Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Woodford County High School (Kentucky)

2015-03-09T02:54:30Z

Tom Allen: /* Notable alumni */ Pretty sure Woody Allen never lived in Woodford Co. ;)

{{Unreferenced|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox school
|name = Woodford County High School (WCHS)
|image =
|caption =
|motto =
|established = 1963
|closed =
|type = [[state school|Public]]
|affiliation =
|district = [[Woodford County, Kentucky|Woodford County Public Schools]]
|grades = 9-12
|president =
|principal = Rob Akers
|head of school =
|dean =
|faculty = 35
|staff = 69
|students = 1250
|enrollment =
|athletics = [[American football|Football]] (boys), [[Basketball]], [[Association football|Soccer]], [[Baseball]] (boys), [[Softball]] (girls), [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]], [[Volleyball]] (girls), [[Wrestling]], [[Cross country running|Cross country]], [[Track and field]], [[Diving]], [[Tennis]]
|conference = [[Kentucky High School Athletic Association|KHSAA]]
|colors = Yellow █ and Black █
|colours =
|nickname = [[Yellowjacket]]s
|campus type = [[Suburb]]an
|campus size =
|free_label = Fight Song
|free_text = On, on, WCHS
|free_label2 = Pep-Rally Cheer
|free_text2 = W C H S
|free_label3 =
|free_text3 =
|streetaddress = 180 Frankfort Street ([[US 60 (KY)|US 60]])
|city = [[Versailles, Kentucky|Versailles]]
|state = [[Kentucky|KY]]
|zipcode = 40383
|country = United States
|coordinates =
|information = Phone: +1 (859) 873-5434
|website = {{URL|http://www.wchs.woodfordschools.org/1/Home}}
}}

'''Woodford County High School''' is a public high school located in [[Versailles, Kentucky]]. It serves grades 9-12 and since 1963 has been the only public high school in [[Woodford County, Kentucky|Woodford County]].

==History==
At one time, there were three high schools in [[Woodford County, Kentucky|Woodford County]]: Midway High School, Versailles High School and Simmons High School. Simmons was an all [[African American|black]] school and in the 1950s Simmons closed. Simmons High School students attended either Midway High School or Versailles High School. Midway High School was closed in the early 1960s.

The old Midway High School building became Midway Elementary, then was closed, remodeled and converted into historic building apartments. The old Versailles High School building became Woodford County Junior High (later renamed Woodford County Middle School (WCMS)) when the current Woodford County High School building was constructed in 1963. Since that time, WCHS has been the only high school serving [[Woodford County, Kentucky|Woodford County]].

==Athletics==
WCHS athletic teams include [[volleyball]], [[cheerleading]], [[wrestling]], [[cross country running|cross country]], [[track and field]], [[American football|football]], [[Basketball|boys' basketball]], [[Basketball|girls' basketball]], [[baseball]], [[softball]], [[Association football|boys' soccer]], [[Association football|girls' soccer]], [[swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[diving]], [[tennis]], and [[golf]].

The wrestling team currently headed by co- head coaches Joe Carr Sr. and Jr. have won 13 state championships, celebrating more than any other KHSAA school as well as holding the record for most individual state champions with 56 . The wrestling teams championships span from 1972, to the most recent one in 2006 where the Matjackets boasted an outstanding number of 5 individual state champions in Coty Lewis, Harrison Courtney, Will Starks, Richard Starks and Kyle Goodrich. Notable grapes in WCHS history include a pair of four time State Champions Joe Carr and Harrison Courtney, and three-timers Richard Starks, Ian Horn, and Jeff Fitch.

In 2006, the boys' cross country team celebrated the title of KHSAA Runner Up. The 2006 team's varsity runners included Chris Rice, Cullen Kuntz, David Grieshaber, Andrew Baker, Jacob Kuntz, Chad Scott, and Noah Vasilakes. The Girls Soccer team participated in the state championship in 2007, defeated by Sacred Heart Academy 2-0; and in the 2008 State Final Four,losing to Highlands 1-0. The most notable WCHS Soccer Player, Andrea "Bug" Brown went on to play at the college level and return to coach after her college career.

Both the boys' and girls' basketball programs have a long competitive history. In the early 1970s, the boys' basketball program was led by Coach Don Lane. Later, after Coach Lane went on to coach at the college level, and Coach Kirk became head coach. Years later, Coach Bill Hill became the head girls' coach. The coaches led WCHS to sweet 16 berths in the mid-1980s to 1990s. After Coaches Kirk and Hill retired, they were succeeded by Coach Bill Bland and Bob Gibson as the boys' team coaches, and Coach Jay Lucas as the girls' team coach, all who had served under Coaches Kirk and Hill as assistants.

The boys' basketball team, led by Coach Gene Kirk, made a 1986 Sweet 16 State Basketball Tournament berth appearance after winning the 11th Region Boys Basketball Tournament for the first time in school history. The girls' basketball team, led by Coach Bill Hill, made a 1995 berth appearance after winning the 11th Region Girls Basketball Tournament for the first time in school history. Both boys' and girls' basketball programs have produced several student athletes who have gone on to earn scholarships and/or participate at the collegiate level. Over the years, both programs have produced several players who have gone on to participate in coaching basketball programs, including Coach Bill Bland (Woodford County Boys), Coach Bob Gibson (Woodford County), Coach Brad Carter (LCA) and Coach Susan Sullins (Woodford County).

The 1985 girls' golf team had many years as regional champions and celebrated the title of KHSAA 1985 State Girls Golf Team Runner Up. The 1985 girls' golf team included 3/4 players in the top 25, and opportunities for 3 players to receive Division I Golf Scholarships. This 1985 girls' golf team included: Laura Pulliam (1), Patty Scott (2), Micki Hill (3), and Shea Fontana (4) and was led by Coach Gene Kirk. The boys' golf team has included several players who have gone on to compete at the state level. Most notable of the boys' golf team would be Jeff Moffett (1986), who became a PGA Professional.

The WCHS swim team has celebrated several competitive seasons over the past 40 years. Among the most notable student athlete swimmers at WCHS are: Daena Wilds (University of Tennessee), Kristina Kirk (Union College), Newell Hicks (Western Kentucky University), and Aaron Mitchell (University of Findlay).

The Woodford County baseball team was recently crowned 2012 KHSAA State Champions winning their district and the 11th Region titles along the way.

==Media program==
In 1974, Dave Noble began the WCHS Media program. The class was first named Telecommunications and taught students broadcasting skills. The program continues to operate nearly 40 years later. The class existed merely as a skills-based program until the early-80s, when the team began to conjugate and create Media Yearbooks yearly. This slowly spread to the production of Channel 4s, short skit-and-information-based presentations aired through the school's video system; as well as the Live Afternoon Announcements, a daily series of announcements done through video live. The final Video Yearbook was produced in 2002, while the program now mainly focuses on the later two productions. At the end of the 2013-2014 school year, Dave Noble retired.

