ref>[http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/video.php Polish Video Chart on ZPAV.pl] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xoWSJFFY?url=http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/nowosci.php |date=2011-04-09 }}</ref><br />
** [[Top – Dyskoteki]]<ref>[http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/dyskoteki/index.php Polish Dance Chart on ZPAV.pl] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002221340/http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/dyskoteki/index.php |date=2011-10-02 }}</ref><br />
** [[OLiS]] - album top 50 (weekly)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?lang=en|title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart|work=onyx.pl}}</ref><br />
** [[OLiS]] - album top 100 (monthly)<ref>[http://zpav.pl/top100.asp?lang=en ZPAV] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420165057/http://www.zpav.pl/top100.asp?lang=en |date=2008-04-20 }}</ref><br />
<br />
; Portugal:<br />
* Top Oficial da AFP, see [[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa]]<br />
<br />
; Romania:<br />
*[[Romanian record charts]]:<br />
**Airplay 100 (2012-present) <small>(national chart)</small><br />
**Romanian Top 100 (1995-2012) <small>(defunct national chart)</small><br />
**[[Media Forest]] radio and television airplay charts (2009-present)<br />
<br />
; Russia:<ref name="Eurasia" group="n"/><br />
* [[Tophit]]<br />
** Russia Top 25 Albums{{fact|date=July 2018}}<br />
** Russia Top 10 Digital Tracks<br />
** Airplay Detection Tophit 100<br />
<br />
; Slovakia:<br />
* [[Rádio – Top 100 (Slovakia)|Rádio – Top 100]]<br />
* [[Rádio SK 50 Oficiálna]]<br />
<br />
; Slovenia:<br />
* [[SloTop50]] (singles chart - weekly, monthly, yearly)<br />
<br />
; Spain:<br />
* [[Productores de Música de España]]<br />
<br />
; Sweden:<br />
* HIT FM airplay chart<br />
* [[Svensktoppen]]<br />
* [[Sverigetopplistan]]<br />
* [[Trackslistan]]<br />
* [[DigiListan]]<br />
<br />
; Switzerland:<br />
* [[Swiss Hitparade]]<ref>[http://swisscharts.com/index.asp Swiss Hitparade]</ref><br />
** Singles Top 100<br />
** Airplay Charts<br />
** Alben Top 100<br />
** Compilations Top 25<br />
** Musik-DVD Top 10 <br />
<br />
; Turkey:<ref name="Eurasia" group="n"/><br />
* [[Billboard Türkiye]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061109062500/http://www.billboard.com.tr/ Billboard Türkiye]</ref><br />
** [[Türkçe Top 20]]<br />
** [[Türkiye Top 20]]<br />
** [[Turkish music charts|Turkish Rock Top 20 Chart]]<br />
<br />
; Ukraine:<br />
* FDR Charts<br />
<br />
; United Kingdom:<br />
* [[Official Charts Company]]<br />
** [[UK Singles Chart]]<br />
** [[UK Singles Downloads Chart]]<br />
** [[Official Audio Streaming Chart]]<br />
** [[Official Vinyl Singles Chart]]<br />
** [[UK Albums Chart]]<br />
** [[UK Album Downloads Chart]]<br />
** [[Official Albums Streaming Chart]]<br />
** [[Official Record Store Chart]]<br />
** [[Official Vinyl Albums Chart]]<br />
** [[UK Compilation Chart]]<br />
* [[UKHot40]]<br />
* [[The Official Big Top 40]]<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
== North America ==<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-break|width=30%}}<br />
; Canada:<br />
* [[Canadian Christian Radio Chart]]<br />
* [[Canadian Albums Chart]]<br />
* [[Canadian Hot 100]]<br />
* [[Canadian rock/alternative chart]]<br />
* [[Canadian Singles Chart]]<br />
* [[Canada's Top 20 Countdown]]<br />
* [[CHUM Chart]]<br />
* CT-20<br />
* [[CBC Radio 3|The R3-30]]<br />
* [[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]<br />
<br />
; Dominican Republic:<br />
* [[Monitor Latino]]<br />
<br />
; Honduras:<br />
* [[Honduras Top 50]]<br />
{{col-break|width=70%}}<br />
; Mexico:<br />
* [[Mexico Airplay]] (singles chart)<br />
* [[Monitor Latino]] (singles chart)<br />
* [[Top 100 Mexico]] (albums chart)<br />
<br />
; United States:<br />
* [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]<br />
** [[Billboard charts]]<br />
** [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] (singles chart)<br />
** [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] (albums chart)<br />
* [[Cashbox (magazine)|Cash Box (magazine)]]<br />
* [[Mediabase]]<br />
* [[Radio & Records]]<br />
* [[Record World]]<br />
* [[Rolling Stone charts|''Rolling Stone'' charts]]<br />
* [https://vevaplay.com/ Veva Play Top 50 ]<br />
<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
== Oceania ==<br />
<br />
; Australia:<br />
* [[ARIA Charts]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_home.htm|title=About the Charts|work=[[ARIA Charts]]|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|access-date=2009-01-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121180539/http://ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_home.htm|archive-date=2009-01-21}}</ref><br />
** [[ARIA Digital Track Chart]]<br />
** [[ARIA Digital Album Chart]]<br />
<br />
; New Zealand:<br />
* [[Recorded Music NZ]]<br />
** [[Official New Zealand Music Chart]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== South America ==<br />
<br />
; Argentina:<br />
* [[Argentina Hot 100|''Billboard'' Argentina Hot 100]]<br />
* [[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers#CAPIF Charts|CAPIF charts]]<br />
** Argentine Singles Chart {{small|(discontinued in 2019)}}<br />
** Argentine Albums Chart {{small|(discontinued in 2018)}}<br />
* [[Monitor Latino]]<br />
** Argentina Airplay<br />
** Argentina National Songs<br />
** Argentina Anglo Airplay<br />
** Argentina Latin Airplay<br />
<br />
; Brazil:<br />
* [[Crowley Broadcast Analysis|Crowley Charts]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://agenciametrica.com.br/blog/%EF%BB%BFcrowley-charts-ferramenta-de-monitoramento-de-musicas/|title=Crowley Charts: Ferramenta de monitoramento de músicas|date=March 14, 2019|access-date=May 25, 2019|work=Agência Métrica}}</ref><br />
** [[Top 100 Brasil]]<br />
** Top 10 Pop Nacional<br />
** Top 10 Pop Internacional<br />
** Top 10 Pop/Rock Nacional<br />
** Top 10 Pagode<br />
** Top 10 Sertanejo<br />
** Top 10 Forró<br />
** Top 10 Funk/Black Music<br />
** Top 10 Gospel<br />
* [[Top Álbuns Brasil]] <small>(discontinued in 2017)</small><br />
<br />
; Colombia:<br />
* [[National-Report]]<br />
<br />
; Venezuela:<br />
* [[Record Report]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|group=n|refs=<br />
<ref name="Eurasia">These countries have areas in both Asia and Europe.</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
The following books list recording artists in alphabetical order unless otherwise stated.<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* Australia. Kent, David. ''Australian Chart Book 1940–1969: the hit songs and records from thirty years of specially compiled charts''. Turramurra, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book, 2005 {{ISBN|0-646-44439-5|}}<br />
* Australia. Kent, David. ''Australian Chart Book 1970–1992: 23 years of hit singles & albums from the top 100 charts''. Turramurra, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book, 1993 {{ISBN|0-646-11917-6|}}<br />
* Australia. Kent, David. ''Australian Chart Book 1993–2009: the hit singles and albums from 17 years of Australia's national charts''. Turramurra, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book, 2010 {{ISBN|978-0-646-52995-0|}}<br />
* Australia. Kent, David. ''The Australian top 20 book (1940-2006): All the top 20 singles charts covering more than 67 years''. Turramurra, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book, 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-646-47665-0|}}<br />
* Australia. Ryan, Gavin. ''Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010: Containing ARIA Chart information from their Singles, Albums and Music DVD Charts''. Mt Martha, Vic.: Moonlight Publishing, 2011<br />
* Australia. Barnes, Jim and Stephen Scanes. ''The Book: Top 40 Research 1956-2010''. Gorokan, N.S.W.: Scanes Music Research, 2011 {{ISBN|0-646-25736-6|}}<br />
* Austria. Wittmann, Wolfgang. ''Österreichisches Hitlexikon. 1956-1983/84''. Graz: DBV Verlag, 1984 {{OCLC|144800830}}<br />
* Belgium. Collin, Robert. ''Het Belgisch Hitboek: 45 jaar hits in Vlaanderen: 1954-1999''. Lier: Vox, 1999 {{ISBN|90-76695-01-6|}}<br />
* Belgium. Jaspers, Sam. ''Ultratop 20.000 hits!: 1995-2005''. Deurne (Antwerpen): Book & Media Publishing, 2006 {{ISBN|90-5720-232-8|}}<br />
* Canada. [[Nanda Lwin|Lwin, Nanda]]. ''The Canadian singles chart book: 1975–1996''. Mississauga, Ont.: Music Data Canada, 1996 {{ISBN|1-896594-09-3|}}<br />
* Canada. Lwin, Nanda. ''Top 40 hits: the essential chart guide''. Mississauga, Ont.: Music Data Canada, 2000 {{ISBN|1-896594-13-1|}}<br />
* Canada. Lwin, Nanda. ''Top albums: the essential chart guide''. Toronto: Music Data Research, 2003 {{ISBN|1-896594-14-X|}}<br />
* Canada. Tarling, Brian. ''RPM's Pop Charted Songs: From June 24, 1964 to February 10, 1990''. Burnaby, B.C.: Brian Tarling, 2015 {{ISBN| 978-0-9877593-2-0|}} 854p.<br />
* Canada. Tarling, Brian. ''RPM's Pop Charted Tracks: Hit Songs From Across Canada: 1990 to 2000''. Burnaby, B.C.: Brian Tarling, 2018 432p.<br />
* Denmark. Jensen, Andrew & Jan Poulsen. ''Hitlisten, alt om 2.015 hits på Tjeklisten''. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 2005 {{ISBN|87-02-03549-9|}}<br />
* Finland. Pennanen, Timo. ''Sisältää hitin: levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972''. Helsingissä: Otava, 2006 {{ISBN|951-1-21053-X|}}<br />
* Finland. Lassila, Juha. ''Mitä suomi soittaa?: hittilistat 1954-87''. Jyväskylä: Jyväskylän yliopisto, Nykykulttuurin tutkimusyksikkö, 1990 {{ISBN|951-680-321-0|}}<br />
* France. Habib, Elia. ''Muz hit .tubes: tubes, numéros 1, disques d'or, charts, 1984-2002''. Rouillon: Alinéa bis éd., 2002 {{ISBN|2-9518832-0-X|}}<br />
* France. King, Alex. ''Hit-parade: 20 ans de tubes''. Paris: Editions Pascal, 2005 {{ISBN|2-35019-009-9|}}<br />
* France. Suiveng, Yannick. ''Dictionnaire des tubes en France: 1950-2010, 60 ans de hits !''. Domptin: Carrefour du net, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-35451-060-2|}}<br />
* Germany. Ehnert, Günter. ''Hit Bilanz: deutsche Chart Singles: 1956-1980''. Hamburg: Taurus Press, 1990 {{ISBN|3-922542-24-7|}}<br />
* Germany. Ehnert, Günter. ''Hit Bilanz: deutsche Chart Singles: 1981-1990''. Hamburg: Taurus Press, 1994 {{ISBN|3-922542-44-1|}}<br />
* Germany. Ehnert, Günter. ''Hit Bilanz: deutsche Chart Singles: 1991-2000''. Hamburg: Taurus Press, 2002 {{ISBN|3-922542-74-3|}}<br />
* Germany. Ehnert, Günter. ''Hit Bilanz: deutsche Chart Singles: 1956-2001 CD-ROM''. Hamburg: Taurus Press, 2002 {{ISBN|3-922542-60-3|}}<br />
* Germany. Ehnert, Günter. ''Hit Bilanz: Singles 1956-1980 Top 10''. Hamburg: Taurus Press, 1990 {{ISBN|3-922542-41-7|}} chronological<br />
* Germany. Ehnert, Günter. ''Hit Bilanz: Singles 1981-2000 Top 10''. Hamburg: Taurus Press, 2001 {{ISBN|3-922542-46-8|}} chronological<br />
* Germany. Ehnert, Günter. ''Hit Bilanz: LP 1962-1986''. Hamburg: Taurus Press, 1988 {{ISBN|3-922542-29-8|}}<br />
* Germany. Amtage, Jörg & Matthias Müller. ''Alle Hits aus Deutschlands Charts 1954-2003''. Berlin: Pro Business, 2003 {{ISBN|3-937343-20-2|}} (2 vols.)<br />
* Germany. ''30 Jahre Single-Hitparade die Jahres-Single-Hitparaden vom 20. Dez. 1959 bis 15. Dez. 1988''. Starnberg: Keller, 1989 (Supplement: 40 Jahre Single-Hitparade: Ergänzungsband 1989-1998 (2000))<br />
* Ireland. Gogan, Larry. ''The Larry Gogan book of Irish chart hits''. Dublin: Maxwell in association with RTÉ Radio 2, 1987 {{ISBN|1-870846-00-1|}}<br />
* Ireland. Kelly, Eddie. ''The complete guide to Ireland's top ten hits 1954-1979''. Dublin: Original Writing, 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-907179-33-4|}}<br />
* Italy. Padovano, Romy. ''Hit parade: classifiche, dischi, artisti dagli anni '50 ai nostri giorni''. Milan: Mondadori, 1997 {{ISBN|88-04-42563-6|}}<br />
* Italy. Salvatori, Dario. ''40 anni di hit parade italiana: [le canzoni, gli interpreti, i record e le curiosità di tutte le classifiche dal 1957 a oggi]''. Firenze: Tarab, 1999 {{ISBN|88-86675-55-0|}}<br />
* Italy. Spinetoli, John Joseph. ''Artisti In Classifica: I Singoli: 1960-1999''. Milano: Musica e dischi, 2000<br />
* Italy. Spinetoli, John Joseph. ''Artisti In Classifica: I Album: 1970-1996''. Milano: Musica e dischi, 1997<br />
* Japan. ''Single Chart-Book Complete Edition 1968–2010''. Tokyo: Oricon, 2012 {{ISBN|4-87131-088-4|}}<br />
* Japan. ''Album Chart-Book Complete Edition 1970–2005''. Tokyo: Oricon, 2006 {{ISBN|4-87131-077-9|}}<br />
* Netherlands. ''Hit dossier: 1939 tot 1998: samengesteld door Johann van Slooten met medewerking van de stichting Nederlandse top 40''. Haarlem: Becht, 1998 {{ISBN|90-230-0974-6|}}<br />
* Netherlands. ''Top 40 Hitdossier: 1965-2017''. ['s-Graveland]: Just Publishers, 2017 {{ISBN|978-90-8975-008-2|}}<br />
* Netherlands. Arens, Bart, Edgar Kruize and Ed Adams. ''Mega Top 50 presenteert: 50 jaar hitparade: zoals wekelijks uitgezonden bij de publieke omroep tussen 1963 en 2013''. Houten: Spectrum, Uitgeverij Unieboek, 2013 {{ISBN|978-90-00-33100-0|}}<br />
* New Zealand. Freeman, Warwick. ''New Zealand Top 20 Singles of the Sixties''. Warkworth: Warwick Raymond Freeman, 2016 {{ISBN|9780473374426|}} 205p. <br />
* New Zealand. Scapolo, Dean. ''The complete New Zealand music charts, 1966–2006: singles, albums, DVDs, compilations''. Wellington: Maurienne House, 2007 {{ISBN|978-1-877443-00-8|}}<br />
* Norway. Gilde, Torre. ''Den store norske hitboka: en komplett guide til populaermuikken i norge 1958-1993''. Oslo: Exlex, 1994 {{ISBN|82-7776-000-0|}}<br />
* South Africa. Kimberley, C. ''South Africa Chart Book''. Harare: C. Kimberley, 1997<br />
* Spain. Salaverri, Fernando. ''Sólo éxitos: 1959-2012''. Madrid: Fundación SGAE, 2015 {{ISBN|978-84-8048-866-2|}}<br />
* Sweden. Hallberg, Eric. ''Eric Hallberg presenterar Kvällstoppen i P3: Sveriges radios topplista över veckans 20 mest sålda skivor 10/7 1962-19/8 1975''. Värmdö: Drift musik, 1993 {{ISBN|91-630-2140-4|}}<br />
* Sweden. Hallberg, Eric and Ulf Henningsson. ''Eric Hallberg, Ulf Henningsson presenterar Tio i topp med de utslagna på försök 1961-74''. Stockholm: Premium, 2012 {{ISBN|978-91-89136-89-2|}}<br />
* Sweden. Wendt, Wille. ''Topplistan: the official Swedish single & album charts 1975–1993''. Stockholm: Premium, 1993 {{ISBN|91-971894-2-1|}}<br />
* Switzerland. Hufschmid, Gusty. ''33 Jahre Schweizer Hitparade&nbsp;— Single Charts''. Starnberg: J. Keller, 2001 {{ISBN|3-7808-0182-5|}}<br />
* United Kingdom. ''The Virgin book of British hit singles. Volume 2''. London: Virgin Books, 2010 {{ISBN|978-0-7535-2245-5|}}<br />
* United Kingdom. ''The Virgin book of Top 40 charts''. London: Virgin Books, 2010 {{ISBN|978-0-7535-2200-4|}} chronological<br />
* United Kingdom. ''The Virgin book of British hit albums''. London: Virgin Books, 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-7535-1700-0|}}<br />
* United Kingdom. Warwick, Neil et al. ''The complete book of the British charts: singles & albums''. London: Omnibus Press, 2004 {{ISBN|1-84449-058-0|}} <br />
Note: The four books above have been superseded by the Betts/OCC set of books, thus: <br />
* United Kingdom. Betts, Graham. ''The Official Charts & Hits - The Fifties''. London: Official UK Charts Company, 2020 {{ISBN|978-1-7905-5812-4|}}<br />
* United Kingdom. Betts, Graham. ''The Official xx Hits Book (60s; 70s; 80s; 90s; 00s; 10s)''. London: Official UK Charts Company, 2019-20 six volumes<br />
* United Kingdom. Betts, Graham. ''The Official Singles Charts: 70s; 80s; 90s; 00s; 10s''. London: Official UK Charts Company, 2019-20 five chronological volumes<br />
* United Kingdom. Betts, Graham. ''The Official Albums Charts: 70s; 80s; 90s; 00s; 10s''. London: Official UK Charts Company, 2019-20 five chronological volumes<br />
* United Kingdom. Betts, Graham. ''The Official Compilations Charts: 90s; 00s; 10s''. London: Official UK Charts Company, 2019-20 three chronological volumes<br />
* United Kingdom. Rees, Dafydd et al. ''40 years of NME charts''. London: Boxtree, 1995 {{ISBN|0-7522-0829-2|}} chronological<br />
* United Kingdom. Rees, Dafydd et al. ''30 years of NME album charts''. London: Boxtree, 1995 {{ISBN|0-7522-0824-1|}} chronological<br />
* United Kingdom. White George R. ''British Hit EPs 1955-1989''. York: Music Mentor, 2014 {{ISBN|978-0-9562679-6-2|}}<br />
* United States. ''Joel Whitburn's Billboard pop hits, singles & albums, 1940–1954''. Menomonee Falls, Wisc.: [http://www.recordresearch.com Record Research], 2002 {{ISBN|0-89820-152-7|}}<br />
* United States. ''Joel Whitburn’s Top Pop Singles 1955–2018''. Menomonee Falls, Wisc.: Record Research, 2019<br />
* United States. ''Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Albums 1955-2016''. Menomonee Falls, Wisc.: Record Research, 2018<br />
* United States. Whitburn, Joel. ''Billboard Hot 100 Charts''. Menomonee Falls, Wisc.: Record Research, various dates (comprises 1950s; The Sixties; The Seventies; The Eighties; The Nineties; The 2000s) chronological<br />
* United States. ''Joel Whitburn presents Billboard Pop Album Charts 1965-1969''. Menomonee Falls, Wisc.: Record Research, 1993 {{ISBN|0-89820-097-0|}} chronological<br />
* Zimbabwe. Kimberley, C. ''Zimbabwe: singles chart book''. Harare: C. Kimberley, 2000<br />
* Zimbabwe. Kimberley, C. ''Albums chart book: Zimbabwe''. Harare: C. Kimberley, 1998<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.alaskajim.com/index.htm Alaska Jim's music charts]<br />
* [http://www.lanet.lv/misc/charts/ Charts all over the world]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064135/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/chart-companies.pdf International Chart Companies]<br />
* [http://greatesthitsever.com Music Chart & Top Songs by GreatestHitsEver.com] <br />
<br />
{{Record Charts}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Record charts| List]]<br />
[[Category:Music-related lists|Record charts]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linear_settlement&diff=1022363822Linear settlement2021-05-10T03:06:35Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Adding caption about the location of Victoria City</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Type of village}}<br />
[[File:Champlain(Quebec).JPG|thumb|right|250px|Some communities along the [[Saint Lawrence River]] in [[Quebec]], [[Canada]], developed as linear settlements, as is still clearly seen in [[Champlain, Quebec]]]]<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| footer =<br />
| header =<br />
| width = 250<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
<br />
| image1 = City_of_Victoria.jpg<br />
| alt1 = Picture of Victoria City<br />
| caption1 = A picture of Victoria City, capital of [[British Hong Kong]], between 1860 and 1865<br />
<br />
| image2 = Victoria_City_and_Kowloon_1915.jpg<br />
| alt2 = Map of Victoria City (and Kowloon across the Victoria Harbour)<br />
| caption2 = A map of [[Victoria, Hong Kong|Victoria City]] (bottom) and the city of Kowloon across the harbour, of [[British Hong Kong]] in 1915<br />
}}<br />
<br />
A '''linear settlement''' is a (normally small to medium-sized) settlement or group of buildings that is formed in a long line.<ref>[http://thesaurus.english-heritage.org.uk/thesaurus_term.asp?thes_no=1&term_no=68988 English heritage thesaurus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914043943/http://thesaurus.english-heritage.org.uk/thesaurus_term.asp?thes_no=1&term_no=68988 |date=2007-09-14 }}, 23-05-2013</ref> Many of these settlements are formed along a transport route, such as a road, river, or canal. Others form due to physical restrictions, such as coastlines, mountains, hills or valleys. Linear settlements may have no obvious centre, such as a road junction.<ref>[http://www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk/vtc/settlement_wales/eng/Linearsettlemen/ Linear settlements], 23-05-2013</ref> Linear settlements have a long and narrow shape.<br />
<br />
In the case of settlements built along a route, the route predated the settlement, and then the settlement grew along the transport route. Often, it is only a single street with houses on either side of the road. [[Mileham]], [[Norfolk]], [[England]] is an example of this pattern. Later development may add side turnings and districts away from the original main street. Places such as [[Southport]], England developed in this way.<br />
<br />
A linear settlement is in contrast with [[ribbon development]], which is the outward spread of an existing [[town]] along a main street, and with a nucleated settlement, which is a group of buildings clustered around a central point; these include, for example, [[Klaukkala]] in [[Nurmijärvi]], [[Finland]].<ref>[https://www.hel.fi/static/hkm/lausunnot/2015/003659.pdf Keski-Uudenmaan maakuntamuseon lausunto Nurmijärven Klaukkalan osayleiskaavaehdotuksesta (Statement of the Central Uusimaa Regional Museum on the partial master plan proposal for Klaukkala, Nurmijärvi)] (in Finnish)</ref><br />
<br />
==Linear villages==<br />
A ''linear village''<ref>[https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/33028%20Outlane geograph, SE0817 : Outlane - a linear village], 23-05-2013</ref> or a ''chain village''<ref>http://www.pg.geo.uj.edu.pl/documents/3189230/4676039/2003_112_161-172.pdf</ref> is a [[village]] that is also a linear settlement.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Reihendorf]]<br />
* [[Ribbon development]]<br />
* [[Linear city]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/33028 Outlane - a linear village]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Human geography]]<br />
[[Category:Urban planning]]<br />
[[Category:Types of populated places]]<br />
[[Category:City layout models]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kids_United&diff=1010100276Kids United2021-03-03T20:07:54Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Fixed formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Kids United<br />
| image = Kids-United-Tpmp.jpg<br />
| caption = The Kids United on stage for the Don't Touch My Post show at Canal Factory.<br />
| background = group_or_band<br />
| origin = [[France]]<br />
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]<br />
| years_active = 2015–present<br />
| current_members = <br />
* Gloria Palermo de Blasi<br />
* Ilyana Raho-Moussa<br />
* Dylan Marina<br />
* Nathan Laface<br />
* [[Valentina (singer)|Valentina Tronel]]<br />
| past_members = <br />
* [[Carla Georges]]<br />
* Nilusi Nissanka<br />
* [[Erza Muqoli]]<br />
* Esteban Durand<br />
* Gabriel Gros<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kids United''' is a [[French people|French]] musical group that consists of five children (six children when the group was formed) born between 2004 and 2009. It has been created to support [[UNICEF]] campaigns and is sponsored by [[Hélène Ségara]] and [[Corneille (singer)|Corneille]], two Francophone singers. The first album ''[[Un monde meilleur]]'' (A better world) was launched on Universal Children's Day in 2015, it received [[Music recording sales certification|gold]] certification in [[France]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/les-disques-dor/?awards_cat=65&awards_awd=0&awards_year=2016&awards_artist=&awards_title=UN%20MONDE%20MEILLEUR&awards_edit_distrib=&awards_sort=date_certif-desc&awards_nb=100&submitAdvanced=Rechercher|title=Les Certifications - SNEP|date=1 November 2013}}</ref> The second album ''[[Tout le bonheur du monde (album)|Tout le bonheur du monde]]'' was certified 2x platinum. It won a Felix Award for best pop album; making it the band's first award.<br />
<br />
On 30 May 2018, it was announced that three of the remaining four members were to leave the group for a solo career, and the one remaining member, Gloria, would continue with other young singers under the name '''Kids United Nouvelle Génération''' (Kids United New Generation).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Kids-United/news-107021.html}}</ref> In 2020, Kids United Nouvelle Génération joined Green Team; a group of artists who sing to raise awareness of ecological issues.<br />
<br />
== Present members ==<br />
Known as Kids United Nouvelle Génération, the new members of the formation are:<br />
<br />
===Gloria Palermo de Blasi===<br />
Age 14 years old, Born on 2007 / 4 /27 [[Metz]], [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]], [[Lorraine]]. In 2014, she was a contestant in the [[:fr: Saison 1 de The Voice Kids|first edition]] of [[The Voice Kids (French TV series)|The Voice Kids]]. She was teamed with Jennifer and lost to [[Carla (singer)|Carla]] in the semi-finals, past member of Kids United. She was the youngest member of the original Kids United group and was 8 when the group was created. Her mother is also a singer who, in 2017, auditioned in [[The Voice (French TV series)]] though unfortunately did not make it past the auditions. Gloria played Emilie in the musical [[Émilie Jolie]] and in December 2018 released her new single "Petit Papa Noël".<br />
<br />
===Dylan Marina===<br />
Dylan was born on 2004 so 17 years old. He was a contestant in Season 4 of ''[[The Voice Kids (French TV series)|The Voice Kids]]'' where he made it to the semi-final. He participated in the Kids United and Friends tour before joining Kids United, Nouvelle Generation. he was a part of the album ''Sardou et nous'' where he sang "La Java de Broadway" and "En Chantant" with Lou, Nemo Schifman and Angie Robba. Dylan's favourite singer is [[Beyoncé]].<br />
<br />
===Ilyana Raho-Moussa===<br />
Ilyana was born on {{Birth date and age|2005|2|18}} in [[Le Havre]]. She was a contestant in Season 4 of ''[[The Voice Kids (French TV series)|The Voice Kids]]'' where she made it to the semi-final. She is a part of the album ''Sardou et nous'': she sings ''Je vole'' with Nemo Schifman.<br />
<br />
===Nathan Laface===<br />
{{Expand section|more details|date=November 2018}}<br />
Nathan was born on June 6, 2006 (age 14). He is Italian-Swiss and is from the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] city of [[Neuchâtel]].<br />
He has dark brown hair, green eyes and plays football. He has several social media accounts, including a Facebook called "Nathan Laface Kids United" and a TikTok account. He played in ducobu 3.<br />
<br />
===Valentina Tronel===<br />
{{main|Valentina (singer)}}<br />
<br />
Valentina was born on {{Birth date and age|2009|4|6}} in [[Brittany]], [[France]]. She auditioned for ''[[The Voice Kids (French TV series)|The Voice Kids]]'' at the age of 6, with the song Tra te e il mare by [[Laura Pausini]], though none of the judges selected her for their team. She is the youngest member of Kids United Nouvelle Génération. She also participated in The Tremplin 2018,<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oA8itg1ArjY|title=valentina_promo Le Tremplin - Les meilleures voix 2018|date=5 February 2018|access-date=9 October 2020|website=YouTube|lang=fr}}</ref> and she represented France in the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junioreurovision.tv/story/france-selects-valentina|title=France selects Valentina!|date=2020-10-09|website=Junioreurovision.tv|publisher=EBU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009082445/https://junioreurovision.tv/story/france-selects-valentina|archive-date=2020-10-09|url-status=live}}</ref> with her first single "[[J'imagine]]". She went on to win the contest, giving France its first victory.<ref>https://wiwibloggs.com/2020/11/29/junior-eurovision-2020-result-valentina-wins-for-france-with-jimagine/259126/</ref> Valentina's favourite artist and idol is [[Ariana Grande]].<br />
<br />
==Original members==<br />
===Erza Muqoli===<br />
{{main|Erza Muqoli}}<br />
Erza<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/edition-de-sarreguemines-bitche/2015/10/03/kids-united-des-voix-pour-les-enfants-refugies|title=Kids United, des voix pour les enfants réfugiés}}</ref> was born on {{Birth date and age|2005|9|21}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/WeAreKidsUnited/photos/a.888337237920948.1073741828.881130451974960/1111238095630860/?type=3&theater|title=Kids United - Aujourd'hui c'est l'anniversaire d'Erza! - Facebook}}</ref> in [[Sarreguemines]], [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]], [[Lorraine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/moselle/2014/09/28/la-tele-sur-un-plateau-pour-erza|title=La télé sur un plateau pour Erza}}</ref> Her parents are from [[Kosovo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/edition-de-sarreguemines-bitche/2015/06/23/sarreguemines-la-vie-d-erza-n-a-presque-pas-change|title=Sarreguemines : la vie d'Erza n'a presque pas changé}}</ref> She has two older sisters and a brother. She was a contestant in ''[[La France a un incroyable talent]]'' where she notably sang "[[Papaoutai]]" by [[Stromae]] in her first audition, "[[:fr:Éblouie par la nuit|Éblouie par la nuit]]" by [[Raphaël Haroche]] in the semi-final, and "[[La Vie en rose]]" by [[Édith Piaf]] in the finale. She finished in 3rd place. She took piano and singing lessons in [[Sarralbe]] and her music teacher regularly posted videos of her singing on the Internet. She was 10 when Kids United was formed. She also came out with an original [[Je Chanterai]] in 2019<br />
<br />
===Carla Georges===<br />
{{main|Carla (singer)}}<br />
Carla was born on {{Birth date and age|2003|4|21}} in [[Avignon]], [[Vaucluse]], [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]]. In 2014, she was a contestant in the [[:fr:Saison 1 de The Voice Kids|first edition]] of ''[[The Voice Kids (French TV series)|The Voice Kids]]''. She auditioned with the song "[[:fr:Éblouie par la nuit|Éblouie par la nuit]]" by [[Raphaël Haroche]]. With her coach [[Jenifer (singer)|Jenifer]], she won the season. On March 3, 2016, she announced on Twitter that she was quitting Kids United for solo projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/carlaaofficiel/status/705460600793600000|title=Carla Officiel on Twitter}}</ref> She didn't appear in the second album, but she participated in some of the group activities after she left.<br />
<br />
===Esteban Durand===<br />
Esteban was born on {{Birth date and age|2000|6|27}} in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]], [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], [[Île-de-France]]. His family is from [[Spain]]. In 2011, he was a contestant in [[:fr:Saison 6 de La France a un incroyable talent|Season 6]] of ''[[La France a un incroyable talent]]'' with his 14-year-old cousin Diego Losada. In 2013, he was a contestant in [[:it:Italia's Got Talent (quarta edizione)|Season 4]] of ''[[Italia's Got Talent]]'', with his cousin Diego, and later participated in ''[[Belgium's Got Talent (Wallonia)|Belgium's Got Talent]]''. In 2014, he participated in the [[:fr:Saison 1 de The Voice Kids|first edition]] of ''[[The Voice Kids (French TV series)|The Voice Kids]]''. He has a YouTube channel called "Esteban y Diego" with his cousin Diego. They both live in [[Paris]] and they both play guitar. He also has a sister named Laura. He was 15 when Kids United was formed. He announced that he will be quitting the group for a solo career. He was the oldest boy of the original group.<br />
<br />
===Gabriel Gros===<br />
Gabriel was born on {{Birth date and age|2002|4|27}} in [[Roubaix]]. He is from England and is part [[Antilles|Antillean]] and [[Senegal]]ese. He taught other members of the group English songs. He lives in [[Tourcoing]]. He was a contestant on the show ''[[TeenStar]]''. After, he had to choose between ''[[The Voice Kids (French TV series)|The Voice Kids]]'' and Kids United, and chose to join Kids United because he liked the idea of helping children. He was 13 when Kids United was formed. He has since competed on [[The Voice UK]], 2019, where he made it to the knockouts with coach [[Will.i.am]] and now lives in London.<br />
<br />
===Nilusi Nissanka===<br />
Nilusi was born on {{Birth date and age|2000|2|12}} in Paris. Her family is from Sri Lanka. She participated in L'École des fans in January 2014 with Tal. She won the game with two jury votes. She started a YouTube channel where she posts covers. She plays a number of instruments, such as the guitar, piano and drums. She was the oldest member of the original Kids United, and was 15 when the group was formed. In November 2017, it was announced she was leaving the group to start a solo career. She was the oldest member of the group. She has since released numerous songs including "Je veux" and "Au-Delà".<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
===Studio albums===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:17em;"| Details<br />
! scope="col" colspan="4"| Peak chart positions<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[SNEP|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA">{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kids+United|title=Discographie Kids United|work=French Charts Portal|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref><br />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br/>(FL)]]<br/><ref name="FL">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kids+United|title=Discographie Kids United|work=Belgium (Flanders) Charts Portal|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref><br />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br/>(WA)]]<br/><ref name="WA">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kids+United|title=Discographie Kids United|work=Belgium (Wallonia) Charts Portal|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref><br />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI">{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kids+United|title=Discographie Kids United|work=Swiss Charts Portal|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''Un monde meilleur''<br />
| <br />
* Released: 20 November 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/un-monde-meilleur/id1053992275|title=Un monde meilleur par Kids United sur Apple Music|language=fr|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref><br />
* Label: Play On, M6 Interactions<br />
* Format: Digital download, CD<br />
| 1 || — || 3 || 6<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Tout le bonheur du monde (album)|Tout le bonheur du monde]]''{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Alternatively ''Kids United 2'' or ''Kids United 2ème album''.}}<br />
| <br />
* Released: 18 August 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/tout-le-bonheur-du-monde/id1132231675|title=Tout le bonheur du monde par Kids United sur Apple Music|language=fr|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref><br />
* Label: Play On, M6 Interactions<br />
* Format: Digital download, CD<br />
| 1 || 178 || 1 || 2<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Forever United]]''{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Alternatively ''Kids United 3'' or ''Kids United 3ème album''.}}<br />
| <br />
* Released: 18 August 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/forever-united/id1243823084|title=Forever United par Kids United sur Apple Music|language=fr|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref><br />
* Label: Play On, M6 Interactions<br />
* Format: Digital download, CD<br />
| 1<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-album-megafusion/?ye=2017&we=34|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums – SNEP (Week 34, 2017)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904063920/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-album-megafusion/?ye=2017&we=34|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> || 163 || 1 || 3<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''Nouvelle génération: Au bout de nos rêves''<br />
| <br />
* Released: 17 August 2018<br />
* Label: Play On, Warner<br />
* Format: Digital download, CD<br />
| 1 || — || 1 || 3<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''Nouvelle génération: L'hymne de la vie''<br />
| <br />
* Released: 1 November 2019<br />
* Label: Play On, Warner<br />
* Format: Digital download, CD<br />
| 7<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-album-megafusion/?ye=2019&we=45|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums Fusionnes – SNEP (Week 45, 2019)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=fr|access-date=13 November 2019}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || — || 27 || 36<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="20" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes an album that did not chart or was not released. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Live albums===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:17em;"| Details<br />
! scope="col" colspan="4"| Peak chart positions<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[SNEP|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA"/><br />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br/>(WA)]]<br/><ref name="WA"/><br />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''Le Live''<br />
| <br />
* Released: 17 February 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/kids-united-live/id1194671292|title=Kids United (Live) par Kids United sur Apple Music|language=fr|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref><br />
* Label: Play On, M6 Interactions<br />
* Format: Digital download, CD<br />
| 8 || 1 || 16<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Compilation albums===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:17em;"| Details<br />
! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:17em;"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[SNEP|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA"/><br />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br/>(WA)]]<br/><ref name="WA"/><br />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''Best Of''<br />
| <br />
* Released: 23 October 2020<br />
* Label: Play On<br />
* Format: Digital download, CD<br />
| 51 || 85 || {{spaced ndash}}<br />
| Tracklist<br />
#"On écrit sur les murs" (2:54) <br />
#"Si j'étais président" (3:49) <br />
#"L'oiseau et l'enfant" (3:02) <br />
#"Sauver le monde" (3:52) <br />
#"Mama Africa" <small>(with [[Angélique Kidjo]] & [[Youssou Ndour]])</small> (2:49) <br />
#"Tout le bonheur du monde" <small>(with [[Inaya]])</small> (3:21) <br />
#"L'hymne de la vie" (3:07) <br />
#"Les lacs du Connemara" (4:33) <br />
#"Imagine" (3:08) <br />
#"La tendresse" (2:36) <br />
#"Des ricochets" (3:32) <br />
#"Chacun sa route" <small>(with [[Vitaa]])</small> (2:44) <br />
#"Santiano" (2:37) <br />
#"Last Christmas" (3:19) <br />
#"Sur ma route" <small>(with [[Black M]])</small> (4:04) <br />
#"Le lion est mort ce soir" (2:35) <br />
#"Yalla" <small>(with [[Amir Haddad|Amir]])</small> (4:27) <br />
#"Liberta" (3:33) <br />
#"Les liens de l'amitié" (3:35)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Other releases===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:2em;"| Year<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title<br />
! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[SNEP|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA"/><br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
! scope="row"| ''Un monde meilleur'' / <br>''Tout le bonheur du monde''<br />
| 15<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
! scope="row"| ''Forever United'' / ''Le live''<br />
| 62<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
! scope="row"| ''Coffret 4 albums''<br />
| 131<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Singles===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year<br />
! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[SNEP|FRA]]<br><ref name="FRA"/><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "[[On écrit sur les murs]]"<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2015<br />
| 3<br />
| rowspan="3"| ''Un monde meilleur''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "[[Imagine (John Lennon song)|Imagine]]"<br />
| 197<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "[[Last Christmas]]"<br />
| 95<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "[[Qui a le droit]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/qui-a-le-droit-single/id1103984252|title=Qui a le droit - Single par Kids United sur Apple Music|language=fr|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="4"| 2016<br />
| 195<br />
| rowspan="4"| ''Tout le bonheur du monde''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "Destin"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/destin-single/id1122032122|title=Destin - Single par Kids United sur Apple Music|language=fr|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref><br />
| 58<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "[[L'oiseau et l'enfant]]"<br />
| 58<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "[[Tout Le Bonheur du Monde|Tout le bonheur de monde]]"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Inaya)</span><br />
| 91<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "Chante (Love Michel Fugain)"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/chante-love-michel-fugain-single/id1210484230|title=Chante (Love Michel Fugain) - Single par Kids United sur Apple Music|language=fr|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="3"| 2017<br />
| 115<br />
| ''Chante la vie chante (Love Michel Fugain)''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "Mama Africa"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Angélique Kidjo]] and [[Youssou N'Dour]])</span><br />
| 76<br/><ref name="Week 34">{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=35|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 35, 2017)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=2 September 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2"| ''Forever United''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "Chacun sa route"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Vitaa]])</span><br />
| 96<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=33|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 33, 2017)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=fr|access-date=19 August 2017}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "Pour changer le monde"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[LEGO]])</span><br />
| 2018<br />
| —<br />
| ''Au bout de nos reves''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Other charted songs===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year<br />
! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[SNEP|FRA]]<br><ref name="FRA"/><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "[[Au soleil]]"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Jenifer (singer)|Jenifer]])</span><br />
| rowspan="3"| 2017<br />
| 145<br/><ref name="Week 34"/><br />
| rowspan="2"| ''Forever United''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "Alors regarde"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Patrick Bruel]])</span><br />
| 199<br/><ref name="Week 34"/><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "Les lacs du Connemara"<br />
| 38<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=42|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 42, 2017)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=fr|access-date=24 October 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
| rowspan="1"| ''SARDOU et nous...''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{notelist-ua}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kids United}}<br />
[[Category:Kids United| ]]<br />
[[Category:French musical groups]]<br />
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2015]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leticia_Lee&diff=994626534Leticia Lee2020-12-16T18:13:38Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Added recent death template</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Hong Kong activist}}<br />
{{Recent death|Lee, Leticia See-yin}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=July 2019}}{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Leticia Lee<br />
| image = Leticia Lee See-yin closeup 201307.jpg<br />
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --><br />
| caption = Lee in 2013<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1964|08|17|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[British Hong Kong]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|12|16|1964|08|17|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Yuen Long]], [[Hong Kong]]<br />
| nationality = Hong Kong permanent resident<br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation =<br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Leticia Lee See-yin''' ({{zh|t=李偲嫣|p=Lǐ Sīyān}}, 17 August 1964 – 16 December 2020) was an outspoken [[pro-Beijing camp|pro-Beijing]] figure in [[Hong Kong]]. She held several positions at various political and activist organizations in Hong Kong. She commented openly on Hong Kong's education and moral issues often arousing controversy.<br />
<br />
== Activism ==<br />
Lee held several positions, including the chairperson of the Federation of Parent-Teacher Associations of [[Yau Tsim Mong District]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.sina.com.hk/news/20111017/-2-2464949/1.html|title=一心二用免浪費|date=2011-10-17|work=Ming pao|access-date=2013-01-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201215450/http://news.sina.com.hk/news/20111017/-2-2464949/1.html|archive-date=2014-02-01}}</ref> the spokeswoman of the anti-gay organisation "Anti-Reverse Discrimination League" ({{zh|反逆向歧視大聯盟|labels=no}}),<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=反駁「反逆向歧視大聯盟」公開信謬論|url=https://www.vjmedia.com.hk/articles/2012/12/21/27037|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-16|website=VJmedia}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> as well as the chief editor of the Christian publication ''Love Family Weekly'' (distributed free of charge in all [[Sun Hung Kai Properties]] shopping malls),<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015-11-08|title=辦網媒找李偲嫣任CEO 張俊勇遭問：係咪傻架|url=https://www.singtao.ca/454363/2015-11-08/news-%E8%BE%A6%E7%B6%B2%E5%AA%92%E6%89%BE%E6%9D%8E%E5%81%B2%E5%AB%A3%E4%BB%BBCEO%E3%80%80%E5%BC%B5%E4%BF%8A%E5%8B%87%E9%81%AD%E5%95%8F%EF%BC%9A%E4%BF%82%E5%92%AA%E5%82%BB%E6%9E%B6/?variant=zh-hk|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-16|website=Sing Tao Daily|language=zh-TW}}</ref> and a member of the women's commission of the pro-Beijing [[Kowloon Federation of Associations]], providing advice on education policy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=翟睿敏|date=2020-12-16|title=01消息：「藍營」名人李偲嫣突離世 新冠肺炎病毒初步陽性|url=https://www.hk01.com/政情/562572/01消息-藍營-名人李偲嫣突離世-新冠肺炎病毒初步陽性|access-date=2020-12-16|website=香港01|language=zh-HK}}</ref> She was previously employed by [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|LegCo]] member [[Priscilla Leung]] as a part-time consultant.<ref>{{cite web |title=家長會李偲嫣受聘梁美芬 |url=http://news.sina.com.hk/news/20130805/-2-3033704/1.html |website=Ming Pao |access-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017163514/http://news.sina.com.hk/news/20130805/-2-3033704/1.html |archive-date=2014-10-17 |language=zh-HK |date=2013-08-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===National education===<br />
Lee was an adamant advocate of the highly controversial [[moral and national education]] (MNE) program in Hong Kong, which was proposed in 2011 but was later shelved due to heated public criticism. "If we back down on the [implementation of] moral and national education subject, I don't know what our society, our children will see themselves as in the future," she said at a pro-national education rally in October. "We are always Chinese. Our root is always China."<ref name="ZhaoLam2013">{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1294485/feisty-parent-who-said-teacher-had-emotional-problems-used-courting|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|title= Feisty parent who said teacher had 'emotional problems' is used to courting controversy|first=Shirley|last=Zhao|first2=Jeffie|last2=Lam|date=6 August 2013|accessdate=16 December 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216114702/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1294485/feisty-parent-who-said-teacher-had-emotional-problems-used-courting|archive-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> In a special meeting of the Legislative Council on 27 June 2011, Lee suggested that the Administration could consider implementing MNE as a core extracurricular activity or a monthly small-group learning activity, and students should not be examined on the subject.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr10-11/english/panels/ed/minutes/ed20110627.pdf |work=Legislative council|title= Panel on Education-Minutes of special meeting.|accessdate=27 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
In addition to the aspect of students, she stressed the importance of providing teachers with adequate teaching resources on MNE to ensure the quality of teaching. She also added that the Administration should attach importance to moral education which should be taught in schools starting from junior primary levels.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timeout.com.hk/big-smog/features/53047/anger-over-brainwashing-class-shows-distrust-of-two-systems.html|work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|title= Anger over 'brainwashing' class shows distrust of 'two systems'.|accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Opposition to anti-LGBT discrimination legislation===<br />
Lee was accused for making homophobic opinions. She claimed that legislation against sexual orientation discrimination might make it illegal for schools – especially religious ones – to teach that homosexuality is wrong.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1082499/lgbts-seek-ban-discriminating-against-them |work=[[South China Morning Post]]|title= Hong Kong's LGBT community seeks ban on discrimination |accessdate=17 November 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Lee had sought talks with the Family Planning Association which she said publishes booklets advocating same-sex marriage. She objected that they were saying it was fine to be gay and that the booklets would brainwash impressionable children.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1518096/boys-and-girls-clubs-association-under-fire-over-sexuality |work=[[South China Morning Post]]|title= Boys' and Girls' Clubs Association under fire over sexuality counselling|accessdate=23 May 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Lee also wrote many articles on the website of anti-gay [[Christian right]] group the [[Society For Truth And Light]]. At a concert in January, she said she had received many calls after she opposed a motion calling for public consultation on the proposed new law.<ref name="ZhaoLam2013"/><br />
<br />
===Anti-Occupy Central===<br />
As a pro-establishment activist, Lee organised a number of movements in support of the Hong Kong government and police and to protest the [[Occupy Central with Love and Peace|Occupy Central]] movement.<br />
<br />
====Justice Alliance====<br />
Lee, as then convenor of Justice Alliance (established on 27 October 2013, which was organized to support [[Hong Kong Police]]), began an 'indefinite hunger strike' on 22 June 2014 at government headquarters at Tamar, in order to voice her opposition to Occupy Central and urge a stricter government response to it and the protest organised by the pan-democrats earlier that month inside the Legislative Council building.<ref>{{Cite web|title=【短片】李偲嫣絕筆：願犧牲來成就大家直到神重召靈魂 ｜ 蘋果日報|url=https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20140622/SZIQFENUA73TQ7AC6EMG42C7MU/|access-date=2020-12-16|website=Apple Daily 蘋果日報|language=zh-hk}}</ref> She said during the hunger strike, "Protesters don't think they are violent since they have something to voice out. Does that mean they can rob if they have no money, and do such acts in the name of justice?" The hunger strike only lasted three days since she "passed out" on 25 June and was sent to hospital that night.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1540447/and-gold-medal-taking-credit-goes |work=[[South China Morning Post]]|title= Striker finds 'support' can be hard to stomach|accessdate=23 June 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 2 March 2016, the Justice Alliance announced the expulsion of Lee, its president, on the grounds of embezzlement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Hermina|title=Pro-BJ Justice Alliance expels president Leticia Lee over alleged embezzlement of funds|newspaper=Hong Kong Free Press|location=Hong Kong|date=2 March 2016|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/03/02/pro-bj-justice-alliance-expels-president-leticia-lee-over-alleged-embezzlement-of-funds/|access-date=2 March 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Alliance in Support of Our Police Force====<br />
There was an increasing level of discontent on Hong Kong Police Force among the society due to the methods used by the police to deal with the pan-democratic protests and the controversy on whether the police violated the rule on using minimum force. In response to rising social discontent aimed at the Police Force after its use of force against democracy protests, Lee established [[Alliance in support of our Police Force]] in early July 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.metrohk.com.hk/?cmd=detail&id=236742 |work=都市日報|title=「撐警大聯盟」籲尊重警方|access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112103024/http://www.metrohk.com.hk/?cmd=detail&id=236742 |archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> Its stated aim was to support the police to enforce the law. She served as one of its convenors. A demonstration was held on 3 August 2014 in support of the police and the organisation set 4 August as the 'Support the Police Force Day'.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}. On the first anniversary of that day, the alliance was not reported to have turned out in support of police to face down 200 protesters incensed by a magistrate's conviction of a woman protester for assaulting a male police officer with her breast.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chan |first=Wilfred |date=4 August 2015 |title='Breasts are not weapons,' say Hong Kong protesters|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/02/asia/hong-kong-breast-assault-protest/ |publisher=CNN |location=Hong Kong |access-date=2 March 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Blue Ribbon Movement====<br />
Lee was also the convenor of the [[Blue Ribbon Movement]]. This movement was formed as a response to the wearing of [[yellow ribbon]]s by supporters of Occupy Central. The wearing of a [[blue ribbon]] in Hong Kong symbolised opposition to the Occupy Central democracy movement and support for the Hong Kong Police Force. A number of incidents were reported involving Blue Ribbon Movement supporters attacking protestors participating in Occupy Central, as well as news reporters.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://time.com/3462996/occupy-hong-kong-central-democracy-blue-ribbon-anti-protest/|work=Time|title= Hong Kong Is Bracing Itself for More Anti-Occupy Violence|accessdate=23 June 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 25 October 2014, a gathering was held by the anti-Occupy Central organisations, while reports claimed that reporters from Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK) and Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) were attacked by those who supported anti-Occupy Central. Responding to the incident, Lee, who had helped organise the Tsim Sha Tsui event, condemned the attackers but offered that they were isolated incidents.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1624769/occupy-protest-and-rally-opponents-mark-society-split-over-politics|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|title= A city divided: Occupy protest and rally by opponents mark a society split by politics|accessdate=27 October 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Failed political career and corruption charges==<br />
Lee ran unsuccessfully in the [[2016 Hong Kong legislative election]]. She declared her candidacy in the [[New Territories East (constituency)|New Territories East]] constituency on 24 July 2016. The election was held on 4 September.<ref name="corruption">{{cite news |title=Leticia Lee denies corruption charge |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/118005/Leticia-Lee-denies-corruption-charge |work=The Standard |date=23 November 2018}}</ref> Lee received 2,938 votes (0.5 per cent of votes cast in the constituency) and was not elected.<ref name="2016lecgo">{{cite web |title=Election Results |url=https://www.elections.gov.hk/legco2016/eng/rs_gc_LC5.html |website=2016 Legislative Council Election |publisher=Registration and Electoral Office |date=5 September 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Lee was accused of corruption during the election. In October 2018, she was charged by the [[Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)|Independent Commission Against Corruption]] (ICAC) with failing to dispose of certain donated funds in accordance with election laws.<ref name="charged">{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Kris |title=Pro-Beijing activist Leticia Lee charged by anti-corruption agency over election donations |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2018/10/10/pro-beijing-activist-leticia-lee-charged-anti-corruption-agency-election-donations/ |work=Hong Kong Free Press |date=10 October 2018}}</ref> Lee agreed with the facts of the case against her. She was given a [[Binding over|bind-over order]].<ref name="corruption"/><ref name="handed">{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Kris |title=Pro-Beijing activist Leticia Lee handed bind-over order over election corruption case |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2019/02/25/pro-beijing-activist-leticia-lee-handed-bind-order-election-corruption-case/ |work=Hong Kong Free Press |date=25 February 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life and family==<br />
Lee married Gary Tse Shing-chun, a staff member of the pro-Beijing [[Hong Kong College of Technology]], in 2018.<ref name="weddingonway">{{cite news |title=Wedding on way for Leticia Lee |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news/section/21/190235/Wedding-on-way-for-Leticia-Lee |work=The Standard |date=30 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
She had one son, Nicholas Lau Chung-long, from a previous marriage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Son of activist Leticia Lee acquitted of assaulting stepfather |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/154750/Son-of-Leticia-Lee-acquitted-of-assaulting-stepfather |work=The Standard |date=4 September 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Lee died on 16 December 2020 at [[Pok Oi Hospital]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-12-16|title=李偲嫣猝死後初步確診武肺 4日前fb最後發帖狠批梁頌恆諷刺黎智英 ｜ 蘋果日報|url=https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20201216/CVMDNM2YDBFGHM664GOR4GUDSI/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-16|website=Apple Daily 蘋果日報|language=zh-hk}}</ref><ref name="hkfpdec2020">{{cite news |last1=Ho |first1=Kelly |title=Hong Kong pro-Beijing activist Leticia Lee dies aged 56 – reports |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2020/12/16/hong-kong-pro-beijing-activist-leticia-lee-dies-aged-56-reports/ |work=Hong Kong Free Press |date=16 December 2020}}</ref> She preliminarily tested positive for [[COVID-19]] before her death.<ref>{{cite news |title=Avid pro-establishment supporter Leticia Lee died of coronavirus |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/161277/Avid-pro-establishment-supporter-Leticia-Lee-died-of-coronavirus |access-date=16 December 2020 |work=[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]] |date=16 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*This article draws some information from the corresponding article in Chinese Wikipedia.<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Leticia}}<br />
[[Category:1964 births]]<br />
[[Category:2020 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Parent education program]]<br />
[[Category:Hong Kong activists]]<br />
[[Category:Hong Kong Protestants]]<br />
[[Category:Hong Kong women in politics]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:People charged with corruption]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-same-sex-marriage activists]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ubisoft_Montreal&diff=988542316Ubisoft Montreal2020-11-13T20:27:48Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: /* Reported hostage situation (November 2020) */ "At the time of writing" disclaimer is not necessary in the body text - Replaced with {{current}} template.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Canadian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Coord|45.525|-73.598|display=title}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Ubisoft Divertissements Inc.<br />
| logo = Ubisoft Montreal.png<br />
| image = Ubisoft Montreal.jpg<br />
| trade_name = Ubisoft Montreal<br />
| former_name = Ubi Soft Montreal (1997–2003){{efn|The former "Ubi Soft" name was changed across all of its divisions to "Ubisoft" on 9 September 2003 as part of a rebranding strategy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/ubisoft-unveils-new-visual-identity |title=Ubisoft unveils new "visual identity" |first=Rob |last=Fahey |date=9 September 2003 |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708133742/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/ubisoft-unveils-new-visual-identity |archive-date=8 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>}}<br />
| type = [[Subsidiary]]<br />
| industry = [[Video game industry|Video games]]<br />
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1997|04|25}}<br />
| hq_location_city = [[Montreal]]<br />
| hq_location_country = Canada<br />
| key_people = <br />
| num_employees = 3,500+<br />
| num_employees_year = 2017<br />
| parent = [[Ubisoft]]<br />
| website = {{URL|https://montreal.ubisoft.com/en/|montreal.ubisoft.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ubisoft Divertissements Inc.''', [[doing business as]] '''Ubisoft Montreal''', is a Canadian [[video game developer]] and a studio of [[Ubisoft]] based in [[Montreal]].<br />
<br />
The studio was founded in April 1997 as part of Ubisoft's growth into worldwide markets, with subsidies from the governments of Montreal, Quebec, and Canada to help create new multimedia jobs. The studio's initial products were low-profile children's games based on existing [[intellectual property]]. Ubisoft Montreal's break-out titles were 2002's ''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (video game)|Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell]]'' and 2003's ''[[Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time]]''. Subsequently, the studio continued to develop sequels and related games in both series, and developing its own intellectual properties such as ''[[Assassin's Creed]]'', ''[[Far Cry (series)|Far Cry]]'', ''[[Watch Dogs]]'', and ''[[For Honor]]''.<br />
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The studio as of 2017 employs more than 3,500 staff, making it one of the largest game development studios in the world. The studio also helped to establish Montreal as a creative city, and brought other video game developers to establish studios there.<br />
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== History ==<br />
=== Background and foundation (1997–2001) ===<br />
[[File:The John W. Peck Shirt and Clothing Factory.jpg|thumb|right|The Peck Building, formerly housing The John W. Peck Shirt and Clothing Factory, became Ubisoft Montreal's headquarters (1910).]]<br />
Following Ubisoft's [[initial public offering]] in 1996, the [[Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis|Montreuil, France]]-based publisher began looking to expand into more global markets.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2011/12/06/ubi-uncensored.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005071745/https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2011/12/06/ubi-uncensored.aspx |archive-date=5 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Establishing a studio in [[Quebec]] was of strong interest to the company; according to Ubisoft's CEO Yannis Mallat, a Quebec studio would allow them to bring in [[French Canadian|French-speaking employees]] and help with communication with the Montreuil headquarters, and was in close proximity to the United States, one of the largest markets for video games.<ref>{{cite web|title=The French-Canadian Connection: A Q&A With Yannis Mallat, Ubisoft Montreal|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1759/the_frenchcanadian_connection_a_.php|publisher=Gamasutra.com|date=14 December 2006|quote=It’s very convenient for us to be able to talk the same language with creators in France, and at the same time the people in Québec are close to the North American market|access-date=28 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004211/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1759/the_frenchcanadian_connection_a_.php|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
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At the same time, the city of [[Montreal]] in Quebec was looking to recover from job losses due to disappearing manufacturing and textile industries from the early 1990s. The controlling political party, [[Parti Québécois]] (PQ), pursued new job creation in technology, computers, and multimedia.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2010/09/08/video-game-incentives-subsidies.html | work=CBC News | title=Video game subsidy battle heats up | date=14 September 2010 | access-date=6 May 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001135512/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2010/09/08/video-game-incentives-subsidies.html | archive-date=1 October 2011 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Lobbyist Sylvain Vaugeois, hearing that Ubisoft was searching for jobs, came up with a plan called ''Plan Mercure'' which would incentivize Ubisoft to found a studio in Montreal by having the government subsidize each employee {{CAD|25,000}} for five years, but the government rejected this plan, believing it was too expensive for use of public funds. Vaugeois still went on to meet with Ubisoft, inviting them to visit Montreal and suggesting ''Plan Mercure'' was viable, and upon their visit, discovered that they had been misled, leading to some embarrassment on the city and province. PQ representatives of Quebec's and Montreal's government met with Ubisoft to convince them to establish a studio in Quebec after hearing that Ubisoft was considering a studio instead near [[Boston]] or in [[New Brunswick]], and recognised they needed to follow on some form of Vaugeois' ''Plan Mercure'' to convince Ubisoft to form a studio in Montreal. [[Pierre Pettigrew]], the [[Minister of Human Resources Development (Canada)|Minister of Human Resources Development]] worked with the Quebec and federal government to come to a solution, whereby the two governments would split the previously considered {{CAD|25,000}} per employee ({{CAD|15,000}} from the Quebec government) to provide 500 new jobs to young persons and provide training in the multimedia sector.<ref name="tremblay">{{cite report | title = The Montreal Multimedia Sector: A Cluster, a New Mode of Governance or a Simple Co-location? | first1 = Diane-Gabrielle | last1 = Tremblay | first2 = Serge | last2 = Rousseau | journal = Canadian Journal of Regional Science | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | date = Summer 2005 | pages = 299–328 | url = http://www.cjrs-rcsr.org/archives/28-2/7-Tremblay-Rousseau.pdf | accessdate = 4 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204229/http://www.cjrs-rcsr.org/archives/28-2/7-Tremblay-Rousseau.pdf | archivedate = 3 March 2016 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Ubisoft was agreeable to this, and established Ubisoft Montreal (formally named Ubisoft Divertissements Inc.) on 25 April 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ubisoft.com/press/pr_qbofc.html |title=UBI SOFT ENTERTAINMENT OPENS IN MONTREAL |date=27 April 1997 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970619000329/http://www.ubisoft.com/press/pr_qbofc.html |archivedate=19 June 1997 |access-date=4 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/ubisoft-announces-the-creation-of-1000-jobs-in-montreal | title = Ubisoft Announces the Creation of 1000 Jobs in Montreal | date = 1 February 2005 | accessdate = 5 October 2018 | work = [[GamesIndustry.biz]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181006000231/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/ubisoft-announces-the-creation-of-1000-jobs-in-montreal | archive-date = 6 October 2018 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The studio was founded in offices in the {{vanchor|Peck Building}}, a former textile factory, located in the [[Mile End, Montreal|Mile End]] neighbourhood along [[Saint-Laurent Boulevard]].<ref name="gazette"/><ref name="gazette">{{citation|title=The Gazette's three-part series on Mile End|date=20 November 2007|author=Christopher DeWolf|work=[[Spacing (magazine)|Spacing]]|url=http://spacing.ca/montreal/2007/11/20/the-gazettes-three-part-series-on-mile-end/|access-date=10 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220145258/http://spacing.ca/montreal/2007/11/20/the-gazettes-three-part-series-on-mile-end/|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/business/ubisofts-montreal-studio-where-artists-are-superheroes.html | title = Where the Artists Are the Superheroes | first = Caitlin | last = Kelly | date = 28 April 2013 | accessdate = 5 October 2018 | work = [[The New York Times]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181006000231/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/business/ubisofts-montreal-studio-where-artists-are-superheroes.html | archive-date = 6 October 2018 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref><br />
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Martin Tremblay joined the studio as executive vice-president in 1999, and was promoted to [[chief operating officer]] a year later.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6147007.html |title=Tremblay bids Ubisoft adieu – GameCube News at GameSpot |access-date=31 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904121239/http://www.gamespot.com/news/6147007.html |archive-date=4 September 2006 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
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The studio began with 50 employees, with half having coming from Ubisoft's Montreuil headquarters, and the other hired in under the government subsidies. According to Mallet, a founding myth of the company was that they had thrown the new employees in a room with computers and were told to develop a game, but Mallet did acknowledge that there was a lack of experience in game development from this group.<ref name="ign">{{cite web | url = https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/02/03/house-of-dreams-the-ubisoft-montreal-story | title = House Of Dreams: The Ubisoft Montreal Story | first = Mitch | last = Dyer | date = 3 February 2014 | accessdate = 4 October 2018 | work = [[IGN]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181004231729/https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/02/03/house-of-dreams-the-ubisoft-montreal-story | archive-date = 4 October 2018 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Initially, the studio developed children's games based on licensed [[intellectual property]] (IP) such as ''[[Donald Duck: Goin' Quackers]]'' and games based on the [[Playmobil]] series of toys.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/features/6079652/index.html |title=The Final Hours of Prince of Persia – Features at GameSpot |access-date=19 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516014140/http://www.gamespot.com/features/6079652/index.html |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> While these were not critically significant games, they sold well to keep the studio profitable, and allowed them to establish an internal program for creating their own IP.<ref name="ign"/><br />
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===IP establishment and growth (2002–2008)===<br />
Ubisoft Montreal's break-out title came through ''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (video game)|Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell]]'', released in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://xbox.ign.com/articles/377/377642p1.html |title=IGN: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Review |access-date=19 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016100618/http://xbox.ign.com/articles/377/377642p1.html |archive-date=16 October 2007 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Prior to this, Ubisoft had closed down an internal development studio at the New York offices in 1999, which had been working on a game called ''The Drift'', a third-person shooter with elements of stealth. Ubisoft had found the game lacking cohesion, and despite efforts to rebrand it as a potential ''[[James Bond]]'' game, Ubisoft opted to halt development and transfer key staff and all the work in progress to Ubisoft Montreal.<ref name="ign"/> The next year in 2000, Ubisoft acquired [[Red Storm Entertainment]], which had successfully produced games based on [[Tom Clancy]] novels. The acquisition included the license to develop more Tom Clancy-based games, as well as access to the [[Unreal Engine|Unreal game engine]].<ref name="ign"/> The Ubisoft Montreal team started experimenting with modern spy gadgetry within the existing ''Drift'' elements, and found some potential promise to make a game in the ''[[Tom Clancy's]]'' series from it. With ''[[Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty]]'' soon to be released, Ubisoft Montreal was tasked with creating the ''Metal Gear Solid'' killer, which resulted in the first ''Splinter Cell'' game. The Montreal studio continued to develop several of the ''Splinter Cell'' sequels through 2010.<ref name="ign"/><br />
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In 2001, Ubisoft acquired the rights to the ''[[Myst]]'', ''[[Chessmaster]]'', and ''[[Prince of Persia]]'' IPs from [[Mattel]] and [[The Learning Company]]. Mallet was adamant about getting the ''Prince of Persia'' series and assured that the Montreal studio got the first chance to work with it.<ref name="ign"/> Ubisoft Montreal took the original 2D platforming games into a third-person 3D perspective, incorporating [[parkour]], as well as bringing the series' original creator [[Jordan Mechner]] as a consultant for the game's story. ''[[Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time]]'' was released in 2003, and proved a critical and financial success, with over 14 million copies sold by 2014, as well as several sequels.<ref name="ign"/><br />
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A small team in Ubisoft Montreal worked on developing a ''Prince of Persia'' for the next-generation consoles starting in 2004. They wanted to break away from having the player-character as a prince, and soon came to the concept of having the player control one of the [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]] in protecting the prince during the period of the [[Third Crusade]]. The newer hardware allowed them to expand the linear gameplay from ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time'' into an [[open world]]. Ubisoft was not keen on releasing a title in the ''Prince of Persia'' series where the Prince was not the prime character, and the title was reworked to be a new IP, called ''[[Assassin's Creed (video game)|Assassin's Creed]]'' that ended up being released in 2007, selling over 10 million units by 2014.<ref name="ign"/> This was the third major IP being developed at Ubisoft Montreal, and has also had numerous sequels since its release.<ref name="ign"/><br />
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Yet another major IP came to Ubisoft Montreal was the ''[[Far Cry]]'' series. Ubisoft had initially contracted with [[Crytek]] to expand their demonstration of their [[CryEngine]] into a full game named ''[[Far Cry (video game)|Far Cry]]'', which Ubisoft published in 2004. After its release, Crytek was approached by [[Electronic Arts]] to develop exclusively for them. Ubisoft established a deal with Crytek for the rights to ''Far Cry'' and a persistent licence to the CryEngine. Ubisoft assigned Ubisoft Montreal to develop console releases of ''Far Cry'', which allowed them to continue to work with the licence and improve upon the CryEngine, making a new proprietary engine called the Dunia engine.<ref name="ign"/> The Montreal team created several sequels to ''Far Cry'', starting with ''[[Far Cry 2]]'' released in 2008.<ref name="ign"/><br />
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During this period, in 2005, the government of Quebec gave Ubisoft {{CAD|5 million}} to expand with anticipation of reaching 2,000 employees by 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6117649.html |title=Canada gives Ubisoft $4 million – PlayStation 2 News at GameSpot |access-date=19 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525072545/http://www.gamespot.com/news/6117649.html |archive-date=25 May 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2007, with already 1,600 employees, the government increased to {{CAD|19 million}} to reach 3,000 employees by 2013, which would make Ubisoft Montreal the world's largest game development studio.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.developmag.com/news/25657/3839m-to-help-add-1000-jobs-at-Ubisoft-Montreal | title = Ubisoft Montreal to become world's biggest studio | work = [[Develop (magazine)|Develop]] | first = Michael | last = French | date = 9 February 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070303093637/http://www.developmag.com/news/25657/3839m-to-help-add-1000-jobs-at-Ubisoft-Montreal |archivedate= 3 March 2007 }}</ref><br />
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During his time as COO, Martin Tremblay was a staunch supporter of [[non-compete clause]]s, in large part due to an incident in which [[Electronic Arts]] hired away several Ubisoft Montreal employees to the at the time newly opened [[EA Montreal]] studio.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=7985 |title=Gamasutra – Electronic Arts, Ubisoft Clash On Montreal Hiring |access-date=31 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227190538/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=7985 |archive-date=27 February 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> When Tremblay left Ubisoft in 2006 to become President of Worldwide Studios at [[Vivendi Games]], he was prevented from taking the new position by a court order enforcing the non-compete clause in his Ubisoft contract.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=9364 |title=Gamasutra – Ubisoft Wins Court Non-Compete Order Against Tremblay |access-date=31 October 2007 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66EBRQcY4?url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=9364 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Upon Tremblay's departure in 2006, Yannis Mallat, a producer on the ''Prince of Persia'' games, became the new CEO, also filling the same roles as Tremblay's COO position.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6147407.html |title=Ubisoft Montreal promotes Mallat – News at GameSpot |access-date=31 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525080337/http://www.gamespot.com/news/6147407.html |archive-date=25 May 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
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===Ongoing development (2009–current)===<br />
Ubisoft Montreal continue to develop games in the ''Tom Clancy's'', ''Prince of Persia'', ''Assassin's Creed'', and ''Far Cry'' series, with various Ubisoft studios assisting at times. These series established Ubisoft Montreal's approach around [[open world]] games, a goal that Ubisoft wanted as the publisher prepared for the [[eighth generation of video game consoles|eighth generation of consoles]], as well as dedication to the authenticity and historical accuracy of their products.<ref name="ign"/><ref name="nytimes"/> To continue to expand its portfolio, Ubisoft Montreal subsequently developed the ''[[Watch Dogs]]'' series, with the first game released in 2014. ''Watch Dogs'' was developed as a modern, urban open world game, but to differentiate itself from ''Grand Theft Auto'', incorporated elements of [[Hacker|hacking]] and [[surveillance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/216009/hackman_an_interview_with_watch_.php|title=Hack-Man: An interview with Watch Dogs' creative director|first=Christian|last=Nutt|date=23 April 2014|website=[[Gamasutra]]|archivedate=8 June 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140608111245/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/216009/hackman_an_interview_with_watch_.php|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
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In 2013 Ubisoft acquired [[THQ]] Montreal and merged it into Ubisoft Montreal.<ref>[http://business.financialpost.com/technology/gaming/qa-ubisoft-montreal-ceo-on-what-the-future-holds-for-thq-montreal Yannis Mallat about the acquired THC Montreal and the future plans]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://montreal.ubisoft.com/en/our-studio |title=Ubisoft Montral's website mentions the acquisition of THQ Montreal |access-date=25 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610151249/http://montreal.ubisoft.com/en/our-studio/ |archive-date=10 June 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="nytimes"/><br />
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Ubisoft Montreal developed another new IP, ''[[For Honor]]'', which was first released in 2017. Atypical of Ubisoft Montreal's properties, ''For Honor'' is a multiplayer action combat game that uses various warriors from across various time periods. It had been an idea that its lead developer Jason Vandenberghe had had for at least ten years prior to its announcement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gdcvault.com/play/1024293/Forging-Honor-Providing-a-Coherent |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005071831/https://www.gdcvault.com/play/1024293/Forging-Honor-Providing-a-Coherent |archive-date=5 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''For Honor'' represents the studio's first attempt at an "ongoing game", producing ongoing content released on a seasonal basis.<br />
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As of 2017, the studio employees more than 3,500 people, making it one of the largest single studios in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://montreal.ubisoft.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Presskit_EN.pdf |title=Ubisoft in Quebec |publisher=[[Ubisoft]] |date=2017 |accessdate=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005071834/https://montreal.ubisoft.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Presskit_EN.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
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In June and July 2020, as part of a larger wave of accusations of sexual misconduct through the video game industry as part of the [[MeToo movement|#MeToo movement]], several high-profile people within Ubisoft as a whole were also accused of misconduct. As part of a number of voluntary regulations following internal investigations, Ubisoft Montreal's CEO and managing director for Ubisoft's Canadian studios Yannis Mallat also stepped down and left the company on July 11, 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://kotaku.com/top-ubisoft-executives-out-amid-me-too-turmoil-1844350972 | title = Top Ubisoft Executives Out Amid Allegations Of Company-Wide Misconduct | first= Ian | last= Walker | date = July 11, 2020 | accessdate = July 11, 2020 | work = [[Kotaku]] }}</ref> Christophe Derennes was named to Mallat's replaced at CEO at Ubisoft Montreal, while Christine Burgess Quemard was named to be the manager for the other Canadian studios.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.vg247.com/2020/07/14/christophe-derennes-ubisoft-montreal-head/ | title = Christophe Derennes is the new Ubisoft Montreal director | first = Sherif | last = Saed | date = July 14, 2020 | accessdate = July 14, 2020 | work = [[VG247]] }}</ref><br />
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=== Reported hostage situation (November 2020) ===<br />
{{current|section|date=November 2020}}<br />
On 13 November 2020, a reported hostage situation was taking place in the Ubisoft Montreal headquarters, where speculation that dozens of employees were being held hostage surfaced on the internet.<ref>{{Citation|title=Report: Police Operation Underway Near Ubisoft Montreal Office - IGN|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/ubisoft-montreal-police-situation|language=en|access-date=2020-11-13}}</ref> More videos surfaced soon after of Ubisoft employees barricading themselves on the roof of the affected building.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cox|first=Kate|date=2020-11-13|title=Ubisoft Montreal staffers barricade on roof amid possible hostage situation|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2020/11/ubisoft-montreal-staffers-barricade-on-roof-amid-possible-hostage-situation/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us}}</ref><br />
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== Games developed ==<br />
{{Main|List of Ubisoft Montreal video games}}<br />
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Ubisoft Montreal is the principal developer for games in the ''[[Assassin's Creed]]'', ''[[Far Cry]]'', ''[[Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six]]'', and ''[[Watch Dogs]]'' series, among other titles.<br />
<br />
* ''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell]]'' series (2002–2010) <!-- Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist was developed by Ubisoft Toronto --><br />
* ''[[Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six]]'' series (2003–present) <!-- Ubisoft Montreal's involvement only started with Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six 3: Raven Shield --><br />
* ''[[Far Cry]]'' series (2005–2019) <!-- Ubisoft Montreal's involvement only started with Far Cry Instincts, Far Cry 1 was developed by Crytek, Far Cry 6 was developed by Ubisoft Toronto --><br />
* ''[[Assassin's Creed]]'' series (2007–present)<br />
* ''[[Watch Dogs (series)]]'' (2014–2016) <!-- Watch Dogs: Legion was developed by Ubisoft Toronto --><br />
* ''[[For Honor]]'' (2017)<br />
* ''[[Hyper Scape]]'' (2020)<br />
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== Impact ==<br />
The establishment of Ubisoft Montreal is considered to have significant impact on Montreal. The Mile End area over the next several years transformed from a low-rent area to a commercial hub with new businesses, stores, restaurants and other attractions for the young workforce.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2010/09/09/f-videogames-economic-impact.html#ixzz0zX4WWLQc | work=CBC News | title=Respawned: How video games revitalize cities | date=14 September 2010 | access-date=6 May 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025105508/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2010/09/09/f-videogames-economic-impact.html#ixzz0zX4WWLQc | archive-date=25 October 2011 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="gazette"/> For the city overall, Ubisoft Montreal was the first major video game studio and helped to establish its position as a creative city. Several other publishers, including [[Electronic Arts]], [[Eidos Interactive]], [[THQ]] and [[Warner Bros.]], established studios in Montreal following Ubisoft, with the Quebec and federal governments continuity to offer subsidiary programs to support high-tech job creation.<ref name="tremblay"/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://business.financialpost.com/technology/the-secret-sauce-thats-made-montreal-a-global-hot-spot-for-making-video-games | title = The secret sauce that’s made Montreal a global hot spot for making video games | first = Chad | last = Sapieha | date = 30 January 2019 | accessdate = 30 January 2019 | work = [[Financial Post]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190130165809/https://business.financialpost.com/technology/the-secret-sauce-thats-made-montreal-a-global-hot-spot-for-making-video-games | archive-date = 30 January 2019 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In exchange, the studio has spent up to {{CAD|3.5 billion}} in the province of Quebec, and with their parent publisher, helped to open [[Ubisoft Quebec]] in [[Quebec City]] in 2005 and Ubisoft Saguenay in [[Saguenay, Quebec|Saguenay]] in 2018 to help support Ubisoft Montreal's efforts, using similar tax incentives from the province to help found these.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://montrealgazette.com/business/local-business/ubisoft-expands-to-saguenay-projects-1000-jobs-over-10-years | title = Finance minister defends subsidies as Ubisoft expands to Saguenay | first = Jacob | last = Serebrn | date = 5 September 2017 | accessdate = 4 October 2018 | work = [[Montreal Gazette]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181005032329/https://montrealgazette.com/business/local-business/ubisoft-expands-to-saguenay-projects-1000-jobs-over-10-years | archive-date = 5 October 2018 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref><br />
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== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
{{Portal|Companies}}<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{Official website|https://montreal.ubisoft.com/en/}}<br />
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{{Ubisoft}}<br />
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[[Category:Canadian companies established in 1997]]<br />
[[Category:Video game companies of Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Montreal]]<br />
[[Category:Video game companies established in 1997]]<br />
[[Category:1997 establishments in Quebec]]<br />
[[Category:Ubisoft divisions and subsidiaries]]<br />
[[Category:Video game development companies]]<br />
[[Category:Le Plateau-Mont-Royal]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_park&diff=966897873Traffic park2020-07-09T21:26:28Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Added traffic parks in Hong Kong</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Traffic Park Oulu 2006 06 13.JPG|thumb|A children's traffic park in Hollihaka, [[Oulu]], [[Finland]]]]<br />
A '''traffic park''' or '''children's traffic park''' is a park in which children can learn the rules of the road. A traffic park is also called a ''transportation park'' or '''traffic garden''' or ''safety village'' depending on locale.<br />
<br />
Traffic parks are frequently created as an attraction within a larger park. In other cases, they are single-use parks and often small in scale. They can be found in urban as well as rural areas.<br />
<br />
Children are allowed to use bicycles or pedal-powered cars to navigate the streets and operate according to [[Traffic|traffic laws]]. Sometimes they share a buggy with their parent, who can provide guidance as they circle the park. Typically, traffic parks are scaled-down versions of real street networks, with the lane and street-width proportional to the smaller vehicles. Often they include operating [[Traffic light|traffic signals]] and during busy times are even staffed with [[Highway patrol|traffic police]].<br />
<br />
One of the intentions of the traffic park is to improve awareness of [[Road-traffic safety|traffic safety]] among school-aged children. Many traffic parks enable children to gain hands-on experience crossing streets and with bicycle or other pedestrian safety challenges in a highly controlled environment devoid of actual [[motor vehicle]]s.<br />
<br />
Traffic parks exist throughout Asia, Europe, and North America. Traffic parks in Asia and Europe are focused on traffic safety through pedal-powered vehicles. In the United States and Canada they use bicycles as well as electric, motorized vehicles. These North American parks are called ''safety villages'', because of broader emphasis on safety for fire, electrical, food and other educational purposes. <br />
<br />
In the United Kingdom parks are called ''[[Www.safetycentrealliance.org.uk|experiential safety and lifeskills centres]],'' with education mainly delivered indoors in life-sized sets. There are 11 in England, two in Scotland, one in Wales and one in Northern Ireland.<br />
<br />
==Parks==<br />
Here are some of the traffic parks around the world.<br />
<br />
===Australia===<br />
* Apex Merriwa Traffic School, Wangaratta, Victoria.<ref name=only>[http://www.onlymelbourne.com.au/traffic-schools-childrenTraffic Schools | Children] (OnlyMelbourne)</ref><br />
* Buzy Kidz Traffic School, Mill Park, Victoria.<ref name=only/><br />
* Camelot Traffic School, Moorabbin, Victoria.<ref name=only/><br />
* Casey Safety Village, Cranbourne, Victoria.<ref name=only/><br />
* Constable Care Safety School, Maylands, Western Australia.<ref>[http://www.ccsafetyschool.org.au/Safety School] (Constable Care Safety School)</ref><br />
* Essendon Traffic School, Essendon, Victoria.<ref name=only/><br />
* GDF Suez Traffic School, Morwell, Victoria.<ref name=only/><br />
* Kew Traffic School, Kew, Victoria.<ref>[http://boroondara.vic.gov.au/residents/kew-traffic-school Kew Traffic School], "City of Boroondara", Accessed online 28 August 2010.</ref><br />
* [[SAPOL]] Road Safety Centre, Thebarton Police Barracks, Adelaide, South Australia. Prior to this, it was located down the road, but was closed to make way for the new Royal Adelaide Hospital<ref>[https://www.police.sa.gov.au/your-safety/road-safety/road-safety-centre Road Safety Centre], SAPOL, Accessed online 23 January 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/m-childrens-road-safety-centre-opens-at-thebarton-police-barracks/story-e6frea83-1226585108660], AdelaideNow, Accessed online 23 January 2015.</ref><br />
<br />
===Belgium===<br />
* Mechelen<br />
<br />
===Canada===<br />
* Chilliawak, British Columbia.<br />
* Victoria, British Columbia. Vancouver Island Tom Thumb mobile safety village.<ref>[http://www.visafetycouncil.com/tomthumb.htm VISC Tom Thumb Mobile Safety Village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905084436/http://www.visafetycouncil.com/tomthumb.htm |date=2010-09-05 }}, ''Vancouver Island Safety Council'', Accessed 28 August 2010.</ref><br />
* Belleville, Ontario<br />
* Chatham, Ontario<br />
* Durham, Ontario<ref>[http://www.drps.ca/internet_explorer/educational_service/index.asp?Action=3&AbsPage=1&Topic_ID=4&Category_ID=5, Kids Safety Village], ''Durham Regional Police'', Accessed online 28 August 2010.</ref><br />
* Lambton, Ontario<br />
* London, Ontario<br />
* Niagara, Ontario<br />
* Ottawa, Ontario (Opened in 1972, flooded in 2006, closed in 2007 and demolished in 2010. Rebuilding efforts are currently underway)<ref>''Ottawa Safety Council'', Accessed online 12 December 2014.</ref><br />
* Peel, Ontario<br />
* Waterloo, Ontario<br />
* Windsor, Ontario<br />
* York, Ontario<br />
<br />
===Czech Republic===<br />
In the Czech Republic, there is over 150 traffic parks,<ref>[http://www.ibesip.cz/data/web/soubory/dopravni-vychova/hriste/ddh-provozni-doba-2016.xls List of Traffic Parks in the Czech Republic, 2016]''Dětská dopravní hřiště'', ''BESIP'', Accessed online 10 June 2016</ref> that are permanently situated in nearly every town or city of population over 20 000. There is also the concept of "moving" parks that are transported from place to place.<br />
* Prosek, Prague <ref>[http://www.dopravnihristeprosek.cz Traffic Park Prosek]''Dopravní hřiště Prosek'', Accessed online 10 June 2016</ref><br />
* Olomouc <ref>[http://www.olomouc.eu/semafor Traffic Park of the Semafor centre]''Centrum Semafor'', Accessed online 10 June 2016</ref><br />
* Velké Meziříčí <ref>[http://www.dhvm.estranky.cz Traffic Park Velké Meziříčí]''Dětské dopravní hřiště'', Accessed online 10 June 2016</ref><br />
<br />
===Finland===<br />
* Lasten liikennekaupunki in Helsinki, Finland. Opened in 20.5.1958 near the Olympic Stadium and it got small traffic lights in the 1960s<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.finna.fi/Record/hkm.HKMS000005:km0026m0 | title = Lasten liikennekaupungin avajaiset 20.5.1958 }}</ref>.<br />
* Kupittaanpuisto park in Turku, Finland.<ref>[http://www.elamystenmaa.fi/kupittaa/index.php?p=11;15&lang=en Traffic Park], ''Kupittaanpuisto'', Accessed online 28 August 2010</ref><br />
* Rahtarit-liikennepuisto in Kangasala, Finland.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091220195636/http://www.mobilia.fi/liikennepuisto.html Rahtarit-liikennepuisto], ''Rahtarit-liikennepuisto'', Accessed online 23 July 2011</ref><br />
* Hollihaan liikennepuisto in Oulu, Finland.<br />
<br />
===France===<br />
* Marseille<br />
<br />
===Hong Kong===<br />
* Hong Kong Road Safety Town, Sau Mau Ping, Kowloon<br />
* Sha Tin, New Territories<br />
* North Point, Hong Kong Island<br />
<br />
===Indonesia===<br />
* Bandung<ref>http://es.touristlink.com/indonesia/traffic-park-ade-irma-suryani/overview.html</ref><br />
<br />
===Japan===<br />
* Fuchu, Tokyo<br />
* Koganei, Tokyo<br />
* Mitaka, Tokyo<br />
* Suginami, Tokyo<br />
* Tama, Tokyo<br />
<br />
===Russia===<br />
* Автоград, St. Petersburg<br />
<br />
===Netherlands===<br />
* Utrecht<ref>[http://bikeportland.org/2009/08/20/utrechts-traffic-garden-helps-kids-become-responsible-road-users-22600], ''Utrecht's traffic garden helps kids become responsible road users'', Accessed online 30 September 2010</ref><br />
<br />
===Turkey===<br />
* Serdivan Belediyesi Trafik Parkı<ref>[http://www.serdivantrafikpark.com],</ref> Biggest children traffic park in the middle east.<ref>[http://www.trafikhaber.com/egitim/ortadogunun-en-buyuk-trafik-parki-serdivanda.htm],</ref> Built by Serdivan<ref>[[:tr:Serdivan, Sakarya]]</ref> Municipality.<ref>[http://www.serdivan.bel.tr]</ref> This traffic park is a non-profit organization. There are 20 electric cars, 30 bicycle helmets, 10 bicycles, a classroom for theorical traffic education, a mini-hospital for first-aid education in the park.<br />
<br />
===United Kingdom===<br />
* Milton Keynes<br />
* Safety Central, Lymm<br />
<br />
===United States===<br />
* Frisco, Texas<ref>[http://www.friscotexas.gov/safetytown/ Welcome to Friso Fire Safety Town] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106053557/http://www.friscotexas.gov/safetytown/ |date=2009-01-06 }}, ''City of Frisco, Texas'', Accessed 28 August 2010.</ref><br />
* Baton Rouge, Louisiana<br />
* Cobb County, Georgia<br />
* Elmhurst, Illinois<ref>[https://www.epd.org/facilities/safety-town Welcome to Safety Town] , "City of Elmhurst, Illinois", Accessed 27 September 2018</ref><br />
* Elyria, Ohio<br />
* Escondido, California<br />
* Huntington, West Virginia<br />
* Mansfield, Ohio<br />
* Pasco County, Florida<br />
* Portsmouth, Virginia<br />
* Temecula, California<br />
* Washington County, Maryland<br />
<br />
====Chautauqua Children's Safety Education Village====<br />
In 2010, New York State's Chautauqua County nears completion of a ''children's safety education village'' in the city of Asheville. Portions of the facility are already operational while the park is being finished.<br />
<br />
The safety village is a non-profit organization funded by private donations and the sale of naming rights. Corporate advertising is sold on ten street names, 25 electric cars, 100 bicycle helmets, 25 bicycles, 28 buildings, as well as in classrooms and even within the curriculum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccsev.org/participation.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-08-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725151008/http://www.ccsev.org/participation.htm |archivedate=2011-07-25 }},</ref> As of 2007, rights had been purchased by Sam's Club, Walmart, Tim Hortons, E. E. Austin & Son,<ref>[http://post-journal.com/page/content.detail/id/534040.html?nav=5057 Tim Hortons, E.E. Austin & Son Contractors Open At Safety Village], ''The Post-Journal'', Accessed online 28 August 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.ccsev.org/inthenews.htm CCSEV News Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725151313/http://www.ccsev.org/inthenews.htm |date=2011-07-25 }}, "Chautauqua Children's Safety Education Village", Accessed online 28 August 2010.</ref><br />
<br />
The Chautauqua safety village "the fundamentals of street safety, railway crossing, sign recognition, pedestrian crossing, bicycle safety, 911 usages, and many other safety-related subjects."<ref>[http://www.observertoday.com/page/content.detail/id/543566.html?nav=5007 Health Department, Chautauqua Children’s Safety Education Village announce collaboration], ''The Observer'', Accessed online 28 August 2010.</ref><br />
<br />
The village was inspired when the local American Legion post visited Waterloo, Canada in 1995 and observed the safety village there.<ref>[http://post-journal.com/page/content.detail/id/529079.html?nav=5006 Children’s Safety Village Clarification], ''The Post-Journal'', Accessed online 28 August 2010.</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Traffic playgrounds}}<br />
<br />
<!-- NB: according to this article and to the amusement ride article, a traffic park is not an amusement ride --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Playgrounds]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data&diff=938512909Template:COVID-19 pandemic data2020-01-31T17:39:59Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Fixed typo</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude>{{update}}</noinclude><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"|col2style=text-align:right|col3style=text-align:right||col4style=text-align:right|col5style=text-align:left|col4class=unsortable|id="confirmedcountries" style="width:auto; float:right; clear:right; margin:0px 0px 0.5em 1em;"<br />
|+ [[2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak by country and territory|2019-nCoV Wuhan coronavirus outbreak data by territory]]<br />
|-<br />
! Country/Region<br />
! Confirmed<br>cases<br />
! Deaths<br />
!class="unsortable"| References<br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|China}} <small>(mainland)</small><br />
|align=right| 9,781 <!-- WARNING! Please do not copy the number of cases from Chinese state media sources into this field directly without checking if they include Hong Kong (香港), Macau (澳门) and Taiwan (台湾). If and only if they are included, these cases need to be manually subtracted. --><br />
|align=right| 213 <!-- For DXY.cn, the number of cases (例) listed at the top is as follows: the first number is confirmed (确诊), second is suspected (疑似), third is deceased (死亡) and the fourth is recovered (治愈). --><br />
| <ref name="NHCdailies">{{cite web |website=National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China |script-title=zh:疫情通报 > 截至1月28日24时新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情最新情况 |language=Chinese |trans-title=Daily situation report on the new coronary virus pneumonia infection and epidemic, up to Jan. 28th |url=http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqtb/list_gzbd.shtml |access-date=2020-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126135736/http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqtb/list_gzbd.shtml |archive-date=2020-01-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bnonews">{{cite web |url=https://3g.dxy.cn/newh5/view/pneumonia |script-title=zh:疫情地图 |work=D XY |accessdate=28 January 2020 |language=Chinese |trans-title=Epidemic map |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123232022/https://3g.dxy.cn/newh5/view/pneumonia |archive-date=23 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.qq.com/zt2020/page/feiyan.htm |script-title=zh:实时更新：新型肺炎疫情最新动态 |website=QQ |language=Chinese |url-status=live |trans-title=Real-time updates: the latest developments in the new pneumonia epidemic |access-date=2020-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126234529/https://news.qq.com/zt2020/page/feiyan.htm |archive-date=2020-01-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Tracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline |url= https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/the-latest-coronavirus-cases |work= BNO News |accessdate= 28 January 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200126191507/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/ |archive-date= 26 January 2020 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cgtn.com/special/Battling-the-novel-coronavirus-What-we-know-so-far-.html |title=Latest on the coronavirus outbreak |date=25 January 2020 |work=CGTN |access-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129051251/https://www.cgtn.com/special/Battling-the-novel-coronavirus-What-we-know-so-far-.html |archive-date=29 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Thailand}} <br />