==WCHS cheer==
The WCHS cheer has been a long tradition at Woodford County High School spirit gatherings. Each class has its own part.
*Seniors shout "W"
*Juniors shout "C"
*Sophomores shout "H"
*Freshmen shout "S"
It's repeated 5 times.

==Notable alumni==
Notable alumni include former [[United States House of Representatives|US Rep.]] [[Ben Chandler]], former Arizona Cardinal Mike Gentry, country music singer [[John Conlee]], Travis Toy, and [[Sturgill Simpson]]. [[Trey Kramer]] is a professional football and soccer player.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.wchs.woodfordschools.org/1/Home}}

{{Coord|38.06242|N|84.73081|W|source:placeopedia|display=title}}

[[Category:Public high schools in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:Schools in Woodford County, Kentucky]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Kentucky]]

Talk:Jamaica

2012-08-13T03:33:20Z

Tom Allen: Last Sentence of Religion Section

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==Spelling Error==
Guiacum officinale --> Guaiacum officinale

== Demographics Cia ==
Basically the CIA factbook has been used as an authority when it wiki. I clicked on the link that the poster got their information from and it was either broken or non-existent. It appeared to have come from a university anyways, which should lead one to be a bit skeptical as universities are often making up theories (thats a professors job to make up theories and publish papers on them) even if they are not necessarily true or accurate. I think we should go with the factbook as we can all agree it is rather fair and objective, at least to the point that it is cited in demographics all over wiki without argument. You also have to remember that the CIA are professional intellegnce gatherers so they may have information that is not available to us particulalrly because they have offices all over the world and can easily get their hands on a census even in a country like Jamaica where these things are not put up on the net.

Further other online encyclopedia's and my microsoft encyclopedia all seem to corburate the idea that Jamaica is roughly 90-92% black 6%-4% mixed(However unclear what precisely that means, whether it is black mixed with white or indian and chinese or white and middle eastern or all of them), and the remainder white. Even infoplease.com agrees
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107662.html and http://www.indexmundi.com/jamaica/demographics_profile.htmland www.countryreports.org/people/overview.aspx?countryid=121&countryname=Jamaica

I am also highly skeptical that Jamaica is 3% Indian as even according to other articles on wiki there is no where near that much Indians (only 90,000)in Jamaica.

Is it possible that 15% of black jamaicans have some sort of white ancestry, possibly, but is that ancestry enough that these people identify themselves as "afro-europeans" Highly unlikely. Even the term sounds extremely un-natural, like someone just decided they were going to make up an ethnic group for the fun of it like Blackinese(black asian). When you look at any population you will find it displays a small percent of another race usually 2-20% but these people normally do not identified themselves as mixed. I think that we just accept that no race or people are truly pure, we are talking about Jamaica here not Dominican Republic or something. I'm in a place where I know many Italians, most Italians are mixed with at least one or two other cultures, like having a french great grandma, but it would a bit of a stretch to say that they are franco-italiano. We usually do not classify a group of people as mixed unless they obviously appear that way, to me 90% of the jamaicans I meet do not look all that different from West Africans(Nigerians) in terms of skin complextion and physical features.

However it is really irrelevent what I think and who I meet because what ultimately matters is the hardcore facts and the data here and that is all pointing to 91+% of jamaicans are black/african looking people 6% are mixed and the rest are white, indian and chinese. Besides if these 15% of Jamaicans were truly afro-europeans(defintion still unclear because I can find no real source to back it up, word is not even in the dictionary for crips sake) would not they just identify themselves as mixed in a census if this were truly so? I mean if they had such significan ancestry why would they go out the way to seperate themselves from other mixed people. Most would assume mixed would encompass afro-european

I have distant cousing who have intermarried and when some kids who are 1/4 black identify as white, appear white, as far as most people are concerned they are white. Genetically they are 1/4 black but to the average person who comes on wiki wanting to know about them(assuming the repopulated an entire nation of 1/4 black people) they would just be white. Calling them a euro-african or something would just be silly people in the real world do not think like that. People see black people like in africa, white people like in england, and mixed people like in Brazil or dominican. No one sees afro-europeans or euro africans or afro-asianicans. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Jmack8080|Jmack8080]] ([[User talk:Jmack8080|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jmack8080|contribs]]) 04:09, 12 January 2009 (UTC) 

Jamaica should apply a white "one drop rule" so if a Jamaican has just a white great grand father he/she would be considered white. After all that is what happens in the U.S. and a guy who is just 1/8 black and 8/1 white is considered "black". Then if somebody in Jamaica is 1/8 white and 8/1 black he/she could be called white the same way....--[[Special:Contributions/79.146.210.173|79.146.210.173]] ([[User talk:79.146.210.173|talk]]) 23:03, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

:Jamaicans always talk about ancestry. There's plenty afro-indians (just call them "Indian") and afro-chinese (see [[Michael Lee-Chin]], Jamaica's richest son). And lots of afro-afro (called "black") and afro-european (called "brown" as in "brown-skin boy"). Don't worry about it. [[User:Bushcutter|Bushcutter]] ([[User talk:Bushcutter|talk]]) 02:26, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

To classify Jamaica according to the CIA and America's views on race and to disregard the UWI's data to me is a great disservice to our society. Of course we can trace African blood lines in almost 95 percent of the population, but to make no mentions of Indo-Jamaicans and mixed Indo-Jamaicans who number well in the hundred thousands as well as Chinese Jamaicans, all of whom are woven into the fabric of Jamaican life and history is nothing more than disrespectful to all those who classify themselves as Jamaicans. We all know that Slave masters forcibly had relations with their slaves and as such the so called 15 percent of the population that is classified as Afro-European makes full sense. We must look back at census demographics from the 1980's backward, they all had the same racial data as what the UWI collected. It was not until the 1990's onward that we began adopting the United States' views and ideas on racial classifications. Mixed Jamaicans according the US would be black and nothing more. We are an independent nation with think tanks our own. If the University of the West Indies, a learned and intrinsically Jamaicans institution is to be disregarded for data the "CIA" reports is accurate does nothing but reaffirm some of our views of anything foreign being better than us. Another insult I find is to make no mention of Syrian, Lebanese, or even European Jamaicans, all of whom have an established history within Jamaica and have even given us a Prime Minister. We must celebrate our racial diversity and not simple classify ourselves according to the CIA. (Blackchiney86 (talk) 01:20, 30 April 2011 (UTC)) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Blackchiney86|Blackchiney86]] ([[User talk:Blackchiney86|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Blackchiney86|contribs]])  

== bob marley ==

did marley die in jamaica???--[[Special:Contributions/98.112.121.78|98.112.121.78]] ([[User talk:98.112.121.78|talk]]) 23:14, 25 January 2009 (UTC)gonalez21

:The answer is in the [[Bob Marley]] article. Thanks. - [[User:BillCJ|BillCJ]] ([[User talk:BillCJ|talk]]) 23:48, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

=="Typo"==
{{tl|editsemiprotected}}
Under culture, it says "The island is famous for it's Jamaican jerk spice which forms a popular part of Jamaican cuisine."
It should say "...famous for ITS Jamaican jerk spice...."
It's means it is!!! [[Special:Contributions/199.34.5.20|199.34.5.20]] ([[User talk:199.34.5.20|talk]]) 05:03, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
:{{ESp|d}}--[[User:Aervanath|Aervanath]] ([[User talk:Aervanath|talk]]) 06:36, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

== Jamaica's Bands ==

A recent reading of wiki's info on Jamaica, has an incorrect link for the Fab5 (fabulous 5) band. Could the link be changed to www.fab5inc.com?[[User:Portlandbabe|Portlandbabe]] ([[User talk:Portlandbabe|talk]]) 17:37, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

== Coordinates ==

The coordinates need the following fixes:
* Write here

[[Special:Contributions/76.87.121.35|76.87.121.35]] ([[User talk:76.87.121.35|talk]]) 03:59, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

== Religion ==
There's no mention of [[Rastafarianism]]. This is an important religion in Jamaica. According to the [[Demographics_of_Jamaica#Religions]] page it's 34.7%, but none of the references back that up and I'm having trouble finding an "official" number. [[Special:Contributions/216.17.156.32|216.17.156.32]] ([[User talk:216.17.156.32|talk]]) 00:12, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

:Huh? The first section under culture is all about Rastafrians. And the 34.7% number seems way too high. - [[User:BillCJ|BillCJ]] ([[User talk:BillCJ|talk]]) 00:42, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

::An old version of the Demographics page listed "34.7%" as "Other, including Rastas, Jews, Muslims, etc.". I've removed the claim as false. - [[User:BillCJ|BillCJ]] ([[User talk:BillCJ|talk]]) 01:02, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Well, culture and religion are separated here. It's important to list this as a religion. Looking at the (recently added?) external link [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90259.htm] there were 24,020 Rastafarians in Jamaica in 2007. The current religion section talks about 200 Jewish and 5,000 Islamic people, but no mention is given to a religWhere is the article about foodion that has more adherents, and was much more important for Jamaica's development as a country. FWIW that link can also be used as the citation in the [[Demographics_of_Jamaica#Religions]] section. Thoughts? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:AxeMay|AxeMay]] ([[User talk:AxeMay|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/AxeMay|contribs]]) 03:25, 1 May 2009 (UTC) 

:While I agree with your reasoning in theory, I assume it'scovered under Culture because, per the [[Rastafari movement]] article (note that it's not named [[Rastafarianism]]), because many Rastafari don't consider it a religion (or an "-ism"). I don't oppose listing the percenatage of the population that practice it though. - [[User:BillCJ|BillCJ]] ([[User talk:BillCJ|talk]]) 04:14, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

== Sean Kingston ==
Add Sean Kingston to the famous artists born in Jamaica! —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/190.230.29.27|190.230.29.27]] ([[User talk:190.230.29.27|talk]]) 02:52, 7 May 2009 (UTC) 

:Per his article on WP, he was born in Miami, FL. - [[User:BillCJ|BillCJ]] ([[User talk:BillCJ|talk]]) 03:02, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

== The context of Jamaica ==

The article while to some extent very comprehensive it fails to outline the context of a lot of the socio-economic issues that face Jamaica. A good example of this is the issue of gay rights and homosexual harassment in the country. Many of the persons who comment on the issue do not asses the issue within the context of Jamaica's culture and history.

In many Jamaican communities there are known gay men and women who live their lives freely and without menace. It is a fact that there are high profile incidence of gay assaults but this is not a wholesale killing and beating of gays. A large proportion of gay violence is perpetrated by gay men against gay men.<ref>http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20090317/lead/lead8.html</ref>

I addition is the fact that whenever a homosexual is killed there are interests who are quick to claim this this is a anti-killing. This is not always the case<ref>http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20040613/news/news1.html</ref>. Jamaica has one of the highest murder rates in the world and because gays are a part of the society they too will becoome victims of gang violence, robberies and other forms of crime<ref>http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080511/focus/focus1.html</ref>.

On one point I will cede to the interests that brand Jamaica as 'homophobic' is as it relates to the music. For many years jamaican entertainers have proliferated an exaggerated rhetoric related to gay bashing. While they also bash oral sex, [[obeah]] and other forms of behavior or activity, the fact is that they have internationalized a problem that is not as bad as it is presented and should pay a penalty for that.

In concluding, nothing can be fully understood without context and using small, poor and crime ridden Jamaica as a clarion call for gay rights will not do much to achieve the global aims of the gay rights lobby. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Alykhatpr|Alykhatpr]] ([[User talk:Alykhatpr|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alykhatpr|contribs]]) 02:21, 29 May 2009 (UTC) 

== Education in Jamaica ==

I was told by several of my Jamaican friends that school was not free. It cost to go to school from 1-18 yrs old. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/24.99.93.141|24.99.93.141]] ([[User talk:24.99.93.141|talk]]) 20:11, 20 July 2009 (UTC) 

:Jamaican children don't go to school age one. - [[User:BilCat|BilCat]] ([[User talk:BilCat|talk]]) 21:49, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

From 1977 to 1995 I was schooled in Jamaica and education was (probably still is) free at the Infant school (ages 3-5), the Primary school (ages 6-12), and the High school (ages 12-17 or 18). Those who pay big fees are attending private schools. However, the public schools do have a small registration fee.I went to a teachers college and it was free. I hear it is no longer free. I graduated from Mico Teachers in 1995.[[User:Jamkelly001|Jamkelly001]] ([[User talk:Jamkelly001|talk]]) 17:02, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

== ethnic ancestry of jamaican people ==

I found this article lacking information about the origin of immigrants to jamaica over the centuries. refering to one's ancestral origin as "African" or "Indian" is no more accurate than calling a Parisian - "European". Furthermore, The time and circumstance (slavery is again a far too general reason in a historical point of view) of African arrival to Jamaica, as well as Indian, are missing. Thanks! —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/77.126.31.248|77.126.31.248]] ([[User talk:77.126.31.248|talk]]) 10:49, 22 August 2009 (UTC) 

:A Parisian generally ''is'' European - it's accurate, just not specific. - [[User:BilCat|BilCat]] ([[User talk:BilCat|talk]]) 19:16, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

I am Jamaican-American born in Jamaica and we Jamaicans call ourselves West Indians being from the West Indies. It does not suggest we are Indians but refers to the region we are from. Some Jamaicans like myself call ourselves Afro-Caribbean. It suggests our African ancestry and Caribbean birth. Many Jamaicans identify with the term "black" rather than adopt the term "African-American" because the latter term completely misses our native island birth. Serious and patriotic Jamaicans value the association and connection with Africa and the Caribbean more than any other association regardless of where they live.