|align=right| 19<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |language=English |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2020-01-31/thailand-coronavirus-cases-hit-19-local-transmission-confirmed|title=Thailand Coronavirus Cases Hit 19 With Local Transmission Confirmed|date=2020-01-31 |website=Bloomberg |accessdate=2020-01-31|trans-title=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=CNA |authorlink1=CNA (news channel) |title=Thailand confirms first human-to-human coronavirus transmission, total cases rise to 19 |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-virus-thailand-first-human-coronavirus-transmission-12374356 |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=CNA |agency=Mediacorp |publisher=CNA |date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Japan}} <br />
|align=right| 17<ref>Total confirmed infected people. Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare is reporting separate totals for a) confirmed infected people who have symptoms; b) confirmed infected people who are not yet showing symptoms (asymptomatic).</ref><br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200131/k10012267841000.html |language=ja |script-title=ja:新型肺炎 第２便で帰国の２人 感染確認 発熱など症状見られず |trans-title=New pneumonia Two people returning home on the second flight Confirmed infection No fever or other symptoms |date=31 January 2020 |website=NHK |access-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live |quote=国内で感染が確認されたのは合わせて17人となりました。 [A total of 17 people have been infected in Japan.]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09271.html |language=ja |script-title=ja:新型コロナウイルスに関連した肺炎の患者の発生について（13例目） |trans-title=About outbreak of pneumonia patient associated with new coronavirus (the 13th case) |date=31 January 2020 |script-work=ja:厚生労働省 |trans-work=Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [Japan] |access-date=31 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09273.html |language=ja |script-title=ja:新型コロナウイルスに関連した無症状病原体保有者（＊）の発生について |trans-title=About outbreak of asymptomatic pathogen carrier (*) associated with new coronavirus |date=31 January 2020 |script-work=ja:厚生労働省 |trans-work=Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [Japan] |access-date=31 January 2020 |url-status=live |quote=4th case of asymptomatic pathogen carrier}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Singapore}}<br />
|align=right| 16<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |author1=CNA |authorlink1=CNA (news channel) |title=Singaporean evacuated from Wuhan among country's 3 new cases of coronavirus, total now 16: MOH |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/wuhan-virus-singapore-new-cases-coronavirus-china-12373156 |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=CNA |agency=Mediacorp |publisher=CNA |date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Timothy Goh |title=Wuhan virus: First Singaporean confirmed to have virus; she was on Scoot flight from Wuhan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/wuhan-virus-first-singaporean-confirmed-to-have-virus-she-was-on-scoot-flight-from |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=The Straits Times |agency=Singapore Press Holdings |publisher=[[The Straits Times]] |date=31 January 2020 |language=en |quote="The Ministry of Health (MOH) said this on Friday (Jan 31) as it confirmed three more cases. This takes the total number of infected cases here to 16 as at 2pm."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Danisha Hakeem |title=Woman recently evacuated from Wuhan first S'porean confirmed to have coronavirus |url=https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2020/01/31/woman-recently-evacuated-from-wuhan-first-sporean-confirmed-to-have-coronavirus/ |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=The Online Citizen |agency=The Online Citizen |publisher=The Online Citizen |date=31 January 2020 |language=en |quote="MOH said that two other cases were confirmed, which brings up the total number of confirmed cases in Singapore to 16 as at 2pm today."}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Hong Kong}}<br />
|align=right| 13<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=China coronavirus: another patient tests positive in Hong Kong |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3048289/china-coronavirus-another-patient-tests-positive|publisher=SCMP|author=Elizabeth Cheung|location=Hong Kong |date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="HKG-CHP">{{cite web |url=https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/enhanced_sur_pneumonia_wuhan_eng.pdf |title = Latest situation of reported cases of Severe Respiratory Disease associated with a Novel Infectious Agent |date= 31 January 2020 |website= [[Centre for Health Protection]] |access-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|South Korea}}<br />
|align=right| 11<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="CNN23Jan2020">{{Cite news |url= https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-hnk-intl-01-24-20/h_7df038a58420da0cb7769f22803cbcc8 |title=South Korea confirms second case of Wuhan coronavirus |date=23 January 2020 |publisher=CNN |location=United States |accessdate=23 January 2020 |url-status=live |archiveurl= https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-hnk-intl-01-24-20/h_7df038a58420da0cb7769f22803cbcc8/https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-hnk-intl-01-24-20/h_7df038a58420da0cb7769f22803cbcc8 |archivedate=23 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="The Korea Herald">{{cite web |title=S. Korea reports 2 more cases of new coronavirus, 1st human transmission |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200130000905 |website=The Korea Herald |accessdate=30 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200131008400320?section=science/medicine |title=S. Korea reports 4 more new coronavirus cases, total now at 11 |date=31 January 2020 |publisher=Yonhap News Agency |location=South Korea |accessdate=31 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Taiwan}}<br />
|align=right| 10<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Bulletin/Detail/-dU_LiC4WQm82jB-lb9KqQ?typeid=158|title=As cases of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) continue to grow in China and other countries and the Lunar New Year Holiday approaches its end, Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) urges travelers to conduct self-health management for 14 days after returning to Taiwan and report suspected symptoms by calling 1922 |date=30 January 2020 |website=Taiwan Centers for Disease Control |language=en-us |access-date=30 January 2020 |quote=nine confirmed cases}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Australia}} <br />
|align=right| 9<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.health.gov.au/news/coronavirus-update-at-a-glance |title=Coronavirus update at a glance |date=30 January 2020 |website=Australian Government Department of Health |access-date=30 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/melbourne-diners-may-have-been-exposed-to-coronavirus/news-story/cdb74c00e305a881ff6938334dbb3ac1 |title=Reports of third Victorian coronavirus case |last1=Pearson |first1=Charis |last2=Chang|first2=Stephanie|last3=Bedo |date=30 January 2020 |website=news.com.au |access-date=30 January 2020 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Malaysia}} <br />
|align=right| 8<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|date=30 January 2020|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/01/30/coronavirus-eighth-positive-case-in-m039sia-confirmed-thursday-jan-30|title=Coronavirus: Eighth positive case in M'sia confirmed Thursday (Jan 30)|publisher=The Star Online|accessdate=30 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Macau}}<br />
|align=right| 7<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqtb/202001/e71bd2e7a0824ca69f87bbf1bef2a3c9.shtml |language=zh |script-title=zh:截至1月29日24时新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情最新情况 |trans-title=Update on pneumonia of new coronavirus infection as of 24:00 on January 29 |date=30 January 2020 |script-work=zh:中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会 |trans-work=National Health Committee of the People's Republic of China |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E7%A2%BA%E8%A8%BA%E5%A2%9E%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%83%E5%AE%97-%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E7%A6%81%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E6%97%85%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E8%B3%AD%E5%A0%B4-%E9%81%95%E8%80%85%E5%9B%9A%E5%85%A9%E5%B9%B4-214500694.html |script-title=zh:確診增至七宗 澳門禁湖北旅客入賭場 違者囚兩年 |website=Yahoo News Hong Kong |language=zh-Hant-HK |accessdate=30 January 2020|trans-title=The number of confirmed diagnoses has increased to seven. Macao has banned Hubei tourists from entering the casino for two years.}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|France}}<br />
|align=right| 6<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="France24Jan2020">{{Cite news |title=Coronavirus: China extends lockdown as first cases reported in Europe |publisher=The Guardian |location=United Kingdom |date=24 January 2020 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/24/coronavirus-chinese-hospitals-in-chaos-as-lockdown-spreads-to-affect-25m-people |accessdate=24 January 2020 |url-status=live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20200124101602/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/24/coronavirus-chinese-hospitals-in-chaos-as-lockdown-spreads-to-affect-25m-people |archivedate=24 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="France24JanIndep">{{Cite news |title=Coronavirus: France confirms three cases of deadly China virus |publisher=The Independent |location=United Kingdom |date=24 January 2020 |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-france-china-wuhan-virus-symptoms-outbreak-latest-a9301106.html |accessdate=24 January 2020 |url-status=live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20200125140131/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-france-china-wuhan-virus-symptoms-outbreak-latest-a9301106.html |archivedate=25 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nouveau coronavirus: quatriéme cas en France, le patient en réanimation |language=French |trans-title=New coronavirus: fourth case in France, patient under intensive care |publisher=France24 |url= https://www.france24.com/fr/20200128-nouveau-coronavirus-quatri%C3%A8me-cas-en-france-le-patient-en-r%C3%A9animation |date=2020-01-28}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Germany}}<br />
|align=right| 6<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |trans-title=The first coronavirus case in Germany confirmed |url=https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/medizin/corona-virus-erster-fall-in-deutschland-bestaetigt-a-19843b8d-8694-451f-baf7-0189d3356f99 |title=Erster Fall des Coronavirus in Deutschland bestätigt |newspaper=Der Spiegel |language=German |accessdate=2020-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |trans-title=Three more infected in Bavaria |url= https://www.sueddeutsche.de/gesundheit/coronavirus-drei-weitere-infizierte-in-bayern-1.4776016 |title=Drei weitere Infizierte in Bayern |newspaper=Süddeutsche Zeitung |date=28 January 2020 |language=German |accessdate=28 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.stmgp.bayern.de/presse/aktuelle-informationen-zur-coronavirus-lage-in-bayern-bayerisches-gesundheitsministerium-2/|title=Aktuelle Informationen zur Coronavirus-Lage in Bayern – Bayerisches Gesundheitsministerium: Jetzt insgesamt sechs Fälle|language=de|trans-title=Current information on coronavirus in Bavaria - Bavarian Ministry of Health: Six cases now in total |date=31 January 2020 |publisher=Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Gesundheit und Pflege |location=Germany |accessdate=31 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|United States}}<br />
|align=right| 6<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="CDC_USA">{{cite web |title=2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in the U.S. |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |location=United States |accessdate=30 January 2020 |date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130201954/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Lovelace Jr, Berkeley; Feuer, William|title=CDC confirms first human-to-human transmission of coronavirus in US|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/30/cdc-confirms-first-human-to-human-transmission-of-coronavirus-in-us.html|date=30 January 2020|accessdate=31 January 2020|website=cnbc.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Vietnam}}<br />
|align=right| 5<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="Vietnam23Jan2020">{{Cite news |last=Le |first=Phuong |url= https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-confirms-first-acute-pneumonia-cases-from-wuhan-virus-4046310.html |title=Vietnam confirms first acute pneumonia cases from Wuhan virus |date=23 January 2020 |work=VnExpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://vnexpress.net/thoi-su/ba-nguoi-viet-nam-nhiem-viem-phoi-vu-han-4047943.html |title=Ba người Việt Nam nhiễm viêm phổi Vũ Hán |date=30 January 2020 |work=VnExpress}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{nowrap|{{flagu|United Arab Emirates}}}}<br />
|align=right| 4<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="UAE27Jan">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: First case confirmed in UAE |url= https://gulfnews.com/uae/health/coronavirus-first-case-confirmed-in-uae-1.1580273983681 |accessdate=27 January 2020 |publisher=Gulf News |date=28 January 2020}}<!--Is Financial Times the agency?--></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://amp.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3048057/china-coronavirus-uae-confirms-first-cases-middle-east |title=China coronavirus: UAE confirms four members of Chinese family first cases in Middle East &#124; South China Morning Post |publisher=Amp.scmp.com |date=2017-09-26 |accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Canada}}<br />
|align=right| 3<!---Presumptive cases are not CONFIRMED cases!---><br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html |title=2019 Novel Coronavirus infection (Wuhan, China): Outbreak update |date=29 January 2020 |website=Public Health Agency of Canada |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/01/28/first-bc-case-of-wuhan-coronavirus-confirmed.html |title=First Vancouver coronavirus case confirmed |date=28 January 2020 |publisher=The Toronto Star |location=Canada |accessdate=28 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.bccdc.ca/about/news-stories/stories/2020/information-on-novel-coronavirus |title=Information on novel coronavirus |date=28 January 2020 |work=The Star |accessdate=29 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Italy}}<br />
|align=right| 2<!---Presumptive cases are not CONFIRMED cases!---><br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/coronavirus-vittime-salgono-170-il-rimpatrio-italiani-ACA72XFB?refresh_ce=1 |title=Coronavirus, primi due casi in Italia. Chiuso traffico aereo con la Cina. Oms dichiara l’emergenza globale |date=30 January 2020 |website=Il Sole 24 Ore|access-date=30 January 2020 |trans-title=Coronavirus, first two cases in Italy. Air traffic with China closed. WHO declares the global emergency|language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/jan/30/coronavirus-live-updates-china-death-toll-wuhan-evacuation-foreign-nationals-citizens-latest-news |title=Coronavirus: Italy and Germany confirm cases after WHO declares global emergency |date=30 January 2020 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130002626/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/jan/30/coronavirus-live-updates-china-death-toll-wuhan-evacuation-foreign-nationals-citizens-latest-news |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Russia}}<br />
|align=right| 2<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |author1=TASS |authorlink1=TASS |title=В России выявили первые два случая заражения коронавирусом |url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/7656549 |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=ТАSS |agency=Информацио́нное аге́нтство Росси́и ТАСС |publisher=TASS |date=31 January 2020 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=TASS |authorlink1=TASS |title=First two persons infected with coronavirus identified in Russia |url=https://tass.com/society/1115101 |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=TASS |agency=Russian News Agency TASS |publisher=Russian News Agency TASS |date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|United Kingdom}}<br />
|align=right| 2<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=First coronavirus cases confirmed in UK |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51325192|agency=BBC |publisher=bbc.com |date=31 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Cambodia}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="Cambodia27Jan">{{cite news |title=Cambodia confirms first case of coronavirus: Health minister |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-virus-cambodia-confirms-first-case-china-health-minister-12358724 |accessdate=27 January 2020 |agency=Channel NewsAsia |publisher=CNA.asia |date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127185321/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-virus-cambodia-confirms-first-case-china-health-minister-12358724 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Finland}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thl.fi/-/matkailijalla-todettu-koronavirustartunta-lapin-keskussairaalassa |title=Matkailijalla todettu koronavirustartunta Lapin keskussairaalassa |date=29 January 2020 |website=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos |trans-work=Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare |language=fi |trans-title=Coronavirus infection found in a traveler at a central hospital in Lapland |access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Finland29Jan">{{cite news |title=Finland's first coronavirus case confirmed in Lapland |url= https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finlands_first_coronavirus_case_confirmed_in_lapland/11182855 |accessdate=29 January 2020 |publisher=YLE |date=29 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|India}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="IndiaGovtJan30">{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1601095 |title=Update on Novel Coronavirus: one positive case reported in Kerala |date=30 January 2020 |website=Press Information Bureau Government of India |language=en |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kerala30Jan">{{cite news |title=Kerala's first Coronavirus case confirmed in student who returned from Wuhan: Health Minister |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-s-first-coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-student-who-returned-from-wuhan-health-minister-1.4486860 |accessdate=30 January 2020 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130132839/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-s-first-coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-student-who-returned-from-wuhan-health-minister-1.4486860 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Nepal}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="Nepal25Jan">{{cite news |title=Nepal confirms first case of new coronavirus infection |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/25/c_138732435.htm |accessdate=25 January 2020 |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |location=People's Republic of China |date=25 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Nepal24Jan2020-table">{{Cite news |url= https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/first-case-of-coronavirus-in-nepal-after-student-who-returned-from-wuhan-tests-postive20200124184400/ |title=First case of coronavirus in Nepal after student who returned from Wuhan tests positive |date=24 January 2020 |publisher=Asian News International |location=India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Philippines}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.doh.gov.ph/doh-press-release/doh-confirms-first-2019-nCoV-case-in-the-country/ |title=DOH CONFIRMS FIRST 2019-NCOV CASE IN THE COUNTRY; ASSURES PUBLIC OF INTENSIFIED CONTAINMENT MEASURES |date=30 January 2020 |website=Republic of the Philippines Department of Health |language=en-us |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/30/20/philippines-confirms-first-case-of-new-coronavirus|title=Philippines confirms first case of new coronavirus|last=News|first=ABS-CBN|website=ABS-CBN News|language=en|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Sri Lanka}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="SriLanka25Jan">{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka confirms first case of coronavirus |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/health-china-sri-lanka/sri-lanka-confirms-first-case-of-coronavirus-health-official-idUSL4N29W25J |accessdate=27 January 2020 |publisher=Reuters |date=27 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Sweden}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.se/20200131/first-case-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-jonkoping-sweden|title=BREAKING: First case of coronavirus confirmed in Sweden|date=2020-01-31|work=The Local|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref><br />
|- class="sortbottom"<br />
<br />
! 26 territories<br />
!align=right| 9,946 <!-- Because of the evolving situation, newspaper and news sources may have outdated or erroneous information. Please try to check the date and time the news article was published, or source from the WHO or other reliable, up-to-date sources. This also applies to the whole article in general. --><br />
!align=right| 213<br />
! <br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|colspan="4"|<small>As of 31 January 2020</small><br>{{navbar|2019-20_Wuhan_coronavirus_data/World|mini=1|nodiv=1}}<br />
|}<br />
<noinclude><br />
{{clear}}<br />
{{2019-nCoV|state=expanded}}<br />
{{template reference list}}<br />
[[Category:Infectious disease templates]]<br />
[[Category:2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak]]<br />
</noinclude></div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data&diff=938512832Template:COVID-19 pandemic data2020-01-31T17:39:27Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Forgot </ref> tag</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude>{{update}}</noinclude><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"|col2style=text-align:right|col3style=text-align:right||col4style=text-align:right|col5style=text-align:left|col4class=unsortable|id="confirmedcountries" style="width:auto; float:right; clear:right; margin:0px 0px 0.5em 1em;"<br />
|+ [[2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak by country and territory|2019-nCoV Wuhan coronavirus outbreak data by territory]]<br />
|-<br />
! Country/Region<br />
! Confirmed<br>cases<br />
! Deaths<br />
!class="unsortable"| References<br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|China}} <small>(mainland)</small><br />
|align=right| 9,781 <!-- WARNING! Please do not copy the number of cases from Chinese state media sources into this field directly without checking if they include Hong Kong (香港), Macau (澳门) and Taiwan (台湾). If and only if they are included, these cases need to be manually subtracted. --><br />
|align=right| 213 <!-- For DXY.cn, the number of cases (例) listed at the top is as follows: the first number is confirmed (确诊), second is suspected (疑似), third is deceased (死亡) and the fourth is recovered (治愈). --><br />
| <ref name="NHCdailies">{{cite web |website=National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China |script-title=zh:疫情通报 > 截至1月28日24时新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情最新情况 |language=Chinese |trans-title=Daily situation report on the new coronary virus pneumonia infection and epidemic, up to Jan. 28th |url=http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqtb/list_gzbd.shtml |access-date=2020-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126135736/http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqtb/list_gzbd.shtml |archive-date=2020-01-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bnonews">{{cite web |url=https://3g.dxy.cn/newh5/view/pneumonia |script-title=zh:疫情地图 |work=D XY |accessdate=28 January 2020 |language=Chinese |trans-title=Epidemic map |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123232022/https://3g.dxy.cn/newh5/view/pneumonia |archive-date=23 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.qq.com/zt2020/page/feiyan.htm |script-title=zh:实时更新：新型肺炎疫情最新动态 |website=QQ |language=Chinese |url-status=live |trans-title=Real-time updates: the latest developments in the new pneumonia epidemic |access-date=2020-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126234529/https://news.qq.com/zt2020/page/feiyan.htm |archive-date=2020-01-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Tracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline |url= https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/the-latest-coronavirus-cases |work= BNO News |accessdate= 28 January 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200126191507/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/ |archive-date= 26 January 2020 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cgtn.com/special/Battling-the-novel-coronavirus-What-we-know-so-far-.html |title=Latest on the coronavirus outbreak |date=25 January 2020 |work=CGTN |access-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129051251/https://www.cgtn.com/special/Battling-the-novel-coronavirus-What-we-know-so-far-.html |archive-date=29 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Thailand}} <br />
|align=right| 19<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |language=English |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2020-01-31/thailand-coronavirus-cases-hit-19-local-transmission-confirmed|title=Thailand Coronavirus Cases Hit 19 With Local Transmission Confirmed|date=2020-01-31 |website=Bloomberg |accessdate=2020-01-31|trans-title=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=CNA |authorlink1=CNA (news channel) |title=Thailand confirms first human-to-human coronavirus transmission, total cases rise to 19 |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-virus-thailand-first-human-coronavirus-transmission-12374356 |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=CNA |agency=Mediacorp |publisher=CNA |date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Japan}} <br />
|align=right| 17<ref>Total confirmed infected people. Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare is reporting separate totals for a) confirmed infected people who have symptoms; b) confirmed infected people who are not yet showing symptoms (asymptomatic).</ref><br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200131/k10012267841000.html |language=ja |script-title=ja:新型肺炎 第２便で帰国の２人 感染確認 発熱など症状見られず |trans-title=New pneumonia Two people returning home on the second flight Confirmed infection No fever or other symptoms |date=31 January 2020 |website=NHK |access-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live |quote=国内で感染が確認されたのは合わせて17人となりました。 [A total of 17 people have been infected in Japan.]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09271.html |language=ja |script-title=ja:新型コロナウイルスに関連した肺炎の患者の発生について（13例目） |trans-title=About outbreak of pneumonia patient associated with new coronavirus (the 13th case) |date=31 January 2020 |script-work=ja:厚生労働省 |trans-work=Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [Japan] |access-date=31 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09273.html |language=ja |script-title=ja:新型コロナウイルスに関連した無症状病原体保有者（＊）の発生について |trans-title=About outbreak of asymptomatic pathogen carrier (*) associated with new coronavirus |date=31 January 2020 |script-work=ja:厚生労働省 |trans-work=Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [Japan] |access-date=31 January 2020 |url-status=live |quote=4th case of asymptomatic pathogen carrier}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Singapore}}<br />
|align=right| 16<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |author1=CNA |authorlink1=CNA (news channel) |title=Singaporean evacuated from Wuhan among country's 3 new cases of coronavirus, total now 16: MOH |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/wuhan-virus-singapore-new-cases-coronavirus-china-12373156 |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=CNA |agency=Mediacorp |publisher=CNA |date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Timothy Goh |title=Wuhan virus: First Singaporean confirmed to have virus; she was on Scoot flight from Wuhan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/wuhan-virus-first-singaporean-confirmed-to-have-virus-she-was-on-scoot-flight-from |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=The Straits Times |agency=Singapore Press Holdings |publisher=[[The Straits Times]] |date=31 January 2020 |language=en |quote="The Ministry of Health (MOH) said this on Friday (Jan 31) as it confirmed three more cases. This takes the total number of infected cases here to 16 as at 2pm."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Danisha Hakeem |title=Woman recently evacuated from Wuhan first S'porean confirmed to have coronavirus |url=https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2020/01/31/woman-recently-evacuated-from-wuhan-first-sporean-confirmed-to-have-coronavirus/ |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=The Online Citizen |agency=The Online Citizen |publisher=The Online Citizen |date=31 January 2020 |language=en |quote="MOH said that two other cases were confirmed, which brings up the total number of confirmed cases in Singapore to 16 as at 2pm today."}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Hong Kong}}<br />
|align=right| 13<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=China coronavirus: another patient tests positive in Hong Kong |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3048289/china-coronavirus-another-patient-tests-positive|publisher=SCMP|author=Elizabeth Cheung|location=Hong Kong |date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="HKG-CHP">{cite web |url=https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/enhanced_sur_pneumonia_wuhan_eng.pdf |title = Latest situation of reported cases of Severe Respiratory Disease associated with a Novel Infectious Agent |date= 31 January 2020 |website= [[Centre for Health Protection]] |access-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|South Korea}}<br />
|align=right| 11<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="CNN23Jan2020">{{Cite news |url= https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-hnk-intl-01-24-20/h_7df038a58420da0cb7769f22803cbcc8 |title=South Korea confirms second case of Wuhan coronavirus |date=23 January 2020 |publisher=CNN |location=United States |accessdate=23 January 2020 |url-status=live |archiveurl= https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-hnk-intl-01-24-20/h_7df038a58420da0cb7769f22803cbcc8/https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-hnk-intl-01-24-20/h_7df038a58420da0cb7769f22803cbcc8 |archivedate=23 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="The Korea Herald">{{cite web |title=S. Korea reports 2 more cases of new coronavirus, 1st human transmission |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200130000905 |website=The Korea Herald |accessdate=30 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200131008400320?section=science/medicine |title=S. Korea reports 4 more new coronavirus cases, total now at 11 |date=31 January 2020 |publisher=Yonhap News Agency |location=South Korea |accessdate=31 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Taiwan}}<br />
|align=right| 10<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Bulletin/Detail/-dU_LiC4WQm82jB-lb9KqQ?typeid=158|title=As cases of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) continue to grow in China and other countries and the Lunar New Year Holiday approaches its end, Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) urges travelers to conduct self-health management for 14 days after returning to Taiwan and report suspected symptoms by calling 1922 |date=30 January 2020 |website=Taiwan Centers for Disease Control |language=en-us |access-date=30 January 2020 |quote=nine confirmed cases}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Australia}} <br />
|align=right| 9<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.health.gov.au/news/coronavirus-update-at-a-glance |title=Coronavirus update at a glance |date=30 January 2020 |website=Australian Government Department of Health |access-date=30 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/melbourne-diners-may-have-been-exposed-to-coronavirus/news-story/cdb74c00e305a881ff6938334dbb3ac1 |title=Reports of third Victorian coronavirus case |last1=Pearson |first1=Charis |last2=Chang|first2=Stephanie|last3=Bedo |date=30 January 2020 |website=news.com.au |access-date=30 January 2020 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Malaysia}} <br />
|align=right| 8<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|date=30 January 2020|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/01/30/coronavirus-eighth-positive-case-in-m039sia-confirmed-thursday-jan-30|title=Coronavirus: Eighth positive case in M'sia confirmed Thursday (Jan 30)|publisher=The Star Online|accessdate=30 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Macau}}<br />
|align=right| 7<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqtb/202001/e71bd2e7a0824ca69f87bbf1bef2a3c9.shtml |language=zh |script-title=zh:截至1月29日24时新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情最新情况 |trans-title=Update on pneumonia of new coronavirus infection as of 24:00 on January 29 |date=30 January 2020 |script-work=zh:中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会 |trans-work=National Health Committee of the People's Republic of China |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E7%A2%BA%E8%A8%BA%E5%A2%9E%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%83%E5%AE%97-%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E7%A6%81%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E6%97%85%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E8%B3%AD%E5%A0%B4-%E9%81%95%E8%80%85%E5%9B%9A%E5%85%A9%E5%B9%B4-214500694.html |script-title=zh:確診增至七宗 澳門禁湖北旅客入賭場 違者囚兩年 |website=Yahoo News Hong Kong |language=zh-Hant-HK |accessdate=30 January 2020|trans-title=The number of confirmed diagnoses has increased to seven. Macao has banned Hubei tourists from entering the casino for two years.}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|France}}<br />
|align=right| 6<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="France24Jan2020">{{Cite news |title=Coronavirus: China extends lockdown as first cases reported in Europe |publisher=The Guardian |location=United Kingdom |date=24 January 2020 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/24/coronavirus-chinese-hospitals-in-chaos-as-lockdown-spreads-to-affect-25m-people |accessdate=24 January 2020 |url-status=live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20200124101602/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/24/coronavirus-chinese-hospitals-in-chaos-as-lockdown-spreads-to-affect-25m-people |archivedate=24 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="France24JanIndep">{{Cite news |title=Coronavirus: France confirms three cases of deadly China virus |publisher=The Independent |location=United Kingdom |date=24 January 2020 |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-france-china-wuhan-virus-symptoms-outbreak-latest-a9301106.html |accessdate=24 January 2020 |url-status=live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20200125140131/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-france-china-wuhan-virus-symptoms-outbreak-latest-a9301106.html |archivedate=25 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nouveau coronavirus: quatriéme cas en France, le patient en réanimation |language=French |trans-title=New coronavirus: fourth case in France, patient under intensive care |publisher=France24 |url= https://www.france24.com/fr/20200128-nouveau-coronavirus-quatri%C3%A8me-cas-en-france-le-patient-en-r%C3%A9animation |date=2020-01-28}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Germany}}<br />
|align=right| 6<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |trans-title=The first coronavirus case in Germany confirmed |url=https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/medizin/corona-virus-erster-fall-in-deutschland-bestaetigt-a-19843b8d-8694-451f-baf7-0189d3356f99 |title=Erster Fall des Coronavirus in Deutschland bestätigt |newspaper=Der Spiegel |language=German |accessdate=2020-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |trans-title=Three more infected in Bavaria |url= https://www.sueddeutsche.de/gesundheit/coronavirus-drei-weitere-infizierte-in-bayern-1.4776016 |title=Drei weitere Infizierte in Bayern |newspaper=Süddeutsche Zeitung |date=28 January 2020 |language=German |accessdate=28 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.stmgp.bayern.de/presse/aktuelle-informationen-zur-coronavirus-lage-in-bayern-bayerisches-gesundheitsministerium-2/|title=Aktuelle Informationen zur Coronavirus-Lage in Bayern – Bayerisches Gesundheitsministerium: Jetzt insgesamt sechs Fälle|language=de|trans-title=Current information on coronavirus in Bavaria - Bavarian Ministry of Health: Six cases now in total |date=31 January 2020 |publisher=Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Gesundheit und Pflege |location=Germany |accessdate=31 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|United States}}<br />
|align=right| 6<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="CDC_USA">{{cite web |title=2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in the U.S. |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |location=United States |accessdate=30 January 2020 |date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130201954/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Lovelace Jr, Berkeley; Feuer, William|title=CDC confirms first human-to-human transmission of coronavirus in US|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/30/cdc-confirms-first-human-to-human-transmission-of-coronavirus-in-us.html|date=30 January 2020|accessdate=31 January 2020|website=cnbc.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Vietnam}}<br />
|align=right| 5<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="Vietnam23Jan2020">{{Cite news |last=Le |first=Phuong |url= https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-confirms-first-acute-pneumonia-cases-from-wuhan-virus-4046310.html |title=Vietnam confirms first acute pneumonia cases from Wuhan virus |date=23 January 2020 |work=VnExpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://vnexpress.net/thoi-su/ba-nguoi-viet-nam-nhiem-viem-phoi-vu-han-4047943.html |title=Ba người Việt Nam nhiễm viêm phổi Vũ Hán |date=30 January 2020 |work=VnExpress}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{nowrap|{{flagu|United Arab Emirates}}}}<br />
|align=right| 4<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="UAE27Jan">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: First case confirmed in UAE |url= https://gulfnews.com/uae/health/coronavirus-first-case-confirmed-in-uae-1.1580273983681 |accessdate=27 January 2020 |publisher=Gulf News |date=28 January 2020}}<!--Is Financial Times the agency?--></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://amp.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3048057/china-coronavirus-uae-confirms-first-cases-middle-east |title=China coronavirus: UAE confirms four members of Chinese family first cases in Middle East &#124; South China Morning Post |publisher=Amp.scmp.com |date=2017-09-26 |accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Canada}}<br />
|align=right| 3<!---Presumptive cases are not CONFIRMED cases!---><br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html |title=2019 Novel Coronavirus infection (Wuhan, China): Outbreak update |date=29 January 2020 |website=Public Health Agency of Canada |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/01/28/first-bc-case-of-wuhan-coronavirus-confirmed.html |title=First Vancouver coronavirus case confirmed |date=28 January 2020 |publisher=The Toronto Star |location=Canada |accessdate=28 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.bccdc.ca/about/news-stories/stories/2020/information-on-novel-coronavirus |title=Information on novel coronavirus |date=28 January 2020 |work=The Star |accessdate=29 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Italy}}<br />
|align=right| 2<!---Presumptive cases are not CONFIRMED cases!---><br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/coronavirus-vittime-salgono-170-il-rimpatrio-italiani-ACA72XFB?refresh_ce=1 |title=Coronavirus, primi due casi in Italia. Chiuso traffico aereo con la Cina. Oms dichiara l’emergenza globale |date=30 January 2020 |website=Il Sole 24 Ore|access-date=30 January 2020 |trans-title=Coronavirus, first two cases in Italy. Air traffic with China closed. WHO declares the global emergency|language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/jan/30/coronavirus-live-updates-china-death-toll-wuhan-evacuation-foreign-nationals-citizens-latest-news |title=Coronavirus: Italy and Germany confirm cases after WHO declares global emergency |date=30 January 2020 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130002626/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/jan/30/coronavirus-live-updates-china-death-toll-wuhan-evacuation-foreign-nationals-citizens-latest-news |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Russia}}<br />
|align=right| 2<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |author1=TASS |authorlink1=TASS |title=В России выявили первые два случая заражения коронавирусом |url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/7656549 |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=ТАSS |agency=Информацио́нное аге́нтство Росси́и ТАСС |publisher=TASS |date=31 January 2020 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=TASS |authorlink1=TASS |title=First two persons infected with coronavirus identified in Russia |url=https://tass.com/society/1115101 |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=TASS |agency=Russian News Agency TASS |publisher=Russian News Agency TASS |date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|United Kingdom}}<br />
|align=right| 2<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=First coronavirus cases confirmed in UK |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51325192|agency=BBC |publisher=bbc.com |date=31 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Cambodia}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="Cambodia27Jan">{{cite news |title=Cambodia confirms first case of coronavirus: Health minister |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-virus-cambodia-confirms-first-case-china-health-minister-12358724 |accessdate=27 January 2020 |agency=Channel NewsAsia |publisher=CNA.asia |date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127185321/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-virus-cambodia-confirms-first-case-china-health-minister-12358724 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Finland}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thl.fi/-/matkailijalla-todettu-koronavirustartunta-lapin-keskussairaalassa |title=Matkailijalla todettu koronavirustartunta Lapin keskussairaalassa |date=29 January 2020 |website=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos |trans-work=Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare |language=fi |trans-title=Coronavirus infection found in a traveler at a central hospital in Lapland |access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Finland29Jan">{{cite news |title=Finland's first coronavirus case confirmed in Lapland |url= https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finlands_first_coronavirus_case_confirmed_in_lapland/11182855 |accessdate=29 January 2020 |publisher=YLE |date=29 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|India}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="IndiaGovtJan30">{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1601095 |title=Update on Novel Coronavirus: one positive case reported in Kerala |date=30 January 2020 |website=Press Information Bureau Government of India |language=en |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kerala30Jan">{{cite news |title=Kerala's first Coronavirus case confirmed in student who returned from Wuhan: Health Minister |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-s-first-coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-student-who-returned-from-wuhan-health-minister-1.4486860 |accessdate=30 January 2020 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130132839/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-s-first-coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-student-who-returned-from-wuhan-health-minister-1.4486860 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Nepal}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="Nepal25Jan">{{cite news |title=Nepal confirms first case of new coronavirus infection |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/25/c_138732435.htm |accessdate=25 January 2020 |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |location=People's Republic of China |date=25 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Nepal24Jan2020-table">{{Cite news |url= https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/first-case-of-coronavirus-in-nepal-after-student-who-returned-from-wuhan-tests-postive20200124184400/ |title=First case of coronavirus in Nepal after student who returned from Wuhan tests positive |date=24 January 2020 |publisher=Asian News International |location=India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Philippines}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.doh.gov.ph/doh-press-release/doh-confirms-first-2019-nCoV-case-in-the-country/ |title=DOH CONFIRMS FIRST 2019-NCOV CASE IN THE COUNTRY; ASSURES PUBLIC OF INTENSIFIED CONTAINMENT MEASURES |date=30 January 2020 |website=Republic of the Philippines Department of Health |language=en-us |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/30/20/philippines-confirms-first-case-of-new-coronavirus|title=Philippines confirms first case of new coronavirus|last=News|first=ABS-CBN|website=ABS-CBN News|language=en|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Sri Lanka}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="SriLanka25Jan">{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka confirms first case of coronavirus |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/health-china-sri-lanka/sri-lanka-confirms-first-case-of-coronavirus-health-official-idUSL4N29W25J |accessdate=27 January 2020 |publisher=Reuters |date=27 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Sweden}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.se/20200131/first-case-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-jonkoping-sweden|title=BREAKING: First case of coronavirus confirmed in Sweden|date=2020-01-31|work=The Local|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref><br />
|- class="sortbottom"<br />
<br />
! 26 territories<br />
!align=right| 9,946 <!-- Because of the evolving situation, newspaper and news sources may have outdated or erroneous information. Please try to check the date and time the news article was published, or source from the WHO or other reliable, up-to-date sources. This also applies to the whole article in general. --><br />
!align=right| 213<br />
! <br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|colspan="4"|<small>As of 31 January 2020</small><br>{{navbar|2019-20_Wuhan_coronavirus_data/World|mini=1|nodiv=1}}<br />
|}<br />
<noinclude><br />
{{clear}}<br />
{{2019-nCoV|state=expanded}}<br />
{{template reference list}}<br />
[[Category:Infectious disease templates]]<br />
[[Category:2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak]]<br />
</noinclude></div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data&diff=938512746Template:COVID-19 pandemic data2020-01-31T17:38:52Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Update cases for Hong Kong, better citation with Hong Kong's Centre for Health Protection instead of Mainland China's</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude>{{update}}</noinclude><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"|col2style=text-align:right|col3style=text-align:right||col4style=text-align:right|col5style=text-align:left|col4class=unsortable|id="confirmedcountries" style="width:auto; float:right; clear:right; margin:0px 0px 0.5em 1em;"<br />
|+ [[2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak by country and territory|2019-nCoV Wuhan coronavirus outbreak data by territory]]<br />
|-<br />
! Country/Region<br />
! Confirmed<br>cases<br />
! Deaths<br />
!class="unsortable"| References<br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|China}} <small>(mainland)</small><br />
|align=right| 9,800 <!-- WARNING! Please do not copy the number of cases from Chinese state media sources into this field directly without checking if they include Hong Kong (香港), Macau (澳门) and Taiwan (台湾). If and only if they are included, these cases need to be manually subtracted. --><br />
|align=right| 213 <!-- For DXY.cn, the number of cases (例) listed at the top is as follows: the first number is confirmed (确诊), second is suspected (疑似), third is deceased (死亡) and the fourth is recovered (治愈). --><br />
| <ref name="NHCdailies">{{cite web |website=National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China |script-title=zh:疫情通报 > 截至1月28日24时新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情最新情况 |language=Chinese |trans-title=Daily situation report on the new coronary virus pneumonia infection and epidemic, up to Jan. 28th |url=http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqtb/list_gzbd.shtml |access-date=2020-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126135736/http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqtb/list_gzbd.shtml |archive-date=2020-01-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bnonews">{{cite web |url=https://3g.dxy.cn/newh5/view/pneumonia |script-title=zh:疫情地图 |work=D XY |accessdate=28 January 2020 |language=Chinese |trans-title=Epidemic map |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123232022/https://3g.dxy.cn/newh5/view/pneumonia |archive-date=23 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.qq.com/zt2020/page/feiyan.htm |script-title=zh:实时更新：新型肺炎疫情最新动态 |website=QQ |language=Chinese |url-status=live |trans-title=Real-time updates: the latest developments in the new pneumonia epidemic |access-date=2020-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126234529/https://news.qq.com/zt2020/page/feiyan.htm |archive-date=2020-01-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Tracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline |url= https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/the-latest-coronavirus-cases |work= BNO News |accessdate= 28 January 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200126191507/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/ |archive-date= 26 January 2020 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cgtn.com/special/Battling-the-novel-coronavirus-What-we-know-so-far-.html |title=Latest on the coronavirus outbreak |date=25 January 2020 |work=CGTN |access-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129051251/https://www.cgtn.com/special/Battling-the-novel-coronavirus-What-we-know-so-far-.html |archive-date=29 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Thailand}} <br />
|align=right| 19<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |language=English |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2020-01-31/thailand-coronavirus-cases-hit-19-local-transmission-confirmed|title=Thailand Coronavirus Cases Hit 19 With Local Transmission Confirmed|date=2020-01-31 |website=Bloomberg |accessdate=2020-01-31|trans-title=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=CNA |authorlink1=CNA (news channel) |title=Thailand confirms first human-to-human coronavirus transmission, total cases rise to 19 |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-virus-thailand-first-human-coronavirus-transmission-12374356 |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=CNA |agency=Mediacorp |publisher=CNA |date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Japan}} <br />
|align=right| 17<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200131/k10012267841000.html |language=ja |script-title=ja:新型肺炎 第２便で帰国の２人 感染確認 発熱など症状見られず |trans-title=New pneumonia Two people returning home on the second flight Confirmed infection No fever or other symptoms |date=31 January 2020 |website=NHK |access-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live |quote=国内で感染が確認されたのは合わせて17人となりました。 [A total of 17 people have been infected in Japan.]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09271.html |language=ja |script-title=ja:新型コロナウイルスに関連した肺炎の患者の発生について（13例目） |trans-title=About outbreak of pneumonia patient associated with new coronavirus (the 13th case) |date=31 January 2020 |script-work=ja:厚生労働省 |trans-work=Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [Japan] |access-date=31 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09273.html |language=ja |script-title=ja:新型コロナウイルスに関連した無症状病原体保有者（＊）の発生について |trans-title=About outbreak of asymptomatic pathogen carrier (*) associated with new coronavirus |date=31 January 2020 |script-work=ja:厚生労働省 |trans-work=Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [Japan] |access-date=31 January 2020 |url-status=live |quote=4th case of asymptomatic pathogen carrier}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Singapore}}<br />
|align=right| 16<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |author1=CNA |authorlink1=CNA (news channel) |title=Singaporean evacuated from Wuhan among country's 3 new cases of coronavirus, total now 16: MOH |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/wuhan-virus-singapore-new-cases-coronavirus-china-12373156 |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=CNA |agency=Mediacorp |publisher=CNA |date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Timothy Goh |title=Wuhan virus: First Singaporean confirmed to have virus; she was on Scoot flight from Wuhan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/wuhan-virus-first-singaporean-confirmed-to-have-virus-she-was-on-scoot-flight-from |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=The Straits Times |agency=Singapore Press Holdings |publisher=[[The Straits Times]] |date=31 January 2020 |language=en |quote="The Ministry of Health (MOH) said this on Friday (Jan 31) as it confirmed three more cases. This takes the total number of infected cases here to 16 as at 2pm."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Danisha Hakeem |title=Woman recently evacuated from Wuhan first S'porean confirmed to have coronavirus |url=https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2020/01/31/woman-recently-evacuated-from-wuhan-first-sporean-confirmed-to-have-coronavirus/ |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=The Online Citizen |agency=The Online Citizen |publisher=The Online Citizen |date=31 January 2020 |language=en |quote="MOH said that two other cases were confirmed, which brings up the total number of confirmed cases in Singapore to 16 as at 2pm today."}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Hong Kong}}<br />
|align=right| 13<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=China coronavirus: another patient tests positive in Hong Kong |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3048289/china-coronavirus-another-patient-tests-positive|publisher=SCMP|author=Elizabeth Cheung|location=Hong Kong |date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="HKG-CHP">{cite web |url=https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/enhanced_sur_pneumonia_wuhan_eng.pdf |title = Latest situation of reported cases of Severe Respiratory Disease associated with a Novel Infectious Agent |date= 31 January 2020 |website= [[Centre for Health Protection]] |access-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|South Korea}}<br />
|align=right| 11<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="CNN23Jan2020">{{Cite news |url= https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-hnk-intl-01-24-20/h_7df038a58420da0cb7769f22803cbcc8 |title=South Korea confirms second case of Wuhan coronavirus |date=23 January 2020 |publisher=CNN |location=United States |accessdate=23 January 2020 |url-status=live |archiveurl= https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-hnk-intl-01-24-20/h_7df038a58420da0cb7769f22803cbcc8/https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-hnk-intl-01-24-20/h_7df038a58420da0cb7769f22803cbcc8 |archivedate=23 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="The Korea Herald">{{cite web |title=S. Korea reports 2 more cases of new coronavirus, 1st human transmission |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200130000905 |website=The Korea Herald |accessdate=30 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200131008400320?section=science/medicine |title=S. Korea reports 4 more new coronavirus cases, total now at 11 |date=31 January 2020 |publisher=Yonhap News Agency |location=South Korea |accessdate=31 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Taiwan}}<br />
|align=right| 10<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Bulletin/Detail/-dU_LiC4WQm82jB-lb9KqQ?typeid=158|title=As cases of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) continue to grow in China and other countries and the Lunar New Year Holiday approaches its end, Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) urges travelers to conduct self-health management for 14 days after returning to Taiwan and report suspected symptoms by calling 1922 |date=30 January 2020 |website=Taiwan Centers for Disease Control |language=en-us |access-date=30 January 2020 |quote=nine confirmed cases}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Australia}} <br />
|align=right| 9<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.health.gov.au/news/coronavirus-update-at-a-glance |title=Coronavirus update at a glance |date=30 January 2020 |website=Australian Government Department of Health |access-date=30 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/melbourne-diners-may-have-been-exposed-to-coronavirus/news-story/cdb74c00e305a881ff6938334dbb3ac1 |title=Reports of third Victorian coronavirus case |last1=Pearson |first1=Charis |last2=Chang|first2=Stephanie|last3=Bedo |date=30 January 2020 |website=news.com.au |access-date=30 January 2020 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Malaysia}} <br />
|align=right| 8<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|date=30 January 2020|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/01/30/coronavirus-eighth-positive-case-in-m039sia-confirmed-thursday-jan-30|title=Coronavirus: Eighth positive case in M'sia confirmed Thursday (Jan 30)|publisher=The Star Online|accessdate=30 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Macau}}<br />
|align=right| 7<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqtb/202001/e71bd2e7a0824ca69f87bbf1bef2a3c9.shtml |language=zh |script-title=zh:截至1月29日24时新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情最新情况 |trans-title=Update on pneumonia of new coronavirus infection as of 24:00 on January 29 |date=30 January 2020 |script-work=zh:中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会 |trans-work=National Health Committee of the People's Republic of China |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E7%A2%BA%E8%A8%BA%E5%A2%9E%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%83%E5%AE%97-%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E7%A6%81%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E6%97%85%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E8%B3%AD%E5%A0%B4-%E9%81%95%E8%80%85%E5%9B%9A%E5%85%A9%E5%B9%B4-214500694.html |script-title=zh:確診增至七宗 澳門禁湖北旅客入賭場 違者囚兩年 |website=Yahoo News Hong Kong |language=zh-Hant-HK |accessdate=30 January 2020|trans-title=The number of confirmed diagnoses has increased to seven. Macao has banned Hubei tourists from entering the casino for two years.}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|France}}<br />
|align=right| 6<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="France24Jan2020">{{Cite news |title=Coronavirus: China extends lockdown as first cases reported in Europe |publisher=The Guardian |location=United Kingdom |date=24 January 2020 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/24/coronavirus-chinese-hospitals-in-chaos-as-lockdown-spreads-to-affect-25m-people |accessdate=24 January 2020 |url-status=live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20200124101602/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/24/coronavirus-chinese-hospitals-in-chaos-as-lockdown-spreads-to-affect-25m-people |archivedate=24 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="France24JanIndep">{{Cite news |title=Coronavirus: France confirms three cases of deadly China virus |publisher=The Independent |location=United Kingdom |date=24 January 2020 |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-france-china-wuhan-virus-symptoms-outbreak-latest-a9301106.html |accessdate=24 January 2020 |url-status=live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20200125140131/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-france-china-wuhan-virus-symptoms-outbreak-latest-a9301106.html |archivedate=25 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nouveau coronavirus: quatriéme cas en France, le patient en réanimation |language=French |trans-title=New coronavirus: fourth case in France, patient under intensive care |publisher=France24 |url= https://www.france24.com/fr/20200128-nouveau-coronavirus-quatri%C3%A8me-cas-en-france-le-patient-en-r%C3%A9animation |date=2020-01-28}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Germany}}<br />
|align=right| 6<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |trans-title=The first coronavirus case in Germany confirmed |url=https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/medizin/corona-virus-erster-fall-in-deutschland-bestaetigt-a-19843b8d-8694-451f-baf7-0189d3356f99 |title=Erster Fall des Coronavirus in Deutschland bestätigt |newspaper=Der Spiegel |language=German |accessdate=2020-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |trans-title=Three more infected in Bavaria |url= https://www.sueddeutsche.de/gesundheit/coronavirus-drei-weitere-infizierte-in-bayern-1.4776016 |title=Drei weitere Infizierte in Bayern |newspaper=Süddeutsche Zeitung |date=28 January 2020 |language=German |accessdate=28 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.stmgp.bayern.de/presse/aktuelle-informationen-zur-coronavirus-lage-in-bayern-bayerisches-gesundheitsministerium-2/|title=Aktuelle Informationen zur Coronavirus-Lage in Bayern – Bayerisches Gesundheitsministerium: Jetzt insgesamt sechs Fälle|language=de|trans-title=Current information on coronavirus in Bavaria - Bavarian Ministry of Health: Six cases now in total |date=31 January 2020 |publisher=Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Gesundheit und Pflege |location=Germany |accessdate=31 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|United States}}<br />
|align=right| 6<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="CDC_USA">{{cite web |title=2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in the U.S. |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |location=United States |accessdate=30 January 2020 |date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130201954/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Lovelace Jr, Berkeley; Feuer, William|title=CDC confirms first human-to-human transmission of coronavirus in US|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/30/cdc-confirms-first-human-to-human-transmission-of-coronavirus-in-us.html|date=30 January 2020|accessdate=31 January 2020|website=cnbc.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Vietnam}}<br />
|align=right| 5<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="Vietnam23Jan2020">{{Cite news |last=Le |first=Phuong |url= https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-confirms-first-acute-pneumonia-cases-from-wuhan-virus-4046310.html |title=Vietnam confirms first acute pneumonia cases from Wuhan virus |date=23 January 2020 |work=VnExpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://vnexpress.net/thoi-su/ba-nguoi-viet-nam-nhiem-viem-phoi-vu-han-4047943.html |title=Ba người Việt Nam nhiễm viêm phổi Vũ Hán |date=30 January 2020 |work=VnExpress}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{nowrap|{{flagu|United Arab Emirates}}}}<br />
|align=right| 4<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="UAE27Jan">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: First case confirmed in UAE |url= https://gulfnews.com/uae/health/coronavirus-first-case-confirmed-in-uae-1.1580273983681 |accessdate=27 January 2020 |publisher=Gulf News |date=28 January 2020}}<!--Is Financial Times the agency?--></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://amp.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3048057/china-coronavirus-uae-confirms-first-cases-middle-east |title=China coronavirus: UAE confirms four members of Chinese family first cases in Middle East &#124; South China Morning Post |publisher=Amp.scmp.com |date=2017-09-26 |accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Canada}}<br />
|align=right| 3<!---Presumptive cases are not CONFIRMED cases!---><br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html |title=2019 Novel Coronavirus infection (Wuhan, China): Outbreak update |date=29 January 2020 |website=Public Health Agency of Canada |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/01/28/first-bc-case-of-wuhan-coronavirus-confirmed.html |title=First Vancouver coronavirus case confirmed |date=28 January 2020 |publisher=The Toronto Star |location=Canada |accessdate=28 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.bccdc.ca/about/news-stories/stories/2020/information-on-novel-coronavirus |title=Information on novel coronavirus |date=28 January 2020 |work=The Star |accessdate=29 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Italy}}<br />
|align=right| 2<!---Presumptive cases are not CONFIRMED cases!---><br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/coronavirus-vittime-salgono-170-il-rimpatrio-italiani-ACA72XFB?refresh_ce=1 |title=Coronavirus, primi due casi in Italia. Chiuso traffico aereo con la Cina. Oms dichiara l’emergenza globale |date=30 January 2020 |website=Il Sole 24 Ore|access-date=30 January 2020 |trans-title=Coronavirus, first two cases in Italy. Air traffic with China closed. WHO declares the global emergency|language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/jan/30/coronavirus-live-updates-china-death-toll-wuhan-evacuation-foreign-nationals-citizens-latest-news |title=Coronavirus: Italy and Germany confirm cases after WHO declares global emergency |date=30 January 2020 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130002626/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/jan/30/coronavirus-live-updates-china-death-toll-wuhan-evacuation-foreign-nationals-citizens-latest-news |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Russia}}<br />
|align=right| 2<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |author1=TASS |authorlink1=TASS |title=В России выявили первые два случая заражения коронавирусом |url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/7656549 |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=ТАSS |agency=Информацио́нное аге́нтство Росси́и ТАСС |publisher=TASS |date=31 January 2020 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=TASS |authorlink1=TASS |title=First two persons infected with coronavirus identified in Russia |url=https://tass.com/society/1115101 |accessdate=31 January 2020 |work=TASS |agency=Russian News Agency TASS |publisher=Russian News Agency TASS |date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|United Kingdom}}<br />
|align=right| 2<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=First coronavirus cases confirmed in UK |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51325192|agency=BBC |publisher=bbc.com |date=31 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Cambodia}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="Cambodia27Jan">{{cite news |title=Cambodia confirms first case of coronavirus: Health minister |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-virus-cambodia-confirms-first-case-china-health-minister-12358724 |accessdate=27 January 2020 |agency=Channel NewsAsia |publisher=CNA.asia |date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127185321/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-virus-cambodia-confirms-first-case-china-health-minister-12358724 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Finland}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thl.fi/-/matkailijalla-todettu-koronavirustartunta-lapin-keskussairaalassa |title=Matkailijalla todettu koronavirustartunta Lapin keskussairaalassa |date=29 January 2020 |website=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos |trans-work=Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare |language=fi |trans-title=Coronavirus infection found in a traveler at a central hospital in Lapland |access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Finland29Jan">{{cite news |title=Finland's first coronavirus case confirmed in Lapland |url= https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finlands_first_coronavirus_case_confirmed_in_lapland/11182855 |accessdate=29 January 2020 |publisher=YLE |date=29 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|India}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="IndiaGovtJan30">{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1601095 |title=Update on Novel Coronavirus: one positive case reported in Kerala |date=30 January 2020 |website=Press Information Bureau Government of India |language=en |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kerala30Jan">{{cite news |title=Kerala's first Coronavirus case confirmed in student who returned from Wuhan: Health Minister |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-s-first-coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-student-who-returned-from-wuhan-health-minister-1.4486860 |accessdate=30 January 2020 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130132839/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-s-first-coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-student-who-returned-from-wuhan-health-minister-1.4486860 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Nepal}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="Nepal25Jan">{{cite news |title=Nepal confirms first case of new coronavirus infection |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/25/c_138732435.htm |accessdate=25 January 2020 |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |location=People's Republic of China |date=25 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Nepal24Jan2020-table">{{Cite news |url= https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/first-case-of-coronavirus-in-nepal-after-student-who-returned-from-wuhan-tests-postive20200124184400/ |title=First case of coronavirus in Nepal after student who returned from Wuhan tests positive |date=24 January 2020 |publisher=Asian News International |location=India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Philippines}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.doh.gov.ph/doh-press-release/doh-confirms-first-2019-nCoV-case-in-the-country/ |title=DOH CONFIRMS FIRST 2019-NCOV CASE IN THE COUNTRY; ASSURES PUBLIC OF INTENSIFIED CONTAINMENT MEASURES |date=30 January 2020 |website=Republic of the Philippines Department of Health |language=en-us |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/30/20/philippines-confirms-first-case-of-new-coronavirus|title=Philippines confirms first case of new coronavirus|last=News|first=ABS-CBN|website=ABS-CBN News|language=en|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Sri Lanka}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref name="SriLanka25Jan">{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka confirms first case of coronavirus |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/health-china-sri-lanka/sri-lanka-confirms-first-case-of-coronavirus-health-official-idUSL4N29W25J |accessdate=27 January 2020 |publisher=Reuters |date=27 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align=left | {{flagu|Sweden}}<br />
|align=right| 1<br />
|align=right| 0<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.se/20200131/first-case-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-jonkoping-sweden|title=BREAKING: First case of coronavirus confirmed in Sweden|date=2020-01-31|work=The Local|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref><br />
|- class="sortbottom"<br />
<br />
! 26 territories<br />
!align=right| 9,952 <!-- Because of the evolving situation, newspaper and news sources may have outdated or erroneous information. Please try to check the date and time the news article was published, or source from the WHO or other reliable, up-to-date sources. This also applies to the whole article in general. --><br />
!align=right| 213<br />
! <br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|colspan="4"|<small>As of 31 January 2020</small><br>{{navbar|2019-20_Wuhan_coronavirus_data/World|mini=1|nodiv=1}}<br />
|}<br />
<noinclude><br />
{{clear}}<br />
{{2019-nCoV|state=expanded}}<br />
{{template reference list}}<br />
[[Category:Infectious disease templates]]<br />
[[Category:2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak]]<br />
</noinclude></div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leticia&diff=938049690Leticia2020-01-28T20:47:16Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: /* People */ Added Leticia Lee</p>
<hr />
<div>{{wiktionary|laetitia}}<br />
<br />
'''Leticia''' (derived from the Latin greeting ''laetitia'' meaning ''joy'', ''gladness'', ''delight'') may refer to:<br />
<br />
{{tocright}}<br />
== People ==<br />
* [[Leticia Lee]] (born 1964), an outspoken pro-Beijing activist in [[Hong Kong]]<br />
* [[Letícia Sabatella]] (born 1971)<br />
* [[Letícia Spiller]] (born 1973)<br />
* [[Leticia Cline]] (born 1978)<br />
* [[Letícia Persiles]] (born 1983)<br />
* [[Saint Leticia]]<br />
* [[Queen Letizia of Spain]] (born 1972),<!--Her name is legally Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano--> queen consort of Spain<br />
<br />
== Other ==<br />
* [[Leticia, Amazonas]], southeasternmost municipality of Colombia, in the Amazonas Department<br />
* [[Leticia Incident]] (1932–35), a border conflict between Colombia and Peru<br />
* A doll in the [[Groovy Girls]] doll line by Manhattan Toy<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Laetitia (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Letitia]], a variant of Leticia<br />
* [[Letizia]], a variant of Leticia<br />
<br />
{{disambiguation|given name}}<br />
[[Category:Feminine given names]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boulevard&diff=938009608Boulevard2020-01-28T16:05:48Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Type of road with buildings on sides}}<br />
{{other uses}}<br />
{{redirect|Blvd|other uses|BLVD (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{More citations needed|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Original research|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=September 2017|reason=the article is supposed to give the reader an understanding of what a boulevard is. In its current form it possibly contains too many examples of boulevards in different countries and not enough information about what a boulevard actually is.<!-- More information on the history and etymology might be useful. A section on the word origin can be found in the French version of the article, while the German version has a section on the history of the term. -->}}<br />
{{Expand French|topic=transport|date=September 2017}}<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Blv-haussmann-lafayette.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Boulevard Haussmann]] in Paris, France.]]<br />
[[File:Straße des 17. juni.brandenburger tor.night.JPG|thumb|300px|The [[Straße des 17. Juni]] in Berlin, Germany.]]<br />
<br />
A '''boulevard''' ([[French language|French]], originally meaning [[bastion]], abbreviated as '''bd''' in [[Metropolitan French]], '''boul''' in [[Canadian French]], and '''Blvd''' in English), is a type of large [[road]], usually running through a city.<br />
<br />
In modern American usage, it often means a wide, multi-[[lane]] arterial thoroughfare, often divided with a central median, and perhaps with roadways along each side designed as slow travel and parking lanes and for bicycle and pedestrian usage, often with an above-average quality of [[landscaping]] and scenery.<br />
<br />
==International usage==<br />
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2019}}<br />
<br />
===Asia===<br />
====Cambodia====<br />
[[Phnom Penh]] has numerous boulevards scattered throughout the city. [[Norodom Boulevard]], [[Sisowath Quay|Sisowath Boulevard]], [[Monivong Boulevard]], and Sothearos Boulevard are the most famous.<br />
<br />
====India====<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2019}}<br />
[[File:Marine_Drive,_Mumbai,_India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Marine Drive, Mumbai]]|280px]]<br />
<br />
*[[Indira Gandhi Sarani]], formerly [[Indira Gandhi Sarani|Red Road]], is a road in [[Kolkata]] that runs from [[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Raj Bhavan]] to [[Fort William, India|Fort William]]. The road, a wide boulevard, was built in 1820 which bisects the historic Kolkata [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]]. The British authorities during colonial era intended for the road to be able to host large parades. The name 'Red Road' was given due to its surfacing. During the Second World War, the road, in the heart of Kolkata (then Calcutta), served as a landing strip for fighter aircraft. The annual [[Kolkata Marathon]] starts from outside the Rangers Club on Red Road. The name 'Indira Gandhi Sarani' was adopted in 1985.<br />
*[[Mumbai]]'s [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] is a {{Convert|4.3|km|mile|abbr=on}} -long [[crescent]]-shaped coastal road located in [[South Mumbai]] along the [[Arabian Sea]]. It is also called the Queen's Necklace because if the stretch is viewed from an elevated point, the lamp posts along the road seem like pearls and thus in continuation look like a necklace. A [[esplanade|promenade]] lies parallel to the road. It is one of the major tourist attractions in Mumbai. The [[Gateway of India]] is located just {{Convert|1.7|km|mile}} away from Marine Drive. Though rarely used, Marine Drive's official name is [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]] Marg. Local residents use it for morning exercises as well. It is also popular among youths who come here to enjoy the splash of water during high tide.<br />
[[File:Raj_Path.jpg|thumb|right|View of Rajpath from [[Raisina Hill]] with [[India Gate]] at its terminal|200px]]<br />
*[[New Delhi]]'s premier boulevard is the [[Rajpath]], which is also a thoroughfare. New Delhi being the national capital, many such thoroughfares were built widely to sustain the exploding traffic growth that New Delhi and most Indian metro cities have seen in recent decades. Rajpath, a tree lined road with ponds and fountains, was designed, along with [[Janpath]], by British architect '''[[Edwin Lutyens]]''' during the [[British Raj]]. Various national events such as [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] parades and [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parades]] among many others take place over here annually.<br />
*[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]'s [[Necklace Road]] is a boulevard adjoining the [[Hussain Sagar]] lake.<br />
*In [[Chennai]], the [[capital city]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] the major road is the [[Anna Salai]]. Another boulevard is Radakrishnan Salai, also called Cathedral Road.<br />
<br />
====Indonesia====<br />
*Some of the most important thoroughfares in [[Jakarta]] are not named as a boulevard while do in fact follow the boulevard configuration of multiple lanes and/or landscaping. Examples of these are [[Jalan Jenderal Sudirman]], [[Jalan M.H. Thamrin]], [[Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto]], [[Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said]], [[Jalan Gajah Mada]]/[[Jalan Hayam Wuruk]], [[Jalan Haji Benyamin Sueb]], Jalan Teuku Umar (formerly Van Heutszboulevard), and [[Jalan Prof. Dr. Satrio]]. The term boulevard - sometimes under its Indonesian translation "bulevar" - is however commonly used for thoroughfares in integrated urban centers as developed by private developers, such as Jalan Boulevard Raya in [[Kelapa Gading]], Jalan Boulevard BSD Timur in [[Bumi Serpong Damai]] and Jalan Boulevard Gading Serpong in [[Gading Serpong]]. Note that the term "Jalan" (Indonesian word for [[Street]] or [[Road]]) is still officially used despite the use of the term "Boulevard".<br />
*Examples of boulevards in other Indonesian cities are Jalan Dago (Jalan Ir. H. Juanda) in [[Bandung]], Jalan Pahlawan in [[Semarang]], and Jalan Mayjen Sungkono and Jalan Raya Darmo in [[Surabaya]].<br />
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====Iran====<br />
[[File:Keshavarz Boulevard.jpg|thumbnail|180px|[[Keshavarz Boulevard]] of [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] in mid 1970s]]<br />
<br />
In Iran, ''"Boulevard"'' is generally defined as a wide road surrounded by trees in sides and divided by a green space line including grass, trees or buxuses in the middle. There are many boulevards in Iran. One of the most famous one is [[Keshavarz Boulevard]] in [[Tehran]] which is usually referred to as ''"The Boulevard"''. [[Isfahan]] has also a historical boulevard which is called [[Chaharbagh Boulevard]].<br />
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==== Israel ====<br />
[[Tel Aviv]], was originally designed along the guidelines set out by [[architect]] Sir [[Patrick Geddes]]. Geddes designed a green or garden ring of boulevards surrounding the central city, which still exists today and continues to characterize Tel Aviv. One of the most famous and busy streets in the city is [[Rothschild Boulevard]].<br />
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==== Philippines ====<br />
[[File:Roxas Boulevard.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Roxas Boulevard]] in [[Manila]], Philippines.]]<br />
<br />
[[Roxas Boulevard]] is a major boulevard in [[Metro Manila]], [[Philippines]]. The boulevard, which runs along the shores of [[Manila Bay]], is popular for its view of Manila's famous sunsets and stretch of [[coconut trees]]. The boulevard is an eight-lane major arterial road designated as Radial Road 1 that connects the center of [[Manila]] with [[Pasay]] and [[Parañaque]].<br />
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Other boulevards in Metro Manila include the [[Shaw Boulevard]], [[España Boulevard]], [[Araneta Center|Pedro Tuazon Boulevard]] and [[Quezon Boulevard]]. Not all boulevards in the Philippines have ornamentation, or slow lanes, like the [[Aurora Boulevard]] and E. Rodriguez Sr. Boulevard, which have no ornamentation at all.<br />
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[[Osmeña Boulevard]] is a boulevard in [[Cebu City]], the Philippines' second city. It is Cebu's most important street and is its primary ceremonial avenue,<ref>{{cite web|title=Buses to Bring Change|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/215883/buses-to-bring-change|publisher=Cebu Daily News|accessdate=2017-09-16}}</ref> the conventional route of the city's civic and cultural parades. Measuring six to ten lanes wide with 3-5 meter-wide sidewalks on both sides and a landscaped central median, the boulevard is lined with [[Pterocarpus indicus|narra]] trees. Midway is the park and [[roundabout]] of Fuente Osmeña.<br />
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===Europe===<br />
==== Austria ====<br />
{{See also|Vienna Ring Road}}<br />
<br />
The Ring Road (German: Ringstraße) is a circular ring road surrounding the Innere Stadt district of Vienna, Austria and is one of its main sights. Constructed in the mid-19th century after the dismantling of the city fortification walls, its architecture is typical of the eclectic, historicist style called Ringstraßenstil (Ring Road Style) of the 1860s to 1890s.<br />
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Known for its unique architectural beauty and history, it has also been called the "Lord of the ring roads", and is inscribed by UNESCO as part of Vienna's World Heritage Site.<br />
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The Ringstraße is 5.2 kilometers (3.2 miles) long and has several sections. It surrounds the central area of Vienna on all sides, except for the northeast, where its place is taken by the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the street going along the [[Donaukanal]] (a branch of the [[Danube]]). Starting from the Ringturm at the northern end of the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the sections are:<br />
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* Schottenring (named after the Schottenstift)<br />
* Universitätsring ([[University of Vienna|university]])<br />
* Dr.-Karl-Renner-Ring (named after [[Karl Renner]]), formerly called "Parlamentsring"<br />
* Burgring (near the [[Hofburg]])<br />
* Opernring (near the [[Vienna State Opera]])<br />
* Kärntner Ring (named after Kärntner Straße, the road that led south to [[Carinthia]])<br />
* Schubertring (named after [[Franz Schubert]])<br />
* Parkring (near the [[Stadtpark, Vienna|Stadtpark]])<br />
* Stubenring (named after the ''Stubenbastei'' fortification, part of Vienna's city walls since 1156)<br />
<br />
==== Denmark ====<br />
In [[Copenhagen]], a Boulevard Ring, consisting of a [[Nørre Voldgade#North Boulevard|North Boulevard]] (Danish: Nørre Boulevard) and a [[H. C. Andersens Boulevard#History|West Boulevard]] (Danish: Vestre Boulevard), emerged on the site of the city's former [[Fortifications of Copenhagen (17th century)|Bationed Fortification Ring]] in the second half of the 19th century. It lends its name to the underground [[Boulevard Line]]. The North Boulevard is now known as [[Nørre Voldgade]] and the West Boulevard was renamed [[H. C. Andersens Boulevard]] in honour of the writer [[Hans Christian Andersen]] in 1955. The first part of [[Vesterbrogade]], then known as Vesterbro Passage, was also laid out as a boulevard. A [[Sønder Boulevard|South Boulevard]] (Danish: Sønder Boulevard) was established in the grounds of a defunct railway in the [[Vesterbro, Copenhagen|Vesterbro]] district in 1905. Other streets that incorporate 'Boulevard' in their names include [[Dalgas Boulevard]] in [[Frederiksberg]] and [[Strandboulevarden]] (The Beach Boulevard) in [[Østerbro]]. Another street that meets the criteria for being described as a boulevard is [[Frederiksberg Allé]]. A more recent example of a boulevard in Copenhagen is Ørestad Boulevard, the principal artery of the new [[Ørestad]] district.<br />
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==== France ====<br />
{{See also|Boulevards of Paris}}<br />
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[[Baron Haussmann]] made such roads well known in his re-shaping of [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]] [[Paris]] between 1853 and 1870. The French word ''boulevard'' originally referred to the flat summit of a [[Defensive wall|rampart]] (the etymology of the word distantly parallels that of ''[[Architectural glossary#B|bulwark]]'' which is a Dutch loanword [bolwerk]). Several Parisian boulevards replaced old city walls; more generally, boulevards encircle a city center, in contrast to [[street name|avenue]]s that radiate from the center.<br />
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''Boulevard'' is sometimes used to describe an elegantly wide road, such as those in Paris, approaching the [[Champs-Élysées]]. Famous French boulevards: [[Avenue Montaigne]], Montmartre, Invalides, [[Boulevard Haussmann]]. Frequenters of boulevards were sometimes called ''boulevardiers''. Seemingly by coincidence, the central areas are commonly used for playing games with boules.<br />
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The centre of the town of Béziers features a pleasant small-scale boulevard.<br />
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==== Germany ====<br />
[[File:Berlin Unter den Linden Potsdamer Platz.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Unter den Linden]], Berlin, Germany.]] <br />
The historically most famous boulevard in [[Berlin]] and arguably in all of Germany is [[Unter den Linden]]: location of the [[Berlin State Opera]], [[Berlin Cathedral]], the former [[Berliner Stadtschloß|royal palace]], [[Humboldt University]], the [[Neue Wache]] state memorial, the Germany Historical Museum housed in the [[Zeughaus|old arsenal]] and [[Brandenburg Gate]] being the boulevard's focal point. Most famed for its classy shopping facilities is Berlin's [[Kurfürstendamm]].<br />
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In the 1920s it was considered one of the most cosmopolitan places in Europe, being not only an elegant residential area but also a major centre of nightlife and leisure. Ku'damm retained this air throughout the [[Cold War]] becoming the hub of free [[West-Berlin]]. It is still the city's most frequented shopping district.<br />
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A notable boulevard in Berlin's East is [[Karl-Marx-Allee]], which was built primarily in the 1950s in [[Stalinist Classicism]] architecture with decorative buildings. One section of the boulevard is more decorative while the other is more modern. In the center of the boulevard is the Strausberger Platz, which has buildings in [[wedding-cake style]]. The boulevard is divided into various blocks. Between 1949 and 1989, it was the main center of [[East Berlin]]. The [[Königsallee]] in [[Düsseldorf]] is known for its many famous fashion stores and showrooms.<br />
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[[Munich]] is well known for its four royal avenues constructed by the Bavarian monarchs of the 19th century, which can also be classified as boulevards: [[Brienner Straße (Munich)|Brienner Straße]], [[Leopoldstraße]], [[Maximilianstraße (Munich)|Maximilianstraße]], and [[Prinzregentenstraße (Munich)|Prinzregentenstraße]].<br />
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====Hungary====<br />
[[File:Szent István krt.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Combino Supra]] at the [[Grand Boulevard (Budapest)|Grand Boulevard]], [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]]]<br />
The [[Hungary|Hungarian]] capital [[Budapest]] is also known for its well planned street system with wide [[Street or road name|avenue]]s and boulevards, running through the city. There are three main boulevards, named [[Little Boulevard (Budapest)|Little Boulevard]], [[Grand Boulevard (Budapest)|Grand Boulevard]] and [[Hungária Boulevard]]. Little Boulevard was built on the demolished [[medieval]] city [[city wall|walls]] of [[Pest (city)|Pest]] in the late 19th century. Grand Boulevard, the most prominent, was built for the 1000th anniversary of the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|Hungarian conquest]] in 1896. It has a uniform [[facade]], and the busiest [[tram]] line in [[Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/nagykor0414/|title=Húsvét után jön a nagykörúti káosz|website=Index.hu|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref><br />
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Hungária Boulevard was built from 1980 to 2000 and it is the widest (70 meters, like [[Champs-Élysées]]) and longest (13 kilometers) boulevard in Budapest with six to ten [[traffic lane]]s and a rapid tram line. Although the construction of the boulevard was finished in 2000, the facade is still incomplete, as there are many empty parcels due to [[demolition]] of old [[apartment]]s and [[factory|factories]].<br />
<br />
====Ireland====<br />
Ireland has relatively few boulevards, but [[O'Connell Street]] in Dublin is one of Europe's widest streets and resembles a Victorian boulevard. In recent housing developments in Dublin, the boulevard is becoming more and more common in addresses (e.g. Tyrellstown Blvd, Park Blvd, Bayside Blvd), and a boulevard was opened in [[Gorey]], [[County Wexford]] in early 2015.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}<br />
<br />
====Italy====<br />
[[File:Viale Spartaco Lavagnini (Firenze) 33.JPG|thumb|200px|Boulevard in [[Florence]], Italy]]<br />
[[Florence]]'s historic centre, for example, is surrounded by the [[Viali di Circonvallazione]], a series of six-lane streets; the boulevards follow the outline of the ancient walls of Florence, that were demolished since 1865 to make Florence, then the capital of Italy (for five years, 1865–1870), a modern and big city like the other European capitals. The Viali were inspired by the similar Parisian boulevards.<br />
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====Spain====<br />
Barcelona has several impressive boulevards, notably Gran Via de les Corts Catalans / Avinguda de la Granvia and Avinguda Diagonal. The infamous pedestrian tourist promenade, Las Ramblas, might be described as such, although the vehicular lanes to the sides are relatively insignificant.<br />
<br />
====Portugal====<br />
In Lisbon, [[Avenida da Liberdade (Lisbon)|Avenida da Liberdade]] and Avenida da República. In Porto, Avenue da Boavista and Avenue da Republica.<br />
<br />
====Poland====<br />
[[File:PolandSzczecinPanorama.JPG|thumb|200px|right|[[Oder]] in [[Szczecin]]]]<br />
Boulevards are representative places in cities situated near big rivers and usually parts of their centres, for example in [[Kraków]], [[Warsaw]], [[Toruń]], [[Bydgoszcz]], [[Gdańsk]], [[Gorzów Wielkopolski]], [[Wrocław]] and [[Świnoujście]].<br />
<br />
One of the most famous boulevards in Poland is the street named Wały Chrobrego (former German name: Hakenterrasse) in [[Szczecin]], where the final events of The [[Tall Ships' Races]] took place in 2007 and 2013. This is a street complex, about 100 years old, at the river bank of [[Oder]] with some connections to [[Port of Szczecin|the harbour in Szczecin]] and the [[Baltic Sea]]. There are many tourist attractions e.g. [[National Museum, Szczecin|National Museum in Szczecin]], the Contemporary Theater (Teatr Współczesny), Statue of Hercules fighting the Centaur and the waterfront for ships, including [[Port of Szczecin|harbour]] cruise ships and hydrofoil to [[Świnoujście]]. In the area there are more historic buildings situated, for instance [[Ducal Castle, Szczecin|The Ducal Castle]].<br />
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Some tourist towns and villages are known among others for their boulevards and [[esplanade]]s. There are many localities situated by the [[Baltic Sea|sea]], for example [[Sopot]], [[Gdynia]], [[Kołobrzeg]], [[Misdroy]] and [[Świnoujście]], or other types of big water areas as [[Trzebież]] lying on the [[Szczecin Lagoon]]. [[Feliks Nowowiejski]] Seaside Boulevard in [[Gdynia]] was the first stage of the [[Tour de Pologne]] in 2003. Boulevards are also representative places in [[Gryfino]] (district town in Poland) and German village [[Mescherin]] localized by both sides of the valley of [[Oder|Oder river]] protected with [[Lower Odra Valley Landscape Park]].<br />
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There are also many boulevards by lakes and small rivers, mainly in harbours areas, as in [[Giżycko]], and in [[urban park]]s, for example in [[Łobez]], [[Piotrków Trybunalski]], [[Poznań]] and the oldest Polish urban park in [[Kalisz]] founded in 1798. Boulevards and paths in [[Łazienki Park]] in [[Warsaw]] surround [[Palace on the Water]]. The medieval port crane, called ''Żuraw'', over [[Motława]] river, the junction of two boulevards - Długie Pobrzeże and Rybackie Pobrzeże - is the symbol of the medieval harbour of [[Gdańsk]]. The Old Town Promenade (Promenada Staromiejska) in [[Wrocław]] was built on the former on the former defensive fortifications along the City Moat and a small section along the [[Oder]] river. The boulevard in Kasprowicz Park in [[Szczecin]] leads along Rusałka Lake from the City Hall area to The Summer Theater (Teatr Letni) and then to [[Różanka Rose Garden]] and the forest of [[Puszcza Wkrzańska]]. The scenic above ground promenade in [[Augustów]] enables the observation of the [[Augustów Canal]] and [[National road 8 (Poland)|national roads 8]] and 16.<br />
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====Russia====<br />
[[File:Chistye prudy.jpeg|thumb|200px|right|[[Clean Ponds]] in the wide median green of [[Chistoprudny Boulevard]], [[Moscow]], Russia]]<br />
The dictionary defines ''boulevard'' as a wide green strip in the middle of a city street or on the [[Embankment (transportation)|embankment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vedu.ru/ExpDic/enc_searchresult.asp?S=2395|title=БУЛЬВАР - это ... значение слова БУЛЬВАР|website=Vedu.ru|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref> The historic [[Boulevard Ring]] in [[Moscow]] emerged on the site of the former [[Bely Gorod|White City]] walls (demolished in the 1760s and 1770s) before the [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|Fire of 1812]], starting with [[Tverskoy Boulevard]] in 1796.<ref name=BOU>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulwar.ru/|title=Некоммерческий проект бульвары Москвы.|website=Bulwar.ru|accessdate=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918121544/http://bulwar.ru/|archive-date=2017-09-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> The whole ring was replanted and rebuilt after the fire, in the 1820s; together with the embankments of [[Moskva River]] the boulevards form the second centremost city ring.<br />
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Green boulevards of that period were terminated with corner hotel and shop buildings, most of them eventually demolished to make way for street traffic. [[Garden Ring]], developed in the middle of the 19th century, had traditional median boulevards in its western part and side gardens in the east (streets with side strips of green, even those separating main traffic and [[frontage road]]s, are not usually considered boulevards).<br />
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Street names of [[Saint Petersburg]] evolved differently: median greens of major avenues were called ''boulevards'', but the avenues themselves typically were and still are called ''prospekts'' (i.e. Bolshoy Prospekt of [[Vasilievsky Island]]).<br />
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====United Kingdom====<br />
Owing to the lack of modern-era walled cities and the price of urban land, the UK has only a few boulevards. Glasgow's Mosspark Boulevard, a wide road along Bellahouston Park with former segregated lanes for trams and cars, and Great Western Road, colloquially known as 'The Boulevard', north of the river Clyde, is a good example, a mostly dual carriageway road running to the outer suburbs passing through the fashionable West End district, with many shops and bars dotted along the route.<br />
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After the [[Great Fire of London]], [[London]] was planned to be rebuilt with straight boulevards, squares and plazas, as seen in [[mainland Europe]], but due to land ownership issues these plans never came to fruition. Boulevards in London are rare, but examples, such as [[Blackfriars Road]]{{dubious|date=July 2019}}, do exist. [[Milton Keynes]], [[Buckinghamshire]], is one of only a handful of examples where boulevards are a key feature. This is due to Milton Keynes being built as a modern [[new town]] in the 1960s.<br />
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[[Nottingham]], and to a lesser extent [[Leicester]], also have extensive networks of boulevards, although some lower-capacity streets are named boulevards; these include Asquith Way/Boulevard in [[West Knighton, Leicester|West Knighton]] and Hungarton Boulevard in [[Humberstone & Hamilton|Humberstone]], both of which form part of Leicester's outer [[ring road]]. Gilbert Boulevard in [[Arnold, Nottinghamshire|Arnold]] is an example of a low-capacity highway named a boulevard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/search/Gilbert+Boulevard,+Arnold,+Nottingham,+Nottinghamshire+NG5+7NA,+United+Kingdom/data=!4m2!2m1!4b1?dg=dbrw&newdg=1|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2019}}<br />
[[File:Bristol Road (A38) near Selly Park - Bournbrook - geograph.org.uk - 127662.jpg|thumb|This is a prime example of a boulevard - this one is in [[Birmingham]], [[England]]. This is the [[A38 road|A38]], Bristol Road, which goes on a couple of miles to become a major thoroughfare in central Birmingham.]]<br />
The town of [[Warrington]] in [[Cheshire]] has a large number of boulevards, some more recent than others. Lining the Gemini Retail Park in Warrington is Europa Boulevard with the traditional tree-lined pavements and two-lane traffic. In Chapelford, a recent housing development built on the old Burtonwood Airbase site, are a number of boulevards such as Boston and Santa Rosa Boulevard, named in reference to the American history associated with World War II on the site.<br />
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[[Birmingham]], known as the UK's Second City, has many [[dual-carriageway]] boulevards. Roads such as the A4040 (Outer Ring Road) and various other sections of dual-carriageway often have great amounts of trees, grass and scenery on both sides, as well as part of the wide central reservation.<br />
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Other towns and cities have sections of roadway which could be described as boulevards where central tramways have been abandoned.<br />
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<br />
====Turkey====<br />
[[File:Barbaros Boulevard.jpg|thumb|200px|Barbaros Boulevard in [[Istanbul]], Turkey]]<br />
Barbaros Boulevard is opened in 1958 due to new city planning in Istanbul. Ankara also has a lot of boulevards.<br />
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===North America===<br />
[[File:Mexico.DF.Chapultepec.02.jpg|thumb|200px|right|upright|View of Mexico City's [[Paseo de la Reforma]] from [[Castillo de Chapultepec]].]]<br />
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====Canada====<br />
[[Lake Shore Boulevard]], a six-lane thoroughfare, runs along the lakefront in [[Toronto]] from Woodbine Avenue in the east to the city limits in the west. The section between [[Jameson Avenue]] and the [[Humber River (Ontario)|Humber River]] (the original section), as an example of urban planning, was laid out to provide a pleasant drive with a view of [[Humber Bay]] on [[Lake Ontario]] and easy access to the park lands by automobile. It was later expanded for commuting.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}<br />
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====Dominican Republic====<br />
In the Dominican Republic, more specifically in [[Greater Santo Domingo]] there is the Winston Churchill and 27 de Febrero Boulevard in [[Downtown Santo Domingo]] and Las Americas Boulevard in [[Santo Domingo Este]].<br />
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====Mexico====<br />
[[Paseo de la Reforma]] (English: "Reform Promenade") is a 12-kilometer-long boulevard in [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] that runs in a straight line, cutting diagonally across the city. It runs from [[Chapultepec Park]], then passes alongside the [[Torre Mayor]] (currently Latin America's tallest building), continues through the fashionable [[Zona Rosa (Mexico)|Zona Rosa]] and then to the [[Zócalo]] by Juárez Avenue and [[Francisco I. Madero Street]]. One of the most famous monuments of the Paseo is [[El Ángel de la Independencia]] – a tall column with a gilded statue of a [[Nike (mythology)|Winged Victory]] on its top and marble statues at its base depicting the heroes of the [[Mexican War of Independence]].<br />