The Jamaican motto "out of many one people" learned by every Jamaican as soon as they are born, suggest that you will find, living as one, so many people of mixed race born on the island -- and it is usual that this mixture is black and another race or ethnicity such as black and white, black and indian, black and asian, these 3 are the primary mixture. This ethic and racial mix came about because during slavery, all kinds of ethnic and racial people, visiting or resident to the island, would co-mingle with black slave women who would then produce mixed kids. However, it was not just limited to slavery; long after slavery the trend continued that black women would reproduce for men of other races and ethnicities. Now, you also found this moreso with the women than with the Jamaican men. Only recently have Jamaican men started seeking after women who are not black.[[User:Jamkelly001|Jamkelly001]] ([[User talk:Jamkelly001|talk]]) 17:03, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

There were also many Irish people who came to Jamaica as Irish slaves and who mixed with African slaves. Many Jamaican towns also have Irish names. Jamaican English also has many Irish influences mixed with African and British influences.

[[Special:Contributions/98.245.148.9|98.245.148.9]] ([[User talk:98.245.148.9|talk]]) 05:12, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

[[Irish people in Jamaica|Irish_people_in_Jamaica]]
[[Special:Contributions/64.134.224.193|64.134.224.193]] ([[User talk:64.134.224.193|talk]]) 15:16, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

== kofi kingston ==

add kofi to famus people

:Not eligible. according to the [[Kofi Kingston]] article, he is from [[Ghana]], not Jamaica, with no relation to the city whatsoever other than the name. - [[User:BilCat|BilCat]] ([[User talk:BilCat|talk]]) 01:46, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

== Typo/grammar under Religion ==

About 21% of the Jamaican population is either an Agnostic or Atheist, making Jamaica which the most Atheists in the Caribbean.

'''Correction:''' About 21% of the Jamaican population is either an Agnostic or Atheist, making Jamaica (the nation, the island) <s>the which</s> '''with''' the most Atheists in the Caribbean.

:: I doubt it. Agnostics are usually Christians, and not the same as "Atheists". [[User:Sagradamoto|Sagradamoto]] ([[User talk:Sagradamoto|talk]]) 02:05, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

::: Branding agnostics "usually" Christians is such a ridiculous generalisation and completely misses the point of agnosticism, as they are either unsure or believe that religion and the supernatural et cetera remains unknownable so therefore they '''aren't''' Christians [[Special:Contributions/79.78.75.220|79.78.75.220]] ([[User talk:79.78.75.220|talk]]) 20:30, 11 December 2009 (UTC)
----

Jamaica doesn't have an official religion, the government likes to have a feeling that everyone has some freedom, but for requires you must of some form Christianity to be President or part of Parliament.

'''Correction:''' Jamaica doesn't have an official religion, the government likes to have a feeling that everyone has some freedom, but <s>for</s> requires '''you''' to '''practice''' <s>you must of</s> some form Christianity to be President or <s>part</s> '''a member''' of Parliament.

[[User:Dopper0189|Dopper0189]] ([[User talk:Dopper0189|talk]]) 05:50, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

:{{fixed}} I have implemented your changes. Thanks for the help. In the future, if you see something like that that needs to be fixed, [[WP:BOLD|be bold]] and do so yourself. [[user:Katerenka|– Katerenka]] [[user talk:Katerenka|(talk •]] [[Special:Contributions/Katerenka|contribs)]] 05:57, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

I am Jamaican, and the foregoing is garbage! Jamaica is a CHRISTIAN nation and declares that in such things as it national anthen and national pledge which every born Jamaican knows. Christianity is so embedded in the culture that Christian education is taught in all infant and primary public schools. Now, our christian religion comes with many denominations - Baptist, Anglican, Methodist, Seventh Day, etc. Another religion - Rastafarianism is practiced but by a very very very small number of philosophical Jamaicans. JAMAICANS ARE NOT ATHEISTS! Not even a little bit. These are some of the most God-fearing people with more Christian churches per square mile than any other country in the world according to the guiness book of world record.[[User:Jamkelly001|Jamkelly001]] ([[User talk:Jamkelly001|talk]]) 17:05, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

== Location map ==

There are several problems with the proposed new map:
# It is too big and so unbalances the sidebar; the previous version was more appropriately sized.
# It does not situate Jamaica as well as the previous map did; the actual location of the island is much smaller and so more difficult to see. Almost impossibly so without the ring. The previous version did not need such artificialities.
# The large green outline of the island plastered over the mid-Atlantic is pointless and potentially confusing.
# The previous map situated Jamaica clearly in the Caribbean and the Caribbean in the world. The new one does not, indeed it has a pronounced western hemisphere bias (half the globe is missing) and so looses the at-a-glance understanding that the traditional full world map provides.
[[User:Arbus Driver|-Arb.]] ([[User talk:Arbus Driver|talk]]) 01:02, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

== Legality/Illegality of Homosexuality in Jamaica ==

It is unfortunate that Wikipedia states that homosexuality is illegal in Jamaica. Jamaican law states that buggery, the act of anal sex between two males, is illegal. This law existed in the UK until 2004 as well. There is no law in Jamaica that states that "homosexuality" is illegal. There is a difference between buggery, an act, an homosexuality, a description of a person.

See the "Offence Against the Person Act" at http://www.moj.gov.jm/law/search?lawSearch=buggery
[[User:Davidmullings|Davidmullings]] ([[User talk:Davidmullings|talk]]) 15:40, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

: Well [[homosexuality]] is defined as the sexual attraction between two people of the same sex. What kind of sexual orientation describes anal sex between two males? Here we go again over this silly word war: "homosexuality vs. homosexual ''behavior''". [[User:Andrewlp1991|Andrewlp1991]] ([[User talk:Andrewlp1991|talk]]) 21:07, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

::Legally there need not be any homosexual attraction. It's enough that one male buggered another male, regardless of sexual orientation. Section 79 refers simply to "any act of gross indecency with another male person". The act refers only to behaviour, not to feelings or attitudes. [[User:Santamoly|Santamoly]] ([[User talk:Santamoly|talk]]) 21:01, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