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The Paseo de la Reforma was designed in the 1860s during the [[Second Mexican Empire]] by the Austrian military officer and engineer [[Ferdinand von Rosenzweig]] on the orders of [[Maximilian I of Mexico]]. He wanted to connect his imperial residence, [[Chapultepec Castle]], to the [[National Palace (Mexico)|Palacio Nacional]] in the city's center. When it was inaugurated, it was named the ''Paseo de la Emperatriz'' (The Empress's Promenade), after his consort, Empress [[Carlota of Mexico]]. The name now commemorates the liberal reforms of 19th-century president [[Benito Juárez]].<br />
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====United States====<br />
[[File:Queens Boulevard west of Yellowstone Boulevard.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Queens Boulevard]] in [[New York City]]]]<br />
[[File:Oak Park Boulevard.jpg|thumb|right|Road verge (or Boulevard) in [[Oak Park, Illinois]]]]<br />
[[File:US 1 NB past PA 532.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Roosevelt Boulevard (Philadelphia)|Roosevelt Boulevard]] in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]]]<br />
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In many places in the [[United States]], [[Local government|municipalities]] and [[Real estate developer|developers]] have adapted the term to refer to arterial roads, not necessarily boulevards in the traditional sense. In California, many so-called "boulevards" extend into the mountains as narrow, winding road segments only two lanes in width. However, boulevards can be any divided highway with at-grade intersections to local streets. They are commonly abbreviated Blvd. Some celebrated examples in California include:<br />
*[[Sunset District (San Francisco)|Sunset Boulevard]] in [[San Francisco]], which has rows of trees on both sides of the thoroughfare, and is bisected by a tree-filled median. It connects local streets throughout the [[Sunset District]].<br />
*The [[Los Angeles]] area's more famous [[Sunset Boulevard]]; [[Santa Monica Boulevard]]; [[Wilshire Boulevard]]; and [[Hollywood Boulevard]]. Many important thoroughfares in Los Angeles are boulevards.<br />
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In [[Chicago]], the [[Chicago Boulevard System|boulevard system]] is a network of wide, planted-median boulevards that winds through the south, west, and north sides of the city and includes a ring of parks. Most of the boulevards and parks are 3–6 miles from [[Chicago Loop|The Loop]]. Trucks are not allowed on boulevards in Chicago. [[Seattle]] also features a network of boulevards that connect most of the city's public parks to each other, a design recommended by the [[Olmsted Brothers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seattle.gov/parks/parkspaces/olmsted.htm |title=Seattle Parks and Recreation: Park History - Olmsted Parks |publisher=Seattle.gov |date=2011-07-21 |accessdate=2012-01-27}}</ref><br />
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In [[Philadelphia]], the boulevard system includes the length of the [[Benjamin Franklin Parkway]] known as the Museum District. It also includes the arterial roadway of the [[Roosevelt Boulevard (Philadelphia)|Roosevelt Boulevard]] and the [[Southern Boulevard Park]]way built as a connecting median of two urban parks, but now also serves as the west roadway entrance of the world class centralized [[Philadelphia Sports Complex]] and gatehouse entrance of the [[Philadelphia Navy Yard]] in [[South Philadelphia]].<br />
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[[Pittsburgh]] has "The Boulevard of the Allies". Atlanta contains a roadway simply called "[[Boulevard (Atlanta)|Boulevard]].<br />
<br />
[[Kansas City, Missouri]] and [[St. Louis, Missouri]] are famous for having more boulevards and avenues in the world than any city (if the term is used lightly). In [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], [[Independence Boulevard (Charlotte)|Independence Boulevard]] connects [[Charlotte center city|Uptown]] to the southeastern section of the city, although the westernmost segment is actually a freeway.<br />
<br />
Nineteenth-century [[parkway]]s, such as Brooklyn's [[Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn)|Ocean Parkway]], were often built in the form of boulevards but do not use the word in their name. Likewise, the northern section of [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in Manhattan, New York City is designed as a boulevard.<br />
<br />
A famous American example is [[Las Vegas Boulevard]] in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]].<br />
<br />
===Oceania=== <br />
[[File:Sisowath Quay.jpg|thumb|right|[[Norodom Boulevard]]]]<br />
<br />
====Australia====<br />
Melbourne has at least four roads named "the Boulevard". These are, generally, long roads with many curves which wind alongside the [[Yarra River]] ([[Yarra Scenic Drive]]) or [[Maribyrnong River]]. In addition, the spelling of boulevard with an extra 'e' is common, for example the Southlands Boulevarde shopping centre in southern Perth. Australia post officially abbreviates boulevard as "BVD".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://auspost.com.au/content/dam/auspost_corp/media/documents/Barcode_hints_tips.pdf|publisher=[[Australia Post]]|title=Barcode hints and tips|accessdate=6 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Several Melbourne thoroughfares not named as a boulevard do in fact follow the boulevard configuration of multiple lanes and landscaping. These include [[St Kilda Road]], [[Royal Parade, Melbourne|Royal Parade]], [[Victoria Street, Melbourne|Victoria Parade]], [[Flemington Road]], and the outer section of [[Mount Alexander Road, Melbourne|Mount Alexander Road]].<br />
<br />
Boulevards in Sydney include:<br />
*Norwest Boulevard in the [[The Hills Shire|Hills Shire]], which runs through [[Norwest, New South Wales|Norwest]] and [[Bella Vista, New South Wales|Bella Vista]],<br />
*The Boulevard in the [[City of Canterbury (New South Wales)|City of Canterbury]], which runs through [[Punchbowl, New South Wales|Punchbowl]], [[Wiley Park, New South Wales|Wiley Park]] and [[Lakemba, New South Wales|Lakemba]]<br />
*The Boulevard in the [[City of Fairfield]], which runs through [[Canley Vale, New South Wales|Canley Vale]], [[Fairfield, New South Wales|Fairfield]], [[Fairfield West]], [[Fairfield Heights]] and [[Smithfield, New South Wales|Smithfield]].<br />
*The Boulevarde in [[Inner West Council]], which runs through [[Dulwich Hill, New South Wales|Dulwich Hill]], [[Lewisham, New South Wales|Lewisham]] and [[Petersham, New South Wales|Petersham]].<br />
*The Boulevarde in the [[Sutherland Shire]], which runs through [[Sutherland, New South Wales|Sutherland]], [[Kirrawee, New South Wales|Kirrawee]], [[Gymea, New South Wales|Gymea]], [[Miranda, New South Wales|Miranda]] and [[Caringbah, New South Wales|Caringbah]].<br />
Additionally, single-suburb boulevards are situated in [[Brighton-Le-Sands, New South Wales|Brighton-le-Sands]], [[Cammeray, New South Wales|Cammeray]], [[Cheltenham, New South Wales|Cheltenham]], [[Epping, New South Wales|Epping]], [[Lidcombe, New South Wales|Lidcombe]], [[Lilyfield, New South Wales|Lilyfield]], [[Malabar, New South Wales|Malabar]], [[Newport, New South Wales|Newport]], [[Sans Souci, New South Wales|Sans Souci]], [[Strathfield]] and [[Yagoona, New South Wales|Yagoona]].<br />
<br />
====New Zealand====<br />
Construction began on the [[Orewa]] Boulevard in March 2009, the works are expected to be complete by February 2010. This boulevard will be approximately 400 m long with [[Pohutukawa]] and palm lined footpaths, a wide cycleway will be constructed on the beach side of the road and carparks on the business side. The Orewa Boulevard is a project commissioned by the [[Rodney District Council]] with the vision of connecting the [[Central business district|CBD]] to Orewa Beach.<br />
<br />
Central [[Christchurch]] is surrounded and connected by a series of large boulevards (usually called "avenues" in New Zealand). These include four which surround the central city, Bealey Avenue, Fitzgerald Avenue, Deans Avenue, and Moorhouse Avenue, and also Riccarton Avenue, which traverses the large central city park, [[Hagley Park, Christchurch|Hagley Park]]. The centre of the city is often described locally as being "within the Four Avenues".<ref>For example: (1) "[http://www.transportforchristchurch.govt.nz/reduced-traffic-capacity-on-key-routes-within-the-four-avenues-from-next-week-monday-22-april-2013/ Reduced traffic capacity on key routes within the Four Avenues from next week]{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''Transport of Christchurch.'' 19 April 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013; (2) Wagner, Nicky "[http://www.rebuildchristchurch.co.nz/blog/2011/4/nicky-wagner-within-the-cordon---living-inside-the-four-avenues Within the Cordon - living inside the Four Avenues]", ''RebuildChristchurch''. Retrieved 27 April 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
===South America===<br />
====Argentina====<br />
[[Avenida 9 de Julio]] in the heart of [[Buenos Aires]], which is the capital city of [[Argentina]], is as wide as seven lanes in each direction, with four further lanes flanking the main boulevard in parallel roads on either side.<br />
<br />
====Colombia====<br />
[[File:Bogotá - avenida Parkway, localidad de Teusaquillo.JPG|thumb|View of Bogotá's La Soledad Park Way Boulevard]]<br />
In [[Bogotá]], ‘’’La Soledad Park Way Boulevard’’’ is a 1 kilometer important boulevard, in the Locality of [[Teusaquillo]] located in Bogotá’s City Center and it crosses from the street 35 to street 45.<br />
<br />
In the boulevard you can see several monuments and restaurants including [[Crepes & Waffles]], Kokoriko, [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]], [[The Cheesecake Factory]], and the historical hotel ‘’Hotel Park Way Boulevard’’<br />
<br />
====Uruguay====<br />
In [[Montevideo]], [[Artigas Boulevard]] is an important avenue ({{Convert|40|m|ft}} wide) that encloses the central area.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
* {{cite book |first=Allan B. |last=Jacobs |author2=Elizabeth Macdonald |author3=Yodan Rofé |year=2003 |title=The Boulevard Book |publisher=The MIT Press | isbn=978-0-262-60023-1}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Wiktionary-inline|boulevard}}<br />
<br />
{{Road types}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Boulevards| ]]<br />
[[Category:Types of roads]]<br />
[[Category:Types of streets]]<br />
<br />
[[he:שדרה]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests&diff=9019817702019–2020 Hong Kong protests2019-06-15T17:13:18Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Added Canada's reaction to this matter</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{short description|Demonstrations against the extradition bill by the Hong Kong Government.}}<br />
{{current|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox civil conflict<br />
|title=2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests<br />
|image=Demonstration in Wan Chai Hennessy Road overview 20190609.jpg<br />
|caption=Hundreds of thousands of protesters marching in the [[#Third protest: 9 June|9 June protest]], captured in [[Hennessy Road]]<br />
|date= 28 April 2019 – ongoing<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=04|day1=28|year1=2019}})<br />
|place=Hong Kong:<br />
*[[Wan Chai]] to [[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(31 March 2019)</small><br />
*[[Causeway Bay]] to [[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(28 April 2019)</small><br />
*[[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] to [[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(6 June 2019)</small><br />
*[[Causeway Bay]] to [[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(9 June 2019)</small><br />
*[[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(12 June 2019)</small><br />
*[[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] <small>(14 June 2019)</small><br />
<br />
Dozens of other cities abroad<br />
|causes=The proposal of the [[Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019]] by the [[Government of Hong Kong]]<br />
|goals=*Withdrawal of the bill<br />
*Prevent extradition to [[mainland China]]<br />
*Resignation of Chief executive [[Carrie Lam]]<br />
|methods=[[Occupation (protest)|Occupations]], [[sit-ins]], [[civil disobedience]], mobile [[street protest]]s, [[internet activism]], [[General strike|mass strike]]<br />
|result=<br />
|concessions=<br />
|leadfigures3=<br />
|fatalities = 1<ref name="dead">{{cite news|title = <br />
【引渡惡法】男子太古廣場掛反送中橫額示威 消防拯救不果墮樓亡 | url = http://s.nextmedia.com/realtime/a.php?i=20190615&s=10829391&a=59719455 | date = 15 June 2019 | publisher = Apple Daily | access-date=15 June 2019}}</ref><br />
|injuries=72<ref>{{cite news|title= Hong Kong extradition: Police fire rubber bullets at protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48591001|publisher=BBC |accessdate=12 June 2019|deadurl=no}}</ref> (as of 12 June 2019)<br />
|arrests=30<ref>{{cite news|title=Hong Kong police say nearly 360 protesters, most younger than 25, could face arrest for clashes after extradition protest march|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3013910/hong-kong-police-say-nearly-360-protesters-most|work=South China Morning Post |accessdate=11 June 2019|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=【持續更新】6.12 佔領被捕名單 包括多名大學生、拔萃女書院老師|url=https://thestandnews.com/politics/%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0-6-12-%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%AB%E6%8D%95%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE-%E5%8C%85%E6%8B%AC%E5%A4%9A%E5%90%8D%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F-%E5%A5%B3%E6%8B%94%E8%90%83%E6%9B%B8%E9%99%A2%E8%80%81%E5%B8%AB/|publisher=Stand News|access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref> (as of 14 June 2019)<br />
|fatalities=1 (suicide)<ref>{{cite news|title=男子太古廣場掛反送中橫額示威 消防拯救不果墮樓亡|url=https://www.facebook.com/hk.nextmedia/posts/10157750474387448|work=Apple Daily Hong Kong|accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref><br />
|casualties_label=Arrests, injuries and deaths<br />
|notes=<br />
|side1=<br />
;Pro-democracy activists<br />
* [[Civil Human Rights Front]]<br />
* [[Demosistō]]<br />
* [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-democracy camp]]<br />
*Taiwanese solidarity protesters|side2=;Authorities<br />
* [[Government of Hong Kong|Hong Kong SAR Government]]<br />
* [[Hong Kong Police Force]]<br />
* [[Government of China|Chinese central government]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of China]]|status=Ongoing}}<br />
The '''2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests''' are a series of [[Demonstration (political)|demonstrations]] in [[Hong Kong]] and other cities around the world, demanding the withdrawal of the [[Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019]] proposed by the [[Government of Hong Kong]]. It is feared that the bill would cause the city to open up to [[Law of the People's Republic of China|mainland Chinese law]] and that people from Hong Kong [[Law of Hong Kong|could become subject]] to a different legal system.<br />
<br />
Various protests have been launched in Hong Kong by the general public and legal communities. Among these, the [[2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests#Third protest: 9 June|9 June protest]] organised by the [[Civil Human Rights Front]] (CHRF), which the organisation estimates was attended by 1.03&nbsp;million people, has gained wide mass media coverage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/world/2019/6/9/18658650/hong-kong-protest-march-china-extradition-bill-2019|title=Hundreds of thousands attend protest in Hong Kong over extradition bill|last=Kleefeld|first=Eric|date=9 June 2019|website=Vox|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> Protests in other places were also staged by overseas [[Hongkongers]] and locals.<br />
<br />
The protests are the largest protests in Hong Kong since the [[Umbrella Movement]] in 2014.<br />
<br />
Despite the widespread demonstrations, the government insists on the bill's passage, stating that the bill is urgent and that the legal "loophole" should be fixed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1455134-20190429.htm?|title=New extradition laws still urgent, says Carrie Lam|publisher=RTHK|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> The second reading was originally scheduled on 12 June but was not held due to protests,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201906/12/P2019061200753.htm|title=Council meeting not to be held today|last=|first=|date=2019-06-12|work=HKSAR Government Press Releases|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> and a scheduled meeting on the next day, 13 June, was also postponed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201906/13/P2019061300388.htm|title=Council meeting not to be held today|last=|first=|date=2019-06-13|work=HKSAR Government Press Releases|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> <br />
<br />
On 15 June 2019, the bill was indefinitely delayed by Hong Kong leader [[Carrie Lam]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-extradition-delay-idUSKCN1TG04S|title=Embattled Hong Kong leader Lam suspends China extradition bill|date=2019-06-15|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-06-15|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
{{Main|Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019}}<br />
<br />
The [[Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019]] ({{zh-t|2019年逃犯及刑事事宜相互法律協助法例(修訂)條例草案}}) is a proposed bill regarding [[extradition]] to amend the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance ({{Cite Hong Kong ordinance|503}}) in relation to special surrender arrangements and the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Ordinance ({{Cite Hong Kong ordinance|525}}) so that arrangements for mutual legal assistance can be made between Hong Kong and any place outside Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr18-19/english/hc/papers/hc20190412ls-65-e.pdf|title=Legal Service Division Report on Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019|last=Tso|first=Timothy|work=Legislative Council of Hong Kong}}</ref> The bill was proposed by the Hong Kong government in February 2019 to request the surrender of a Hong Kong suspect in a homicide case in [[Taiwan]]. The government proposed to establish a mechanism for transfers of fugitives not only for Taiwan, but also for [[Mainland China]] and [[Macau]], which are not covered under the existing laws.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-47810723|title=Fears over Hong Kong-China extradition plans|date=8 April 2019|publisher=BBC}}</ref><br />
<br />
== First protest: 31 March ==<br />
[[File:3月31日香港爆發反對《逃犯條例》的萬人示威.jpg|left|thumb|Thousands of protesters marched on the street against the proposed extradition law on 31 March 2019.]]<br />
The first protest, launched by [[Civil Human Rights Front]] (CHRF) on 31 March started from Luard Road ([[Southorn Playground]]) and ended at [[Civic Square (Hong Kong)|Civic Square]]. Protesters chanted "With extradition to the mainland, Hong Kong becomes a dark prison" and "Stop the evil law". <br />
<br />
[[Lam Wing-kee]], the owner of Causeway Bay Books who [[Causeway Bay Books disappearances|disappeared along with his other colleagues in 2015]], led the rally along with other pro-democracy group members. Lam has since left Hong Kong for Taiwan due to fears for his personal security.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/03/31/pictures-12000-hongkongers-march-protest-evil-china-extradition-law-organisers-say/|title=In Pictures: 12,000 Hongkongers march in protest against 'evil' China extradition law, organisers say|last=Chan|first=Holmes|date=31 March 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
The organisation said that 12,000 attended the march, while the [[Hong Kong Police Force]] estimated just 5,200 people. The organisers stated that there would be further protests if the government still insisted with the bill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/thousands-march-in-hong-kong-over-proposed-extradition-law-changes|title=Thousands march in Hong Kong over proposed extradition law changes|agency=Reuters|date=31 March 2019|website=The Straits Times|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Second protest: 28 April ==<br />
[[File:Protest_against_proposed_extradition_law_view_from_Wan_Chai_20190428.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protest_against_proposed_extradition_law_view_from_Wan_Chai_20190428.jpg|right|thumb|Tens of thousands of protesters marched on the street against the proposed extradition law on 28 April 2019.]]<br />
<br />
On 28 April, 130,000 protesters joined the march against the proposed extradition law according to organisers, while police estimated that only 22,800 joined. The turnout was the largest since an estimated 510,000 joined the annual [[Hong Kong 1 July marches|1 July protest]] in 2014. The rally started from Causeway Bay to the [[Legislative Council Complex|Legislative Council]] in Admiralty, which is a 2.2&nbsp;km route. It took more than 4 hours.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3007999/thousands-set-join-protest-march-against-proposed|title=Estimated 130,000 protesters join march against proposed extradition law that will allow transfer of fugitives from Hong Kong to mainland China|date=28 April 2019|work=South China Morning Post}}</ref> Vice-convenor of the CHRF, Figo Chan Ho-hang, threatened to escalate its opposition if the government did not withdraw the bill.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
A day after the protest, Chief Executive [[Carrie Lam]] was adamant that the bill would be enacted and said the Legislative councillors had to pass new extradition laws before their summer break, even though the man at the heart of the case used to justify the urgency of new legislation Chan Tong-kai had been jailed for 29 months shortly before.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1455134-20190429.htm|title=New extradition laws still urgent, says Carrie Lam|date=29 April 2019|work=RTHK}}</ref> Chan received a prison sentence of 29 months on 29 April. However, since he had already been detained for 13 months since his arrest in Hong Kong, his sentence would end in August 2020. Secretary for Security [[John Lee Ka-chiu|John Lee]] said that Chan could be released by October at the earliest since good behaviour in prison can result in a one-third reduction of a prisoner's sentence, and he would then be free to leave the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/04/29/hong-kong-man-centre-extradition-legal-row-jailed-29-months-may-early-october/|title=Hong Kong man at centre of extradition legal row jailed for 29 months, may be out as early as October|date=29 April 2019|work=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Lawyers' silent march: 6 June ==<br />
[[File:香港法律界3千人黑衣遊行2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%95%8C3%E5%8D%83%E4%BA%BA%E9%BB%91%E8%A1%A3%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C2.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Thousands of lawyers marched in black against the extradition bill on 6 June 2019.|alt=|left]]<br />
<br />
In a rare protest, more than 3,000 Hong Kong lawyers, representing around one quarter of the city's lawyers, marched against the bill. Wearing black, they marched from the [[Court of Final Appeal Building|Court of Final Appeal]] to the [[Central Government Complex|Central Government Offices]] on 6 June. They then stood in front of the government headquarters looking at the building for three minutes silently.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013461/thousands-hong-kong-lawyers-launch-silent-march-against|title=‘Record 3,000’ lawyers in silent march against extradition bill|date=6 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
The march was organised by Dennis Kwok, Legislative Councillor for the [[Legal (constituency)|Legal constituency]]. It was the fifth, and largest, protest march held by lawyers in Hong Kong since 1997 after a series of intrusions by the Chinese Government.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-hongkong-politics-extradition-march-idUKKCN1T71IN|title=Hong Kong lawyers protest "polarising" extradition bill in rare march|date=6 June 2019|agency=Reuters}}</ref> <br />
<br />
While lawyers expressed grave reservations about the openness and fairness of the justice system in China, limited access to a lawyer, and the prevalence of torture, Secretary for Security John Lee said the legal sector did not really understand the bill. A senior barrister complained that government's inability or unwillingness to listen was polarising, adding that it was "so stupid, so arrogant".<ref name="auto"/><br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
== Third protest: 9 June ==<br />
===Protest in Hong Kong===<br />
<br />
==== Daytime march ====<br />
[[File:June9protestTreefong02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:June9protestTreefong02.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|The organisers said there were record breaking 1.03&nbsp;million protesters showing up in the streets on 9 June.]]<br />
In response to the proposed bill, the Civil Human Rights Front called a march from [[Victoria Park, Hong Kong|Victoria Park]], Causeway Bay to the [[Legislative Council Complex|Legislative Council]] in Admiralty on 9 June—an approximately 3km (1.86mi) route.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013279/warning-more-protests-come-against-hong-kong-governments|title=Warning of more protests to come against Hong Kong government's controversial extradition bill|date=7 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-10/hong-kong-vows-to-pursue-extradition-bill-despite-huge-protest|title=Hong Kong Vows to Pursue Extradition Bill Despite Huge Protest|date=10 June 2019|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> Hundreds of thousands of protesters were drawn to the street, wearing white to symbolise "light and brightness" and justice, chanting "Scrap the evil law," "Oppose China extradition" and "Carrie Lam resign" and waving [[Taiwanese flag]]s on the day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/hundreds-of-thousands-in-hong-kong-protest-law-to-allow-extraditions-to-china/2019/06/09/4cba9dde-8926-11e9-9d73-e2ba6bbf1b9b_story.html|title=Hundreds of thousands in Hong Kong protest law to allow extraditions to China|last=Shih|first=Gerry|date=9 June 2019|work=The Washington Post|access-date=9 June 2019|last2=McLaughlin|first2=Timothy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nownews.com/news/20190609/3433267/|title=香港反送中遊行 驚見青天白日滿地紅國旗飄揚在現場 {{!}} 兩岸|last=明正|first=雷|date=9 June 2019|website=NOWnews |language=zh-TW|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> <br />
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Protesters brought Hong Kong Island to a halt from early afternoon until late at night. The [[MTR]] enacted crowd control measures in which the police ordered trains not to stop at [[Wan Chai station|Wan Chai]], [[Causeway Bay station|Causeway Bay]] and [[Tin Hau station|Tin Hau]] stations for several hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://topick.hket.com/article/2372210/%E3%80%90%E9%80%83%E7%8A%AF%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B%E3%80%91%E6%B8%AF%E9%90%B5%E5%9B%9B%E7%B6%AB%E5%8F%97%E9%98%BB%E3%80%80%E7%B6%B2%E5%82%B3%E8%BB%8A%E9%95%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E9%8A%85%E9%91%BC%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A9%E5%90%8E%E5%8F%AF%E3%80%8C%E9%A3%9B%E7%AB%99%E3%80%8D|title=【逃犯條例】港鐵四綫受阻 網傳車長特別廣播灣仔銅鑼灣天后可「飛站」|date=9 June 2019|newspaper=Hong Kong Economic Times}}</ref> Protesters had to get off at [[Fortress Hill station|Fortress Hill]] in order to join the protest from there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1461678-20190609.htm?|title=MTR struggles with deluge of protesters|publisher=RTHK|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> Police urged protesters to march from Victoria Park before the 3&nbsp;pm start-time to ease overcrowding. During the march, there were several times when protesters come to a standstill due to the limited road space. People demanded that the police opened up more roads. It was only after some protesters climbed over a metal barricade and walked on lanes originally reserved for traffic that police opened up all lanes on [[Hennessy Road]], having previously refused to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/09/just-no-china-extradition-tens-thousands-hong-kong-protest-controversial-new-law/|title=Over a million attend Hong Kong demo against controversial extradition law, organisers say|last=Creery|first=Jennifer|date=9 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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A huge number of protesters were still leaving Victoria Park up to four hours after the start time and were still arriving at the end-point at Admiralty seven hours after the protest began.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/vast-protest-in-hong-kong-against-extradition-law-china|title=Clashes in Hong Kong after vast protest against extradition law|last=Davidson|first=Helen|date=9 June 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=11 June 2019|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <br />
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Jimmy Sham, convener of the CHRF said that 1.03&nbsp;million people attended the march—the largest protest Hong Kong has seen since the [[Handover of Hong Kong|1997 handover]]—surpassing the turnout seen at mass rallies in support of the [[Tiananmen protests of 1989]] and [[Hong Kong 1 July marches|1 July March 2003]].<ref name="69march">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/09/just-no-china-extradition-tens-thousands-hong-kong-protest-controversial-new-law/|title=Over a million attend Hong Kong demo against controversial extradition law, organisers say|date=9 June 2019|work=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref> The police countered with an estimate of 270,000 at its peak.<ref name="violent">{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013757/violent-clashes-mar-protest-after-more-million-hongkongers|title=Violent clashes mar protest after ‘more than a million’ Hongkongers of all ages and backgrounds march against controversial extradition bill|date=10 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/08/asia/hong-kong-extradition-bill-protest-intl/index.html|title=More than 1 million protest in Hong Kong, organizers say, over Chinese extradition law|last=CNN|first=James Griffiths, Eric Cheung and Chermaine Lee|publisher=CNN|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/5603754/hong-kong-carrie-lam-china-extradition-bill-more-protests/|title=Hong Kong's Leader Says Extradition Bill to Go Ahead Prompting Calls for Fresh Protests|website=|dead-url=}}</ref> In the Hong Kong Free Press, Evan Fower noted that the police had "become notorious for using highly selective methods to significantly underreport numbers, but that the demonstration was "beyond doubt ... the largest one-day protest in Hong Kong's history".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/11/extradition-law-will-pass-despite-largest-protest-hong-kong-history/|title=Why the extradition law will pass, despite the largest protest in Hong Kong history|first=Evan|last=Fowler|date=11 June 2019|publisher=}}</ref><br />
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Other than the march, more than a dozen ships carrying banners with slogans supporting the bill cruised [[Victoria Harbour]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013725/hong-kong-edge-crowds-gather-ultimate-showdown-against|title=As it happened: How protest march against extradition bill turned ugly|date=9 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> Around 20 supporters from the Safeguard Hong Kong Alliance—a pro-government group—showed up at Tamar to support the bill around 12&nbsp;pm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=208445|title='Massive backing' for change|website=The Standard}}</ref><br />
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==== Night-time clashes ====<br />
[[File:June9protestTreefong11.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The protest in [[Harcourt Road]] during night with police in standby.]]<br />
Hundreds of protesters camped out in front of the government headquarters well into the night, with more joining them in response to calls from [[Demosisto]] and pro-independence activists. The Civil Human Rights Front officially called an end to the march at 10&nbsp;pm, however, around 100 protesters remained at the [[Civic Square (Hong Kong)|Civic Square]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3013761/protesters-police-fight-pitched-battles-after-peaceful|title=Mass rally against extradition bill in Hong Kong turns violent|date=10 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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Pro-independence groups, Student Localism and the Students Independent Union, called for protesters to stay after the day march and storm the legislative council. Some protesters called for street occupations as a further show of strength, while others insisted of a peaceful protest. Still, around 500 people occupied [[Harcourt Road]] and [[Lung Wo Road]], while police urged protesters to leave.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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A stand-off with police around midnight descended into chaos following a press release from the Hong Kong government stating the bill reading would continue as planned—unchanged from before the protests. Protesters in Civic Square, most of them wearing face masks, threw bottles and metal barriers at the police, while the police tried to drive them away with batons and pepper spray.<ref name="violent" /> Anti-riot officers arrived, and warned protesters that they would "command appropriate force".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/10/pictures-violent-clashes-hong-kong-police-clear-protesters-following-anti-extradition-bill-demo/|title=In Pictures: Violent clashes as Hong Kong police clear protesters following anti-extradition bill demo|last=AFP|date=10 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> <br />
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Protesters in Harcourt Road and Lung Wo Road moved simultaneously, and threw metal barricades placed by the police. They then protested and chanted in [[Gloucester Road, Hong Kong|Gloucester Road]].<ref name=":1" /> SCMP commented the night protest as "the scene of bigger clashes during the [[2014 Hong Kong protests|2014 Occupy movement]] for greater democracy".<ref name=":2"/> The protest ended at around 3&nbsp;am, with several police officers and protesters injured.<ref name=":2"/> There were 19 arrests; 358 protesters (80% younger than 25) were stopped and searched near the [[Old Wan Chai Police Station]], and had their ID recorded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3013910/hong-kong-police-say-nearly-360-protesters-most|title=Nearly 360 protesters face arrest over march clashes, police say|date=10 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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===Solidarity protests around the world===<br />
At least 29 rallies were held in 12 countries with protesters taking to the streets in cities around the world with significant Hong Kong diaspora, including about 4,000 in London, about 3,000 in Sydney, and further rallies in New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, [[Boston]], Toronto, [[Vancouver]], Berlin, [[Frankfurt]], Tokyo, Sydney, [[Canberra]], [[Melbourne]], [[Brisbane]] and [[Taipei]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/11/extradition-law-will-pass-despite-largest-protest-hong-kong-history/|title=Why the extradition law will pass, despite the largest protest in Hong Kong history|last=Fowler|first=Evan|date=11 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013748/berlin-brisbane-rallies-12-countries-express-solidarity|title=From Berlin to Brisbane, rallies in 12 countries express solidarity with Hong Kong's mass protest against extradition agreement|date=9 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref> As one of the biggest overseas protests, hundreds of demonstrators mostly made up of Hong Kong immigrants filled the street outside the Chinese consulate-general in Vancouver with yellow umbrellas (referencing the 2014 [[Umbrella Movement]]) and chants against the extradition law. More than 60 people gathered outside the [[White House]] in Washington to protest against the bill.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013748/berlin-brisbane-rallies-12-countries-express-solidarity|title=From Vancouver to New York to Brisbane, rallies around world express solidarity with Hong Kong's mass protest against extradition agreement|date=10 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref><br />
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== Fourth protest: 12 June ==<br />
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=== Protests in Hong Kong ===<br />
[[File:2019-06-12 Hong Kong demonstrators on Harcourt Road.jpg|thumb|Protesters on [[Harcourt Road]] on 12 June 2019, adjacent to the [[Central Government Complex (Hong Kong)|Central Government Complex]]]]<br />
Protests resumed on 12 June following an announcement from the government that the bill will continue its reading. Sit-ins in the government headquarters have taken place since the morning. It is alleged that the police intentionally prevented new protestors from reaching the designated protest site. As the crowd built up at the [[MTR]] exit on the other side of the bridge of the government headquarters, skirmishes occurred and eventually the crowd broke into [[Harcourt Road]], the main traffic route of [[Hong Kong Island]]. An hour-long occupation by tens of thousands followed, mimicking the [[Umbrella Movement]] in [[2014]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014100/hundreds-gather-near-hong-kong-legco-day-second-reading|title=Protesters brace for fresh showdown with Hong Kong police over bill|date=11 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> <br />
[[File:Demonstration against extradition bill, 12 June 2019.jpg|thumb|Tear gas fired by the police to the protesters in [[Tim Mei Avenue]].]]<br />
In the afternoon, the police fired 150 tear gas, 20 beanbag shots, several rubber bullets and smoke bombs on protesters outside the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]'s complex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/13/just-restrained-hong-kong-police-say-150-rounds-tears-gas-20-bean-bag-shots-fired-anti-extradition-law-riot/|title='Very restrained' - Hong Kong police say 150 rounds of tears gas, 20 bean bag shots fired during anti-extradition law 'riot'|date=2019-06-13|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> Protesters, while chanting "withdraw!" and moving barricades, wore face masks, goggles, umbrellas and makeshift body armour to protect themselves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/12/pictures-protests-china-extradition-law-paralyse-hong-kong-police-deploy-pepper-spray-water-cannon/|title=In Pictures: Protests over China extradition law paralyse Hong Kong as police deploy pepper spray, water cannon|last=Roxburgh|first=Helen|date=12 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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The government and police controversially declared that the protest had "turned into a riot".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/12/asia/hk-protests-extradition-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Hong Kong police declare China extradition protest 'a riot' as rubber bullets and tear gas fired at crowd|publisher=CNN|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-extradition/hong-kong-police-fire-rubber-bullets-as-protests-turn-to-violent-chaos-idUSKCN1TC1WR|title=Hong Kong police fire rubber bullets as extradition bill protests turn to chaos|agency=Reuters|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48591001|title=Hong Kong extradition: Police fire rubber bullets at protesters|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> Seventy-two people aged between 15 and 66 have been injured, with two men in a critical condition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48591001|title=Rubber bullets fired at Hong Kong protesters|date=12 June 2019|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> SCMP stated that the protests were "reminiscent of—and even more intense than—the Occupy protests of 2014".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014257/hong-kongs-student-protesters-back-vengeance-all-out-chaos|title=Hong Kong's young protesters back with a vengeance amid all-out chaos|date=13 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> <br />
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The police have been blamed for their actions during the protests. The [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|pro-democracy camp]] condemned the level of force used and stated that the force used is not proportional as protesters are "weapon-less young people".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/13/carrie-lam-cold-blooded-hong-kong-democrats-blast-protest-police-excessive-force-legislative-meeting-cancelled/|title='Carrie Lam is cold-blooded': Hong Kong democrats blast protest police over 'excessive force' as legislative meeting postponed again|last=Cheng|first=Kris|date=2019-06-13|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> The [[Hong Kong Journalists Association]] said that the police "trampled on reporters", and that the police has ignored the safety of the reporters. They complained that the police have unreasonably interfered their work with flashlights and by dispersing them. HKJA added that some police officers has insulted them with foul language, called them “trash", and shouted to them "reporters have no special privilege".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/12/hong-kongs-journalism-watchdog-says-police-trampled-reporters-rights-extradition-protest-clashes/|title=Hong Kong's journalism watchdog says police 'trampled on reporters' rights' during extradition protest clashes|date=2019-06-12|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref><br />
[[File:HK Police Firing Rubber Bullets at Local Protestors.jpg|thumb|Police firing rubber bullets at protestors in breaking up Admiralty's protest.]]<br />
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Overnight, 2,000 protesters from religious groups held a vigil outside the government offices, with some singing hymns and joining in prayers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/11/world/asia/hong-kong-protest.html|title=Hong Kong Residents Block Roads to Protest Extradition Bill|last=Ives|first=Mike|date=11 June 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=12 June 2019|last2=May|first2=Tiffany|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Various trade unions, businesses and schools also vowed to stage protests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/11/paralyse-govt-hong-kong-pledges-protests-million-strong-anti-extradition-march/|title='Paralyse the gov't': Hong Kong pledges more protests after million-strong anti-extradition march|date=11 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> The [[Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union]] has called for a city-wide strike for a week. At least 4,000 Hong Kong teachers have followed the call.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%e6%b8%af%e8%81%9e/article/20190612/s00001/1560327947821/%e3%80%90%e9%80%83%e7%8a%af%e6%a2%9d%e4%be%8b%e3%80%91%e6%95%99%e5%8d%94%e7%99%bc%e5%8b%95%e6%9c%ac%e5%91%a8%e5%85%a8%e6%b8%af%e7%bd%b7%e8%aa%b2-%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e5%b1%80-%e5%a0%85%e6%b1%ba%e5%8f%8d%e5%b0%8d%e7%bd%b7%e8%aa%b2-%e6%95%99%e8%81%af%e6%9c%83%e8%ad%b4%e8%b2%ac|title=【逃犯條例】教協發動本周全港罷課 教育局：堅決反對罷課 教聯會譴責|website=Ming Pao|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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At around 4 PM, on 15 June, a man in a yellow rain jacket was found on the roof of [[Pacific Place (Hong Kong)|Pacific Place]] to place protest signs against the extradition bill. His signs said "No Extradition to China" and "Help Hong Kong" in English, and also "Withdraw the Bill completely, we are not rioters, free the detained, and Carrie Lam step down" in Traditional Chinese. After placing the sign, he stood at the roof for over five hours. Legislative council member [[Roy Kwong]] and many others on the street were urging the man to stay safe and to move to a safer area of the roof. At around 9 PM, as the firefighters attempted to save him, the firefighters held onto his shirt. Despite all the rescue efforts, his shirt fell off and he fell onto the street. He was later pronounced dead at 10:20pm.<ref name="dead" /><br />
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=== Protests in other cities ===<br />
In Taipei, representatives from 24 Taiwanese civic groups, including [[Taiwan Association for Human Rights]], protested outside Hong Kong's representative office in Taipei, while shouting slogans such as "Taiwan supports Hong Kong." In Kaohsiung, around 150 Hong Kong students staged a sit-in protest requesting the Hong Kong government to withdraw the bill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/acs/201906120015.aspx|title=Groups in Taiwan support Hong Kong extradition bill protests {{!}} Cross-Strait Affairs {{!}} FOCUS TAIWAN – CNA ENGLISH NEWS|website=focustaiwan.tw|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> In [[Adelaide]], 150 people protested against the extradition law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014104/thousands-block-roads-downtown-hong-kong-defiant-protest|title=3:05 pm - Anti-bill protest in Australia|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
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== Mothers' sit-in protest: 14 June ==<br />
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On 12 June, Carrie Lam fielded a television interview on [[TVB]], in which she lamented that as a mother, she would not have tolerated her children's behaviour if they were to protest violently, as the young protesters did on 12 June. On 14 June, 6,000 people (according to the organizers), mostly mothers, staged a sit-in in the evening for 3 hours. In [[Chater Garden]], the protesters, dressed in black and holding carnations, called on Carrie Lam to step down and the government to retract the bill. The organizers said they had also collected more than 44,000 signatures in a petition condemning the views Lam expressed in the interview.<ref>https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014613/mothers-stage-sit-hong-kong-park-calling-government</ref><br />
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== Protest suicide: 15 June ==<br />
A man protesting Hong Kong’s extradition law bill died after falling from [[Pacific Place (Hong Kong)|Pacific Place]], a mall in [[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] on 15 June. At about 4:30pm, not long after [[Carrie Lam]] announced the extradition bill would be suspended, a man wearing a yellow coat was found to be standing on the mall's elevated podium. He had hoisted the banner "No extradition to China, total withdrawal of the extradition bill, we are not rioters, release the students and injured, Carrie Lam step down, help Hong Kong.” up there. Although Legislator [[Roy Kwong]] and other protesters arrived to persuade him not to jump, and the firefighters tried to rescue him, the man still fell onto the ground, missing the inflatable cushion set up by the firefighters. The firefighters provided first aid to the protester immediately, and he was sent to [[Ruttonjee Hospital|Ruttonjee]] hospital. He was pronounced dead at 9:34pm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/15/man-protesting-hong-kongs-extradition-law-unconscious-jumping-mall-admiralty/|title=Man protesting Hong Kong's extradition law dies after falling from mall in Admiralty|date=2019-06-15|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><br />
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== Censorship ==<br />
The protests were mostly [[Internet censorship in China|censored from Mainland Chinese]] social media, such as [[Sina Weibo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/4c532828-8b3a-11e9-a1c1-51bf8f989972|title=Hong Kong protesters make historic stand over extradition bill|website=Financial Times|dead-url=|access-date=10 June 2019|quote=News of the massive protest was mostly censored on mainland Chinese social media.}}</ref> Keyword searches of "Hong Kong," "HK" and "extradition bill" led to other official news and entertainment news. Accounts that posted content regarding the protest were also blocked.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abacusnews.com/digital-life/million-strong-hong-kong-rally-against-extradition-bill-censored-china/article/3013803|title=‘Million-strong’ Hong Kong rally against extradition bill is censored in China|website=Abacus|date=10 June 2019|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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Bloomberg stated that protesters had been using [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] to communicate in order to conceal their own identity and prevent tracking by the Chinese government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-13/telegram-traces-cyber-attack-to-china-amid-hong-kong-protests|title=Telegram Traces Massive Cyber Attack to China During Hong Kong Protests|date=2019-06-13|access-date=2019-06-13|language=en}}</ref> The app's servers experienced a [[denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attack]] (DDoS attack) on 12 June. The app's founder [[Pavel Durov]] identified the origin of the attack as China, and stated that it "coincided in time with protests in Hong Kong".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/13/18677282/telegram-ddos-attack-china-hong-kong-protest-pavel-durov-state-actor-sized-cyberattack|title=Telegram blames China for ‘powerful DDoS attack’ during Hong Kong protests|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2019-06-13|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref><br />
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== Reactions ==<br />
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* [[File:港府執意推進《逃犯條例》修法民陣謹慎動員民眾抗爭1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%B8%AF%E5%BA%9C%E5%9F%B7%E6%84%8F%E6%8E%A8%E9%80%B2%E3%80%8A%E9%80%83%E7%8A%AF%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B%E3%80%8B%E4%BF%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%B0%91%E9%99%A3%E8%AC%B9%E6%85%8E%E5%8B%95%E5%93%A1%E6%B0%91%E7%9C%BE%E6%8A%97%E7%88%AD1.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] [[Carrie Lam]] at the press conference with [[Secretary for Justice (Hong Kong)|Secretary for Justice]] [[Teresa Cheng (politician)|Teresa Cheng]] and [[Secretary for Security]] [[John Lee Ka-chiu|John Lee]] one day after the massive protest on 10 June.|alt=]]{{Flag|Hong Kong}} – Carrie Lam declined to answer questions at a public appearance in [[Ocean Park, Hong Kong|Ocean Park]] on 9 June afternoon. At 11&nbsp;pm, the government issued a press statement, saying that it "acknowledge[s] and respect[s] that people have different views on a wide range of issues", but insisted the second reading debate on the bill would resume on 12 June.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201906/09/P2019060900587.htm?fontSize=1|title=Government response to procession|date=9 June 2019|work=The Hong Kong Government}}</ref> Following 10 June violent clashes, Lam spoke in the next morning along with Secretary for Justice Teresa Cheng and Secretary for Security John Lee, stating that the size of the rally showed there were "clearly still concerns" over the bill but refused to withdraw it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/10/hong-kong-protests-china-state-media-foreign-forces-extradition-bill|title=Hong Kong protests: Carrie Lam vows to push ahead with extradition bill|date=10 June 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In a video published by the Hong Kong government news agency, the [[Information Services Department]], Carrie Lam blamed the protesters for "organising a riot" that posed a threat to the security of the people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014250/hong-kong-chief-executive-carrie-lam-accuses-anti|title=Carrie Lam accuses anti-extradition bill protesters of ‘organising a riot’|date=12 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> In another interview with [[TVB]], Lam said in tears that she had not "sold Hong Kong out", and that she loved and had made sacrifices for the city, but insisted that the bill would not be withdrawn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/12/tearful-leader-carrie-lam-says-sacrificed-hong-kong-police-use-tear-gas-rubber-bullets-clear-protests/|title=Tearful leader Carrie Lam says she 'sacrificed' for Hong Kong, as police use tear gas, rubber bullets to clear protests|date=12 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> Democratic Party LegCo member James To responded that many people in society, including himself, felt that Lam loved power and approval more than Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www2.hkej.com/instantnews/current/article/2161408/%E6%B6%82%E8%AC%B9%E7%94%B3%3A%E6%9E%97%E9%84%AD%E6%9B%B4%E6%84%9B%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%8A%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%B8%E8%AE%9A%E8%B3%9E|title=涂謹申:林鄭更愛權力及上司讚賞|date=12 June 2019|work=Hong Kong Economic Journal|trans-title=Carrie Lam loves power and the approbation of superiors more than Hong Kong}}</ref>. On 15 June, the bill was indefinitely delayed by Hong Kong leader [[Carrie Lam]].<ref name=":5" /><br />
* {{Flag|China|name=People's Republic of China}} – After the first protest, the Beijing government blamed "outside interference" and voiced its support to the Hong Kong administration. The [[Chinese Foreign Ministry|Foreign Ministry]] accused opponents of the proposed legislation of "collusion with the West".<ref name="hkfpcollude">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/10/chinese-media-blames-hong-kong-demo-collusion-west/|title=Chinese media blames Hong Kong demo on collusion with West|date=10 June 2019|work=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref> State-run media such as ''[[China Daily]]'' cited more than 700,000 people backing the legislation through an online petition, "countering a protest by about 240,000 people"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=208445|title='Massive backing' for change|date=10 June 2019|work=The Standard}}</ref><ref name="hkfpcollude" /> while the ''[[Global Times]]'' dismissed the mass demonstration on 9 June, stating that "some international forces have significantly strengthened their interaction with the Hong Kong opposition in recent months".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/china-backs-hong-kong-extradition-opposes-foreign-interference-11611722|title=China backs Hong Kong extradition law, opposes 'foreign interference'|date=10 June 2019|publisher=Channel NewsAsia}}</ref><br />
* [[File:190612 Taiwan protest against HK Extradition Law.jpg|thumb|Press conference by [[Taiwan Association for Human Rights]] to support Hong Kong protesters against the bill on 12 June 2019.]]{{Flag|Taiwan|name=Republic of China (Taiwan)}} – President of Taiwan [[Tsai Ing-wen]] expressed her solidarity with the people of Hong Kong, remarking that Taiwan's democracy was hard-earned and had to be guarded and renewed, and pledged that one country, two systems would never be an option as long as she was President.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201906100017.aspx|title=Tsai, Lai voice support for Hong Kong extradition bill protesters|date=10 June 2019|website=Focus Taiwan|publisher=The Central News Agency|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> She also posted on [[Instagram]] to provide support for "Hongkongers on the front line", saying that the Taiwanese people would support all those who fight for free speech and democracy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BykeVeVFbL2/|title=蔡英文 on Instagram: “我參與過「港澳關係條例」的起草，年輕時也常趁著轉機，跑去香港的書店買當時最新的貿易法專業書籍，順便看看「那些在台灣不一定能看得到的書」。那時，在使用中文的地方裡，台灣還沒有充分出版與#言論的自由，中國則是從來都沒有。香港是我和許多人「買書的地方」。 …”|website=Instagram|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Taiwan]] stated that they stood shoulder to shoulder with the hundreds of thousands in Hong Kong fighting against the extradition bill and for rule of law, adding, "Taiwan is with you!".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MOFA_Taiwan/status/1138632719464771586|title=I stand shoulder to shoulder with the hundreds of thousands in #HongKong fighting the extradition bill & for rule of law. Please know you are not alone. #Taiwan is with you! The will of the people will prevail! JW #撐香港, #反送中|date=11 June 2019|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|location=Republic of China|dead-url=|access-date=12 June 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|Canada}} – Minister Hononourable [[Chrystia Freeland]] of the Ministry of [[Global Affairs Canada|Foreign Affairs]] released a statement on 12 June 2019 about the anti-extradition bill protests in Hong Kong, stating that "Canada has been following" the bill, re-affirming that this was one of the largest protests in Hong Kong's history which demonstrates Hong Kong people's deep concerns over this matter. In the statement, "Canada remains concerned of the potential effects these proposals may have on the large number of Canadian citizens in Hong Kong, on business confidence, and on Hong Kong’s international reputation". The statement urges the Hong Kong government to listen to the people and the international community, as well as to safeguard the high degree of autonomy, rule of law, and independent judiciary of the territory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2019/06/statement-on-protests-in-hong-kong.html|title = Statement on Protests in Hong Kong | website = Global Affairs Canada| date = 12 June 2019|access-date=15 June 2019}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|United States}} – A [[U.S. State Department]] official voiced support for the 9 June protesters, saying that "the peaceful demonstration of hundreds of thousands of Hongkongers yesterday clearly shows the public's opposition to the proposed amendments." They also called on the Hong Kong government to ensure that "any amendments to the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance should be pursued with great care."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3013939/us-state-department-expresses-support-hongkongers-protesting|title=US State Department expresses support for Hongkongers protesting extradition bill|date=11 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref> [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|United States House of Representatives Speaker]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] strongly condemned the bill and offered support to the protesters. "The hearts of all freedom-loving people were moved by the courage of the one million men and women of Hong Kong who took to the streets on Sunday to peacefully demand their rights, defend their sovereignty and denounce this horrific extradition bill" and that America stands with the people in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/61119-2/|title=Pelosi Statement on Hong Kong Protests and Extradition Bill|date=11 June 2019|website=Speaker Nancy Pelosi|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|United Kingdom}} – [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] [[Jeremy Hunt]] urged the Hong Kong government to listen to the concerns of the protesters, stating that "it is essential that the authorities engage in meaningful dialogue and take steps to preserve Hong Kong's rights and freedoms and high degree of autonomy, which underpin its international reputation". He added that upholding the [[one country, two systems]] principle, which is legally bound in the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]], is vital to Hong Kong's future success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-statement-on-protests-in-hong-kong|title=Foreign Secretary statement on protests in Hong Kong|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> The [[British Consulate-General, Hong Kong|British Consulate]] in Hong Kong has also opened its doors for protesters needing sanctuary.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/adam_ni/status/1138742354376945665|title=British consulate opens door to protesters needing sanctuary. #HongKong #antiELAB Other consulates should do the same, immediately.|last=Ni|first=Adam|date=2019-06-12|website=@adam_ni|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|European Union}} – Parliamentary leader [[Guy Verhofstadt]] stated that scenes were inspirational for making a stand for human rights and the rule of law and that Europe was watching.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/guyverhofstadt/status/1138730616948690944|title=Inspirational scenes in #HongKong as thousands make a stand for their human rights & the rule of law. Europe is watching.|last=Verhofstadt|first=Guy|date=12 June 2019|website=@guyverhofstadt|dead-url=|access-date=12 June 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|Japan}} – [[Tarō Kōno]], [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan]], said, "I strongly hope that things will be settled early and Hong Kong's freedom and democracy will be maintained".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/konotarogomame/status/1139024078138822656|title=香港の友人として、最近の情勢を大変心配しています。特に多くの負傷者が出ていることに心を痛めています。平和的な話合いを通じて、事態が早期に収拾され、香港の自由と民主が維持されることを強く期待します。|last=Tarol|first=Kono|date=13 June 2019|website=twitter.com|dead-url=|access-date=14 June 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|South Korea}} – The [[Bareunmirae Party]], a minority party, stated that the party supports Hong Kong protesters, adding that the "Bareunmirae Party support the democratization movement in Hong Kong. We hear Hong Kong's cry for freedom and democracy with a strong echo."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bareunmirae.kr/kr/news/briefing.php?bgu=view&idx=14827|title=자유와 민주주의를 향한 홍콩의 외침을 지지한다|last=Jongcheol|first=Lee|date=14 June 2019|website=bareunmirae.kr|lang=ko|dead-url=|access-date=14 June 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{commonscat|Demonstrations against extradition bill in Hong Kong, 2019}}<br />
<br />
* [[2019 in Hong Kong]]<br />
<br />
*[[Causeway Bay Books disappearances]]<br />
*[[Hong Kong protests]]<br />
**[[2010 Marches for Universal Suffrage]]<br />
**[[2014 Hong Kong protests]]<br />
**[[2016 Mong Kok civil unrest]]<br />
**[[Umbrella Movement]]<br />
*[[Human rights in China]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2019 in Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:2019 protests]]<br />
[[Category:2019 in law]]<br />
[[Category:Protest marches in Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Hong Kong democracy movements]]<br />
[[Category:Ongoing protests]]<br />
<br />
{{HKafter1997}}{{Anti-government protests in the 21st century}}</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests&diff=9019795132019–2020 Hong Kong protests2019-06-15T16:54:05Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Elaborated on the fall of a man at Pacific Place</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{short description|Demonstrations against the extradition bill by the Hong Kong Government.}}<br />
{{current|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox civil conflict<br />
|title=2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests<br />
|image=Demonstration in Wan Chai Hennessy Road overview 20190609.jpg<br />
|caption=Hundreds of thousands of protesters marching in the [[#Third protest: 9 June|9 June protest]], captured in [[Hennessy Road]]<br />
|date= 28 April 2019 – ongoing<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=04|day1=28|year1=2019}})<br />
|place=Hong Kong:<br />
*[[Wan Chai]] to [[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(31 March 2019)</small><br />
*[[Causeway Bay]] to [[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(28 April 2019)</small><br />
*[[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] to [[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(6 June 2019)</small><br />
*[[Causeway Bay]] to [[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(9 June 2019)</small><br />
*[[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(12 June 2019)</small><br />
*[[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] <small>(14 June 2019)</small><br />
<br />
Dozens of other cities abroad<br />
|causes=The proposal of the [[Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019]] by the [[Government of Hong Kong]]<br />
|goals=*Withdrawal of the bill<br />
*Prevent extradition to [[mainland China]]<br />
*Resignation of Chief executive [[Carrie Lam]]<br />
|methods=[[Occupation (protest)|Occupations]], [[sit-ins]], [[civil disobedience]], mobile [[street protest]]s, [[internet activism]], [[General strike|mass strike]]<br />
|result=<br />
|concessions=<br />
|leadfigures3=<br />
|fatalities = 1<ref name="dead">{{cite news|title = <br />
【引渡惡法】男子太古廣場掛反送中橫額示威 消防拯救不果墮樓亡 | url = http://s.nextmedia.com/realtime/a.php?i=20190615&s=10829391&a=59719455 | date = 15 June 2019 | publisher = Apple Daily | access-date=15 June 2019}}</ref><br />
|injuries=72<ref>{{cite news|title= Hong Kong extradition: Police fire rubber bullets at protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48591001|publisher=BBC |accessdate=12 June 2019|deadurl=no}}</ref> (as of 12 June 2019)<br />
|arrests=30<ref>{{cite news|title=Hong Kong police say nearly 360 protesters, most younger than 25, could face arrest for clashes after extradition protest march|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3013910/hong-kong-police-say-nearly-360-protesters-most|work=South China Morning Post |accessdate=11 June 2019|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=【持續更新】6.12 佔領被捕名單 包括多名大學生、拔萃女書院老師|url=https://thestandnews.com/politics/%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0-6-12-%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%AB%E6%8D%95%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE-%E5%8C%85%E6%8B%AC%E5%A4%9A%E5%90%8D%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F-%E5%A5%B3%E6%8B%94%E8%90%83%E6%9B%B8%E9%99%A2%E8%80%81%E5%B8%AB/|publisher=Stand News|access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref> (as of 14 June 2019)<br />
|fatalities=1 (suicide)<ref>{{cite news|title=男子太古廣場掛反送中橫額示威 消防拯救不果墮樓亡|url=https://www.facebook.com/hk.nextmedia/posts/10157750474387448|work=Apple Daily Hong Kong|accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref><br />
|casualties_label=Arrests, injuries and deaths<br />
|notes=<br />
|side1=<br />
;Pro-democracy activists<br />
* [[Civil Human Rights Front]]<br />
* [[Demosistō]]<br />
* [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-democracy camp]]<br />
*Taiwanese solidarity protesters|side2=;Authorities<br />
* [[Government of Hong Kong|Hong Kong SAR Government]]<br />
* [[Hong Kong Police Force]]<br />
* [[Government of China|Chinese central government]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of China]]|status=Ongoing}}<br />
The '''2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests''' are a series of [[Demonstration (political)|demonstrations]] in [[Hong Kong]] and other cities around the world, demanding the withdrawal of the [[Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019]] proposed by the [[Government of Hong Kong]]. It is feared that the bill would cause the city to open up to [[Law of the People's Republic of China|mainland Chinese law]] and that people from Hong Kong [[Law of Hong Kong|could become subject]] to a different legal system.<br />
<br />
Various protests have been launched in Hong Kong by the general public and legal communities. Among these, the [[2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests#Third protest: 9 June|9 June protest]] organised by the [[Civil Human Rights Front]] (CHRF), which the organisation estimates was attended by 1.03&nbsp;million people, has gained wide mass media coverage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/world/2019/6/9/18658650/hong-kong-protest-march-china-extradition-bill-2019|title=Hundreds of thousands attend protest in Hong Kong over extradition bill|last=Kleefeld|first=Eric|date=9 June 2019|website=Vox|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> Protests in other places were also staged by overseas [[Hongkongers]] and locals.<br />
<br />
The protests are the largest protests in Hong Kong since the [[Umbrella Movement]] in 2014.<br />
<br />
Despite the widespread demonstrations, the government insists on the bill's passage, stating that the bill is urgent and that the legal "loophole" should be fixed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1455134-20190429.htm?|title=New extradition laws still urgent, says Carrie Lam|publisher=RTHK|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> The second reading was originally scheduled on 12 June but was not held due to protests,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201906/12/P2019061200753.htm|title=Council meeting not to be held today|last=|first=|date=2019-06-12|work=HKSAR Government Press Releases|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> and a scheduled meeting on the next day, 13 June, was also postponed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201906/13/P2019061300388.htm|title=Council meeting not to be held today|last=|first=|date=2019-06-13|work=HKSAR Government Press Releases|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> <br />
<br />
On 15 June 2019, the bill was indefinitely delayed by Hong Kong leader [[Carrie Lam]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-extradition-delay-idUSKCN1TG04S|title=Embattled Hong Kong leader Lam suspends China extradition bill|date=2019-06-15|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-06-15|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
{{Main|Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019}}<br />
<br />
The [[Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019]] ({{zh-t|2019年逃犯及刑事事宜相互法律協助法例(修訂)條例草案}}) is a proposed bill regarding [[extradition]] to amend the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance ({{Cite Hong Kong ordinance|503}}) in relation to special surrender arrangements and the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Ordinance ({{Cite Hong Kong ordinance|525}}) so that arrangements for mutual legal assistance can be made between Hong Kong and any place outside Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr18-19/english/hc/papers/hc20190412ls-65-e.pdf|title=Legal Service Division Report on Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019|last=Tso|first=Timothy|work=Legislative Council of Hong Kong}}</ref> The bill was proposed by the Hong Kong government in February 2019 to request the surrender of a Hong Kong suspect in a homicide case in [[Taiwan]]. The government proposed to establish a mechanism for transfers of fugitives not only for Taiwan, but also for [[Mainland China]] and [[Macau]], which are not covered under the existing laws.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-47810723|title=Fears over Hong Kong-China extradition plans|date=8 April 2019|publisher=BBC}}</ref><br />
<br />
== First protest: 31 March ==<br />
[[File:3月31日香港爆發反對《逃犯條例》的萬人示威.jpg|left|thumb|Thousands of protesters marched on the street against the proposed extradition law on 31 March 2019.]]<br />
The first protest, launched by [[Civil Human Rights Front]] (CHRF) on 31 March started from Luard Road ([[Southorn Playground]]) and ended at [[Civic Square (Hong Kong)|Civic Square]]. Protesters chanted "With extradition to the mainland, Hong Kong becomes a dark prison" and "Stop the evil law". <br />
<br />
[[Lam Wing-kee]], the owner of Causeway Bay Books who [[Causeway Bay Books disappearances|disappeared along with his other colleagues in 2015]], led the rally along with other pro-democracy group members. Lam has since left Hong Kong for Taiwan due to fears for his personal security.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/03/31/pictures-12000-hongkongers-march-protest-evil-china-extradition-law-organisers-say/|title=In Pictures: 12,000 Hongkongers march in protest against 'evil' China extradition law, organisers say|last=Chan|first=Holmes|date=31 March 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
The organisation said that 12,000 attended the march, while the [[Hong Kong Police Force]] estimated just 5,200 people. The organisers stated that there would be further protests if the government still insisted with the bill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/thousands-march-in-hong-kong-over-proposed-extradition-law-changes|title=Thousands march in Hong Kong over proposed extradition law changes|agency=Reuters|date=31 March 2019|website=The Straits Times|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Second protest: 28 April ==<br />
[[File:Protest_against_proposed_extradition_law_view_from_Wan_Chai_20190428.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protest_against_proposed_extradition_law_view_from_Wan_Chai_20190428.jpg|right|thumb|Tens of thousands of protesters marched on the street against the proposed extradition law on 28 April 2019.]]<br />
<br />
On 28 April, 130,000 protesters joined the march against the proposed extradition law according to organisers, while police estimated that only 22,800 joined. The turnout was the largest since an estimated 510,000 joined the annual [[Hong Kong 1 July marches|1 July protest]] in 2014. The rally started from Causeway Bay to the [[Legislative Council Complex|Legislative Council]] in Admiralty, which is a 2.2&nbsp;km route. It took more than 4 hours.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3007999/thousands-set-join-protest-march-against-proposed|title=Estimated 130,000 protesters join march against proposed extradition law that will allow transfer of fugitives from Hong Kong to mainland China|date=28 April 2019|work=South China Morning Post}}</ref> Vice-convenor of the CHRF, Figo Chan Ho-hang, threatened to escalate its opposition if the government did not withdraw the bill.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
A day after the protest, Chief Executive [[Carrie Lam]] was adamant that the bill would be enacted and said the Legislative councillors had to pass new extradition laws before their summer break, even though the man at the heart of the case used to justify the urgency of new legislation Chan Tong-kai had been jailed for 29 months shortly before.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1455134-20190429.htm|title=New extradition laws still urgent, says Carrie Lam|date=29 April 2019|work=RTHK}}</ref> Chan received a prison sentence of 29 months on 29 April. However, since he had already been detained for 13 months since his arrest in Hong Kong, his sentence would end in August 2020. Secretary for Security [[John Lee Ka-chiu|John Lee]] said that Chan could be released by October at the earliest since good behaviour in prison can result in a one-third reduction of a prisoner's sentence, and he would then be free to leave the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/04/29/hong-kong-man-centre-extradition-legal-row-jailed-29-months-may-early-october/|title=Hong Kong man at centre of extradition legal row jailed for 29 months, may be out as early as October|date=29 April 2019|work=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref><br />
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== Lawyers' silent march: 6 June ==<br />
[[File:香港法律界3千人黑衣遊行2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%95%8C3%E5%8D%83%E4%BA%BA%E9%BB%91%E8%A1%A3%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C2.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Thousands of lawyers marched in black against the extradition bill on 6 June 2019.|alt=|left]]<br />
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In a rare protest, more than 3,000 Hong Kong lawyers, representing around one quarter of the city's lawyers, marched against the bill. Wearing black, they marched from the [[Court of Final Appeal Building|Court of Final Appeal]] to the [[Central Government Complex|Central Government Offices]] on 6 June. They then stood in front of the government headquarters looking at the building for three minutes silently.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013461/thousands-hong-kong-lawyers-launch-silent-march-against|title=‘Record 3,000’ lawyers in silent march against extradition bill|date=6 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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The march was organised by Dennis Kwok, Legislative Councillor for the [[Legal (constituency)|Legal constituency]]. It was the fifth, and largest, protest march held by lawyers in Hong Kong since 1997 after a series of intrusions by the Chinese Government.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-hongkong-politics-extradition-march-idUKKCN1T71IN|title=Hong Kong lawyers protest "polarising" extradition bill in rare march|date=6 June 2019|agency=Reuters}}</ref> <br />
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While lawyers expressed grave reservations about the openness and fairness of the justice system in China, limited access to a lawyer, and the prevalence of torture, Secretary for Security John Lee said the legal sector did not really understand the bill. A senior barrister complained that government's inability or unwillingness to listen was polarising, adding that it was "so stupid, so arrogant".<ref name="auto"/><br />
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== Third protest: 9 June ==<br />
===Protest in Hong Kong===<br />
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==== Daytime march ====<br />
[[File:June9protestTreefong02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:June9protestTreefong02.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|The organisers said there were record breaking 1.03&nbsp;million protesters showing up in the streets on 9 June.]]<br />
In response to the proposed bill, the Civil Human Rights Front called a march from [[Victoria Park, Hong Kong|Victoria Park]], Causeway Bay to the [[Legislative Council Complex|Legislative Council]] in Admiralty on 9 June—an approximately 3km (1.86mi) route.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013279/warning-more-protests-come-against-hong-kong-governments|title=Warning of more protests to come against Hong Kong government's controversial extradition bill|date=7 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-10/hong-kong-vows-to-pursue-extradition-bill-despite-huge-protest|title=Hong Kong Vows to Pursue Extradition Bill Despite Huge Protest|date=10 June 2019|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> Hundreds of thousands of protesters were drawn to the street, wearing white to symbolise "light and brightness" and justice, chanting "Scrap the evil law," "Oppose China extradition" and "Carrie Lam resign" and waving [[Taiwanese flag]]s on the day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/hundreds-of-thousands-in-hong-kong-protest-law-to-allow-extraditions-to-china/2019/06/09/4cba9dde-8926-11e9-9d73-e2ba6bbf1b9b_story.html|title=Hundreds of thousands in Hong Kong protest law to allow extraditions to China|last=Shih|first=Gerry|date=9 June 2019|work=The Washington Post|access-date=9 June 2019|last2=McLaughlin|first2=Timothy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nownews.com/news/20190609/3433267/|title=香港反送中遊行 驚見青天白日滿地紅國旗飄揚在現場 {{!}} 兩岸|last=明正|first=雷|date=9 June 2019|website=NOWnews |language=zh-TW|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> <br />
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Protesters brought Hong Kong Island to a halt from early afternoon until late at night. The [[MTR]] enacted crowd control measures in which the police ordered trains not to stop at [[Wan Chai station|Wan Chai]], [[Causeway Bay station|Causeway Bay]] and [[Tin Hau station|Tin Hau]] stations for several hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://topick.hket.com/article/2372210/%E3%80%90%E9%80%83%E7%8A%AF%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B%E3%80%91%E6%B8%AF%E9%90%B5%E5%9B%9B%E7%B6%AB%E5%8F%97%E9%98%BB%E3%80%80%E7%B6%B2%E5%82%B3%E8%BB%8A%E9%95%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E9%8A%85%E9%91%BC%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A9%E5%90%8E%E5%8F%AF%E3%80%8C%E9%A3%9B%E7%AB%99%E3%80%8D|title=【逃犯條例】港鐵四綫受阻 網傳車長特別廣播灣仔銅鑼灣天后可「飛站」|date=9 June 2019|newspaper=Hong Kong Economic Times}}</ref> Protesters had to get off at [[Fortress Hill station|Fortress Hill]] in order to join the protest from there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1461678-20190609.htm?|title=MTR struggles with deluge of protesters|publisher=RTHK|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> Police urged protesters to march from Victoria Park before the 3&nbsp;pm start-time to ease overcrowding. During the march, there were several times when protesters come to a standstill due to the limited road space. People demanded that the police opened up more roads. It was only after some protesters climbed over a metal barricade and walked on lanes originally reserved for traffic that police opened up all lanes on [[Hennessy Road]], having previously refused to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/09/just-no-china-extradition-tens-thousands-hong-kong-protest-controversial-new-law/|title=Over a million attend Hong Kong demo against controversial extradition law, organisers say|last=Creery|first=Jennifer|date=9 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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A huge number of protesters were still leaving Victoria Park up to four hours after the start time and were still arriving at the end-point at Admiralty seven hours after the protest began.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/vast-protest-in-hong-kong-against-extradition-law-china|title=Clashes in Hong Kong after vast protest against extradition law|last=Davidson|first=Helen|date=9 June 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=11 June 2019|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <br />
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Jimmy Sham, convener of the CHRF said that 1.03&nbsp;million people attended the march—the largest protest Hong Kong has seen since the [[Handover of Hong Kong|1997 handover]]—surpassing the turnout seen at mass rallies in support of the [[Tiananmen protests of 1989]] and [[Hong Kong 1 July marches|1 July March 2003]].<ref name="69march">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/09/just-no-china-extradition-tens-thousands-hong-kong-protest-controversial-new-law/|title=Over a million attend Hong Kong demo against controversial extradition law, organisers say|date=9 June 2019|work=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref> The police countered with an estimate of 270,000 at its peak.<ref name="violent">{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013757/violent-clashes-mar-protest-after-more-million-hongkongers|title=Violent clashes mar protest after ‘more than a million’ Hongkongers of all ages and backgrounds march against controversial extradition bill|date=10 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/08/asia/hong-kong-extradition-bill-protest-intl/index.html|title=More than 1 million protest in Hong Kong, organizers say, over Chinese extradition law|last=CNN|first=James Griffiths, Eric Cheung and Chermaine Lee|publisher=CNN|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/5603754/hong-kong-carrie-lam-china-extradition-bill-more-protests/|title=Hong Kong's Leader Says Extradition Bill to Go Ahead Prompting Calls for Fresh Protests|website=|dead-url=}}</ref> In the Hong Kong Free Press, Evan Fower noted that the police had "become notorious for using highly selective methods to significantly underreport numbers, but that the demonstration was "beyond doubt ... the largest one-day protest in Hong Kong's history".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/11/extradition-law-will-pass-despite-largest-protest-hong-kong-history/|title=Why the extradition law will pass, despite the largest protest in Hong Kong history|first=Evan|last=Fowler|date=11 June 2019|publisher=}}</ref><br />
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Other than the march, more than a dozen ships carrying banners with slogans supporting the bill cruised [[Victoria Harbour]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013725/hong-kong-edge-crowds-gather-ultimate-showdown-against|title=As it happened: How protest march against extradition bill turned ugly|date=9 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> Around 20 supporters from the Safeguard Hong Kong Alliance—a pro-government group—showed up at Tamar to support the bill around 12&nbsp;pm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=208445|title='Massive backing' for change|website=The Standard}}</ref><br />
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==== Night-time clashes ====<br />
[[File:June9protestTreefong11.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The protest in [[Harcourt Road]] during night with police in standby.]]<br />
Hundreds of protesters camped out in front of the government headquarters well into the night, with more joining them in response to calls from [[Demosisto]] and pro-independence activists. The Civil Human Rights Front officially called an end to the march at 10&nbsp;pm, however, around 100 protesters remained at the [[Civic Square (Hong Kong)|Civic Square]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3013761/protesters-police-fight-pitched-battles-after-peaceful|title=Mass rally against extradition bill in Hong Kong turns violent|date=10 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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Pro-independence groups, Student Localism and the Students Independent Union, called for protesters to stay after the day march and storm the legislative council. Some protesters called for street occupations as a further show of strength, while others insisted of a peaceful protest. Still, around 500 people occupied [[Harcourt Road]] and [[Lung Wo Road]], while police urged protesters to leave.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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A stand-off with police around midnight descended into chaos following a press release from the Hong Kong government stating the bill reading would continue as planned—unchanged from before the protests. Protesters in Civic Square, most of them wearing face masks, threw bottles and metal barriers at the police, while the police tried to drive them away with batons and pepper spray.<ref name="violent" /> Anti-riot officers arrived, and warned protesters that they would "command appropriate force".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/10/pictures-violent-clashes-hong-kong-police-clear-protesters-following-anti-extradition-bill-demo/|title=In Pictures: Violent clashes as Hong Kong police clear protesters following anti-extradition bill demo|last=AFP|date=10 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> <br />
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Protesters in Harcourt Road and Lung Wo Road moved simultaneously, and threw metal barricades placed by the police. They then protested and chanted in [[Gloucester Road, Hong Kong|Gloucester Road]].<ref name=":1" /> SCMP commented the night protest as "the scene of bigger clashes during the [[2014 Hong Kong protests|2014 Occupy movement]] for greater democracy".<ref name=":2"/> The protest ended at around 3&nbsp;am, with several police officers and protesters injured.<ref name=":2"/> There were 19 arrests; 358 protesters (80% younger than 25) were stopped and searched near the [[Old Wan Chai Police Station]], and had their ID recorded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3013910/hong-kong-police-say-nearly-360-protesters-most|title=Nearly 360 protesters face arrest over march clashes, police say|date=10 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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===Solidarity protests around the world===<br />
At least 29 rallies were held in 12 countries with protesters taking to the streets in cities around the world with significant Hong Kong diaspora, including about 4,000 in London, about 3,000 in Sydney, and further rallies in New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, [[Boston]], Toronto, [[Vancouver]], Berlin, [[Frankfurt]], Tokyo, Sydney, [[Canberra]], [[Melbourne]], [[Brisbane]] and [[Taipei]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/11/extradition-law-will-pass-despite-largest-protest-hong-kong-history/|title=Why the extradition law will pass, despite the largest protest in Hong Kong history|last=Fowler|first=Evan|date=11 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013748/berlin-brisbane-rallies-12-countries-express-solidarity|title=From Berlin to Brisbane, rallies in 12 countries express solidarity with Hong Kong's mass protest against extradition agreement|date=9 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref> As one of the biggest overseas protests, hundreds of demonstrators mostly made up of Hong Kong immigrants filled the street outside the Chinese consulate-general in Vancouver with yellow umbrellas (referencing the 2014 [[Umbrella Movement]]) and chants against the extradition law. More than 60 people gathered outside the [[White House]] in Washington to protest against the bill.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013748/berlin-brisbane-rallies-12-countries-express-solidarity|title=From Vancouver to New York to Brisbane, rallies around world express solidarity with Hong Kong's mass protest against extradition agreement|date=10 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref><br />
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== Fourth protest: 12 June ==<br />
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=== Protests in Hong Kong ===<br />
[[File:2019-06-12 Hong Kong demonstrators on Harcourt Road.jpg|thumb|Protesters on [[Harcourt Road]] on 12 June 2019, adjacent to the [[Central Government Complex (Hong Kong)|Central Government Complex]]]]<br />
Protests resumed on 12 June following an announcement from the government that the bill will continue its reading. Sit-ins in the government headquarters have taken place since the morning. It is alleged that the police intentionally prevented new protestors from reaching the designated protest site. As the crowd built up at the [[MTR]] exit on the other side of the bridge of the government headquarters, skirmishes occurred and eventually the crowd broke into [[Harcourt Road]], the main traffic route of [[Hong Kong Island]]. An hour-long occupation by tens of thousands followed, mimicking the [[Umbrella Movement]] in [[2014]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014100/hundreds-gather-near-hong-kong-legco-day-second-reading|title=Protesters brace for fresh showdown with Hong Kong police over bill|date=11 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> <br />
[[File:Demonstration against extradition bill, 12 June 2019.jpg|thumb|Tear gas fired by the police to the protesters in [[Tim Mei Avenue]].]]<br />
In the afternoon, the police fired 150 tear gas, 20 beanbag shots, several rubber bullets and smoke bombs on protesters outside the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]'s complex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/13/just-restrained-hong-kong-police-say-150-rounds-tears-gas-20-bean-bag-shots-fired-anti-extradition-law-riot/|title='Very restrained' - Hong Kong police say 150 rounds of tears gas, 20 bean bag shots fired during anti-extradition law 'riot'|date=2019-06-13|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> Protesters, while chanting "withdraw!" and moving barricades, wore face masks, goggles, umbrellas and makeshift body armour to protect themselves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/12/pictures-protests-china-extradition-law-paralyse-hong-kong-police-deploy-pepper-spray-water-cannon/|title=In Pictures: Protests over China extradition law paralyse Hong Kong as police deploy pepper spray, water cannon|last=Roxburgh|first=Helen|date=12 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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The government and police controversially declared that the protest had "turned into a riot".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/12/asia/hk-protests-extradition-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Hong Kong police declare China extradition protest 'a riot' as rubber bullets and tear gas fired at crowd|publisher=CNN|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-extradition/hong-kong-police-fire-rubber-bullets-as-protests-turn-to-violent-chaos-idUSKCN1TC1WR|title=Hong Kong police fire rubber bullets as extradition bill protests turn to chaos|agency=Reuters|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48591001|title=Hong Kong extradition: Police fire rubber bullets at protesters|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> Seventy-two people aged between 15 and 66 have been injured, with two men in a critical condition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48591001|title=Rubber bullets fired at Hong Kong protesters|date=12 June 2019|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> SCMP stated that the protests were "reminiscent of—and even more intense than—the Occupy protests of 2014".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014257/hong-kongs-student-protesters-back-vengeance-all-out-chaos|title=Hong Kong's young protesters back with a vengeance amid all-out chaos|date=13 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> <br />
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The police have been blamed for their actions during the protests. The [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|pro-democracy camp]] condemned the level of force used and stated that the force used is not proportional as protesters are "weapon-less young people".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/13/carrie-lam-cold-blooded-hong-kong-democrats-blast-protest-police-excessive-force-legislative-meeting-cancelled/|title='Carrie Lam is cold-blooded': Hong Kong democrats blast protest police over 'excessive force' as legislative meeting postponed again|last=Cheng|first=Kris|date=2019-06-13|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> The [[Hong Kong Journalists Association]] said that the police "trampled on reporters", and that the police has ignored the safety of the reporters. They complained that the police have unreasonably interfered their work with flashlights and by dispersing them. HKJA added that some police officers has insulted them with foul language, called them “trash", and shouted to them "reporters have no special privilege".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/12/hong-kongs-journalism-watchdog-says-police-trampled-reporters-rights-extradition-protest-clashes/|title=Hong Kong's journalism watchdog says police 'trampled on reporters' rights' during extradition protest clashes|date=2019-06-12|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref><br />
[[File:HK Police Firing Rubber Bullets at Local Protestors.jpg|thumb|Police firing rubber bullets at protestors in breaking up Admiralty's protest.]]<br />
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Overnight, 2,000 protesters from religious groups held a vigil outside the government offices, with some singing hymns and joining in prayers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/11/world/asia/hong-kong-protest.html|title=Hong Kong Residents Block Roads to Protest Extradition Bill|last=Ives|first=Mike|date=11 June 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=12 June 2019|last2=May|first2=Tiffany|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Various trade unions, businesses and schools also vowed to stage protests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/11/paralyse-govt-hong-kong-pledges-protests-million-strong-anti-extradition-march/|title='Paralyse the gov't': Hong Kong pledges more protests after million-strong anti-extradition march|date=11 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> The [[Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union]] has called for a city-wide strike for a week. At least 4,000 Hong Kong teachers have followed the call.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%e6%b8%af%e8%81%9e/article/20190612/s00001/1560327947821/%e3%80%90%e9%80%83%e7%8a%af%e6%a2%9d%e4%be%8b%e3%80%91%e6%95%99%e5%8d%94%e7%99%bc%e5%8b%95%e6%9c%ac%e5%91%a8%e5%85%a8%e6%b8%af%e7%bd%b7%e8%aa%b2-%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e5%b1%80-%e5%a0%85%e6%b1%ba%e5%8f%8d%e5%b0%8d%e7%bd%b7%e8%aa%b2-%e6%95%99%e8%81%af%e6%9c%83%e8%ad%b4%e8%b2%ac|title=【逃犯條例】教協發動本周全港罷課 教育局：堅決反對罷課 教聯會譴責|website=Ming Pao|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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At around 4 PM, on 15 June, a man in a yellow rain jacket was found on the roof of [[Pacific Place (Hong Kong)|Pacific Place]] to place protest signs against the extradition bill. His signs said "No Extradition to China" and "Help Hong Kong" in English, and also "Withdraw the Bill completely, we are not rioters, free the detained, and Carrie Lam step down" in Traditional Chinese. After placing the sign, he stood at the roof for over five hours. Legislative council member [[Roy Kwong]] and many others on the street were urging the man to stay safe and to move to a safer area of the roof. At around 9 PM, as the firefighters attempted to save him, the firefighters held onto his shirt. Despite all the rescue efforts, his shirt fell off and he fell onto the street. He was later pronounced dead at 10:20pm.<ref name="dead" /><br />
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=== Protests in other cities ===<br />
In Taipei, representatives from 24 Taiwanese civic groups, including [[Taiwan Association for Human Rights]], protested outside Hong Kong's representative office in Taipei, while shouting slogans such as "Taiwan supports Hong Kong." In Kaohsiung, around 150 Hong Kong students staged a sit-in protest requesting the Hong Kong government to withdraw the bill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/acs/201906120015.aspx|title=Groups in Taiwan support Hong Kong extradition bill protests {{!}} Cross-Strait Affairs {{!}} FOCUS TAIWAN – CNA ENGLISH NEWS|website=focustaiwan.tw|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> In [[Adelaide]], 150 people protested against the extradition law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014104/thousands-block-roads-downtown-hong-kong-defiant-protest|title=3:05 pm - Anti-bill protest in Australia|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
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== Mothers' sit-in protest: 14 June ==<br />
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On 12 June, Carrie Lam fielded a television interview on [[TVB]], in which she lamented that as a mother, she would not have tolerated her children's behaviour if they were to protest violently, as the young protesters did on 12 June. On 14 June, 6,000 people (according to the organizers), mostly mothers, staged a sit-in in the evening for 3 hours. In [[Chater Garden]], the protesters, dressed in black and holding carnations, called on Carrie Lam to step down and the government to retract the bill. The organizers said they had also collected more than 44,000 signatures in a petition condemning the views Lam expressed in the interview.<ref>https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014613/mothers-stage-sit-hong-kong-park-calling-government</ref><br />
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== Censorship ==<br />
The protests were mostly [[Internet censorship in China|censored from Mainland Chinese]] social media, such as [[Sina Weibo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/4c532828-8b3a-11e9-a1c1-51bf8f989972|title=Hong Kong protesters make historic stand over extradition bill|website=Financial Times|dead-url=|access-date=10 June 2019|quote=News of the massive protest was mostly censored on mainland Chinese social media.}}</ref> Keyword searches of "Hong Kong," "HK" and "extradition bill" led to other official news and entertainment news. Accounts that posted content regarding the protest were also blocked.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abacusnews.com/digital-life/million-strong-hong-kong-rally-against-extradition-bill-censored-china/article/3013803|title=‘Million-strong’ Hong Kong rally against extradition bill is censored in China|website=Abacus|date=10 June 2019|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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Bloomberg stated that protesters had been using [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] to communicate in order to conceal their own identity and prevent tracking by the Chinese government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-13/telegram-traces-cyber-attack-to-china-amid-hong-kong-protests|title=Telegram Traces Massive Cyber Attack to China During Hong Kong Protests|date=2019-06-13|access-date=2019-06-13|language=en}}</ref> The app's servers experienced a [[denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attack]] (DDoS attack) on 12 June. The app's founder [[Pavel Durov]] identified the origin of the attack as China, and stated that it "coincided in time with protests in Hong Kong".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/13/18677282/telegram-ddos-attack-china-hong-kong-protest-pavel-durov-state-actor-sized-cyberattack|title=Telegram blames China for ‘powerful DDoS attack’ during Hong Kong protests|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2019-06-13|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref><br />
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== Reactions ==<br />
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* [[File:港府執意推進《逃犯條例》修法民陣謹慎動員民眾抗爭1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%B8%AF%E5%BA%9C%E5%9F%B7%E6%84%8F%E6%8E%A8%E9%80%B2%E3%80%8A%E9%80%83%E7%8A%AF%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B%E3%80%8B%E4%BF%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%B0%91%E9%99%A3%E8%AC%B9%E6%85%8E%E5%8B%95%E5%93%A1%E6%B0%91%E7%9C%BE%E6%8A%97%E7%88%AD1.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] [[Carrie Lam]] at the press conference with [[Secretary for Justice (Hong Kong)|Secretary for Justice]] [[Teresa Cheng (politician)|Teresa Cheng]] and [[Secretary for Security]] [[John Lee Ka-chiu|John Lee]] one day after the massive protest on 10 June.|alt=]]{{Flag|Hong Kong}} – Carrie Lam declined to answer questions at a public appearance in [[Ocean Park, Hong Kong|Ocean Park]] on 9 June afternoon. At 11&nbsp;pm, the government issued a press statement, saying that it "acknowledge[s] and respect[s] that people have different views on a wide range of issues", but insisted the second reading debate on the bill would resume on 12 June.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201906/09/P2019060900587.htm?fontSize=1|title=Government response to procession|date=9 June 2019|work=The Hong Kong Government}}</ref> Following 10 June violent clashes, Lam spoke in the next morning along with Secretary for Justice Teresa Cheng and Secretary for Security John Lee, stating that the size of the rally showed there were "clearly still concerns" over the bill but refused to withdraw it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/10/hong-kong-protests-china-state-media-foreign-forces-extradition-bill|title=Hong Kong protests: Carrie Lam vows to push ahead with extradition bill|date=10 June 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In a video published by the Hong Kong government news agency, the [[Information Services Department]], Carrie Lam blamed the protesters for "organising a riot" that posed a threat to the security of the people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014250/hong-kong-chief-executive-carrie-lam-accuses-anti|title=Carrie Lam accuses anti-extradition bill protesters of ‘organising a riot’|date=12 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> In another interview with [[TVB]], Lam said in tears that she had not "sold Hong Kong out", and that she loved and had made sacrifices for the city, but insisted that the bill would not be withdrawn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/12/tearful-leader-carrie-lam-says-sacrificed-hong-kong-police-use-tear-gas-rubber-bullets-clear-protests/|title=Tearful leader Carrie Lam says she 'sacrificed' for Hong Kong, as police use tear gas, rubber bullets to clear protests|date=12 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> Democratic Party LegCo member James To responded that many people in society, including himself, felt that Lam loved power and approval more than Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www2.hkej.com/instantnews/current/article/2161408/%E6%B6%82%E8%AC%B9%E7%94%B3%3A%E6%9E%97%E9%84%AD%E6%9B%B4%E6%84%9B%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%8A%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%B8%E8%AE%9A%E8%B3%9E|title=涂謹申:林鄭更愛權力及上司讚賞|date=12 June 2019|work=Hong Kong Economic Journal|trans-title=Carrie Lam loves power and the approbation of superiors more than Hong Kong}}</ref>. On 15 June, the bill was indefinitely delayed by Hong Kong leader [[Carrie Lam]].<ref name=":5" /><br />
* {{Flag|China|name=People's Republic of China}} – After the first protest, the Beijing government blamed "outside interference" and voiced its support to the Hong Kong administration. The [[Chinese Foreign Ministry|Foreign Ministry]] accused opponents of the proposed legislation of "collusion with the West".<ref name="hkfpcollude">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/10/chinese-media-blames-hong-kong-demo-collusion-west/|title=Chinese media blames Hong Kong demo on collusion with West|date=10 June 2019|work=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref> State-run media such as ''[[China Daily]]'' cited more than 700,000 people backing the legislation through an online petition, "countering a protest by about 240,000 people"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=208445|title='Massive backing' for change|date=10 June 2019|work=The Standard}}</ref><ref name="hkfpcollude" /> while the ''[[Global Times]]'' dismissed the mass demonstration on 9 June, stating that "some international forces have significantly strengthened their interaction with the Hong Kong opposition in recent months".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/china-backs-hong-kong-extradition-opposes-foreign-interference-11611722|title=China backs Hong Kong extradition law, opposes 'foreign interference'|date=10 June 2019|publisher=Channel NewsAsia}}</ref><br />
* [[File:190612 Taiwan protest against HK Extradition Law.jpg|thumb|Press conference by [[Taiwan Association for Human Rights]] to support Hong Kong protesters against the bill on 12 June 2019.]]{{Flag|Taiwan|name=Republic of China (Taiwan)}} – President of Taiwan [[Tsai Ing-wen]] expressed her solidarity with the people of Hong Kong, remarking that Taiwan's democracy was hard-earned and had to be guarded and renewed, and pledged that one country, two systems would never be an option as long as she was President.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201906100017.aspx|title=Tsai, Lai voice support for Hong Kong extradition bill protesters|date=10 June 2019|website=Focus Taiwan|publisher=The Central News Agency|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> She also posted on [[Instagram]] to provide support for "Hongkongers on the front line", saying that the Taiwanese people would support all those who fight for free speech and democracy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BykeVeVFbL2/|title=蔡英文 on Instagram: “我參與過「港澳關係條例」的起草，年輕時也常趁著轉機，跑去香港的書店買當時最新的貿易法專業書籍，順便看看「那些在台灣不一定能看得到的書」。那時，在使用中文的地方裡，台灣還沒有充分出版與#言論的自由，中國則是從來都沒有。香港是我和許多人「買書的地方」。 …”|website=Instagram|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Taiwan]] stated that they stood shoulder to shoulder with the hundreds of thousands in Hong Kong fighting against the extradition bill and for rule of law, adding, "Taiwan is with you!".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MOFA_Taiwan/status/1138632719464771586|title=I stand shoulder to shoulder with the hundreds of thousands in #HongKong fighting the extradition bill & for rule of law. Please know you are not alone. #Taiwan is with you! The will of the people will prevail! JW #撐香港, #反送中|date=11 June 2019|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|location=Republic of China|dead-url=|access-date=12 June 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|United States}} – A [[U.S. State Department]] official voiced support for the 9 June protesters, saying that "the peaceful demonstration of hundreds of thousands of Hongkongers yesterday clearly shows the public's opposition to the proposed amendments." They also called on the Hong Kong government to ensure that "any amendments to the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance should be pursued with great care."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3013939/us-state-department-expresses-support-hongkongers-protesting|title=US State Department expresses support for Hongkongers protesting extradition bill|date=11 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref> [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|United States House of Representatives Speaker]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] strongly condemned the bill and offered support to the protesters. "The hearts of all freedom-loving people were moved by the courage of the one million men and women of Hong Kong who took to the streets on Sunday to peacefully demand their rights, defend their sovereignty and denounce this horrific extradition bill" and that America stands with the people in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/61119-2/|title=Pelosi Statement on Hong Kong Protests and Extradition Bill|date=11 June 2019|website=Speaker Nancy Pelosi|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|United Kingdom}} – [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] [[Jeremy Hunt]] urged the Hong Kong government to listen to the concerns of the protesters, stating that "it is essential that the authorities engage in meaningful dialogue and take steps to preserve Hong Kong's rights and freedoms and high degree of autonomy, which underpin its international reputation". He added that upholding the [[one country, two systems]] principle, which is legally bound in the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]], is vital to Hong Kong's future success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-statement-on-protests-in-hong-kong|title=Foreign Secretary statement on protests in Hong Kong|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> The [[British Consulate-General, Hong Kong|British Consulate]] in Hong Kong has also opened its doors for protesters needing sanctuary.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/adam_ni/status/1138742354376945665|title=British consulate opens door to protesters needing sanctuary. #HongKong #antiELAB Other consulates should do the same, immediately.|last=Ni|first=Adam|date=2019-06-12|website=@adam_ni|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|European Union}} – Parliamentary leader [[Guy Verhofstadt]] stated that scenes were inspirational for making a stand for human rights and the rule of law and that Europe was watching.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/guyverhofstadt/status/1138730616948690944|title=Inspirational scenes in #HongKong as thousands make a stand for their human rights & the rule of law. Europe is watching.|last=Verhofstadt|first=Guy|date=12 June 2019|website=@guyverhofstadt|dead-url=|access-date=12 June 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|Japan}} – [[Tarō Kōno]], [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan]], said, "I strongly hope that things will be settled early and Hong Kong's freedom and democracy will be maintained".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/konotarogomame/status/1139024078138822656|title=香港の友人として、最近の情勢を大変心配しています。特に多くの負傷者が出ていることに心を痛めています。平和的な話合いを通じて、事態が早期に収拾され、香港の自由と民主が維持されることを強く期待します。|last=Tarol|first=Kono|date=13 June 2019|website=twitter.com|dead-url=|access-date=14 June 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|South Korea}} – The [[Bareunmirae Party]], a minority party, stated that the party supports Hong Kong protesters, adding that the "Bareunmirae Party support the democratization movement in Hong Kong. We hear Hong Kong's cry for freedom and democracy with a strong echo."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bareunmirae.kr/kr/news/briefing.php?bgu=view&idx=14827|title=자유와 민주주의를 향한 홍콩의 외침을 지지한다|last=Jongcheol|first=Lee|date=14 June 2019|website=bareunmirae.kr|lang=ko|dead-url=|access-date=14 June 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{commonscat|Demonstrations against extradition bill in Hong Kong, 2019}}<br />
<br />
* [[2019 in Hong Kong]]<br />
<br />
*[[Causeway Bay Books disappearances]]<br />
*[[Hong Kong protests]]<br />
**[[2010 Marches for Universal Suffrage]]<br />
**[[2014 Hong Kong protests]]<br />
**[[2016 Mong Kok civil unrest]]<br />
**[[Umbrella Movement]]<br />
*[[Human rights in China]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2019 in Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:2019 protests]]<br />
[[Category:2019 in law]]<br />
[[Category:Protest marches in Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Hong Kong democracy movements]]<br />
[[Category:Ongoing protests]]<br />
<br />
{{HKafter1997}}{{Anti-government protests in the 21st century}}</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests&diff=9019702462019–2020 Hong Kong protests2019-06-15T15:28:34Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Added death of a man who fell off a building as a result of the protest</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{short description|Demonstrations against the extradition bill by the Hong Kong Government.}}<br />
{{current|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox civil conflict<br />
|title=2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests<br />
|image=Demonstration in Wan Chai Hennessy Road overview 20190609.jpg<br />
|caption=Hundreds of thousands of protesters marching in the [[#Third protest: 9 June|9 June protest]], captured in [[Hennessy Road]]<br />
|date= 28 April 2019 – ongoing<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=04|day1=28|year1=2019}})<br />
|place=Hong Kong:<br />
*[[Wan Chai]] to [[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(31 March 2019)</small><br />
*[[Causeway Bay]] to [[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(28 April 2019)</small><br />
*[[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] to [[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(6 June 2019)</small><br />
*[[Causeway Bay]] to [[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(9 June 2019)</small><br />
*[[Admiralty, Hong Kong|Admiralty]] <small>(12 June 2019)</small><br />
*[[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] <small>(14 June 2019)</small><br />
<br />
Dozens of other cities abroad<br />
|causes=The proposal of the [[Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019]] by the [[Government of Hong Kong]]<br />
|goals=*Withdrawal of the bill<br />
*Prevent extradition to [[mainland China]]<br />
*Resignation of Chief executive [[Carrie Lam]]<br />
|methods=[[Occupation (protest)|Occupations]], [[sit-ins]], [[civil disobedience]], mobile [[street protest]]s, [[internet activism]], [[General strike|mass strike]]<br />
|result=<br />
|concessions=<br />
|leadfigures3=<br />
|fatalities = 1<ref name="dead">{{cite news|title = <br />
【引渡惡法】男子太古廣場掛反送中橫額示威 消防拯救不果墮樓亡 | url = http://s.nextmedia.com/realtime/a.php?i=20190615&s=10829391&a=59719455 | date = 15 June 2019 | publisher = Apple Daily | access-date=15 June 2019}}</ref><br />
|injuries=72<ref>{{cite news|title= Hong Kong extradition: Police fire rubber bullets at protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48591001|publisher=BBC |accessdate=12 June 2019|deadurl=no}}</ref> (as of 12 June 2019)<br />
|arrests=30<ref>{{cite news|title=Hong Kong police say nearly 360 protesters, most younger than 25, could face arrest for clashes after extradition protest march|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3013910/hong-kong-police-say-nearly-360-protesters-most|work=South China Morning Post |accessdate=11 June 2019|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=【持續更新】6.12 佔領被捕名單 包括多名大學生、拔萃女書院老師|url=https://thestandnews.com/politics/%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0-6-12-%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%AB%E6%8D%95%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE-%E5%8C%85%E6%8B%AC%E5%A4%9A%E5%90%8D%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F-%E5%A5%B3%E6%8B%94%E8%90%83%E6%9B%B8%E9%99%A2%E8%80%81%E5%B8%AB/|publisher=Stand News|access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref> (as of 14 June 2019)<br />
|casualties_label=Arrests and injuries<br />
|notes=<br />
|side1=<br />
;Pro-democracy activists<br />
* [[Civil Human Rights Front]]<br />
* [[Demosistō]]<br />
* [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-democracy camp]]<br />
*Taiwanese solidarity protesters|side2=;Authorities<br />
* [[Government of Hong Kong|Hong Kong SAR Government]]<br />
* [[Hong Kong Police Force]]<br />
* [[Government of China|Chinese central government]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of China]]|status=Ongoing}}<br />
The '''2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests''' are a series of [[Demonstration (political)|demonstrations]] in [[Hong Kong]] and other cities around the world, demanding the withdrawal of the [[Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019]] proposed by the [[Government of Hong Kong]]. It is feared that the bill would cause the city to open up to [[Law of the People's Republic of China|mainland Chinese law]] and that people from Hong Kong [[Law of Hong Kong|could become subject]] to a different legal system.<br />
<br />
Various protests have been launched in Hong Kong by the general public and legal communities. Among these, the [[2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests#Third protest: 9 June|9 June protest]] organised by the [[Civil Human Rights Front]] (CHRF), which the organisation estimates was attended by 1.03&nbsp;million people, has gained wide mass media coverage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/world/2019/6/9/18658650/hong-kong-protest-march-china-extradition-bill-2019|title=Hundreds of thousands attend protest in Hong Kong over extradition bill|last=Kleefeld|first=Eric|date=9 June 2019|website=Vox|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> Protests in other places were also staged by overseas [[Hongkongers]] and locals.<br />
<br />
The protests are the largest protests in Hong Kong since the [[Umbrella Movement]] in 2014.<br />
<br />
Despite the widespread demonstrations, the government insists on the bill's passage, stating that the bill is urgent and that the legal "loophole" should be fixed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1455134-20190429.htm?|title=New extradition laws still urgent, says Carrie Lam|publisher=RTHK|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> The second reading was originally scheduled on 12 June but was not held due to protests,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201906/12/P2019061200753.htm|title=Council meeting not to be held today|last=|first=|date=2019-06-12|work=HKSAR Government Press Releases|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> and a scheduled meeting on the next day, 13 June, was also postponed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201906/13/P2019061300388.htm|title=Council meeting not to be held today|last=|first=|date=2019-06-13|work=HKSAR Government Press Releases|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> <br />
<br />
On 15 June 2019, the bill was indefinitely delayed by Hong Kong leader [[Carrie Lam]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-extradition-delay-idUSKCN1TG04S|title=Embattled Hong Kong leader Lam suspends China extradition bill|date=2019-06-15|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-06-15|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
{{Main|Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019}}<br />
<br />
The [[Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019]] ({{zh-t|2019年逃犯及刑事事宜相互法律協助法例(修訂)條例草案}}) is a proposed bill regarding [[extradition]] to amend the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance ({{Cite Hong Kong ordinance|503}}) in relation to special surrender arrangements and the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Ordinance ({{Cite Hong Kong ordinance|525}}) so that arrangements for mutual legal assistance can be made between Hong Kong and any place outside Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr18-19/english/hc/papers/hc20190412ls-65-e.pdf|title=Legal Service Division Report on Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019|last=Tso|first=Timothy|work=Legislative Council of Hong Kong}}</ref> The bill was proposed by the Hong Kong government in February 2019 to request the surrender of a Hong Kong suspect in a homicide case in [[Taiwan]]. The government proposed to establish a mechanism for transfers of fugitives not only for Taiwan, but also for [[Mainland China]] and [[Macau]], which are not covered under the existing laws.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-47810723|title=Fears over Hong Kong-China extradition plans|date=8 April 2019|publisher=BBC}}</ref><br />
<br />
== First protest: 31 March ==<br />
[[File:3月31日香港爆發反對《逃犯條例》的萬人示威.jpg|left|thumb|Thousands of protesters marched on the street against the proposed extradition law on 31 March 2019.]]<br />
The first protest, launched by [[Civil Human Rights Front]] (CHRF) on 31 March started from Luard Road ([[Southorn Playground]]) and ended at [[Civic Square (Hong Kong)|Civic Square]]. Protesters chanted "With extradition to the mainland, Hong Kong becomes a dark prison" and "Stop the evil law". <br />
<br />
[[Lam Wing-kee]], the owner of Causeway Bay Books who [[Causeway Bay Books disappearances|disappeared along with his other colleagues in 2015]], led the rally along with other pro-democracy group members. Lam has since left Hong Kong for Taiwan due to fears for his personal security.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/03/31/pictures-12000-hongkongers-march-protest-evil-china-extradition-law-organisers-say/|title=In Pictures: 12,000 Hongkongers march in protest against 'evil' China extradition law, organisers say|last=Chan|first=Holmes|date=31 March 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
The organisation said that 12,000 attended the march, while the [[Hong Kong Police Force]] estimated just 5,200 people. The organisers stated that there would be further protests if the government still insisted with the bill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/thousands-march-in-hong-kong-over-proposed-extradition-law-changes|title=Thousands march in Hong Kong over proposed extradition law changes|agency=Reuters|date=31 March 2019|website=The Straits Times|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Second protest: 28 April ==<br />
[[File:Protest_against_proposed_extradition_law_view_from_Wan_Chai_20190428.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protest_against_proposed_extradition_law_view_from_Wan_Chai_20190428.jpg|right|thumb|Tens of thousands of protesters marched on the street against the proposed extradition law on 28 April 2019.]]<br />
<br />
On 28 April, 130,000 protesters joined the march against the proposed extradition law according to organisers, while police estimated that only 22,800 joined. The turnout was the largest since an estimated 510,000 joined the annual [[Hong Kong 1 July marches|1 July protest]] in 2014. The rally started from Causeway Bay to the [[Legislative Council Complex|Legislative Council]] in Admiralty, which is a 2.2&nbsp;km route. It took more than 4 hours.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3007999/thousands-set-join-protest-march-against-proposed|title=Estimated 130,000 protesters join march against proposed extradition law that will allow transfer of fugitives from Hong Kong to mainland China|date=28 April 2019|work=South China Morning Post}}</ref> Vice-convenor of the CHRF, Figo Chan Ho-hang, threatened to escalate its opposition if the government did not withdraw the bill.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
A day after the protest, Chief Executive [[Carrie Lam]] was adamant that the bill would be enacted and said the Legislative councillors had to pass new extradition laws before their summer break, even though the man at the heart of the case used to justify the urgency of new legislation Chan Tong-kai had been jailed for 29 months shortly before.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1455134-20190429.htm|title=New extradition laws still urgent, says Carrie Lam|date=29 April 2019|work=RTHK}}</ref> Chan received a prison sentence of 29 months on 29 April. However, since he had already been detained for 13 months since his arrest in Hong Kong, his sentence would end in August 2020. Secretary for Security [[John Lee Ka-chiu|John Lee]] said that Chan could be released by October at the earliest since good behaviour in prison can result in a one-third reduction of a prisoner's sentence, and he would then be free to leave the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/04/29/hong-kong-man-centre-extradition-legal-row-jailed-29-months-may-early-october/|title=Hong Kong man at centre of extradition legal row jailed for 29 months, may be out as early as October|date=29 April 2019|work=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Lawyers' silent march: 6 June ==<br />
[[File:香港法律界3千人黑衣遊行2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%95%8C3%E5%8D%83%E4%BA%BA%E9%BB%91%E8%A1%A3%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C2.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Thousands of lawyers marched in black against the extradition bill on 6 June 2019.|alt=|left]]<br />
<br />
In a rare protest, more than 3,000 Hong Kong lawyers, representing around one quarter of the city's lawyers, marched against the bill. Wearing black, they marched from the [[Court of Final Appeal Building|Court of Final Appeal]] to the [[Central Government Complex|Central Government Offices]] on 6 June. They then stood in front of the government headquarters looking at the building for three minutes silently.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013461/thousands-hong-kong-lawyers-launch-silent-march-against|title=‘Record 3,000’ lawyers in silent march against extradition bill|date=6 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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The march was organised by Dennis Kwok, Legislative Councillor for the [[Legal (constituency)|Legal constituency]]. It was the fifth, and largest, protest march held by lawyers in Hong Kong since 1997 after a series of intrusions by the Chinese Government.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-hongkong-politics-extradition-march-idUKKCN1T71IN|title=Hong Kong lawyers protest "polarising" extradition bill in rare march|date=6 June 2019|agency=Reuters}}</ref> <br />
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While lawyers expressed grave reservations about the openness and fairness of the justice system in China, limited access to a lawyer, and the prevalence of torture, Secretary for Security John Lee said the legal sector did not really understand the bill. A senior barrister complained that government's inability or unwillingness to listen was polarising, adding that it was "so stupid, so arrogant".<ref name="auto"/><br />
{{clear}}<br />
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== Third protest: 9 June ==<br />
===Protest in Hong Kong===<br />
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==== Daytime march ====<br />
[[File:June9protestTreefong02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:June9protestTreefong02.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|The organisers said there were record breaking 1.03&nbsp;million protesters showing up in the streets on 9 June.]]<br />
In response to the proposed bill, the Civil Human Rights Front called a march from [[Victoria Park, Hong Kong|Victoria Park]], Causeway Bay to the [[Legislative Council Complex|Legislative Council]] in Admiralty on 9 June—an approximately 3km (1.86mi) route.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013279/warning-more-protests-come-against-hong-kong-governments|title=Warning of more protests to come against Hong Kong government's controversial extradition bill|date=7 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-10/hong-kong-vows-to-pursue-extradition-bill-despite-huge-protest|title=Hong Kong Vows to Pursue Extradition Bill Despite Huge Protest|date=10 June 2019|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> Hundreds of thousands of protesters were drawn to the street, wearing white to symbolise "light and brightness" and justice, chanting "Scrap the evil law," "Oppose China extradition" and "Carrie Lam resign" and waving [[Taiwanese flag]]s on the day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/hundreds-of-thousands-in-hong-kong-protest-law-to-allow-extraditions-to-china/2019/06/09/4cba9dde-8926-11e9-9d73-e2ba6bbf1b9b_story.html|title=Hundreds of thousands in Hong Kong protest law to allow extraditions to China|last=Shih|first=Gerry|date=9 June 2019|work=The Washington Post|access-date=9 June 2019|last2=McLaughlin|first2=Timothy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nownews.com/news/20190609/3433267/|title=香港反送中遊行 驚見青天白日滿地紅國旗飄揚在現場 {{!}} 兩岸|last=明正|first=雷|date=9 June 2019|website=NOWnews |language=zh-TW|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> <br />
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Protesters brought Hong Kong Island to a halt from early afternoon until late at night. The [[MTR]] enacted crowd control measures in which the police ordered trains not to stop at [[Wan Chai station|Wan Chai]], [[Causeway Bay station|Causeway Bay]] and [[Tin Hau station|Tin Hau]] stations for several hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://topick.hket.com/article/2372210/%E3%80%90%E9%80%83%E7%8A%AF%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B%E3%80%91%E6%B8%AF%E9%90%B5%E5%9B%9B%E7%B6%AB%E5%8F%97%E9%98%BB%E3%80%80%E7%B6%B2%E5%82%B3%E8%BB%8A%E9%95%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E9%8A%85%E9%91%BC%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A9%E5%90%8E%E5%8F%AF%E3%80%8C%E9%A3%9B%E7%AB%99%E3%80%8D|title=【逃犯條例】港鐵四綫受阻 網傳車長特別廣播灣仔銅鑼灣天后可「飛站」|date=9 June 2019|newspaper=Hong Kong Economic Times}}</ref> Protesters had to get off at [[Fortress Hill station|Fortress Hill]] in order to join the protest from there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1461678-20190609.htm?|title=MTR struggles with deluge of protesters|publisher=RTHK|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> Police urged protesters to march from Victoria Park before the 3&nbsp;pm start-time to ease overcrowding. During the march, there were several times when protesters come to a standstill due to the limited road space. People demanded that the police opened up more roads. It was only after some protesters climbed over a metal barricade and walked on lanes originally reserved for traffic that police opened up all lanes on [[Hennessy Road]], having previously refused to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/09/just-no-china-extradition-tens-thousands-hong-kong-protest-controversial-new-law/|title=Over a million attend Hong Kong demo against controversial extradition law, organisers say|last=Creery|first=Jennifer|date=9 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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A huge number of protesters were still leaving Victoria Park up to four hours after the start time and were still arriving at the end-point at Admiralty seven hours after the protest began.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/vast-protest-in-hong-kong-against-extradition-law-china|title=Clashes in Hong Kong after vast protest against extradition law|last=Davidson|first=Helen|date=9 June 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=11 June 2019|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <br />
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Jimmy Sham, convener of the CHRF said that 1.03&nbsp;million people attended the march—the largest protest Hong Kong has seen since the [[Handover of Hong Kong|1997 handover]]—surpassing the turnout seen at mass rallies in support of the [[Tiananmen protests of 1989]] and [[Hong Kong 1 July marches|1 July March 2003]].<ref name="69march">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/09/just-no-china-extradition-tens-thousands-hong-kong-protest-controversial-new-law/|title=Over a million attend Hong Kong demo against controversial extradition law, organisers say|date=9 June 2019|work=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref> The police countered with an estimate of 270,000 at its peak.<ref name="violent">{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013757/violent-clashes-mar-protest-after-more-million-hongkongers|title=Violent clashes mar protest after ‘more than a million’ Hongkongers of all ages and backgrounds march against controversial extradition bill|date=10 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/08/asia/hong-kong-extradition-bill-protest-intl/index.html|title=More than 1 million protest in Hong Kong, organizers say, over Chinese extradition law|last=CNN|first=James Griffiths, Eric Cheung and Chermaine Lee|publisher=CNN|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/5603754/hong-kong-carrie-lam-china-extradition-bill-more-protests/|title=Hong Kong's Leader Says Extradition Bill to Go Ahead Prompting Calls for Fresh Protests|website=|dead-url=}}</ref> In the Hong Kong Free Press, Evan Fower noted that the police had "become notorious for using highly selective methods to significantly underreport numbers, but that the demonstration was "beyond doubt ... the largest one-day protest in Hong Kong's history".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/11/extradition-law-will-pass-despite-largest-protest-hong-kong-history/|title=Why the extradition law will pass, despite the largest protest in Hong Kong history|first=Evan|last=Fowler|date=11 June 2019|publisher=}}</ref><br />
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Other than the march, more than a dozen ships carrying banners with slogans supporting the bill cruised [[Victoria Harbour]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013725/hong-kong-edge-crowds-gather-ultimate-showdown-against|title=As it happened: How protest march against extradition bill turned ugly|date=9 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> Around 20 supporters from the Safeguard Hong Kong Alliance—a pro-government group—showed up at Tamar to support the bill around 12&nbsp;pm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=208445|title='Massive backing' for change|website=The Standard}}</ref><br />
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==== Night-time clashes ====<br />
[[File:June9protestTreefong11.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The protest in [[Harcourt Road]] during night with police in standby.]]<br />
Hundreds of protesters camped out in front of the government headquarters well into the night, with more joining them in response to calls from [[Demosisto]] and pro-independence activists. The Civil Human Rights Front officially called an end to the march at 10&nbsp;pm, however, around 100 protesters remained at the [[Civic Square (Hong Kong)|Civic Square]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3013761/protesters-police-fight-pitched-battles-after-peaceful|title=Mass rally against extradition bill in Hong Kong turns violent|date=10 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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Pro-independence groups, Student Localism and the Students Independent Union, called for protesters to stay after the day march and storm the legislative council. Some protesters called for street occupations as a further show of strength, while others insisted of a peaceful protest. Still, around 500 people occupied [[Harcourt Road]] and [[Lung Wo Road]], while police urged protesters to leave.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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A stand-off with police around midnight descended into chaos following a press release from the Hong Kong government stating the bill reading would continue as planned—unchanged from before the protests. Protesters in Civic Square, most of them wearing face masks, threw bottles and metal barriers at the police, while the police tried to drive them away with batons and pepper spray.<ref name="violent" /> Anti-riot officers arrived, and warned protesters that they would "command appropriate force".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/10/pictures-violent-clashes-hong-kong-police-clear-protesters-following-anti-extradition-bill-demo/|title=In Pictures: Violent clashes as Hong Kong police clear protesters following anti-extradition bill demo|last=AFP|date=10 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> <br />
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Protesters in Harcourt Road and Lung Wo Road moved simultaneously, and threw metal barricades placed by the police. They then protested and chanted in [[Gloucester Road, Hong Kong|Gloucester Road]].<ref name=":1" /> SCMP commented the night protest as "the scene of bigger clashes during the [[2014 Hong Kong protests|2014 Occupy movement]] for greater democracy".<ref name=":2"/> The protest ended at around 3&nbsp;am, with several police officers and protesters injured.<ref name=":2"/> There were 19 arrests; 358 protesters (80% younger than 25) were stopped and searched near the [[Old Wan Chai Police Station]], and had their ID recorded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3013910/hong-kong-police-say-nearly-360-protesters-most|title=Nearly 360 protesters face arrest over march clashes, police say|date=10 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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===Solidarity protests around the world===<br />
At least 29 rallies were held in 12 countries with protesters taking to the streets in cities around the world with significant Hong Kong diaspora, including about 4,000 in London, about 3,000 in Sydney, and further rallies in New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, [[Boston]], Toronto, [[Vancouver]], Berlin, [[Frankfurt]], Tokyo, Sydney, [[Canberra]], [[Melbourne]], [[Brisbane]] and [[Taipei]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/11/extradition-law-will-pass-despite-largest-protest-hong-kong-history/|title=Why the extradition law will pass, despite the largest protest in Hong Kong history|last=Fowler|first=Evan|date=11 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013748/berlin-brisbane-rallies-12-countries-express-solidarity|title=From Berlin to Brisbane, rallies in 12 countries express solidarity with Hong Kong's mass protest against extradition agreement|date=9 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref> As one of the biggest overseas protests, hundreds of demonstrators mostly made up of Hong Kong immigrants filled the street outside the Chinese consulate-general in Vancouver with yellow umbrellas (referencing the 2014 [[Umbrella Movement]]) and chants against the extradition law. More than 60 people gathered outside the [[White House]] in Washington to protest against the bill.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3013748/berlin-brisbane-rallies-12-countries-express-solidarity|title=From Vancouver to New York to Brisbane, rallies around world express solidarity with Hong Kong's mass protest against extradition agreement|date=10 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref><br />
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== Fourth protest: 12 June ==<br />
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=== Protests in Hong Kong ===<br />
[[File:2019-06-12 Hong Kong demonstrators on Harcourt Road.jpg|thumb|Protesters on [[Harcourt Road]] on 12 June 2019, adjacent to the [[Central Government Complex (Hong Kong)|Central Government Complex]]]]<br />
Protests resumed on 12 June following an announcement from the government that the bill will continue its reading. Sit-ins in the government headquarters have taken place since the morning. It is alleged that the police intentionally prevented new protestors from reaching the designated protest site. As the crowd built up at the [[MTR]] exit on the other side of the bridge of the government headquarters, skirmishes occurred and eventually the crowd broke into [[Harcourt Road]], the main traffic route of [[Hong Kong Island]]. An hour-long occupation by tens of thousands followed, mimicking the [[Umbrella Movement]] in [[2014]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014100/hundreds-gather-near-hong-kong-legco-day-second-reading|title=Protesters brace for fresh showdown with Hong Kong police over bill|date=11 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> <br />
[[File:Demonstration against extradition bill, 12 June 2019.jpg|thumb|Tear gas fired by the police to the protesters in [[Tim Mei Avenue]].]]<br />
In the afternoon, the police fired 150 tear gas, 20 beanbag shots, several rubber bullets and smoke bombs on protesters outside the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]'s complex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/13/just-restrained-hong-kong-police-say-150-rounds-tears-gas-20-bean-bag-shots-fired-anti-extradition-law-riot/|title='Very restrained' - Hong Kong police say 150 rounds of tears gas, 20 bean bag shots fired during anti-extradition law 'riot'|date=2019-06-13|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> Protesters, while chanting "withdraw!" and moving barricades, wore face masks, goggles, umbrellas and makeshift body armour to protect themselves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/12/pictures-protests-china-extradition-law-paralyse-hong-kong-police-deploy-pepper-spray-water-cannon/|title=In Pictures: Protests over China extradition law paralyse Hong Kong as police deploy pepper spray, water cannon|last=Roxburgh|first=Helen|date=12 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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The government and police controversially declared that the protest had "turned into a riot".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/12/asia/hk-protests-extradition-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Hong Kong police declare China extradition protest 'a riot' as rubber bullets and tear gas fired at crowd|publisher=CNN|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-extradition/hong-kong-police-fire-rubber-bullets-as-protests-turn-to-violent-chaos-idUSKCN1TC1WR|title=Hong Kong police fire rubber bullets as extradition bill protests turn to chaos|agency=Reuters|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48591001|title=Hong Kong extradition: Police fire rubber bullets at protesters|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> Seventy-two people aged between 15 and 66 have been injured, with two men in a critical condition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48591001|title=Rubber bullets fired at Hong Kong protesters|date=12 June 2019|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> SCMP stated that the protests were "reminiscent of—and even more intense than—the Occupy protests of 2014".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014257/hong-kongs-student-protesters-back-vengeance-all-out-chaos|title=Hong Kong's young protesters back with a vengeance amid all-out chaos|date=13 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> <br />
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The police have been blamed for their actions during the protests. The [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|pro-democracy camp]] condemned the level of force used and stated that the force used is not proportional as protesters are "weapon-less young people".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/13/carrie-lam-cold-blooded-hong-kong-democrats-blast-protest-police-excessive-force-legislative-meeting-cancelled/|title='Carrie Lam is cold-blooded': Hong Kong democrats blast protest police over 'excessive force' as legislative meeting postponed again|last=Cheng|first=Kris|date=2019-06-13|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> The [[Hong Kong Journalists Association]] said that the police "trampled on reporters", and that the police has ignored the safety of the reporters. They complained that the police have unreasonably interfered their work with flashlights and by dispersing them. HKJA added that some police officers has insulted them with foul language, called them “trash", and shouted to them "reporters have no special privilege".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/12/hong-kongs-journalism-watchdog-says-police-trampled-reporters-rights-extradition-protest-clashes/|title=Hong Kong's journalism watchdog says police 'trampled on reporters' rights' during extradition protest clashes|date=2019-06-12|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref><br />
[[File:HK Police Firing Rubber Bullets at Local Protestors.jpg|thumb|Police firing rubber bullets at protestors in breaking up Admiralty's protest.]]<br />
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Overnight, 2,000 protesters from religious groups held a vigil outside the government offices, with some singing hymns and joining in prayers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/11/world/asia/hong-kong-protest.html|title=Hong Kong Residents Block Roads to Protest Extradition Bill|last=Ives|first=Mike|date=11 June 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=12 June 2019|last2=May|first2=Tiffany|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Various trade unions, businesses and schools also vowed to stage protests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/11/paralyse-govt-hong-kong-pledges-protests-million-strong-anti-extradition-march/|title='Paralyse the gov't': Hong Kong pledges more protests after million-strong anti-extradition march|date=11 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> The [[Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union]] has called for a city-wide strike for a week. At least 4,000 Hong Kong teachers have followed the call.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%e6%b8%af%e8%81%9e/article/20190612/s00001/1560327947821/%e3%80%90%e9%80%83%e7%8a%af%e6%a2%9d%e4%be%8b%e3%80%91%e6%95%99%e5%8d%94%e7%99%bc%e5%8b%95%e6%9c%ac%e5%91%a8%e5%85%a8%e6%b8%af%e7%bd%b7%e8%aa%b2-%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e5%b1%80-%e5%a0%85%e6%b1%ba%e5%8f%8d%e5%b0%8d%e7%bd%b7%e8%aa%b2-%e6%95%99%e8%81%af%e6%9c%83%e8%ad%b4%e8%b2%ac|title=【逃犯條例】教協發動本周全港罷課 教育局：堅決反對罷課 教聯會譴責|website=Ming Pao|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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At around 4 PM, on 15 June, a man in a yellow rain jacket was standing on the roof of [[Pacific Place]] to place protest signs against the extradition bill. At around 9PM, as the firefighters attempted to save him, the firefighters held onto his shirt, but his shirt fell off. He fell onto the street and was later pronounced dead at 10:20pm.<ref name="dead" /><br />
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=== Protests in other cities ===<br />
In Taipei, representatives from 24 Taiwanese civic groups, including [[Taiwan Association for Human Rights]], protested outside Hong Kong's representative office in Taipei, while shouting slogans such as "Taiwan supports Hong Kong." In Kaohsiung, around 150 Hong Kong students staged a sit-in protest requesting the Hong Kong government to withdraw the bill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/acs/201906120015.aspx|title=Groups in Taiwan support Hong Kong extradition bill protests {{!}} Cross-Strait Affairs {{!}} FOCUS TAIWAN – CNA ENGLISH NEWS|website=focustaiwan.tw|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> In [[Adelaide]], 150 people protested against the extradition law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014104/thousands-block-roads-downtown-hong-kong-defiant-protest|title=3:05 pm - Anti-bill protest in Australia|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
== Mothers' sit-in protest: 14 June ==<br />
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On 12 June, Carrie Lam fielded a television interview on [[TVB]], in which she lamented that as a mother, she would not have tolerated her children's behaviour if they were to protest violently, as the young protesters did on 12 June. On 14 June, 6,000 people (according to the organizers), mostly mothers, staged a sit-in in the evening for 3 hours. In [[Chater Garden]], the protesters, dressed in black and holding carnations, called on Carrie Lam to step down and the government to retract the bill. The organizers said they had also collected more than 44,000 signatures in a petition condemning the views Lam expressed in the interview.<ref>https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014613/mothers-stage-sit-hong-kong-park-calling-government</ref><br />
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== Censorship ==<br />
The protests were mostly [[Internet censorship in China|censored from Mainland Chinese]] social media, such as [[Sina Weibo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/4c532828-8b3a-11e9-a1c1-51bf8f989972|title=Hong Kong protesters make historic stand over extradition bill|website=Financial Times|dead-url=|access-date=10 June 2019|quote=News of the massive protest was mostly censored on mainland Chinese social media.}}</ref> Keyword searches of "Hong Kong," "HK" and "extradition bill" led to other official news and entertainment news. Accounts that posted content regarding the protest were also blocked.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abacusnews.com/digital-life/million-strong-hong-kong-rally-against-extradition-bill-censored-china/article/3013803|title=‘Million-strong’ Hong Kong rally against extradition bill is censored in China|website=Abacus|date=10 June 2019|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><br />
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Bloomberg stated that protesters had been using [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] to communicate in order to conceal their own identity and prevent tracking by the Chinese government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-13/telegram-traces-cyber-attack-to-china-amid-hong-kong-protests|title=Telegram Traces Massive Cyber Attack to China During Hong Kong Protests|date=2019-06-13|access-date=2019-06-13|language=en}}</ref> The app's servers experienced a [[denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attack]] (DDoS attack) on 12 June. The app's founder [[Pavel Durov]] identified the origin of the attack as China, and stated that it "coincided in time with protests in Hong Kong".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/13/18677282/telegram-ddos-attack-china-hong-kong-protest-pavel-durov-state-actor-sized-cyberattack|title=Telegram blames China for ‘powerful DDoS attack’ during Hong Kong protests|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2019-06-13|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref><br />
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== Reactions ==<br />
<br />
* [[File:港府執意推進《逃犯條例》修法民陣謹慎動員民眾抗爭1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%B8%AF%E5%BA%9C%E5%9F%B7%E6%84%8F%E6%8E%A8%E9%80%B2%E3%80%8A%E9%80%83%E7%8A%AF%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B%E3%80%8B%E4%BF%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%B0%91%E9%99%A3%E8%AC%B9%E6%85%8E%E5%8B%95%E5%93%A1%E6%B0%91%E7%9C%BE%E6%8A%97%E7%88%AD1.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] [[Carrie Lam]] at the press conference with [[Secretary for Justice (Hong Kong)|Secretary for Justice]] [[Teresa Cheng (politician)|Teresa Cheng]] and [[Secretary for Security]] [[John Lee Ka-chiu|John Lee]] one day after the massive protest on 10 June.|alt=]]{{Flag|Hong Kong}} – Carrie Lam declined to answer questions at a public appearance in [[Ocean Park, Hong Kong|Ocean Park]] on 9 June afternoon. At 11&nbsp;pm, the government issued a press statement, saying that it "acknowledge[s] and respect[s] that people have different views on a wide range of issues", but insisted the second reading debate on the bill would resume on 12 June.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201906/09/P2019060900587.htm?fontSize=1|title=Government response to procession|date=9 June 2019|work=The Hong Kong Government}}</ref> Following 10 June violent clashes, Lam spoke in the next morning along with Secretary for Justice Teresa Cheng and Secretary for Security John Lee, stating that the size of the rally showed there were "clearly still concerns" over the bill but refused to withdraw it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/10/hong-kong-protests-china-state-media-foreign-forces-extradition-bill|title=Hong Kong protests: Carrie Lam vows to push ahead with extradition bill|date=10 June 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In a video published by the Hong Kong government news agency, the [[Information Services Department]], Carrie Lam blamed the protesters for "organising a riot" that posed a threat to the security of the people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3014250/hong-kong-chief-executive-carrie-lam-accuses-anti|title=Carrie Lam accuses anti-extradition bill protesters of ‘organising a riot’|date=12 June 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> In another interview with [[TVB]], Lam said in tears that she had not "sold Hong Kong out", and that she loved and had made sacrifices for the city, but insisted that the bill would not be withdrawn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/12/tearful-leader-carrie-lam-says-sacrificed-hong-kong-police-use-tear-gas-rubber-bullets-clear-protests/|title=Tearful leader Carrie Lam says she 'sacrificed' for Hong Kong, as police use tear gas, rubber bullets to clear protests|date=12 June 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> Democratic Party LegCo member James To responded that many people in society, including himself, felt that Lam loved power and approval more than Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www2.hkej.com/instantnews/current/article/2161408/%E6%B6%82%E8%AC%B9%E7%94%B3%3A%E6%9E%97%E9%84%AD%E6%9B%B4%E6%84%9B%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%8A%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%B8%E8%AE%9A%E8%B3%9E|title=涂謹申:林鄭更愛權力及上司讚賞|date=12 June 2019|work=Hong Kong Economic Journal|trans-title=Carrie Lam loves power and the approbation of superiors more than Hong Kong}}</ref>. On 15 June, the bill was indefinitely delayed by Hong Kong leader [[Carrie Lam]].<ref name=":5" /><br />
* {{Flag|China|name=People's Republic of China}} – After the first protest, the Beijing government blamed "outside interference" and voiced its support to the Hong Kong administration. The [[Chinese Foreign Ministry|Foreign Ministry]] accused opponents of the proposed legislation of "collusion with the West".<ref name="hkfpcollude">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/10/chinese-media-blames-hong-kong-demo-collusion-west/|title=Chinese media blames Hong Kong demo on collusion with West|date=10 June 2019|work=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref> State-run media such as ''[[China Daily]]'' cited more than 700,000 people backing the legislation through an online petition, "countering a protest by about 240,000 people"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=208445|title='Massive backing' for change|date=10 June 2019|work=The Standard}}</ref><ref name="hkfpcollude" /> while the ''[[Global Times]]'' dismissed the mass demonstration on 9 June, stating that "some international forces have significantly strengthened their interaction with the Hong Kong opposition in recent months".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/china-backs-hong-kong-extradition-opposes-foreign-interference-11611722|title=China backs Hong Kong extradition law, opposes 'foreign interference'|date=10 June 2019|publisher=Channel NewsAsia}}</ref><br />
* [[File:190612 Taiwan protest against HK Extradition Law.jpg|thumb|Press conference by [[Taiwan Association for Human Rights]] to support Hong Kong protesters against the bill on 12 June 2019.]]{{Flag|Taiwan|name=Republic of China (Taiwan)}} – President of Taiwan [[Tsai Ing-wen]] expressed her solidarity with the people of Hong Kong, remarking that Taiwan's democracy was hard-earned and had to be guarded and renewed, and pledged that one country, two systems would never be an option as long as she was President.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201906100017.aspx|title=Tsai, Lai voice support for Hong Kong extradition bill protesters|date=10 June 2019|website=Focus Taiwan|publisher=The Central News Agency|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> She also posted on [[Instagram]] to provide support for "Hongkongers on the front line", saying that the Taiwanese people would support all those who fight for free speech and democracy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BykeVeVFbL2/|title=蔡英文 on Instagram: “我參與過「港澳關係條例」的起草，年輕時也常趁著轉機，跑去香港的書店買當時最新的貿易法專業書籍，順便看看「那些在台灣不一定能看得到的書」。那時，在使用中文的地方裡，台灣還沒有充分出版與#言論的自由，中國則是從來都沒有。香港是我和許多人「買書的地方」。 …”|website=Instagram|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Taiwan]] stated that they stood shoulder to shoulder with the hundreds of thousands in Hong Kong fighting against the extradition bill and for rule of law, adding, "Taiwan is with you!".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MOFA_Taiwan/status/1138632719464771586|title=I stand shoulder to shoulder with the hundreds of thousands in #HongKong fighting the extradition bill & for rule of law. Please know you are not alone. #Taiwan is with you! The will of the people will prevail! JW #撐香港, #反送中|date=11 June 2019|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|location=Republic of China|dead-url=|access-date=12 June 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|United States}} – A [[U.S. State Department]] official voiced support for the 9 June protesters, saying that "the peaceful demonstration of hundreds of thousands of Hongkongers yesterday clearly shows the public's opposition to the proposed amendments." They also called on the Hong Kong government to ensure that "any amendments to the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance should be pursued with great care."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3013939/us-state-department-expresses-support-hongkongers-protesting|title=US State Department expresses support for Hongkongers protesting extradition bill|date=11 June 2019|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref> [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|United States House of Representatives Speaker]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] strongly condemned the bill and offered support to the protesters. "The hearts of all freedom-loving people were moved by the courage of the one million men and women of Hong Kong who took to the streets on Sunday to peacefully demand their rights, defend their sovereignty and denounce this horrific extradition bill" and that America stands with the people in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/61119-2/|title=Pelosi Statement on Hong Kong Protests and Extradition Bill|date=11 June 2019|website=Speaker Nancy Pelosi|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|United Kingdom}} – [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] [[Jeremy Hunt]] urged the Hong Kong government to listen to the concerns of the protesters, stating that "it is essential that the authorities engage in meaningful dialogue and take steps to preserve Hong Kong's rights and freedoms and high degree of autonomy, which underpin its international reputation". He added that upholding the [[one country, two systems]] principle, which is legally bound in the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]], is vital to Hong Kong's future success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-statement-on-protests-in-hong-kong|title=Foreign Secretary statement on protests in Hong Kong|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> The [[British Consulate-General, Hong Kong|British Consulate]] in Hong Kong has also opened its doors for protesters needing sanctuary.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/adam_ni/status/1138742354376945665|title=British consulate opens door to protesters needing sanctuary. #HongKong #antiELAB Other consulates should do the same, immediately.|last=Ni|first=Adam|date=2019-06-12|website=@adam_ni|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|European Union}} – Parliamentary leader [[Guy Verhofstadt]] stated that scenes were inspirational for making a stand for human rights and the rule of law and that Europe was watching.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/guyverhofstadt/status/1138730616948690944|title=Inspirational scenes in #HongKong as thousands make a stand for their human rights & the rule of law. Europe is watching.|last=Verhofstadt|first=Guy|date=12 June 2019|website=@guyverhofstadt|dead-url=|access-date=12 June 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|Japan}} – [[Tarō Kōno]], [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan]], said, "I strongly hope that things will be settled early and Hong Kong's freedom and democracy will be maintained".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/konotarogomame/status/1139024078138822656|title=香港の友人として、最近の情勢を大変心配しています。特に多くの負傷者が出ていることに心を痛めています。平和的な話合いを通じて、事態が早期に収拾され、香港の自由と民主が維持されることを強く期待します。|last=Tarol|first=Kono|date=13 June 2019|website=twitter.com|dead-url=|access-date=14 June 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|South Korea}} – The [[Bareunmirae Party]], a minority party, stated that the party supports Hong Kong protesters, adding that the "Bareunmirae Party support the democratization movement in Hong Kong. We hear Hong Kong's cry for freedom and democracy with a strong echo."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bareunmirae.kr/kr/news/briefing.php?bgu=view&idx=14827|title=자유와 민주주의를 향한 홍콩의 외침을 지지한다|last=Jongcheol|first=Lee|date=14 June 2019|website=bareunmirae.kr|lang=ko|dead-url=|access-date=14 June 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{commonscat|Demonstrations against extradition bill in Hong Kong, 2019}}<br />
<br />
* [[2019 in Hong Kong]]<br />
<br />
*[[Causeway Bay Books disappearances]]<br />
*[[Hong Kong protests]]<br />
**[[2010 Marches for Universal Suffrage]]<br />
**[[2014 Hong Kong protests]]<br />
**[[2016 Mong Kok civil unrest]]<br />
**[[Umbrella Movement]]<br />
*[[Human rights in China]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2019 in Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:2019 protests]]<br />
[[Category:2019 in law]]<br />
[[Category:Protest marches in Hong Kong]]<br />
[[Category:Hong Kong democracy movements]]<br />
[[Category:Ongoing protests]]<br />
<br />
{{HKafter1997}}{{Anti-government protests in the 21st century}}</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephenville,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador&diff=869811839Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador2018-11-20T14:54:58Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Updated demographics data as per Canada 2016 Census</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish|Stephenville Crossing, Newfoundland and Labrador}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| official_name = Town of Stephenville<br />
| other_name =<br />
| native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --><br />
| nickname =<br />
| motto =<br />
| image_skyline = Stephenville_Overlook.jpg<br />
| imagesize =<br />
| image_caption = Overlooking the town of Stephenville<br />
| image_flag =<br />
| flag_size =<br />
| image_seal = Stephenville.gif<br />
<br />
| seal_size =<br />
| image_shield =<br />
| shield_size =<br />
| city_logo = <br />
| citylogo_size =<br />
| pushpin_map = Newfoundland<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --><br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Stephenville in [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]<br />
| pushpin_mapsize =<br />
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{CAN}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{NL}}<br />
| subdivision_type3 = <!-- [[Census divisions of Newfoundland and Labrador|Census division]] --><br />
| subdivision_name3 =<br />
| established_title = <!-- Settled --><br />
| established_date =<br />
| established_title2 = Incorporated<br />
| established_date2 = 1952<br />
| established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --><br />
| established_date3 =<br />
| government_type =<br />
| government_footnotes =<br />
| leader_title = Mayor<br />
| leader_name = <nowiki>Tom Rose</nowiki><br />
| leader_title1 = Governing&nbsp;body<br />
| leader_name1 = Stephenville Town Council<br />
| leader_title2 = [[Legislative Assembly|MHA]]<br />
| leader_name2 = [[John Finn (politician)|John Finn]]<br />
| leader_title3 = [[Current members of the Canadian House of Commons|MP]]<br />
| leader_name3 = [[Gudie Hutchings]]<br />
| unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--><br />
| area_footnotes =<br />
| area_total_sq_mi =<br />
| area_total_km2 = 35.69<br />
| area_land_sq_mi =<br />
| area_land_km2 =<br />
| area_water_sq_mi =<br />
| area_water_km2 =<br />
| area_water_percent =<br />
| area_urban_sq_mi =<br />
| area_urban_km2 =<br />
| area_metro_km2 =<br />
| area_metro_sq_mi =<br />
| population_as_of = 2016<br />
| population_note =<br />
| population_footnotes = {{ref label|Stats_Canada|1|1(sc)}}<br />
| population_total = 6623<br />
| population_urban =<br />
| population_metro =<br />
| population_density_sq_mi =<br />
| population_density_km2 = 185.6<br />
| timezone = [[Newfoundland Time]]<br />
| utc_offset = -3:30<br />
| timezone_DST = [[Newfoundland Time|Newfoundland Daylight]]<br />
| utc_offset_DST = -2:30<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|48|33|N|58|34|W|region:CA-NL|display=inline}}<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--><br />
| elevation_ft = 0 - 243<br />
| elevation_m = 0 - 74<br />
| postal_code_type = Postal code span<br />
| postal_code = [[List of A Postal Codes of Canada|A2N]]<br />
| area_code = [[Area code 709|709]]<br />
|blank_name =[[Telephone Exchange]]<br />
|blank_info =643, 283, 214, 649, 641 and 721<br />
|blank1_name =Median Family Income*<br />
|blank1_info =$61,184<br />
|blank2_name = [[National Topographic System|NTS]] Map<br />
|blank2_info = 012B10<br />
|blank3_name = [[Geographical Names Board of Canada|GNBC]] Code<br />
|blank3_info = AAXZD<br />
| website = [http://www.townofstephenville.com Town of Stephenville official website]<br />
| footnotes =*Median income in 2015 - All census economic families ($)<br />
}}<br />
'''Stephenville''' ([[Canada 2016 Census]] population 6,623<ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1004019&Geo2=CD&Code2=1004&Data=Count&SearchText=Stephenville&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 Canada 2016 Census - Community Profile for Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador]</ref>) is a town in [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], Canada on the west coast of the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].<br />
<br />
The town functions as a local service centre for the southwestern part of the island, serving a direct population of 35,000 people from surrounding areas and over 100,000 people along the entire southwestern coast of the island.<ref>[http://www.liveworkgrow.ca/index.php/features/catchement-area]</ref><br />
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Stephenville has a modern 40-bed hospital (built in 2003), schools, stores, movie theater, banks, and International Airport (Stephenville International Airport, CYJT), year round ice free sea port (Port Harmon), and government institutions. The provincial [[community college]] system, [[College of the North Atlantic]], is headquartered in Stephenville and maintains a campus there for students from the southwestern region of the island. A provincial minimum security jail is also located in the town.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Ernest Harmon Air Force Base}}<br />
<br />
This place was formerly known as the Acadian village, between 1848 and 1870. The populace of the village consisted of Roman Catholics who eked out a living, farming and fishing. The town's population continued to grow because of the stable economy. It was also formerly home to [[Ernest Harmon Air Force Base|Ernest Harmon AFB]], which was operated by the [[United States Army Air Forces]] and later the [[United States Air Force]] from 1941 to 1966.<br />
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The base precipitated an economic boom of sorts on Newfoundland's southwest coast during the 1940s. [[Corner Brook]] to the northeast had been considered the major population center for the region, given its industrial base and nearby recreational opportunities in the Humber River. With the massive investment of the Government of the United States in the base, the Stephenville and St. George's Bay area began to flourish. The village of Stephenville grew from a hamlet of several hundred people with no paved streets, side walks, water or sewage system in 1941 into a modern town of over 5,000 by the mid-1950s. By the time Ernest Harmon AFB closed in 1966, the town had more than doubled in size, partly as a result of the provincial government's forced resettlement policy toward residents of [[outport]]s.<br />
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After the base was closed, the facility was turned over to the federal government which then provided it to the provincial government to diversify the local community.<br />
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The facility included the air field, which has two runways (10,000&nbsp;ft x 200&nbsp;ft, 4,000&nbsp;ft x 150&nbsp;ft) and numerous buildings which are operated as the [[Stephenville International Airport]]. An abandoned USAF [[Pinetree Line]] radar site is located on nearby Table Mountain, north of the town. The town uses many former USAF structures for housing, recreation and entertainment.<br />
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== Transportation ==<br />
<br />
The [[Stephenville International Airport]], formerly [[Ernest Harmon Air Force Base|Ernest Harmon AFB]], serves the entire west coast of the island - a catchment population of 100,000 people from [[Channel-Port aux Basques|Port aux Basques]] to [[Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador| Corner Brook]], currently offering intraprovincial flights with Provincial Airlines, weekly summer air service is offered to Toronto Pearson with Sunwing Airlines, twice weekly international flights are offered to [[Saint-Pierre et Miquelon]], France in February, June and August with Air Saint Pierre, weekly flights to Halifax, Ottawa and Toronto (Billy Bishop Airport) with Porter Airlines operates from April to January connecting to its network in Canada and the U.S.A. As well, Stephenville Airport is an international port of entry airport; the airport is the alternate refueling airport to Gander International.<br />
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[[Image:Main Street Stephenville.jpg|left|thumb|175px|Main Street, Stephenville]]Daily intraprovincial bus service connecting to major population centres and ferry terminals across the island is provided by [[DRL Coachlines]]. Dedicated bus service between Stephenville and [[Corner Brook]] is provided by Eddy's Bus Services. Dedicated bus service between Stephenville and [[Channel-Port aux Basques|Port aux Basques]] is provided by Gateway Bus Service.<br />
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Three taxi companies serve the town: Crown Taxi, Blue Bird Taxi, and United Class Cabs.<br />
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The town is located 15 kilometres northwest of the [[Trans-Canada Highway]], and is accessible using Provincial Highway Routes [[Newfoundland and Labrador Route 490|490]] and [[Newfoundland and Labrador Route 460|460]].<br />
<br />
Rail service to the town, as well as all of Newfoundland, was discontinued by [[Terra Transport]] in 1988.<br />
<br />
The density of the town core, and its flat topography, permit residents to enjoy outdoor activities such as walking, bicycling, roller blading, and cross-country skiing.<br />
<br />
==Economic development==<br />
<br />
[[File:Stephenville at Night.jpg|thumb|right|Stephenville at Night]] According to the 2011 Canada Census, Stephenville's population increased by 2% since 2006. This marked the first increase in population since 1996, when population increased by 1.9% over 1991's number. Population further declined in the 2016 Canada Census by 1.4 % compared to 2011's population.<br />
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The town has developed an economic development strategy, known as Live-Work-Grow.<ref>http://www.liveworkgrow.ca/</ref> The website is intended to help attract new and expanding businesses to the area as the town continues to try and diversify its economy. Live-Work-Grow, along with the municipal website, contain all the information needed to study the market and also allow for the completion of online permit applications. This is intended to simplify the permit process and is exemplary of the business friendly atmosphere the town administration is trying to foster. As of November 2018, however, the website is no longer active.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
The first educational institution in the [[St. George's Bay (Newfoundland and Labrador)|Bay St. George]] area was the [[Roman Catholic]] Church. [[Bishop]] [[John T. Mullock]] established the first church of the Roman Catholic faith at Sandy Point in 1848 when the population of the area was about 2000. Father Belenger was the first priest in the St. Georges Bay area from 1850 to 1868. Father Sears, then priest in the area, established a church in the growing town of Stephenville. In 1884 there were four Catholic schools in the parish. One at Sandy Point, one at the Highlands, one at [[Channel-Port aux Basques|Port aux Basques]] and one at Campbell's Creek.<br />
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[[File:Stephenville High School.JPG|thumb|Stephenville High School, formerly St. Stephen's High School, in Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador]]<br />
<br />
Today, Stephenville is served by 4 schools: Stephenville Primary, Stephenville Elementary and Stephenville Middle Schools, which are feeder schools for [[Stephenville High School (Newfoundland and Labrador)|Stephenville High School]], SHS also takes in students from St. Thomas Aquinas School in Port-au-Port East<br />
<br />
Stephenville is also home to the Bay St. George campus of College of the North Atlantic (CNA) which is Newfoundland and Labrador's public college system. The provincial Headquarters for CNA is also located in the D.S.B Fowlow Building of the campus.<br />
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[[Western College, Stephenville, Newfoundland|Western College]] is also located in Stephenville. Formerly known as CompuCollege, the Western College is an affiliate of Eastern College.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ed.gov.nl.ca/edu/postsecondary/privatedir.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-01-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008103631/http://www.ed.gov.nl.ca/edu/postsecondary/privatedir.html |archivedate=2009-10-08 |df= }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
[[Image:Stephenville2.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Stephenville Aerial View]]<br />
<br />
The town is located on the northeast coast of [[St. George's Bay (Newfoundland and Labrador)|Bay St. George]] in southwestern [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], and on the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It is situated on a small plateau and surrounded by the [[Long Range Mountains]] and [[Lewis Hills]] on either side. The downtown area lies to the north of the [[Stephenville International Airport]], and the rest of the town expands primarily to the northwest.<br />
<br />
The town is bisected by Blanche Brook, a small river which runs roughly north to south before meeting Warm Brook, which flows roughly east to west, before both empty in Bay St. George. The original town of Stephenville is situated on the west side of the brook while the east side consists of the area which was once part of Ernest Harmon Air Force Base. There are 4 bridges which span Blanche Brook: Hansen Highway Bridge, Blanche Brook Bridge (Main Street), Columbus Bridge (Minnesota Drive) and the newest West Street Bridge built after the 2005 flood. 3 smaller bridges span Warm Brook, located at: Mississippi Drive, Carolina Avenue and Connecticut Drive. Another waterway, Gaudon's Brook, forms the western border with [[Kippens]].<br />
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The brooks have been used to create a greenbelt/park area that extends through the centre of town, including Blance Brook Park which was constructed following the destruction of a neighbourhood which formerly occupied the same space.<ref>http://www.townofstephenville.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/WAW-Park-and-Trails-8x11-1.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
===Climate===<br />
{{Weather box<br />
|location = Stephenville ([[Stephenville International Airport]], normals from 1981−2010)<br />
|metric first = Y<br />
|single line = Y<br />
|Jan maximum humidex = 15.0<br />
|Feb maximum humidex = 13.0<br />
|Mar maximum humidex = 19.5<br />
|Apr maximum humidex = 26.0<br />
|May maximum humidex = 28.8<br />
|Jun maximum humidex = 36.1<br />
|Jul maximum humidex = 35.8<br />
|Aug maximum humidex = 34.0<br />
|Sep maximum humidex = 36.1<br />
|Oct maximum humidex = 28.0<br />
|Nov maximum humidex = 24.7<br />
|Dec maximum humidex = 18.6<br />
|year maximum humidex = 36.1<br />
|Jan record high C = 14.6<br />
|Feb record high C = 12.7<br />
|Mar record high C = 19.7<br />
|Apr record high C = 23.8<br />
|May record high C = 27.2<br />
|Jun record high C = 30.0<br />
|Jul record high C = 30.6<br />
|Aug record high C = 29.9<br />
|Sep record high C = 29.1<br />
|Oct record high C = 22.4<br />
|Nov record high C = 20.6<br />
|Dec record high C = 16.1<br />
|year record high C = 30.6<br />
|Jan high C = -2.4<br />
|Feb high C = -2.6<br />
|Mar high C = 0.6<br />
|Apr high C = 6.4<br />
|May high C = 11.9<br />
|Jun high C = 16.4<br />
|Jul high C = 20.2<br />
|Aug high C = 20.6<br />
|Sep high C = 16.7<br />
|Oct high C = 10.8<br />
|Nov high C = 5.6<br />
|Dec high C = 0.7<br />
|year high C = 8.7<br />
|Jan mean C = -6.0<br />
|Feb mean C = -6.7<br />
|Mar mean C = -3.5<br />
|Apr mean C = 2.6<br />
|May mean C = 7.6<br />
|Jun mean C = 12.1<br />
|Jul mean C = 16.4<br />
|Aug mean C = 16.7<br />
|Sep mean C = 12.8<br />
|Oct mean C = 7.4<br />
|Nov mean C = 2.7<br />
|Dec mean C = -2.4<br />
|year mean C = 5.0<br />
|Jan low C = -9.4<br />
|Feb low C = -10.7<br />
|Mar low C = -7.6<br />
|Apr low C = -1.3<br />
|May low C = 3.2<br />
|Jun low C = 7.8<br />
|Jul low C = 12.6<br />
|Aug low C = 12.8<br />
|Sep low C = 8.9<br />
|Oct low C = 4.0<br />
|Nov low C = -0.2<br />
|Dec low C = -5.3<br />
|year low C = 1.2<br />
|Jan record low C = -26.1<br />
|Feb record low C = -29.5<br />
|Mar record low C = -29.2<br />
|Apr record low C = -15.6<br />
|May record low C = -7.1<br />
|Jun record low C = -1.1<br />
|Jul record low C = 3.5<br />
|Aug record low C = 2.2<br />
|Sep record low C = -0.7<br />
|Oct record low C = -5.6<br />
|Nov record low C = -14.9<br />
|Dec record low C = -20.0<br />
|year record low C = -29.5<br />
|Jan chill = −38<br />
|Feb chill = −41<br />
|Mar chill = −38<br />
|Apr chill = −26<br />
|May chill = −13<br />
|Jun chill = 0<br />
|Jul chill = 0<br />
|Aug chill = 0<br />
|Sep chill = −4<br />
|Oct chill = −10<br />
|Nov chill = −22<br />
|Dec chill = −36<br />
|year chill = -41<br />
|precipitation colour = green<br />
|rain colour = green<br />
|snow colour = green<br />
|Jan precipitation mm = 124.6<br />
|Feb precipitation mm = 105.3<br />
|Mar precipitation mm = 86.2<br />
|Apr precipitation mm = 77.7<br />
|May precipitation mm = 97.4<br />
|Jun precipitation mm = 104.1<br />
|Jul precipitation mm = 118.4<br />
|Aug precipitation mm = 130.4<br />
|Sep precipitation mm = 127.6<br />
|Oct precipitation mm = 126.9<br />
|Nov precipitation mm = 118.4<br />
|Dec precipitation mm = 123.4<br />
|year precipitation mm = 1340.4<br />
|Jan rain mm = 28.9<br />
|Feb rain mm = 27.2<br />
|Mar rain mm = 36.9<br />
|Apr rain mm = 61.5<br />
|May rain mm = 94.0<br />
|Jun rain mm = 104.1<br />
|Jul rain mm = 118.4<br />
|Aug rain mm = 130.4<br />
|Sep rain mm = 127.5<br />
|Oct rain mm = 124.0<br />
|Nov rain mm = 93.8<br />
|Dec rain mm = 48.6<br />
|year rain mm = 995.3<br />
|Jan snow cm = 113<br />
|Feb snow cm = 90<br />
|Mar snow cm = 54<br />
|Apr snow cm = 17<br />
|May snow cm = 3<br />
|Jun snow cm = 0<br />
|Jul snow cm = 0<br />
|Aug snow cm = 0<br />
|Sep snow cm = 0<br />
|Oct snow cm = 3<br />
|Nov snow cm = 26<br />
|Dec snow cm = 86<br />
|year snow cm = 393<br />
|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm<br />
|Jan precipitation days = 26.1<br />
|Feb precipitation days = 21.8<br />
|Mar precipitation days = 17.7<br />
|Apr precipitation days = 15.3<br />
|May precipitation days = 14.9<br />
|Jun precipitation days = 14.3<br />
|Jul precipitation days = 15.2<br />
|Aug precipitation days = 15.2<br />
|Sep precipitation days = 15.7<br />
|Oct precipitation days = 19.0<br />
|Nov precipitation days = 20.8<br />
|Dec precipitation days = 25.1<br />
|year precipitation days = 221.2<br />
|unit rain days = 0.2 mm<br />
|Jan rain days = 5.2<br />
|Feb rain days = 4.6<br />
|Mar rain days = 6.4<br />
|Apr rain days = 10.8<br />
|May rain days = 14.4<br />
|Jun rain days = 14.3<br />
|Jul rain days = 15.2<br />
|Aug rain days = 15.2<br />
|Sep rain days = 15.7<br />
|Oct rain days = 18.6<br />
|Nov rain days = 14.5<br />
|Dec rain days = 8.1<br />
|year rain days = 143.1<br />
|unit snow days = 0.2 cm<br />
|Jan snow days = 24.7<br />
|Feb snow days = 20.4<br />
|Mar snow days = 14.9<br />
|Apr snow days = 7.0<br />
|May snow days = 1.2<br />
|Jun snow days = 0.0<br />
|Jul snow days = 0.0<br />
|Aug snow days = 0.0<br />
|Sep snow days = 0.1<br />
|Oct snow days = 1.5<br />
|Nov snow days = 9.9<br />
|Dec snow days = 21.6<br />
|year snow days = 101.4<br />
|Jan sun = 41.9<br />
|Feb sun = 73.3<br />
|Mar sun = 116.7<br />
|Apr sun = 141.7<br />
|May sun = 205.2<br />
|Jun sun = 204.2<br />
|Jul sun = 206.2<br />
|Aug sun = 201.6<br />
|Sep sun = 145.7<br />
|Oct sun = 114.1<br />
|Nov sun = 50.1<br />
|Dec sun = 26.6<br />
|year sun = 1527.3<br />
|Jan percentsun = 15.4<br />
|Feb percentsun = 25.6<br />
|Mar percentsun = 31.7<br />
|Apr percentsun = 34.6<br />
|May percentsun = 43.5<br />
|Jun percentsun = 42.4<br />
|Jul percentsun = 42.4<br />
|Aug percentsun = 45.4<br />
|Sep percentsun = 38.5<br />
|Oct percentsun = 33.9<br />
|Nov percentsun = 18.0<br />
|Dec percentsun = 10.2<br />
|year percentsun = 31.8<br />
|source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref name= YYTstats><br />
{{cite web <br />
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=6740&lang=e&province=NL&provSubmit=go&page=51&dCode=1<br />
| title = Stephenville A<br />
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010<br />
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]<br />
| accessdate = July 31, 2014<br />
|date=July 2014}}</ref><br />
|date=August 2010<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{wide image|Stephenville town.JPG|1000px|Stephenville Cityscape}}<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{Historical populations<br />
|align=right<br />
|1901|643<br />
|[[Canada 1911 Census|1911]]|826<br />
|1920|817<br />
|1935|926<br />
|1951|5910<br />
|1961|6043<br />
|1972|12500<br />
|1981|8875<br />
|1986|7994<br />
|1991|7621<br />
|[[Canada 1996 Census|1996]]|7764<br />
|[[Canada 2001 Census|2001]]|7109<br />
|[[Canada 2006 Census|2006]]|6588<br />
|[[Canada 2011 Census|2011]]|6719<br />
<br />
|[[Canada 2016 Census|2016]]|6623<br />
|footnote=<ref>Stephenville Municipal Records</ref><ref>[http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1967-eng.aspx?opt=/eng/1967/196702210189_p.%20189.pdf], Canada Year Book 1967</ref><ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census96/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=35782&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1996&THEME=34&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=], 1996 Census of Canada: Electronic Area Profiles</ref><ref name="www12.statcan.gc.ca">[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1004019&Geo2=PR&Code2=10&Data=Count&SearchText=Stephenville&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=], Community Profiles from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Census Subdivision</ref><ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=326&S=51&O=A&RPP=25&PR=10&CMA=0], Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006</ref>}}<br />
In [[Canada 2006 Census|2006]], the town recorded a visible minority population of 80, and an Aboriginal population of 935. By 2016, the visible minority population decreased to 60, while the Aboriginal population nearly tripled to 2550.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Canada 2016 Census!! Population !! % of Total Population<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" | [[Visible minority]] group<BR><small>Source:<ref name="www12.statcan.gc.ca"/></small> || [[South Asian Canadian|South Asian]] || 15 || {{Percentage | 15 | 6623 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]] || 0 || 0 %<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Black Canadians|Black]] || 15 || {{Percentage | 15 | 6623 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[Filipino Canadian|Filipino]] || 10 || {{Percentage | 10 | 6623 | 1 }}<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Arab Canadians|Arab]] || 0 || {{Percentage | 0 | 6623 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| Other visible minority || 15 || {{Percentage | 15 | 6623 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| '''Total visible minority population'''|| '''60''' || '''{{Percentage | 60 | 6623 | 1 }}'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]] group<BR><small>Source:<ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-558/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CSD&Code=10&Table=1&Data=Count&Sex=1&Age=1&StartRec=326&Sort=2&Display=Page&CSDFilter=5000], Aboriginal Peoples - Data table</ref></small> || [[First Nations]] || 2 510 || {{Percentage | 2510 | 6623 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] || 60 || {{Percentage | 40 | 6623 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Inuit]] || 25 || {{Percentage | 25 | 6623 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | '''Total Aboriginal population''' || '''2 550''' || '''{{Percentage | 2550 | 6623 | 1 }}'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | [[European Canadian|White]] || 4 010 || {{Percentage | 4010 | 6623 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | '''''Total population''''' || '''''6 623''''' || '''''100%'''''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Arts and entertainment==<br />
<br />
There are numerous bars and pubs operating in Stephenville. The nightlife caters to a diverse population including students attending both [[College of the North Atlantic]] and Western College in town. Live entertainment can be found most nights of the week in at least one location. On weekends, DJs are in house at several nightclubs which have also played host to upcoming DJs and performers from cities such as [[Montreal]] and [[Toronto]], while other locations host well-known local performers.<br />
<br />
[[File:Joe MacNeil Antique and Unique Car Show.JPG|thumb|Photo of the downtown Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador during the Joe MacNeil Antique and Unique Car Show in July, 2014.]]<br />
<br />
The Bay St. George Folk Arts Council hosts a monthly "Folk Night" at Emile's Pub in downtown Stephenville. The Council promotes local folk artists who work in both the visual arts and in music.<ref>http://www.stephenvillelr.ca/bay-st-george-folk-arts-council/</ref><br />
<br />
Each summer, the Stephenville Theatre Festival produces high quality professional productions that have attracted visitors from all over Canada and the United States and has been reviewed by publications such as the [[New York Times]]. The festival employs upwards of 70 people and is the premiere tourist attraction for the island's southwest coast.<ref>http://theatreteststf.wordpress.com/</ref> The festival performs at the Stephenville [[Arts and Culture Centre]], the second largest of the six arts centres throughout the province. The centre contains a 450-seat main theatre, a 150-seat secondary theatre and an art exhibition area in a building that was once The Service Club on the [[Ernest Harmon Air Force Base]].<ref>https://artsandculturecentre.com/Stephenville/Online/default.asp?doWork::WScontent::loadArticle=Load&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::article_id=D8AFF303-B161-475B-8346-6532404F8327&menu_id=DA2C828E-0E4D-47E6-86C5-092026DB5A4A</ref><br />
<br />
Following in Stephenville's strong theatre history and culture, the 2nd Stage Players provide year-round theatre productions put off by locals. The troupe was started by well-known Newfoundland theatre figure Jerry Doyle, who has also initiated acting workshops for youth and adults alike.<ref>http://www.stephenvillelr.ca/2nd-stage-players/</ref><br />
<br />
The newly renovated Stephenville Cinema is one of only two movie theatres remaining on the west coast of Newfoundland. In its heyday it played host to the likes of Bob Hope, Mae West and Frank Sinatra.<ref>https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:gqOWZt4rMWYJ:movie-theatre.org/canada/nf/NF.pdf+&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgwm2tX8XikEwetuPjY115NAKDoMl8goUD049ufTKO2NK53AW0knlG5VudWkIMB9KMJN_8L-3r9xoeNBVSyd1ZH8l0eHRpaKbVq-1O-TF6cxHry4TeOkPfKo5fYsDlL3mX0SbfG&sig=AHIEtbTeph5O4yXiVQhbKe6cxItnKbq63Q&pli=1</ref> Today it hosts big Hollywood titles and offers a comfortable night out at the movies.<br />
<br />
==Sports and recreation==<br />
<br />
The town has numerous indoor and outdoor recreation opportunities. Various schools have public gymnasiums and there are private recreation and fitness facilities in the town and surrounding areas. Stephenville often hosts atlantic, provincial, and regional championships in sports such as curling, hockey, cross-country skiing, soccer, and more.<br />
<br />
The [[International Appalachian Trail]] has been extended through the area, providing a continuous recreational hiking trail along the [[Long Range Mountains]]. The abandoned railway corridors of the [[Newfoundland Railway]] have also been designated the "T'railway Provincial Park", providing a level wilderness trail for bicycling and walking.<br />
<br />
Within the town itself, the Walk-a-Ways Trail System offers takes pedestrians throughout the town, from the Base, to Port Harmon, into the downtown and to the fossil forest at its northern terminus. The trail links all of Stephenville's recreation areas and complexes including Bike lanes, several soccer fields, baseball and softball diamonds, tennis courts etc...<ref>http://www.stephenvillelr.ca/outdoor-recreation-fields/</ref><br />
<br />
The town also has an 18-hole [[Harmon Links|links golf course]] that was expanded from a 9-hole course in 1999. The course was originally built by the [[United States Air Force]].<ref>http://www.harmonseasidelinks.com/</ref> The former Caribou Club on the base was converted into a 4 sheet curling rink in the 1970s and retains its original name: The Caribou Curling Club.<ref>http://www.cariboucurlingclub.com/</ref><br />
<br />
[[Image:New Housing Stephenville.jpg|right|thumb|175px|New Housing Development]]<br />
<br />
The [[Stephenville Dome]] is home to the "Stephenville Jets" minor hockey team and is the main ice rink for the Bay St. George region, boasting an Olympic-size ice surface and seating for approximately 1,200 patrons. The rink plays host to hockey, figure skating, broomball, general skating, home shows, conventions and concerts. Along with the Pepsi Centre in [[Corner Brook]], the Stephenville Dome co-hosted the 1999 Canada Winter Games and housed events such as figure skating and speedskating.<ref>http://www.stephenvillelr.ca/indoor-recreation-facilities/</ref> Meanwhile, the Regional Aquatic Centre provides residents with a full range of aquatic activities. This modern swimming facility built in 1995 boasts a regulation sized pool, kiddie pool, hot tub, and water slide.<ref>http://www.stephenville-recreation.com/</ref><br />
<br />
In addition to privately owned fitness centres, the [[YMCA]] has opened a new facility in Stephenville. The West Coast Training Centre, a facility featuring numerous amenities such as a gymnasium, weight room, steam room, squash courts, multi-purpose rooms, and office/meeting space was slated to be closed by provincial government as a cost cutting measure in 2013. The town assumed ownership of the facility shortly afterward and reached an operation agreement with the YMCA. The deal will see the organization operate a fully renovated modern facility that will be home to sports such as basketball, volleyball, martial arts, as well as fitness classes and include workout space.<ref>http://www.thetelegram.com/News/Regional/2014-01-08/article-3567908/Stephenville-mayor-hopes-YMCA-will-open-this-month/1</ref><br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
* [[Brian Tobin]] - Former Premier of [[Newfoundland & Labrador]]<br />
* [[Kevin Major]] - Noted author of works such as the novel ''No Man's Land''<br />
* [[Jeff Hunt]] - Owner of the CFL's Ottawa RedBlacks and OHL's Ottawa 67's<br />
* [[Maxim Mazumdar]] - Actor, director, playwright, founder of Stephenville Theatre Festival<br />
* [[Bananasaurus Rex]] - Twitch streamer and [[speedrun]]ner<br />
* [[Sherry White]] - actress, writer and filmmaker<br />
* [[Jason Benoit]] - country music singer/songwriter<br />
<br />
==Notable events==<br />
<br />
* On July 27, 2005, Abitibi-Consolidated announced plans to cease newsprint production in Stephenville, resulting in a loss of 280 jobs to the town and surrounding region.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2005/07/27/abitibi-050727.html Abitibi cutting paper production in Ontario and Newfoundland]</ref><br />
* On September 27, 2005, a torrential downpour caused 180 people to be evacuated, after two rivers that flow through the town overflowed their banks and flooded the town. About 140 millimetres of rain fell.<ref>[http://www.recorder.ca/cp/National/050928/n092815A.html State of emergency remains in effect in flooded Newfoundland town]</ref><br />
* On October 29, 2005, [[CBC Television]] announced that Stephenville had been chosen as site for the annual ''Hockey Day in Canada'' feature of ''[[Hockey Night in Canada]]''. The event took place on January 7, 2006.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2005/10/29/hockeyday_stephenville051029.html Stephenville, N.L., awarded Hockey Day in Canada]</ref><br />
<br />
==Sister city==<br />
* {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Castlegar, British Columbia]]<ref>http://www.castlegar.ca/city_sistercities.php</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador]]<br />
*[[Ernest Harmon Air Force Base]]<br />
*[[Newfoundland and Labrador Route 460|Hansen Memorial Highway]]<br />
*[[Long Gull Pond]]<br />
*[[Stephenville International Airport]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.town.stephenville.nf.ca Town of Stephenville - official website]<br />
*[http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/cns_enl/id/3876 Stephenville - Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, vol.5, p. 303-304.]<br />
{{NLDivision4}}<br />
{{Subdivisions of Newfoundland and Labrador}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|48|33|N|58|34|W|region:CA_type:city|display=title|name=Stephenville}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador| ]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathmandu&diff=859358707Kathmandu2018-09-13T14:35:21Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Undid revision 859334717 by 213.205.242.127 (talk) - Vandalism - Replaced "Spain" with "Nepal"</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|Kathmandu Metropolitan City}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kathmandu<br />
| official_name = [[List of cities in Nepal|Metropolitan City]]<br />
| native_name = काठमाडौं/काठमाण्डौ ([[Nepali language|Nepali]])<br />
| native_name_lang = ne<br />
| settlement_type = [[Capital city|Capital of Nepal]]<br />
| image_skyline = Kathmandu collage.jpg<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_flag = Flag of Kathmandu, Nepal.svg<br />
| motto = English: My legacy, My pride, My Kathmandu; Nepali: मेरो पौरख, मेरो गौरव, मेरो काठमाण्डौ; Nepal Bhasa: जिगु पौरख, जिगु गौरव, जिगु येँ देय्<br />
| image_map = <br />
| mapsize = 300px<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| image_map1 = kathmandu.jpg<br />
| pushpin_map = Nepal<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --><br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 300<br />
<!-- Location -->| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nepal<br />
| pushpin_relief = 1<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27|42|41|N|85|18|31|E|type:city_region:NP|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[Nepal]]<!-- the name of the country, not the flag --><br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Nepal|Province]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Zones of Nepal|Zone]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Nepal|District]]<br />
| subdivision_type4 = <br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Province No. 3]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kathmandu district|Kathmandu]]<br />
| subdivision_name4 = <br />
| established_title1 = Settled<br />
| established_date1 = 723 BCE<br />
| established_title2 = Established as municipality<!-- Incorporated --><br />
| established_date2 = 1931<!-- Area --><br />
| established_title3 = Upgraded to Metro city<br />
| established_date3 = 1990<br />
| government_footnotes = <br />
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]<br />
| leader_name = [[Bidya Sundar Shakya]] ([[Nepal Communist Party|NCP]])<br />
| leader_title1 = [[Deputy mayor|Deputy Mayor]]<br />
| leader_name1 = Hari Prabha Khadgi ([[Nepali Congress|NC]])<br />
| unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--><br />
| area_footnotes = &nbsp;of Metro<br />
| area_total_km2 = 49.45<br />
<!-- Population -->| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 1400<br />
<!-- Area/postal codes and others -->| population_total = 1,442,271<br />
| population_as_of = 2017<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = 29443<br />
| population_metro = 2500000<br />
| population_density_metro_km2 = 6313<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Local<br />
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Nepal|Postal Code]]<br />
| postal_code = 44600 (GPO), 44601, 44602, 44604, 44605, 44606, 44608, 44609, 44610, 44611, 44613, 44614, 44615, 44616, 44617, 44618, 44619, 44620, 44621<br />
| area_code = 01<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.710 <span style="colour:#fc5;"> High</span><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpDocuments)/0865FF03B159B9C1C1257980002F2D30/$file/Nepal_Central_Region_Overview_Paper.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202202326/http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpDocuments%29/0865FF03B159B9C1C1257980002F2D30/%24file/Nepal_Central_Region_Overview_Paper.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date= 2 February 2012 |title=An Overview of the Central Development Region (CR) |publisher=Internal-displacement.org |format=PDF |accessdate=25 November 2013 |df= }}</ref><br />
| website = {{Official URL}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human Poverty Index|HPI]]<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{decrease}} 20.8 <span style="colour:#fc5;"> Very Low</span><br />
<!-- Politics -->| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Literacy Rate]]<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 89.6% <span style="colour:#fc5;"> High</span><br />
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'''Kathmandu''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|t|m|æ|n|ˈ|d|uː}};<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Kathmandu |title = Definition of Kathmandu in English |website = Oxford Dictionaries |accessdate = 25 September 2015 }}</ref> {{lang-ne|काठमाडौं}}, {{lang-new| ये: }} ''Yei'', [[Nepali language|Nepali]] pronunciation: {{IPA-ne|kaʈʰmaɳɖu|}}) is the capital city of [[Nepal]]. It is the largest metropolis in Nepal, with a population of 1.5 million in the [[city proper]], and 3 million in its [[urban agglomeration]] across the [[Kathmandu Valley]], which includes the towns of [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]], [[Kirtipur]], [[Madhyapur Thimi]], [[Bhaktapur]] making the total population to roughly 5 million people and the municipalities across Kathmandu valley. Kathmandu is also the largest metropolis in the [[Himalaya]]n hill region.<br />
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The city stands at an elevation of approximately {{convert|1400|m|ft|lk=out|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]] in the bowl-shaped Kathmandu Valley of central Nepal. The valley is historically termed as "Nepal Mandala" and has been the home of [[Newar people|Newar culture]], a cosmopolitan urban civilisation in the Himalayan foothills. The city was the royal capital of the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] and hosts palaces, mansions and gardens of the Nepalese aristocracy. It has been home to the headquarters of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] ([[SAARC]]) since 1985. Today, it is the seat of government of the Nepalese republic established in 2008; and is part of the [[Province No. 3|province 3]] in Nepalese administrative geography.<br />
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Kathmandu is and has been for many years the centre of Nepal's [[History of Nepal|history]], [[Newa art|art]], [[Culture of Nepal|culture]] and [[Economy of Nepal|economy]]. It has a multiethnic population within a [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] majority. It is also the home of the [[Newars]]. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. [[Tourism]] is an important part of the economy, as the city is the gateway to the Nepalese Himalayas. It home to seven [[World Heritage site|world heritage sites]]; the Durbar Squares of Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, the Stupas of Swayambhunath and Baudhanath, and the temples of Pashupati and Changu Narayan.<br />
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There are also seven [[casino]]s in the city. In 2013, Kathmandu was ranked third among the top ten upcoming travel destinations in the world by [[TripAdvisor]], and ranked first in Asia. Historic areas of Kathmandu were devastated by a [[2015 Nepal earthquake|7.8 magnitude earthquake]] on 25 April 2015 and is in process of reconstruction. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] is the most spoken language in the city, while [[English language|English]] is understood by the city's educated residents.<br />
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[[Nepal Communist Party (NCP)|NCP]]’s [[Bidya Sundar Shakya]] is the Mayor of Kathmandu Metropolitan city and Hari Prabha Khadgi of [[Nepali Congress]] is the deputy mayor. [http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-05-28/cpn-umls-bidhya-sundar-shakya-elected-kathmandu-mayor.html]<br />
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{{TOC limit|3}}<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
<br />
''Kathmandu'' is not the native name used by the indigenous [[Newars|Newar people]] of the valley. ''Yei'' is the classical Nepalese name for it. The Pahari name ''Kathmandu'' comes from [[Kasthamandap]] temple, that stood in [[Kathmandu Durbar Square|Durbar Square]]. In [[Sanskrit]], ''Kāṣṭha'' ({{lang-sa2|काष्ठ}}) means "wood" and ''Maṇḍap'' ({{lang-sa2|/मण्डप}}) means "covered shelter". This temple, also known as ''Maru Satta:'' in the [[Newar language]], was built in 1596 by Biseth in the period of King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two-story structure was made entirely of wood and used no iron nails nor supports. According to legend, all the timber used to build the [[pagoda]] was obtained from a single tree.<ref name=introd>{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=1&pr_id=1 |title = Introduction |accessdate = 12 December 2009 |publisher = Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Government of Nepal }}</ref> The structure collapsed during a major earthquake on 25 April 2015.<br />
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The [[colophon (publishing)|colophons]] of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as ''Kāṣṭhamaṇḍap Mahānagar'' in [[Nepal Mandala]]. Mahānagar means "great city". The city is called "Kāṣṭhamaṇḍap" in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kāṣṭhamaṇḍap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called [[Kantipur|Kāntipur]] (कान्तिपुर). This name is derived from two Sanskrit words – ''Kānti'' and ''pur''. "Kānti" is a word that stands for "beauty" and is mostly associated with light and "pur" means place. Thus, giving it a meaning as "City of light".<br />
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Among the indigenous Newar people, Kathmandu is known as ''Yeṃ Deśa'' (येँ देश), and Patan and Bhaktapur are known as ''Yala Deśa'' (यल देश) and ''Khwopa Deśa'' (ख्वप देश).<ref>{{cite book |last = Kirkpatrick |first = Colonel |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ijxAAAAAYAAJ |title = An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul |work = |publisher = London: William Miller |year = 1811 |accessdate = 9 March 2012 |page = 159 }} pp. 162–63</ref> "Yen" is the shorter form of ''Yambu'' (यम्बु), which originally referred to the northern half of Kathmandu.{{clarify|date=March 2013}}<ref>{{cite web |url = https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:h6sdBc7CLUEJ:himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_11_01_reviews.pdf+Kathmandu+yambu+slusser&hl=en&gl=np&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg2ceBxI2fFOKQgQawkxmzqzoMpH5CPM7DxxjITxvk6FEH37tQcNFg0lMHOlFu9vmfaAqritlH6E4NlF76dKsQdlL6TDPo9V6d86J_7eotAoYi7QKny7jwpszlL8p2lNVvIWjLj&sig=AHIEtbTGepgF3U_fNi5Y4cjlL4hx_DQzeA |title = Contributions to Nepalese Studies |publisher = CNAS, Tribhuvan University |accessdate = 28 July 2012 |date = December 1983 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{Main|History of Kathmandu|Timeline of Kathmandu}}<br />
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[[File:Medbud BuddhaManjushri.jpg|thumb|Manjushree, with Chandrahrasa, the Buddhist deity said to have created the valley]]<br />
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Archaeological excavations in parts of Kathmandu have found evidence of ancient civilisations. The oldest of these findings is a statue, found in [[Maligaon]], that was dated at 185 AD.<ref name="Kantipur">{{cite web|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/nepal/article/?id=1485 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911000320/http://www.ekantipur.com/nepal/article/?id=1485 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=11 September 2010 |title=सुस्त उत्खनन » पुरातत्व » सम्पदा :: नेपाल :: |publisher=Ekantipur.com |date=9 June 2010 |accessdate=15 January 2012 |df= }}</ref> The excavation of Dhando Chaitya uncovered a brick with an inscription in [[Brahmi script]]. Archaeologists believe it is two thousand years old.<ref name="Kantipur"/> [[Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley|Stone inscriptions]] are a ubiquitous element at heritage sites and are key sources for the history of [[Nepal]].<br />