I am Jamaican, and simply put, Jamaicans do not tolerate homosexulity. Homosexuals must remain hushed in this culture because it is not embraced. This is based on the Christian premise that God created a man and a woman to replenish the earth. If a couple cannot biologically reproduce due to having the same sex organs, then how on Gods earth do we expect to replenish the earth? Now a couple with opposite sex organs who cannot reporduced is excused because they did not deliberately create that situation so please don't argue there. Jamaica's highly influential Chriatian community of educated religious leaders speak out against homosexuality and the masses including government listens, hence homosexuality is not tolerated though it exists. It is therefore illegal, it doesn't matter how you choose to explain buggery.[[User:Jamkelly001|Jamkelly001]] ([[User talk:Jamkelly001|talk]]) 17:07, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

Your take on Christianity is not the only one and Jamaican laws on 'buggery' (it seems in some parts of the world that relic of a word is still in use) were given to you by the British. And your focus on sex organs and reproduction is rather bizarre. [[User:Vauxhall1964|Vauxhall1964]] ([[User talk:Vauxhall1964|talk]]) 10:33, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

== Population of Jamaica ==

A more authoritative source for the population should be the Statistical Institute of Jamaica. This is the Government body responsible for doing census and maintaining other relevant statistics. The website link to the information on population statistics is http://statinja.gov.jm/population.aspx. The population listed is inaccurate. It should be corrected. [[Special:Contributions/72.252.216.60|72.252.216.60]] ([[User talk:72.252.216.60|talk]]) 16:51, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

:The 4th paragraph in "History" says: ''In 1660, the population of Jamaica was about 4,500 whites and some 1,500 blacks.'' but the reference given doesn't support this statement. The reference given actually says: "''The first recorded attempt at enumerating the population of Jamaica was in 1660, when "the relicts of the army" were stated to be 2200, and the planters, merchants, and others about the same number. In 1775, there were 13,737 whites, free coloured 4093, slaves 192,787.''" The sentence in ''History'' is obviously an error of some kind, but I can't see how the editor came to that conclusion, even after checking out the supplied reference. I suggest removing the whole sentence - anyone agree? [[User:Santamoly|Santamoly]] ([[User talk:Santamoly|talk]]) 20:33, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

------

I've wanted to fly to Jamaica since I was 3. It was always the land of my dreams. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/213.164.101.122|213.164.101.122]] ([[User talk:213.164.101.122|talk]]) 23:10, 14 March 2010 (UTC) 

==Irish Slaves in Jamaica/Irish mixing with Africans==

This article makes no mention of the Irish contribution to the Jamaican ethnos except for the brief listing of Irish in the Laundry List of ethnic groups contributing to bi-raciality. There are reasons Jamaicans love Guiness Stout. This is a poorly researched article to overlook a very important part of Jamaican heritage and world history. For more on this see http://www.thewildgeese.com/pages/jamone.html
Thanks, George, 'Y-0' USA —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/69.119.207.171|69.119.207.171]] ([[User talk:69.119.207.171|talk]]) 23:43, 22 April 2010 (UTC) 

Many Irish slaves (poor indigents and debtors forced into indentured slavery by the British government) were sent to Jamaica and over time intermarried with African slaves. Many Jamaican towns today have Irish names. The Jamaican accent today has a little Irish in it. You can hear it if you listen.

[[Special:Contributions/98.245.148.9|98.245.148.9]] ([[User talk:98.245.148.9|talk]]) 05:16, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

I just added four citations to the article, noting the significant Irish heritage in Jamaica.

[[Special:Contributions/98.245.148.9|98.245.148.9]] ([[User talk:98.245.148.9|talk]]) 06:01, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

==North America==
The sentence: "relative proximity to large markets in North America" suggests that Jamaica is not in North America. Can someone edit this to show that it is in NA? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Mistereliminator|Mistereliminator]] ([[User talk:Mistereliminator|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mistereliminator|contribs]]) 04:09, 21 May 2010 (UTC) 

== Merge from [[Constitution of Jamaica]] ==
{{discussion top|Speedy closing (non-admin) as Incomplete proposal - no rationale given, and no consesnus to this point. User appears to regularly make hasty or friviouous proposals. - [[User:BilCat|BilCat]] ([[User talk:BilCat|talk]]) 19:00, 27 May 2010 (UTC)}}

* '''Strongly Oppose'''. Most countries have a separate article to cover just the constitution of the country (see infobox at bottom of [[Constitution of Canada]].) There is more than enough information to fill an article by itself. Deleting or removing content from this article would be similar to removing content from the [[Constitution of Canada]] or [[Constitution of the United States]] articles, and will be seen in the same light by me. (In other words, I will respond in the same manner as if someone tried to "merge" those articles.) The article is not even an hour old, give it time to develop. [[User:Int21h|Int21h]] ([[User talk:Int21h|talk]]) 01:28, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

* '''Oppose''' - Especially since we already have an article on [[Politics of Jamaica]]. If the Constitution article is not expanded, that would be a suitable place to merge it to. - [[User:BilCat|BilCat]] ([[User talk:BilCat|talk]]) 02:30, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

* '''Comment''' I point to the definition of [[:wikt:premature|premature]]: "Occurring before a state of readiness or maturity has arrived".

:I agree that a merge ''might'' be appropriate if the article stayed this small for a while, but saying as this merge was requested when the article was only '''minutes old'''. The merge was requested in the middle of my citations gathering for the article, which ''already surpasses'' the politics article. My guess is because people are getting reverted before they can even finish their macroedits, like what happened here.

:I have been spending my time since then fighting this ridiculous merge request by a user who seems to only be removing material from Wikipedia and not adding anything. (This is my frustration showing.) I request that the merge requester formally withdraw the request since his only reason was that it was too small when it was in the process of being created. (Minutes, jeez...) Give the article a little longer. I cannot spend time expanding this article while I am actively fighting against its removal to an '''article with no citations''', and in poor shape to boot. I will take this to the administrators if necessary to protect this fledging article. [[User:Int21h|Int21h]] ([[User talk:Int21h|talk]]) 18:38, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

::Given that the adder of the merge tag has not even bothered to add a rationle for the move, or comment here in any way, I'm considering closing the merge as Incomplete. <s>I'll comment on page first, and give him a chance to defend his proposal.</s> - [[User:BilCat|BilCat]] ([[User talk:BilCat|talk]]) 18:49, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

{{discussion bottom}}

== Sports/Basketball ==

Why wasn't Patrick Ewing (born August 5, 1962) even briefly mentioned in the article under basketball? He is one of the 50 greatest basketball players of all time and most notably the best Basketball player hailing from Jamaica. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/71.251.156.12|71.251.156.12]] ([[User talk:71.251.156.12|talk]]) 16:40, 27 May 2010 (UTC) 

==bobsled team==

I'm pretty sure that the Jamaican team was never a "serious contender" like this article claims. Their best finish at any Olympics was 14th and even that was a complete shock to pretty much everyone. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/184.169.63.121|184.169.63.121]] ([[User talk:184.169.63.121|talk]]) 17:21, 6 August 2012 (UTC) 

== Edit request from Jebrkala, 2 June 2010 ==

{{tlf|editsemiprotected}}

Please change the population of Jamaica from 2.8 million people to 2.7 million people. According to information from the Statistical Institute of Jamaica, last updated on May 26, 2010, the population of Jamaica on Dec. 31, 2009, was 2,698,8000.