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The earliest Western reference to Kathmandu appears in an account of Jesuit Fathers [[Johann Grueber]] and [[Albert d'Orville]]. In 1661, they passed through Nepal on their way from [[Tibet]] to [[India]], and reported that they reached "Cadmendu", the capital of Nepal kingdom.'''<ref>{{cite book |last = Levi |first = Sylvain |url = https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:C8hQgCDo-QUJ:himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_25_05.pdf+kuti+necbal&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi1sCufbZ0miDrM87qYQinPM-tdnLbKdy_9dVkkHEDDtBrFP0WMe5YCb8ugsjinxRuW5wg8jKoxs34VWa0NrMQE-EIVTF4XkqE_fBaCIaehWaSTSd667Yba6th7UQufXvovZL_H&sig=AHIEtbSJJa1YFxA2dpP--Pxsz3HtiKVAQA |title = Nepal |work = |publisher = |page = 50 |accessdate = 1 December 2013 }}</ref>'''<br />
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=== Ancient history ===<br />
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The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to [[Swayambhu Purana]], present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake named "Nagdaha", as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa [[Manjusri]] <nowiki/>with his sword, and the water was evacuated out from there. He then established a city called Manjupattan, and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After some time, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet, and the valley again turned into a lake. Then lord [[Krishna]] came to [[Nepal]], killed Banasur, and again drained out the water. He brought some Gopals along with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal.<ref name=prehistory>{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=4&pr_id=4 |title = History |accessdate = 12 December 2009 |publisher = Government of Nepal }}</ref><ref name="travel">{{cite web|url=http://www.newatravels.com/nepal/index.html|title=History:Ancient Nepal|last=|first=|date=|website=Newa Travels and Tours|publisher=New Travels and Tours Ltd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721111831/http://www.newatravels.com/nepal/index.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|dead-url=|accessdate=18 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="nepalmandal.com">{{cite web |last = Apr |first = Wed |url = http://www.nepalmandal.com/content/7752.html |title = Article:झीसं पत्याः यानाच्वनागु अन्धविश्वास – Author:विपेन्द्र महर्जन Nepalmandal |publisher = Nepalmandal.com |date = 21 April 2010 |accessdate = 15 January 2012 }}</ref><br />
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Kotirudra Samhita of [[Shiva Purana]], Chapter 11, shloka 18 refers to the place as Nayapala city, which was famous for its Pashupati Shivalinga. The name Nepal probably originates from this city Nayapala.<br />
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Very few historical record exists of the period before medieval [[Licchavi (clan)|Licchavis]] rulers. According to [[Gopalraj Vansawali]], a genealogy of Nepali monarchy, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were [[Pala empire|Gopalas]], Mahispalas, Aabhirs, [[Kirati people|Kirants]], and Somavanshi.<ref name="nepalmandal.com"/><ref>Article:गोपालराज वंशावली Language: Nepalbhasa, Journal:नेपालभाषा केन्द्रीय विभागया जर्नल, Edition:1, Date: 1998, pp. 18–25, 44</ref> The Kirata dynasty was established by [[Yalamber]]. During the Kirata era, a settlement called [[Yambu (Nepal)|Yambu]] existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]], Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at [[Sankhu]].<br />
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[[File:Nepaul valley map 1802.jpg|thumb|Map of Kathmandu, 1802]]<br />
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==== Licchavi era ====<br />
The Licchavis from the [[Indo-Gangetic plain]] migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty, circa 400 AD. During this era, following the genocide of [[Shakya]]s in [[Lumbini]] by [[Virudhaka (raja)|Virudhaka]], the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of [[Newar Buddhism]], which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dsbcproject.org/manuscripts/short-history |archive-url = https://archive.is/20130414141212/http://www.dsbcproject.org/manuscripts/short-history |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 14 April 2013 |title = A Short History of Sanskrit Buddhist Manuscripts |publisher = Dsbcproject.org |date = |accessdate = 24 November 2013 }}</ref> With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/Page_Ward+No.+23_38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622181813/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/Page_Ward%2BNo.%2B23_38 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=22 June 2012 |title=Kathmandu Metropolitan City |publisher=Kathmandu.gov.np |date= |accessdate=24 November 2013 |df= }}</ref> during most of the Licchavi era.<ref name="काष्ठमण्डप कि होममण्डप">{{cite web |url = http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/gopa.detail.php?article_id=37878&cat_id=22 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120706165415/http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/gopa.detail.php?article_id=37878&cat_id=22 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 6 July 2012 |title = काष्ठमण्डप कि होममण्डप |publisher = Gorkhapatra.org.np |accessdate = 24 November 2013 }}</ref><br />
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Eventually, the Licchavi ruler [[Gunakamadeva]] merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu.<ref name="काष्ठमण्डप कि होममण्डप"/> The city was designed in the shape of ''Chandrahrasa'', the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by [[Ajima]]s. One of these barracks is still in use at [[Bhadrakali, Nepal|Bhadrakali]] (in front of [[Singha Durbar]]). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travellers and monks who lived during this era. For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king [[Amshuverma]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ekantipur.com/kantipur/news/news-detail.php?news_id=224549 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120203517/http://www.ekantipur.com/kantipur/news/news-detail.php?news_id=224549 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 20 January 2012 |title = राष्ट्रपति अचानक ग्यालरीमा &#124; कला र शैली &#124; :: कान्तिपुर :: |publisher = Ekantipur.com |date = |accessdate = 15 January 2012 }}</ref> The trade route also led to cultural exchange as well. The artistry of the Newar people—the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley—became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbours. For example, [[Araniko]] led a group of his compatriot artists through [[Tibet]] and [[China]]. [[Bhrikuti]], the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch [[Songtsän Gampo]], was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet.<br />
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==== Malla era ====<br />
[[File:Kathmandu 1811.jpg|thumb|Skyline of Kathmandu, circa 1793]]<br />
[[File:Kathmandu durbar square.jpg|thumb|Kathmandu Durbar Square, 1852]]<br />
The Licchavi era was followed by the [[Malla (Nepal)|Malla era]]. Rulers from [[Tirhut]], upon being attacked by [[Muslim]]s, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from [[Khas]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turk]] Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king [[Abhaya Malla]]. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade.<br />
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During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of waterspouts, the institutionalisation of trusts (called [[guthi]]s), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king [[Pratap Malla]]. Books have been found from this era that describe their [[Tantra|tantric]] tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g.&nbsp;Haramekhala), religion (e.g.&nbsp;Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include [[Kathmandu Durbar Square]], [[Patan Durbar Square]], [[Bhaktapur Durbar Square]], the former durbar of [[Kirtipur]], [[Nyatapola]], Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others.<br />
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=== Modern era ===<br />
[[File:Old narayanhiti palace.jpg|thumb|The now demolished old royal palace in 1920]]<br />
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==== Early Shah rule ====<br />
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The [[Gorkha Kingdom]] ended the Malla confederation after the [[Battle of Kathmandu]] in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The [[Battle of Kirtipur]] was the start of the [[History of Kathmandu#1769-1845|Gorkha conquest]] of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighbouring nations. [[Bhimsen Thapa]] supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower [[Dharahara]] was originally built during this era.<br />
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==== Rana rule ====<br />
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Rana rule over Nepal started with the [[Kot Massacre]], which occurred near Hanuman Dhoka Durbar. During this massacre, most of Nepal's high-ranking officials were massacred by [[Jang Bahadur Rana]] and his supporters. Another massacre, the [[List of massacres in Nepal|Bhandarkhal Massacre]], was also conducted by Kunwar and his supporters in Kathmandu. During the Rana regime, Kathmandu's alliance shifted from anti-British to pro-British; this led to the construction of the first buildings in the style of Western European architecture. The most well-known of these buildings include [[Singha Durbar]], [[Garden of Dreams]], Shital Niwas, and the old Narayanhiti palace. The first modern commercial road in the Kathmandu Valley, the [[New Road of Kathmandu|New Road]], was also built during this era. Trichandra College (the first college of Nepal), Durbar School (the first modern school of Nepal), and Bir Hospital (the first hospital of Nepal) were built in Kathmandu during this era. Rana rule was marked by despotism, economic exploitation and religious persecution.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dietrich |first=Angela |title=Buddhist Monks and Rana Rulers: A History of Persecution |url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BH/bh117536.htm |accessdate=24 September 2013 |newspaper=Buddhist Himalaya: A Journal of Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods |year=1996 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001124156/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BH/bh117536.htm |archivedate=1 October 2013 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Lal |first = C. K. |title = The Rana resonance |url = http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=8741 |accessdate = 24 September 2013 |newspaper = Nepali Times |date = 16 February 2001 }}</ref><br />
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== Geography ==<br />
Kathmandu is in the northwestern part of the [[Kathmandu Valley]] to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of {{convert|50.7|km2|1|abbr=on}}. The average elevation is {{convert|1400|m|ft|sigfig=2}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref name="KTM intro">{{cite web|url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/Page_Introduction_1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623003237/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/Page_Introduction_1 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=23 June 2012 |title=Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office&nbsp;– Introduction |accessdate=14 August 2014 |publisher=Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office |df= }}</ref> The city is bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by [[Patan, Lalitpur|Lalitpur]] Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan), with which it forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by [[Kirtipur]] Municipality and to the east by [[Madhyapur Thimi|Madyapur Thimi Municipality]]. To the north the urban area extends into several [[Village development committee (Nepal)|Village Development Committees]]. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighbouring municipalities, e.g. to [[Bhaktapur,]] and nearly covers the entire [[Kathmandu valley]].<br />
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{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre = Kathmandu Metropolitan City<br />
|North = [[Tokha]] / [[Budhanilkantha]]<br />
|Northeast = [[Gokarneshwor]]<br />
|East = [[Kageshwari Manohara]]<br />
|Southeast = [[Madhyapur Thimi]]<br />
|South = ''[[Bagmati river]]''<br>[[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]] <br />
|Southwest = [[Kirtipur]]<br />
|West = [[Nagarjun]]<br />
|Northwest = [[Tarakeshwor]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Kathmandu is dissected by eight rivers, the main river of the valley, the [[Bagmati River|Bagmati]] and its tributaries, of which the [[Bisnumati River|Bishnumati]], Dhobi Khola, Manohara Khola, Hanumante Khola, and Tukucha Khola are predominant. The mountains from where these rivers originate are in the elevation range of {{convert|1500|-|3000|m|ft}}, and have passes which provide access to and from Kathmandu and its valley.<ref name=facts>{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=2&pr_id=2 |title = Kathmandu Facts |accessdate = 12 December 2009 |publisher = Kathmandu Metropolitan City Council, Government of Nepal }}</ref><ref name=Geography>{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=3&pr_id=3 |title = Geography |accessdate = 12 December 2009 |publisher = Kathmandu Metropolitan City }}</ref><ref name="Shreshta S.H.">{{Cite book |last = Shreshta |title = Nepal in Maps |page = |work = Kathmandu valley |pages = 102–14 |publisher = Educational Publishing House |location = Kathmandu |year = 2005 |first = S.H }}</ref> An ancient canal once flowed from Nagarjuna hill through Balaju to Kathmandu; this canal is now extinct.<br />
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Kathmandu and its valley are in the ''Deciduous Monsoon Forest Zone'' (altitude range of {{convert|1200|-|2100|m|ft}}), one of five vegetation zones defined for Nepal. The dominant tree species in this zone are [[oak]], [[elm]], [[beech]], [[maple]] and others, with [[coniferous]] trees at higher altitude.<ref>Shrestha S.H. p. 35</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery mode="packed"><br />
File:2015-03-08 Swayambhunath, Katmandu, Nepal.jpg|Urban expansion in Kathmandu (Mar. 2015)<br />
File:Kathmandu, Nepal.JPG|The green, vegetated slopes that surround the Kathmandu metro area (light grey, image centre) include both forest reserves and national parks<br />
File:Kathmandu City during monsoon.jpg|cloudy Highway<br />
File:New Road-kathmandu-07.jpg|New road, is the shopping district of Kathmandu.<br />
</gallery><br />
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=== Kathmandu administration ===<br />
<br />
Kathmandu and adjacent cities are composed of [[List of neighborhoods of Kathmandu|neighbourhoods]], which are utilised quite extensively and more familiar among locals. However, administratively the city is divided into 32 wards, numbered from 1 to 32.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/Page_Ward+No.+16_31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622031755/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/Page_Ward+No.+16_31|dead-url=yes|archive-date=22 June 2012|title=Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office - Ward No. 16|date=22 June 2012|publisher=}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Kathmandu agglomeration ===<br />
<br />
There is no officially defined [[urban agglomeration|agglomeration]] of Kathmandu. The urban area of the Kathmandu valley is split among three different districts (collections of local government units within a [[Zones of Nepal|zone]]), which extend [http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nepal-kathmanduvalley.php very little beyond the valley fringe, except towards the southern ranges, which have comparatively small population]. They have the three highest population densities in the country. Within these 3 districts lie VDCs (villages), 20 municipalities and 2 metropolitan municipality (maha-nagarpalika: Kathmandu and lalitpur). The following data table describes these districts which likely would be considered an agglomeration:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"<br />
|-<br />
! Administrative district ([[Nepali language|Nepali]]: जिल्ला; ''jillā'')<br />
! Area (km²)<br />
! Population (2001 Census)<br />
! Population (2011 Census)<br />
! Population density (/km²)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Kathmandu District]]<br />
| 395<br />
| 1,081,845<br />
| 1,740,977<br />
| 4408<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|Lalitpur District]]<br />
| 385<br />
| 337,785<br />
| 466,784<br />
| 1212<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bhaktapur District]]<br />
| 119<br />
| 225,461<br />
| 303,027<br />
| 2546<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| '''Kathmandu agglomeration'''<br />
| '''899'''<br />
| '''1,645,091'''<br />
| '''2,510,788'''<br />
| '''2793'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
<br />
{{climate chart<br />
| Kathmandu<br />
|2|19|14.4<br />
|5|21|18.7<br />
|8|25|34.2<br />
|12|28|61.0<br />
|16|29|123.6<br />
|19|29|236.3<br />
|20|28|363.4<br />
|20|29|330.8<br />
|19|28|199.8<br />
|13|27|51.2<br />
|8|24|8.3<br />
|4|20|13.2<br />
|float=right<br />
|clear=none<br />
|units=metric}}<br />
Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, Kathmandu Valley is in the ''Warm Temperate Zone'' (elevation ranging from {{convert|1200|to|2300|m|ft}}), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the ''Cool Temperate Zone'' with elevation varying between {{convert|2100|and|3300|m|ft}}. Under [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen's climate classification]], portions of the city with lower elevations have a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Cwa), while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a [[subtropical highland climate]]. In the Kathmandu Valley, which is representative of its valley's climate, the average summer temperature varies from {{convert|28|to|30|C|F}}. The average winter temperature is {{convert|10.1|C|1}}.<br />
<br />
The city generally has a climate with warm days followed by cool nights and mornings. Unpredictable weather is expected, given that temperatures can drop to {{convert|1|C|F}} or less during the winter. During a 2013 cold front, the winter temperatures of Kathmandu dropped to {{convert|−4|C|F}}, and the lowest temperature was recorded on 10 January 2013, at {{convert|-9.2|C|F}}. Rainfall is mostly monsoon-based (about 65% of the total concentrated during the [[monsoon]] months of June to August), and decreases substantially ({{convert|100|to|200|cm|0|abbr=on}}) from eastern Nepal to western Nepal. Rainfall has been recorded at about {{convert|1400|mm|in|1}} for the Kathmandu valley, and averages {{convert|1407|mm|in|1}} for the city of Kathmandu. On average [[humidity]] is 75%.<ref name=facts/><ref name=Shrestha>{{Cite book |last = Shreshta |first = Vinod Prasad |title = A Concise Geography of Nepal |work = Climate |pages = 24–28 |publisher = Mandal Publications |year = 2007 |location = Kathmandu |isbn = 978-99946-55-04-5 }}</ref><ref name=vista>{{cite web |url = http://www.nepalvista.com/travel/kathmandu-temperature.php |title = Average Temperature and Rainfall of Kathmandu City |work = Nepal Vista |publisher = Nepal Bureau of Standards, Weather Meteorology |accessdate = 6 November 2009 }}</ref><br />
The chart below is based on data from the Nepal Bureau of Standards & Meteorology, "Weather Meteorology" for 2005. The chart provides minimum and maximum temperatures during each month. The annual amount of precipitation was {{convert|1124|mm|in}} for 2005, as per monthly data included in the table above.<ref name=vista/><br />
The decade of 2000–2010 saw highly variable and unprecedented precipitation anomalies in Kathmandu. This was mostly due to the annual variation of the southwest monsoon.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} For example, 2003 was the wettest year ever in Kathmandu, totalling over {{convert|2900|mm|0|abbr=on}} of precipitation due to an exceptionally strong monsoon season. In contrast, 2001 recorded only {{convert|356|mm|0|abbr=on}} of precipitation due to an extraordinarily weak monsoon season.<br />
{{Weather box<br />
| location = Kathmandu (1981–2010)<br />
| metric first = Y<br />
| single line = Y<br />
| Jan record high C = 24.4<br />
| Feb record high C = 28.3<br />
| Mar record high C = 33.3<br />
| Apr record high C = 35.0<br />
| May record high C = 36.1<br />
| Jun record high C = 37.2<br />
| Jul record high C = 32.8<br />
| Aug record high C = 33.3<br />
| Sep record high C = 33.3<br />
| Oct record high C = 33.3<br />
| Nov record high C = 29.4<br />
| Dec record high C = 28.3<br />
|year record high C = 37.2<br />
| Jan high C = 19.1<br />
| Feb high C = 21.4<br />
| Mar high C = 25.3<br />
| Apr high C = 28.2<br />
| May high C = 28.7<br />
| Jun high C = 29.1<br />
| Jul high C = 28.4<br />
| Aug high C = 28.7<br />
| Sep high C = 28.1<br />
| Oct high C = 26.8<br />
| Nov high C = 23.6<br />
| Dec high C = 20.2<br />
|year high C = 25.6<br />
| Jan mean C = 10.8<br />
| Feb mean C = 13.0<br />
| Mar mean C = 16.7<br />
| Apr mean C = 19.9<br />
| May mean C = 22.2<br />
| Jun mean C = 24.1<br />
| Jul mean C = 24.3<br />
| Aug mean C = 24.3<br />
| Sep mean C = 23.3<br />
| Oct mean C = 20.1<br />
| Nov mean C = 15.7<br />
| Dec mean C = 12.0<br />
|year mean C = <br />
| Jan low C = 2.4<br />
| Feb low C = 4.5<br />
| Mar low C = 8.2<br />
| Apr low C = 11.7<br />
| May low C = 15.7<br />
| Jun low C = 19.1<br />
| Jul low C = 20.2<br />
| Aug low C = 20.0<br />
| Sep low C = 18.5<br />
| Oct low C = 13.4<br />
| Nov low C = 7.8<br />
| Dec low C = 3.7<br />
|year low C = 12.1<br />
| Jan record low C = -2.8<br />
| Feb record low C = -1.1<br />
| Mar record low C = 1.7<br />
| Apr record low C = 4.4<br />
| May record low C = 9.4<br />
| Jun record low C = 13.9<br />
| Jul record low C = 16.1<br />
| Aug record low C = 16.1<br />
| Sep record low C = 13.3<br />
| Oct record low C = 5.6<br />
| Nov record low C = 0.6<br />
| Dec record low C = -1.7<br />
|year record low C = -2.8<br />
|precipitation colour = green<br />
| Jan precipitation mm = 14.4<br />
| Feb precipitation mm = 18.7<br />
| Mar precipitation mm = 34.2<br />
| Apr precipitation mm = 61.0<br />
| May precipitation mm = 123.6<br />
| Jun precipitation mm = 236.3<br />
| Jul precipitation mm = 363.4<br />
| Aug precipitation mm = 330.8<br />
| Sep precipitation mm = 199.8<br />
| Oct precipitation mm = 51.2<br />
| Nov precipitation mm = 8.3<br />
| Dec precipitation mm = 13.2<br />
|year precipitation mm = 1454.9<br />
| Jan precipitation days = 2<br />
| Feb precipitation days = 3<br />
| Mar precipitation days = 4<br />
| Apr precipitation days = 6<br />
| May precipitation days = 12<br />
| Jun precipitation days = 17<br />
| Jul precipitation days = 23<br />
| Aug precipitation days = 22<br />
| Sep precipitation days = 15<br />
| Oct precipitation days = 4<br />
| Nov precipitation days = 1<br />
| Dec precipitation days = 1<br />
|year precipitation days = 110<br />
| Jan humidity = 79<br />
| Feb humidity = 71<br />
| Mar humidity = 61<br />
| Apr humidity = 53<br />
| May humidity = 57<br />
| Jun humidity = 73<br />
| Jul humidity = 81<br />
| Aug humidity = 83<br />
| Sep humidity = 82<br />
| Oct humidity = 79<br />
| Nov humidity = 85<br />
| Dec humidity = 80<br />
|year humidity = 74<br />
| Jan sun = 223<br />
| Feb sun = 254<br />
| Mar sun = 260<br />
| Apr sun = 231<br />
| May sun = 229<br />
| Jun sun = 186<br />
| Jul sun = 136<br />
| Aug sun = 159<br />
| Sep sun = 132<br />
| Oct sun = 252<br />
| Nov sun = 244<br />
| Dec sun = 250<br />
|year sun = 2556<br />
| source 1 = Department of Hydrology and Meteorology,<ref name= DHM>{{cite web |url = http://www.dhm.gov.np/uploads/climatic/657898146NORMAL%20FILE.pdf |title = Normals from 1981–2010 |accessdate = 14 October 2012 |publisher = Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (Nepal) }}</ref> [[World Meteorological Organization]] (precipitation days)<ref name= WMO>{{cite web |url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/031/c00114.htm |title = World Weather Information Service&nbsp;– Kathmandu |accessdate = 16 April 2013 |publisher = World Meteorological Organization }}</ref><br />
<br />
|source 2 = [[Danish Meteorological Institute]] (sun and relative humidity),<ref name=DMI>{{cite web|last1=Cappelen |first1=John |last2=Jensen |first2=Jens |url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |work=Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) |title=Nepal – Kathmandu |page=190 |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=Danish |accessdate=16 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |archivedate=16 January 2013 |df= }}</ref> Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial (extremes)<ref name= extremes>{{cite web |url = http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/ne-katma.htm |title = Nepal – Katmandu |accessdate = 16 April 2013 |publisher = Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas }}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Air quality==<br />
[[Air pollution]] is a major issue in Kathmandu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/mar/21/air-pollution-kathmandu-nepal-liveable-smog-paris|title=Has air pollution made Kathmandu unliveable?|last=Lodge|first=Andrew|date=2014-03-21|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-04-04|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iied.org/clearing-air-kathmandu|title=Clearing the air in Kathmandu|date=2016-06-07|work=International Institute for Environment and Development|access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/topography-blame-worsening-air-pollution/|title=You are being redirected...|website=thehimalayantimes.com|access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref> According to the 2016 [http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ World Health Organization's Ambient Air Pollution Database],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/|title=WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (update 2016)|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref> the annual average [[PM2.5]] concentration in 2013 was 49 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, which is 4.9 times higher than recommended by the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/|title=Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health|website=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/|title=Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref> for annual average [[PM2.5]]. Starting in early 2017, the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170406020534/http://www.pollution.gov.np/networkOverview Nepali Government] and [https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.global_summary#Nepal$Phora_Durbar_Kathmandu US Embassy] have monitored and publicly share real-time air quality data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pollution.gov.np/networkOverview|title=Pollution|website=www.pollution.gov.np|language=en|access-date=2017-04-04|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406020534/http://www.pollution.gov.np/networkOverview|archivedate=6 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.global_summary|title=AirNow|website=airnow.gov|access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref>Kathmandu was listed as the most polluted city in South Asia as well. But the awareness programs are being held.<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
[[File:Shanker.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hotel Shanker]] is one of the city's popular heritage hotels]]<br />
[[File:Rastrabank.JPG|thumb|[[Central Bank of Nepal]]]]<br />
[[File:Binod K Chaudhary, President of Chaudhary Group.jpg|thumb|The Kathmandu-based [[billionaire]] [[Binod Chaudhary]] is listed by ''[[Forbes]]'' as Nepal's richest man]]<br />
The location and terrain of Kathmandu have played a significant role in the development of a stable economy which spans millennia. The city is in an ancient lake basin, with fertile soil and flat terrain. This geography helped form a society based on agriculture. This, combined with its location between India and China, helped establish Kathmandu as an important trading centre over the centuries. Kathmandu's trade is an ancient profession that flourished along an offshoot of the [[Silk Road]] which linked India and Tibet. From centuries past, [[Lhasa Newar (trans-Himalayan traders)|Lhasa Newar merchants]] of Kathmandu have conducted trade across the Himalaya and contributed to spreading art styles and Buddhism across Central Asia.<ref>{{cite news |last = Lewis |first = Todd T |title = Buddhism, Himalayan Trade, and Newar Merchants |url = http://buddhim.20m.com/8-4.htm/ |accessdate = 28 July 2012 }}</ref> Other traditional occupations are farming, metal casting, woodcarving, painting, weaving, and pottery.<ref name=economy>{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=5&pr_id=5 |title = Economy |accessdate = 20 December 2009 |publisher = Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Government of Nepal }}</ref><br />
<br />
Kathmandu is the most important industrial and commercial centre in Nepal. The [[Nepal Stock Exchange]], the head office of the [[Nepal Rastra Bank|national bank]], the [[FNCCI|chamber of commerce]], as well as head offices of national and international banks, telecommunication companies, the electricity authority, and various other national and international organisations are in Kathmandu. The major economic hubs are the [[New Road of Kathmandu|New Road]], [[Durbar Marg]], [[Asan, Kathmandu|Ason]] and Putalisadak.<ref name=economy/><br />
<br />
The economic output of the metropolitan area alone is worth more than one third of national GDP around $6.5billion in terms of nominal GDP [[Nepali rupee|NR.s 550 billion approximately]] per year $2200 per capita income approx three times national average.<ref name="kmco">{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=5&pr_id=5 |title = Economy |publisher = Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office |accessdate = 18 December 2009 }}</ref> Kathmandu exports handicrafts, artworks, garments, carpets, pashmina, paper; trade accounts for 21% of its finances.{{which|date=March 2013}}<ref name=economy/><ref name="kmco"/> Manufacturing is also important and accounts for 19% of the revenue that Kathmandu generates. Garments and woolen carpets are the most notable manufactured products.<ref name="kmco"/> Other economic sectors in Kathmandu include agriculture (9%), education (6%), transport (6%), and hotels and restaurants (5%)<!--percent of what?-->.<ref name="kmco"/> Kathmandu is famous for [[lokta paper]] and [[pashmina]] shawls.<br />
<br />
=== Tourism ===<br />
[[File:Hyatt Regency Kathmandu Hotel.jpg|thumb|[[Hyatt Regency]], Kathmandu]]<br />
[[Tourism in Nepal|Tourism]] is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the [[Tribhuvan Highway]], between Kathmandu and [[Raxaul]] (at India's border), was started. Separate organisations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular.<ref name="Shrestha p.86-89">Shrestha pp. 86–89</ref><br />
<br />
Since then, tourism in Nepal has thrived. It is the country's most important industry.<ref>{{cite news |title = Tourism in Nepal |url = http://www.expeditionsnepal.com/where-is-nepal/ }}</ref> Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as [[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupatinath]], [[Swayambhunath]], [[Boudhanath]] and [[Budhanilkantha]]. From a mere 6,179 tourists in 1961/62, the number increased to 491,504 in 1999/2000. Following the end of the Maoist insurgency, there was a significant rise of 509,956 tourist arrivals in 2009. Since then, tourism has improved as the country turned into the Democratic Republic. In economic terms, the foreign exchange registered 3.8% of the GDP in 1995/96 but then started declining{{why|date=March 2013}}. The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the rich cultural heritage of the country.<ref name="Shrestha p.86-89"/><br />
<br />
The neighbourhood of [[Thamel]] is Kathmandu's primary "traveller's ghetto", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel that was coined to rhyme with Thamel.<ref>{{cite news |title = Thamel |url = http://www.nepalitimes.com/issue/2010/01/22/LifeTimes/16741 |accessdate = 12 March 2012 |newspaper = Nepali Times }}</ref> Jhochhen Tol, also known as ''Freak Street'', is Kathmandu's original traveller's haunt, made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel. [[Asan, Kathmandu|Asan]] is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old trade route to Tibet, and provides a fine example of a traditional neighbourhood.<br />
<br />
With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved.<ref name="Shrestha p.86-87">Shrestha pp. 86–87</ref> Now Kathmandu boasts several luxuries such as the [[Hyatt Regency]], [[Dwarika's Hotel|Dwarika's]], theYak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel (which is not operated by the [[Shangri-La Hotel]] Group) and [[The Shanker Hotel]]. There are several four-star hotels such as Hotel Vaishali, Hotel Narayani, [[The Blue Star]] and [[Grand Hotel Kathmandu|Grand Hotel]]. The Garden Hotel, Hotel Ambassador, and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu. Hotels like [[Hyatt Regency Kathmandu|Hyatt Regency]], De L'Annapurna, and Hotel Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels providing casinos as well.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmandu-hotels.com/ |title = Hotels in Kathmandu |website = katmandu-hotels.com |accessdate = 13 December 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Government and public services ==<br />
[[File:Primeminister's Office 01.jpg|thumb|Office of the [[Prime Minister of Nepal]]]]<br />
<br />
=== Civic administration ===<br />
<br />
Kathmandu Municipal Corporation (KMC) is the chief nodal agency for the administration of Kathmandu. The Municipality of Kathmandu was upgraded to incorporated in 1994.<br />
[[File:SAARC Secretariat at Kathmandu.JPG|thumb|[[SAARC]] Secretariat in Kathmandu]]<br />
Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector. For civic administration, the city is further divided into 35 administrative wards. The Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its 177 elected representatives and 20 nominated members. It holds biannual meetings to review, process and approve the annual budget and make major policy decisions.<ref name=facts/><ref name=council>{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=9&pr_id=9 |title = Metropolis Council |accessdate = 14 December 2009 |publisher = Kathmandu Metropolitan City Council, Government of Nepal }}</ref> The ward's profile documents for the 35 wards prepared by the Kathmandu Metropolitan Council is detailed and provides information for each ward on population, the structure and condition of houses, the type of roads, educational, health and financial institutions, entertainment facilities, parking space, security provisions, etc. It also includes lists of development projects completed, on-going and planned, along with informative data about the cultural heritage, festivals, historical sites and the local inhabitants. Ward 16 is the largest, with an area of 437.4&nbsp;ha; ward 26 is the smallest, with an area of 4&nbsp;ha.<ref name =ward>{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=915&pr_id=15 |title = Ward Profile |accessdate = 14 December 2009 |publisher = Kathmandu Metropolitan City Council, Government of Nepal }}</ref><br />
<br />
Kathmandu is the headquarters of the surrounding [[Kathmandu District]]. The city of Kathmandu forms this district with Kirtipur Municipality and some 57 [[Village development committee (Nepal)#Kathmandu District|Village Development Committees]]. According to the 2001 census, there are 235,387 households in the metropolitan city.<br />
<br />
=== Law and order ===<br />
<br />
The [[Metropolitan Police]] is the main law enforcement agency in the city. It is headed by a [[police commissioner|commissioner of police]]. The Metropolitan Police is a division of the [[Nepal Police]], and the administrative control lies with the National Home Ministry.<br />
[[File:Dutch Embassy in Kathmandu.jpg|thumb|Royal [[Netherlands]] Consulate. Kathmandu hosts [[List of diplomatic missions in Nepal|28 diplomatic missions]]]]<br />
<br />
=== Fire service ===<br />
<br />
The fire service, known as the ''Barun Yantra Karyalaya'', opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single vehicle.<ref name="FAN">{{cite web |url = http://www.fan.org.np/ |title = History and problem |publisher = Firefighters Volunteer Association of Nepal (FAN) |accessdate = 20 December 2009 }}</ref> An iron tower was erected to monitor the city and watch for fire. As a precautionary measure, firemen were sent to the areas which were designated as accident-prone areas.<ref name="FAN"/> In 1944, the fire service was extended to the neighbouring cities of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. In 1966, a fire service was established in Kathmandu airport.<ref name="FAN"/> In 1975, a West German government donation added seven fire engines to Kathmandu's fire service.<ref name="FAN"/> The fire service in the city is also overlooked by an international non-governmental organisation, the Firefighters Volunteer Association of Nepal (FAN), which was established in 2000 with the purpose of raising public awareness about fire and improving safety.<ref name="FAN"/><br />
<br />
=== Electricity and water supply ===<br />
<br />
Electricity in Kathmandu is regulated and distributed by the NEA [[Nepal Electricity Authority]]. Water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL).<br />
There is a severe shortage of water for household purposes such as drinking, bathing, cooking and washing. People have been using mineral water bottle and mineral water tanks for all the purposes related to water. Melamchi water supply project will deliver 170 million litres per day of water by the end of 2017.<br />
<br />
=== Waste management ===<br />
<br />
There is no proper waste management in Kathmandu, so rubbish piles up on roads, pavements and in waterways.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/waste-management-has-not-kept-kathmandus-fast-growth |title = Living amidst filth |date = 13 May 2016 |accessdate = 7 July 2016 |publisher = D+C, development and cooperation |author = Roshan Sharma }}</ref><br />
<br />
Waste management may be through composting in municipal waste management units, and at houses with home composting units. Both systems are common and established in India and neighbouring countries.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
Kathmandu's urban cosmopolitan character has made it the most populous city in Nepal, recording a population of 671,846 residents living in 235,387 households in the metropolitan area, according to the 2001 census.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |accessdate = 13 December 2009 |url = http://www.cbs.gov.np/Population/National%20Report%202001/VDC.pdf |title = Census Nepal 2001 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090327013341/http://www.cbs.gov.np/Population/National%20Report%202001/VDC.pdf |archivedate = 27 March 2009 }}</ref> According to the National Population Census of 2011, the total population of Kathmandu city was 975,543 with an annual growth rate of 6.12% with respect to the population figure of 2001. 70% of the total population residing in Kathmandu are aged between 15 and 59.<br />
<br />
Over the years the city has been home to people of various ethnicities, resulting in a range of different traditions and cultural practices. In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001. The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021. To keep up this population growth, the KMC-controlled area of {{convert|5076.6|ha|acre}} has expanded to {{convert|8214|ha|acre|abbr=off}} in 2001. With this new area, the population density which was 85 in 1991 is still 85 in 2001; it is likely to jump to 111 in 2011 and 161 in 2021.<ref name=popu>{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=6&pr_id=6 |title = Population |accessdate = 12 December 2009 |publisher = Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Government of Nepal }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Ethnic groups ===<br />
<br />
The largest ethnic groups residing in Kathmandu Metropolitan City consists of primarily [[Newar]] (24%), [[Khas]] [[Brahmins]] (25%), Chhetris (18%), [[Tamang people|Tamangs]] (11%) while the rest 12% are occupied by Hill Janajatis including [[Kirat people|Kirat]], [[Gurung people|Gurung]], [[Magar people|Magar]], [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]] etc, Terai Janajatis like Tharus along with various ethicities within the Madhesi of 15% community. <ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|url=http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/VDC-Municipality%20in%20detail/27%20Kathmandu_VDCLevelReport.pdf|title=National Population and Housing Census 2011 - Kathmandu Metropolitan City|last=|first=|date=|website=www.cbs.gov.np|format=PDF|accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref> More recently, other hill ethnic groups and Caste groups from [[Terai]] have come to represent a substantial proportion of the city's population. The major languages are [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Nepal Bhasa]], while English is understood by many, particularly in the service industry. The major religions in Kathmandu city are [[Hinduism in Nepal|Hinduism]] 80%, [[Buddhism in Nepal|Buddhism]] 10% and other 10%.{{cn|date=June 2017}}<br />
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The linguistic profile of Kathmandu underwent drastic changes during the Shah dynasty's rule because of its strong bias towards the [[Hindu]] culture. [[Sanskrit language]] therefore was preferred and people were encouraged to learn it even by attending Sanskrit learning centres in [[Terai]]. Sanskrit schools were specially set up in Kathmandu and in the Terai region to inculcate traditional Hindu culture and practices originated from Nepal.<ref name="Jha p.21">Jha p. 21</ref><br />
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== Architecture and cityscape ==<br />
{{Main|Architecture of Kathmandu}}<br />
{{Kathmandu valley World Heritage Site (WHS) Monuments}}<br />
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The ancient trade route between [[India]] and [[Tibet]] that passed through Kathmandu enabled a fusion of artistic and architectural traditions from other cultures to be amalgamated with local art and architecture.<ref name=festival>{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=142&pr_id=172 |title = Festivals |accessdate = 12 December 2009 |publisher = Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Government of Nepal }}</ref> The monuments of Kathmandu City have been influenced over the centuries by Hindu and Buddhist religious practices. The architectural treasure of the Kathmandu valley has been categorised under the well-known seven groups of heritage monuments and buildings. In 2006 UNESCO declared these seven groups of monuments as a [[World Heritage Site]] (WHS). The seven monuments zones cover an area of {{convert|189|ha|acre}}, with the buffer zone extending to {{convert|2394|ha|acre}}. The Seven Monument Zones (Mzs) inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are [[Durbar square]]s of Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and [[Changu Narayan|Changunarayan]], the Buddhist stupas of [[Swayambhu]] and [[Boudhanath]].<ref name=Heritage>{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/121 |title = Kathmandu Valley – Unesco World Heritage site |accessdate = 25 November 2009 |publisher = World Heritage – UNESCO.org }}</ref><ref name=unesco>{{cite web |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001520/152020m.pdf |format = PDF |title = Kathmandu Valley World Heritage site: Nepal |work = Heritage Homeowner's Preservation Manual |accessdate = 25 November 2009 |publisher = Unesco, Kathmandu and Bangkok |year = 2006 }}</ref><br />
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=== Durbar squares ===<br />
{{Main|Kathmandu Durbar Square|Hanuman Dhoka}}<br />
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The literal meaning of [[Durbar Square]] is a "place of palaces". There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in [[Kirtipur]]. The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur); the earliest is the Licchavi dynasty. The complex has 50 temples and is distributed in two quadrangles of the Durbar Square. The outer quadrangle has the [[Kasthamandap]], [[Kumari (children)|Kumari Ghar]], and Shiva-Parvati Temple; the inner quadrangle has the [[Hanuman Dhoka]] palace. The squares were severely damaged in the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]].<br />
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Hanuman Dhoka is a complex of structures with the Royal Palace of the Malla kings and of the Shah dynasty. It is spread over five acres. The eastern wing, with ten courtyards, is the oldest part, dating to the mid-16th century. It was expanded by King Pratap Malla in the 17th century with many temples. The royal family lived in this palace until 1886 when they moved to Narayanhiti Palace. The stone inscription outside is in fifteen languages.<ref name=hanuman>{{cite web|url=http://www.vegetarian-restaurants.net/Nepal/Kathmandu/Hanuman-Dhoka.htm |title=Hanuman Dhoka (Old Royal Palace) |publisher=Vegetarian-restaurants.net |accessdate=20 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205193042/http://www.vegetarian-restaurants.net/Nepal/Kathmandu/Hanuman-Dhoka.htm |archivedate= 5 February 2013 |df= }}</ref><br />
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Kumari Ghar is a palace in the centre of the Kathmandu city, next to the Durbar square where a [[Kumari (children)|Royal Kumari]] selected from several Kumaris resides. Kumari, or Kumari Devi, is the tradition of worshipping young pre-pubescent girls as manifestations of the divine female energy or ''devi'' in South Asian countries. In Nepal the selection process is very rigorous. Kumari is believed to be the bodily incarnation of the goddess Taleju (the Nepali name for Durga) until she menstruates, after which it is believed that the goddess vacates her body. Serious illness or a major loss of blood from an injury are also causes for her to revert to common status. The current Royal Kumari, Matina Shakya, age four, was installed in October 2008 by the Maoist government that replaced the monarchy.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.visitnepal.com/nepal_information/kumari.php |title = Kumari Devi&nbsp;– The Living Goddess |publisher = Visitnepal.com |accessdate = 19 December 2009 }}</ref><br />
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[[Kasthamandap]] is a three-storeyed temple enshrining an image of [[Gorakhnath]]. It was built in the 16th century in [[pagoda]] style. The name of Kathmandu is a derivative of the word ''Kasthamandap''. It was built under the reign of King Laxmi Narsingha Malla. Kasthamandap stands at the intersection of two ancient trade routes linking India and Tibet at [[Maru, Kathmandu|Maru]] square. It was originally built as a rest house for travellers.<br />
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=== Pashupatinath temple ===<br />
{{Main|Pashupatinath temple}}<br />
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[[File:Pashupati dec 20 2009.jpg|thumb|centre|upright=4.3|[[Pashupatinath Temple|Panorama of the Pashupatinath Temple from the other bank of Bagmati river]]]]<br />
[[File:Pashupatinath temple,kathmandu,Nepal.jpg|thumb|]]<br />
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The [[Pashupatinath Temple]] is a famous 5th century [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Lord Shiva ([[Pashupati]]). On the banks of the [[Bagmati]] River in the eastern part of Kathmandu, Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu.<ref name="SAARC Tourism">{{cite web |url = http://nepal.saarctourism.org/pashupatinath-temple.html |title = SAARC tourism |work = Nepal.saarctourism.org |accessdate = 4 July 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100722213803/http://nepal.saarctourism.org/pashupatinath-temple.html |archive-date = 22 July 2010 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all }}</ref> It served as the seat of national deity, [[Shree Pashupatinath|Lord Pashupatinath]], until Nepal was secularised. However, a significant part of the temple was destroyed by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invaders in the 14th century and little or nothing remains of the original 5th-century temple exterior. The temple as it stands today was built in the 19th century, although the image of the bull and the black four-headed image of Pashupati are at least 300 years old.<ref name="Lonely Planet (2006)">{{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/?id=dtSIz1vwg4YC&pg=PA166|title = Nepal |publisher = [[Lonely Planet]] |year = 2006 |page = 166 |isbn = 978-1-74059-699-2 |first1 = Bradley |last1 = Mayhew |first2 = Joe |last2 = Bindloss |first3 = Stan |last3 = Armington}}</ref> The temple is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref name="Lonely Planet (2006)"/><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url = http://nepal.saarctourism.org/pashupatinath-temple.html |title = SAARC tourism |work = Nepal.saarctourism.org |accessdate = 25 November 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100722213803/http://nepal.saarctourism.org/pashupatinath-temple.html |archive-date = 22 July 2010 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[Shivaratri]], or the night of Lord Shiva, is the most important festival that takes place here, attracting thousands of devotees and [[sadhu]]s.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}<br />
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Believers in Pashupatinath (mainly [[Hinduism|Hindus]]) are allowed to enter the temple premises, but non-Hindu visitors are allowed to view the temple only from the across the Bagmati River.<ref name="Lonely Planet (2006)"/> The priests who perform the services at this temple have been [[Brahmin]]s from [[Karnataka]], South India since the time of Malla king [[Yaksha Malla]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.vegetarian-restaurants.net/Nepal/Kathmandu-Valley/Pashupatinath-Temple.htm |title = Spiritual guides |website = Vegetarian-restaurants.net |date = 1 January 2006 |accessdate = 4 July 2010 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100612020258/http://vegetarian-restaurants.net/Nepal/Kathmandu-Valley/Pashupatinath-Temple.htm |archivedate = 12 June 2010 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> This tradition is believed to have been started at the request of [[Adi Shankaracharya]] who sought to unify the states of [[Bharatam]] (Unified India) by encouraging cultural exchange. This procedure is followed in other temples around India, which were sanctified by Adi Shankaracharya.<br />
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The temple is built in the [[pagoda]] style of architecture, with cubic constructions and carved wooden rafters (tundal) on which they rest, and two-level roofs made of copper and gold.<br />
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=== Boudhanath ===<br />
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[[File:P37275-Kathmandu-Boudhanath.jpg|thumb|centre|upright=3.64|Buildings around Boudha Stupa]]<br />
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The Boudhanath (also written as ''Bouddhanath'', ''Bodhnath'', ''Baudhanath'' or the ''Khāsa'' [[Chaitya]]), is one of the holiest [[Buddhist]] sites in Nepal, along with the [[Swayambhu]]. It is a very popular [[tourism|tourist]] site. Boudhanath is known as Khāsti by [[Newars]] and as Bauddha or Bodhnāth by speakers of [[Nepali language|Nepali]].<ref>Snellgrove (1987), p. 365.</ref> About {{convert|11|km|0|abbr=on}} from the centre and northeastern outskirts of Kathmandu, the stupa's massive [[mandala]] makes it one of the largest spherical [[stupa]]s in Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishweekly/independent/11-09/tourism.htm |title = Fables of Boudhanath and Changunarayan |publisher = nepalnews.com |accessdate = 13 December 2009 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705134905/http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishweekly/independent/11-09/tourism.htm |archivedate = 5 July 2008 }}</ref> Boudhanath became a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] in 1979.<br />
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[[File:Bouddha and Devotee.jpg|thumb|[[Boudhanath]] [[Stupa]], one of the largest in Nepal. It is showing during renovations following the 2015 earthquake.]]<br />
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The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha [[Amitabha]]. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four or five [[prayer wheel]]s engraved with the mantra, ''om mani padme hum''.<ref name="LP (2006), p.170-1">{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/?id=dtSIz1vwg4YC&pg=PA170|title = Nepal |publisher = [[Lonely Planet]] |year = 2006 |pages = 170–71 |isbn = 978-1-74059-699-2 |first1 = Bradley |last1 = Mayhew |first2 = Joe |last2 = Bindloss |first3 = Stan |last3 = Armington}}</ref> At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to [[Ajima]], the goddess of [[smallpox]].<ref name="LP (2006), p.170-1"/> Every year the stupa attracts many Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure, walk around the stupa with prayer wheels, chant, and pray.<ref name="LP (2006), p.170-1"/> Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex. The influx of many Tibetan refugees from [[China]] has seen the construction of over 50 Tibetan [[gompa]]s ([[Monastery|monasteries]]) around Boudhanath.<br />
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=== Swayambhu ===<br />
{{Main|Swayambhunath}}<br />
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Swayambhu is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city. This is among the oldest religious sites in [[Nepal]]. Although the site is considered Buddhist, it is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus. The stupa consists of a dome at the base; above the dome, there is a cubic structure with the eyes of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] looking in all four directions.{{clarify|date=March 2013}} There are pentagonal [[Toran]] above each of the four sides, with statues engraved on them. Behind and above the torana there are thirteen tiers. Above all the tiers, there is a small space above which lies a [[gajur]].<br />
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=== Rani Pokhari ===<br />
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{{Main|Ranipokhari}}<br />
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[[Ranipokhari]] which is translated as "Queen's Pond" is a historic artificial pond that nestled in the heart of Kathmandu. It was built by king Pratap Mall in 1670 AD for his beloved queen after she lost her son who couldn't recover from her loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bossnepal.com/ranipokhari-the-queens-pond/| title=Ranipokhari, the Queen's pond| website=bossnepal.com |accessdate=2018-03-14}}</ref> A large stone statue of an elephant in south signifies the image of Pratap Malla and his two sons. Balgopaleshwor Temple stands still inside the temple above the pond. [[Rani Pokhari]] is opened once a year during the final day of Tihar i.e. Bhai Tika and Chhath festival. The world largest Chhath takes place every year in Ranipokhari. The pond is one of Kathmandu's most famous landmarks and is known for its religious and aesthetic significance.<br />
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== Culture ==<br />
{{Main|Culture of Kathmandu}}<br />
[[File:Daura Suruwal by Mahalaxmi Silwal.jpg|thumb|left|A man in one of the Nepalese national dress]]<br />
[[File:Chaitya at Bakunani.jpg|thumb|Stone carvings, called Chaityas, seen in street corners and courtyards]]<br />
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=== Arts ===<br />
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Kathmandu valley is described as "an enormous treasure house of art and sculptures", which are made of wood, stone, metal, and [[terracotta]], and found in profusion in temples, shrines, stupas, gompas, chaityasm and palaces. The art objects are also seen in street corners, lanes, private courtyards and in open ground. Most art is in the form of icons of gods and goddesses. Kathmandu valley has had this art treasure for a very long time, but received worldwide recognition only after the country opened to the outside world in 1950.<ref name="Jha p.21"/><br />
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The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi(wealth-goddess). From the 3rd century BCE, apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist monuments from the [[Ashoka]]n period (it is said that [[Emperor Ashoka|Ashoka]] visited Nepal in 250&nbsp;BC) have embellished Nepal in general and the valley in particular. These art and architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution: the Licchavi or classical period (500 to 900&nbsp;AD), the post-classical period (1000 to 1400&nbsp;AD), with strong influence of the Palla art form; the Malla period (1400 onwards) that exhibited explicitly [[tantra|tantric]] influences coupled with the art of [[Tibetan culture|Tibetan]] [[Demonology]].<ref name="Jha p.23">Jha p. 23</ref><br />
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A broad typology has been ascribed to the decorative designs and carvings created by the people of Nepal. These artists have maintained a blend of Hinduism and Buddhism. The typology, based on the type of material used are: stone art, metal art, wood art, terracotta art, and painting.<ref>Jha pp. 23–24</ref><br />
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==== Museums ====<br />
Kathmandu is home to a number of museums and art galleries, including the [[National Museum of Nepal]] and the Natural History Museum of Nepal. Nepal's art and architecture is an amalgamation of two ancient religions, Hinduism and Buddhhism. These are amply reflected in the many temples, shrines, stupas, monasteries, and palaces in the seven well-defined Monument Zones of the Kathmandu valley are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This amalgamation is also reflected in the planning and exhibitions in museums and art galleries throughout Kathmandu and its sister cities of Patan and Bhaktapur. The museums display unique artefacts and paintings from the 5th century CE to the present day, including archaeological exportation.<ref name=asia>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiatravel.com/nepal/nepalgal.html |title=Museums and Art Galleries of Nepal |publisher=Asiatravel.com |accessdate=18 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FkdgUe0D?url=http://www.asiatravel.com/nepal/nepalgal.html |archivedate= 9 April 2013 |df= }}</ref><br />
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Kathmandu museums and art galleries include:<ref name=asia/><br />
* The National Museum<br />
* The Natural History Museum<br />
* [[Hanuman Dhoka Palace Museum|Hanumandhoka Palace Complex]]<br />
* [[Kaiser Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana#Kaiser Library|The Kaiser Library]]<br />
* The National Art Gallery<br />
* The NEF-ART (Nepal Fine Art) Gallery<br />
* The Nepal Art Council Gallery<br />
* [[Narayanhity Palace|Narayanhity Palace Museum]]<br />
* [https://www.facebook.com/TheTaragaonMuseum The Taragaon Museum]<br />
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[[File:Nepal.Museum.JPG|thumb|National Museum of Nepal]]<br />
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The National Museum is in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General [[Bhimsen Thapa]]. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance.<ref name="Museums">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiatravel.com/nepal/nepalgal.html |title=Museums and art galleries |publisher=Asia Travel |accessdate=18 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FkdgUe0D?url=http://www.asiatravel.com/nepal/nepalgal.html |archivedate= 9 April 2013 |df= }}</ref> The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was ''Chhauni Silkhana'', meaning "the stone house of arms and ammunition". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, [[leather]] [[cannon]]s from the 18th–19th century, and medieval and modern works in [[wood]], [[bronze]], [[Rock (geology)|stone]] and [[painting]]s.<ref name="Museums"/><br />
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The Natural History Museum is in the southern foothills of Swayambhunath hill and has a sizeable collection of different species of animals, [[butterflies]], and plants. The museum is noted for its display of species, from prehistoric shells to stuffed animals.<ref name="Museums"/><br />
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The Tribhuvan Museum contains artefacts related to the King [[Tribhuvan]] (1906–1955). It has a variety of pieces including his personal belongings, letters and papers, memorabilia related to events he was involved in and a rare collection of photos and paintings of Royal family members.<ref name="Museums"/> The Mahendra Museum is dedicated to king [[Mahendra of Nepal]] (1920–1972). Like the Tribhuvan Museum, it includes his personal belongings such as decorations, [[Postage stamp|stamps]], [[coin]]s and personal notes and manuscripts, but it also has structural reconstructions of his cabinet room and office chamber.<ref name="Museums"/> The Hanumandhoka Palace, a lavish medieval palace complex in the Durbar, contains three separate museums of historic importance. These museums include the Birendra museum, which contains items related to the second-last monarch, [[Birendra of Nepal]].<ref name="Museums"/><br />
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The enclosed compound of the Narayanhity Palace Museum is in the north-central part of Kathmandu. "Narayanhity" comes from ''Narayana'', a form of the Hindu god [[Lord Vishnu]], and ''Hiti'', meaning "water spout" (Vishnu's temple is opposite the palace, and the water spout is east of the main entrance to the precinct). Narayanhity was a new palace, in front of the old palace built in 1915, and was built in 1970 in the form of a contemporary [[Pagoda]]. It was built on the occasion of the marriage of [[King Birendra|King Birenda Bir Bikram Shah]], then heir apparent to the throne. The southern gate of the palace is at the crossing of Prithvipath and Darbar Marg roads. The palace area covers ({{convert|30|ha|acre}}) and is fully secured with gates on all sides.<ref name= Woodhatch>{{Cite book |last = Woodhatch |first = Tom |title = Nepal handbook |page = 194 |work = The Royal Palace |accessdate = 17 December 2009 |url = https://books.google.com/?id=NmltSI-xt8wC&pg=PA194 |publisher = Footprint Travel Guides |year = 1999 |isbn = 978-1-900949-44-6 }}</ref><ref name=Planet>{{Cite book |page = 38 |title = Nepal |chapter = History – Royal Troubles |url = https://books.google.com/?id=dtSIz1vwg4YC&pg=PA38 |publisher = Lonely Planet |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-1-74059-699-2 |first1 = Bradley |last1 = Mayhew |first2 = Joe |last2 = Bindloss |first3 = Stan |last3 = Armington |accessdate = 17 December 2016 }}</ref><ref name=Vibhaga>{{Cite book |last = Vibhaga |first = Nepal Sūcanā |title = Narayanhity Royal Palace, home of the King of Nepal |page = 5 |work = Royal Palace |url = https://books.google.com/?id=N2kKAQAAIAAJ|publisher = His Majesty's Govt., Ministry of Communications, Dept. of Information |year = 1975}}</ref> This palace was the scene of the [[Nepali royal massacre]]. After the fall of the monarchy, it was converted to a museum.<br />
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The Taragaon Museum presents the modern history of the Kathmandu Valley.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/TheTaragaonMuseum The Taragaon Museum] on Facebook</ref><br />
It seeks to document 50 years of research and cultural heritage conservation of the Kathmandu Valley, documenting what artists photographers architects anthropologists from abroad had contributed in the second half of the 20th century. The actual structure of the museum showcases restoration and rehabilitation efforts to preserve the built heritage of Kathmandu. It was designed by Carl Pruscha (master-planner of the Kathmandy Valley<ref name="spacesnepal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.spacesnepal.com/archives/sept_oct10/2010IJ2.php|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140525061211/http://www.spacesnepal.com/archives/sept_oct10/2010IJ2.php|deadurl=yes|title=SPACES Magazine – Carl Pruscha|date=25 May 2014|archivedate=25 May 2014|publisher=}}</ref>) in 1970 and constructed in 1971.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://cpruscha.com/1964-1974/ceda-building-centre-for-regional-development/ |title = Carl Pruscha » 06 Taragaon – Hostel |publisher = }}</ref> Restoration works began in 2010 to rehabilitate the Taragaon hostel into the Taragaon Museum. The design uses local brick along with modern architectural design elements, as well as the use of circle, triangles and squares.<ref name="spacesnepal.com"/> The museum is within a short walk from the [[Boudhnath stupa]], which itself can be seen from the museum tower.<br />
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==== Art galleries ====<br />
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[[File:Cloisonne Buddha Statue in Buddhist Art Gallery, Kathmandu, Nepal.jpg|thumb|upright|A Buddhist statue display in Kathmandu]]<br />
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Kathmandu is a centre for art in Nepal, displaying the work of contemporary artists in the country and also collections of historical artists. [[Patan, Lalitpur|Patan]] in particular is an ancient city noted for its fine arts and crafts. Art in Kathmandu is vibrant, demonstrating a fusion of traditionalism and modern art, derived from a great number of national, Asian, and global influences. Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas: the idealistic traditional painting known as [[Paubha]]s in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as [[Thangka]]s in Tibet, closely linked to the country's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting, including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for.<ref name="Museums"/> Internationally, the British-based charity, the Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre is involved with promoting arts in Kathmandu.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmanduarts.org/ |title = Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre |publisher = Kathmanduarts.org |accessdate = 4 July 2010 }}</ref><br />
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Kathmandu contains many notable art galleries. The NAFA Gallery, operated by the Arts and crafts Department of the [[Nepal Academy]] is housed in Sita Bhavan, a neo-classical old Rana palace.<ref name="Museums"/><br />
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The Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery, inside the Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds, hosts the work of contemporary painters and sculptors, and regularly organises exhibitions. It also runs morning and evening classes in the schools of art.<ref name="Museums"/> Also of note is the Moti Azima Gallery, in a three-storied building in Bhimsenthan which contains an impressive collection of traditional utensils and handmade [[doll]]s and items typical of a medieval [[Newar]] house, giving an important insight into Nepali history.<ref name="Museums"/> The J Art Gallery is also in Kathmandu, near the Royal Palace in Durbarmarg, Kathmandu and displays the artwork of eminent, established Nepali painters. The Nepal Art Council Gallery, in the Babar Mahal, on the way to [[Tribhuvan International Airport]] contains artwork of both national and international artists and extensive halls regularly used for art exhibitions.<ref name="Museums"/><br />
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==== Literature ====<br />
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[[File:Asa Archives, Kathmandu.jpg|thumb|Asa Archives]]<br />
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The National Library of Nepal is in [[Patan, Lalitpur|Patan]]. It is the largest library in the country with more than 70,000 books. English, [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], and [[Nepal Bhasa]] books are found here.<ref name="Museums"/> The library is in possession of rare scholarly books in Sanskrit and English dating from the 17th century AD. Kathmandu also contains the Kaiser Library, in the Kaiser Mahal on the ground floor of the Ministry of Education building. This collection of around 45,000 books is derived from a personal collection of [[Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]].<ref name="Museums"/> It covers a wide range of subjects including history, law, art, religion, and philosophy, as well as a Sanskrit manual of [[Tantra]], which is believed to be over 1,000 years old.<ref name="Museums"/> The 2015 earthquake caused severe damage to the Ministry of Education building, and the contents of the Kaiser Library have been temporarily relocated.<br />
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The Asa Archives are also noteworthy. They specialise in medieval history and religious traditions of the Kathmandu Valley. The archives, in Kulambhulu, have a collection of some 6,000 loose-leaf handwritten books and 1,000 palm-leaf manuscripts (mostly in Sanskrit or Nepal Bhasa) and a manuscript dated to 1464.<ref name="Museums"/><br />
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==== Cinema and theatre ====<br />
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Kathmandu is home to [[Cinema of Nepal|Nepali cinema]] and theatres. The city contains several theatres, including the National Dance Theatre in Kanti Path, the Ganga Theatre, the Himalayan Theatre and the Aarohan Theater Group founded in 1982. The M. Art Theater is based in the city. The Gurukul School of Theatre organises the Kathmandu International Theater Festival, attracting artists from all over the world.<ref>{{cite news |title = Theatre fest begins |url = http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2010/11/17/et-cetera/theatre-fest-begins/214962/ |archive-url = https://archive.is/20140101154140/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2010/11/17/et-cetera/theatre-fest-begins/214962/ |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 1 January 2014 |accessdate = 1 January 2014 |newspaper = The Kathmandu Post |date = 18 November 2010 }}</ref> A mini theatre is also at the Hanumandhoka Durbar Square, established by the Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee.<br />
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Kathmandu has a number of cinemas (old single screen establishments and some new multiplexes) showing Nepali, [[Bollywood]], and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] films. Some old establishments include Vishwajyoti Cinema Hall, Jai Nepal Hall, Kumari Cinema Hall, Gopi Krishna Cinema Hall and Guna Cinema Hall. Kathmandu also houses some international standard cinema theatres and multiplexes, such as QFX Cinemas, Cine De Chef, Fcube Cinemas, Q's Cinemas Big Movies, BSR Movies etc.<br />
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==== Music ====<br />
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[[File:Gunla bajan performance.jpg|thumb|Traditional Buddhist musical performance during [[Gunla]]]]<br />
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Kathmandu is the centre of music and dance in Nepal, and these art forms are integral to understanding the city. Musical performances are organised in cultural venues. Music is a part of the traditional aspect of Kathmandu. [[Gunla]] is the traditional music festival according to [[Nepal Sambat]]. Newar music originated in Kathmandu. Furthermore, music from all over Nepal can be found in Kathmandu.<br />
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A number of [[hippie]]s visited Kathmandu during the 1970s and introduced [[Rock and Roll|rock and roll]], [[Rock music|rock]], and [[jazz]] to the city. Kathmandu is noted internationally for its [[jazz]] festival, popularly known as [[Jazzmandu]]. It is the only jazz festival in the Himalayan region and was established in March 2002. The festival attracts musicians from countries worldwide, such as [[Australia]], [[Denmark]], [[United States]], [[Benin]], and [[India]].{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}<br />
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The city has been referenced in numerous songs, including works by [[Cat Stevens]] ('Katmandu', ''[[Mona Bone Jakon]]'' (1970)), [[Bob Seger]] ('Katmandu', ''[[Beautiful Loser]]'' (1975)), [[Rush (band)|Rush]] ('[[A Passage to Bangkok]]', ''Pulling into Kathmandu''; ''[[2112 (album)|2112]]'', 1976), [[Krematorij]] ('Kathmandu', ''Three Springs'' (2000)) and [[Fito Páez]] (''Tráfico por Katmandú''&nbsp;– "Traffic through Kathmandu").<br />
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=== Cuisine ===<br />
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[[File:Dalbath.jpg|right|thumb|One of the typical Nepali meal [[Dal bhat]] in Kathmandu]]<br />
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The staple food of most people in Kathmandu is [[dal bhat]]. This consists of rice and lentil soup, generally served with vegetable curries, achar and sometimes Chutney. [[Momo (food)|Momo]], a type of Nepali version of Tibetan dumpling, has become prominent in Nepal with many street vendors and restaurants selling it. It is one of the most popular fast foods in Kathmandu. Various Nepali variants of momo including buff (i.e. buffalo) momo, chicken momo, and vegetarian momo are famous in Kathmandu. <!-- This article is about Kathmandu and most Nepali in Kathmandu have dal bhat as their day to day meal and are able to afford simple meal of dal bhat and NOT any exotic and other culture cuisines. Please see talk regarding this discussion. The local cuisine of Kathmandu as of NOW is dal bhat and the cuisine as local is considered to be what the residents take not what a particular ethnic group takes.--><br />
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Most of the cuisines found in Kathmandu are non-vegetarian. However, the practice of vegetarianism is not uncommon, and vegetarian cuisines can be found throughout the city. Consumption of beef is very uncommon and considered taboo in many places. ''Buff'' (meat of water buffalo) is very common. There is a strong tradition of ''buff'' consumption in Kathmandu, especially among [[Newar]]s, which is not found in other parts of Nepal. Consumption of pork was considered taboo until a few decades ago. Due to the intermixing with Kirat cuisine from eastern Nepal, pork has found a place in Kathmandu dishes. A fringe population of devout Hindus and Muslims consider it taboo. The Muslims forbid eating ''buff'' as from [[Quran]] while Hindus eat all varieties except Cow's meat as they consider Cow to be a goddess and symbol of purity. The chief breakfast for locals and visitors is mostly ''Momo'' or ''Chowmein''.<br />
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Kathmandu had only one western-style restaurant in 1955.<ref name="LP 2003, p.91">Lonely Planet (2003), pp. 91–92</ref> A large number of restaurants in Kathmandu have since opened, catering [[Nepali cuisine]], [[Tibetan cuisine]], [[Chinese cuisine]] and [[Indian cuisine]] in particular. Many other restaurants have opened to accommodate locals, expatriates, and tourists. The growth of tourism in Kathmandu has led to culinary creativity and the development of hybrid foods to accommodate for tourists such as American [[chop suey]], which is a sweet-and-sour sauce with crispy noodles with a [[fried egg]] commonly added on top and other westernised adaptations of traditional cuisine.<ref name="LP 2003, p.91"/> Continental cuisine can be found in selected places. International chain restaurants are rare, but some outlets of [[Pizza Hut]] and [[KFC]] have recently opened there. It also has several outlets of the international ice-cream chain Baskin-Robbins<ref>{{cite web |author = Nepal |url = http://www.tripadvisor.com/Restaurant_Review-g293890-d2172681-Reviews-KFC-Kathmandu_Kathmandu_Valley_Bagmati_Zone_Central_Region.html |title = KFC, Kathmandu – Restaurant Reviews |publisher = TripAdvisor |date = |accessdate = 24 November 2013 }}</ref><br />
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Kathmandu has a larger proportion of tea drinkers than coffee drinkers. Tea is widely served but is extremely weak by western standards. It is richer and contains tea leaves boiled with milk, sugar and spices. Alcohol is widely drunk, and there are numerous local variants of alcoholic beverages. Drinking and driving is illegal, and authorities have a zero tolerance policy.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.economist.com/node/21559665 |title = Nepal: A whiff of sobriety |publisher = The Economist |date = 28 July 2012 |accessdate = 25 November 2013 }}</ref> [[Ailaa]] and [[thwon]] (alcohol made from rice) are the alcoholic beverages of Kathmandu, found in all the local [[Bhatti (Nepal)|bhattis]] (alcohol serving eateries). [[Chhyaang]], [[tongba]] (fermented [[millet]] or [[barley]]) and [[rakshi]] are alcoholic beverages from other parts of Nepal which are found in Kathmandu. However, shops and bars in Kathmandu widely sell western and Nepali beers.<br />
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[[File:Samyak fest.jpg|left|thumb|[[Samyak]], a Buddhist festival during which statues of Buddhas from the ancient monasteries are displayed together. Note the statue of [[Hanuman]] next to the Buddhas in the picture, a common example of religious harmony in Kathmandu.]]<br />
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=== Festivals ===<br />
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[[File:Indra jatra 01.jpg|thumb|President of Nepal Dr. [[Ram Baran Yadav]] observing the street festival of [[Yenya]], which literally means "festival of Kathmandu"]]<br />
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[[File:Nepalese lakhe dancer.jpg|thumb|Nepali Lakhe dancer]]<br />
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[[File:Dipawali 2013 of Kathmandu.jpg|thumb|View of Kathmandu valley from Halchowk hill in Dipawali 2013]]<br />
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Most of the fairs and festivals in Kathmandu originated in the Malla period or earlier. Traditionally, these festivals were celebrated by Newars. In recent years, these festivals have found wider participation from other Kathmanduites as well. As the capital of the Republic of Nepal, various national festivals are celebrated in Kathmandu. With mass migration to the city, the cultures of Khas from the west, Kirats from the east, Bon/Tibetan from the north, and Mithila from the south meet in the capital and mingle harmoniously. The festivities such as the Ghode (horse) Jatra, [[Indra Jatra]], Dashain [[Durga Puja]] festivals, [[Shivratri]] and many more are observed by all Hindu and Buddhist communities of Kathmandu with devotional fervor and enthusiasm. Social regulation in the codes enacted incorporate Hindu traditions and ethics. These were followed by the Shah kings and previous kings, as devout Hindus and protectors of Buddhist religion.<br />
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Cultural continuity has been maintained for centuries in the exclusive worship of goddesses and deities in Kathmandu and the rest of the country. These deities include the [[Ajima]], Taleju (or Tulja Bhavani), Digu taleju, and Kumari (the living goddess).{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} The artistic edifices have now become places of worship in the everyday life of the people, therefore a roster is maintained to observe annual festivals. There are 133 festivals held in the year.<ref name=heritage>{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=137&pr_id=167 |title = Katmandu as a world Heritage Site |publisher = Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Government of Nepal |accessdate = 25 November 2013 }}</ref><br />
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Some of the traditional festivals observed in Kathmandu, apart from those previously mentioned, are Bada Dashain, Tihar, Chhath, Maghe Sankranti, Naga Panchami, Janai Poornima, Pancha Dan, Teej/Rishi Panchami, [[Pahan Charhe]], [[Jana Baha Dyah Jatra]] (White Machchhendranath Jatra), and Matatirtha Aunsi.<ref name=festival/><br />
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=== Hinduism ===<br />
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Assumedly, together with the kingdom of Licchhavi (c. 400 to 750), Hinduism and the [[endogamy|endogam]] [[social stratification]] of the [[Caste]] was established in Kathmandu Valley. The [[Pashupatinath Temple]], [[Changu Narayan]] temple (the oldest), and the [[Kasthamandap]] are of particular importance to Hindus. Other notable Hindu temples in Kathmandu and the surrounding valley include [[Bajrayogini Temple]], [[Dakshinkali Temple]], [[Guhyeshwari Temple]], and the [[Sobha Bhagwati]] shrine.<br />
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The [[Bagmati]] River which flows through Kathmandu is considered a holy river both by Hindus and Buddhists, and many Hindu temples are on the banks of this river. The importance of the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks, and Kirants are buried in the hills by its side. According to the Nepali Hindu tradition, the dead body must be dipped three times into the Bagmati before cremation. The chief mourner (usually the first son) who lights the funeral pyre must take a holy riverwater bath immediately after cremation. Many relatives who join the funeral procession also take bath in the Bagmati River or sprinkle the holy water on their bodies at the end of cremation as the Bagmati is believed to purify people spiritually.<br />
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=== Buddhism ===<br />
{{Main|Buddhism in Nepal}}<br />
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Buddhism started in Kathmandu with the arrival of Buddhist monks during the time of Buddha (c. 563 – 483 BCE<ref name=Cousins>L. S. Cousins (1996), "[http://indology.info/papers/cousins The dating of the historical Buddha]: a review article", ''[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]]'' '''(3)6(1)''': 57–63.</ref>). They started a forest monastery in [[Sankhu]]. This monastery was renovated by [[Shakya]]s after they fled genocide from [[Virudhaka (raja)|Virudhaka]] (rule: 491–461 BCE).<br />
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During the Hindu Lichchavi era (c. 400 to 750), various monasteries and orders were created which successively led to the formation of [[Newar Buddhism]], which is still practised in the primary [[liturgical language]] of Hinduism, [[Sanskrit]].<br />
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Legendary Princess [[Bhrikuti]] (7th-century) and artist [[Araniko]] (1245–1306 CE) from that tradition of Kathmandu valley played a significant role in spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There are over 108 traditional monasteries (Bahals and Bahis) in Kathmandu based on Newar Buddhism. Since the 1960s, the permanent Tibetan Buddhist population of Kathmandu has risen significantly so that there are now over fifty Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in the area. Also, with the modernisation of Newar Buddhism, various Theravada Bihars have been established.<br />
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=== Kirat Mundhum ===<br />
{{Main|Kirat Mundhum}}<br />
Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous [[animism|animistic]] practices of Nepal. It is practised by [[Kirat people]]. Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) are also found in Newars of Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatinath, Wanga Akash Bhairabh (Yalambar) and Ajima are now worshipped by people of all Dharmic religions in Kathmandu. Kirats who have migrated from other parts of Nepal to Kathmandu practice [[Mundhum]] in the city.<ref name="Broadening the Nepali mind http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-02-02/broadening-the-nepali-mind.html">[http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-02-02/broadening-the-nepali-mind.html]</ref><br />
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=== Others ===<br />
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[[Sikhism]] is practised primarily in Gurudwara at Kupundole. An earlier temple of Sikhism is also present in Kathmandu which is now defunct. [[Jainism in Nepal|Jainism]] is practised by a small community. A Jain temple is present in Gyaneshwar, where Jains practice their faith. According to the records of the Spiritual Assembly of the [[Bahá'í Faith|Baha'is]] of Nepal, there are approximately 300 Baha'is in Kathmandu valley. They have a National Office in Shantinagar, Baneshwor. The Baha'is also have classes for children at the National Centre and other localities in Kathmandu. Islam is practised in Kathmandu but Muslims are a minority, accounting for about 4.2% of the population of Nepal.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} It is said that in Kathmandu alone there are 170 Christian churches. Christian missionary hospitals, welfare organisations, and schools are also operating. Nepali citizens who served as soldiers in Indian and British armies, who had converted to Christianity while in service, on return to Nepal continue to practice their religion. They have contributed to the spread of Christianity and the building of churches in Nepal and in Kathmandu, in particular.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://across.co.nz/NepalChurches.html |title = Churches in Nepal |publisher = Across.co.nz |accessdate = 20 December 2009 }}</ref><ref name =Christ>{{cite web |url = https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35518.htm |title = US Department of State: Diplomacy in Action |accessdate = 20 December 2009 |publisher = [[US Department of State]] }}</ref><br />
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== Education ==<br />
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The oldest modern school in Nepal is [[Durbar High School]], and the oldest college, [[Tri Chandra College]], are both in Kathmandu city. The largest (according to number of students and colleges), oldest and most distinguished university in Nepal is in [[Kirtipur]] and is called [[Tribhuvan University]]. The second largest university, [[Kathmandu University]] (KU), is in Dhulikhel, Kavre on the outskirts of Kathmandu. It is the second oldest [[university]] in [[Nepal]], established in November 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title = Science, research and technology in Nepal |work = Bajracharya, Dayanand; Bhuju, Dinesh Raj; Pokhrel, Jiba Raj. UNESCO Kathmandu Office. |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001461/146117e.pdf |format = PDF |accessdate = 13 November 2009 }}</ref> Not surprisingly the best schools and colleges of Nepal are located in Kathmandu and its adjoining cities. Every year thousands of students from all over Nepal arrive at Kathmandu to get admission in the various schools and colleges.<br />
One of the key concerns of educationists and concerned citizens is the massive outflux of students from Nepal to outside Nepal for studies. Every year thousands of students apply for No objection certificates for studying abroad. Consultancy firms specialising in preparing students to go abroad can be found in all prominent locations. The reason for such an outflux range from perceived low quality of education, political instability, less opportunities in job market, opportunities of earning while learning abroad and better job prospects with an international degree.<br />
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== Medical colleges ==<br />
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[[Institute of Medicine]], the central college of Tribhuwan University is the first medical college of Nepal and is in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. It was established in 1972 and started to impart medical education from 1978. Other major institution include Patan Academy of Health Sciences, [[Kathmandu Medical College]], Nepal Medical College, KIST Medical College, Nepal Army Institute of Health Sciences, National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) and Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), are also in or around Kathmandu.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://medchrome.com/medicalcolleges/nepal/list-of-medical-colleges-of-nepal/ |title = List of medical colleges of Nepal |publisher = Medchrome.com |date = 26 December 2009 |accessdate = 15 January 2012 }}</ref><br />
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== Sports ==<br />
[[File:Kathmandu Rangasaala(Football Stadium) (2).JPG|thumb|left|Dasarath Rangashala Stadium in Kathmandu]]<br />
[[association football|Football]] and cricket are the most popular sports among the younger generation in Nepal and there are several stadiums in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=nep/goalprogramme/newsid=521692.html |title = Goal Programme&nbsp;– All-Nepal Football Association&nbsp;– 2001 |publisher = [[FIFA]] |accessdate = 20 December 2009 }}</ref> The sport is governed by the National Sports Council from its headquarters in Kathmandu. The only international football stadium in the city is the [[Dasarath Rangasala Stadium]], a [[multi-purpose stadium]] used mostly for football matches and cultural events, in the neighbourhood of Tripureshwor. It is the largest stadium in Nepal with a capacity of 25,000 spectators, built in 1956. [[Martyr's Memorial League]] is also held in this ground every year. The stadium was renovated with Chinese help before the 8th [[South Asian Games]] were held in Kathmandu and had [[floodlights (sport)|floodlights]] installed. Kathmandu is home to the oldest football clubs of Nepal such as [[Ranipokhari Corner Team|RCT]], [[Sankata Boys Sports Club|Sankata]] and [[New Road Team|NRT]]. Other prominent clubs include [[Manang Marsyangdi Club|MMC]], Machhindra FC, [[Tribhuvan Army Club]] (TAC) and [[Mahendra Police Club|MPC]].<br />
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Kathmandu is also home of some of the oldest cricket clubs in Nepal, such as [[Yengal Sports Club|Yangal Sports Club]]. Kathmandu has the only recognised international cricket ground in the country, [[Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground|TU Cricket Ground]] at the [[Tribhuvan University]] in Kirtipur. The Mulpani Cricket Stadium is the under-construction cricket stadium in Mulpani, Kathmandu which will be the largest cricket stadium in the country with capacity of 30,000.<br />
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An international stadium for swimming events is in Satdobato, Lalitpur, near Kathmandu. The ANFA Technical Football Center is just adjacent to this stadium.<br />
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== Transport ==<br />
[[File:Kathmandu Avion 04.JPG|right|thumb|Aerial view of a road in Kathmandu]]<br />
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The total length of roads in Nepal is recorded to be ({{convert|17182|km|mi|abbr=on}}), as of 2003–04. This fairly large network has helped the economic development of the country, particularly in the fields of agriculture, horticulture, vegetable farming, industry and also tourism.<ref name="Shrestha p.91-96">Shrestha pp. 91–96</ref> In view of the hilly terrain, transportation takes place in Kathmandu are mainly by road and air. Kathmandu is connected by the [[Tribhuvan Highway]] to the south, [[Prithvi Highway]] to the west and [[Araniko Highway]] to the north. The [[B.P. Koirala Highway|BP Highway]], connecting Kathmandu to the eastern part of Nepal is under construction.<br />
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The main international airport serving Kathmandu and thus Nepal is the [[Tribhuvan International Airport]], about {{convert|6|km|abbr=out}} from the city centre. Operated by the [[Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal]]<ref name="CAAN">[http://www.caanepal.org.np/tia.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928132637/http://www.caanepal.org.np/tia.htm|date=28 September 2007}}</ref> it has two terminals, one domestic and one international. At present, about 26 international airlines connect [[Nepal]] to other destinations in [[Europe]], [[Asia]] and the [[Middle East]], to cities such as [[Istanbul Atatürk Airport|Istanbul]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]], [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok]], [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur]], [[Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]], [[Paro Airport|Paro]], [[Lhasa Gonggar Airport|Lhasa]], [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu]], and [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]].<ref name="CAAN"/> Since 2013, [[Turkish Airlines]] connects Istanbul to Kathmandu.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/corporate/news/news/turkish-airlines-launches-a-new-route-to-kathmandu |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083413/http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/corporate/news/news/turkish-airlines-launches-a-new-route-to-kathmandu |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 2014-08-19 |title = Turkish Airlines – News – turkishairlines.com |publisher = }}</ref> [[Oman Air]] also connects Muscat to Kathmandu since 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/64774/correction-oman-air-to-launch-kathmandu/|title=Oman Air to Launch Kathmandu|date=11 February 2010|publisher=Routesonline.com|accessdate=21 July 2017}}</ref> Regionally, several Nepali airlines operate from the city, including [[Buddha Air]], [[Nepal Airlines]] and [[Yeti Airlines]], to other major towns across Nepal.<br />
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[[Sajha Yatayat]] provides regular bus services throughout Kathmandu and the surrounding Valley. Other bus companies including micro-bus companies operate several unscheduled routes.<br />
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[[Trolleybuses in Kathmandu|Trolleybusses]] used to operate on the route between Tripureshwor and Surya Binak on a 13 kilometre route.<br />
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=== Ropeways ===<br />
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[[Ropeway conveyor|Ropeways]] are another important transportation means in hilly terrain<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/business/ropeways-connecting-nepal,1749|title=Connecting Nepal with ropes - Business - Nepali Times|first=Elvin L|last=Shrestha|website=nepalitimes.com}}</ref>. A ropeway operated between Kathmandu and [[Hetauda]] over a length of {{convert|43|km|mi|abbr =on}} which carried 25 tonnes of goods per hour. It has since been discontinued due to poor carrying capacity and maintenance issues. During the Rana period, a ropeway was constructed between Kathmandu (then Mathathirtha) to Dhorsing (Makawanpur) of over {{convert|22|km|0|abbr=on}} in length, which carried cargo of 8 tonnes per hour. Now there is a cable car operated in Kathmandu in [[Chandragiri Cable Car|Chandragiri Hills]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chandragirihills.com/#project|title=Chandragiri Hills|website=chandragirihills.com}}</ref><br />
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== Healthcare ==<br />
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Healthcare in Kathmandu is the most developed in Nepal, and the city and surrounding valley is home to some of the best hospitals and clinics in the country. [[Bir Hospital]] is the oldest, established in July 1889 by [[Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]]. Notable hospitals include Bir Hospital, Nepal Mediciti hospital, Tribhuwan University Institute of Medicine (Teaching Hospital), Patan Hospital, Kathmandu Model Hospital, Scheer Memorial Hospital, Om Hospital, Norvic Hospital, Grande International Hospital, Nobel Hospital, Nepal medical college and teaching hospital.<br />
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The city is supported by specialist hospitals/clinics such as Shahid Shukra Tropical Hospital, Shahid Gangalal Foundation, Kathmandu Veterinary Hospital, Nepal Eye Hospital, Kanti Children's Hospital, Nepal International Clinic (Travel and Mountain medicine centre), Neuro Center, Spinal Rehabilitation centre and [[Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital]]. Most of the general hospitals are in the city centre, although several clinics are elsewhere in Kathmandu district.<br />
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Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology is an [[Ophthalmology|Ophthalmological]] hospital in Kathmandu. It pioneered the production of low cost intraocular lenses (IOLs), which are used in cataract surgery.<ref>{{cite web |author = Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation |url = http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/pdfbio/RuitSan.pdf |title = Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation |publisher = Rmaf.org.ph |date = |accessdate = 24 November 2013 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016}}</ref> The team of Dr. [[Sanduk Ruit]] in the same hospital pioneered sutureless small-incision cataract surgery (SICS),<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.healio.com/news/print/ocular-surgery-news-europe-asia-edition/%7B9E0C8694-39FD-4FBB-A2A8-AC245C2AF69C%7D/Small-incision-manual-technique-fills-need-in-remote-parts-of-developing-countries |title = healio |publisher = Healio |date = May 2007 |accessdate = 24 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.princemahidolaward.org/laureate-bio.en.php?type=ind&id=2009-05-18%2009:52:04 |title = Prince Mahidol Award |publisher = Prince Mahidol Award |date = 5 May 2009 |accessdate = 24 November 2013 }}</ref> a technique which has been used to treat 4 million of the world's 20 million people with cataract blindness.<br />
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== Media ==<br />
[[File:Thaunkanhe first issue cover.jpg|thumb|A Nepali language magazine cover in 1951]]<br />
Kathmandu is the television hub of Nepal. [[Nepal Television]], established in 1985, is the oldest and most watched television channel in Nepal, as is government-owned [[NTV 2 Metro]], [[Channel Nepal]], [[Image Channel]], [[Kantipur Television]], Sagarmatha TV, Himalayan Television and other channels.<br />
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The headquarters of many of the country's news outlets are also in the city including [[Kathmandu Tribune]], the government-owned [[Gorkhapatra]], the oldest national daily newspaper in Nepal, [[The Kathmandu Post]], [[Nepali Times]], [[Kantipur Publications]] and its paper [[Kantipur (daily)|Kantipur]], [[Naya Patrika]] the largest selling Nepali language paper, [[The Himalayan Times]], the largest selling English broadsheet in Nepal, [[Karobar Economic Daily]] and Aarthik Abhiyan National Daily are the only economic daily in Nepal and [[Jana Aastha National Weekly]].<br />
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Nepal Republic Media, the publisher of [[MyRepublica]], joined a publishing alliance with the [[International Herald Tribune]] (IHT), to publish the Asia Pacific Edition of IHT from Kathmandu from 20 July 2011. There is a state-run National News Agency (RSS).<br />
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[[Radio Nepal]] is a state-run organisation which operates national and regional radio stations. These stations are: [[Hits FM (Nepal)]], HBC 94 FM, Radio Sagarmatha, [[Kantipur FM]] and Image FM. The [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] also has an FM broadcasting station in Kathmandu. Among them small part of FM radio come from [[Community radio]] Station, that are Radio Pratibodh F.M. – 102.4&nbsp;MHz, Radio Upatyaka – 87.6&nbsp;MHz etc.<br />
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[[File:Victor Skumin 1995 Nepal.jpg |thumb |200px |left |The Board of the International [[Buddhist]] [[Meditation]] Centre]]<br />
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== International organisations ==<br />
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Kathmandu is home to several international and regional organisations, including the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] ([[SAARC]]).<br />
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International [[Buddhist]] [[Meditation]] Center operates in Kathmandu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/ibmcnepal/videos/vb.242290825944809/670365706470650/?type=2&theater|publisher=facebook.com|title=International Buddhist Meditation Center|accessdate=21 August 2018}}</ref><br />
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== International relations ==<br />
<br />
Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), in order to promote international relations has established an International Relations Secretariat (IRC). KMC's first international relationship was established in 1975 with the city of [[Eugene, Oregon]], [[United States]]. This activity has been further enhanced by establishing formal relationships with 8 other cities: [[Matsumoto, Nagano|Motsumoto City]] of [[Japan]], [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] of the USA, [[Yangon]] (formerly Rangoon) of [[Myanmar]], [[Xi'an]] of the [[People's Republic of China]], [[Minsk]] of [[Belarus]], and [[Pyongyang]] of the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]. KMC's constant endeavour is to enhance its interaction with [[SAARC]] countries, other International agencies and many other major cities of the world to achieve better urban management and developmental programs for Kathmandu.<ref name="relations">{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/pdf/27IRelation.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724190345/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/pdf/27IRelation.pdf |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 24 July 2011 |format = PDF |title = Outline of International Relations of Kathmandu Metropolitan City |accessdate = 20 December 2009 |publisher = Katamandu Metropolitan City, Government of Nepal }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Twin towns – Sister cities ===<br />
<br />
Kathmandu is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]]<ref name="KMC">{{cite web | url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/en/content/kmc-international-relationship-sister-cities | title = KMC International Relationship With Sister Cities |accessdate = 16 April 2018}} </ref>with:<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|<br />
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], United States<ref name="Seoul">{{cite web |url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/en/content/kmc-international-relationship-sister-cities |title = KMC International Relationship With Sister Cities |accessdate = 2 October 2017}}</ref><br />
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], United States <ref name="Seoul"/><br />
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Matsumoto, Nagano|Matsumoto]], Japan <ref name="Seoul"/><br />
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Xi'an]], China <ref name="Xi'an">{{cite web | url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/en/content/kmc-international-relationship-sister-cities | title = KMC International Relationship With Sister Cities |accessdate = 16 April 2018}} </ref><br />
* {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Minsk]], Belarus<ref name="Minsk">{{cite web |url = http://minsk.gov.by/ru/city/ |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130502075333/http://minsk.gov.by/ru/city/ |title = Twin towns and Sister cities of Minsk ''[via WaybackMachine.com]'' |publisher = The department of protocol and international relations of Minsk City Executive Committee |archivedate = 2 May 2013 |accessdate = 21 July 2013 |language = Russian }} </ref><br />
* {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Yangoon]], Myanmar <ref name="Seoul"/><br />
* {{flagicon|NKO}} [[Pyongyang]], [[DPR Korea]]<ref name="Corfield2013">{{cite book|last=Corfield|first=Justin|title=Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196|year=2013|publisher=Anthem Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-85728-234-7|page=196|chapter=Sister Cities}}</ref><!-- As of June 2016, the government of Nepal is considering removing Pyongyang as a sister city because of controversy surrounding North Korea. --><br />
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Lhasa]], China <ref name="Boulder">{{cite web | url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/en/content/kmc-international-relationship-sister-cities | title = KMC International Relationship With Sister Cities |accessdate = 16 April 2018}}</ref><br />
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Shenzen]], China <ref name="Boulder"/><br />
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Varanasi]], India <ref name="Boulder"/><br />
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Lanzhou]], China <ref name="Boulder"/><br />
* {{flagicon|Republic of Korea}} [[Seoul]], South Korea <ref name="Seoul"/><br />
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Chengdu]], China <ref name="Boulder"/><br />
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]], United States <ref name="Boulder"/><br />
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web|url=http://neostuffs.com/2017/02/know-14-sister-cities-kathmandu-around-world/|title=Do You Know All The 14 Sister Cities Of Kathmandu Around The World?|date=13 February 2017|publisher=|accessdate=8 September 2018}}</ref><br />
||<br />
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Boulder, Nevada |Boulder]], United States (proposed) <ref name="Boulder"/><br />
* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand (proposed) <ref name="bangkok"> {{cite web | url = http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/en/content/kmc-international-relationship-sister-cities | title = KMC International Relationship With Sister Cities |accessdate = 16 April 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
<br />
*[[Amrita Acharia]], professional actress<br />
*[[Manisha Koirala]], Bollywood Actress<br />
*[[Narendra Man Singh]], professional footballer<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Geography|Nepal}}<br />
* [[Kathmandu Valley]]<br />
* [[Kathmandu District]]<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* Beal, Samuel (1884). ''Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang''. 2 vols. Translated by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.<br />
* {{Cite book |title = Lonely Planet |page = 416 |url = https://books.google.com/?id=dtSIz1vwg4YC&pg=PA38 |publisher = Lonely Planet |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-1-74059-699-2 |first1 = Bradley |last1 = Mayhew |first2 = Joe |last2 = Bindloss |first3 = Stan |last3 = Armington}}<br />
* {{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/?id=dtSIz1vwg4YC&pg=PA166|title = Nepal |publisher = [[Lonely Planet]] |year = 2006 |page = 166 |isbn = 978-1-74059-699-2 |first1 = Bradley |last1 = Mayhew |first2 = Joe |last2 = Bindloss |first3 = Stan |last3 = Armington}}<br />
* {{Cite book |author1 = Mayhew, Bradley |author2 = Brown, Lindsay |author3 = Vivequin, Wanda |title = Lonely Planet Nepal |publisher = [[Lonely Planet]] |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-1-74059-422-6 }}<br />
* Nanjio, Bunyiu (1883). ''A Catalogue of the Chinese Translation of the Buddhist Pantheon''. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.<br />
* Shaha, Rishikesh (1992). ''Ancient and Medieval Nepal''. Manohar Publications, New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-81-85425-69-6}}.<br />
* {{Cite book |last = Shreshta |title = Nepal in Maps |page = 129 |publisher = Educational Publishing House |location = Kathmandu |year = 2005 |first = S.H }}<br />
* {{Cite book |last = Shreshta |first = Vinod Prasad |title = A Concise Geography of Nepal |page = 126 |publisher = Mandal Publications |year = 2007 |location = Kathmandu |isbn = 978-99946-55-04-5 }}<br />
* Snellgrove, David (1987). ''Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors''. Two Volumes. Shambhala Publications, Boston. {{ISBN|978-0-87773-311-9}} (v. 1); {{ISBN|978-0-87773-379-9}} (v. 2).<br />
* Tamot, Kashinath, and Ian Alsop. (2001). "A Kushan-period Sculpture from the reign of Jaya Varma, CE 184/185, Kathmandu, Nepal." (2001). [http://www.asianart.com/articles/jaya/index.html Asianart.com]<br />
* Tamot, Kashinath, and Ian Alsop. (date unknown. Update of previous article). "A Kushan-period Sculpture from the reign of Jaya Varman, CE 185, Kathmandu, Nepal." [http://www.asianart.com/articles/jaya/index.html Asianart.com]<br />
* Thapa, Rajesh Bahadur, Murayama, Yuji, and Ale, Shailja (2008). "City Profile: Kathmandu". Cities, Vol.25 (1), 45–57. {{DOI|10.1016/j.cities.2007.10.001}}<br />
* Thapa, Rajesh Bahadur and Murayama, Yuji (2009). Spatiotemporal Urbanization Patterns in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Remote Sensing and Spatial Metrics Approaches. Vol.1 (3), 534–56. {{DOI|10.3390/rs1030534}}<br />
* Thapa, Rajesh Bahadur and Murayama, Yuji (2010). Drivers of urban growth in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal: Examining the efficacy of the analytic hierarchy process Applied Geography, Vol. 30 (1), 70–83. {{DOI|10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.10.002}}<br />
* Thapa, Rajesh Bahadur and Murayama, Yuji (2011). Urban growth modelling of Kathmandu metropolitan region, Nepal. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol 35 (1) 25–34. {{DOI|10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2010.07.005}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last = Vibhaga |first = Nepal Sūcanā |title = Narayanhity Royal Palace, home of the King of Nepal |page = 14 |url = https://books.google.com/?id=N2kKAQAAIAAJ|publisher = His Majesty's Govt., Ministry of Communications, Dept. of Information |year = 1975}}<br />
* Watters, Thomas. (1904–05). ''On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India. (629–645 CE).'' Royal Asiatic Society. Second Indian Edition. Munshhiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi. (1973).<br />
* {{Cite book |last = Woodhatch |first = Tom |title = Nepal handbook |page = 194 |work = The Royal Palace |accessdate = 17 December 2009 |url = https://books.google.com/?id=NmltSI-xt8wC&pg=PA194 |publisher = Footprint Travel Guides |year = 1999 |isbn = 978-1-900949-44-6 }}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083413/http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/corporate/news/news/turkish-airlines-launches-a-new-route-to-kathmandu]<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{Wikivoyage}}<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
* {{osmrelation-inline|4583125}}<br />
{{List of Asian capitals by region}}<br />
{{Kathmandu District}}<br />
{{Newar}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kathmandu| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--><br />
[[Category:Cities in Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Capitals in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Municipalities of Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Kathmandu District]]<br />
[[Category:Hill stations in Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Newar]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places in Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Nepal municipalities established in 1953]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPad_Air_2&diff=771447157IPad Air 22017-03-21T16:08:19Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: "Tuesday" is not needed. Fixed wordings in accordance to the discontinuation of the model</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish|iPad (2nd generation)}}<br />
{{lowercasetitle}}<br />
{{Infobox information appliance<br />
| name = iPad Air 2<br />
| logo = [[File:Apple iPad Air 2 Logo.svg|150px]]<br />
| image = [[File:IPad Air 2.png|225px]]<br />
| caption = iPad Air 2 in Gold <br />
| aka = <br />
| developer = [[Apple Inc.]]<br />
| manufacturer = [[Foxconn]]<br />
| family = [[iPad]]<br />
| type = [[Tablet computer]]<br />
| generation = 6th<br />
| lifespan = <br />
| media = <br />
| os = '''Original:''' [[iOS 8|iOS 8.1]] <br> '''Current:''' [[iOS 10|iOS 10.2.1]], released {{start date|mf=yes|2017|1|23}}<br />
| power = 27.8&nbsp;[[Kilowatt hour|W·h]] {{nowrap|3.76 V}} {{nowrap|27.62 W·h}} (7,340&nbsp;mA·h)<ref name="ipad-air2-teardown">{{cite web |url=https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPad+Air+2+Teardown/30592 |title=iPad Air 2 Teardown |publisher=iFixit |date=October 22, 2014 |accessdate=October 22, 2014}}</ref><br />
|discontinued=21 March 2017<br />
| soc = [[Apple A8X]] with 64-bit architecture and [[Apple M8]] motion co-processor<br />
| cpu = 1.5GHz tri-core 64-bit [[ARMv8-A]] ''"Typhoon"''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmobic.com/another-geekbench-result-confirms-triple-core-ipad-air-2-2gb-ram/|title=Another Geekbench result confirms triple core iPad Air 2 with 2GB RAM|author=Kshitiz Jaiswal|date=21 October 2014|work=Gizmobic}}</ref><br />
| memory = 2GB LPDDR3 RAM<ref name="ipad-air2-teardown" /><br />
| storage = 32 or 128 GB [[flash memory]] (16 and 64 GB discontinued)<br />
| display = {{convert|9.7|in|mm}} 2,048 x 1,536 [[pixel|px]] (264 ppi) with a 4:3 [[graphics display resolution|aspect ratio]]<br />
| graphics = [[PowerVR]] GXA6850<ref name="Apple A8X's GPU">{{cite web |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/8716/apple-a8xs-gpu-gxa6850-even-better-than-i-thought |title= Apple A8X’s GPU - GXA6850, Even Better Than I Thought |publisher=Anandtech |date=November 11, 2014 |accessdate=November 12, 2014}}</ref><br />
| sound = <br />
| input = [[Multi-touch]] [[touch screen|screen]], [[#Audio|headset controls]], M8 motion co-processor, [[Proximity sensor|proximity]] and [[low-key lighting|ambient light]] sensors, 3-axis [[accelerometer]], 3-axis [[gyroscope]], [[magnetometer|digital]] [[compass]], dual [[microphone]], [[Touch ID]] [[fingerprint reader]], [[barometer]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engadget.com/2014/10/16/ipad-air-ipad-mini-hands-on/ |title=A first look at the iPad Air 2 and iPad mini 3 |first=Brad |last=Molen |publisher=Engadget |date=October 16, 2014 |accessdate=October 17, 2014}}</ref><br />
| controllers = <br />
| camera = '''Front''': 1.2&nbsp;MP, 720p HD, ƒ/2.2 aperture<br />'''Rear''': 8.0&nbsp;MP AF, [[iSight]] with Five Element Lens, Hybrid [[IR filter]], video stabilisation, face detection, HDR, ƒ/2.4 aperture<br />
| touchpad = <br />
| connectivity = {{flatlist|<br />
: '''Wi-Fi''' and '''Wi-Fi + Cellular:'''<br />
:: [[Wi-Fi]] [[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11a-1999|a]]/[[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]]/[[IEEE 802.11n-2009|n]]/[[IEEE 802.11ac|ac]] at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz and [[MIMO]]<br />
[[Bluetooth#Bluetooth 4.0|Bluetooth 4.2]]<br />
: '''Wi-Fi + Cellular:''' <br />
:: [[GPS]] & [[GLONASS]]<br />
;[[GSM]]<br />
: {{allow wrap|[[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]] / [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access|HSDPA]]}}<br />
:: [[UMTS frequency bands|850, 1700, 1900, 2100]] [[Hertz|MHz]]<br />
: {{allow wrap|[[GSM]] / [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]]}}<br />
:: [[GSM frequency bands|850, 900, 1800, 1900]]&nbsp;MHz<br />
;[[CDMA]]<br />
: [[Code division multiple access|CDMA]]/[[Evolution-Data Optimized|EV-DO Rev. A and B.]]<br />
:: [[Multi-band|800, 1900]]&nbsp;MHz<br />
;[[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]]<br />
: [[E-UTRA#Frequency bands and channel bandwidths|Multiple bands]]<br />
:: '''A1567''': 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29 and [[Time-Division Long-Term Evolution|TD-LTE]] 38, 39, 40, 41}}<br />
| platform = <br />
| dimensions = {{convert|240|mm|in|abbr=on}}&nbsp;''(h)''<br>{{convert|169.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}&nbsp;''(w)''<br>{{convert|6.1|mm|in|abbr=on}}&nbsp;''(d)''<br />
| weight = '''Wi-Fi:''' {{convert|437|g|lb|abbr=on}}<br>'''Wi-Fi + Cellular:''' {{convert|444|g|lb|abbr=on}}<br />
| compatibility= <br />
| predecessor = [[iPad Air]]<br />
| successor = [[iPad Pro]]<br />
| related = [[iPad Mini]]<br />
| website = {{URL|www.apple.com/ipad-air-2/}}<br />
| title = iPad Air 2<br />
| slogan = "''Change is in the Air''" (October 2014 - October 2015)<br />
"''Light. Heavyweight.''" (October 2015 - March 2017)<br />
| releasedate = October 22, 2014<br />
| price =$499 USD<br />£399 GBP<br/>$619 AUD<br/>$549 CAD<br />
| unitssold = <br />
| unitsshipped = <br />
| service = <!-- online service/s offered --> [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]], [[iTunes Store]], [[iBookstore]], [[iCloud]], [[Game Center]]<br />
| topgame = <br />
}}<br />
{{iPad models}}<br />
<br />
The '''iPad Air 2''' is the sixth-generation [[iPad]] [[tablet computer]] designed, developed, and marketed by [[Apple Inc.]] It was announced on October 16, 2014 alongside the [[iPad Mini 3]], both of which were released on October 22, 2014. The iPad Air 2 is thinner and faster than its predecessor, the [[iPad Air]], and features [[Touch ID]] and the design, height and screen size are the same as the iPad Air.<br />
<br />
Its successor, the [[iPad (7th generation)]], was announced on March 21, 2017. The iPad Air 2 was discontinued on the 21st March 2017.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The iPad Air 2 was announced during a keynote on October 16, 2014 and the theme of the keynote was "it's been way too long".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://9to5mac.com/2014/10/08/its-been-way-too-long-apple-sends-out-invites-for-thursday-october-16th-ipad-mac-event/|title=‘It’s been way too long’: Apple sends out invites for Thursday, October 16th iPad & Mac event|work=9to5Mac}}</ref> The Air 2 began arriving in retail stores on October 22, 2014. The slogan for the device was ''Change Is in the Air.'' With the release of the new [[iPad Pro]] the slogan for the device was changed to ''Light. Heavyweight.''<br />
<br />
== Features ==<br />
<br />
=== Software ===<br />
{{see also|iOS|iOS 8|iOS 9|iOS 10}}<br />
<br />
The iPad Air 2 ships with the iOS 10 (formerly iOS 8, later iOS 9) operating system pre-installed and includes a version of [[Apple Pay]] with the in-store [[Near field communication|NFC]] functionality removed. The included Touch ID sensor allows the user to pay for items online without needing to enter the user's card details.<br />
<br />
iOS 10 comes with several built-in applications, which are Camera, Photos, Messages, [[FaceTime]], Mail, Music, [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]], Maps, [[Siri]], Calendar, [[iTunes Store]], [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]], Notes, Contacts, [[iBooks]], [[Home]], [[Reminders (application)|Reminders]], Clock, Videos, [[News (application)|News]], [[Photo Booth]] and Podcasts. The [[App Store (iOS)|Apple App Store]], a digital [[application software|application]] [[digital distribution|distribution]] platform for iOS, allows users to browse and download [[mobile apps|applications]] made by various developers from the [[iTunes Store]]. Additional apps made by Apple itself are available for free download, which are [[iMovie]], [[GarageBand]], [[iTunes U]], [[Find My iPhone]], [[Find My Friends]], Apple Store, Trailers, Remote, and the [[iWork]] apps ([[Pages (iWork)|Pages]], [[Keynote (presentation software)|Keynote]], and [[Numbers (software)|Numbers]]).<ref name="iPad Mini 3 tech specs">{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/ipad-mini-3/specs/|title=Apple - iPad mini 3 - Technical Specifications|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|date=October 16, 2014|accessdate=October 18, 2014}}</ref> Like all [[iOS]] devices, the iPad Air 2 can also sync content and other data with a Mac or PC using iTunes. Although the tablet is not designed to make phone calls over a cellular network, it can place and receive phone calls through an iPhone's cellular connection, using Apple's [[Continuity (Apple)|Continuity]] feature<ref name="Apple's Continuity feature page">{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/ios/whats-new/continuity/|title=Apple iOS and OS X Continuity}}</ref> (supported on [[iOS 8]] and later versions of iOS, and [[OS X Yosemite]] and later versions of [[macOS]]), or using a [[Voice over IP|VoIP]] application, such as [[Skype]].<br />
<br />
On June 8, 2015, it was announced at the [[WWDC]] that the iPad Air 2 would support all of [[iOS 9]]'s new features when it is released in Q3 2015.<ref>[http://www.theverge.com/2015/6/8/8737639/apple-ipad-split-screen-multitasking-wwdc-2015 The Apple shows off iPad split-screen multitasking in iOS 9 preview]. Retrieved 9 June 2015.</ref> Air 2 users with iOS 9 will be able to use Slide Over, Picture in Picture and Split View. Slide Over allows a user to "slide" a second app in from the side of the screen in a smaller window, and have it display information alongside the initial app. Picture in Picture allows a user to watch video in a small, resizable, moveable window while remaining in another app. Split View allows a user to run two apps simultaneously in a 50/50 view.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.techradar.com/how-to/mobile-computing/tablets/ios-9-multitasking-be-more-productive-on-ipad-1304616|title=iOS 9 Multitasking: Be more productive on iPad|newspaper=TechRadar|access-date=2016-12-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Hardware ===<br />
<gallery mode="packed-hover" height="180"><br />
File:IPad_air_2_bottom.png|iPad Air 2 is 6.1mm compared to the iPad Air 7.5mm design<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
The iPad Air 2 inherits hardware that is similar to that which is in both the [[iPhone 6]] and [[iPhone 6 Plus]]. One major change is its processor, the [[Apple A8X]] which is the high-end 3-core variant of the [[Apple A8]]. The iPad Air 2 has 2 GB RAM (making the iPad Air 2 the first iOS device to have more than 1 GB RAM) and the PowerVR GPU has 8-cores.<ref>[http://www.trustedreviews.com/news/ipad-air-2-even-more-powerful-than-first-thought iPad Air 2 even more powerful than first thought]. Retrieved 17 December 2014.</ref> It also uses the [[Apple M8]] motion co-processor which has a barometer and is the first generation of the iPad to inherit the fingerprint Touch ID sensor from the [[iPhone]]. In addition, compared to the iPad Air, it includes an improved 8-megapixel (3264×2448) rear-facing camera with 10 [[Frame rate|fps]] [[Burst mode (photography)|burst mode]] and slow motion video at 120 fps, similar to the [[iPhone 5S]] camera capabilities. The front-facing FaceTime HD camera has also been improved with a larger ƒ/2.2 aperture, which allows 81% more light in the image.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone-6/cameras/|title=Apple - iPhone 6 - Cameras|work=Apple}}</ref><br />
<br />
Unlike its predecessors, the mute/orientation lock switch has been removed to accommodate the reduced depth. Instead, the user must use the Control Center to access these functions.<br />
<br />
It has a slightly smaller battery compared to the iPad Air but Apple claims the same 10-hour battery life as before. The iPad Air 2 is available in 32 or 128&nbsp;GB storage options with no storage expansion options. Apple has released a "camera connection kit" with an [[SD card]] reader, but it can only be used to transfer photos and videos to an iPad.<ref name="Engadget iPad review 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/30/apple-ipad-review|title=iPad review (late 2012)|work=[[Engadget]]|first=Tim|last=Stevens|date=October 30, 2012|accessdate=October 24, 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Apple added a Gold option to the existing Silver and Space Gray color choices for the iPad Air 2, the previous existing colors were used on the preceding [[iPad Air]].<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
[[The Verge]] called the Air 2 "the best tablet ever made," giving it a score of 9.3 out of 10 while noting that it offered only "iterative improvement" and that there were "missed opportunities" in its design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/21/7027485/apple-ipad-air-2-review|title=Apple iPad Air 2 Review|work=The Verge}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Timeline==<br />
{{commons category|IPad Air 2}}<br />
{{Timeline of iPad models}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Official website|http://www.apple.com/ipad-air-2/|iPad Air 2}} – official site<br />
<br />
{{iOS}}<br />
{{Apple hardware since 1998}}<br />
{{Apple hardware}}<br />
{{Apple}}<br />
<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{Succession box<br />
| title = iPad Air 2<br />
| years = 6th generation<br />
| before = [[iPad Air]]<br />
| after = [[iPad (7th generation)]]<br />
}}<br />
{{S-end}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:IPad|*6]]<br />
[[Category:IOS (Apple)|iPad (6)]]<br />
[[Category:Tablet computers]]<br />
[[Category:Touchscreen portable media players]]<br />
[[Category:Tablet computers introduced in 2014]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brantford&diff=767594063Brantford2017-02-26T20:35:54Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Updated population as per Canada 2016 Census</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish|Brentford, England}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Refimprove|article|talk=y|date=March 2011}}<br />
{{more footnotes|date=August 2012}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Brantford<br />
| official_name = City of Brantford<br />
| native_name =<br />
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Ontario|City]] ([[List of municipalities in Ontario#Single-tier municipalities|single-tier]])<br />
| image_skyline = Brantford city hall.jpg<br />
| image_caption =<br />
| image_flag =<br />
| image_seal =<br />
| image_shield =<br />
| image_blank_emblem = Brantford city 2000 logo.png<br />
| blank_emblem_size = 150px<br />
| nickname = <br />
| motto =<br />
| pushpin_map = Canada Southern Ontario<br />
| pushpin_label_position = top<br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 200<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|43|10|N|80|15|W|region:CA-ON|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{CAN}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Canada|Province]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of Ontario counties|County]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 =<br />
| subdivision_type4 =<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{ON}}<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[County of Brant|Brant]] (independent)<br />
| subdivision_name3 =<br />
| subdivision_name4 =<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = May 31, 1877<br />
| government_type =<br />
| leader_title = Mayor<br />
| leader_name = [[Chris Friel (politician)|Chris Friel]]<br />
| leader_title1 = Governing Body<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Brantford City Council]]<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="2016census"><br />
<br />
{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3529006&Geo2=CD&Code2=3529&Data=Count&SearchText=Brantford&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|title=Brantford, City Ontario (Census Subdivision) |work=Census Profile, [[Canada 2016 Census]]|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|date=8 February 2017|accessdate=2017-02-26}}<br />
<br />
</ref><ref name="2016cma"><br />
<br />
{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=543&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Brantford&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|title=Brantford Ontario (Census metropolitan area)|work=Census Profile, [[Canada 2016 Census]]|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|date=8 February 2017|accessdate=2017-02-26}}<br />
<br />
</ref><br />
| area_total_km2 =<br />
| area_land_km2 = 72.44<br />
| area_water_km2 =<br />
| area_water_percent =<br />
| area_urban_km2 =<br />
| area_metro_km2 = 1073.15<br />
| elevation_m = 248<br />
| population_total = 97496&nbsp;([[List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population|56th]])<br />
| population_as_of = [[Canada 2016 Census|2016]]<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2016census" /><ref name="2016cma" /><br />
| population_density_km2 = 1345.9<br />
| population_metro = 134203&nbsp;([[List of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada|30th]])<br />
| population_density_metro_km2 = 125.1<br />
| population_note =<br />
| postal_code_type = Postal code span<br />
| postal_code = N3P, N3R, N3S, N3T, N3V<br />
| area_code = [[Area codes 519, 226 and 548|519/226/548]]<br />
| website = [http://www.brantford.ca/ www.brantford.ca]<br />
| footnotes =<br />
| leader_title2 = [[Canadian House of Commons|MP]]<br />
| leader_name2 = [[Phil McColeman]] ([[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]])<br />
| leader_title3 = [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario|MPP]]<br />
| leader_name3 = [[Dave Levac]] ([[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]])<br />
| timezone = Eastern (EST)<br />
| utc_offset = −5<br />
| timezone_DST = EDT<br />
| utc_offset_DST = −4<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Brantford''' ([[Canada 2016 Census|2016 population]] 97,496<ref name="2016census"/>; [[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|CMA]] population 134,203<ref name="2016cma"/>) is a city in [[southwestern Ontario]], [[Canada]], founded on the [[Grand River (Ontario)|Grand River]]. It is the seat of [[County of Brant|Brant County]], but it is politically separate with a government independent of the county.<br />
<br />
Brantford is sometimes known as the "Telephone City": former city resident [[Alexander Graham Bell]] invented the telephone at his father's home, the [[Bell Homestead National Historic Site|Bell Homestead]]. In 1876 he conducted the first long-distance telephone call, making it from Brantford to [[Paris, Ontario]].<br />
<br />
Brantford is also the birthplace of hockey player [[Wayne Gretzky]], comedian [[Phil Hartman]], as well as [[Group of Seven (artists)|Group of Seven]] member [[Lawren Harris]]. Brantford is named after [[Joseph Brant]], an important Mohawk chief during the American Revolutionary War and later, who led his people in their first decades in Upper Canada. Many of his and other First Nations citizens live on the neighbouring reserve of [[Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation]], the most populous reserve in Canada.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:Brantcourthouse.JPG|thumb|left|225px|Brant County Courthouse in Brantford]]<br />
<br />
The Iroquoian-speaking Attawandaron, known in English as the [[Neutral Nation]], lived in the Grand River valley area before the 17th century; their main village and seat of the chief, [[Kandoucho]], was identified by 19th-century historians as having been located on the [[Grand River (Ontario)|Grand River]] where present-day Brantford developed. This town, like the rest of their settlements, was destroyed when the Iroquois declared war in 1650 over the fur trade and exterminated the Neutral nation.<ref>Reville, F. Douglas. [http://www.brantford.library.on.ca/genealogy/pdfs/reville1.pdf ''The History of the County of Brant''], Brantford: Hurley Printing Company, vol. 1, pp. 15–20, 1920.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1784, Captain [[Joseph Brant]] and the [[Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation|Six Nations Indians]] of the Iroquois Confederacy left New York State for Canada. As a reward for their loyalty to the [[British Crown]], they were given a large land grant, referred to as the [[Haldimand Proclamation|Haldimand Tract]], on the Grand River. The original Mohawk settlement was on the south edge of the present-day city at a location favourable for landing canoes. Brant's crossing of the river gave the original name to the area: '''Brant's ford'''. By 1847, European settlers began to settle further up the river at a ford in the Grand River and named their village Brantford. The [[Mohawk Chapel]], built in the original Mohawk settlement, is Ontario's oldest Protestant church. Brantford was incorporated as a city in 1877.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brantford Facts|url=http://www.brantford.ca/discover/AboutBrantford/Pages/BrantfordFacts.aspx|website=City of Brantford Website|accessdate=5 May 2016|ref=10}}</ref><br />
<br />
The history of the Brantford region from 1793 to 1920 is described at length in the book ''[[At The Forks of The Grand]]''.<br />
<br />
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, both the United States and Canadian governments encouraged education of First Nations children at [[Indian boarding schools]], which were intended to teach them English and European-American ways and assimilate them to the majority cultures. These institutions in Western New York and [[Canadian Indian residential school system|Canada]] included the Thomas Indian School, [[Mohawk Institute Residential School]] (also known as Mohawk Manual Labour School and Mush Hole Indian Residential School) in Brantford, Southern Ontario, Haudenosaunee boarding school, and the [[Carlisle Indian Industrial School]] in [[Carlisle, Pennsylvania]]. Decades later and particularly since the late 20th century, numerous scholarly and artistic works have explored the detrimental effects of the schools in destroying Native cultures. Examples include: the film ''Unseen Tears: A Documentary on Boarding School Survivors'',<ref>{{cite news|title=''Unseen Tears'': A Documentary on Boarding School Survivors|author=ICTMN Staff|date=December 2, 2010|url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/article/unseen-tears%3A-a-documentary-on-boarding-school-survivors-3047|publisher=Indian Country Today Media Network}}</ref> Ronald James Douglas' graduate thesis titled ''Documenting Ethnic Cleansing in North America: Creating Unseen Tears'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=2162663181&Fmt=14&VType=PQD&VInst=PROD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1354642641&clientId=79356|title=Documenting ethnic cleansing in North America: Creating unseen tears (AAT 1482210)|author= Douglas, Ronald James |year= 2010 }}</ref> and the Legacy of Hope Foundation's online media collection: "Where are the Children? Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools".<ref>{{cite news|journal=Where are the Children? |title=Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools|url=http://www.wherearethechildren.ca/en/|author=Legacy of Hope Foundation}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Historic sites ===<br />
Brantford's First Nations and European-Canadian development began in the 18th century with the arrival of the [[Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation|Six Nations tribes]] from New York State, and the later arrival of colonists and European immigrants. A number of historic monuments have been erected within the city marking those events and Brantford's contributions to the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]'s [[Defence of the Realm Act 1914|defense of the realm]].<br />
<br />
Her Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks is located in Brantford and is an important reminder of the original agreements made with Queen Anne in 1710. After the American Revolution, in 1784, Sir Frederick Haldimond granted the Six Nations their land treaty which was six miles on each side of the river from the mouth to the source. Joseph Brant led a group of Six Nations members to new settlement called the Mohawk Village. The Mohawk Chapel was built in 1785 as a reminder of the original agreements made with the British. In 1904 the Mohawk Chapel received Royal status for the longstanding alliance between the British and Six Nations. Her Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks is still in use today as one of two royal Chapels in Canada and the oldest Protestant Church in Ontario<br />
<br />
Among the Anglo-Canadian residents were [[Alexander Graham Bell]] and his family, whose first residence in North America was a farmhouse on Tutela Heights (named after the First Nations tribe which settled the area<ref name="Patten-Bell">Patten, William; Bell, Alexander Melville. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4KzVAAAAMAAJ Pioneering The Telephone In Canada], Montreal: Herald Press, 1926, pg.7. (Note: Patten's full name as published is William Patten, not Gulielmus Patten as stated at Google Books).</ref> and later absorbed into Brantford.) Bell invented the telephone here in July 1874, later building his first working model in Boston. He developed early improvements to it in 1876.<br />
<br />
As part of the invention and development of the [[telephone]], Canada's first telephone factory was built here, and the city was called "Brantford, The Telephone City". Associated with those events in the present day are the Bell family's museum home on Tutela Heights Road, Melville House, now called the [[Bell Homestead National Historic Site]], and the [[Bell Telephone Memorial]] (below), dedicated by the Governor General of Canada in 1917 to mark the [[invention of the telephone]] in Brantford.<br />
<br />
[[file:Alexander Graham Bell Brantford Monument 0.98.jpg|thumb|500px|center|The [[Bell Telephone Memorial]], commemorating the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell. The monument, paid by public subscription and sculpted by [[Walter Seymour Allward|W.S. Allward]], was dedicated by the [[Governor General of Canada]], [[Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire]] with Dr. Bell in The Telephone City's Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in 1917. Included on the main tableau are figures representing "Man, the Inventor," "Inspiration whispering to Man, his power to transmit sound through space," as well as "Knowledge, Joy, Sorrow." Courtesy: Brantford Heritage Inventory|alt=A majestic, broad monument with figures mounted on pedestals to its left and right sides. Along the main portion of the monument are five figures mounted on a broad casting, including a man reclining, plus four floating female figures representing Inspiration, Knowledge, Joy, and Sorrow.]]<br />
<br />
Brantford generated controversy in 2010 when its city council took the controversial step of expropriating and demolishing 41 historic downtown buildings on the south side of its main street, Colborne Street. These buildings constituted one of the longest blocks of pre-Confederation architecture in Canada. Included in the list of demolitions were one of Ontario's first grocery stores and an early 1890s office of the [[Bell Canada|Bell Telephone Company of Canada]], now Bell Canada. This decision was highly controversial and was widely criticized by Ontario's heritage preservation community.<ref>{{cite news|last=Blaze Carlson|first=Katherine|title=Ontario city to demolish historic street, despite Ottawa's objection|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/06/08/ontario-city-seeks-to-demolish-historic-street-despite-ottawa’s-objection/|accessdate=21 January 2013|newspaper=National Post|date=June 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wilkes|first=Jim|title=Demolition of historic buildings begins in Brantford|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/article/820483--demolition-of-historic-buildings-begins-in-brantford|accessdate=21 January 2013|newspaper=The Toronto Star|date=June 8, 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
The [[invention of the telephone|electric telephone was invented here]], leading to the establishment of Canada's first telephone factory here in the 1870s. Brantford developed as an important Canadian industrial centre for the first half of the 20th century, and it was once the third-ranked Canadian city in terms of cash-value of manufactured goods exported.<br />
<br />
The city developed at the deepest navigable point of the Grand River. Because of existing networks, it became a railroad hub of Southern Ontario. The combination of water and rail helped Brantford develop from a farming community into an industrial city with many blue-collar jobs, based on the agriculture implement industry. Major companies included S.C. Johnson Wax, Massey-Harris, Verity Plow, and the [[Cockshutt Plow Company]]. This industry, more than any other, provided the well-paying and steady employment that allowed Brantford to sustain economic growth through most of the 20th century.<br />
<br />
By the 1980s and 1990s, the economy of Brantford was in steady decline due to changes in heavy industry and its restructuring. Numerous companies suffered bankruptcies, such as [[White Farm Equipment]], [[Massey-Ferguson]] (and its successor, Massey Combines Corporation), Koering-Waterous, Harding Carpets, and other manufacturers. The bankruptcies and closures of the businesses left thousands of people unemployed and created one of the most economically depressed areas in the country. It took a long time for the economy to recover and rebuild in new directions. In the early 21st century, an influx of new companies moving to the area has brought the unemployment rate down to 7.4%, which is below the [[List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate|national rate]].<ref>[http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3428049 Brantford Expositor article]</ref><br />
<br />
The Brantford-to-[[Ancaster, Ontario|Ancaster]] section of [[Ontario Highway 403|Highway 403]] was completed in 1997, in part to create an increased incentive for businesses to locate in Brantford because of easy access to [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] and [[Toronto]]. This was along the quickest route through southern Ontario between [[Detroit]] and [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]. In 2004 [[Procter & Gamble]] and [[Ferrero SpA]] chose to locate in the city. Though Wescast Industries, Inc. recently closed their local foundry, their corporate headquarters will remain in Brantford. [[S. C. Johnson & Son|SC Johnson]] Canada has their headquarters and a manufacturing plant in Brantford, connected to the Canadian National network. On February 16, 2005, Brant, including Brantford, was added to the Greater [[Golden Horseshoe]] along with [[Haldimand]] and [[Northumberland County, Ontario|Northumberland]] counties. <br />
<br />
In December 2016, Brantford's unemployment rate stood at 4.7% – the 2nd lowest in Ontario.<ref>[http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=2820135&&pattern&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=31&tabMode=dataTable&csid CANSIM - 282-0135 - Labour force survey estimates (LFS), by census metropolitan area based on 2011 Census boundaries, 3-month moving average, seasonally adjusted and unadjusted]</ref><br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
<br />
{{Weather box|collapsed = 1<br />
| location = Brantford (1981−2010)<br />
| metric first = Y<br />
| single line = Y<br />
| Jan record high C = 17.0<br />
| Feb record high C = 16.5<br />
| Mar record high C = 25.5<br />
| Apr record high C = 30.5<br />
| May record high C = 34.0<br />
| Jun record high C = 35.5<br />
| Jul record high C = 38.5<br />
| Aug record high C = 36.5<br />
| Sep record high C = 34.4<br />
| Oct record high C = 30.0<br />
| Nov record high C = 25.0<br />
| Dec record high C = 20.5<br />
| year record high C = 38.5<br />
| Jan high C = −1.6<br />
| Feb high C = 0.3<br />
| Mar high C = 5.1<br />
| Apr high C = 12.4<br />
| May high C = 19.3<br />
| Jun high C = 24.6<br />
| Jul high C = 27.2<br />
| Aug high C = 25.8<br />
| Sep high C = 21.7<br />
| Oct high C = 14.5<br />
| Nov high C = 7.9<br />
| Dec high C = 1.4<br />
| year high C = 13.2<br />
| Jan mean C = −6.0<br />
| Feb mean C = −4.3<br />
| Mar mean C = 0.3<br />
| Apr mean C = 7.0<br />
| May mean C = 13.5<br />
| Jun mean C = 18.7<br />
| Jul mean C = 21.3<br />
| Aug mean C = 20.2<br />
| Sep mean C = 16.0<br />
| Oct mean C = 9.3<br />
| Nov mean C = 3.8<br />
| Dec mean C = −2.5<br />
| year mean C = 8.1<br />
| Jan low C = −10.4<br />
| Feb low C = −8.9<br />
| Mar low C = −4.5<br />
| Apr low C = 1.5<br />
| May low C = 7.5<br />
| Jun low C = 12.7<br />
| Jul low C = 15.4<br />
| Aug low C = 14.6<br />
| Sep low C = 10.1<br />
| Oct low C = 3.9<br />
| Nov low C = −0.3<br />
| Dec low C = −6.3<br />
| year low C = 3.0<br />
| Jan record low C = −30.0<br />
| Feb record low C = −30.5<br />
| Mar record low C = −24.0<br />
| Apr record low C = −12.8<br />
| May record low C = −3.0<br />
| Jun record low C = 1.1<br />
| Jul record low C = 5.6<br />
| Aug record low C = 1.1<br />
| Sep record low C = −4.5<br />
| Oct record low C = −7.0<br />
| Nov record low C = −16.0<br />
| Dec record low C = −27.0<br />
| year record low C = −30.5<br />
| precipitation colour = green<br />
| Jan precipitation mm = 54.7<br />
| Feb precipitation mm = 51.5<br />
| Mar precipitation mm = 59.1<br />
| Apr precipitation mm = 68.9<br />
| May precipitation mm = 81.1<br />
| Jun precipitation mm = 75.9<br />
| Jul precipitation mm = 95.0<br />
| Aug precipitation mm = 75.0<br />
| Sep precipitation mm = 86.6<br />
| Oct precipitation mm = 70.1<br />
| Nov precipitation mm = 84.4<br />
| Dec precipitation mm = 65.1<br />
| year precipitation mm = 867.3<br />
| rain colour = green<br />
| Jan rain mm = 27.6<br />
| Feb rain mm = 30.4<br />
| Mar rain mm = 43.5<br />
| Apr rain mm = 65.3<br />
| May rain mm = 81.1<br />
| Jun rain mm = 75.9<br />
| Jul rain mm = 95.0<br />
| Aug rain mm = 75.0<br />
| Sep rain mm = 86.6<br />
| Oct rain mm = 70.1<br />
| Nov rain mm = 78.3<br />
| Dec rain mm = 40.8<br />
| year rain mm = 769.6<br />
| snow colour = green<br />
| Jan snow cm = 27.1<br />
| Feb snow cm = 21.9<br />
| Mar snow cm = 15.6<br />
| Apr snow cm = 3.6<br />
| May snow cm = 0.0<br />
| Jun snow cm = 0.0<br />
| Jul snow cm = 0.0<br />
| Aug snow cm = 0.0<br />
| Sep snow cm = 0.0<br />
| Oct snow cm = 0.0<br />
| Nov snow cm = 6.1<br />
| Dec snow cm = 24.2<br />
| year snow cm = 98.4<br />
| unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm<br />
| Jan precipitation days = 11.3<br />
| Feb precipitation days = 9.5<br />
| Mar precipitation days = 11.1<br />
| Apr precipitation days = 12.2<br />
| May precipitation days = 12.4<br />
| Jun precipitation days = 10.4<br />
| Jul precipitation days = 10.4<br />
| Aug precipitation days = 10.5<br />
| Sep precipitation days = 10.6<br />
| Oct precipitation days = 12.2<br />
| Nov precipitation days = 13.2<br />
| Dec precipitation days = 12.0<br />
| year precipitation days = 135.6<br />
| unit rain days = 0.2 mm<br />
| Jan rain days = 4.5<br />
| Feb rain days = 4.7<br />
| Mar rain days = 8.1<br />
| Apr rain days = 11.6<br />
| May rain days = 12.4<br />
| Jun rain days = 10.4<br />
| Jul rain days = 10.4<br />
| Aug rain days = 10.5<br />
| Sep rain days = 10.6<br />
| Oct rain days = 12.2<br />
| Nov rain days = 11.8<br />
| Dec rain days = 7.0<br />
| year rain days = 114.0<br />
| unit snow days = 0.2 cm<br />
| Jan snow days = 7.0<br />
| Feb snow days = 5.4<br />
| Mar snow days = 3.7<br />
| Apr snow days = 0.92<br />
| May snow days = 0.0<br />
| Jun snow days = 0.0<br />
| Jul snow days = 0.0<br />
| Aug snow days = 0.0<br />
| Sep snow days = 0.0<br />
| Oct snow days = 0.0<br />
| Nov snow days = 1.5<br />
| Dec snow days = 5.8<br />
| year snow days = 24.4<br />
| source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref name="climate">{{cite web<br />
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]<br />
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4737&lang=e&dCode=0&province=ONT&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12<br />
| title = Brantford MOE<br />
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010<br />
| accessdate = April 9, 2014}}</ref><br />
| date = August 2010<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
Brantford's 2011 population was 93,650 people according to the 2011 census.<ref><br />
<br />
{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=POPC&Code1=0092&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Brantford&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |title=Brantford (City) community profile |publisher=Statistics Canada |work=[[Canada 2011 Census|20011 Census data]]|accessdate=2013-02-21}}</ref><br />
{{Historical populations<br />
|align=right<br />
| footnote = <ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census96/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=35782&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1996&THEME=34&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=], 1996 Census of Canada: Electronic Area Profiles</ref><br />
|1841|2000<br />
|1871|8107<br />
|1881|9616<br />
|1891|12753<br />
|1901|16619<br />
|[[Canada 1911 Census|1911]]|23132<br />
|1921|29440<br />
|1931|30107<br />
|1941|31622<br />
|1951|36727<br />
|1961|55201<br />
|1971|64421<br />
|1981|74315<br />
|1991|81997<br />
|[[Canada 1996 Census|1996]]|84764<br />
|[[Canada 2001 Census|2001]]|86417<br />
|[[Canada 2006 Census|2006]]|90192<br />
|[[Canada 2011 Census|2011]]|93650<br />
|[[Canada 2016 Census|2016]]|97496<br />
}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4 | Visible minority and Aboriginal population ([[Canada 2011 Census]])<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Population group!! Population !! % of total population<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 | '''[[European Canadian|White]]''' || '''81,035''' || '''{{Percentage | 81035 | 91975 | 1 }}'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=12 | [[Visible minority]] group<br/><small>Source:<ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3529006&Data=Count&SearchText=Brantford&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=35&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1], Community Profiles from the 2011 Census, Statistics Canada - National Household Survey Profile: Visible Minority Population</ref></small><br />
|| [[South Asia]]n || 1,640 || {{Percentage | 1640 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]] || 710 || {{Percentage | 710 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Black Canadians|Black]] || 1,550 || {{Percentage | 1550 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filipino Canadian|Filipino]] || 450 || {{Percentage | 450 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Latin American Canadian|Latin American]] || 365 || {{Percentage | 365 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Arab Canadians|Arab]] || 575 || {{Percentage | 575 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Southeast Asia]]n || 740 || {{Percentage | 740 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Western Asia|West Asian]] || 80 || {{Percentage | 80 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Korean Canadian|Korean]] || 285 || {{Percentage | 285 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Japanese Canadians|Japanese]] || 95 || {{Percentage | 95 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| Visible minority, n.i.e. || 100 || {{Percentage | 100 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Multiracial|Multiple]] visible minority || 255 || {{Percentage | 255 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 | '''Total visible minority population'''|| '''6,850''' || '''{{Percentage | 6850 | 91975 | 1 }}'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]] group<br/><small>Source:<ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3529006&Data=Count&SearchText=Brantford&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=35&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1], Aboriginal Population Profile from the 2011 Census, Statistics Canada - National Household Survey Profile: Aboriginal Population</ref></small> || [[First Nations]] || 3,565 || {{Percentage | 3565 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] || 355 || {{Percentage | 355 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Inuit]] || 0 || {{Percentage | 0 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| Aboriginal, n.i.e. || 95 || {{Percentage | 95 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| Multiple Aboriginal identity || 55 || {{Percentage | 55 | 91975 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 | '''Total Aboriginal population''' || '''4,090''' || '''{{Percentage | 4090 | 91975 | 1 }}'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 | '''''Total population in private households''''' || '''''91,975''''' || '''''100%'''''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Film and television ==<br />
Brantford has been used as a filming location for TV and films.<br />
*The television series ''[[Murdoch Mysteries]]'' has used the Carnegie Building, now part of Wilfrid Laurier University’s Brantford campus, as the courthouse.<ref name="Ruby">{{cite news|last=Ruby |first=Michelle|title=Murdoch Mysteries filming in Brantford|url=http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2012/08/28/murdoch-mysteries-filming-in-brantford|accessdate=21 February 2014|newspaper=The Expositor|date=August 28, 2012}}</ref> The interior of the Sanderson Centre for the Performing Arts has also been featured in the series.<ref name="Ruby"/><ref name="brantfordexpositor.ca">{{cite news|last=Ruby |first=Michelle|title=No mystery Murdoch is popular|url=http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2013/10/01/no-mystery-murdoch-is-popular|accessdate=21 February 2014|newspaper=The Expositor|date=October 1, 2013}}</ref> In addition, Victoria Park and many of the older homes along Dalhousie and George streets have been used for shot locations.<ref name="brantfordexpositor.ca"/><br />
*Several movies have had scenes shot at the [[Brantford Airport]], including ''[[Welcome to Mooseport]]'' and ''[[Where the Truth Lies]]''. Many ''[[Mayday (TV series)|Mayday]]'' episodes have also been filmed there.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}<br />
*An episode of ''[[Due South]]'', "Dr. Long Ball", was filmed at [[Arnold Anderson Stadium]] in Cockshutt Park.<br />
*Brantford's downtown provided locations for ''[[Weirdsville]]'' in 2006 and "[[Silent Hill (film)|Silent Hill]]" in 2005. Many Brantfordians<ref>[http://virtual.brantfordexpositor.ca/doc/Brantford-Expositor/a-walk-on-the-south-side/2010060101/7.html#6 "A Walk On The South Side"], ''Brantford Expositor,'' 10 June 2010</ref> observed that little work had to be done to make downtown look decayed and haunted.<br />
*Brantford's Sanderson Centre for the Performing Arts was used as "The Rose" mainstage theatre of the "New Burbage Festival" in the series ''[[Slings & Arrows]].''{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
Statistics from the [[Canada 2006 Census|Federal 2006 Census]] indicated that 72% of Brantford's adult residents had earned either a certificate, diploma, or university degree.<ref name="SC06"><br />
<br />
{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3529006&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Brant&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |title=Brantford (City) community profile |publisher=Statistics Canada |work=[[Canada 2006 Census|2006 Census data]]|accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Universities and colleges ===<br />
[[File:Nipissing University Brantford Campus.jpg|thumb|Brantford campus of [[Nipissing University]] ]]<br />
<br />
Several post-secondary institutions have facilities in Brantford.<br />
* [[Laurier Brantford]], a campus of Wilfrid Laurier University, offers a variety of programs at their downtown campus.<ref>[http://www.wlu.ca/homepage.php?grp_id=2016]</ref> The 2013-14 enrollment is 2,800 full-time students.<br />
**The Faculty of Liberal Arts includes Contemporary Studies, Journalism, History, English, Youth and Children’s Studies, Human Rights and Human Diversity, Languages at Brantford and Law and Society programs. The Faculty of Human and Social Sciences includes Criminology, Health Studies, Psychology and Leadership.<br />
**The Faculty of Social Work includes the Bachelor of Social Work.<br />
**The Faculty of Graduate and Post-Doctoral Studies includes Social Justice and Community Engagement (MA) and Criminology (MA)<br />
**The School of Business and Economics includes Business Technology Management.<br />
*[[Nipissing University]], in partnership with Laurier Brantford, offers the Concurrent Education program in Brantford. In five years, students achieve an Honours Bachelor of Arts in Society, Culture & Environment from Laurier Brantford, and a Bachelor of Education from Nipissing University.<ref>[http://www.nipissingu.ca/departments/brantford/Pages/default.aspx]</ref> During the 2013-14 academic year there were 70 full-time and 100 part-time students in the program.<br />
*[[Conestoga College]] offer academic programming in Brantford’s downtown core in partnership with Wilfrid Laurier University and its Laurier Brantford campus. Conestoga College offer diplomas in Business and Health Office Administration, a graduate certificate in Human Resources Management and a certificate in Medical Office Practice in Brantford.<ref>[http://www.conestogac.on.ca/campuses/brantford/]</ref> This program has 120 full-time students in the 2013-14 academic year.<br />
*[[Mohawk College]], had a satellite campus offering programs; however, the college ceased operations in Brantford at the end of the 2013-14 academic year.<ref>[http://mohawkmatters.com/2014/01/07/media-release-mohawk-college-to-expand-hamilton-programs-for-brantford-students/ "Mohawk College to expand Hamilton programs for Brantford students"], ''Mohawk Matters''</ref><br />
<br />
=== Secondary schools ===<br />
Public education in the area is managed by the [[Grand Erie District School Board]], and Catholic education is managed by the [[Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board]].<br />
* [[Assumption College School (Brantford)|Assumption College School]] (Catholic)<br />
* [[Brantford Collegiate Institute]]<br />
* [[North Park Collegiate & Vocational School]]<br />
* [[Pauline Johnson Collegiate & Vocational School]]<br />
* [[St. John's College (Brantford)|St. John's College]] (Catholic)<br />
* Tollgate Technological Skills Centre (formerly known as Herman E. Fawcett)<br />
* Grand Erie Learning Alternatives (GELA)<br />
<br />
=== Elementary schools ===<br />
Public education in the area is managed by the [[Grand Erie District School Board]], and Catholic education is managed by the [[Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board]] and the [[Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud|Conseil Scolaire de District Catholique Centre-Sud]].<br />
*Christ The King School (Catholic)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Schools {{!}} Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board|url = http://www.bhncdsb.ca/schools|website = www.bhncdsb.ca|accessdate = 2015-09-08}}</ref><br />
*St. Peter School (Catholic)<br />
*Holy Cross School (Catholic)<br />
*St. Basil Catholic Elementary School (Catholic)<br />
*Jean Vanier Catholic Elementary School (Catholic)<br />
*Notre Dame Catholic Elementary School (Catholic)<br />
*St. Pius X Catholic Elementary School (Catholic)<br />
*St. Gabriel Catholic Elementary School (Catholic)<br />
*Our Lady of Providence Catholic Elementary School (Catholic)<br />
*Resurrection School (Catholic)<br />
*St. Leo School (Catholic)<br />
*St. Patrick School (Catholic)<br />
*Russell Reid Elementary School<ref>{{Cite web|title = Elementary Schools|url = http://www.granderie.ca/school/SchoolDirectory/Elementary/Pages/default.aspx|website = www.granderie.ca|accessdate = 2015-09-08}}</ref><br />
*Woodman-Cainsville School<br />
*Echo Place School<br />
*Cedarland Public School<br />
*Centennial-Grand Woodlands School<br />
*École Confederation (French Immersion)<br />
*Dufferin Public School (French Immersion)<br />
*Walter Gretzky Elementary School<br />
*Mount Pleasant Public School<br />
*Ryerson Heights Elementary School<br />
*Graham Bell-Victoria Public School<br />
*Lansdowne-Costain Public School<br />
*Major Ballachey Public School<br />
*Agnes G. Hodge Public School<br />
*Prince Charles Public School<br />
*Greenbrier Public School<br />
*James Hillier Public School<br />
*Grandview Public School<br />
*Banbury Heights School<br />
*King George School<br />
*Branlyn School<br />
*Brier Park School<br />
*Central School<br />
*Princess Elizabeth Public School<br />
*Bellview Public School <br />
*St. Marguerite Bourgeois (French)<br />
<br />
=== Other ===<br />
* The [[W. Ross Macdonald School]] for [[Visual impairment|blind]] and [[deafblindness|deafblind]] students is located in Brantford.<br />
* The [[Mohawk Institute Residential School]], a [[Canadian Indian residential school]], was located in Brantford. It was closed after emphasis on educating children in their home communities and encouraging their own cultures, in part because of reporting of abuses at such facilities.<br />
* [[Victoria Academy]] is a private [[secondary school]] in Brantford.<br />
* Braemar House School is a private elementary school in Brantford offering diverse Montessori and Elementary School curriculum.<br />
<br />
== Political organization ==<br />
[[File:Brantford city hall.jpg|thumb|[[Brantford City Hall]]]]<br />
<br />
Brantford is located within the County of Brant; however, it is a single-tier municipality, politically separate from the County. ''Ontario's Municipal Act, 2001'' defines single-tier municipalities as "a municipality, other than an upper-tier municipality, that does not form part of an upper-tier municipality for municipal purposes".<ref>[http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_01m25_e.htm]</ref> Single-tier municipalities provide for all local government services.<ref>[http://www.amo.on.ca/AMO-Content/Municipal-101/Ontario-Municipalities.aspx], City of Brantford website.</ref><br />
<br />
At the federal and provincial levels of government, Brantford is part of the [[Brant (electoral district)|Brant riding]].<br />
<br />
The current [[Brantford City Council]] was elected in the 2014 municipal election<ref>http://www.brantford.ca/govt/elections/Pages/ElectionResults.aspx</ref> and is headed by Mayor [[Chris Friel (politician)|Chris Friel]], who had previously served as mayor from 1994 to 2003 and was re-elected in 2010. The council, in addition to Friel, includes Larry Kings and Rick Weaver (Ward 1), John Sless and John Utley (Ward 2), Greg Martin and Dan McCreary (Ward 3), Richard Carpenter and Cheryl Antoski (Ward 4), and David Neumann and Brian Van Tilborg (Ward 5).<ref>[http://www.brantford.ca/govt/council/members/Pages/default.aspx/ Brantford Council Members], City of Brantford website.</ref><br />
<br />
== Media ==<br />
<br />
=== Print ===<br />
The ''[[Brantford Expositor]]'', started in 1852, is published six days per week (excluding Sundays) by Sun Media Corp.<br />
<br />
The ''Brant News'' is a weekly paper (delivered Thursday); it publishes breaking news online at their website,<ref>[http://www.BrantNews.com/ ''BrantNews'']</ref> and is published by [[Metroland Media Group]].<br />
<br />
The ''[[Two Row Times]],'' a Free weekly paper started in 2013, is published on Wednesdays, delivered to every reservation in Ontario and globally online at their website,<ref>[http://www.tworowtimes.com/ Two Row Times website]</ref> published by Garlow Media.<br />
<br />
BScene, a Free community paper founded in 2014, is published monthly and distributed locally throughout Brantford and Brant County via local businesses and community centers, It can also be viewed online at their website.<ref>[http://www.bscene.ca/ BScene website]</ref> Independently published.<br />
<br />
=== Radio ===<br />
* AM 1380 - [[CKPC (AM)]], [[oldies]]<br />
* FM 92.1 - [[CKPC-FM]], [[adult contemporary]]<br />
* FM 93.9 - [[CFWC-FM]], religious<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
Brantford's only local television service comes from [[Rogers TV]] (cable 20), a local [[community channel (Canada)|community channel]] on [[Rogers Cable]]. Otherwise, Brantford is served by stations from [[Toronto]], [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] and [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]].<br />
<br />
== Transportation ==<br />
[[File:403 Grand River.JPG|right|thumb|[[Ontario Highway 403|Highway 403]] connects Brantford with [[Woodstock, Ontario|Woodstock]] and [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]. Seen here is the 403 eastbound near the [[Grand River (Ontario)|Grand River]] bridge.]]<br />
<br />
=== Air ===<br />
[[Brantford Airport|Brantford Municipal Airport]] is located west of the city. It hosts an annual [[air show]], featuring the [[Snowbirds]]. The [[Hamilton/John C. Munro International Airport|John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport]] in Hamilton is located about 35&nbsp;km east of Brantford. [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] is located in [[Mississauga, Ontario|Mississauga]], about 100&nbsp;km northeast of Brantford.<br />
<br />
=== Rail ===<br />
The train station is located just north of downtown Brantford. [[Via Rail]] has daily passenger trains on the [[Quebec City-Windsor Corridor]]. Trains also stop at [[Union Station (Toronto)|Union Station]] in [[Toronto]].<br />
<br />
Street rail began in Brantford in 1886 with horse-drawn carriages; by 1893 this system had been converted to electric. The City of Brantford took over these operations in 1914. Around 1936 it began to replace the electric street car system with gas-run buses, and by the end of 1939 the change-over was complete.<ref>[http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~wyatt/alltime/brantford-on.html Brantford, Ontario Principal System], ''Canadian Street Railways''. 31-Mar-2011.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Bus ===<br />
* [[Brantford Transit]] serves the city with nine regular routes operating on a half-hour schedule from the downtown Transit Terminal on Darling Street, with additional school service.<br />
* [[Greyhound Canada]] has intercity service to Toronto, Hamilton, London, Windsor and other cities.<br />
* [[GO Transit|GO]] bus service between downtown Brantford and [[Aldershot GO Station]] in Burlington, stopping at [[McMaster University]].<br />
* All Around Transportation operates a Paris–Brantford shuttle bus.<br />
<br />
=== Provincial highways ===<br />
* [[Ontario Highway 403|Highway 403]], East Hamilton, West Woodstock.<br />
* [[Highway 24 (Ontario)|Highway 24]], North Cambridge, South Simcoe.<br />
<br />
== Culture and entertainment ==<br />
[[File:Armory, Brantford.JPG|thumb|The Armoury]]<br />
<br />
Local museums include the Bell Homestead, [[Brant Museum and Archives]],<ref>http://www.brantmuseum.ca</ref> [[Canadian Military Heritage Museum]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canadianmilitaryheritagemuseum.ca/|title=The Canadian Military Museum |accessdate=2016-11-09}}</ref> and the [[Personal Computer Museum]].<br />
<br />
Annual events include the "Brantford International Villages Festival" in July;<ref>http://www.brantfordvillages.ca/</ref> the "Brantford Kinsmen Annual Ribfest" in August;<ref>http://www.brantfordribfest.ca/</ref> the "Chili Willy Cook-Off" in February; the "Frosty Fest", a Church festival held in winter;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2015/02/08/frosty-fest-celebrates-winter |title=Frosty Fest celebrates winter|publisher=Brantford Expositor|accessdate=2016-11-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
Brantford is the home of several community theatre groups including Stage 88, ICHTHYS Theatre, Brantford Theatre Workshops and Whimsical Players.<br />
<br />
Brantford has a casino, [[OLG Casino Brantford|Brantford OLG Casino]]. [[The Sanderson Centre]] for the Performing Arts is a local performance venue.<ref>[http://www.sandersoncentre.ca/Pages/default.aspx]</ref><br />
<br />
== Brantford Public Library ==<br />
[[File:Brantford Public Library main entrance.JPG|thumb|The main entrance to the Brantford Public Library]]<br />
<br />
Brantford [[Public library|Public Library's]] central branch is located downtown on Colborne Street. It has an additional branch on St. Paul Avenue.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://brantford.library.on.ca/contact/index.php | title=Contact us | publisher=Brantford Public Library | accessdate=June 28, 2012}}</ref> It has been [[Library automation|automated]] since 1984.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web |url=http://brantford.library.on.ca/archive/index.php/archive/article/528 | title=History of the Brantford Public Library | publisher=Brantford Public Library |year=2000 | accessdate=June 28, 2012 | author=Kirk, Denise}}</ref> In 2000, the library was the first in North America to join the [[UNESCO]] model library network.<ref name="timeline" /><br />
<br />
== Sports teams and tournaments ==<br />
<br />
=== Current intercounty or major teams ===<br />
* [[Brantford Red Sox]] of the [[Intercounty Baseball League]] who play at Arnold Anderson Stadium<br />
* Brantford Braves of the Junior Intercounty Baseball League who also play at Arnold Anderson Stadium<br />
* [[Brantford Blast]] of the [[Allan Cup Hockey]] League who play at the [[Brantford Civic Centre]]<br />
* [[Brantford Galaxy SC]] of the [[Canadian Soccer League]] who play at Lion's Park.<br />
* [[Brantford Harlequins]] of the [[Ontario Rugby Union]]<br />
* [[Brantford 99'ers]] of the [[Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League]]<br />
<br />
=== Defunct teams ===<br />
* [[Brantford Alexanders]] (1976 to 1978), a former team of the [[Senior Ontario Hockey Association]] who played at the Brantford Civic Centre. Won [[1978 Allan Cup]].<br />
* [[Brantford Motts Clamatos]]. Won [[1987 Allan Cup]].<br />
* [[Brantford Golden Eagles]] of the [[Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League]], moved in 2012 to become [[Caledonia Corvairs]].<br />
* [[Brantford Alexanders]] (1978 to 1984), a former team of the [[Ontario Hockey League]] who played at the Brantford Civic Centre. They are now the [[Erie Otters]].<br />
* [[Brantford Smoke]] (1991–1998) of the CoHL, [[Colonial Hockey League]] who played at the Brantford Civic Centre. The team moved to Asheville in 1998.<br />
* Brantford Blaze of the [[Canadian National Basketball League]], played only a few exhibition games in 2003-04.<br />
<br />
=== Events ===<br />
* The Wayne Gretzky International Hockey Tournament,<ref>[http://brantfordminorhockey.com/Tournaments/3256/Wayne_Gretzky_International_Hockey_Tournament/ Brantford Minor Hockey Association - Wayne Gretzky Tournament ]</ref> which celebrated its 9th anniversary in 2015,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gamble|first1=Susan|title=Walter Gretzky Street Hockey Tournament: Look for 'big things' for 10th anniversary|url=http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2015/06/21/walter-gretzky-street-hockey-tournament-look-for-big-things-for-10th-anniversary|accessdate=5 May 2016|publisher=Brantford Expositor|date=21 June 2015}}</ref> is held in Brantford annually<br />
* Brantford hosted and won the 2008 [[Allan Cup]], which celebrated the 100th anniversary of the event.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brantford Blast 2008 Allan Cup Champions|url=http://www.allancup.ca/Brantford2008.htm|publisher=Allan Cup 2008|accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref><br />
* The city served as the pre-season camp and facility for the [[Pittsburgh Penguins]] during the late 1960s, hosting the franchise's first preseason training camp and its first preseason exhibition game.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pittsburgh Penguins Start With Many Goalies On Team|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5-ZdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LF8NAAAAIBAJ&dq=pittsburgh%20penguins&pg=2735%2C1568367|publisher=Observer-Reporter|date=13 September 1967|accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref><br />
* The Walter Gretzky Street Hockey Tournament, celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2016, is held in Brantford annually. In 2010, this “great” tournament was recognized and established a Guinness World Record for the largest Street Hockey Tournament in the world with 205 teams with just over 2,096 participants.<br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
<br />
{{Main article|List of people from Brantford}}<br />
<br />
== Municipal twinning ==<br />
<br />
Brantford is [[Town twinning|twinned]] with:<br />
{|cellpadding="10"<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|<br />
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Ostrów Wielkopolski]] in [[Poland]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1590674|title=City gets a twin|last=Ball|first=Vincent|publisher=Brantford Expositor|date=30 May 2009|accessdate=2012-02-24}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Alexander Graham Bell]]<br />
* [[Brant (electoral district)]]<br />
* [[Brantford City Council]]<br />
* [[List of mayors of Brantford, Ontario]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Brantford, Ontario}}<br />
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Brantford}}<br />
{{Wikivoyage}}<br />
* [http://www.brantford.ca/ City of Brantford]<br />
* [http://www.brantmuseum.ca/ Brant Museum and Archives]<br />
* [http://www.brantford.library.on.ca/ Brantford Public Library]<br />
* [http://www.brantfordkinsmen.ca/ Kinsmen Club of Brantford]<br />
* [http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/ The Brantford Expositor]<br />
* [http://www.canadianindustrialheritage.org/ Canadian Industrial Heritage Centre]<br />
* [http://www.waynegretzkysportscentre.ca/AboutUs/SportsHallofRecognition.aspx Brantford & Area Sports Hall of Recognition]<br />
* [http://www.sandersoncentre.ca The Sanderson Centre]<br />
* [http://www.4ss.ca Four Season Sports Roller Hockey League]<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location <!-- This geo box is for DIRECTLY ADJACENT municipalities as standardized for all other municipalities --><br />
| North = [[County of Brant|Brant]]<br />
| West = [[County of Brant|Brant]]<br />
| Center = Brantford<br />
| East = [[County of Brant|Brant]]<br />
| South = [[County of Brant|Brant]]}}<br />
<br />
{{Subdivisions of Ontario}}<br />
{{Census metropolitan areas by size}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1877 establishments in Ontario]]<br />
[[Category:Brantford| ]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in 1877]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places on the Underground Railroad]]<br />
[[Category:Single-tier municipalities in Ontario]]<br />
[[Category:Southwestern Ontario]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Markham,_Ontario&diff=766915426Markham, Ontario2017-02-22T21:59:24Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Moved population count from inline text to inside a bracket</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
|name = Markham<br />
|official_name = City of Markham<br />
|settlement_type = [[List of cities in Ontario|City]] ([[List of municipalities in Ontario#Lower-tier municipalities|lower-tier]])<br />
|nickname = The High-Tech Capital<br />
|motto = Leading While Remembering<br />
|image_skyline = MarkhamCivicCenter18.jpg<br />
|image_caption = [[Markham Civic Centre]]<br />
|image_shield = Coat of Arms Markham Ontario.jpg<br />
|shield_size = 100x90px<br />
|image_flag = Flag_of_Markham.png<br />
|flag_size = 100x90px<br />
|image_blank_emblem = logo_mkm2005.gif<br />
|blank_emblem_size = 100x90px<br />
|image_map = Markham within York Region.svg<br />
|mapsize = 250px<br />
|map_caption = Location of Markham within York Region<br />
| pushpin_map = Canada Southern Ontario<br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 200<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Markham in relation to southern Ontario<br />
|subdivision_type = Country<br />
|subdivision_name = Canada<br />
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]<br />
|subdivision_name1 = Ontario<br />
|subdivision_type2 = [[Regional municipality|Regional Municipality]]<br />
|subdivision_name2 = [[Regional Municipality of York|York Region]]<br />
|subdivision_type3 = Communities<br />
|subdivision_name3 = {{Collapsible list<br />
|title = List of subdivisions<br />
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;<br />
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;<br />
|1=[[Buttonville, Ontario|Buttonville]]<br />
|2=[[Cornell, Ontario|Cornell]]<br />
|3=[[Greensborough, Ontario|Greensborough]]<br />
|4=[[Milliken, Ontario|Milliken]]<br />
|5=[[Unionville, Ontario|Unionville]]<br />
|6=[[Wismer Commons, Ontario|Wismer]]}}<br />
|leader_title = Mayor<br />
|leader_name = [[Frank Scarpitti]]<br />
|leader_title1 = Deputy&nbsp;Mayor<br />
|leader_name1 = Jack Heath<br />
|leader_title2 = Regional Councillors<br />
|leader_name2 = [[Jim Jones (politician)|Jim Jones]], Joe Li, Nirmala Armstrong<br />
|leader_title3 = [[Canadian federal election, 2008|MPs]]<br />
|leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list<br />
|title = List of MPs<br />
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;<br />
|title_style =<br />
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;<br />
|1=[[Bob Saroya]] [[Conservative Party of Canada|(C)]]<br />
|2=''[[Markham—Thornhill]]'' <small>(Vacant)</small><br />
|3=[[Jane Philpott]] [[Liberal Party of Canada|(L)]]<br />
|4=[[Peter Kent]] [[Conservative Party of Canada|(C)]]}}<br />
|leader_title4 = [[Ontario general election, 2007|MPPs]]<br />
|leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list<br />
|title = List of MPPs<br />
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;<br />
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;<br />
|1=[[Gila Martow]] [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|(C)]]<br />
|2=[[Michael Chan (Canadian politician)|Michael Chan]] [[Ontario Liberal Party|(L)]]<br />
|3=[[Helena Jaczek]] [[Ontario Liberal Party|(L)]]}}<br />
|established_title = Settled<br />
|established_date = 1794<br />
|established_title2 = Incorporated<br />
|established_date2 = 1872 (village) <br> 1972 (town) <br> 2012 (city)<br />
|area_footnotes = <ref name=2016census>[[#2016csd|Statistics Canada]]: 2017</ref><br />
|area_total_km2 = 212.35<br />
|population_as_of = [[Canada 2016 Census|2016]]<br />
|population_footnotes = <ref name=2016census/><br />
|population_total = 328966 ([[List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population|16th]])<br />
|population_demonym = Markhamite<br />
|elevation_m = 200<br />
|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]]<br />
|utc_offset = −5<br />
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]<br />
|utc_offset_DST = −4<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|43|53|N|79|15|W|region:CA-ON|display=inline,title}}<br />
|postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Canada#Forward sortation areas|Forward sortation areas]]<br />
|postal_code = [[List of L postal codes of Canada|L6B, L6C, L6E, L6G, L3P, L3R, and L3S]]<br />
|area_code = [[Area codes 905 and 289|905, 289]]<br />
|blank_name = [[ISO 3166-2:CA|ISO 3166-2]]<br />
|blank_info = CA-ON<br />
|website = {{URL|http://www.markham.ca/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Markham''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑr|k|əm}}; [[Canada 2016 Census|2016 population]] 328,966<ref name=2016census/>) is a city in the [[Regional Municipality of York]] within the [[Greater Toronto Area]] of [[Southern Ontario]], Canada. Markham's population in 2015 was estimated at 342,000 through The Region of York population census data monitoring. The city is the fourth-most populous community within the [[Greater Toronto Area]] after [[Toronto]], [[Mississauga]] and [[Brampton]] and is the York region's most populous municipality.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/life/homes/2015/07/24/why-markham-is-the-next-highrise-community.html|title=Why Markham is the next highrise community|last=Tuckey|first=Bryan|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|date=24 July 2015|accessdate=12 April 2016}}</ref> Markham is also Canada's [[List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population|16th largest city]]. Markham changed its status from town to city on July 1, 2012.<ref name=city>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2012/05/30/toronto-markham-city.html "Markham to change from town to city"]. [[CBC News]], May 30, 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
The city gained its name from the first [[Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada]], [[John Graves Simcoe]] (in office 1791–1796), who named the area after his friend, [[William Markham (bishop)|William Markham]], the [[Archbishop of York]] from 1776 to 1807. The first European settlement in Markham occurred when [[William Moll Berczy|William Berczy]], a German artist and developer, led a group of approximately sixty-four German families to North America. While they planned to settle in New York, disputes over finances and land tenure led Berczy to negotiate with Simcoe for {{convert|64,000|acre|km2}} in Markham Township in 1794.<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.markham.ca/wps/portal/Markham/AboutMarkham/Heritage/MarkhamHistory<br />
|title = A history of the town of Markham<br />
|year = 2012<br />
|work = City of Markham<br />
|publisher = The Corporation of the City of Markham<br />
|accessdate = 2013-04-09<br />
|quote = In May 1794, Berczy negotiated with Simcoe for 64,000 acres in Markham Township, soon to be known as the German Company Lands.The Berczy settlers, joined by several Pennsylvania German families, set out for Upper Canada.Sixty-four families arrived that year [...]<br />
}}<br />
</ref> Through much of Markham's history the community has been described{{by whom|date=April 2013}} as an agricultural community. A turn towards a more urbanized community within the township began after [[World War II]] when the township began to feel the effects of urban encroachment from Toronto. The completion of [[Ontario Highway 404|Highway 404]] during the mid-1970s accelerated urban development in Markham.<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.markham.ca/wps/portal/Markham/AboutMarkham/Heritage/MarkhamHistory<br />
|title = A history of the town of Markham<br />
|year = 2012<br />
|work = City of Markham<br />
|publisher = The Corporation of the City of Markham<br />
|accessdate = 2013-04-09<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
{{As of | 2013}} tertiary industry mainly drives Markham. {{As of | 2010}} [[Service (economics)|"business services"]] employed the largest proportion of workers in Markham – nearly 22% of its labour force.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.markham.ca/NR/rdonlyres/3A5704C2-14B8-4D87-BE6C-D3F748A56D7B/0/economicprofile_yearend10.pdf |title=Labour Force Profile|work=Economic Profile Year End 2010|publisher=Town of Markham Economic Development Department|page=10|year=2010|accessdate=26 May 2011}}</ref><br />
The city also has over 1,100 technology and life-sciences companies, with [[IBM]] as the city's largest employer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.markham.ca/Markham/Departments/EDO/HiTech_Capital.htm|title=Why is Markham Canadaès High-Tech Capital?|work=Town of Markham|publisher=The Corporation of the Town of Markham|year=2011|accessdate=26 May 2011}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{cite web|url=http://www.markham.ca/NR/rdonlyres/CB90E638-CD59-40E7-894B-0D9EFD01D621/0/Top100Employersin2011.pdf|title=Top 10 Employers in Markham|publisher=Town of Markham|date=April 2011|accessdate=26 May 2011}}<br />
</ref> A number of multinational companies also have their Canadian headquarters located in Markham, including: [[Honda Canada Inc.|Honda Canada]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]],<ref>http://www.hyundaicanada.com/contact-us.aspx</ref> [[Advanced Micro Devices]],<ref><br />
{{cite web|url=http://www.amd.com/us/aboutamd/contact-us/Pages/locations.aspx|title=AMD Locations|work=AMD|publisher=Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.|year=2011|accessdate=26 May 2011}}<br />
</ref><br />
[[Johnson & Johnson]],<br />
[[Avaya]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avaya.com/gcm/nar/en-us/tasks/connect/contacts/sales/salescontact.htm|title=Connect with Avaya|work=Avaya|publisher=Avaya Inc.|year=2011|accessdate=26 May 2011}}</ref><br />
[[IBM]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/ibm/ca/en/|title=IBM: Helping Canada and the World Work Better|work=About IBM|publisher=IBM|accessdate=26 May 2011}}<br />
</ref><br />
[[Motorola]],<ref><br />
{{cite web|url=http://www.motorolasolutions.com/US-EN/About/Company+Overview/Office+Locations|title=Office Locations|work=About Us|publisher=Motorola Solutions, Inc.|year=2011|accessdate=26 May 2011}}</ref><br />
[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]],<ref>[http://www.oracle.com/ca-en/corporate/contact/index.html Contact Oracle]</ref><br />
[[Toshiba]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toshiba.ca/web/link?id=2820|title= Contact Us|work=Support|publisher=Toshiba Canada|year=2011|accessdate=26 May 2011}}<br />
</ref><br />
[[Toyota Financial Services]] <ref>http://www.toyota.ca/cgi-bin/WebObjects.exe/WWW.woa/3/wo/Home.TFS-SFvB7tBzfnLyd2bSuvEgb0/0.5?a150700e%2ehtml</ref> and [[Honeywell]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Main|History of Markham, Ontario}}<br />
[[File:Farmers lined up to sell cream at Albert Reesor's Locust Hill Creamery - Markham, Ontario, Canada.jpg|thumb|right|Farmers lined up to sell cream at Albert Reesor's Locust Hill Creamery, {{circa|1900}}]]<br />
Markham was first surveyed as a [[township (Canada)|township]] in 1793 by [[William Berczy]], who in 1794 led 75 German families including the Ramers, Reesors, Wheters, Burkholders, Bunkers, Wicks and Lewis from [[Upstate New York]] to an area of Markham now known as [[German Mills, Ontario|German Mills]].<ref>For a complete history, cf. Isabel Champion, ed., ''[http://www.ourroots.ca/toc.aspx?id=12398&amp;qryID=e75521c2-aba3-47a9-a263-e19a495bd7c8 Markham: 1793-1900]'' (Markham, ON: Markham Historical Society, 1979).</ref> Each family was granted {{convert|200|acre|km2}} of land; however the lack of roads in the region led many to settle in [[York, Upper Canada|York]] (now Toronto) and [[Regional Municipality of Niagara|Niagara]]. German Mills later became a [[ghost town]]. Between 1803 and 1812, another attempt at settling the region was made. The largest group of settlers were [[Pennsylvania Dutch]], most of whom were [[Mennonite]]s. These highly skilled craftsmen and knowledgeable farmers settled the region and founded Reesorville, named after the Mennonite settler Joseph Reesor.<ref>See I. Champion, ''[http://www.ourroots.ca/page.aspx?id=4109311&amp;qryID=452c21d6-b399-42e9-b82b-f550010c41f3 Markham: 1793-1900]'' (Markham, ON: Markham Historical Society, 1979), p. 248; also [http://www.markham.ca/mpl/subjguides/HotTopics/Heritage_Week.asp Markham Village - A Brief History 1800-1919], Markham Public Library (website).</ref> In 1825, Reesorville was renamed to Markham having taken the name of the unincorporated [[village]] (see [[Markham Village, Ontario]]). <br />
<br />
By 1830, a large number of [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[English people|English]] families began immigrating to [[Upper Canada]], many settling in Markham.<ref>For a complete history of Markham's early years, cf. Isabel Champion, ed., [http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.aspx?id=12398 Markham: 1793-1900] (Markham, ON: Markham Historical Society, 1979).</ref> Markham's early years blended the rigours of the [[frontier]] with the development of agriculture-based industries. The many rivers and streams in the township soon supported water-powered saw and [[gristmill]]s and later wooden mills. With improved transportation routes, such as the construction of [[Yonge Street]] in the 1800s, along with the growing population, urbanization increased. In 1842 the township population was 5,698; {{convert|29,005|acre|km2}} were under cultivation (second highest in the province), and the township had eleven gristmills and twenty-four sawmills.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/smithscanadianga00smit#page/110/mode/2up Markham], ''Canadian Gazetteer'' (Toronto: Roswell, 1849), 111.</ref> By 1850, the first form of structured municipal government formed in Markham.<ref>Cf. C.P. Mulvany, et al, [https://archive.org/stream/historyoftoronto01mulvuoft#page/114/mode/2up The Township of Markham], ''History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario'' (Toronto: C.B. Robinson, 1885), 114ff.</ref> <br />
<br />
By 1857, most of the township had been cleared of timber and was under cultivation. Villages like [[Thornhill, Ontario|Thornhill]], [[Unionville, Ontario|Unionville]], and Markham greatly expanded.<ref>Cf. the detailed 1878 map, [http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/countyatlas/images/maps/townshipmaps/yor-m-markham.jpg Township of Markham], ''Illustrated historical atlas of the county of York and the township of West Gwillimbury & town of Bradford in the county of Simcoe, Ont.'' (Toronto : Miles & Co., 1878).</ref> In 1851 Markham Village "was a considerable village, containing between eight and nine hundred inhabitants, pleasantly situated on the Rouge River. It contains two grist mills ... a woollen factory, oatmeal mill, barley mill, and distillery, foundry, two tanneries, brewery, etc., a temperance hall and four churches... ."<ref>C.P. Mulvany, et al., "[https://archive.org/stream/historyoftoronto01mulvuoft#page/198/mode/2up The Village of Markham]," ''History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario'' (Toronto: C.B. Robinson, 1885), p. 198.</ref> In 1871, with a township population of 8,152,<ref>C.P. Mulvany, et al., "[https://archive.org/stream/historyoftoronto01mulvuoft#page/120/mode/2up The Township of Markham]," ''History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario'' (Toronto: C.B. Robinson, 1885), p. 121.</ref> the [[Toronto and Nipissing Railway]] built the first rail line to Markham Village and Unionville, which is still used today by the [[GO Transit]] commuter services.<br />
<br />
In 1972, Markham was incorporated as a town, as its population skyrocketed due to urban sprawl from Toronto. In 1976, Markham's population was approximately 56,000. Since that time, the population has more than quintupled with explosive growth in new subdivisions. Much of Markham's [[arable land|farmland]] has disappeared, but is still found north of [[York Regional Road 25|Major Mackenzie Drive]]. Controversy over the development of the environmentally sensitive [[Oak Ridges Moraine]] will likely curb development north of Major Mackenzie Drive.<br />
<br />
As of 2006, Markham comprises six major communities, which include [[Berczy Village, Ontario|Berczy Village]], [[Cornell, Ontario|Cornell]], Markham Village, [[Milliken, Ontario|Milliken]], Thornhill, and Unionville. Since the 1980s, the city has been recognized as a suburb of Toronto. Many high-tech companies have head offices located in Markham for the relative abundance of land, low tax rates and good transportation routes. [[Broadcom]] Canada, ATI Technologies (now known as AMD Graphics Product Group), [[IBM Canada Head Office Building|IBM Canada]], [[Motorola Canada head office|Motorola Canada]], [[Honeywell Canada head office|Honeywell Canada]] and many other well-known companies have chosen Markham as their home in Canada. Hence, the city has been branding itself as Canada's "High-Tech Capital". An Ontario Historical Plaque was erected in front of the [[Markham Museum]] by the province to commemorate the founding of Markham's role in Ontario's heritage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques_VWZ/Plaque_York11.html |title=Ontario Plaque |publisher=Ontarioplaques.com |date=2009-09-22 |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
Town council voted on May 29, 2012, to change Markham's legal designation from "town" to "city"; according to councillor Alex Chiu, who introduced the motion, the change of designation merely reflects the fact that many people already think of Markham as a city.<ref name=city /> Some residents objected to the change because it will involve unknown costs without any demonstrated benefits. The designation officially took effect on July 1.<ref name=city /><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[File:Markham-suburbs id.jpg|thumb|right|Suburban [[tract housing]] in southeastern Markham]]<br />
[[File:RachelandBates.JPG|thumb|Public housing in [[Cachet, Ontario]].]]<br />
Markham covers an area of {{Convert|212.47|km2|abbr=on}} and Markham's City Centre is at {{Coord|43|53|N|79|15|W|}}. It is bounded by 5 municipalities; in the west is [[Vaughan]] with the boundary along Yonge Street between [[Steeles Avenue]] and [[York Regional Road 7|Highway 7]] and [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]] with the boundary along Highway 7 from Yonge Street to [[Ontario Highway 404|Highway 404]] and at Highway 404 from Highway 7 to 19th Avenue and [[York Regional Road 14|Stouffville Road]]. In the south, it borders Toronto with the boundary along Steeles Avenue. In the North it borders [[Whitchurch–Stouffville]] with the boundary from Highway 404 to York-Durham Line between 19th Avenue and Stouffville Road. In the East it borders [[Pickering, Ontario|Pickering]] along the York-Durham Line.<br />
<br />
===Topography===<br />
Markham's average altitude is at {{convert|200|m|abbr=on}} and in general consists of gently rolling hills. The city is intersected by two rivers; the [[Don River (Ontario)|Don River]] and [[Rouge River (Ontario)|Rouge River]], as well as their tributaries. To the north is the Oak Ridges Moraine, which further elevates the elevation towards the north.<br />
<br />
===Climate===<br />
<br />
Markham borders and shares the same [[Geography of Toronto#Climate|climate as Toronto]]. On an average day, Markham is generally {{Convert|1-2|C-change|F-change|1-2}} cooler than in [[downtown Toronto]]. It has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb'') and features warm, humid summers with significant rainfall occurring from May to October and cold, snowy winters. The highest temperature recorded was {{convert|37.8|°C|0}} on [[2001 Eastern North America heat wave|August 8, 2001]], and the lowest temperature recorded was {{convert|−35.2|°C|0}} on [[1994 North American cold wave|January 16, 1994]].<ref name="ccnmarkham"/><br />
{{Markham weatherbox}}<br />
<br />
==Neighbourhoods==<br />
{{wide image|MarkhamCivicCenter13.jpg|1300px|Skyline of Markham viewed from Highway 7 and Town Centre Blvd. Unionville High School, FLATO Markham Theatre, and City Hall are the three buildings to the left.}}<br />
Markham is made up of many original 19th century communities (many of which, despite being technically suburban districts today, are still signed with official 'city limits' signs on major roads) and/or each with a distinctive character:<!--places unlinked redirect back to this article--><br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
* Almira<ref>Cf. Isabel Champion, ed., ''[http://www.ourroots.ca/e/page.aspx?id=4109288 Markham: 1793-1900]'' (Markham, ON: Markham Historical Society, 1979), pp. 225; 121f.; 148; 227; 338. See also articles on Almira from the [http://news.ourontario.ca/whitchurchstouffville/results?q=almira&st=kw Stouffville Tribune].</ref><br />
* [[Angus Glen, Ontario|Angus Glen]]<br />
* [[Armadale, Ontario|Armadale]]<br />
* [[Bayview Glen, Ontario|Bayview Glen]]<br />
* [[Berczy Village, Ontario|Berczy Village]]<br />
* [[Box Grove, Ontario|Box Grove]]<br />
* [[Brown's Corners, York Regional Municipality, Ontario|Brown's Corners]]<br />
* Bullock<br />
* [[Buttonville, Ontario|Buttonville]]<br />
* [[Cachet, Ontario|Cachet]]<br />
* [[Cashel, Ontario|Cashel]]<br />
* [[Cathedraltown, Ontario|Cathedraltown]]<br />
* [[Cedar Grove, Ontario|Cedar Grove]]<br />
* [[Cedarwood, Ontario|Cedarwood]]<br />
* [[Cornell, Ontario|Cornell]]<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
* Crosby<br />
* [[Dollar, Ontario|Dollar]]<br />
* [[Downtown Markham, Ontario|Downtown Markham]]<br />
* [[Dickson Hill, Ontario|Dickson's Hill]]<br />
* [[German Mills, Ontario|German Mills]]<br />
* [[Greensborough, Ontario|Greensborough]]<br />
* [[Hagermans Corners, Ontario|Hagermans Corners]]<br />
* [[Langstaff, Ontario|Langstaff]]<br />
* [[Legacy, Markham, Ontario|Legacy]]<br />
* [[Locust Hill, Ontario|Locust Hill]]<br />
* [[Markham Village, Ontario|Markham Village]]<br />
* [[Middlefield, Ontario|Middlefield]]<br />
* [[Milliken, Ontario|Milliken Mills]]<br />
* [[Milnesville, Ontario|Milnesville]]<br />
* [[Mongolia, Ontario|Mongolia]]<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
* [[Mount Joy, Ontario|Mount Joy]]<br />
* [[Quantztown, Ontario|Quantztown]]<br />
* [[Raymerville – Markville East, Ontario|Raymerville – Markville East]]<br />
* [[Rouge Fairways, Ontario|Rouge Fairways]]<br />
* [[Sherwood - Amber Glen, Ontario|Sherwood - Amber Glen]]<br />
* [[South Unionville]]<br />
* [[Thornhill, Ontario|Thornhill]]<br />
* [[Underwood, Ontario]]<br />
* [[Unionville, Ontario|Unionville]]<br />
* [[Uptown Markham, Ontario|Uptown Markham]]<br />
* [[Victoria Square, Ontario|Victoria Square]]<br />
* [[Vinegar Hill, Ontario|Vinegar Hill]]<br />
* [[Wismer Commons, Ontario|Wismer Commons]]<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
Thornhill and Unionville are popularly seen as being separate communities. Thornhill actually straddles the Markham-Vaughan municipal boundary (portions of it in both municipalities). Unionville is actually a single community with three sub-communities:<br />
<br />
* original Unionville lying along Highway 7 and Kennedy Road<br />
* South Unionville is a newer residential community (beginning from the 1990s onwards) south of Highway 7 to Highway 407 and from McCowan to Kennedy Road<br />
* Upper Unionville is a new residential development being built on the northeast corner of 16th Avenue and Kennedy Road<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
<br />
===2011===<br />
According to the [[2011 canadian census|2011 Canadian Census]],<ref name=2011census>[[#2011csd|Statistics Canada]]: 2012</ref> the population of Markham is 301,709, a 15.3% increased from 2006, which is approximately 3 times faster than Canada as a whole. Markham's land mass is 212.58&nbsp;km<sup>2 </sup>with a population density is 1,419.3 people per km<sup>2</sup>. The median age is 39.6 years old which is slightly lower than the median age of Canada at 40.6 years old.<br />
<br />
According to the 2011 National Household Survey, 89.3% of Markham's residents are Canadian citizens, and about 14.5% of residents are recent immigrants (from 2001 to 2011). The racial make up of Markham is; [[East Asian]] (39.7%), [[White Canadian|White]] (27.5%), [[South Asian Canadian|South Asian]] (19.1%), [[Southeast Asian]] (3.9%), [[Black Canadians|Black]] (3.2%), [[West Asian]] & [[Arab Canadians|Arab]] (3.2%), [[Latin American Canadian|Latin American]] (0.5%), [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]] (0.2%), and 1.9% of the population is [[multiracial]] while the rest of the population (0.7%) is of another group. Markham has the highest visible minority population of any major Canadian city (over 100,000 residents) at 72.3%, and is one of eight major cities with no majority racial group.<br />
<br />
Religiously speaking, 29.9% of Markham's population does not affiliate with any religion. For those who do, the religious make up is [[Christianity|Christian]] (44.1%), [[Hinduism|Hindu]] (10.1%), [[Muslim]] (7.3%), [[Buddhist]] (4.4%), [[Jewish religion|Jewish]] (2.4%) and [[Sikhism|Sikh]] (1.4%). The rest fall into another category.<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Markham<br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|44.1}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|red|10.1}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|7.3}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|orange|4.4}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Judaism]]|lightblue|2.4}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|yellow|1.4}}<br />
{{bar percent|Irreligious/No affiliation|black|29.9}}<br />
|caption=Distribution of religions (2011 NHS)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
As far as education goes, for those who are 25 to 64 years old, the highest levels of education achieved are as follows: 69.5% of people have a post-secondary degree, 20.5% have a high school diploma or equivalent, and 10.0% have less than a high school diploma. <br />
<br />
Markham's unemployment rate is 8.1%, just over the national average of 7.8%. Its median household income before taxes is $86,022; after taxes it is $75,135, quite a bit higher than the national average of $54,089.<br />
<br />
The median value of a dwelling unit in Markham is $500,741 which is 1.8 times higher than the national average of $280,552.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Canada 2011 Census!! Population !! % of Total Population<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="13" | [[Ethnicity]] group<BR><small>Source: [http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3519036&Data=Count&SearchText=Markham&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=3519036&TABID=1 NHS 2011 Profile]|| [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]] || 114,950 || 38.3<br />
|-<br />
| [[European Canadian|White]] || 82,560 || 27.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[South Asia]]n || 57,375 || 19.1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Black Canadians|Black]] || 9,715 || 3.2<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filipino Canadian|Filipino]] || 9,020 || 3.0<br />
|-<br />
| [[West Asia]]n || 6,185 || 2.1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Arab Canadian|Arab]] || 3,400 || 1.1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Korean Canadian|Korean]] || 3,160 || 1.0<br />
|-<br />
| [[Southeast Asia]]n || 2,750 || 0.9<br />
|-<br />
| Other visible minority || 1,995 || 0.7<br />
|-<br />
| [[Latin American Canadian|Latin American]] || 1,600 || 0.5<br />
|-<br />
| Multiple visible minority || 5,805 || 1.9<br />
|-<br />
| [[Aboriginal Peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]] || 485 || 0.2<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | '''''Total population''''' || '''''300,140''''' || '''''100'''''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Mother Tongue <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3519036&Geo2=CD&Code2=3519&Data=Count&SearchText=markham&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |title=Census Profile for Markham, Town |publisher=statcan.gc.ca |date= |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref> !! Percentage<br />
|-<br />
| English || 38.5%<br />
|-<br />
| Cantonese || 15.8%<br />
|-<br />
| Chinese, not otherwise specified || 10.4%<br />
|-<br />
| Tamil || 4.9%<br />
|-<br />
| Mandarin || 4.8%<br />
|-<br />
| Urdu || 2.1%<br />
|-<br />
| Persian || 1.9%<br />
|-<br />
| Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) || 1.6%<br />
|-<br />
| Gujarati || 1.6%<br />
|-<br />
| Panjabi (Punjabi) || 1.5%<br />
|-<br />
| Italian || 1.4%<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
==Government==<br />
{{See also|List of mayors of Markham, Ontario}}<br />
<br />
===City Council===<br />
[[Markham City Council]] consists of [[Frank Scarpitti]] as mayor, four regional councillors and eight ward councillors each representing one of the city's eight wards. Scarpitti replaced [[Don Cousens]], who was a former [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]] [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPP]] for [[Markham (electoral district)|Markham]] and a [[Presbyterian Church in Canada|Presbyterian]] church minister. The mayor and four regional councillors are elected by the community to represent the City of Markham at the regional level. Councillors are paid by the municipality for their services, but in many municipalities, members of council usually serve part-time and work at other jobs as well. The current members of council were elected by the residents to a four-year term of office, in accordance with standards set by the province. The selection of members for the offices of mayor and regional councillors are made town-wide, while ward councillors are elected by individual ward.<br />
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===Markham Civic Centre===<br />
[[Image:MarkhamCivicCenter15.jpg|thumb|right|Markham Civic Centre]]<br />
The city council is located at the [[Markham Civic Centre]] at the intersection of York Regional Road 7 and [[York Regional Road 65|Warden Avenue]]. The site of the previous offices on [[Woodbine Avenue (Ontario)|Woodbine Avenue]] has been redeveloped for commercial uses. The historic town hall on [[Markham Road|Main Street]] is now a restored office building. The [[Mayor's Youth Task Force (Markham)|Mayor's Youth Task Force]] was created to discuss issues facing young people in the city and to plan and publicize events. Its primary purpose is to encourage youth participation within the community.<br />
<br />
===Elections===<br />
{{Main|Markham municipal election, 2006|Markham municipal election, 2010}}<br />
<br />
===By-laws===<br />
The city is permitted to create and enforce by-laws upon residents on various matters affecting the town. The by-laws are generally enforced by City By-Law enforcement officers, but they may involve [[York Regional Police]] if violations are deemed too dangerous for the officers to handle. In addition the by-laws can be linked to various provincial acts and enforced by the town. Violation of by-laws is subject to fines of up to $20,000 CAD. The by-laws of Markham include:<br />
[[File:Toogood_Pond_Markham.JPG|thumb|right|Toogood Pond]]<br />
* Animal Control (see Dog Owners' Liability Act of Ontario)<br />
* Construction Permits<br />
* Driveway Extensions<br />
* Fencing and Swimming Pools<br />
* Heritage Conservation (see [[Ontario Heritage Act]])<br />
* Home-Based Businesses<br />
* Noise<br />
* Parking<br />
* Property Standards<br />
* Registration of Basement Apartments and Second Suites<br />
* Sewers<br />
* Site Alteration<br />
* Waste Collection<br />
* Water Use<br />
<br />
==City services==<br />
[[File:MarkhamFireEngine.jpg|thumb|Fire engine of Markham Fire and Emergency Services]]<br />
<br />
===Police===<br />
There are no courts in Markham, but the city is served by an [[Ontario Court of Justice]] in [[Newmarket, Ontario|Newmarket]], as well as an Ontario Small Claims court in Richmond Hill. There are also served by a Provincial Offence Court in Richmond Hill. The [[Court of Appeal for Ontario|Ontario Court of Appeal]] is located in Toronto, while the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] is located in [[Ottawa]]. Policing is provided by [[York Regional Police]] at a station (5 District) at the corner of [[York Regional Road 67|McCowan Road]] and [[Carlton Road]] and Highway 7. Highway 404, [[Ontario Highway 407|Highway 407]] and parts of [[Ontario Highway 48|Highway 48]] are patrolled by the [[Ontario Provincial Police]]. [[Toronto Police Service]] is responsible for patrol on Steeles from Yonge Street to the [[York Regional Road 30|York—Durham Line]].<br />
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===Fire===<br />
[[Fire Services in York Region#Markham|Markham Fire and Emergency Services]] was established in 1970 as Markham Fire Department and replaced various local volunteer fire units. There are 9 fire stations currently serving Markham. [[Toronto/Buttonville Municipal Airport]] is also served by Markham's Fire service.<br />
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===Hospitals===<br />
The main healthcare facility in the city is [[Markham Stouffville Hospital]], located in the far eastern end. Markham is also home to [[Shouldice Hernia Centre|Shouldice Hospital]], one of the world's premier facilities for people suffering from [[hernia]]s. For those living near [[Steeles, Ontario|Steeles]], they sometimes will be able to receive treatment at [[The Scarborough Hospital]] Birchmount Campus in Toronto/[[Scarborough, Toronto|Scarborough]].<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
===Post-secondary===<br />
[[File:SenecaMarkhamCampus8.jpg|thumb|right|Seneca College, Markham Campus]]<br />