[[User:Jebrkala|Jebrkala]] ([[User talk:Jebrkala|talk]]) 18:36, 2 June 2010 (UTC)
:Do you have a link to this? '''—[[User:Fetchcomms|fetch]][[Special:Contributions/Fetchcomms|·]][[User talk:Fetchcomms|comms]]''' 21:20, 2 June 2010 (UTC)
::If you have a source, just change it and note the source. Much easier than trying to get others to do it. [[User:Santamoly|Santamoly]] ([[User talk:Santamoly|talk]]) 23:44, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

== History ==

Hi everyone, I've recently joined [[Wikipedia:Caribbean|wikiproject Caribbean]] and am working to fix up this article. In the history I've noted some inaccuracies, such as the bit about Runaway Bay. It is not named that because of the Spaniard Don Cortez Arnoldo de Yassi, but, according to this source, it's called that because it was once a route for runaway slaves [http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g147317-s203/Runaway-Bay:Jamaica:History.html source.] I also cannot find a record of Don Cortez Arnoldo de Yassi. [[user:Bobby122|Bobby122]] [[user talk:Bobby122|Contact Me]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobby122|(C)]] 16:34, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

According to "Spanish Jamaica" by Francisco Morales Padron. Governor Don Cristobal Ysassi, was headquartered at Las Choreras (Ocho Rios) and was defeated at Rio Nuevo; he records him and his men leaving "from the North Coast" in 2 canoes with 76 men to Cuba.

[[User:Jahmusic|Jahmusic]] ([[User talk:Jahmusic|talk]]) 23:51, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

==More vandalism==

Lots of recent vandalism, some of it missed in reversions. I think it's time to semi-protect the article again, if PC is not an option. - [[User:BilCat|BilCat]] ([[User talk:BilCat|talk]]) 17:15, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

== Edit request from 208.102.79.69, 30 January 2011 ==

{{Tld|edit semi-protected}}



one jamaican name is ifari[[Special:Contributions/208.102.79.69|208.102.79.69]] ([[User talk:208.102.79.69|talk]]) 18:40, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

{{ESp|n}} And I imagine there's several thousand more Jamaican names; nonetheless, this is not encyclopedic information belonging in the article. [[User:Qwyrxian|Qwyrxian]] ([[User talk:Qwyrxian|talk]]) 01:43, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

== Geography ==

The statement that the Port Royal earthquake formed the Palisadoes is probably incorrect. The Palisadoes existed before the earthquake even though Port Royal was an island at the time. Maps of the period clearly show the Palisadoes and Port Royal.

[[User:Jahmusic|Jahmusic]] ([[User talk:Jahmusic|talk]]) 20:42, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

== Energy ==

The reference to the Slowpoke reactor is misleading. While it is true that the University of the West Indies has operated it for many years, it is a research facility and not used to provide energy. The sentence should be rephrased to indicate this.

[[User:Jahmusic|Jahmusic]] ([[User talk:Jahmusic|talk]]) 23:32, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

== Orphaned references in [[:Jamaica]] ==

I check pages listed in [[:Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting]] to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for [[User:AnomieBOT/docs/OrphanReferenceFixer|orphaned references]] in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of [[:Jamaica]]'s orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for ''this'' article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "cia":<ul>
<li>From [[Panama]]: {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pm.html |title=CIA - The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-12-23}}</li>
<li>From [[Andorra]]: {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/an.html|title=CIA World Factbook entry: Andorra}}</li>
<li>From [[Norway]]: {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/no.html |title=Norway |author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-07-15}}</li>
<li>From [[Nicaragua]]: {{cite news|title=Nicaragua: Economy| publisher=CIA World Factbook|url =https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nu.html|accessdate = 2007-05-09}}</li>
<li>From [[Botswana]]: {{Cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|title=Botswana |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html |year=2009|accessdate=February 3, 2010}}</li>
<li>From [[Argentina]]: {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html|title=Argentina|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate=2009-09-01}}</li>
<li>From [[Canada]]: {{cite web |publisher= Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html|title=The World Factbook: Canada |date=2006-05-16 |accessdate=2009-10-26}}</li>
<li>From [[Maldives]]: {{cite journal|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mv.html|title=CIA World Fact Book| version=2010 revision |format=.html|publisher=US|author=CIA Population Division|year=2010|accessdate= 2010-09-14}}</li>
<li>From [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sb.html#People CIA factbook: Saint Pierre and Miquelon]</li>
<li>From [[Sudan]]: [[Staff writer]] (27 December 2010). [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html "Sudan"]. ''[[CIA World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency|U.S. Central Intelligence Agency]]. Retrieved 14 January 2011.</li>
<li>From [[Suriname]]: {{Cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|title=Suriname |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ns.html |year=2009|accessdate=23 January 2010}}</li>
<li>From [[Palau]]: {{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ps.html|title=Palau|work=CIA World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate=2009-08-09}}</li>
<li>From [[Languages of Papua New Guinea]]: CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pp.html Papua New Guinea]</li>
<li>From [[Aruba]]: {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|title=Aruba |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aa.html |year=2009|accessdate=January 23, 2010}}</li>
<li>From [[Guyana]]: {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gy.html|title=The World Factbook: Guyana|publisher=CIA|accessdate=2009-10-18}}</li>
<li>From [[Japan]]: {{cite web|title=World Factbook: Japan|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html|publisher=[[CIA]]|accessdate=15 January 2011}}</li>
<li>From [[Guatemala]]: {{cite web| url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html#People| title=Guatemala| work=World Factbook| publisher=CIA| accessdate=2007-12-17}}</li>
<li>From [[Kenya]]: {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html |year=2009|accessdate=23 January 2010}}</li>
<li>From [[Barbados]]: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bb.html Barbados: People.] World Factbook of CIA</li>
<li>From [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ck.html CIA World Factbook]</li>
<li>From [[Navassa Island]]: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bq.html Navassa Island - World Factbook]</li>
<li>From [[Senegal]]: {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=CIA |publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|title=Senegal |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html |year=2009|accessdate=January 10, 2010}}</li>
<li>From [[Belize]]: {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html |title=Belize |accessdate=2008-09-09 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency }}</li>
<li>From [[El Salvador]]: {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|title=El Salvador |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/es.html |year=2009|accessdate=January 27, 2010}}</li>
<li>From [[Guernsey]]: {{cite web|title=CIA World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gk.html|accessdate=2007-12-01|publisher=CIA}}</li>
<li>From [[Bermuda]]: {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|title=Bermuda |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bd.html |year=2009|accessdate=23 January 2010}}</li>
<li>From [[Falkland Islands]]: {{cite web
|url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html
|title = Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
|publisher=The World Factbook
|publisher=CIA
|accessdate = 5 March 2010}}</li>
<li>From [[Saint Barthélemy]]: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tb.html World factbook Saint Barthelemy]</li>
<li>From [[Bhutan]]: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bt.html World Factbook</li>
<li>From [[Ascension Island]]: {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sh.html |title=Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha |accessdate=2011-01-03 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency }}</li>
<li>From [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density]]: Population density calculated using surface area and population figures from [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html CIA World Factbook]. Republic of China (Taiwan) as of 2005; Serbia as of 2002, Kosovo excluded; Montenegro as of 2004.</li>
<li>From [[Brunei]]: {{cite journal | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html | title=Brunei | version= | publisher=[[CIA World Factbook]] | author= | year=2011 | accessdate=2011-01-13 }}</li>
<li>From [[World population]]: Population density calculated using surface area and population figures from the [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vt.html CIA World Factbook].</li>
<li>From [[Uganda]]: {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|title=Uganda |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html |year=2009|accessdate=January 23, 2010}}</li>
<li>From [[Algeria]]:
{{cite web
| url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html
| title = Africa: Algeria
| work = CIA World Factbook
| publisher = Cia.gov
| date =
| accessdate = 2009-12-07
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5mqzwboNV |archivedate = 2010-01-17| deadurl=no}}</li>
<li>From [[Guam]]: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html "Guam,"] ''CIA World Factbook,'' April 17, 2007. Retrieved April 19, 2007.</li>
<li>From [[Hong Kong]]: {{cite web
|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html
|title=Hong Kong
|work=The World Factbook
|publisher=CIA
|date=23 August 2010
|accessdate=17 September 2010}}</li>
</ul>

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. [[User:AnomieBOT|AnomieBOT]][[User talk:AnomieBOT|⚡]] 11:50, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

== Emigration ==

This article describes high emigration from Jamaica to metropolitan centres abroad, then lists The Bahamas as having similarly high levels of emigration.

This is false. The Bahamas has high net immigration (among the highest in the world) and virtually no economic emigration to other countries. This is why it enjoys visa free travel to virtually all developed countries.

No mention is made of Jamaican immigration to The Bahamas, which is high. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Robblaten|Robblaten]] ([[User talk:Robblaten|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robblaten|contribs]]) 16:28, 1 August 2011 (UTC) 

== EDIT REQUEST - SPORTS ==

Cricket is NOT the most popular sport in Jamaica (http://www.jamaicans.com/culture/sports/index.shtml) - it was "once the most popular sport in Jamaica." Those days are long gone.

Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Jamaica (http://wiki.jamaicans.com/index.php/Category:Sports_in_Jamaica) followed by athletics/track&field.

Cricket is a distant third. Even the site that is referenced no longer claims that cricket is the most popular sport (although it incorrectly claims that cricket is the second most popular sport). http://www.my-island-jamaica.com/sports_played_in_jamaica.html — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Dkduggan|Dkduggan]] ([[User talk:Dkduggan|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dkduggan|contribs]]) 19:44, 4 September 2011 (UTC) 

== Edit request from , 13 October 2011 ==

{{edit semi-protected|answered=yes}}
the reason why i want to edit this page is the fact you have the percentage of racial diversity wrong it is actually 85.2% afo jamaica,10.2% afro caucasian,2.1 afroindian, 1.1 indian,1.1 chinese and 0.2 others


[[User:Ryan mccalla|Ryan mccalla]] ([[User talk:Ryan mccalla|talk]]) 03:17, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

*{{ESp|nfn}} Please provide a source to support the change you are requesting. [[User:Monty845|Monty]][[User talk:Monty845|845]] 15:46, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

== Edit request on 12 December 2011 ==

{{edit semi-protected|answered=yes}}

Please remove the claim in the second paragraph of the article that Jamaica is the third most populous anglophone country behind the US and Canada because it is blatantly incorrect. England, for example, has a population at least 25 times that of Jamaica.


[[Special:Contributions/129.133.198.192|129.133.198.192]] ([[User talk:129.133.198.192|talk]]) 23:28, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

{{ESp|n}} It says "third most populous anglophone country in '''the Americas'''". I'm pretty sure England isn't part of the Americas?--[[User:Hazel77|Hazel77]] [[User talk:Hazel77|talk]] 23:48, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

== Edit request on 20 December 2011 ==

{{edit semi-protected|answered=yes}}

As a Jamaican and former student of advanced history there are details that have not been mentioned and various areas could be expounded upon.
*For example where transportation is mentioned I think there could have been some mention of the 'Kendal Tragedy of 1957' which is of historical significance , which explains why the railway system became unused until the recent introduction of limited transportation in April 2011. [I could provide you with the info and reference if necessary]
*Additionally where the weather and major hurricanes were mentioned, there should have been mention of the 'Port Royal Earthquake of 1692' and the '1907 Earthquake' which were major historical events. Geographically, Jamaica lies on a stretch of plates that are connected to the Caribbean Plate, hence we have experienced major seismic activities. There ought to be more details about Jamaica's geography i.e. land terrain, info on the plains, mountains, and rivers in Jamaica (most of which have Spanish names due to previous Spanish colonization).
*Where tourism and bauxite is mentioned, there should also be some info on cattle breeding in Jamaica which was a significant area I touched on whilst studying. This led to the development of Jamaican hybrids such as the Jamaican Brahmin, Red and Black which have been dubbed some of the finest sources of beef in the world and have been reared in other parts of the Caribbean and Latin countries.
*Under culture there should also be an entire section on the music and art forms i.e. the traditional dances and there roots e.g. bruckins, kumina, pole dance/may pole etc.; jonkunu; evolution of the music from the days of ska and mento right up to reggae and dancehall. The birth of poems influenced by our colonial past.
*Also under the section which mentions our ethnic origins, I believe Igbe should be removed. Most of our Afro people came from West Africa but predominantly from Ghana (Akan, Dahomey and Asante tribes). A small amount came from Senegal and Ivory Coast.
*Under history, the genocide of the Tainos by the Spaniards should be mentioned, after all, they are our first settlers and this was a major part of our history. This is also partly why there is barely any remnants of them today and why Africans were introduced.
* Also where indentureship was mentioned, there were NOT only Chinese and Indians. There were White indentured labourers who were Irish/Scottish/German and Europeans (hence the large number of mulattoes in places such as St. Elizabeth).
*More details should be given about our local diet and the food in general(origins/cultural influence), as Jamaican cuisine is popular worldwide and is particularly embraced by the British society. Mention the national dish and the origins of ackee. Also mention foods that are extremely popular worldwide e.g. festival, escoveitched fish, oxtail , rice and peas, stewed peas,coconut pastries (drops, gizzada, grater cake), 'blue draws'. We are not only famed for the coffee and jerk seasoning but also our rum. * pictorial illustrations could be added*
I can provide accurate/credible info and references.