Markham currently does not have any universities itself, but [[Seneca College]] has campuses at Highways 7 and 404 and at [[Buttonville Municipal Airport]]. In May 2015, [[York University]] announced plans to open a new campus in the Markham Centre area, in collaboration with Seneca College.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yes to York|url=http://www.yestoyork.ca|publisher=York University|accessdate=21 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = The university-college partnership will serve an estimated 4,000 students in York Region.|url = http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/05/20/new-york-u-seneca-campus-to-be-built-in-markham.html|newspaper = The Toronto Star|date = 2015-05-20|access-date = 2015-11-18|issn = 0319-0781|first = Noor|last = Javed|first2 = Holly|last2 = Honderich}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Primary and secondary schools===<br />
Markham has a number of both [[State school|public]] and Catholic [[high school]]s. All have consistently scored high on standardized tests and have some of the highest rate of graduates attending universities. {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}<br />
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The [[York Region District School Board]] operates secular Anglophone public schools. The [[York Catholic District School Board]] operates Anglophone Catholic schools. The ''[[Conseil scolaire Viamonde]]'' operates secular Francophone schools, and the ''[[Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud]]'' operates Catholic Francophone schools.<br />
<br />
*[[Education in Canada|Secular, Anglophone public schools]]<br />
**[[Bill Crothers Secondary School]]<br />
**[[Bur Oak Secondary School]]<br />
**[[Markham District High School]]<br />
**[[Markville Secondary School]]<br />
**[[Middlefield Collegiate Institute]]<br />
**[[Milliken Mills High School]]<br />
**[[Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School]]<br />
**[[Thornhill Secondary School]]<br />
**[[Thornlea Secondary School]]<br />
**[[Unionville High School (Ontario)|Unionville High School]]<br />
*[[Catholic schools in Canada|Anglophone Catholic schools]]<br />
**[[St. Brother André Catholic High School]]<br />
**[[St. Augustine Catholic High School (Ontario)|St. Augustine Catholic High School]]<br />
**[[St. Robert Catholic High School]]<br />
**[[Father Michael McGivney Catholic Academy]]<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
In the 19th century Markham had a vibrant, independent community with mills, distilleries and breweries around the Highway 7 and 48 intersection. The [[Thomas Speight Wagon Works]] exported products (wagons, horsecars) around the world, and Markham had a reputation as being more active than York (the former name for Toronto) early on. Most of these industries disappeared leaving farming as the main source of business.<br />
<br />
Light industries and businesses began to move into Markham in the 1980s attracted by land and lower taxes. Today, it claims to be "Canada's Hi-Tech Capital" with a number of key companies in the area, such as IBM, [[Motorola Canada head office|Motorola]], Toshiba, [[Lucent Technologies|Lucent]], [[Honeywell]], Apple, [[Genesis Microchip]], and is home to the head office of graphics card producer ATI (recently merged with AMD). Over 1,100 technology and life science companies have offices in Markham, employing over one fifth of the total workforce.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.markham.ca/wps/portal/Markham/AboutMarkham/FactsStats/|title = STATISTICS AND DEMOGRAPHICS|date = 2014|accessdate = 2015-11-20|website = City of Markham|publisher = City of Markham|last = |first = }}</ref> In 2014, the top five employers in the city in order are IBM Canada, the City of Markham, [[Toronto-Dominion Bank|TD Waterhouse Inc.]], [[Markham Stouffville Hospital]] and [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD Technologies Inc.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.markham.ca/wps/wcm/connect/markhampublic/52006a11-f337-4f10-96d8-5cb65ec499cd/Top+100+Employers+in+Markham+%282014%29.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=52006a11-f337-4f10-96d8-5cb65ec499cd|title = Top 100 Employers in Markham, 2014|date = April 2015|accessdate = 2015-11-20|website = City of Markham|publisher = City of Markham|last = |first = }}</ref><br />
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[[Yogen Früz]] has its headquarters in Markham.<ref>"[http://www.yogenfruz.com/contact-us/ Contact Us]." [[Yogen Früz]]. Retrieved on March 15, 2014. "Yogen Früz headquarters 210 Shields Court; Markham, Ontario L3R 8V2, Canada"</ref><br />
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Markham also maintains economic and cultural cooperation agreements with the city of [[Laval, Quebec]], which is the second largest city in the [[Greater Montreal]] area.<br />
<br />
==Performing arts==<br />
[[File:MarkhamTheatre6.jpg|thumb|right|[[Markham Theatre]]]]<br />
Markham is home to several locally oriented performing arts groups:<br />
* Kindred Spirits Orchestra<br />
* Markham Little Theatre<br />
* Markham Youth Theatre<br />
* Unionville Theatre Company<br />
* Markham Concert Band<br />
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A key arts venue is the 'Markham Theatre For Performing Arts', at the Markham Civic Centre located at Highway 7 and Warden Avenue.<br />
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==Culture==<br />
[[Image:Thornhill_Village_Library_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Thornhill Village Library, built 1851]]<br />
<br />
Until the 1970s, Markham was mostly farmland and marsh, as reflected in events like the [[Markham Fair]]. Markham has several theatres, Markham Little Theatre at the [[Markham Museum]],<ref>[http://janinemarchessault.info.yorku.ca/files/2014/11/MarkhamMuseumFacilities.pdf Markham Museum Facilities]</ref> the ''Markham Youth Theatre'', and the [[Markham Theatre]].<br />
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The [[Markham Public Library]] system has 7 branches, with over 600,000 items in its collections.<br />
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Markham offers a mix of activities for its residents to promote its idea of being a place for all. It does this through cultural, entertainment and institutional activities in hopes that its residents will find one or more of these events attractive. Activities are also free to take place on streets and squares where people live, work, shop and play to make events more accessible for its residents. Its buildings and public transportation are designed with an attractive and inviting attitude in mind to create a more comfortable space. The City also values the importance of a “walkable” downtown as it allows its residents to enjoy buildings and services being in walking distance of each other. This space is pedestrian friendly, creating an accessible space for all. Overall, Markham aims to put its residents and their families first, bringing jobs closer into its boundaries and protecting the environment. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.markham.ca/wps/portal/Markham/BusinessDevelopment/MarkhamCentre/TheMarkhamCentreStory/Vision/!ut/p/a1/jZLBboMwDIafhuMSQ0iA3QJMNLQdoiqM5lJBxShSgYqyob39YOJSaUvnW6Tvi-1fxhJnWLb5Z13lQ921-WV-S3Y0o8DzNqkdGzsTQAg_pa9-rIcmTMBhAryAr0xrAwBJ4IOwYjeJtmsCgv3Phz-Kg8p3A7r4CkDZn6j9GXgw_xuW90gcB9PeYsWp2BLwqL4Aqoh-AFUGyilSsgChAE_nawjtlx0FHpG96_PQAJeof7DBeNBiWjTEsi4aNJ4aBAgIMxlzLIcZDnUM25lz5G1B7ArLvnwv-7JHH_10P-dhuN6eNdBgHEdUdV11KdEp1-A349zdBpzdgfjaJEmSQS1q8SSLr_EbvwEN0A!!/dl5/d5/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SmlFL1o2XzRPR0NDTFY4UTJSNDAwSUlEVjVORFExSjQz/|title=City of Markham - Vision|website=www.markham.ca|access-date=2016-09-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sports==<br />
{{Main|Sports in Markham, Ontario}}<br />
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===Community centres and recreational facilities===<br />
<br />
* Angus Glen Community Centre - library, tennis courts, indoor pool<br />
* Armadale Community Centre - multi-purpose rooms, outdoor tennis courts<br />
* Centennial Community Centre - multi-purpose rooms, indoor ice rink, indoor pool, squash courts, gym<br />
* Cornell Community Centre - library, indoor pool, multi-purpose rooms, gym, indoor track, fitness centre<br />
* Crosby Community Centre - indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms<br />
* [[Markham Pan Am Centre]] - indoor pools, gym, fitness centre<br />
* Markham Village Community Centre - library, indoor ice rink<br />
* Milliken Community Centre - library, indoor pool, multi-purpose rooms, indoor ice rink<br />
* Mount Joy Community Centre - outdoor soccer pitches, indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms<br />
* R.J. Clatworthy Community Centre - indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms<br />
* Rouge River Community Centre - multi-purpose rooms, outdoor pool<br />
* Thornhill Community Centre - indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms, indoor track, library, squash court, gym<br />
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==Parks and pathways==<br />
Markham has scenic pathways running over 22 km over its region. These pathways include 12 bridges allowing walkers, joggers and cyclists to make use and enjoy the sights it has to offer. Markham’s green space includes woodlots, ravines and valleys that are not only enjoyable to its residents, but are important for the continued growth of plants and animals in the region. These natural spaces are the habitats for rare plant and insect species, offering food and homes essential for the survival of different native insects and birds. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.markham.ca/wps/portal/Markham/Residents/TreesParksAndPathways/!ut/p/a1/jZPLcoIwFIafxYVbc-SWtLtwMU3kIrRYZdPBDkU6VByk-voFrM44U0OzS-b78p85J0EJWqFklx6LPG2KapeW3T4x3jQSUWvmQzhjzxpwz3FtYlLF8pUWWLcA3FkUel9wsKZ0DoI4kQ40UF9MmwoF2MWXAH1-wCzLXZJQiTQAzu2l7tvhlAj861uMPmnYbRNjZgPHoRkH3lwFbvyvfkmAJN_wQe53wE3-EsdtecJ8YHGAVcMxLv59QJLPFro8vwNkfqQO-C0w0L9XlPSIbAI9IHsi0iFHV-BaRYwx8CnxPWEvFG82dAMoA4CjDwDhANA1WqAkL6tN_2nWdLdRSY6SOvvI6qyefNft8bZp9ofHMYzhdDpN8qrKy2zyno7hL2NbHRq0ugHR_is-rxUUvOCfenl0KR2NfgCLUFjN/dl5/d5/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SmlFL1o2XzRPR0NDTFY4UTJSNDAwSUlEVjVORFExR1Iz/|title=City of Markham - Trees, Parks & Pathways|website=www.markham.ca|access-date=2016-09-26}}</ref>{{Further|List of parks in Markham, Ontario}}<br />
[[File:Berczy village markham park.jpg|thumb|right|Circular pathway along Berczy Park]]<br />
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==City issues==<br />
Like most cities and towns in the Greater Toronto Area, Markham has a few issues it must deal with:<br />
<br />
===Urban growth===<br />
There is a desire by the city to control urban sprawl by requesting higher density for new development. The city plan calls for more growth along Highway 7 and less towards the farmland to the north. A similar development in Cornell promotes the need for services to be closer to residences.<br />
<br />
===Transit plan===<br />
Linked to the concern of urban growth, Markham through [[York Region Transit]] (YRT) has implemented a transit system called [[Viva (bus rapid transit)|Viva]] to ease the strain on the region's congested roads. Viva is similar to YRT but is used as an express bus service with the ability to change traffic signals to help reduce delays. The YRT is also planning to build a transit terminal somewhere near Cornell soon.<br />
<br />
==Attractions==<br />
[[File:Varley Art Gallery Unionville.JPG|thumb|right|[[Frederick Horsman Varley Art Gallery]]]]<br />
[[File:FormerMarkhamCNRStn,ON-3.JPG|thumb|right|[[Markham GO Station]]]]<br />
Markham has retained its historic past in part of the town. Here a just few places of interest:<br />
* [[Frederick Horsman Varley Art Gallery]]<br />
* [[Heintzman House]] - Home of Colonel George Crookshank, Sam Francis and Charles Heintzman of [[Heintzman & Co.]], the piano manufacturer.<br />
* [[Markham Museum]]<br />
* Markham Village<br />
* Markham Heritage Estates - a unique, specially designed heritage subdivision owned by the City of Markham<br />
* [http://www.reesorfarm.com Reesor Farm Market]<br />
* [[Cathedral of the Transfiguration (Markham)|Cathedral of the Transfiguration]]<br />
* [[Thornhill, Ontario|Thornhill village]]<br />
<br />
Heritage streets preserve the old town feeling:<br />
* [[York Regional Road 68|Main Street Markham]] (Markham Road/Highway 48)<br />
* [[Main Street Unionville]] ([[Kennedy Road (Toronto)|Kennedy Road]]/Highway 7)<br />
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There are still farms operating in the northern reaches of the town, but there are a few 'theme' farms in other parts of Markham:<br />
* Galten Farms<br />
* Whittamore's Farm<br />
* Forsythe Family Farms<br />
* [[Adventure Valley]]<br />
<br />
Markham's heritage railway stations are either an active station or converted to other uses:<br />
<br />
* [[Markham GO Station]] - built in 1871 by [[Toronto and Nipissing Railway]] and last used by CN Rail in the 1990s and restored in 2000 as active GO station and community use<br />
* [[Markham Museum#Locust Hill Railway Station|Locust Hill Station]] - built in 1936 in [[Locust Hill, Ontario]] and last used by the CPR in 1969; re-located in 1983 to the grounds of the Markham Museum; replaced earlier station built in the late 19th Century for the [[Ontario and Quebec Railway]] and burned down in 1935.<br />
* [[Unionville GO Station#Old Unionville Station|Unionville Station]] - built in 1871 by the [[Toronto and Nipissing Railway]], later by [[Via Rail]] and by [[GO Transit]] from 1982 to 1991; it was sold to the city in 1989 and restored as a community centre within the historic Unionville Main Street area. The building features classic [[Canadian Railway Style]] found in Markham and (old) Unionville Stations.<br />
<br />
==Annual events==<br />
Events taking place annually include the Nightitup! Night Market, [[Taste of Asia|Taste of Asia Festival]], Tony Roman Memorial Hockey Tournament, Markham Youth Week, Unionville Festival, Markham Village Music Festival, Markham Jazz Festival, Milliken Mills Children's Festival, Markham Ribfest & Music Festival, Doors Open Markham, Thornhill Village Festival, [[Markham Fair]], Olde Tyme Christmas Unionville, Markham Santa Claus Parade and Markham Festival of Lights.<br />
<br />
==Shopping==<br />
Markham is home to several large malls of 100+ stores. These include:<br />
* [[King Square Shopping Mall]] (1000+ stores)<br />
* [[Market Village]] (170 stores)<br />
* [[CF Markville]] (250 stores)<br />
* [[Pacific Mall]] (450 mini-shops)<br />
* [[Langham Square]] (700 stores)<br />
* First Markham Place (180 stores)<br />
<br />
There are also a lot of higher-profile malls in nearby Toronto, and elsewhere in York Region. Many shopping centres in Markham are also Asian-oriented. This is a reflection of the large Asian, particularly [[Chinese Canadian]], population found in Markham. They carry a wide variety of traditional Chinese products, apparel, and foods.<br />
<br />
On Highway 7, between Woodbine and Warden Avenues, is First Markham Place, containing numerous shops and restaurants; this is several kilometres east of Richmond Hill's Chinese malls. Further east along Highway 7 is an older plaza is at the southwest quadrant with the intersection with Kennedy Road''.<br />
<br />
Pacific Mall is the most well-known Chinese mall in Markham, located at Kennedy Road and Steeles Avenue East, which, combined with neighbouring Market Village Mall and [[Splendid China Mall]], forms the second largest Chinese shopping area in North America, after the [[Golden Village (Richmond, British Columbia)|Golden Village]] in [[Richmond, British Columbia]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} In close proximity, at Steeles East and Warden Avenue, there is the New Century Plaza mall and a half-block away there is a plaza of Chinese shops anchored by a [[T & T Supermarket]].<br />
<br />
There are also some smaller shopping centres in Markham, such as:<br />
* Albion Mall<br />
* Alderland Centre<br />
* J-Town<br />
* Markham Town Square<br />
* Metro Square<br />
* Peachtree Centre<br />
* New Kennedy Square<br />
* The Shops on Steeles and 404<br />
* Thornhill Square Shopping Centre<br />
<br />
==Local media==<br />
* ''Markham Review'' - local monthly newspaper<br />
* ''TLM The Local Magazine'' -local satire & lifestyle magazine<ref>[http://www.thelocalmagazine.com TLM The Local Magazine]</ref><br />
* ''[[Markham Economist and Sun]]'' - community paper owned by [[Metroland Media Group]]<br />
* ''The Liberal'' - serving Thornhill and Richmond Hill<br />
* ''The York Region Business Times'' - business news<br />
* ''York Region Media Group'' - Online news<br />
* ''[[North of the City]]'' - magazine for York Region<br />
* Rogers Cable 10 - community TV station for York Region, owned by [[Rogers Communications|Rogers Media]]<br />
* ''Markham News24' - Hyper-local, video-based news website focusing on municipal politics, crime, lifestyle and business features.<br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
{{Main|Transportation in Markham, Ontario}}<br />
<br />
===Roads===<br />
{{Main|List of municipal roads in Markham, Ontario|List of regional roads in York Region, Ontario}}<br />
Major highways passing through Markham include [[Ontario Highway 404|Highway 404]] (from Toronto to just south of Lake Simcoe) and [[Ontario Highway 407|Highway 407]], a [[Toll road|toll highway]] that passes north of Toronto and connects Markham with Vaughan, Brampton and [[Burlington, Ontario|Burlington]].<br />
<br />
Highway 407 runs parallel to [[York Regional Road 7|Highway 7]], also known as York Road 7, which is a major east-west artery suffering from congestion due to development along its route. Other major east-west routes include [[York Regional Road 73|16th Avenue]], [[York Regional Road 25|Major MacKenzie Drive]], and [[Steeles Avenue]] which forms Markham's southern boundary with Toronto.<br />
<br />
===Rail===<br />
{{main|GO Transit}}<br />
<br />
Passenger rail service in Markham is provided by the [[GO Transit]] [[Stouffville line]], which is a [[commuter rail]] line stretching from Lincolnville to downtown Toronto. The line operates only at rush hour and uses tracks owned by [[Metrolinx]], the provincial transit agency. Five stations on the [[Stouffville line]] serve Markham, of which 4 are within the municipal borders. Metrolinx announced in 2015 that the Stouffville Line would get an expansion in service, bringing all day both directional trains from [[Union Station (Toronto)|Union Station]] to Unionville GO Station.<ref>{{Cite news|title = The new train service is expected to be in the off-peak hours.|url = http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2015/08/07/go-to-boost-train-service-on-kitchener-stouffville-lines.html|newspaper = The Toronto Star|date = 2015-08-07|access-date = 2015-11-20|issn = 0319-0781|first = Tess|last = Kalinowski}}</ref> Markham's section of this GO line also came under the spotlight in 2015 as [[Toronto|City of Toronto]] [[John Tory|Mayor John Tory's]] announced [[SmartTrack|SMART Track]] plan for rapid transit expansion in Toronto includes the rail spur between Union Station and the Unionville GO.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Kitchener and Stouffville GO lines are on track for electrification needed to boost service frequencies.|url = http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2015/04/16/premier-moves-torys-smarttrack-a-little-further-down-the-line.html|newspaper = The Toronto Star|date = 2015-04-16|access-date = 2015-11-20|issn = 0319-0781|first = Tess|last = Kalinowski}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Public transit===<br />
[[File:WardenVIVA3.JPG|thumb|right|[[Viva (bus rapid transit)|VIVA]] Warden station in Markham]]<br />
[[York Region Transit]] (YRT) connects Markham with surrounding municipalities in York Region, and was created in 2001 from the merger of [[Markham Transit]], [[Richmond Hill Transit]], [[Newmarket Transit]] and [[Vaughan Transit]]. YRT to connects to the [[Toronto Transit Commission]] (TTC) subway system by way of [[Viva (bus rapid transit)|Viva]] [[bus rapid transit]] from Finch station along Yonge Street, and Don Mills station through Unionville and on to Markville Mall.<br />
<br />
YRT has two major terminals in Markham: [[Unionville GO Station|Unionville GO Terminal]] and [[Markham Stouffville Hospital|Markham Stouffville Hospital Bus Terminal]]. The new [[Cornell Terminal]] which will be located on Rose Way near Ninth Line and Highway 7 is approved and construction would begin by December 2016 and to be completed the following year which will result in major restructuring routes in Markham. <ref>http://www.vivanext.com/transit-facility-cornell-2/</ref> This new bus terminal will replace the transit hub along Church Street at Country Glen Road.<br />
<br />
The [[Toronto Transit Commission|TTC]] also provides service in Markham on several north-south routes, such as Warden Avenue, [[Birchmount Road]], McCowan Road and Markham Road. These routes charge riders a double fare if they are travelling across the Steeles border. <br />
<br />
[[GO Transit]] provides train service on the old trackbed of the [[Toronto and Nipissing Railway]], which connects Markham with downtown Toronto on the [[Stouffville line|Stouffville]] commuter rail service. The line has stops at several stations in Markham, namely [[Unionville GO Station]], [[Centennial GO Station]], [[Markham GO Station]], and [[Mount Joy GO Station]]. The [[Richmond Hill line|Richmond Hill]] commuter rail line provides service to the [[Langstaff GO Station]], which straddles Markham and Richmond Hill but is used primarily by residents of west-central Markham and southern Richmond Hill.<br />
<br />
===Air===<br />
<br />
[[Toronto/Buttonville Municipal Airport]], [[List of the busiest airports in Canada|Canada's 11th busiest airport]] (Ontario's 4th busiest). However, the airport was sold to Cadillac Fairview in late 2010 and is slated for demolition in 2017. A new mall with condo towers and office space will be built in phases in the coming years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/51-209-x/2010001/t002-eng.htm |title=Total aircraft movements by class of operation — NAV CANADA towers |publisher=Statcan.gc.ca |date=2010-03-12 |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref> caters to [[general aviation]] and business commuter traffic to Ottawa and [[Montreal]]. Operators at Buttonville include:<br />
* NexJet Aviation Inc<br />
* Executive Edge Air Charter<br />
* Aviation Limited<br />
* Canadian Flyers International<br />
* [[Flightexec]], an executive air charter and air ambulance for [[Ornge]] (Ontario Air Ambulance)<br />
* [[Million Air]], an executive air charter<br />
* [[Toronto Airways Limited]], a flight training school<ref>[http://www.torontoairways.com Toronto Airways Limited]</ref><br />
* [[Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology]], a College with Aviation Program-based here<ref>[http://senecac.on.ca Seneca College]</ref><br />
* [[Buttonville Flying Club]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buttonvilleflyingclub.com |title=Buttonville Flying Club |publisher=Buttonville Flying Club |date= |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref><br />
* [[Leggat Aviation Ltd.]], an authorized Cessna Dealership that specializes in new aircraft sales, full service and parts supply<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leggataviation.com |title=Leggat Aviation |publisher=Leggat Aviation |date= |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
Markham Airport or Toronto/Markham Airport, (TC LID: CNU8), is a private airport operating 2.6 nautical miles (4.8&nbsp;km; 3.0&nbsp;mi) north of Markham, north of Elgin Mills Road. The airport is owned and operated by Markham Airport Inc. and owned by a numbered Ontario company owned by the Thomson family of Toronto. The airport is not part of the Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA). The airport consists of a single 2,013&nbsp;ft (614 m) runway for small and private aircraft only (with night flying capabilities). The Royal Canadian Air Cadets Gliding Program uses the north side or the runway 09/27 for glider operations in the spring and fall months, and use a northern traffic pattern.<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
<br />
{{Main|List of people from Markham, Ontario}}<br />
<br />
==International relations==<br />
<br />
===Friendship cities===<br />
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Foshan]], [[Guangdong]], China<br />
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Zibo]], [[Shandong]], China<br />
<br />
===Sister cities===<br />
*{{flagicon|North Carolina}} {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cary, North Carolina|Cary]], NC, United States<br />
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Nördlingen]], [[Bavaria]], Germany<br />
*{{flagicon|Texas}} {{flagicon|USA}} [[Pearland, Texas|Pearland]], TX, United States<br />
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Huadu]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Guangdong]], China<ref>[http://www.markhamreview.net/community-events.html<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], China<ref>[http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Americas/Canada Sister Cities International<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Las Piñas City|Las Piñas City, Metro Manila, Philippines]]<ref>[http://www.laspinascity.gov.ph/articles/249-las-pi-as-markham-ontario-canada-forge-sister-city-ties- The Official Website of the City of Las Piñas, Metro Manila, Philippines<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|York Region, Ontario}}<br />
* [[List of townships in Ontario]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*{{SCref|unit=csd|name=2011csd|accessdate=2012-02-08|3519036}}<br />
*{{SCref|unit=csd|name=2016csd|year=2016|accessdate=2017-02-12|3519036}}<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Markham}}<br />
{{wikivoyage|Markham}}<br />
* [http://www.markham.ca/ City of Markham official website (history included)]<br />
* [http://www.guidingstar.ca/Markham_Ontario_History.htm Town of Markham history]<br />
* [http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/countyatlas/images/maps/townshipmaps/yor-m-markham.jpg Map of Markham Township in 1878]<br />
* [http://www.markhamyouththeatre.com Markham Youth Theatre]<br />
* [http://www.vivanext.com/highway7_markham VivaNext - Highway 7 rapidways project]<br />
<br />
{{Geographic Location (8-way)<br />
| Centre = Markham<br />
| North = [[Whitchurch–Stouffville]]<br />
| Northeast =<br />
| East = [[Pickering, Ontario|Pickering]]<br />
| Southeast =<br />
| South = [[Toronto]]<br />
| Southwest =<br />
| West = [[Vaughan]]<br />
| Northwest = [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Topics in Markham}}<br />
{{Structures in Markham}}<br />
{{Communities of Markham}}<br />
{{York Region}}<br />
{{Greater Toronto Area}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lower-tier municipalities in Ontario]]<br />
[[Category:Markham, Ontario| ]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in 1794]]<br />
[[Category:1794 establishments in the British Empire]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richmond_Hill,_Ontario&diff=766913005Richmond Hill, Ontario2017-02-22T21:43:16Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Updated population as per Canada 2016 Census</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Richmond Hill<br />
| nickname =<br />
| motto = Official: ''En la rose, je fleuris'' (French for "Like the rose, I flourish")<br>Unofficial: A little north, a little nicer<ref>http://richmondhill.ca/subpage.asp?textonly=&pageid=townhall_about_the_town</ref><br />
| settlement_type = [[List of towns in Ontario|Town]] ([[List of municipalities in Ontario#Lower-tier municipalities|lower-tier]])<br />
| image_skyline = Town of Richmond Hill.JPG<br />
| imagesize =<br />
| image_caption = Town of Richmond Hill Office at Highway 7 & East Beaver Creek Road<br />
| image_flag = Richmond_Hill_Flag.gif<br />
| image_seal =<br />
| image_map = Richmond Hill within York Region.svg<br />
| mapsize = 250px<br />
| map_caption = Location of Richmond Hill within York Region.<br />
| pushpin_map = Canada Southern Ontario#Canada<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 200<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Canada|Province]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Regional municipality]]<br />
| subdivision_name = Canada<br />
| subdivision_name1 = Ontario<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Regional Municipality of York|York Region]]<br />
| leader_title = Mayor<br />
| leader_title1 = Regional Councillors<br />
| leader_title2 = Governing Body<br />
| leader_title3 = [[House of Commons of Canada|MPs]]<br />
| leader_title4 = [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario|MPPs]]<br />
| leader_name = [[Dave Barrow]]<br />
| leader_name1 = Vito Spatafora, Brenda Hogg<br />
| leader_name2 = [[Richmond Hill Town Council]]<br />
| leader_name3 = [[Leona Alleslev]] (Aurora-Oak Ridges-Richmond Hill, Ontario),<br />[[Majid Jowhari]] (Richmond Hill proper)<br />
| leader_name4 = [[Helena Jaczek]] ([[Oak Ridges, Ontario|Oak Ridges]] only),<br />[[Reza Moridi]] (Richmond Hill proper)<br />
| established_title = Incorporated<br />
| established_date = January 1, 1873 (village)<br />
| established_title2 = Incorporated<br />
| established_date2 = 1957 (town)<br />
| area_total_km2 = 101.11<br />
| area_magnitude = 1 E+8<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="ReferenceA">[[#2016csd|Statistics Canada]]: 2017</ref><br />
| population_as_of = [[Canada 2016 Census|2016]]<br />
| population_note =<br />
| population_total = 195022 ([[List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population|Ranked 26th]])<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />
| population_metro =<br />
| population_urban =<br />
| population_density_km2 = 1928.8<br />
| population_demonym = Richmond Hiller<br />
| timezone = Eastern (EST)<br />
| utc_offset = -5<br />
| timezone_DST = Eastern (EDT)<br />
| utc_offset_DST = -4<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|43|52|N|79|26|W|display=inline,title}}<br />
| elevation_m = 233<br />
| elevation_ft = 764<br />
| area_code = [[Area codes 905 and 289|905/289]]<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Canadian postal code|Forward sortation area]]<br />
| postal_code = [[List of L postal codes of Canada|L4B, L4C, L4E, L4S]]<br />
| website = [http://www.richmondhill.ca/ www.richmondhill.ca]<br />
| footnotes = Twinned with [[Shijiazhuang, China]] and [[Netanya, Israel]], Sister Cities with, [[Lakeland, Florida]]<br />
}}{{Refimprove<br />
| date = February 2017<br />
}}{{Portal|York Region, Ontario}}<br />
'''Richmond Hill''' ([[Canada 2016 Census|2016 population]] 195,022) is a town in south-central [[Regional Municipality of York|York Region]], Ontario, Canada. Part of the [[Greater Toronto Area]], it is the York Region's third most populous municipality and the 28th most populous municipality in Canada. It is also Canada's most populous town.<br />
<br />
Richmond Hill has in recent years seen a huge population upsurge, being Canada's fastest-growing community in the 1990s. It is an affluent town with a large number of people employed in business, finance, industry and healthcare. The town is home to the world-renowned [[David Dunlap Observatory]] telescope, at one time the second largest telescope in the world, and still the largest in Canada.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Main article|History of Richmond Hill, Ontario}}<br />
[[File:RichmondHillCenotaph.JPG|thumb|right|Cenotaph on Yonge Street]]<br />
[[File:VillageOfRichmondHill.JPG|thumb|upright|Village of Richmond Hill, with original logo]]<br />
The [[Regional Municipality of York]] was established by Bill 102 ''An Act to Establish the Regional Municipality of York'' of the provincial parliament, passed on June 26, 1970 and coming into force on January 1, 1971.<ref name="POST1930V">{{cite book|title = The Challenging Seventies|work = Later Days in Richmond Hill - A History of the Community from 1930 to 1999|author = Marney Beck Robinson and Joan M. Clark|publisher = Town of Richmond Hill/Richmond Hill Public Library Board|year = 2000|ISBN = 0-9695376-1-1}}</ref> The act expanded Richmond Hill's borders, annexing parts of [[Whitchurch Township]], [[Markham Township]], [[Vaughan Township]] and [[King Township, Ontario|King Township]] into Richmond Hill, expanding the area covered from {{convert|1700|acre|km2}} to {{convert|27000|acre|km2}} and the population from a little over 19,000 to some 34,000. The town grew to encompass the communities of [[Gormley, Ontario|Gormley]], [[Dollar, Ontario|Dollar]], [[Langstaff, Ontario|Langstaff]], [[Carrville, Ontario|Carrville]], Headford, [[Elgin Mills, Ontario|Elgin Mills]], [[Jefferson, Ontario|Jefferson]], Bond Lake, [[Temperanceville, Ontario|Temperanceville]], [[Lake Wilcox, Ontario|Lake Wilcox]], [[Oak Ridges, Ontario|Oak Ridges]] and Richvale. While Richmond Hill was a prosperous, well developed town, many of the outlying areas annexed were far more [[rural]], with [[dirt road]]s, no water mains or sewers and no [[streetlight]]s, and the time needed to bring municipal services up in these areas, combined with residual unequal tax assessments caused considerable conflict in the municipal politics. Policing was taken over by the [[York Regional Police]], but fire protection remained with Richmond Hill, whose firefighting force quickly grew. Having hired its first full-time employee in 1967, it had fourteen full-time employees by 1971.<br />
<br />
[[York Regional Road 1|Yonge Street]] through Richmond Hill expanded from two lanes to four in 1971, relieving congestion on what was known as "Ontario's worst stretch of highway".<ref name="POST1930V" /><br />
<br />
The Richmond Hill Dynes Jewellers softball team was the 1972 Softball World Champions.<ref name="POST1930V" /> The [[Royal Canadian Air Farce]] was recorded at the Curtain Club Theater in Richmond Hill for its first 5 seasons on radio, beginning in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.airfarce.com/history.html|title = History of Air Farce|publisher = Air Farce Productions Inc.}}</ref> The Air Farce returned for an anniversary recording in the 1990s. Also in 1973 was the centennial of the town's incorporation as a village, and the town set up a number of celebratory activities, including a [[beard]] growing contest, commissioning a centennial song, a [[parade]], a [[street dance]] and the unveiling of an historic plaque honoring the town's founding in front of the municipal offices. June 27 was officially declared Russell Lynett Day, named after the town's [[town clerk|clerk]], only the third in its existence. 1973 also saw the sale of the last of the original rose-growing greenhouses in Richmond Hill. Development had led to increasing property taxes and the H.J. Mills greenhouses relocated to Bayview Avenue and Elgin Mill Road. The site of the greenhouses was developed as a subdivision. The fast-growing town set aside significant areas for [[park]]s, with five new parks dedicated in 1973, and two more in 1974. The [[Richmond Hill Historical Society]] was founded in 1973.<ref name="POST1930V" /> The society was dedicated to preserving the history of Richmond Hill and raising awareness of the town's history. Their first action was to restore a 150-year-old house, known as the ''Burr House''.<br />
<br />
As the 1970s went on, the population growth of Richmond Hill remained large. In 1976, home prices in Richmond Hill were among the highest in Canada.<ref name="POST1930V" /> By this time, the [[Richmond Hill Town Council|town council]] was split over whether to keep expanding rapidly. The deadlock over a fifty-five house subdivision named ''Springmills Estate'' lead to one councilor saying that it was not the reform council it was dubbed, but a "deformed council". Other housing projects faced similar problems as councilors debated many things, including the need for [[affordable housing]] and the encroachment of homes into the farmland and the [[Oak Ridges Moraine]].<br />
<br />
[[GO train]] service was extended to Richmond Hill in 1978, officially opened on April 29, 1978 by [[Bill Davis]].<ref>{{cite news|title = Burgers outdraw Davis at GO train inaugural|author = Richard Furness|work = The Globe and Mail|date = May 1, 1978|pages = 4|issn = 0319-0714}}</ref><br />
<br />
Growth in Richmond Hill slowed towards the end of the 1970s, with M.L. McConaghy Public School closing in 1979 due to dropping enrollment.<ref name="POST1930V" /> At the same time, Richmond Hill began to make official [[Development plan|plan]]s for future land development. The first official plan concerned a {{convert|700|acre|km2|sing=on}} [[industrial park]] at [[Leslie Street]] and [[Highway 7 (Ontario)|Highway 7]] named ''Beaver Creek''. A commercial area within the park spread into the [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Dollar, Ontario|Dollar]]. The plan was rejected, however, by the [[Ontario Municipal Board]], and Richmond Hill was the first municipality in Ontario to have its official plan rejected outright by the board. The whole affair was subject to much controversy in the community, although the [[Richmond Hill Town Council|town council]] eventually declined to appeal the decision.<br />
<br />
When the new council convened in 1980, led by new mayor [[Al Duffy]], the town remained without a development plan. The council hired civic planner Peter Walker to produce a new official plan. By September 1981, the new plan was draft, with limited development of northern Richmond Hill, [[industry|industrial]] development centred in the south-east part of town and commercial centres remaining along [[Yonge Street]].<ref name="POST1930VI">{{cite book|title = The Dream Years|work = Later Days in Richmond Hill - A History of the Community from 1930 to 1999|author = Marney Beck Robinson and Joan M. Clark|publisher = Town of Richmond Hill/Richmond Hill Public Library Board|year = 2000|ISBN = 0-9695376-1-1}}</ref> The plan was approved in July 1982 by the Ontario Municipal Board.<br />
<br />
A clash over the use of the land in [[Langstaff, Ontario|Langstaff]], known as the ''Langstaff Jail Farm'' erupted in 1982 between Richmond Hill and [[Toronto]], which owned the land.<ref>{{cite news|title = It's the neighbour again|publisher = The Globe and Mail|date = April 2, 1982|pages = 6}}</ref> The {{convert|632|acre|km2|sing=on}} plot of land had been acquired by Toronto in 1911, and was unused in 1982. Toronto's plans for development clashed with those of Richmond Hill over the balance of industry and residential development, with Richmond Hill favouring more industrial development.<ref>{{cite news|title = Toronto after fast buck, Richmond Hill protests|author = Zuhair Kashmeri|date = April 1, 1982|work= The Globe and Mail|pages = 3}}</ref><br />
<br />
The rose business left Richmond Hill in June 1982, with the closure of H.J. Mills florists. Mills died in 1980, leaving the company to his son, but the poor economic conditions, combined with increasing property taxes in the growing city made the business unprofitable.<ref name="POST1930VI" /> A 1984 contest organised by ''The Liberal'' had readers submit entries for a new town slogan. The town council choose three of the submissions which residents then voted on, and "A little north, a little nicer" became Richmond Hill's new town slogan.<br />
<br />
Richmond Hill's explosive growth continued during the 1990s, fueled in significant part by [[immigration]]. In the early 90s, [[Statistics Canada]] named Richmond Hill as Canada's fastest-growing community.<ref name="POST1930VII">{{cite book|title = Growing Success|work = Later Days in Richmond Hill - A History of the Community from 1930 to 1999|author = Marney Beck Robinson and Joan M. Clark|publisher = Town of Richmond Hill/Richmond Hill Public Library Board|year = 2000|ISBN = 0-9695376-1-1}}</ref> The demographic base also began to change, with the [[Richmond Hill Association for Multiculturalism]] founded in 1989 by Jay Chauhan. Today, Richmond Hill is a multicultural town, with a [[Hebrew]] school, a [[Hindu]] temple, [[Chinese language]] churches, Italian Community Club, Italian language church services and other facilities.<br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
The town's motto is ''{{lang|fr|En la rose, je fleuris}}'' (French for "Like the rose, I flourish"), reflecting either the motto of the Duke of Richmond, or the fact that the town was a centre of rose-growing in the early 20th century. At that time, it was known as the "Rose Capital" of Canada. A more recent motto for Richmond Hill is ''A little north, a little nicer''.<br />
<br />
Richmond Hill is the only municipal Canadian government to have [[light pollution]] laws in place due to the presence of the [[David Dunlap Observatory]].<br />
<br />
In June 2013, the town's council passed a bylaw to ban the number 4 from new street numbers because it is considered to be bad luck by some Asian cultures.<ref>{{cite web|title=No. 4 banned from new Richmond Hill, Ont., street addresses|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2013/06/04/richmond-hill-4.html|publisher=CBC News|accessdate=9 June 2013|date=June 4, 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Governance===<br />
<br />
The town is governed by the [[Richmond Hill Town Council]], which operates on a [[Mayor-Council system]] with six Ward Councillors and two Regional Councillors, plus the Mayor. The council serves a four-year term, after which a new council is elected by qualified electors in Richmond Hill.<br />
<br />
The council derives its authority primarily from the [[Municipal Act, 2001]] and the [[Law|amendments]] of the [[Municipal Law Amendment Act, 2006]].<ref name="CG">{{cite web|url = http://www.mah.gov.on.ca/Page5030.aspx|title = Municipal Councillor's Guide|publisher = Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing Municipal Services Offices (Ontario)}}</ref> Richmond Hill is a [[List of municipalities in Ontario#Lower-tier municipalities|Lower-tier municipality]] and has the roles and responsibilities of that position. The municipality has a wide purview relating to the interests of the municipality and its residents to develop and maintain policies, practices and procedures through the issuing of [[bylaw]]s relating to [[highway]]s, transportation systems apart from highways, waste management, public utilities, culture, parks, recreation and heritage, drainage and flood control, [[parking]], animals, economic development and the licensing of business. The town in also responsible for maintaining its finances in order to provide relevant services and for maintaining an official plan to guide development.<br />
<br />
===Elections===<br />
<br />
{{Main article|Elections in Richmond Hill, Ontario}}<br />
Elections for municipal offices are held every four years in conjunction with other municipal elections in [[Ontario]]. Elected positions include mayor, regional and local councillor and ward councillors (for six different wards) on the [[Richmond Hill Town Council]], as well as trustees for the [[York Region District School Board]], the [[York Catholic District School Board]] and for Conseilleres (school trustees) for the [[Conseil scolaire de district du Centre-Sud-Ouest]] and [[Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud]]. The mayor and regional and local councillors also serve on [[York Regional Council]].<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
<br />
===Recreation===<br />
[[File:RichmondHillCentreForThePerformingArts.JPG|thumb|right|[[Richmond Hill Centre for the Performing Arts]]]]<br />
[[File:RichmondHillPublicLibrary2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Richmond Hill Public Library]], the Central Library, one of four branches located in Richmond Hill.]]<br />
Richmond Hill has 166 parks, under the Town of Richmond Hill Parks, Recreation, and Culture department, of which most are small [[urban park]]s and 544 [[hectare]]s of undeveloped natural area for recreation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.richmondhill.ca/subpage.asp?textonly=&pageid=parks_list | title = Parks A-Z | publisher = Town of Richmond Hill | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref> The largest such park is Richmond Green Sports Centre and Park which includes several [[baseball diamond]]s, two [[Ice rink|ice skating rinks]], a 300-person [[amphitheatre]] and a [[skateboard park]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.richmondhill.ca/subpage.asp?pageid=parks_richmond_green_sports_centre_and_park | title =<br />
Richmond Green Sports Centre & Park | publisher = Town of Richmond Hill | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref><br />
Tennis courts are located throughout the town with two quality tennis facilities located at David Hamilton Park and Crosby Park, home to the Richmond Hill Lawn Tennis Club. The [http://www.rhltc.ca Richmond Hill Lawn Tennis Club] is the town's community tennis club offering residents organized tennis programs including: competitive doubles, house league, singles ladders and social tennis.<br />
<br />
The Town also has a total of 6 public swimming pools, including an indoor [[wave pool]]. The Wave Pool is a family-friendly, wheelchair accessible facility that includes a swirl pool, on-deck sauna, and 160&nbsp;ft twisting water slide. Additionally, each summer, the town features a concert series entitled "Concerts in the Park", each having a specific theme, such as children's music and "The Beach Boys" and are held at Mill Pond Park, with some Sunday concerts at Richmond Green Park<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.richmondhill.ca/en/things-to-do/concerts-in-the-park.aspx|title=Concerts in the Park|website=www.richmondhill.ca|language=en|access-date=2017-02-12}}</ref>. The [[Richmond Hill Heritage Centre]] serves as a museum of the town's history. It also runs a variety of programs related to the town's history.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.town.richmond-hill.on.ca/subpage.asp?pageid=parks_the_richmond_hill_heritage_centre | title = The Richmond Hill Heritage Centre | publisher = Town of Richmond Hill}}</ref> The town is also home to the Richmond Hill Country Club, Summit Golf & Country Club, and the Bloomington Downs Golf Course.<br />
<br />
In 2009, [[Richmond Hill Centre for the Performing Arts]] was opened. This {{convert|43000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} multi-use cultural facility offers quality entertainments of art and music.<br />
<br />
Richmond Hill was awarded the National Communities in Bloom award in 2003, with a special mention about the town's floral displays.<ref>http://m.richmondhill.ca/printpage.asp?pageid=hotnews_2003_awards</ref><br />
<br />
====Sport clubs====<br />
{{Div col|3}}<br />
*Richmond Hill Aquatic Club<br />
*Richmond Hill Canoe Club<ref>[http://rhcc.on.ca/ Richmond Hill Canoe Club]</ref><br />
*[[Richmond Hill Curling Club]]<ref>[http://www.richmondhillcurlingclub.com Richmond Hill Curling Club]</ref><br />
*Richmond Senators - Soccer<br />
*Richmond Hill Soccer Club<ref>[http://www.richmondhillsoccer.com Richmond Hill Soccer Club]</ref><br />
*Richmond Hill Phoenix Baseball Club<ref>[http://www.richmondhillbaseball.com Richmond Hill Phoenix Baseball Club]</ref><br />
*Richmond Hill Stars - Hockey Club<ref>[http://www.richmondhillstars.com Richmond Hill Stars]</ref><br />
*Richmond Hill Gymnastics Club<br />
*Richmond Training Centre - Figure Skating<br />
*[[Richmond Hill Rams]] - Junior A Hockey Club<br />
*Richmond Hill Lightning - Ringette Club<br />
*Richmond Hill Squash Club<br />
*[http://www.rhltc.ca Richmond Hill Lawn Tennis Club]<br />
*Richmond Hill Figure Skating Club<br />
*Stars United Baton Club - Baton Twirling<ref>[http://www.starsunitedbaton.com Stars United Baton Club]</ref><br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
The 2016 Census recorded a population of 195,022,<ref name="Demographics&Statistics">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3519038&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=aurora&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All|title=Census Profile|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=2017-02-22}}</ref> an increase of 5.1% from 2011.<br />
<br />
According to 2011 Census data,<ref>http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3519038&Geo2=CD&Code2=3519&Data=Count&SearchText=richmond%20hill&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1</ref> [[English language|English]] is the mother tongue of 40.7% of the residents of Richmond Hill. Native speakers of [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]] make up 8.6% of the population, closely trailed by those of [[Persian language|Persian]], constituting 8.5% of the town's population. Not otherwise specified [[varieties of Chinese]] serve as mother tongue for 6.5% of Richmond Hill residents. Following are [[Russian language|Russian]] (5.3%), [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] (3.9%), [[Italian language|Italian]] (3.9%), and [[Korean language|Korean]] (2.3%).<br />
<br />
In 2011, Richmond Hill reported the highest [[West Asian]] percentage of any Canadian settlement at 8.6%,<ref name="Racial Demographics of Canadian Cities">[http://dl7.fileswap.com/download/?id=k9B4wCFx%2FqqZuOjx37nFsugw6VybDiyyM4Qu1fYzMCBB62fneKwgn83hZfe94pn3Y1kq8TilIype03dwSP9EtCx51DvS27XaR4ijtG4nOBGyTTrzQV0blwnsXPTGPyw7ym9ZuXIyQpOJaNi4wmdqUFs2Hganx9PFq8KICwEKhss%3D&h=0b0421e824be970bb6431773263687d2&t=52954849][http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/index-eng.cfm Racial Demographics of Canadian Cities]</ref> although in total numbers (15,890) it ranked second after [[Toronto]] (50,235). Richmond Hill also had the 5th highest [[East Asia]]n and Chinese population ratios for any Canadian settlements larger than 100,000 residents. It is also one of the eight large Canadian cities with no majority racial group, as its highest group is White at 46.9%.<br />
<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" border="4"<br />
! colspan="5" style="background:#6d926d"| Racial Demographics in Richmond Hill, Ontario - 2011 <ref name="NHS Profile of Richmond Ontario">[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3519038&Data=Count&SearchText=richmond%20hill&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1], NHS Profile of Richmond Ontario</ref><br />
|-<br />
!style="background:#7aa37a"|Race<br />
!style="background:#7aa37a"|Population #<br />
!style="background:#7aa37a"|Population %<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#e4ece4" |[[European Canadian|White]]<br />
|style="background:#e4ece4"|86,510<br />
|style="background:#e4ece4"|46.9%<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#a1bea1" |'''East Asian'''<ref group=NHS>China, Korea and Japan are all located in East Asia</ref><br />
|style="background:#a1bea1" |49,545<br />
|style="background:#a1bea1" |26.9%<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#c9dac9" |[[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]]<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |43,530<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |23.6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#c9dac9" |[[Korean Canadian|Korean]]<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |5,045<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |2.7%<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#c9dac9" |[[Japanese Canadians|Japanese]]<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |970<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |0.5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#e4ece4" |[[West Asian people|West Asian]]<br />
|style="background:#e4ece4"|15,890<br />
|style="background:#e4ece4"|8.6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#e4ece4" |[[South Asian Canadian|South Asian]]<ref group=NHS>India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh are located in South Asia.</ref><br />
|style="background:#e4ece4"|15,015<br />
|style="background:#e4ece4"|8.1%<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#a1bea1" |'''Southeast Asian'''<ref group=NHS>The Philippines is located in Southeast Asia.</ref><br />
|style="background:#a1bea1" |5,460<br />
|style="background:#a1bea1" |3.0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#c9dac9" |[[Filipino Canadian|Filipino]]<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |4,050<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |2.2%<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#c9dac9" |[[Southeast Asia]]n (Other)<ref group=NHS>Includes the marking of "Southeast Asian".</ref><br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |1,410<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |0.8%<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#e4ece4" |[[Black Canadians|Black]]<br />
|style="background:#e4ece4"|3,720<br />
|style="background:#e4ece4"|2.0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#e4ece4" |[[Arab Canadians|Arab]]<br />
|style="background:#e4ece4"|3,045<br />
|style="background:#e4ece4"|1.7%<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#e4ece4" |[[Latin American Canadian|Latin American]]<br />
|style="background:#e4ece4"|1,730<br />
|style="background:#e4ece4"|0.9%<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#a1bea1" |'''Aboriginal'''<ref group=NHS>Includes all 5 of the Aboriginal markings; "First Nations", "Metis", "Inuk (Inuit)", "Multiple Aboriginal identities", "Aboriginal, not includes elsewhere".</ref><br />
|style="background:#a1bea1" |395<br />
|style="background:#a1bea1" |0.2%<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#c9dac9" |[[First Nations]]<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |265<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |0.1%<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#c9dac9" |[[Métis people (Canada)|Metis]]<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |65<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |0.0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#c9dac9" |[[Inuit]]<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |0<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |0.0%<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#a1bea1" |'''Multiracial + Metis'''<ref group=NHS>Metis people are multiracial, however they are not under the "more than one visible minority" marking on the 2011 National Household Survey, as they have their own marking.</ref><br />
|style="background:#a1bea1" |2,410<br />
|style="background:#a1bea1" |1.3%<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#c9dac9" |[[Multiracial]]<ref group=NHS>Only includes the "more than one visible minority" marking on the 2011 NHS survey.</ref><br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |2,345<br />
|style="background:#c9dac9" |1.3%<br />
|}<br />
{{reflist|group=NHS}}<br />
<br />
In the [[Canada 2006 Census]],<ref name="2006census">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3519038&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=richmond%20hill&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All|title=<br />
Richmond Hill, Ontario (Town)|work=2006 Community Profiles|publisher = Statistics Canada|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> the self-reported religious groups in Richmond Hill were:<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Religious Affiliation<br />
!Number<br />
!Percentage<br />
|-<br />
|[[Roman Catholicism in Canada|Christian - Catholic]]<ref>Includes Roman Catholic, Eastern Catholic, Polish National Catholic Church, Old Catholic.</ref><br />
|39,845<br />
|30.3%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Protestant|Christian - Protestant]]<br />
|25,270<br />
|19.3%<br />
|-<br />
|No Religious Affiliation<ref>Includes Agnostic, Atheist, Humanist, and No religion, and other responses, such as Darwinism, etc.</ref><br />
|25,260<br />
|19.1%<br />
|-<br />
|[[History of the Jews in Canada|Jewish]]<br />
|10,130<br />
|7.7%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Islam in Canada|Muslim]]<br />
|9,965<br />
|7.6%<br />
|-<br />
|Christian - Orthodox<br />
|7,700<br />
|5.9%<br />
|-<br />
|Christian (unspecified)<ref>"Includes mostly answers of "Christian", not otherwise stated."</ref><br />
|5,465<br />
|4.2%<br />
|-<br />
|Christian - [[Latter Day Saints]]<ref>"Mainly answered to "Mormon" on faith"</ref><br />
|2,665<br />
|2.2%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhist]]<br />
|2,640<br />
|2.0%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hinduism in Canada|Hindu]]<br />
|2,470<br />
|1.9%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Eastern Religions]]<ref>"Baha'i, Eckankar, Jains, Shinto, Taoist, Zoroastrian and Eastern religions, not identified elsewhere"</ref><br />
|825<br />
|0.6%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sikhism in Canada|Sikh]]<br />
|530<br />
|0.4%<br />
|-<br />
|Other religions<ref>Includes Aboriginal spirituality, Pagan, Wicca, Unity - New Thought - Pantheist, Scientology, Rastafarian, New Age, Gnostic, Satanist, etc.</ref><br />
|35<br />
|0.0%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Historical population data===<br />
<br />
[[File:RichmondHillLog.png|thumb|right|300px|Population growth in Richmond Hill]]<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Population<br />
|-<br />
|1877<br />
|659<ref name="PRE1930XXIV">{{cite web|url = http://edrh.rhpl.richmondhill.on.ca/default.asp?ID=s8.4|title = The First Village Council|work = Fire Brigades and Fence Viewers|author = Robert M. Stamp|publisher = Town of Richmond Hill Public Library|year = 1991}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1911<br />
|652<ref name="PRE1930XXXIII">{{cite web|url = http://edrh.rhpl.richmondhill.on.ca/default.asp?ID=s11.4|title = Roses Bloom in Richmond Hill|work = The Flowering of Richmond Hill|author = Robert M. Stamp|publisher = Town of Richmond Hill Public Library|year = 1991}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1921<br />
|1,055<ref name="PRE1930XXXIII" /><br />
|-<br />
|1931<br />
|1,295<ref name="PRE1930XXXIII" /><br />
|-<br />
|1953<br />
|3,300<br />
|-<br />
|1971<br />
|33,030<ref name="YRA">{{cite web|url = http://www.york.ca/Departments/Planning+and+Development/Long+Range+Planning/popstat3.htm|title = York Region Population Growth 1971 to 2006|publisher = York Region}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1976<br />
|35,376<ref name="YRA" /><br />
|-<br />
|1981<br />
|38,685<ref name="YRA" /><br />
|-<br />
|1986<br />
|46,766<ref name="DEMOS">{{cite web|url = http://www.richmondhillonline.com/Business_Information/demographics_statistics.asp|title = Demographics & Statistics|publisher = Richmond Hill Office of Economic Development}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
|66,456<ref name="POST1930VI" /><br />
|-<br />
|1991<br />
|80,142<ref name="1996Census">{{cite web|url = http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil/Details/details1.cfm?SEARCH=BEGINS&ID=7167&PSGC=35&SGC=3519038&DataType=1&LANG=E&Province=35&PlaceName=Richmond%20Hill&CMA=535&CSDNAME=Richmond%20Hill&A=&TypeNameE=Town|title = Community Profile - Richmond Hill|publisher = Statistics Canada}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|101,725<ref name="DEMOS" /><br />
|-<br />
|2001<br />
|132,030<ref name="2001Census">{{cite web|url = http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3519038&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Richmond%20Hill&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|title = Community Highlights for Richmond Hill|work=2001 Community Profiles|publisher = Statistics Canada|date = January 2, 2007}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
|162,704<ref name=population>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3519038&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=richmond%20hill&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|title=Community highlights for Richmond Hill|work=2006 Community Profiles|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|date=2007-03-13|accessdate=2007-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|185,541<ref name="2011Census">{{cite web|url = http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-csd-eng.cfm?Lang=Eng&TAB=0&GK=PR&GC=3519038 |title=Focus on Geography Series, 2011 Census – Census subdivision of Richmond Hill, T - Ontario |publisher=Statistics Canada |accessdate=2012-12-14}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|195,022<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
{| class="wikitable" align="right" style='width:33%;' border='1' class="sortable"<br />
|+ ''Industries of employment, from the 2001 Census''<br />
!Industry<br />
!People employed<br />
|-<br />
|Agriculture and other resource-based industries||820<br />
|-<br />
|Manufacturing and construction industries||12,200<br />
|-<br />
|Wholesale and retail trade||13,995<br />
|-<br />
|Finance and real estate||7,990<br />
|-<br />
|Health and education||9,960<br />
|-<br />
|Business services||16,925<br />
|-<br />
|Other services||9,850<br />
|}<br />
<br />
According to the town's website as of 2011, Richmond Hill is an affluent community with more than 52% of families reporting incomes of greater than $70,000 and over 31% of households reporting incomes greater than $100,000. The average household income in Richmond Hill is $100,900 which is 34% higher than the Canadian average and 26% higher than the provincial average. Based on the 2006 Census, 42.62% of families in the Town of Richmond Hill earned over $100,000 and over. The employment rate of the town is 66.36% with the most prevalent occupations being in the business, finance and administration and management sectors.<ref name="richmondhill.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.richmondhill.ca/documents/demo_profile_richmondhill.pdf|title=Richmond Hill Demographic Profile 2006}}</ref> The 2006 Census showed that the unemployment rate is very low at 3.77%, compared with the 7.4% unemployment rate across Canada during the time of the Census.<ref name="richmondhill.ca"/><br />
<br />
The 1990s and 2000s are a period of strong economic growth for Richmond Hill; In 1999 industrial, commercial and institutional growth was valued at [[Canadian dollar|$]]88.9 million, up from $67.9 million in 1998. The economic growth of 1999 won the town's economic development department three provincial awards from the Economic Developers Council of Ontario.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=14&did=427431121&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1203522246&clientId=12520 | title = Richmond Hill reports a banner growth year ; All areas of economy break records | author = Leslie Ferenc | publisher = [[Toronto Star]] | date = April 5, 1999 | pages = 1}}</ref> The border between Richmond Hill and [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]] is a rapidly growing area for [[information technology]] and [[high-tech industry]] with over 1,000 such businesses located along their border in 2000.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=18&did=220962141&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1203541741&clientId=12520 | title = High-tech thrives around Toronto: Richmond Hill, Markham part of fastest-growing hub Series: Canada's High-Tech Landscape | author = Peter Boisseau | publisher = [[Edmonton Journal]] | date = August 16, 2000 | pages = G.7}}</ref><br />
<br />
Most businesses in Richmond Hill are [[small business]]es, with more than half of all employers in the town having four workers or less.<ref name="DEMOS" /> The town is home to the [[corporate headquarters]] of [[Acklands Grainger]] Inc., [[Compugen (Canadian company)|Compugen]] Inc., [[Compuware]], [[DMC Mining Services]], [[Lexmark]], [[Rogers Communications]], [[BMW|BMW Canada]], [[Science & Medicine Canada]], and [[Staples (Canada)|Staples]].<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" align="center" style='width:65%; border:1px'<br />
|+Largest employers in Richmond Hill, 2007<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.richmondhillonline.com/Business_Information/resources/rh_socio_economic_study.pdf |title=Socio-Economic Study for the Town of Richmond Hill |date=March 2008}}</ref><br />
!Employer||[[Mackenzie Richmond Hill Hospital]]||[[Apotex]]||Town of Richmond Hill||[[Rogers Cable]]||Quebecor World||[[Staples (Canada)|Staples]]<br />
|-<br />
!Employees||995||730||600||500||350||350<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
The [[York Region District School Board]] operates 28 public [[elementary school]]s in Richmond Hill, as well as 5 [[secondary school]]s: [[Alexander Mackenzie High School]], [[Bayview Secondary School]], [[Langstaff Secondary School]], [[Richmond Green Secondary School]] and [[Richmond Hill High School (Richmond Hill, Ontario)|Richmond Hill High School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yrdsb.ca/schools/Pages/CEC.aspx?CEC=C |title=Our Schools |publisher=York Region District School Board |accessdate=2016-07-20}}</ref> Students in schools in the York Region District School Board have scored above the provincial average on the Assessment of Reading, Writing and Mathematics, Primary Division (Grades 1–3) and Junior Division (Grades 4–6) since their introduction in 2002.<ref>{{cite web | title = School Board Report York Region DSB (66095) | publisher = [[Education Quality and Accountability Office]] | date = September 19, 2007 | author = Marguerite Jackson | url = https://eqaoweb.eqao.com/pbs/Listing.aspx}}</ref> The board's students in academic math streams have performed above the provincial average on the Grade 9 Assessment of Mathematics every year since its inception in 2002, while those in applied math streams were below the provincial average in 2002-2005, and above the provincial average from 2005-2007.<br />
<br />
The [[York Catholic District School Board]] operates 13 [[Catholic school|Catholic elementary schools]] in Richmond Hill. It also operates two Catholic secondary schools, [[St. Theresa of Lisieux Catholic High School]] and [[Jean Vanier Catholic High School (Richmond Hill)|Jean Vanier Catholic High School]].<ref>{{Cite web<br />
| url = http://www.ycdsb.ca/schools/documents/YCDSB_SecondarySchools.pdf<br />
| format = PDF<br />
| title = Secondary schools<br />
| publisher = York Catholic District School Board<br />
| date = 2009-07-29<br />
| accessdate = 2008-02-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are also three private primary schools located in Richmond Hill and four private secondary schools, including [[Holy Trinity School (Richmond Hill)|Holy Trinity School]], [[Discovery Academy (Richmond Hill, Ontario)|Discovery Academy]], [[Toronto Montessori Schools]], and Richmond Hill Montessori & Private Elementary School.<ref name="LABOUR">{{cite web | url = http://www.richmondhillonline.com/Business_Information/labour_market.asp | title = Labour Market | publisher = Richmond Hill Office of Economic Development}}</ref><br />
<br />
Post-secondary education services are provided to the residents of Richmond Hill by several [[Education in Toronto#Universities and colleges|post-secondary educational institutions in Toronto]], some of which have satellite campuses in nearby communities.<br />
<br />
Former [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] was a guest at the opening ceremony of a school named after her, in 2008, the [[Michaëlle Jean Public School (Toronto)|Michaëlle Jean Public School]].<br />
<br />
==Oak Ridges==<br />
[[Oak Ridges, Ontario|Oak Ridges]] is an unincorporated community to the north of Richmond Hill's downtown and south of Aurora. It has fallen within the limits of Richmond Hill ever since its annexation in 1971. It is largely residential, with most commercial development located along Yonge Street. Located about 16.5&nbsp;km north of [[Toronto]] and has a population of approximately 20,000 people. The town developed around [[Lake Wilcox, Ontario|Lake Wilcox]], the largest lake in the area and a community within Oak Ridges, and has continued to expand slowly since its annexation. In the 1990s, Oak Ridges experienced moderate growth, which has spurred environmental action and anti-development movements by numerous organizations. Population has grown significantly as a result of development initiatives along Bayview Avenue. The Oak Ridges Community Center was built and completed in June 2012 to accommodate community demand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richmondhill.ca/subpage.asp?pageid=parks_oak_ridges_community_centre |title=Oak Ridges Community Centre & Park |accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other regions==<br />
[[File:時代廣場.JPG|thumb|right|Times Square]]<br />
Southern Richmond Hill is home to the town's industrial and business region housing most of the town's hotels, as well as the main commercial area of the town's Chinese community. The northern part of town is considered to be Old Richmond Hill as it is a historical area. Central Richmond Hill is a very commercial area, housing multiple malls, plazas and entertainment buildings, such as theatres and restaurants. The northernmost part of the town is mostly farm land, though it is slowly being developed.<br />
<br />
During the 1990s, Chinese immigrants primarily from [[Hong Kong]] moved to Richmond Hill, where they set up businesses and shops catering to the community. Many shops and restaurants were established in suburban-style [[shopping mall]]s and plazas, such as Times Square, along a stretch of [[Highway 7 (Ontario)|Highway 7]] between [[Bayview Avenue]] and [[Leslie Street]].<br />
<br />
===Mill Pond===<br />
Mill Pond is a park located in the mid-region of Richmond Hill that is surrounded by heritage homes. The park surrounds an old mill pond, hence the name Mill Pond. There are many walking trails and the park is home to a variety of wildlife species, including ducks, swans, raccoons, geese, and beavers. The park is the venue for various town events ranging from a winter carnival to concerts and flower shows. Every year, Mill Pond is home to the Richmond Hill Winter and Summer Carnivals.<br />
<br />
===Heritage Estates===<br />
Mill Pond is also home to the Georgian-styled neighbourhood of Heritage Estates, centered around Regent Street. Often referred to as the "Rosedale of the North", the neighbourhood was built in the early 1980s by a local Toronto developer and was intended to reflect an earlier charm present in many of the older heritage-designated homes in the community.<ref>http://www.randycorcoran.ca/mill-pond-heritage-estates-real-estate-homes-houses.html</ref> Some of the homes are situated among the trails and ravines of Mill Pond Park.<br />
<br />
The renowned historical design consultant, Sir Murry McCance, guided the recreation of authentic Georgian and Regency homes of the 1790-1830 period. Each builder received detailed guidelines and special training for their skilled tradesmen to create these distinctive homes.<ref>http://www.jimreidrealty.com/HERITAGE-ESTATES-HISTORICAL-INFORMATION-BY-JIM-REID.html</ref><br />
<br />
===Yonge Street===<br />
The old downtown Richmond Hill (also known as the historic Village of Richmond Hill<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://villageofrichmondhill.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=5|title = Village of Richmond Hill|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = Village of Richmond Hill Business Improvement Area|last = |first = }}</ref>) is considered the strip of [[Yonge Street]] between Major Mackenzie in the south and Richmond Heights in the north. For years this street was infamous for having an equal amount of churches as there were strip clubs/adults only stores. Directly across from the community centre was the bright pink "Fantasia" strip club. Not far down the street stood Richmond Hill's oldest church. Fantasia burnt under suspicious circumstances although no allegations were ever made by the authorities. Due to various community initiatives, most of the "Adult" stores are now closed and are replaced by more civic-oriented structures. In 2007, the former "Fantasia" property was finally levelled, and development of a new exclusive condominium started, adding to a mix of upscale and small town charm that makes up the much improved downtown area.<br />
<br />
The new [[Richmond Hill Centre for the Performing Arts|theatre]] was opened in 2009 and provides a modern venue for live performances.<br />
<br />
===Bayview Hill===<br />
The Bayview Hill is a subdivision located on the northeast side of [[Bayview Avenue]] and 16th Avenue. Built in the early 1990s, the subdivision contains large expansive homes.<ref>Clark, Joan. Later Days in Richmond Hill a History of a Community 1930-1999. 1999. Richmond Hill Public Library</ref><br />
<br />
===East Beaver Creek===<br />
[[File:RichmondHillBusinessAreaHighway7.jpg|thumb|right|East Beaver Creek and Highway 7 business district]]<br />
Richmond Hill's current commercial hub is located near [[Leslie Street]] and [[Ontario Highway 7]], where it borders [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]]'s [[AMD]] headquarters. Built in the early to mid-1990s, the area is serviced by [[Ontario Highway 404|Highway 404]], [[York Region Transit]], and [[Buttonville Airport]]. Due to high initial vacancy rates, the current Town Hall was moved to that location in 1994. Since then, many of the buildings have become occupied by various banks and service-related industries.<br />
<br />
[[File:Jefferson-Yonge-Junction-May-2016.jpg|thumb|Family of geese crossing Jefferson Sideroad]]<br />
<br />
===Jefferson===<br />
Jefferson is a newly developed neighbourhood, with housing begin to occupy in 2007. The community is named after Jefferson Sideroad, a major thoroughfare in the neighbourhood. Jefferson includes a large area, roughly bounded by [[York Regional Road 29|Gamble Road]] in the south, [[York Regional Road 38|Bathurst Street]] in the west and [[York Regional Road 34|Bayview Avenue]] in the east. The community includes a residential subdivision namely Jefferson Forest, located in the southeast portion of the community.<br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
<br />
===Road networks===<br />
The town of Richmond Hill is well serviced in terms of transportation facilities for a community of its size. The eastern border of the town is [[Ontario Highway 404|Highway 404]], a major highway which leads directly into the downtown core of the City of Toronto via the [[Don Valley Parkway]] (DVP). Highway 404 also intersects with [[Ontario Highway 401|Highway 401]] in North York, which is one of the most traversed highways on the planet and is the principal east/west route in the [[Greater Toronto Area|Greater Toronto Area (GTA)]]. The town's southern border is defined by the former [[Highway 7 (Ontario)|Highway 7]] and a parallel expressway, [[Ontario Highway 407|Highway 407]]. The latter is a toll route (the only currently existing in the province) and was designed as a bypass for the 401. The combined effect of these highways ensures that Richmond Hill is well integrated into Ontario's road network and has easy access for all road vehicles. The ease of accessing the town is threatened by increasing traffic due to growth in the region, as the resulting commutes diminish the usefulness of the road network.<br />
<br />
===Public transit===<br />
[[File:RichmondHillCentre27.jpg|thumb|right|[[Richmond Hill Centre Terminal]]]]<br />
Public transit within the town of Richmond Hill is on buses co-ordinated by [[York Region Transit]] (YRT). In September 2005, YRT unveiled a new [[rapid transit]] initiative entitled [[Viva (bus rapid transit)|VIVA]] which provides enhanced bus service on major routes using vehicles capable of speeding up traffic lights to lessen the time they idle. YRT also operates several feeder routes on secondary streets in the town.<br />
<br />
Commuter train service is provided to the town by [[GO Transit]] on the [[Richmond Hill line]] with two stations in the town, [[Richmond Hill GO Station|Richmond Hill Station]] and [[Langstaff GO Station|Langstaff Station]]. Langstaff Station is near the new [[Richmond Hill Centre Terminal]] of York Region Transit at Highway 7 and Yonge Street, and is connected to it by a pedestrian bridge opened in March 2008. The Richmond Hill Centre Terminal is complete with enclosed heating areas, payphones, and credit card/debit card ticket purchasing machines.<br />
<br />
Owing to its proximity to Toronto, there are plans to extend the [[Toronto Transit Commission|TTC]] subway system to the intersection of Yonge and Highway 7. A timeline has not been established.<ref>[http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Projects_and_initiatives/Yonge_subway_extension/index.jsp TTC: Yonge Subway Extension]</ref><br />
<br />
===Other transportation===<br />
Richmond Hill is minimally serviced by other modes of transportation. Its landlocked situation inhibits any water transportation and it lacks an airport of its own, though it does border on Markham's [[Buttonville Airport]]. The closest international airport is [[Pearson International Airport]].<br />
<br />
==Geography and climate==<br />
Richmond Hill is bounded by Bloomington Rd. (Aurora town limit) to the north, York Regional Road 7 (Vaughan city limit west of Yonge St., Markham city limit east of Yonge St.) to the south, Bathurst St. (Vaughan city limit) to the west, and Ontario Highway 404 (Markham city limit) to the east. Its southern limit is about 4 kilometres (3 miles) north of the Toronto city limit, [[Steeles Avenue]], and approximately 20 kilometres (12 miles) north of the downtown core of Toronto. The town extends 14 kilometres (9 miles) north-south and 7 kilometres (3.5 miles) east-west.<br />
<br />
The predominant feature of the town's geography, as its name suggests, is its elevation above surrounding regions. Thousands of years ago during the last [[ice-age]], [[glacier]]s moving in a southerly direction amassed a considerable amount of earth in front of them which they carried forward as they grew. Gradually, as the temperature increased the growth of the glaciers lessened and eventually they began to recede to what is now the polar ice cap. The earth that had been collected by the glacier's movement however was left in place and the elevated region that remained comprises modern day Richmond Hill.<br />
<br />
The town itself is at a much greater elevation than other communities within the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and with exclusion of areas closely alongside its borders, the constituent of York region with the greatest height above sea level. The uneven melting of the glacier that formed the town has led to an extremely varied geography within the town's own borders, leading to such features as [[kettle lake]]s, minor tributaries and most notably the [[Oak Ridges Moraine]].<br />
<br />
Kettle lakes are the result of glacier water getting caught in water-tight depressions in the land and are sustained by only rainfall in the immediate area. The Town of Richmond Hill has many of these water bodies and its three largest in order of decreasing size are Lake Wilcox, Bond Lake and Philips Lake. The kettle lakes are predominantly confined to the northern fringes of the town.<br />
<br />
Being elevated above the surrounding region, precipitation in the town tends to flow outwards via the multitude of streams and rivers that flow through the town. Principally water flow is in one of two directions, south to [[Lake Ontario]] or north to [[Lake Simcoe]] where they join up with larger tributaries that feed into the water bodies. Of note, are the [[Rouge River (Ontario)|Rouge]], [[Humber River (Ontario)|Humber]], and [[Don River (Toronto)|Don]] rivers which receive some of their flow from sources in the town.<br />
<br />
Perhaps the most important geographical feature of the Town of Richmond Hill is the [[Oak Ridges Moraine]]. The moraine is a further elevated region of loose soil which comprises a significant portion (roughly the northern third) of the land area of the town. Its porous nature allows the collection and natural filtering of waters that flow through it which are then fed into multiple underground [[aquifer]]s. While the town receives its water from the City of Toronto, these aquifers are an important source for those with their own wells in addition to surrounding communities. The ability of the soil to hold so much water means that despite Richmond Hill's comparatively high elevation, it has a very high water table which poses some problems to construction. The moraine is also host to a staggering amount of biodiversity and in recent years there has been a considerable amount of pressure applied to government to shield the area from development. Consequently, a considerable portion of Richmond Hill is subject to the Ontario Government's [[Greenbelt (Golden Horseshoe)|Greenbelt]] legislation.<br />
<br />
{{Richmond Hill weatherbox}}<br />
<br />
==Landmarks==<br />
*[[Hillcrest Mall]] is a large and popular shopping mall located in the town of Richmond Hill, [[Ontario]], [[Canada]], on the northwest corner of [[Yonge Street]] and [[York Regional Road 73|Carrville Road]]. It has 135 shops, services, and restaurants.<br />
*The Emerald Isle motel on Yonge Street is known to display conservative rhymes and provocative quotes on their sign. These quotes usually relate to current events. The film, ''[[Man of the Year (2006 film)|Man of the Year]]'', starring [[Robin Williams]] was filmed at Emerald Isle Motel in late 2005. This motel also was featured in the film ''[[The Wrong Guy]]''.<br />
*The [[David Dunlap Observatory]] is home to the largest [[reflecting telescope]] in Canada. The {{convert|74|in|mm|sing=on}} telescope was the second largest in the world upon its construction in 1935. The observatory was a research facility of the [[University of Toronto]].<br />
*The original Canadian burger chain [[Harvey's]] restaurant was opened in Richmond Hill in 1959 at the corner of Yonge Street and Observatory Lane. It was demolished in February 2012 and was replaced by the Xpression condominiums.<br />
*The Town of Richmond Hill Municipal Office Building is located at 225 East Beaver Creek Road. The building serves as the seat of government of the municipality. Most of the town departments are located in said location. All public Council and Committee Meetings are also held in this building.<br />
*The Richmond Hill Centre for the Performing Arts, located in downtown Richmond Hill.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Hillcrest Mall entrance.jpg|Entrance of the [[Hillcrest Mall]]<br />
File:Dunlap Observatory.jpg|[[David Dunlap Observatory]]<br />
File:Front of xpression building in Richmond hill.jpg| The Xpression condominiums<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Media==<br />
*''Richmond Hill Liberal'', Richmond Hill's newspaper<br />
*[[CFMJ|CFMJ AM 640]] (AM 640 Talk Radio)<br />
*[[Salam Toronto]], a Bilingual Persian-English weekly paper expressing the voice/distributed of/to the Iranian Community of Thornhill, Richmond Hill, North York, Toronto and GTA.<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
{{Main article|List of people from Richmond Hill, Ontario}}<br />
<br />
==Affiliated cities and municipalities==<br />
Richmond Hill is sister cities with [[Lakeland, Florida]],<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Americas/Canada | title = Online Directory:Canada, Americas|publisher = Sister Cities International}}</ref> and twinned with [[Netanya, Israel]] and [[Shijiazhuang, China]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zarzour|first1=Kim|title=Richmond Hill twins with Israeli city of Netanya|url=http://www.yorkregion.com/news-story/6980300-richmond-hill-twins-with-israeli-city-of-netanya/|website=YorkRegion.com|publisher=Metroland Media Group|accessdate=4 December 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*{{SCref|unit=csd|name=2011csd|accessdate=2012-02-24|3519038}}<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikivoyage|Richmond Hill (Ontario)|Richmond Hill}}<br />
{{commons}}{{wikinews|Five arrested in Canada after C$2 million armoured car robbery}}<br />
*[http://www.richmondhill.ca/ Town of Richmond Hill]<br />
*{{cite web | url = http://edrh.rhpl.richmondhill.on.ca/ | title = Early Days in Richmond Hill: A History of the Community to 1930 | last = Stamp | first = Robert M. | year = 1991 | publisher = Richmond Hill Public Library Board}}<br />
*[http://www.vivanext.com/highway7_vaughan VivaNext - Richmond Hill rapidways project]<br />
<br />
{{Geographic Location (8-way)<br />
| Centre = Richmond Hill<br />
| North = [[Aurora, Ontario|Aurora]]<br />
| Northeast = [[Whitchurch–Stouffville]]<br />
| East =<br />
| Southeast = [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]]<br />
| South =<br />
| Southwest = [[Vaughan]]<br />
| West =<br />
| Northwest = [[King, Ontario|King]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Richmond Hill, Ontario}}<br />
{{Communities of Richmond Hill, Ontario}}<br />
{{York Region}}<br />
{{Greater Toronto Area}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Richmond Hill}}<br />
[[Category:Richmond Hill, Ontario| ]]<br />
[[Category:Lower-tier municipalities in Ontario]]<br />
[[Category:Greater Toronto Area]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aurora,_Ontario&diff=766912301Aurora, Ontario2017-02-22T21:38:46Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Updated population as per Canada 2016 Census</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement <!-- Infobox begins --><br />
| name = Aurora<br />
| official_name = Town of Aurora<br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = [[List of towns in Ontario|Town]] ([[List of municipalities in Ontario#Lower-tier municipalities|lower-tier]])<br />
| image_skyline = Aurora ON.JPG<br />
| image_caption = Aurora Town Hall<br />
| image_flag = <br />
| image_seal = Aurora ON seal.gif<br />
| image_shield = <br />
| image_blank_emblem = Aurora ON logo.gif<br />
| nickname = <br />
| motto = You're in Good Company<br />
| map_caption = Location of Aurora in southern Ontario<br />
| pushpin_map = Canada Southern Ontario<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 250<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|44|0|N|79|28|W|region:CA-ON|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{CAN}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{ON}}<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Regional municipality]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Regional Municipality of York|York Region]]<br />
| established_title = Settled<br />
| established_date = 1854<br />
| established_title2 = Incorporated<br />
| established_date2 = 1888 (town)<br />
| government_type = <br />
| leader_title = Mayor<br />
| leader_name = Geoffrey Dawe<br />
| leader_title1 = Councilors<br />
| leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list<br />
| title = List<br />
| frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;<br />
| title_style = <br />
| list_style = text-align:left;display:none;<br />
| 1 = John Abel<br />
| 2 = Sandra Humfryes<br />
| 3 = Michael Thompson<br />
| 4 = Jeff Thom<br />
| 5 = Wendy Gaertner<br />
| 6 = Harold Kim<br />
| 7 = Tom Mrakas<br />
| 8 = Paul Pirri}}<br />
| area_total_km2 = 49.85<br />
| area_land_km2 = <br />
| area_water_km2 = <br />
| area_water_percent = <br />
| area_urban_km2 = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 55445 ([[List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population|Ranked 95th]])<br />
| population_as_of = 2016<br />
| population_density_km2 = 1112.3<br />
| population_note = <br />
| timezone = EST<br />
| utc_offset = -5<br />
| timezone_DST = EDT<br />
| utc_offset_DST = -4<br />
| postal_code_type = List of L Postal Codes of Canada<br />
| postal_code = L4G<br />
| area_code = [[Area codes 905 and 289|905 and 289]]<br />
| blank_name = [[Geographical Names Board of Canada|GNBC]] CGNDB Key<br />
| blank_info = FDJFO<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|url=http://gnss.nrcan.gc.ca/gnss-srt/api?cgndbKey=FDJFO&output=html <br />
|title=Aurora <br />
|work=Canadian Geographical Names Data Base <br />
|publisher=Natural Resources Canada <br />
|accessdate=2008-05-15 <br />
}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.aurora.ca/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}} <!-- Infobox ends --><br />
'''Aurora''' ([[Canada 2016 Census|2016 population]] 55,445<ref name="2016census">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3519046&Geo2=CD&Code2=3519&Data=Count&SearchText=aurora&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|title= Aurora, Town Ontario (Census Subdivision) |work=Census Profile, [[Canada 2016 Census]]|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|date=8 February 2017|accessdate=2017-02-22}}</ref>) is a town in central [[Regional Municipality of York|York Region]] in the [[Greater Toronto Area]], within the [[Golden Horseshoe]] of [[Southern Ontario]]. It is located north of the [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Town of Richmond Hill]] and is partially situated on the [[Oak Ridges Moraine]]. In the [[Canada 2016 Census]], the municipal population of Aurora was the [[List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population|95th largest in Canada]], compared to 97th for the [[Canada 2006 Census|2006 Census]]. Aurora has consistently ranked in the top 10 wealtiest cities in Canada.<ref>http://www.slice.ca/money/photos/10-richest-cities-in-canada/#!943ead7a01d6a481691b71926c2b2a74</ref><ref>http://www.moneysense.ca/save/financial-planning/canadas-richest-places-2016/</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Town of Aurora, 1878.jpg|thumb|left|A map of Aurora from 1878. Scale is denoted in [[Chain (length)|chains]], a measure equivalent to 66 feet or 20.12 metres.]]<br />
Lieutenant-Governor [[John Graves Simcoe]] gave the order for [[Yonge Street]] to be extended to [[Holland Landing]] in 1793, and the way was paved for the establishment of a community where Aurora now stands. In 1795, the first house in Aurora was built at Yonge St and Catherine Av.<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnston|first=James|title=Aurora: Its Early Beginnings|year=1972|publisher=Aurora District Historical Society|page=17|url=http://www.ourroots.ca/e/page.aspx?id=965208}}</ref> In 1804, Richard Machell became the first merchant at the cross roads of Yonge and Wellington and the hamlet soon became known as Machell's Corners. Charles Doan was another early businessman at Machell's Corners and became the first postmaster and later the first [[Reeve (Canada)|reeve]]. As postmaster, he was influential in renaming the village Aurora.<br />
<br />
With the coming of the railway in 1853, Aurora emerged as an important centre north of [[Toronto]]. The Fleury plough works was established soon after and Aurora was on its way to becoming a flourishing industrial town.<br />
<br />
The population of Aurora in 1863 was 700, and by 1888 it had grown to become a town of 2,107 residents. With some ups and downs in growth over the years, Aurora is now a flourishing town with a strong commercial and industrial base.<br />
<br />
Worthy of note is the fact that Aurora was the childhood home of [[Lester B. Pearson]], Prime Minister of Canada from 1963 to 1968, when his father, Rev. Edwin Pearson, was the Methodist minister.<br />
<br />
Aurora is noted for preserving its historical built form and in 2008 was awarded The Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership.<ref>[http://www.aurora.ca/aurora/index.aspx?ArticleID=2951&lang=en-CA Town of Aurora] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108153400/http://www.aurora.ca/aurora/index.aspx?ArticleID=2951&lang=en-CA |date=January 8, 2011 }}</ref> In 2009 the town received the Lieutenant Governor's Ontario Heritage Award for Community Leadership in heritage conservation and promotion.<ref>[http://www.aurora.ca/app/wa/doc?docId=10413 Ontario Heritage Trust media release] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706164930/http://www.aurora.ca/app/wa/doc?docId=10413 |date=July 6, 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
On April 8, 2010, the town re-opened the historic and fully renovated Church Street School as the Aurora Cultural Centre.<br />
<br />
Aurora is [[sister cities|twinned]] with [[Leksand, Sweden]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Council Meeting Minutes, Tuesday, December 10, 2013 |url=http://www.aurora.ca/townhall/documents/2013%20council%20and%20committee%20documents/2013%20council%20agenda%20and%20minutes/2013-12-10%20council%20minutes.pdf |publisher=Town of Aurora |accessdate=16 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223115554/http://www.aurora.ca/townhall/documents/2013%20council%20and%20committee%20documents/2013%20council%20agenda%20and%20minutes/2013-12-10%20council%20minutes.pdf |archivedate=23 December 2015 |df= }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
<br />
Aurora is situated just north of the Oak Ridges Moarine and borders Newmarket in the north, Richmond Hill in the south, King City in the west and Whitchurch–Stouffville in the east<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{Historical populations<br />
|align=right<br />
| footnote = <ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census96/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=35782&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1996&THEME=34&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=], 1996 Census of Canada: Electronic Area Profiles</ref><br />
|1863|700<br />
|1871|1132<br />
|1888|2107<br />
|1901|1590<br />
|[[Canada 1911 Census|1911]]|1901<br />
|1921|2307<br />
|1931|2587<br />
|1941|2726<br />
|1951|3358<br />
|1961|8791<br />
|1971|13614<br />
|1981|16267<br />
|1991|29454<br />
|[[Canada 1996 Census|1996]]|34857<br />
|[[Canada 2001 Census|2001]]|40167<br />
|[[Canada 2006 Census|2006]]|47629<br />
|[[Canada 2011 Census|2011]]|53203<br />
|[[Canada 2016 Census|2016]]|55445<br />
}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4 | Visible minority and Aboriginal population ([[Canada 2006 Census]])<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Population group!! Population !! % of total population<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 | '''[[European Canadian|White]]''' || '''40,585''' || '''{{Percentage | 40585 | 47035 | 1 }}'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=12 | [[Visible minority]] group<br><small>Source:<ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3519046&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Aurora&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=], Community Profiles from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Census Subdivision</ref></small> || [[South Asia]]n || 975 || {{Percentage | 975 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]] || 1,325 || {{Percentage | 1325 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Black Canadians|Black]] || 880 || {{Percentage | 880 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filipino Canadian|Filipino]] || 410 || {{Percentage | 410 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Latin American Canadian|Latin American]] || 325 || {{Percentage | 325 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Arab Canadians|Arab]] || 305 || {{Percentage | 305 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Southeast Asia]]n || 430 || {{Percentage | 430 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Western Asia|West Asian]] || 570 || {{Percentage | 570 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Korean Canadian|Korean]] || 385 || {{Percentage | 385 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Japanese Canadians|Japanese]] || 210 || {{Percentage | 210 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| Visible minority, n.i.e. || 90 || {{Percentage | 90 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Multiracial|Multiple]] visible minority || 250 || {{Percentage | 250 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 | '''Total visible minority population'''|| '''6,165''' || '''{{Percentage | 6165 | 47035 | 1 }}'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]] group<br><small>Source:<ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-594/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3519046&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Aurora&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=], Aboriginal Population Profile from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Census Subdivision</ref></small> || [[First Nations]] || 230 || {{Percentage | 230 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] || 40 || {{Percentage | 40 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Inuit]] || 0 || {{Percentage | 0 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| Aboriginal, n.i.e. || 0 || {{Percentage | 0 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| Multiple Aboriginal identity || 0 || {{Percentage | 0 | 47035 | 1 }}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 | '''Total Aboriginal population''' || '''285''' || '''{{Percentage | 285 | 47035 | 1 }}'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 | '''''Total population''''' || '''''47,035''''' || '''''100%'''''<br />
|}<br />
According to the 2016 Census, the town had a population of 55,445. The town's growth rate from 2011 to 2016 was 4.2 per cent. Based upon current population figures and total area, the town's population density is 1,068.8 residents per square kilometre. The population is forecasted to reach approximately 69,688 by 2020. In 2010, average household income in Aurora was $155,463, making it one of Canada's most affluent towns.<ref name="businessaurora.ca">[http://businessaurora.ca/demographicsc55.php Demographics and Income], Town of Aurora, retrieved April 27, 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
[[English language|English]] is the mother tongue of 73.7% of Aurora residents. Following are [[Italian language|Italian]] (2.4%), [[Russian language|Russian]] (2.3%), [[Persian language|Persian]] (1.7%), [[Chinese language|Chinese]], not otherwise specified (1.5%) and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (1.4%).<ref>{{cite web | title = Aurora, Town | work = Census Profile for Census Subdivision Aurora (Town), Ontario | publisher = Statistics Canada | date = 2012-10-24 | url = http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3519046&Geo2=CD&Code2=3519&Data=Count&SearchText=aurora&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 | accessdate = 2012-10-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Languages===<br />
Mother Languages as reported by each person:<br />
<small>Source:<ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-csd-eng.cfm?LANG=Eng&GK=CSD&GC=3519046], Focus on Geography Series, 2011 Census-Census subdivision of Aurora, T - Ontario</ref></small><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Canada 2011 Census!! Population !! % of Total Population !! % of Non-official language Population<br />
|-<br />
| [[English Language|English]] || 38,885 || 73.7 || N/A<br />
|-<br />
| [[Italian Language|Italian]] || 1,390 || 2.6 || 10.7<br />
|-<br />
| [[Russian Language|Russian]] || 1,260 || 2.4 || 9.7<br />
|-<br />
| [[Persian Language|Persian]] || 960 || 1.8 || 7.4<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chinese Language|Chinese]], n.o.s. || 880 || 1.7 || 6.8<br />
|-<br />
| [[Spanish Language|Spanish]] || 805 || 1.5 || 6.2<br />
|-<br />
| [[French Language|French]] || 750 || 1.4 || N/A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Government==<br />
The Town of Aurora municipal government is composed of a mayor and eight councillors elected on an "at large" basis. The councillor with the highest votes becomes the deputy mayor and may proxy for the mayor. The mayor is a member of [[York Regional Council]]. In the [[York Region municipal elections, 2010|municipal elections]] of 25 October 2010, Geoff Dawe was elected mayor.<br />
The town is part of the federal riding of [[Newmarket—Aurora]]. The riding is represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] by [[Kyle Peterson (politician)|Kyle Peterson]], a member of the [[Liberal Party of Canada]], who was first elected in the [[Canadian federal election, 2015|2015 federal election]]. Aurora is also part of the provincial riding of [[Newmarket—Aurora]]. The [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|member of Provincial Parliament]] is [[Chris Ballard (politician)|Chris Ballard]], who was elected in the [[Ontario general election, 2014|Ontario general election of 2014]]. Ballard belongs to the [[Ontario Liberal Party]], and lives in Aurora.<br />
<br />
===Emergency services===<br />
Local police services are provided by the [[York Regional Police]], who serve all of the municipalities of the region. Fire protection services are provided by Central York Fire Services, a shared arrangement with the town of Newmarket.<br />
<br />
Public health services are managed by York Region. There is no hospital within Aurora's boundaries; the nearest is [[Southlake Regional Health Centre]] in Newmarket.<br />
<br />
==Education facilities==<br />
Aurora is served by schools from three publicly funded school boards: the [[York Region District School Board]] (the English Public Board), the [[York Catholic District School Board]] (the English Catholic Board), and ''[[Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud]]'' (the French-language Catholic Board). The ''[[Conseil scolaire Viamonde]]'' (the secular French-language board) also has Aurora in its territory.<br />
<br />
Both publicly funded English boards maintain head offices in Aurora. The York Region District School Board is located at 60 Wellington Street West, just west of the historical downtown area, and the York Catholic District School Board is located at 320 Bloomington Road West. Both boards operate a number of elementary schools in Aurora. Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud operates only one elementary school in Aurora: École St. Jean.<br />
<br />
The York Region District School Board operates two high schools in Aurora:<br />
* [[Dr. G.W. Williams Secondary School]]<br />
* [[Aurora High School (Ontario)|Aurora High School]]<br />
<br />
The York Catholic District School Board operates two high schools in Aurora:<br />
*[[Cardinal Carter Catholic High School]]<br />
*[[St. Maximillian Kolbe Catholic High School]]<br />
<br />
Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud operates one high school in Aurora:<br />
*[[École secondaire catholique Renaissance]] (formerly ÉSC Cardinal-Carter).<br />
<br />
[[St. Andrew's College (Aurora, Ontario)|St. Andrew's College]], a private, independent school for boys, also operates in Aurora.<br />
<br />
Aurora residents have access to a wide range of other educational facilities including daycares and nurseries. The [[Aurora Public Library (Aurora, Ontario)|Aurora Public Library]] is a [[public library]] funded and operated by the town.<br />
<br />
==Urban planning==<br />
[[File:Aurora within York Region.svg|thumb|right|Location of Aurora within the Regional Municipality of York]]<br />
Currently, a largely undeveloped portion of Aurora is subject to the Ontario Government's [[Greenbelt (Golden Horseshoe)|Greenbelt]] legislation which enforces limits on growth in designated Green Belt locations. In Aurora, this affects mostly the south-eastern areas of the town.<br />
<br />
Growth is occurring in the north-eastern locations, particularly in the form of high-density residential homes and townhouses along Bayview Ave and north of Wellington St. E. (also known as "Aurora Rd."), and commerce along Wellington St. E. on Aurora's eastern border between Leslie St. and Hwy. 404.<br />
<br />
Future growth will be concentrated in two greenfield areas of the Town: the 2C Lands, located on the east and west sides of Leslie Street, running north from Aurora Road to the town limit, just north of the St. John's Sideroad. As part of its current Official Plan review, Aurora Town Council will soon be considering a plan that will see employment lands, worth approximately 6,000 jobs, preserved on the east side of Leslie Street, with residential restricted to the west side of Leslie Street.<br />
<br />
===The Aurora Promenade===<br />
One other area of growth will be via intensification along the Yonge and Wellington Street corridors. As part of the Town's Official Plan review, a sub-committee of Council developed a plan in 2010, called The Aurora Promenade, that sets out new and redevelopment for the coming years.<ref>[http://www.e-aurora.ca/aurora/aurorapromenade The Aurora Promenade]</ref> More than 30 public meetings, open-houses and workshops were held to create the plan. It is anticipated that 2,930 additional residents will live along the Yonge and Wellington Street corridors, close to new major transportation systems being implemented by [[Viva (bus rapid transit)|VIVA]]. The study was expected to stimulate new and redevelopment along both corridors in the coming years and to reinvigorate the downtown core.<br />
<br />
==Library==<br />
The Aurora Public Library is located in the northeast corner of the intersection of Yonge Street and Church Street. A library was first established in Aurora in 1855, and was moved to the current location in 2001. The library is open all days of the week, but closed on Sundays between May 17 and September 11, and between December 20 and January 2.<br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
[[File:GO Transit Aurora 001.JPG|thumb|right|Historic Aurora Train Station]]<br />
<br />
===Roads===<br />
Major roads running through Aurora include Bathurst Street at its western border, Yonge Street, Bayview Avenue, Leslie Street, and Highway 404 at its eastern border and Bloomington Road at the southern border. Wellington Street is the town's major east-west road, with the Yonge-Wellington area having the busiest traffic volume in Aurora.<br />
<br />
===Public transit===<br />
The town of Aurora's public transit is serviced by [[York Region Transit]] (YRT) and [[Viva (bus rapid transit)|VIVA]]. The [[Aurora GO Station]] is on the [[Barrie line]] and is served by five trains southbound to Toronto each weekday morning and five trains northbound each afternoon, except holidays. [[GO Transit]] buses provide hourly (or better) limited-stop service to and from the [[Union Station Bus Terminal]] from early morning until late night when trains are not operating. The Aurora GO Station is also served by five YRT bus routes.<br />
<br />
==Media==<br />
Local media include [[Metroland Media Group|Metroland]]-owned ''The Banner'' (formerly the ''Era Banner'') and ''The Auroran'' (a member of the Simcoe York Group of Newspapers) newspapers and Aurora programming provided by [[Rogers Cable]] (formerly Aurora Cable Internet).<br />
<br />
===Radio===<br />
[[Media in Toronto#Radio|Radio stations from Toronto]] are typically available, as in the nearby towns of [[Newmarket, Ontario|Newmarket]], south into [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]] and [[Bradford, Ontario|Bradford]].<br />
<br />
On March 24, 2016, the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|CRTC]] approved<br />
Voice of Aurora Community Radio's application to operate a new English-language community FM radio station.<ref>[http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2016/2016-114.htm Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2016-114], Low-power community radio station in Aurora, ''CRTC'', March 24, 2016</ref><br />
<br />
==Theatre==<br />
Aurora has a long history of theatre, with its own community theatre group, [[Theatre Aurora]]. Founded in 1958 as the Aurora Drama Workshop, the group joined with the Aurora Musical Society in 1973 to form Theatre Aurora. The next year the group moved into its current home at the Factory Theatre on Henderson Drive. The group has performed a wide variety of shows, and currently produces five shows each year, along with two youth shows.<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
The auto parts giant [[Magna International]], founded by [[Frank Stronach]], is based in Aurora<br />
<br />
[[TC Transcontinental]] has a printing plant for magazines in Aurora, formerly operated by [[Quebecor World]] and [[Quad/Graphics]].<br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
The Aurora armoury is a recognized Federal Heritage building, listed in 1991 on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings.<ref>[http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/beefp-fhbro/FHB_Rech_Search_e.asp Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings].</ref><br />
<br />
Aurora is also home to Hillary House National Historic Site. Hillary House is recognized by the National Historic Sites and Monuments Board as one of Canada’s best examples of Gothic Revival architecture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hillary House National Historic Site, The Koffler Museum of Medicine|url=http://aurorahs.com/about-us/hillary-house-national-historic-site-the-koffler-museum-of-medicine/|publisher=Aurora Historical Society|accessdate=16 December 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
* [[John W. Bowser]], project construction superintendent of the [[Empire State Building]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Francone|first=Patrick|title=A Little Bit of Aurora in Manhattan|url=http://mysendoff.com/2011/10/a-little-bit-of-manhattan-in-aurora-canada/|work=Mysendoff.com Website|publisher=mysendoff.com|accessdate=17 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Aurora Cemetery">[http://stoneorchardsoftware.com/pdf/publications/pub_12.pdf Aurora Cemetery]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.travellinghistorian.com/new.html Find A Grave]</ref><br />
* [[Lloyd Chadburn]], [[World War II]] pilot, recipient of the [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945|French Croix De Guerre avec Palme]]<br />
* [[Norm Dennis]], retired [[National Hockey League|NHL]] player<br />
* [[Tie Domi]], retired NHL player<br />
* [[Darren Dutchyshen]], sportscaster - TSN<br />
* [[James Duthie (sportscaster)|James Duthie]], sportscaster<br />
* [[Hap Holmes]], goaltender, won the Stanley Cup four times<br />
* [[Mike Hough]], retired NHL player<br />
* [[Kris King]], retired NHL player<br />
* [[Mike Kitchen]], former Toronto Maple Leafs Assistant Coach and St Louis Blues Head Coach<br />
* [[Frank Klees]], Progressive Conservative MPP<br />
* [[Gord MacFarlane]], minor-league hockey player<br />
* [[Ryan Murphy (ice hockey, born 1993)|Ryan Murphy]], NHL player with [[Carolina Hurricanes]]<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cudmore|title=Aurora's Murphy back with OHL,Rangers|url=http://www.yorkregion.com/sports/article/1225887--aurora-s-murphy-back-with-ohl-rangers|date=14 October 2011|publisher=York Region.com|accessdate=26 January 2013}}</ref><br />
* [[Lester B. Pearson]], the Prime Minister of Canada from 1963 to 1968, lived in Aurora in his childhood<ref>{{cite web|title=39 Catherine Ave.|url=http://www.town.aurora.on.ca/aurora/index.aspx?ArticleID=476&lang=en-CA|work=Aurora Heritage Buildings|publisher=Town of Aurora|accessdate=19 August 2012}}</ref><br />
* [[Jared Pelletier]], film director<ref>Sean Pearce, [http://www.yorkregion.com/news/article/968163--filmmaker-s-latest-effort-nets-top-honours-at-festival "Filmmaker’s latest effort nets top honours at festival"], York region.com, 16 March 2011.</ref><br />
* [[Mark Rowswell]], recipient of the [[Order Of Canada]], known as [[Dashan]] in China, where he is a TV personality.<br />
* [[Brian Stemmle]], Champion Olympic Alpine skier<br />
* [[Karl Stewart]], NHL player, [[Tampa Bay Lightning]]<br />
* [[Belinda Stronach]], businesswoman and politician<br />
* [[Frank Stronach]], [[Order of Canada|CM]], founder of [[Magna International]]<br />
* [[James Tuck (Canadian football)|James Tuck]], Canadian football player<br />
<br />
==Sister cities==<br />
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Leksand]], Sweden<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|York Region, Ontario}}<br />
* [[List of municipalities in Ontario]]<br />
*[[Aurora Tigers]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Aurora, Ontario}}<br />
* [http://www.aurora.ca/ Town of Aurora]<br />
* [http://www.theatreaurora.com Theatre Aurora]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080523212125/http://www.library.aurora.on.ca:80/static/community/history.htm Aurora Public Library]<br />
* [http://www.aurorachamber.on.ca/ Aurora Chamber of Commerce]<br />
* [http://www.aurorahistoricalsociety.ca Aurora Historical Society]<br />
* [http://businessaurora.ca/profilequickfactsc151.php Town of Aurora Profile and Quick Facts]<br />
* [http://businessaurora.ca/educationc54.php Town of Aurora Education levels]<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
| North = [[Newmarket, Ontario|Newmarket]]<br />
| West = [[King, Ontario|King]]<br />
| Center = Aurora<br />
| East = [[Whitchurch–Stouffville]]<br />
| South = [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]]}}<br />
{{York Region}}<br />
{{Greater Toronto Area}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Aurora, Ontario| ]]<br />
[[Category:Lower-tier municipalities in Ontario]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in 1854]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newmarket,_Ontario&diff=766911739Newmarket, Ontario2017-02-22T21:34:58Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: Updated population as per Canada 2016 Census</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
| motto = "Prudence"<ref>[http://www.newmarket.ca/en/townofnewmarketcrest.asp Town of Newmarket Crest - Town of Newmarket<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
| name = Newmarket<br />
| official_name = Town of Newmarket<br />
| other_name =<br />
| native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --><br />
| nickname =<br />
| settlement_type = [[List of towns in Ontario|Town]] ([[List of municipalities in Ontario#Lower-tier municipalities|lower-tier]])<br />
| image_skyline = NewmarketOTH.jpg<br />
| imagesize =<br />
| image_caption = Newmarket's Old Town Hall – Situated in the historic Main Street area.<br />
| image_flag =<br />
| flag_size =<br />
| image_seal =<br />
| seal_size =<br />
| image_map = Newmarket within York Region.svg<br />
| mapsize = 250px<br />
| map_caption = Location of Newmarket within York Region.<br />
| pushpin_map = Canada<br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 200<br />
| pushpin_map_caption= Location of Newmarket in Canada<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|44|03|N|79|28|W|region:CA-ON|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{CAN}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{ON}}<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Regional municipality]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Regional Municipality of York|York Region]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 =<br />
| subdivision_name3 =<br />
| subdivision_type4 =<br />
| subdivision_name4 =<br />
| government_type = Seat of York Region<br />
| leader_title = Mayor<br />
| leader_name = [[Tony Van Bynen]]<br />
| leader_title1 = Regional Councillor<br />
| leader_name1 = John Taylor<!-- formatted with nbsp to prevent link to dab page --><br />
| established_title = Settled<br />
| established_date = 1801<br />
| established_title2 = Incorporated<br />
| established_date2 = 1857 (village)<br />
| established_title3 = Incorporated<br />
| established_date3 = 1880 (town)<br />
| area_magnitude =<br />
| area_total_km2 = 38.45<br />
| area_land_km2 =<br />
| area_water_km2 =<br />
| area_water_percent =<br />
| area_urban_km2 =<br />
| population_as_of = 2016<br />
| population_note =<br />
| population_footnotes =<ref name="2016census">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3519048&Geo2=CD&Code2=3519&Data=Count|title=Newmarket, Town Ontario (Census Subdivision) |work=Census Profile, [[Canada 2016 Census]]|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|date=8 February 2017|accessdate=2017-02-22}}</ref><br />
| population_total = 84224 ([[List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population|Ranked 69th]])<br />
| population_density_km2 = 2190.5<br />
| population_urban =<br />
| population_density_urban_km2 =<br />
| timezone = EST<br />
| utc_offset = −5<br />
| timezone_dst = EDT<br />
| utc_offset_dst = −4<br />
| elevation_m = 239<br />
| postal_code_type = Forward Sortation Area<br />
| postal_code = [[List of L postal codes of Canada|L3X, L3Y]]<br />
| area_code = [[Area codes 905 and 289|905 and 289]]<br />
| website = {{official website|http://www.newmarket.ca}}<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal|York Region, Ontario}}<br />
<br />
'''Newmarket''' ([[Canada 2016 Census|2016 population]] 84,224<ref name="2016census"/>) is a [[town]] and regional seat of the [[Regional Municipality of York]] in the Canadian [[Provinces and territories of Canada|province]] of [[Ontario]]. It is part of [[Greater Toronto Area|Greater Toronto]] in the [[Golden Horseshoe]] region of [[Southern Ontario]]. Many Newmarket residents commute to [[Toronto]], located south of the town. Some of Newmarket's most noticeable landmarks are the [[Upper Canada Mall]], [[Southlake Regional Health Centre]], the Main Street [[Heritage Conservation District]], the Fairy Lake Conservation Area, as well as many other parks and recreation areas.<br />
<br />
In 2013, ''[[MoneySense]]'' magazine ranked Newmarket 10th out of 200 cities in Canada, and 4th out of the "Top 10 Small Cities" in Canada in its "Canada's Best Places to Live in 2013".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneysense.ca/2013/03/20/canadas-best-places-to-live-2013/|title=Canada’s Best Places to Live 2013|publisher=[[MoneySense]]|date=20 March 2013|accessdate=2013-03-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017, ''[[Amazon.com|Amazon Canada]]'' ranked Newmarket as number 20 of the top 100 most romantic cities in Canada.<ref>http://globalnews.ca/news/3219298/these-are-the-most-romantic-cities-in-canada/</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Newmarket's geographical coordinates are 44.05°N, 79.46°W, and its elevation above [[sea level]] is 239&nbsp;m.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/CA/8/Newmarket.html redirect to /world/CA/08/Newmarket.html<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175209/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/CA/8/Newmarket.html |date=March 3, 2016 }}</ref> It has an area of 38.33&nbsp;km². The town is bounded on the south by [[Aurora, Ontario|Aurora]], on the west by [[King, Ontario|King]], on the north by [[East Gwillimbury]] and on the east by [[Whitchurch–Stouffville]].<br />
<br />
The main river in Newmarket is the [[East Holland River]] (known locally simply as "The [[Holland River]]"), and all other streams in the town are tributaries thereto. These include; Bogart Creek, a brook that weaves its way into the Town from the [[Oak Ridges Moraine]] by way of [[Bogarttown, Ontario|Bogarttown]], emptying into the Holland River in north-central Newmarket; Western creek, another brook rising just west of the Town, and reaching the Holland River in the Town's north end; Tannery Creek, a stream that joins the Holland River in south Newmarket after flowing through [[Aurora, Ontario|Aurora]]; and a number of other small watercourses.<br />
<br />
There are two [[reservoir]]s in Newmarket; Fairy Lake (which is managed by the [[Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority]]), a favourite recreational area in the centre of town, is a former [[mill pond]] on the East Holland River; and Bogart Pond, also a former mill pond, is fed and drained by Bogart Creek in Bogarttown. Furthermore, the water level in the reach of the East Holland north of Davis Drive is controlled from an unfinished [[Newmarket Canal]] lock, now used as a [[weir]].<br />
<br />
Newmarket also lies south of and above the [[Glacial Lake Algonquin|Algonquin Shoreline]], where elevations suddenly drop off from the gently rolling hills that characterize much of Newmarket to the much flatter, lower land down below in the [[Holland Marsh]].<br />
<br />
The land is characterized mainly by [[till|glacial deposits]] from the last [[ice age]], known as "Newmarket Till". The town is underlain mainly by sand and gravel, ground by the [[Ice sheet|icesheets]] that covered the area until about 10,000 years ago. No [[outcrop]]s are to be found anywhere in Newmarket, so deep are the glacial deposits.<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
Newmarket has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb'') with four distinct seasons featuring cold, somewhat snowy winters and warm, humid summers. Precipitation is moderate and consistent in all seasons, although summers are a bit wetter than winter due to the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes.<br />
{{Weather box<br />
|location = Newmarket<br />
|metric first = yes<br />
|single line = yes<br />
|Jan high C = −3.1<br />
|Feb high C = -2.4<br />
|Mar high C = 2.4<br />
|Apr high C = 11.1<br />
|May high C = 17.7<br />
|Jun high C = 23.3<br />
|Jul high C = 26<br />
|Aug high C = 24.6<br />
|Sep high C = 20.4<br />
|Oct high C = 14.1<br />
|Nov high C = 6.4<br />
|Dec high C = -0.6<br />
|year high C = <br />
|Jan mean C = −7.3<br />
|Feb mean C = −6.8<br />
|Mar mean C = -1.9<br />
|Apr mean C = 5.8<br />
|May mean C = 11.8<br />
|Jun mean C = 17.3<br />
|Jul mean C = 19.9<br />
|Aug mean C = 18.9<br />
|Sep mean C = 14.8<br />
|Oct mean C = 9.1<br />
|Nov mean C = 2.8<br />
|Dec mean C = -4.3<br />
|year mean C = <br />
|Jan low C = −11.4<br />
|Feb low C = −11.1<br />
|Mar low C = −6.1<br />
|Apr low C = 0.6<br />
|May low C = 6.0<br />
|Jun low C = 11.4<br />
|Jul low C = 13.9<br />
|Aug low C = 13.3<br />
|Sep low C = 9.3<br />
|Oct low C = 4.2<br />
|Nov low C = -0.7<br />
|Dec low C = −7.9<br />
|year low C = <br />
|precipitation colour = green<br />
|Jan precipitation mm = 58<br />
|Feb precipitation mm = 56<br />
|Mar precipitation mm = 47<br />
|Apr precipitation mm = 56<br />
|May precipitation mm = 70<br />
|Jun precipitation mm = 73<br />
|Jul precipitation mm = 75<br />
|Aug precipitation mm = 82<br />
|Sep precipitation mm = 73<br />
|Oct precipitation mm = 62<br />
|Nov precipitation mm = 72<br />
|Dec precipitation mm = 65<br />
|year precipitation mm = <br />
|source 1 = <ref>http://en.climate-data.org/location/59209/</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Newmarket's location on the [[Holland River]] long ago made the area a natural route of travel between [[Lake Ontario]] and [[Lake Simcoe]]. A major [[portage]] route, the [[Toronto Carrying-Place Trail]] ran one of its two routes down the [[Holland River|Holland]], through the Newmarket area, and over the [[Oak Ridges Moraine]] to the [[Rouge River (Ontario)|Rouge River]] and into Lake Ontario. A more used route ran down the western branch of the [[Holland River]], over the moraine, and down the [[Humber River (Ontario)|Humber River]]. In 1793, [[John Graves Simcoe]] travelled the trail, northward along the main route to the west, and south to [[York, Upper Canada|York]] (now [[Toronto]]) along the lesser used eastern route though Newmarket. Selecting the eastern route as the better of the two, Simcoe started construction of [[Yonge Street]] along the former trail in late 1795, starting in York in [[Toronto Harbour|Toronto Bay]], and ending at the newly named St. Albans ([[Holland Landing]]), north of Newmarket.<br />
<br />
[[File:John Bogart House three quarter BW view.JPG|thumbnail|left|The John Bogart House on Leslie Street is the oldest residential structure in Newmarket, and the oldest two storey residential building north of Toronto. It was built in 1811 and still serves as a house today.]]<br />
<br />
In June, 1800, Timothy Rogers, a [[Quaker]] from [[Vermont]], explored the area around the Holland River to find a suitable location for a new Quaker settlement. Some of the [[United States]] Quakers were interested in moving northward, disturbed by the violence they were expected to take part in during the [[American Revolution]]. In 1801 Rogers returned along with several Quaker families who had left their homes in Vermont and [[Pennsylvania]].<br />
<br />
By the Christmas of 1801, Joseph Hill had constructed a mill on the Holland River, damming it to produce a [[mill pond]] that is now known as Fairy Lake. The town of "Upper Yonge Street" sprouted up around the mill, which explains why its primary downtown area was centred on the Holland River, and not on the nearby Yonge Street. Hill also built a [[Tanning (leather)|tannery]] just to the north of the mill, and the first store and house, as well as additional mills. By 1802, [[Elisha Beman]] had begun to establish businesses and buy land in Newmarket. A mill was first and other businesses (including a [[distillery]]) soon followed. The town continued to grow through the early 19th century, along with the formation of [[Aurora, Ontario|Aurora]] and [[Holland Landing, Ontario|Holland Landing]], and a market held in the current downtown location gave rise to the name "Newmarket".<br />
<br />
Newmarket played a central role in the [[Rebellion of 1837]]. The Town was a focal point of discontent against the manipulations of the governing Family Compact, of whom it was said "were robbing the country". Rebel leader [[William Lyon Mackenzie]] organized a series of meetings leading to the Rebellion. During the first of these meetings, on August 3, 1837, Mackenzie delivered his first campaign speech from the veranda of the North American Hotel at the corner of Botsford and Main Streets. This speech is largely credited for being the initial spark to the rebellion as it was heard by about 600 farmers and others sympathetic to Mackenzie’s cause, who later that year armed themselves and marched down Yonge St. to take the capital. A number of leaders from this area were later [[Attainder|attainted]] for [[high treason]], convicted and [[Hanging|hanged]].<br />
<br />
Newmarket was incorporated as a village in 1857 with a population of 700. In 1880, with a population of 2,000, Newmarket became a Town and William Cane was elected as its first mayor. In later years Cane's sash and door factory became the first in Canada to manufacture lead pencils. In 1858, [[Robert Simpson (merchant)|Robert Simpson]] co-opened "Simpson & Trent Groceries, Boots, Shoes and Dry Goods" in downtown Newmarket, the first store in what would become the [[Simpsons (department store)|Simpsons]] department store chain.<br />
<br />
In June 1853 the first train pulled into Newmarket on the [[Toronto, Simcoe & Lake Huron Union Railroad]], the first railway in [[Upper Canada]]. It eventually linked Toronto to [[Collingwood, Ontario|Collingwood]] on [[Georgian Bay]], a major shipbuilding centre.<ref>[http://www.newmarket.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_2737_1.html Historic Newmarket, The first railroad in Upper Canada] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007063707/http://www.newmarket.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_2737_1.html |date=October 7, 2006 }}</ref> Today, this line is the "Newmarket Subdivision" of the [[Canadian National Railway]] system, running north out of Newmarket towards [[Bradford, Ontario|Bradford]], and south towards Toronto.<br />
<br />
In 1899 the [[Toronto and York Radial Railway]] arrived in Newmarket. This operated along Yonge Street south of Newmarket, but turned east to run through the downtown area along Main Street; it would later be extended north. At the time, it brought significant numbers of [[day-tripper]]s to Newmarket to shop at the market. Automobile traffic on Yonge Street, and the already existing mainline railway, had a significant effect on ridership, and the Radial was discontinued in the early 1930s.<ref>[http://www.newmarket.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_2738_1.html Historic Newmarket, Streetcar to Toronto] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222026/http://www.newmarket.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_2738_1.html |date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
North of Davis Drive in Newmarket, the East Holland River was straightened to prepare it for use as a commercial waterway to bypass the railway, whose prices were skyrocketing around the turn of the 20th century. Sir [[William Mulock]], the local [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]], proposed a canal system running down the Holland River through [[Holland Landing, Ontario|Holland Landing]] and into Lake Simcoe. This would allow boats to connect from there to the [[Trent-Severn Waterway]] for eventual shipment south. The canal was almost complete by the summer of 1912, when it was cancelled by the incoming government of [[Robert Borden]]. Today, the locks are still visible and are known as the "Ghost Canal". The turning basin in downtown Newmarket was filled in and now forms the parking lot of The Old Davis Tannery Mall, on the site of the former Hill tannery.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carter|first=Terry|title=The Ghost Canal|url=http://www.newmarket.ca/en/lifestyle/theghostcanal.asp|work=newmarket.ca|publisher=Town of Newmarket|accessdate=22 August 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
For much of the 20th century, Newmarket developed along the east-west Davis Drive axis, limited to the area between Yonge Street on the west and between Bayview and Leslie Street in the east, and running from just north of Davis on the north to the Fairy Lake area on the south. By the 1950s, Newmarket was experiencing a suburban building boom due to its proximity to Toronto. The population increased from 5,000 to 11,000 between 1950 and 1970. The construction of [[Upper Canada Mall]] at the corner of Yonge Street and Davis Drive in 1974 started pulling the focal point of the town westward from the historic Downtown area along Main Street.<br />
<br />
By the early 1980s, the original historic Downtown area suffered as most businesses had built up in the area around Upper Canada Mall, with additional [[strip mall]]s developing directly across the intersections to the south and southeast. A concerted effort to revitalize the historic Downtown area during the late 1980s was successful. More recently, a $2.3-million investment was made by the Town in 2004 in streetscaping and infrastructure improvements to roads and sidewalks in the historic Downtown. The historic area of Downtown's Main Street is once again a major focal point of the Town.<br />
<br />
The arrival of [[Ontario Highway 404|Highway 404]] reversed the westward movement, pulling development eastward again, and surrounding the formerly separate hamlet of [[Bogarttown, Ontario|Bogarttown]] at the intersection of Mulock Drive and Leslie Street.<ref name="Carter">{{cite book|title=Stories of Newmarket: An Old Ontario Town|last=Carter|first=Robert Terence|publisher=[[Dundurn Press]]|year=2011|isbn=9781554888801<br />
}}</ref><!-- page 50 --> Since then, Newmarket has grown considerably, filling out in all directions. The town limits now run from [[Bathurst Street (Toronto)|Bathurst Street]] in the west to Highway 404 in the east, and from just south of Green Lane to just north of St. John's Sideroad, taking over the former hamlet of Armitage at Yonge Street south of Mulock Drive. The outer limit of the Town is contiguous with [[Aurora, Ontario|Aurora]] to the south.<br />
<br />
Armitage was the first settlement of [[King, Ontario|King]], named in honour of its first settler Amos Armitage.<ref name="Carter" /><!-- page 50 --> He had been recruited by Timothy Rogers, a [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] from [[Vermont]], who in 1801 had travelled along [[Yonge Street]] and found the area appealing, and so applied for and received a grant for land totalling 40 farms, each of {{convert|200|acre|km2|1}}.<br />
<br />
Other defunct communities once located within the modern boundaries of Newmarket include Garbut's Hill, Paddytown, Petchville, Pleasantville, and White Rose.<ref name="Carter" /><!-- page 51-52 --><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{Historical populations<br />
|title = Historical populations<br />
|type = Canada<br />
|align = right<br />
|width = <br />
|state = <br />
|shading = <br />
|percentages = <br />
|footnote =<br />
|1841|600<br />
|1871|1760<br />
|1881|2006<br />
|1891|2143<br />
|1901|2125<br />
|[[Canada 1911 Census|1911]]|2966<br />
|1921|3626<br />
|1931|3748<br />
|1941|4026<br />
|1951|5356<br />
|1961|8932<br />
|1971|18941<br />
|1981|29753<br />
|1991|45474<br />
|[[Canada 1996 Census|1996]]|57125<br />
|[[Canada 2001 Census|2001]]|65788<br />
|[[Canada 2006 Census|2006]]|74295<br />
|[[Canada 2011 Census|2011]]|79978<br />
|[[Canada 2016 Census|2016]]|84224<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In 2005, the average household income in Newmarket was $96,680.00, exceeding the provincial average for the same year of $77,967.00<ref name="Economic Development Implementation Plan for the Town of Newmarket">{{cite web|url=http://www.newmarket.ca/en/business/resourcelibrary/NewmarketStrategyFinalReport-JUNE2010.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-05-23 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016211223/http://newmarket.ca/en/business/resourcelibrary/NewmarketStrategyFinalReport-JUNE2010.pdf |archivedate=2012-10-16 |df= }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to the [[Canada 2016 Census|2016 census]], the town's population was 84,224<ref name="2016census"/>. The York Region Planning Department projects a population of 98,000 by 2026.<ref>[http://www.newmarket.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_503_1.html Town of Newmarket - Population] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208010528/http://www.newmarket.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_503_1.html |date=February 8, 2005 }}</ref> Newmarket's population density is just over 2000 inhabitants per square kilometer, ranking the [[census subdivision]] it third in Ontario<ref name="den3">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=10&O=D&RPP=25&PR=35|title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|accessdate=2012-11-08}}</ref> and 33rd in Canada.<ref name="den3" /><br />
<br />
[[English language|English]] is the mother tongue of 77.4% of Newmarket residents, according to the 2011 Census. [[Italian language|Italian]] is the mother tongue for 1.8% of the population, followed by [[French language|French]] at 1.4%, and [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]], each at 1.3%.<ref>{{SCref|year=2011|unit=csd|code=3519048}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
Newmarket features a diverse and growing economy based largely in the business services and knowledge industries, and the administrative, manufacturing and retail sectors.<br />
<br />
The following are some of the Town's major public sector employers:<br />
* [[Southlake Regional Health Centre]]<br />
* [[Regional Municipality of York]]<br />
* Town of Newmarket<br />
* [[York Regional Police]]<br />
* [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] "O" Division, Toronto North Headquarters<br />
* [[Ontario Court of Justice]] / [[Ontario Superior Court of Justice]]<br />
* [[York Region District School Board]]<br />
* [[York Catholic District School Board]]<br />
* [[Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority]]<br />
<br />
The following are some of the town's major private sector employers:<br />
* Allied International Credit<br />
* TS Tech Canada Inc.<br />
* Effem Foods<br />
* [[Smarties Candy Company|Rockets Candy Company]]<br />
* Exco Technologies<br />
* [[Magna International]]<br />
* [[Snap-On]] Tools<br />
* [[Cintas]]<br />
Notwithstanding these major employers, a large percentage of Newmarket's population commutes to Toronto for employment.<br />
<br />
== Transportation ==<br />
Newmarket is connected to Toronto by [[Controlled-access highway|highways]]. It is served by two [[interchange (road)|interchanges]] (Davis Drive, as well as Vivian Road / Mulock Drive) along [[Ontario Highway 404|Highway 404]] and connected to [[Ontario Highway 400|Highway 400]] via [[Ontario Highway 9|Highway 9]].<br />
<br />
Local public transit is provided by [[York Region Transit]], which operates the [[Viva Blue]] [[bus rapid transit]] route from the [[Newmarket Bus Terminal]] to the [[Finch Bus Terminal]] in Toronto. YRT/VIVA has built a [[Rapidway]] along Davis Drive between Yonge Street and [[Southlake Regional Health Centre]], with fully separated bus only lanes and center street station platforms for their [[Viva Yellow]] service. The bus travels in mixed traffic between [[Southlake Regional Health Centre]] and [[Highway 404]]. The Project was completed on November 29, 2015.<br />
<br />
Commuter rail is provided by [[GO Transit]] through the [[Newmarket GO Station]] with service south to Toronto and north to Barrie, with five trains each direction during rush hour. Regular bus service is also operated by [[GO Transit]], with service operating between 5am and 2am.<br />
<br />
The town has many trails, the most useful of which is the Tom Taylor, which extends from the border of Aurora on St. John's side-road all the way North through downtown and up into Holland Landing in the Town of East Gwillimbury.<br />
<br />
== Main Street Heritage Conservation District ==<br />
[[Image:Historic Main Street Newmarket.jpg|thumb|Historic Main Street Newmarket]]<br />
<br />
For over 100 years, the town's downtown area, centered around Main Street, has acted as a hub of commerce and cultural activity. This area contains numerous early 19th Century buildings worthy of preservation, and in October 2013, this area was recognized as a Provincial [[Heritage Conservation District]]. This status serves to protect and officially recognize many of the heritage sites and buildings along this historic thoroughfare and its many side streets. In 2016, the [[Canadian Institute of Planners]] awarded Newmarket’s historic Main Street as the winner of the 2016 People’s Choice "Best Street" award, as part of the institute's Great Places in Canada contest.<br />
<br />
Today, historic Main Street Newmarket acts as the social and cultural centre of the town and offers residents and visitors alike numerous shopping and dining options. Recent investments have been made to improve the aesthetics and function of the historic area. These investments include:<br />
<br />
* In 2003, Newmarket completed approximately $3 million of streetscape and infrastructure improvements along Main Street South.<br />
* In 2009, the Town received $3.4 million from the Build Canada Fund for renovations to the Old Town Hall. These funds will allow a number of major renovations that will restore the cultural landmark to its former glory and provide a new and improved venue for numerous community activities.<br />
* In 2010, construction began on a new rapid transit service called vivaNext which will greatly enhance the look and functionality of Yonge Street and Davis Drive. This will provide increased transit options in the Historic Downtown area and provide Newmarket's residential and business community with a convenient, reliable, fast alternative to driving.<br />
* In 2011, an urban park called "Riverwalk Commons" was created east of Main Street South, north of Water Street. This park is an innovative multi-use, multi-season recreational and cultural space for community events. This park hosts a pond that converts to an ice skating rink in the winter, a new Community Centre, a dedicated Farmer's Market area, a performance area with canopy, new landscaping and trail extensions connecting the existing Fairy Lake Park and Holland River Trail systems. This space has strengthened the role of historic Downtown as the cultural centre of the community.<br />
* In 2011, extensive renovations were completed to the Newmarket Community Centre & Lions Hall, located in the Riverwalk Commons. These renovations included complete external refinishing as well as internal changes to make the facility more accommodating for community programs.<br />
<br />
== Architecture and heritage ==<br />
Numerous buildings and sites located in Newmarket have a high degree of architectural and/or historical significance, most of which are concentrated in the historic Main Street area. The following is a list of some of these sites; many of the below-listed buildings located along Main Street are within the Main Street [[Heritage Conservation District]]:<br />
<br />
* Charles Hargrave Simpson Building, 184 Main Street South<br />
* Wesley Block (origin of the [[1837 Rebellion]]), 200 Main Street South<br />
* [[Robert Simpson (store founder)|Robert Simpson]] Store (first [[Simpson's]] Store in Canada), 226 Main Street South<br />
* King George Hotel, 232 Main Street South<br />
* Cawthra House, 262 Main Street South<br />
* Roadhouse And Rose building, 157 Main Street South<br />
* Charles E. Boyd Building, 240 Main Street South<br />
* William N. Starr building, 189 Main Street South<br />
* [[Old Newmarket Town Hall and Courthouse]], 460 Botsford Street<br />
* Canadian National Railway Building and former Station, 470 Davis Drive<br />
* [http://www.christianbaptist.ca Christian Baptist Church], 135 Main Street South<br />
* Doane House, 17100 Yonge Street<br />
* Quaker Meeting House and Cemetery, 17030 Yonge Street<br />
* Hicksite Cemetery, 16580 Yonge Street<br />
* Elman W. Campbell Museum (North York Registry Office), 134 Main Street South<br />
* Pioneer Burying Ground, Eagle Street<br />
* Al Casale Ristorante (Rogers House), 17766 Leslie Street<br />
* St. Andrew’s Presbyterian Church, 484 Water Street<br />
* St. Paul’s Anglican Church and Rectory, 227 Church Street<br />
* Trinity United Church, 461 Park Avenue<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
Public elementary and secondary education in Newmarket is overseen by York Region's two school boards: the [[York Region District School Board|York Region District School Board (YRDSB)]], and the [[York Catholic District School Board|York Catholic District School Board (YCDSB)]].<br />
<br />
The YRDSB operates four secondary schools in Newmarket: [[Dr. John M. Denison Secondary School]], [[Huron Heights Secondary School]], [[Newmarket High School]], and [[Sir William Mulock Secondary School]], in addition to 15 elementary schools.<br />
<br />
The YCDSB operates one secondary school in the town: [[Sacred Heart Catholic High School (Newmarket)|Sacred Heart Catholic High School]], and six elementary schools. There is also a Christian private elementary school named Newmarket District Christian Academy ("NDCA").<br />
<br />
Newmarket is also the home of [[Pickering College]], an independent day and boarding school, as well as a campus of [[Seneca College]].<br />
<br />
== Government ==<br />
Tony Van Bynen became [[List of mayors of Newmarket, Ontario|mayor]] in December 2006, and was re-elected in 2014. He will serve in office until 2018. He succeeds [[Tom Taylor (politician)|Tom Taylor]], who was the mayor from 1997 to 2006. (See [[List of mayors of Newmarket, Ontario|list of previous mayors]])<br />
<br />
The Town's Council includes the Mayor, seven Councillors elected on the basis of one per ward, and a Regional Councillor who is elected to join the mayor at meetings of York Region Council. The members of council elected in 2014<ref name="2010council">{{cite web|url=http://www.newmarket.ca/en/townhall/contactinformationmayorandtowncouncil.asp|title=Contact Information Mayor and Town Council|publisher=Town of Newmarket|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref> are:<br />
* Regional Councillor: John Taylor<br />
* Ward 1: Tom Vegh<br />
* Ward 2: David Kerwin<br />
* Ward 3: Jane Twinney<br />
* Ward 4: Tom Hempen<br />
* Ward 5: Bob Kwapis (Joe Sponga until 2016)<br />
* Ward 6: Kelly Broome-Plumley<br />
* Ward 7: Christina Bisanz<br />
<br />
Provincially, Newmarket is part of the riding of [[Newmarket—Aurora (provincial electoral district)|Newmarket—Aurora]] represented by [[Chris Ballard (politician)|Chris Ballard]], a member of the [[Liberal Party of Ontario]], and elected in 2014. The province realigned its ridings to match those of the federal government in 2004.<br />
<br />
Federally, Newmarket is part of the riding of [[Electoral district (Canada)|federal riding]] of [[Newmarket—Aurora]]. The riding is represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] by [[Kyle Peterson (politician)|Kyle Peterson]], a member of the [[Liberal Party of Canada]], who was first elected in the [[Canadian federal election, 2015|2015 federal election]].<br />
<br />
==Policing==<br />
<br />
[[York Regional Police]] is the primary police agency in Newmarket [[Ontario Provincial Police]] patrol on provincially maintained highways in Newmarket like [[Highway 404 (Ontario)|Highway 404]].<br />
<br />
[[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] North Toronto Detachment is located in Newmarket.<br />
<br />
== Urban planning ==<br />
<br />
The part of Newmarket built before [[World War II]] surrounding Main Street is very typical of a small Ontario city, in terms of walkability and mixes of use. Other areas of the Town are typical of post-war development commonly found throughout many suburban areas.<br />
<br />
Newmarket is identified as one of the Golden Horseshoe's 25 Urban Growth Centres in Ontario's Places to Grow Growth Plan. <ref name=Placestogrow>{{cite web|url=http://www.newmarket.ca/userfiles/page_attachments/Library/1/3107712_Newmarket_OP___Consolidated_Modifications___2008_04___Regional_Approval.pdf|format=PDF|title= Town of Newmarket 2-2006 Official Plan|date=10 October 2006|publisher=Town of Newmarket|accessdate=25 August 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><br />
<br />
Four areas of Newmarket have been selected to absorb the majority of planned population growth and accommodate mixed usages on sites well served by transit. These are the Yonge-Davis intersection, Yonge Street (south of Green Lane), the Regional Healthcare Centre ([[Southlake Regional Health Centre]]) and Historic Downtown Centre (surrounding Main Street South). Further construction of big box retail stores in the Yonge Street corridor will not be permitted and the long-term objective of the town is redevelopment or the addition of new buildings to these areas through controlled intensification.<br />
<br />
The southwest portion of the Town is located in the [[Oak Ridges Moraine]] and is therefore subject to the Ontario Government's [[Greenbelt (Golden Horseshoe)|Greenbelt Legislation]].<br />
<br />
== Newmarket Public Library ==<br />
Located in the historic Downtown area, the [[Newmarket Public Library (Newmarket, Ontario)|Newmarket Public Library]] provides residents with free access to 175,000 items, including books, audio books, magazines, multilingual materials, DVDs, CDs, video games, e-books and online databases. The library also runs the York Info service, which provides information about local organizations, groups and services, and helps develop a stronger volunteer presence in the community by connecting people who would like to volunteer with non-profit agencies looking for assistance. The library also produces a quarterly newsletter called "Off the Shelf" to inform patrons of its programs, services and events. The Library is a founding member of the Shared Digital Infrastructure (SDI) project, an initiative to plan for an Intelligent Community in Newmarket.<br />
<br />
== Theatre ==<br />
* "The Newmarket Theatre" is the largest performing arts theatre in the Town with capacity of 400. The Theatre hosts a selection of world class artists annually.<br />
* "The Resurgence Theatre Company" is a smaller professional company that is focused on resurging the classics and igniting new and contemporary works within York Region and beyond. The company produces an annual Shakespearean production with live performances in the Fairy Lake Conservation Area near the historic Downtown.<br />
* Old Town Hall has hosted organized theatre and performing arts for over 100 years, and in March 2012 the Town of Newmarket announced that a formal 250-seat theatre would be included as part of its revitalization. Construction on this initiative started in May, 2013 and is expected to be complete in Fall, 2016.<br />
<br />
== Sports and recreation ==<br />
=== Badminton ===<br />
[http://www.favouritebadminton.com Favourite Badminton Club] is training at the Magna Recreation Centre. The club is a part of Georgian Bay District Badminton Association (GBDBA) and actively participates in the district's league plays, junior circuits, as well as various Ontario tournaments. The founder of the club, Masha Zakharenkova, is integrating various methods of training in the program and is focused on Long Term Athlete Development. The program is provided for players 6-20 years old.<br />
<br />
=== Soccer ===<br />
Newmarket [[Association football|soccer]] is represented by the [[Newmarket Soccer Club]] which is located in the Magna Centre. The club is host to a house league, rep league, senior league, and special needs league. The Newmarket rep teams are known as Newmarket United (formerly York United), and have been very successful representing the town with some teams making it to the provincial and national levels. [[Toronto FC]] former captain [[Jim Brennan]] played in Newmarket in his youth.<br />
<br />
=== Baseball ===<br />
The Newmarket Hawks Senior Baseball Club plays in the [[Greater Toronto Baseball League]] (GTBL) and the [[York Simcoe Baseball Association]] (YSBA), one of the most competitive Baseball leagues in Canada. The Hawks have been in the league since its inception.<br />
<br />
For younger and less competitive play, the Newmarket Baseball Association has provided a quality baseball program for players 4 to 21 years of age for over 50 years. The Association consists of approximately 850 players spread over 9 divisions.<br />
<br />
=== Softball ===<br />
The Newmarket Minor Softball Association was established in 1974. The [[Newmarket Stingers]] offer programs for players starting at age 4 and up, with house league and select teams available.<br />
<br />
=== Hockey ===<br />
Newmarket is represented in the [[Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League]] by the [[Newmarket Hurricanes]] (originally called the "87's"), whose home rink is currently the [[Ray Twinney Complex]]. The "'Canes" have an ongoing rivalry with the nearby [[Aurora Tigers]].<br />
<br />
Newmarket was previously home to the following teams:<br />
* [[Newmarket Saints]] from 1986 to 1991, an American Hockey League franchise and [[farm team]] of the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] who moved from [[St. Catharines]]. The franchise was later moved to [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]] and became the [[St. John's Maple Leafs]].<br />
* [[Newmarket Royals]] from 1992 to 1994. This was a franchise of the [[Ontario Hockey League]] who were previously the [[Cornwall Royals]] and in 1994 moved again to become the [[Sarnia Sting]].<br />
* Newmarket Flyers from 1975 to 1986, OPJHL Jr. A (formerly The Seneca Flyers).<br />
* Newmarket Redmen from late 1920s to 1972 Jr. B.<br />
<br />
=== Golf ===<br />
One golf course is located within Newmarket's town limits; St. Andrew's Valley (a public club), which straddles the Aurora/Newmarket border. Glenway Country Club was a private club with a course within Newmarket's boundaries, but it was closed before the 2012 season and is slated for redevelopment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Latchford|first=Teresa|title=Glenway won’t reopen in 2012|url=http://www.yorkregion.com/article/1059739--glenway-won-t-reopen-in-2012|work=Yorkregion.com|publisher=Metroland News|accessdate=13 November 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are also several courses in the surrounding communities and countryside.<br />
<br />
=== Swimming ===<br />
Four public swimming places exist throughout Newmarket: [[Ray Twinney Complex]], Gorman Pool, which is open only in the summer, [http://www.yorkregionswim.com Aquacenter Swim School], and the Magna Centre. Newmarket also has two swim teams: [http://aquacenternewmarket.com/swim-team-2/ The Aquacenter Vikings], and the Newmarket Stingrays.<br />
<br />
Swimming in the East Holland River has not been possible since the erection of a concrete dam in 1955 near Water and Main streets that has negatively effected water quality and bacteria levels. Efforts to remove the dam have been thwarted by the municipality who sees the dam as an aesthetic asset to the park surrounding it.<br />
<br />
=== Ringette ===<br />
Newmarket is home to the Newmarket and District Ringette Association. The Newmarket Rays have Regional and Provincial teams. Home games are at the Magna Centre. [[Ringette]] is a truly Canadian sport that promotes fun, fitness and friendship for players of all ages.<br />
<br />
=== Curling ===<br />
Newmarket is home to the [[List_of_curling_clubs_in_Ontario#Zone_7|York Curling club]]. In 2010 the club was renovated to accommodate 6 sheets of ice.<br />
<br />
=== Running ===<br />
The Newmarket Huskies Track Club represent the town in provincial, national, and international track and field and cross country championships. It was 2012 Olympian [[Sheila Reid (athlete)|Sheila Reid]]'s first track team.<br />
<br />
== Media ==<br />
=== Print ===<br />
Local print media is provided by "The Newmarket Era" (formerly the ''Era Banner''). The Newmarket Era traces its lineage back to 1852, when English immigrant printer G.S. Porter first published The New Era in Newmarket. Today, it is published two times a week (Thursday and Sunday).<br />
<br />
=== Radio ===<br />
Newmarket is well served by [[Media in Toronto#Radio|radio stations from Toronto]].<br />
<br />
== Arms ==<br />
[[Image:NewmarketONCoA.gif|thumb|Newmarket's coat of arms]]<br />
<br />
Newmarket's [[coat of arms]] is actually taken from the town's old corporate seal. The Town [[flag]] is a navy blue field with this same design in the middle. The beehive and bees are said to represent industry. There are nine bees, representing the Town's first nine businesses. The latest form of the [[Seal (device)|seal]] was introduced in 1938 with the arms somewhat altered from&nbsp;– but very similar in concept to&nbsp;– one that was earlier used. The arms' origin is something of a mystery, however. It is unknown what artist created the current version&nbsp;– or indeed the earlier version&nbsp;– and the town has no official record as to the purchase or redesign of the arms.<ref>[http://www.newmarket.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_477_1.html] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123153539/http://www.newmarket.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_477_1.html |date=November 23, 2005 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
<!-- -notability for this list is established by the existence of a Wikipedia article on the subject-- --><br />
* [[Dorian Baxter]], politician, priest, Elvis impersonator<br />
* [[Jim Carrey]], comedian/actor <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jimcarreyonline.com/info/biography.html |title=Biography |publisher=Jim Carrey Online |date= |accessdate=2012-05-07}}</ref><br />
* [[John Candy]], comedian/actor<br />
* [[Munro Chambers]], Actor<br />
* [[H.R. MacMillan]], [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], [[Order of Canada|C.C.]], forestry specialist and industrialist, wartime administrator, philanthropist<br />
* [[William Mulock]], former [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet Minister]] and [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Court of Appeal for Ontario|Supreme Court of Ontario]]<br />
* [[Mazo de la Roche]], author of the Jalna series<br />
* [[Belinda Stronach]], Canadian businesswoman, philanthropist, and former politician<br />
<br />
=== Music ===<br />
* [[Clarknova]], alternative rock band<br />
* [[Glass Tiger]], rock band<br />
* [[Lorne Lofsky]], jazz guitarist<br />
* [[Alexander Muir]], composer of [[The Maple Leaf Forever]]<br />
* [[Steven Lee Olsen]], country musician<br />
* [[The Salads]], punk rock band<br />
* [[Serial Joe]], rock band<br />
* [[Tyler Stewart]], drummer for [[Barenaked Ladies]]<br />
* [[Tokyo Police Club]], rock band<br />
* [[The Elwins]], rock band<br />
<br />
=== Sports ===<br />
<br />
'''Hockey'''<br />
* [[Herb Cain]], former [[NHL]] hockey player, [[1943–44 NHL season|1944]] [[NHL]] scoring champion<br />
* [[Daniel Catenacci]], NHL hockey player (Buffalo Sabres)<br />
* [[Dit Clapper]], Hall of Fame [[ice hockey|hockey]] player<br />
* [[Travis Dermott]], [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] draft pick<br />
* [[Steve Downie]], NHL Hockey player<br />
* [[Brian Elliott]], goaltender for the [[Calgary Flames]] of the [[NHL]]<br />
* [[Kurtis Gabriel]], NHL hockey player (Minnesota Wild)<br />
* [[Wes Jarvis]], AHL and NHL hockey player (Washington Capitals, Minnesota North Stars, Los Angeles Kings, and Toronto Maple Leafs). Jarvis was also head coach of the [[Newmarket Hurricanes]] of the OPJHL and an assistant coach with the [[Barrie Colts]].<br />
* [[Mike Kitchen]], former head coach for the [[St. Louis Blues]]<br />
* [[Corey Locke]], [[American Hockey League|AHL]] hockey player and [[NHL]] draft pick<br />
* [[Chuck Luksa]], former [[World Hockey Association|WHA]] hockey player with [[Cincinnati Stingers]]<br />
* [[Jamie Macoun]], former [[NHL]] hockey player<br />
* [[Connor McDavid]], [[NHL]] hockey player for the [[Edmonton Oilers]]<br />
* [[Joe Murphy (ice hockey)|Joe Murphy]], member of the [[1989–90 NHL season|1990]] [[Stanley Cup]] champion [[Edmonton Oilers]]<br />
* [[Shayne Stevenson (ice hockey)|Shayne Stevenson]], former NHL player [[Boston Bruins]] and [[Tampa Bay Lightning]]<br />
* [[Bill Thoms]], former NHL star for the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]], [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] and [[Boston Bruins]]<br />
* [[Rob Zepp]], hockey player<br />
<br />
'''Soccer'''<br />
* [[Jim Brennan]], [[Canada men's national soccer team]] member, first player signed to [[Toronto FC]] soccer club<br />
* [[Marcel de Jong]], a Dutch-Canadian soccer player for [[Sporting Kansas City]]<br />
<br />
'''Other'''<br />
* [[Scott Goodyear]], Indycar racing driver<br />
* [[Neil Harrison (curler) | Neil Harrison]], curler<br />
* [[Carlos Newton]], Former UFC Welterweight Champion, Trainer/Teacher at Warrior Martial Arts<br />
* [[Pete Orr]], [[:Category:Baseball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics|Olympic baseball player]] and former [[Philadelphia Phillies]] infielder<br />
* [[Kevin Pangos]], basketball player at [[Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball|Gonzaga University]] and Canada youth international<br />
* [[Sheila Reid (athlete)|Sheila Reid]], [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] cross country runner<br />
* [[Lindsay Seemann]], Swimmer - 200m Backstroke, 2008 Olympics - Beijing, China<br />
* [[Elvis Stojko]], [[figure skater]]<ref name=bio0102>{{cite web | url = http://www.icecalc.de/isu/bios/isufs00000560.htm | title = Elvis STOJKO: 2001/2002 | work = International Skating Union | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20021016121417/http://www.icecalc.de/isu/bios/isufs00000560.htm | archivedate = October 16, 2002 | deadurl = yes}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Wikivoyage|Newmarket (Ontario)}}<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{official website|http://www.newmarket.ca}}<br />
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Newmarket (Canada)|short=x|display=Newmarket. A town of York County, Ontario, Canada}}<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location|<br />
North=[[East Gwillimbury]]|<br />
West=[[King, Ontario|King]]|<br />
Centre=Newmarket|<br />
East=[[Whitchurch–Stouffville]]|<br />
South=[[Aurora, Ontario|Aurora]]}}<br />
<br />
{{Newmarket, Ontario}}<br />
{{York Region}}<br />
{{Greater Toronto Area}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
[[Category:Lower-tier municipalities in Ontario]]<br />
[[Category:Newmarket, Ontario| ]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterloo,_Ontario&diff=765667577Waterloo, Ontario2017-02-15T19:01:18Z<p>The Canadian Roadgeek: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
|name = Waterloo<br />
|official_name = City of Waterloo<br />
|settlement_type = [[List of cities in Ontario|City]] ([[List of municipalities in Ontario#Lower-tier municipalities|lower-tier]])<br />
|nickname = [[List of city nicknames in Canada#Ontario|"The Tri-City", "The 'Loo"]]<ref name="@UW">[http://atuw.ca/things-to-do-in-the-loo-freebie-edition/ @UW]</ref><br />
|motto = Stability<br />
|image_blank_emblem = Waterloo,_Ontario_(typing).svg<br />
|blank_emblem_size = 100x90px<br />
|postal_code_type = Postal codes<br />
|postal_code = N2J, N2K, N2L, N2T, N2V<br />
|image_skyline = Uptown Waterloo Ontario.JPG<br />
|imagesize =<br />
|image_caption = Uptown Waterloo, looking south down King Street.<br />
|image_flag =<br />
|image_seal =<br />
|image_map = Waterloo, Ontario.png<br />
|mapsize = 200px<br />
|map_caption =<br />
|pushpin_map = Canada Southern Ontario<br />
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Waterloo in Ontario<br />
|subdivision_type = Country<br />
|subdivision_name = {{CAN}}<br />
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]<br />
|subdivision_name1 = {{ON}}<br />
|subdivision_type2 = [[Census divisions of Ontario|Region]]<br />
|subdivision_name2 = [[Regional Municipality of Waterloo|Waterloo]]<br />
|leader_title = Mayor<br />
|leader_name = [[Dave Jaworsky]]<br />
|leader_title1 = Governing Body<br />
|leader_name1 = [[Waterloo City Council]]<br />
|leader_title2 = [[City manager|City CAO]]<br />
|leader_name2 = Tim Anderson<br />
|leader_title3 = [[House of Commons of Canada|MP]]<br />
|leader_name3 = [[Bardish Chagger]] ([[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]])<br />
|leader_title4 = [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario|MPP]]<br />
|leader_name4 = [[Catherine Fife]] ([[Ontario New Democratic Party|NDP]])<br />
|established_title = Incorporated<br />
|established_date = May 27, 1857<br />
|established_title2 =<br />
|established_date2 =<br />
|established_title3 =<br />
|established_date3 =<br />
|area_magnitude =<br />
|area_footnotes = <ref name=SC2016/><br />
|area_total_km2 =<br />
|area_land_km2 = 64.02<br />
|area_water_km2 =<br />
|area_water_percent =<br />
|area_urban_km2 =<br />
|area_metro_km2 =<br />
|population_as_of = 2016<br />
|population_note =<br />
|population_footnotes = <ref name="SC2016">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3530016&Geo2=CD&Code2=3530 |title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses |date=February 8, 2017 |accessdate=February 12, 2017}}</ref><ref name=SC06-ca>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=541&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Kitchener&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |title=Kitchener (Census metropolitan area) community profile |publisher=Statistics Canada |work=[[Canada 2011 Census|2016 Census data]] |accessdate=February 8, 2011}}</ref><br />
|population_total = 104,986 ([[List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population|51st]])<br />
|population_density_km2 = 1520.7<br />
|population_metro = 523,894 ([[List of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada|10th]])<br />
|population_density_metro_km2 =<br />
|population_urban =<br />
|population_demonym = Waterluvian<ref>{{cite web|title=City of Waterloo|url=https://twitter.com/citywaterloo/status/395633428395081728}}</ref> <br />
|timezone = Eastern ([[North American Eastern Standard Time Zone|EST]])<br />
|utc_offset = −5<br />
|timezone_DST = EDT<br />
|utc_offset_DST = −4<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|43|28|N|80|31|W|region:CA-ON|display=inline,title}}<br />
|area_code = [[Area codes 519 and 226|519 and 226]]<br />
|elevation_m = 329<br />
|website = [http://www.waterloo.ca/ www.waterloo.ca]<br />
|footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Waterloo''' ([[Canada 2016 Census|2016 population]] 104,896<ref name="SC2016"/>) is a city in [[Southern Ontario|Southern]] [[Ontario]], Canada. It is the smallest of the three cities in the [[Regional Municipality of Waterloo]], and is adjacent to the city of [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]].<br />
<br />
Kitchener and Waterloo are often jointly referred to as "Kitchener-Waterloo", "KW", or "the Tri-City" (to include the City of Cambridge), although they have separate [[city government]]s. There have been several attempts to amalgamate the two cities (sometimes with the city of [[Cambridge, Ontario|Cambridge]] as well), but none have been successful. According to the [[Canada 2016 Census|2016 census]], the population of the city surpassed the 100,000 mark, making the permanent population count at 104,986.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{refimprove section|date=April 2012}}<br />
Waterloo started on land that was part of a parcel of {{convert|675,000|acre|km2}} assigned in 1784 to the [[Iroquois]] alliance that made up the League of Six Nations. The rare gift of land from Britain to indigenous people took place to compensate for wartime alliance during the American Rebellion, (later known{{by whom|date=December 2015}} as the [[American Revolution]]). Almost immediately—and with much controversy—the native groups began to sell some of the land. Between 1796 and 1798, {{convert|93,000|acre|km2}} were sold through a Crown Grant to [[Richard Beasley (politician)|Richard Beasley]], with the Six Nations Indians continuing to hold the mortgage on the lands.<br />
<br />
The first wave of immigrants to the area comprised [[Mennonites]] from [[Pennsylvania]].<ref name="cow history">{{cite web<br />
| url = http://www.waterloo.ca/150Anniversary/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=1780<br />
| title = Our Proud History<br />
| accessdate = August 30, 2007<br />
| publisher = City of Waterloo}}</ref> They bought deeds to land parcels from Beasley and began moving into the area in 1804. The following year, a group of 26 Mennonites pooled resources to purchase all of the unsold land from Beasley and to discharge the mortgage held by the Six Nations Indians.<br />
<br />
The Mennonites divided the land into smaller lots; two lots initially owned by [[Abraham Erb]] became the central core of Waterloo. Erb is often called the founder of Waterloo, as his sawmill (1808) and grist mill (1816) became the focal point of the area.<ref name="erb">{{cite web<br />
| url = http://www.city.waterloo.on.ca/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabID=898<br />
| title = Erb-Kumpf House, 172 King Street South, Designated: February 19, 1979<br />
| accessdate = August 30, 2007<br />
| publisher = City of Waterloo}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1816 the new township was named after [[Waterloo, Belgium]], the site of the [[Battle of Waterloo]] (1815), which had ended the [[Napoleonic Wars]] in Europe. After that war, the new township became a popular destination for [[Germans|German]] immigrants. By the 1840s, German settlers had overtaken the Mennonites as the dominant segment of the population. Many Germans settled in the small hamlet to the southeast of Waterloo. In their honour, the village was named Berlin in 1833 ([[Berlin to Kitchener name change|renamed]] to Kitchener in 1916). Berlin was chosen as the site of the seat for the [[Waterloo County, Ontario|County of Waterloo]] in 1853.<br />
<br />
Waterloo was incorporated as a village in 1857 and became the Town of Waterloo in 1876 and the City of Waterloo in 1948.<br />
<br />
==Government==<br />
[[Image:Waterloo Ontario City Hall Pano.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Waterloo City Hall]]<br />
[[Waterloo City Council]] consists of seven councillors, each representing a [[Ward (politics)|ward]], and a mayor. The number of wards expanded from five to seven in the November 2006 elections. The current mayor of Waterloo is [[Dave Jaworsky]], who was elected in October 2014.<ref>http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener-waterloo/dave-jaworsky-elected-waterloo-mayor-1.2814880</ref> The current Waterloo City Council is constituted as follows:<br />
* Ward 1 (Southwest): Bob Mavin<br />
* Ward 2 (Northwest): Brian Bourke<br />
* Ward 3 (Lakeshore): Angela Vieth<br />
* Ward 4 (Northeast): Diane Freeman<br />
* Ward 5 (Southeast): Mark Whaley<br />
* Ward 6 (Central-Columbia): Jeff Henry<br />
* Ward 7 (Uptown): Melissa Durrell<br />
<br />
The City is responsible for fire protection, libraries, parks and recreation, and secondary streets. Many municipal services are provided through the [[Regional Municipality of Waterloo]] (often referred to as Waterloo Region or the Region of Waterloo), which consists of the cities of Waterloo, [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]], and [[Cambridge, Ontario|Cambridge]], and the townships of [[Woolwich, Ontario|Woolwich]], [[Wilmot, Ontario|Wilmot]], [[Wellesley, Ontario (community)|Wellesley]], and [[North Dumfries, Ontario|North Dumfries]]. Regional responsibilities include social welfare, community health, public transit, and policing through the [[Waterloo Regional Police|Waterloo Regional Police Service]].<br />
<br />
Past and present city councils have been committed to providing for the explosive population growth that is coming with the local economic boom. Rapidly developing subdivisions are often described by their critics as urban sprawl that threatens environmentally sensitive areas and valuable agricultural land.<br />
<br />
Federally, the city of Waterloo is located entirely within the electoral district of the [[Waterloo (electoral district)|same name]]. Provincially, the city is contained within the [[Kitchener—Waterloo (provincial electoral district)|Kitchener-Waterloo]] [[Electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[Image:Waterloo uptown.jpg|275px|thumb|left|King Street South in the heart of Uptown Waterloo.]]<br />
Waterloo's city centre is located near the intersection of King and Erb streets. Since 1961, the centrepiece has been the Waterloo Town Square shopping centre, which underwent a thorough renovation in 2006. Much of the mall was torn down and has been replaced by buildings that emphasize street-facing storefronts.<br />
<br />
Residents refer to the Waterloo city centre as "uptown" (often capitalized), while "downtown" is reserved for the [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]] city centre, as Kitchener had been the dominant centre, and Waterloo was a small town on the KItchener's north side. Waterloo surged into a significant City in the middle of the 20th Century, due in large part to its role as a college town. It has also benefited with the growth of Insurance companies. Waterloo has prospered with the relationship between the Tech Sector, which has blossomed, and the University of Waterloo whose Tech Graduates have excelled. Blackberry, formerly ''Research In Motion'' is the best example.<br />
<br />
The city centre was once along Albert Street, near the Marsland Centre and the [[Waterloo Public Library]]. The town hall, fire hall, and farmers' market were located there. Amidst some controversy, all were demolished between 1965 and 1969.<br />
<br />
===Parks===<br />
There are five main parks in the city.<br /><br />
'''[[RIM Park]]''' occupies {{convert|200|ha|acre|abbr=off}} and is home to a variety of indoor and outdoor sporting facilities, including an eighteen-hole golf course, and the heritage Martin Farm House.<br />
<br />
'''Waterloo Park''' is in Uptown Waterloo, and contains historical buildings, a bandshell, animal displays, and the Lions' Lagoon water park in its {{convert|45|ha|acre|abbr=off}}. A grandstand was built in 1895 to house spectators for sporting events at the park's former oval track, but it was torn down in 1953.<ref>[http://www.city.waterloo.on.ca/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=1664 Grandstand, Waterloo Park]</ref> A Park Inn refreshment booth opened in June 1956, designed by a former Alderman, Charlie Voelker. It operates from May until September. The park is also known for its light displays during the Christmas holiday season, known as "Wonders of Winter".<ref>[http://www.wondersofwinter.ca/ Wonders of Winter]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Bechtel Park''' occupies {{convert|44|ha|acre|abbr=off}} and has many outdoor sporting facilities along with wetlands, meadows and hardwood forest. The park also includes an off-leash dog park, and adjacent city-operated cemetery. Hillside Park covers {{convert|25|ha|acre|abbr=off}} and includes two lighted ball diamonds.<br />
<br />
'''Lexington Park''' includes a ball diamond and a soccer pitch on the former site of the K-W Municipal Airport.<br /><br />
'''Laurel Creek Conservation Area''' {{convert|300|ha|acre|abbr=off}} lies in the northwest of the city.<br />
<br />
===Waterways===<br />
The [[Grand River (Ontario)|Grand River]] flows southward along the east side of the city. Its most significant tributary within the city is Laurel Creek, whose [[Sunfish Lake (Ontario)|source]] lies just to the west of the city limits and its mouth just to the east, and crosses much of the city's central areas including the University of Waterloo lands and Waterloo Park; it flows under the uptown area in a culvert. In the west end of the city, the [[Waterloo Moraine]] provides over 300,000 people in the region with drinking water. Much of the gently hilly Waterloo Moraine underlies existing developed areas. Ongoing urban growth, mostly in the form of low-density residential suburbs (in accordance with requests by land developers), will cover increasing amounts of the remaining undeveloped portions of the Waterloo Moraine.<br />
<br />
{{wide image|Waterloo_Ontario_Pano.jpg|1024px| Uptown looking Northwest from the Uptown Parkade. Landmarks visible include the Marsland Centre on the extreme left and Waterloo City Hall on the extreme right.}}<br />
<br />
===Climate===<br />
The Climate of Waterloo is [[Humid continental]] ([[Köppen]]) (''Dfb'')<br />
{{Weather box<br />
|location = [[Region of Waterloo International Airport|Waterloo Regional Airport]] (1981−2010)<br />
|metric first = Y<br />
|single line = Y<br />
|Jan maximum humidex = 13.4<br />
|Feb maximum humidex = 13.0<br />
|Mar maximum humidex = 28.0<br />
|Apr maximum humidex = 33.7<br />
|May maximum humidex = 39.6<br />
|Jun maximum humidex = 43.2<br />
|Jul maximum humidex = 47.7<br />
|Aug maximum humidex = 48.3<br />
|Sep maximum humidex = 41.2<br />
|Oct maximum humidex = 34.5<br />
|Nov maximum humidex = 24.4<br />
|Dec maximum humidex = 22.1<br />
|year maximum humidex = 48.3<br />
|Jan record high C = 14.2<br />
|Feb record high C = 13.7<br />
|Mar record high C = 27.0<br />
|Apr record high C = 29.2<br />
|May record high C = 32.0<br />
|Jun record high C = 36.1<br />
|Jul record high C = 36.0<br />
|Aug record high C = 36.5<br />
|Sep record high C = 33.3<br />
|Oct record high C = 29.4<br />
|Nov record high C = 21.7<br />
|Dec record high C = 18.7<br />
|year record high C = 36.5<br />
|Jan high C = −2.6<br />
|Feb high C = −1.2<br />
|Mar high C = 3.6<br />
|Apr high C = 11.5<br />
|May high C = 18.5<br />
|Jun high C = 23.6<br />
|Jul high C = 26.0<br />
|Aug high C = 24.8<br />
|Sep high C = 20.4<br />
|Oct high C = 13.5<br />
|Nov high C = 6.3<br />
|Dec high C = 0.2<br />
|year high C = 12.0<br />
|Jan mean C = −6.5<br />
|Feb mean C = −5.5<br />
|Mar mean C = −1.0<br />
|Apr mean C = 6.2<br />
|May mean C = 12.5<br />
|Jun mean C = 17.6<br />
|Jul mean C = 20.0<br />
|Aug mean C = 18.9<br />
|Sep mean C = 14.5<br />
|Oct mean C = 8.2<br />
|Nov mean C = 2.5<br />
|Dec mean C = −3.3<br />
|year mean C = 7.0<br />
|Jan low C = −10.3<br />
|Feb low C = −9.7<br />
|Mar low C = −5.6<br />
|Apr low C = 0.8<br />
|May low C = 6.4<br />
|Jun low C = 11.5<br />
|Jul low C = 14.0<br />
|Aug low C = 12.9<br />
|Sep low C = 8.6<br />
|Oct low C = 2.9<br />
|Nov low C = −1.4<br />
|Dec low C = −6.8<br />
|year low C = 2.0<br />
|Jan record low C = −31.9<br />
|Feb record low C = −29.2<br />
|Mar record low C = −25.4<br />
|Apr record low C = −16.1<br />
|May record low C = −3.9<br />
|Jun record low C = −0.6<br />
|Jul record low C = 5.0<br />
|Aug record low C = 1.1<br />
|Sep record low C = −3.7<br />
|Oct record low C = −8.3<br />
|Nov record low C = −15.4<br />
|Dec record low C = −27.2<br />
|year record low C = −31.9<br />
|Jan chill = -40.5<br />
|Feb chill = -37.1<br />
|Mar chill = -30.2<br />
|Apr chill = -20.6<br />
|May chill = -8.1<br />
|Jun chill = 0.0<br />
|Jul chill = 0.0<br />
|Aug chill = 0.0<br />
|Sep chill = -4.1<br />
|Oct chill = -11.9<br />
|Nov chill = -22.2<br />
|Dec chill = -31.2<br />
|year chill = -40.5<br />
|precipitation colour = green<br />
|Jan precipitation mm = 65.2<br />
|Feb precipitation mm = 54.9<br />
|Mar precipitation mm = 61.0<br />
|Apr precipitation mm = 74.5<br />
|May precipitation mm = 82.3<br />
|Jun precipitation mm = 82.4<br />
|Jul precipitation mm = 98.6<br />
|Aug precipitation mm = 83.9<br />
|Sep precipitation mm = 87.8<br />
|Oct precipitation mm = 67.4<br />
|Nov precipitation mm = 87.1<br />
|Dec precipitation mm = 71.2<br />
|year precipitation mm = 916.5<br />
|rain colour = green<br />
|Jan rain mm = 28.7<br />
|Feb rain mm = 29.7<br />
|Mar rain mm = 36.8<br />
|Apr rain mm = 68.0<br />
|May rain mm = 81.8<br />
|Jun rain mm = 82.4<br />
|Jul rain mm = 98.6<br />
|Aug rain mm = 83.9<br />
|Sep rain mm = 87.8<br />
|Oct rain mm = 66.1<br />
|Nov rain mm = 75.0<br />
|Dec rain mm = 38.0<br />
|year rain mm = 776.8<br />
|snow colour = green<br />
|Jan snow cm = 43.7<br />
|Feb snow cm = 30.3<br />
|Mar snow cm = 26.5<br />
|Apr snow cm = 7.3<br />
|May snow cm = 0.38<br />
|Jun snow cm = 0.0<br />
|Jul snow cm = 0.0<br />
|Aug snow cm = 0.0<br />
|Sep snow cm = 0.0<br />
|Oct snow cm = 1.4<br />
|Nov snow cm = 13.0<br />
|Dec snow cm = 37.2<br />
|year snow cm = 159.7<br />
|humidity colour = green<br />
|time day = 6am<br />
|Jan humidity = 86.4<br />
|Feb humidity = 83.4<br />
|Mar humidity = 84.8<br />
|Apr humidity = 84.4<br />
|May humidity = 84.7<br />
|Jun humidity = 87.0<br />
|Jul humidity = 90.1<br />
|Aug humidity = 93.6<br />
|Sep humidity = 94.3<br />
|Oct humidity = 90.6<br />
|Nov humidity = 87.6<br />
|Dec humidity = 87.1<br />
|year humidity = 87.8<br />
|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm<br />
|Jan precipitation days = 18.2<br />
|Feb precipitation days = 14.2<br />
|Mar precipitation days = 13.8<br />
|Apr precipitation days = 13.7<br />
|May precipitation days = 12.4<br />
|Jun precipitation days = 12.0<br />
|Jul precipitation days = 10.6<br />
|Aug precipitation days = 10.7<br />
|Sep precipitation days = 12.2<br />
|Oct precipitation days = 13.9<br />
|Nov precipitation days = 16.4<br />
|Dec precipitation days = 18.1<br />
|year precipitation days = 166.0<br />
|unit rain days = 0.2 mm<br />
|Jan rain days = 5.6<br />
|Feb rain days = 5.0<br />
|Mar rain days = 6.9<br />
|Apr rain days = 11.5<br />
|May rain days = 12.4<br />
|Jun rain days = 12.0<br />
|Jul rain days = 10.6<br />
|Aug rain days = 10.7<br />
|Sep rain days = 12.2<br />
|Oct rain days = 13.7<br />
|Nov rain days = 11.6<br />
|Dec rain days = 6.9<br />
|year rain days = 118.7<br />
|unit snow days = 0.2 cm<br />
|Jan snow days = 16.1<br />
|Feb snow days = 11.9<br />
|Mar snow days = 9.0<br />
|Apr snow days = 3.3<br />
|May snow days = 0.18<br />
|Jun snow days = 0.0<br />
|Jul snow days = 0.0<br />
|Aug snow days = 0.0<br />
|Sep snow days = 0.0<br />
|Oct snow days = 0.91<br />
|Nov snow days = 6.5<br />
|Dec snow days = 14.4<br />
|year snow days = 62.2<br />
|source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref name=climate>{{cite web<br />
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]<br />
| url = ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/<br />
| title = Waterloo Wellington A<br />
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010<br />
| accessdate = September 15, 2013}}</ref><br />
|date=March 2011}}<br />
<br />
Waterloo has a [[humid continental climate]] of the warm summer subtype (''Dfb'' under the [[Köppen climate classification]]); this means that there are large seasonal differences, usually very warm to hot (and humid) summers and cold (to very cold) winters. Compared to the rest of Canada, it has moderate weather. Winter temperatures generally last from the middle of December until the middle of March, while summer temperatures generally occur between the middle of May to close to the end of September. Temperatures can exceed 30℃ (86℉) several times a year. Waterloo has approximately 140 frost-free days per year.<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
[[Image:Sun-life-financial-building-waterloo-ontario.jpg|thumb|The Sun Life Financial building is currently the tallest building in Waterloo.]]<br />
[[Image:BMO Building uptown waterloo.jpg|thumb|The Marsland Centre in Uptown Waterloo]]<br />
[[File:Uptown Waterloo, Ontario.jpg|thumb|View from the parkade in Uptown Waterloo]]<br />
<br />
Waterloo has a strong knowledge- and service-based economy with significant insurance and high-tech sectors as well as two universities.<ref name="riding">{{cite news<br />
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadavotes/riding/146/<br />
| title = Riding profile<br />
| accessdate = August 30, 2007<br />
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070612191530/http://www.cbc.ca/canadavotes/riding/146/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = June 12, 2007}}</ref> The city's largest employers are [[Sun Life Financial]], the [[University of Waterloo]], [[Manulife Financial]], [[BlackBerry (company)|BlackBerry]], [[Sandvine]] and [[Wilfrid Laurier University]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}<br />
<br />
The city is also home to three well known think tanks – the [[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics]], an advanced centre for the study of foundational, theoretical physics and award-winning educational outreach in science; the [[Institute for Quantum Computing]], based at the University of Waterloo, which carries out innovative research in computer, engineering, mathematical and physical sciences; and the [[Centre for International Governance Innovation]], an independent, nonpartisan think tank that addresses international governance challenges.<br />
<br />
The city is part of [[Canada's Technology Triangle]] (CTT), a joint economic development initiative of Waterloo, [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]], [[Cambridge, Ontario|Cambridge]] and the [[Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario|Region of Waterloo]] that markets the region internationally. Despite its name, CTT does not focus exclusively on promoting technology industries, but on all aspects of economic development.<br />
<br />
Waterloo has a strong technology sector with hundreds of high-tech firms.<ref name="riding"/> The dominant technology company in the city is [[BlackBerry (company)|BlackBerry]], makers of the [[BlackBerry]], which has its headquarters in the city and owns several office buildings near the University of Waterloo's main campus.<br />
<br />
Notable Waterloo-based high-tech companies include:<br />
<br />
* [[Dalsa]]<br />
* [[Descartes Systems Group]]<br />
* [[Waterloo Maple|Maplesoft]]<br />
* [[MKS Inc.]]<br />
* [[Open Text Corporation]]<br />
* [[BlackBerry (company)|BlackBerry]]<br />
* [[Sandvine]]<br />
* [[Kik Messenger]]<br />
* [[Vidyard]]<br />
* [[Aeryon Labs]]<br />
* [[ON Semiconductor]]<br />
<br />
Many other high-tech companies, with headquarters elsewhere, take advantage of the concentration of high-tech employees in the Waterloo area, and have research and development centres there. [[SAP SE|SAP]], [[Google]], [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], [[Intel]], [[McAfee]], [[NCR Corporation]], [[Electronic Arts]] and [[Agfa]] are among the large, international technology companies with development offices in Waterloo.<br />
<br />
Before it became known for technology, Waterloo was sometimes<ref>http://vitacollections.ca/kpl-gsr/details.asp?ID=47406</ref> referred to as "the [[Hartford]] of Canada" because of the many insurance companies based in the area.<ref name="cow history"/> [[Manulife]], [[Sun Life Financial]], [[Equitable Life of Canada]] and [[Economical Insurance]] have a significant presence in the city.<br />
<br />
Breweries and distilleries had been a significant industry in the Waterloo area until 1993 when a [[Labatt]]-owned brewery was shut down. Now the only major brewery is the [[Brick Brewing Company]]. Waterloo was the original home of distiller [[Seagram]] (also home town of many descendants of J.P. Seagram), which closed its Waterloo plant in 1992. Of the remaining Seagram buildings, [[Seagram Museum|one]] became home of the [[Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)]], while others were converted into condominiums.<br />
<br />
===Largest employers in the city of Waterloo<ref>{{Cite news| title = Profitworks.ca Blog Post – Largest Employers In Waterloo and Kitchener| url = http://www.profitworks.ca/blog/902-blog/82-largest-employers-in-waterloo-and-kitchener| quote = A list of the top 20 employers in Waterloo Region. Ranking and figures are for the number of employment positions each company has located in Waterloo Region, not global employment numbers}}</ref>===<br />
* [[BlackBerry (company)|BlackBerry]] (9,500 employees)<ref>{{Cite news<br />
| title = Canada's RIM to cut at least 2000 jobs<br />
| url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/05/26/uk-reseachinmotion-cuts-idUKBRE84P0A020120526<br />
| quote = Last July it announced plans to cut about 11 percent of its workforce, or 2,000 jobs.<br />
| work=Reuters<br />
| date=May 26, 2012<br />
}}</ref><br />
* [[Manulife Financial]] (3,800 employees)<br />
* [[University of Waterloo]] (3,500 employees)<br />
* [[Sun Life Financial]] (3,300 employees)<br />
* [[Open Text]] (1,500 employees)<ref>{{Cite news<br />
| title = Open Text announces Major Expansion in Waterloo<br />
| url = http://www.techvibes.com/blog/open-text-announces-major-expansion-in-waterloo<br />
| quote = Open Text Corporation unveiled plans today to expand its Waterloo facility to two buildings, doubling the company's footprint at its headquarters location<br />
}}</ref><br />
* [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] (1,047 employees)<ref>{{Cite news<br />
| title = Investment prospectus<br />
| url = http://www.city.waterloo.on.ca/Portals/57ad7180-c5e7-49f5-b282-c6475cdb7ee7/CS_EDM_documents/Invest_Per09.pdf<br />
| quote = Wilfrid Laurier University Staff Count<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
[[File:Downtown Waterloo.png|thumb|Waterloo as seen from Kitchener]]<br />
<br />
===Roads===<br />
The [[Conestoga Parkway]] and [[Ontario Highway 8|Highway 8]] connect Waterloo with [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]], [[Cambridge, Ontario|Cambridge]], [[Ontario Highway 7|Highway 7/8]], and [[Ontario Highway 401|Highway 401]].<br />
<br />
Waterloo shares several of its north-south [[arterial road]]s with neighbouring Kitchener. They include (from east to west) [[Waterloo Regional Road 52|Bridge Street]], [[Waterloo Regional Road 8|Weber Street]], [[Waterloo Regional Road 15|King Street]], [[Waterloo Regional Road 50|Westmount Road]], [[Waterloo Regional Road 58|Fischer-Hallman Road]], and Ira Needles Boulevard. Regina Street (located between Weber and King Streets) and Albert Street (located between King Street and Westmount Road) are north-south roads located entirely within Waterloo.<br />
<br />
The city's east-west thoroughfares are almost entirely located within city limits, with the exception of Union Street, which has a small section in Kitchener, and Bridgeport Road which has its eastern end in the Bridgeport area of Kitchener. Waterloo's major east-west arterial roads are (from south to north) Union Street, [[Waterloo Regional Road 9|Erb Street]], Bridgeport Road, [[Waterloo Regional Road 57|University Avenue]], Columbia Street, and Northfield Drive.<br />
<br />
There are numerous bicycle pathways. The Iron Horse Trail, which originates in Kitchener, enters Uptown Waterloo and links with the Laurel Trail that extends into the northern part of the city.<br />
<br />
As of early 2017, construction of Phase 1 of the Region of Waterloo's light rail project was about 90 per cent complete<ref>{{cite web|last1=Desmond|first1=Paige|title=LRT project nearing completion after a challenging year|url=http://www.therecord.com/news-story/7043823-lrt-project-nearing-completion-after-a-challenging-year/|publisher=Waterloo Region Record|date=31 December 2016}}</ref> although other major road reconstruction projects scheduled for 2017 and 2018 will bring new detours.<br />
<br />
===Public transport===<br />
{{See also|Rapid transit in Waterloo Region}}<br />
<br />
Public transport throughout [[Regional Municipality of Waterloo|Waterloo Region]] is provided by [[Grand River Transit]], created by a merger of Kitchener Transit (which served Waterloo) and Cambridge Transit in January 2000. GRT operates a number of bus routes in Waterloo, with many running into [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]]. In September 2005 an [[bus rapid transit|express bus]] route called iXpress was added that runs from downtown [[Cambridge, Ontario|Cambridge]] through Kitchener to [[Conestoga Mall (Waterloo, Ontario)|Conestoga Mall]] in North Waterloo. Regional council has supported the construction of a light rail system to connect Waterloo, Kitchener, and Cambridge. In June 2011, regional council approved the plan for a light rail line from Conestoga Mall to Fairview Park Mall in Kitchener, with rapid buses through Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.therecord.com/news/local/article/548497--rail-plan-passes |title=Rail plan passes |publisher=TheRecord |date=2011-06-15 |accessdate=2012-02-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Railways===<br />
Waterloo is not served by any regularly scheduled passenger rail service. [[Via Rail]] trains between [[Sarnia]] and Toronto stop at the nearby [[Kitchener, Ontario railway station|Kitchener railway station]] southeast of uptown Waterloo at the corner of Victoria Street and Weber Street. The station is accessible by local buses via Kitchener's downtown Charles Street transit terminal.<br />
<br />
The nearest [[GO Transit]] railway station is [[Kitchener GO Station]], as the [[Kitchener line|Kitchener Line]] (formerly the Georgetown Line) has extended to Kitchener on December 19, 2011. In addition, Waterloo is served by GO buses which stop at the [[University of Waterloo]] and [[Wilfrid Laurier University]], with destinations of [[Square One City Centre Terminal]] and [[Milton GO Station]].<br />
<br />
[[Coach Canada]] offers service from the [[Charles St. Transit Terminal|Charles St. Terminal]] in Kitchener to [[McMaster University]] and [[Hamilton, Ontario]], with various stops, including [[Sheffield, Ontario|Sheffield]], [[Rockton, Ontario|Rockton]] and [[Dundas, Ontario|Dundas]] in between.<ref>http://www.coachcanada.com/CoachUsaAssets/files/116/HamSep2013.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2007, city council gave approval for a non-profit tourist train to run between Waterloo Station<ref name="waterloo.ca">http://www.waterloo.ca/en/government/visitorandheritageinformationcentre.asp</ref> and [[St. Jacobs, Ontario|St. Jacobs]], reviving the route of the [[Waterloo-St. Jacobs Railway]] from the late 1990s. In 2015, the railway lost regular running rights south of Northfield Drive to make way for the [[Ion rapid transit]] project. All Market Train service now departs from the St. Jacobs Farmers Market. The [[Waterloo Central Railway]] are run on trains at 10am, 12pm, and 2pm from April to November. The Waterloo Station continues to operate as a Visitor & Heritage Information Centre<ref name="waterloo.ca"/> and is located at 10 Father David Bauer Drive.<br />
<br />
===Airport===<br />
<br />
The closest airport to Waterloo is the [[Region of Waterloo International Airport]] in nearby Breslau, but while it is a thriving [[general aviation|general-aviation]] field, it is not heavily served by scheduled airlines. Most air travelers use Toronto's [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Lester B. Pearson International Airport]] or [[John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport]]. [[WestJet]] has scheduled daily non-stop service to Calgary from Waterloo International Airport using Boeing 737-700 aircraft in winter season and larger Boeing 737-800 aircraft in spring and summer season. They started service out of Region of Waterloo International Airport on May 14, 2007, for the summer season and then decided to fly year-round due to strong passenger demand. During the winter months Sunwing Airlines offers service to [[Dominican Republic]]. Recent upgrades to the runways, approach lighting and terminal building have permitted larger aircraft to use this airport. Past airlines that no longer service the airport include Trillium and Bearskin (to Ottawa), Mesaba (Northwest Airlines feeder to Detroit), [[American Airlines]] (to Chicago) and Sky Service (to sun destinations).<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{| cellpadding="1" style="float:right; margin:0 1em 1em 0; border:1px #bbb solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%; margin:10px"<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
!Census<br />
!Population<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|1841<br />
|200<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|1871<br />
|1,594<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|1881<br />
|2,066<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|1891<br />
|2,941<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|1901<br />
|3,537<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|1911<br />
|4,359<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|1921<br />
|5,883<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|1931<br />
|8,095<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|1941<br />
|8,968<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|1951<br />
|11,991<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|1961<br />
|21,366<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|1971<br />
|36,677<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|1981<br />
|49,428<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|1991<br />
|71,181<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|2001<br />
|86,543<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|2006<br />
|97,475<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|2011<br />
|98,780<br />
|- style="text-align:right;"<br />
|2016<br />
|104,986<br />
|}<br />
Many locals are of [[ethnic German]] descent. There is also a strong [[Mennonite]] presence. The universities and colleges along with its thriving technology and electronics presence attract a large number of individuals from elsewhere in Canada and the world.<br />
<br />
The population according to the 2016 Canadian Census is 104,986<ref>{{cite web|last1=Outhit|first1=Jeff|title=We’re growing but not as fast, census shows|url=http://www.therecord.com/news-story/7110570-we-re-growing-but-not-as-fast-census-shows/|publisher=Waterloo Region Record|accessdate=9 February 2017}}</ref> (Sources other than the census may indicate higher numbers due to treatment of the student population.)<br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 canadian census|2011 Canadian Census]],<ref>2011 NHS/Census Profile of Waterloo: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3530016&Data=Count&SearchText=waterloo&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1</ref> the population of Waterloo was 98,780, a 1.3% increase from 2006. The population density was 1,542.9 people per square km. The median age was 37.6 years old, lower than the national median age at 40.6 years old. There are 42,984 private dwellings with an occupancy rate of 87.3%. According to the 2011 National Household Survey, the median value of a dwelling in Waterloo is $324,837 which is a bit higher than the national average at $280,552. The median household income (after-taxes) in Waterloo is $67,150, fairly higher than the national average at $54,089.<br />
<br />
The racial make up of Waterloo is:<br />
* 78.7% [[European Canadian|White]]<br />
* 7.8% [[East Asia]]n;'' 6.8% [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]], 0.9% [[Korean Canadian|Korean]], 0.2% [[Japanese Canadians|Japanese]]''<br />
* 5.3% [[South Asian Canadian|South Asian]];'' 3.8% [[Indo Canadian|Indian]], 0.7% [[Pakistani Canadian|Pakistani]]''<br />
* 1.6% [[Arab Canadians|Arab]]<br />
* 1.5% [[Black Canadians|Black]]<br />
* 1.4% [[Southeast Asia]]n; ''0.4% [[Filipino Canadian|Filipino]] ''<br />
* 1.1% [[Latin American Canadian|Latin American]]<br />
* 1.1% [[West Asian people|West Asian]]<br />
* 0.8% [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]]; ''0.5% [[First Nations]], 0.3% [[Métis people (Canada)|Metis]]''<br />
* 0.4% [[Multiracial]]; '' 0.7% including Metis''<br />
* 0.3% Other<br />
<br />
===Religion===<br />
From the 2001 census data, excluding post-secondary students temporarily residing in Waterloo:<ref name="demographics">{{cite web<br />
| url = http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3530016&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All | title = All Data | publisher = Statistics Canada | accessdate = August 8, 2007}}</ref><br />
*[[Protestantism|Protestant]]: 37,090 or 43.1%<br />
*Catholic: 23,975 or 27.8%<br />
*No Affiliation: 15,100 or 17.5%<br />
*Other Christian: 3,875 or 4.5%<br />
*Muslim: 2,425 or 2.8%<br />
*[[Hinduism|Hindu]]: 1,385 or 1.6%<br />
*[[Sikhism|Sikh]]: 785 or 0.9%<br />
*[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]: 595 or 0.7%<br />
*Jewish: 410 or 0.5%<br />
*Bahai: 625 or 0.73%<br />
*Other: 435 or 0.5%<br />
<br />
==Tourism==<br />
<br />
Waterloo is home to several notable tourist attractions and areas of interest. These include:<br />
[[Image:Perimeter Institute Pano edit2.jpg|thumb|600px|right|[[Perimeter Institute]] in Uptown.]]<br />
* [[Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery]]<br />
* [[Centre for International Governance Innovation]]<br />
* [[Conestoga Mall (Waterloo, Ontario)|Conestoga Mall]]<br />
* [[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics]]<br />
* [[RIM Park]]<br />
* [[Waterloo Memorial Recreation Complex]]<br />
* [[Waterloo Central Railway]]<br />
<br />
Other nearby attractions include:<br />
* [[African Lion Safari]] (in [[Flamborough, Ontario|Flamborough]])<br />
* [[Centre in the Square]] (in [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]])<br />
* [[Doon Heritage Crossroads]] (in South Kitchener)<br />
* [[St. Jacobs, Ontario|St. Jacobs]]<br />
* [[Joseph Schneider Haus]] (in Kitchener)<br />
* [[Stratford Festival of Canada]] (in [[Stratford, Ontario|Stratford]])<br />
* [[THEMUSEUM]], ''formerly the Waterloo Regional Children's Museum'' (in downtown Kitchener)<br />
* [[Woodside National Historic Site]] (in Kitchener)<br />
<br />
===Sports===<br />
* There are two lawn bowling clubs serving Waterloo: Heritage Greens LBC and Kitchener LBC, which both function as part of District 7 of the Ontario Lawn Bowling Association. Both clubs offer programs for all ages.<br />
<br />
===Events & festivals===<br />
* Winterloo (previously called the Ice Dogs Festival) – February<br />
* GO! Music Festival – March<br />
* Waterloo County & Area Quilt Festival – May<br />
* Uptown Country Festival – June<br />
* Canada Day Fireworks, Columbia Lake Fields – July 1<br />
* Waterloo Jazz Festival – July<br />
* Afro Festival- July<br />
* Serbian Food Festival - July<br />
*[[Waterloo Busker Carnival]]: Canada's premier busker carnival - August<br />
* Serbian Days – St. George and Holy Trinity Orthodox Church of KW<br />
* CAFKA: International Biennale of Contemporary Art – September<br />
* KW Flying Dutchmen Scale Rally Model Airplane Show - September<br />
* Royal Medieval Faire – September<br />
* Expressions of Social Justice Festival – September<br />
* Oktoberfest Parade – October<br />
* [[Kitchener-Waterloo Oktoberfest]]: the largest [[Oktoberfest]] celebration outside of Germany – October<br />
* Santa Claus Parade – November<br />
* [[World Religions Conference]] : the largest multi-faith event of its kind in Canada featuring the world's major religions – October–November<br />
* [[Waterloo Festival for Animated Cinema]] – November<br />
* Wonders of Winter (festival of lights) – December<br />
* Cinematheque Waterloo – Year round<br />
* [[International Olympiad in Informatics]](IOI)<br />
* Tour De Waterloo - June<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
The [[Intelligent Community Forum]] named Waterloo the Top Intelligent Community of 2007.<ref name = "ICF">{{cite web<br />
| url = http://www.intelligentcommunity.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=220<br />
| title = Intelligent Community Awards 2007<br />
| publisher = Intelligent Community Forum<br />
| accessdate = August 8, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070613112113/http://www.intelligentcommunity.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=220 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = June 13, 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Secondary===<br />
Until the 1960s, with a few minor exceptions, Waterloo students would attend high school in Berlin/Kitchener. In 1914, [[Waterloo Lutheran Seminary]] added a high school department, named the College School, primarily to provide secondary education for prospective seminary students. The College School was discontinued in 1929. Between 1940 and 1950, due to overcrowding in [[Kitchener-Waterloo Collegiate and Vocational School]], some grade nine classes were housed in [[Elizabeth Ziegler Public School]].<br />
<br />
Starting in the 1960s, several high schools opened in Waterloo. In 1958 it was announced that Waterloo would have its own secondary school. A $1,247,268 school was built on a 20-acre (81,000 m<sup>2</sup>) site on Hazel Street. [[Waterloo Collegiate Institute]] opened on September 6, 1960. In 1968, Laurel Vocational School (later University Heights Secondary School) opened, and in 1972 Waterloo's third public high school, [[Bluevale Collegiate Institute]], opened. In 1965, St. David Senior School, which served grades 7–10, opened in the north of the city. St. David was turned into a high school in 1985 and was renamed [[St. David Catholic Secondary School]]. University Heights Secondary School closed in 2004 and [[Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School (Waterloo, Ontario)|Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School]] opened that same year.<br />
<br />
As of 2007, there are five high schools based in Waterloo. Three are operated by the [[Waterloo Region District School Board]]: Bluevale Collegiate Institute (east), Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School (west), and Waterloo Collegiate Institute (central). two are operated by the [[Waterloo Catholic District School Board]]: St. David Catholic Secondary School and Resurrection Catholic Secondary School.<br />
<br />
===Post-secondary===<br />
The main campuses of the [[University of Waterloo]] and [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] are located in Waterloo. This includes the many associated universities and colleges, including [[St. Jerome's University]], [[St. Paul's University College]], [[Conrad Grebel University College]], [[Renison University College]] and the Balsillie School of International Affairs. Kitchener-based [[Conestoga College]] also has a Waterloo campus, located at the former University Heights Secondary School on University Avenue near Weber Street. Conestoga purchased the building in January 2006 for nearly $6 million from the Waterloo Region District School Board. It is double the size of its previous Waterloo campus on King Street, which was sold after the University Heights building was acquired.<br />
<br />
==Health care==<br />
The hospitals serving Waterloo are all located in Kitchener. There is [[Grand River Hospital]], which includes the K-W and Freeport health centres (formerly independent hospitals that amalgamated in April 1995), and [[St. Mary's General Hospital]].<br />
<br />
==Media==<br />
{{Main|Media in Waterloo Region}}<br />
<br />
==Sports==<br />
There are two sports teams and two University varsity teams.<br />
*[[Waterloo Wildfire]]: play at [[National Ringette League]] from inaugural season.<br />
*[[Waterloo Siskins]]: play at [[Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League]]<br />
<br />
Both play at [[Ontario University Athletics]] of [[Canadian Interuniversity Sport]].<br />
*[[Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks]]<br />
*[[Waterloo Warriors]]<br />
<br />
==Surrounding municipalities==<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|title = '''Destinations from Waterloo'''<br />
|Northwest = [[Wellesley, Ontario (community)|Wellesley]]<br />
|North = [[St. Jacobs, Ontario|St. Jacobs]], [[Elmira, Ontario|Elmira]] <br /><small>''via [[Conestoga Parkway]]''</small><br />
|Northeast = [[Conestogo, Ontario|Conestogo]], [[West Montrose, Ontario|West Montrose]] <br /><small>''via Northfield Dr''</small><br />
|West = [[Wilmot, Ontario|Wilmot]], St. Agatha<br />
|Centre = Waterloo<br />
|East = [[Woolwich, Ontario|Woolwich]], [[Guelph]]<br />
|Southwest = [[Stratford, Ontario|Stratford]] <br /><small>''via [[Conestoga Parkway]]''</small><br />
|South = [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]] <br /><small>''via King St''</small><br />
|Southeast = [[Cambridge, Ontario|Cambridge]] <br /><small>''via [[Conestoga Parkway]]''</small><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Waterloo neighbourhoods==<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|title = '''Districts within Waterloo'''<br />
|Northwest = Beechwood, Laurelwood, Laurel Creek Village, Columbia Forest, Upper Beechwood, Erbsville<br />
|North = Northdale, Lakeshore North, Lakeshore, Conservation Meadows<br />
|Northeast = Eastbridge, Colonial Acres, Lincoln Village, Lexington, Carriage Crossing, Country Squire<br />
|West = Vista Hills, Clair Hills, Beechwood West, Maple Hills, Westvale<br />
|Centre = Uptown Waterloo<br />
|East = Lincoln Heights, University Downs, Kiwanis Park Estates<br />
|Southwest = Westmount<br />
|South = Mary-Allen<br />
|Southeast = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==The Waterloo Award==<br />
The Waterloo Award is the highest civic honour a person can receive from the City of Waterloo. Up to three people who contribute significantly to the quality of life in the city receive it each year. A committee made up of past recipients, volunteers, city staff, and a city councillor review and determine Waterloo Award nominations based on six criteria:<br />
* Innovation<br />
* Impact on Waterloo<br />
* Legacy effect<br />
* Length of service<br />
* Letters of support<br />
* Personal leadership skills<br />
<br />
Waterloo Award recipients receive an artist-crafted pin and recognition from the Mayor of Waterloo at a televised city council meeting in the fall. Their names are inscribed on plaques that hang in council chambers as a lasting recognition of their contributions.<br />
<br />
Since the Waterloo Award was launched in 1997, the following outstanding individuals have received this prestigious award:<br />
* Mark Whaley (1997)<br />
* Bill Weiler (1997)<br />
* Eleanor Scully (1997)<br />
* Betsy Abbott (1998)<br />
* Lori Strothard (1998)<br />
* [[Tracey Johnston-Aldworth]] (1998)<br />
* Tom Jeary (1999)<br />
* Carol Moogk-Soulis (1999)<br />
* George Masurkevitch (1999)<br />
* Ellis Little (2000)<br />
* Dawna Saba (2000)<br />
* Brian Norris (2000)<br />
* Terry Hallman (2001)<br />
* Dennis Hartleib (2002)<br />
* William Dailey (2003)<br />
* Angela Vieth (2003)<br />
* Anne Morgan (2003)<br />
* Mark Knight (2004)<br />
* Alan Morgan (2004)<br />
* Brent McFarlane (2004)<br />
* Douglas Letson (2005)<br />
* Marg Rowell (2006)<br />
* Cliff Campbell (2006)<br />
* Terry Dorscht (2007)<br />
* Eleni Stopp (2007)<br />
* Murray Haase (2007)<br />
* Michael Rowe (2008)<br />
* Randy Warren (2008)<br />
* Alan Chalmers (2008)<br />
* Donald Cowan (2009)<br />
* Tim Jackson (2009)<br />
* David Graham (2009)<br />
* Carolyn Fedy (2010)<br />
* Charles Foy (2010)<br />
* John Lynch (2010)<br />
* Laurie Strome (2011)<br />
* Narine Sookram (2012)<br />
* Edwin Outwater (2012)<br />
* Cindy Watkin (2012)<br />
* Elaine Ormston (2013)<br />
* Kenneth McLaughlin (2014)<br />
* Walter McLean (2014)<br />
* Frank Mensink (2014)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Waterloo (Ontario)|Waterloo, Ontario}}<br />
*[http://www.waterloo.ca/ City of Waterloo]<br />
*[http://www.waterloo.ca/en/government/visitorandheritageinformationcentre.asp/ Waterloo Visitor and Heritage Information Centre]<br />
*[http://waterloo-buskers.com Waterloo Busker Carnival -|- Waterloo, Ontario, Canada]<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location <!-- This geo box is for DIRECTLY ADJACENT municipalities as standardized for all other municipalities --><br />
| Centre = Waterloo<br />
| North = [[Woolwich, Ontario|Woolwich]]<br />
| Northeast = <br />
| East = [[Woolwich, Ontario|Woolwich]]<br />
| Southeast = [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]]<br />
| South =<br />
| Southwest = [[Wilmot, Ontario|Wilmot]]<br />
| West =<br />
| Northwest = [[Wellesley, Ontario|Wellesley]]<br />
}}<br />
{{WaterlooRegion}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Waterloo, Ontario| ]]<br />
[[Category:German Canadian]]<br />
[[Category:High-technology business districts]]<br />
[[Category:Lower-tier municipalities in Ontario]]<br />
[[Category:Mennonitism in Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in 1857]]<br />
[[Category:1857 establishments in Canada]]</div>The Canadian Roadgeek