[[User:JamaicanGirl89|JamaicanGirl89]] ([[User talk:JamaicanGirl89|talk]]) 09:37, 20 December 2011 (UTC)
:This cannot be handled as an "Edit request", since you have not explained ''exactly'' what needs to be changed and have not provided the sources. I suggest you make another eight edits, and then you will automatically be given "[[WP:autoconfirmed|autoconfirmed]]" status and be able to begin editing the article yourself. If you can't think of eight useful edits to make, I suggest you click one of the links at [[Wikipedia:Lists of common misspellings/P]] and fix a few spelling mistakes. -- [[User:John of Reading|John of Reading]] ([[User talk:John of Reading|talk]]) 16:45, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

== Monarchy VS. Independance of 1962 ==

I believe at a '''minimum''', a source for the "independence in 1962" is required. In my research, I've located their highest political figure as Queen Elizabeth II, and a Prime Minister (Jamaican) coming in 2nd. There must be more emphasis on this relationship.. as it is not easy to determine the ruler of this island.

[[User:Twillisjr|Twillisjr]] ([[User talk:Twillisjr|talk]]) 18:36, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Added [[Monarchy of Jamaica]] http://www.royal.gov.uk/monarchandcommonwealth/jamaica/jamaica.aspx and http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/Independence/symbols.html as sources to further assist Wikipedians in this confusion.

[[User:Twillisjr|Twillisjr]] ([[User talk:Twillisjr|talk]]) 18:47, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

:Jamaica doesn't have a "ruler", it's a [[parliamentary democracy]]. Try reading that article, [[Commonwealth of nations]] and [[Jamaica#Government_and_politics]] for an explanation. [[User:Bastun|Bastun]][[User_talk:Bastun|Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ!]] 14:23, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
::Hold on, how can you say it is a parliamentary democracy - who elected the Queen? Is she an MP? [[Special:Contributions/86.41.2.94|86.41.2.94]] ([[User talk:86.41.2.94|talk]]) 13:55, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

== Edit request on 31 January 2012 ==

{{edit semi-protected|answered=yes}}


Just a grammatical error:

When the Spanish arrive in 1494

should be

When the Spanish arrived in 1494


[[User:Umop|Umop]] ([[User talk:Umop|talk]]) 06:47, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
:{{done}} Thanks. [[User:Dru of Id|Dru of Id]] ([[User talk:Dru of Id|talk]]) 07:07, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

== Edit request: clarifying a generalisation ==

Under

Geography and environment > Flora and fauna

Please change

"The Jamaican animal life... Lizards such as Anoles, Iguanas and snakes such as racers and the Jamaican Boa (the largest snake on the island) are common."

to
"The Jamaican animal life... Lizards such as Anoles, Iguanas and snakes such as racers and the Jamaican Boa (the largest snake on the island) are common *in some areas such as the Cockpit Country*."

Reason: Iguanas and snakes etc are only found in some rural parts of Jamaica as noted in the referenced article footnote '42' which is about the 'Cockpit Country' not the whole island. <ref>http://www.cockpitcountry.com/Amphibians%20%26%20Reptiles.html</ref>

Thank you.
[[User:SEM2012|SEM2012]] ([[User talk:SEM2012|talk]]) 22:53, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

== Edit request on 23 July 2012 ==

{{edit semi-protected|answered=yes}}

An addition should me made in the Religion section to reflect the 5,449 members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints living in Jamaica.

sourced: http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/facts-and-statistics/country/jamaica/

[[User:Thesaent|Thesaent]] ([[User talk:Thesaent|talk]]) 00:42, 23 July 2012 (UTC)
:{{done}}--[[User:Canoe1967|Canoe1967]] ([[User talk:Canoe1967|talk]]) 00:58, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

== Edit request on 1 August 2012 ==

{{edit semi-protected|answered=yes}}

Christianity is the largest religion practised in Jamaica, but it has an "island flavor" that some continental Christians might not recognize or approve of. "For example, Jamaican women, Christian and otherwise, often have more than one child from more than one father before settling down to traditional marriage". This is not a religious practice in Jamaica or any country in this world, this is very insulting.


[[User:Sonjie11|Sonjie11]] ([[User talk:Sonjie11|talk]]) 03:28, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

: {{ESp|?}} [[User:RudolfRed|RudolfRed]] ([[User talk:RudolfRed|talk]]) 04:40, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

== Prime Minister ==

The intoduction states that the "Prime Minister of Jamaica... holds full legislative power of the country". Surely that is wrong? Parliament is the legislative body surely? Unless she is a dictator? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/217.42.42.39|217.42.42.39]] ([[User talk:217.42.42.39|talk]]) 19:31, 6 August 2012 (UTC) 

== Last Sentence of Religion Section ==

The closing sentence of the section on religion is bewildering at best:

"These numbers reflect the fact that general Jamaican culture does not lend itself much to fundamentalist approaches to religion and life."

What does this mean exactly? There is no mention of fundamentalism elsewhere in the article--or in the focus article on Religion in Jamaica for that matter. Moreover, it is unclear what, if anything, "these numbers" have to do with the presence or absence of fundamentalism. Reading quickly, it looks like a jab at the two religious groups last listed.

If someone is attached to this sentence and can clarify it, please do so. If not, I will probably just delete it in a couple of days, unless someone beats me to it.

User:Tom Allen

2012-02-03T18:27:41Z

Tom Allen:

{{Template:Userpage}}

I contributed to Wikipedia articles in the early 2000s, as well as posting few photos to Wikimedia Commons. It has now been a number of years since I have actively contributed, but I still do occasionally fix tpyographical errors.

Western Hills High School (Frankfort, Kentucky)

2009-10-20T15:26:42Z

Tom Allen: /* External links */ Updated broken link

{{Infobox school| name=Western Hills High School
| image=
| motto=
| established=1981
| type=[[Public school (government funded)|Public]]
| principal=Rita Rector
| enrollment=
| faculty=
| nickname=Wolverines
| streetaddress=100 Doctors Drive
| city=[[Frankfort, Kentucky|Frankfort]]
| state=[[Kentucky|KY]]
| zipcode=40601
| website=http://www.franklin.kyschools.us/whhs/index.htm
| information=+1 (502) 875-8400
}}

'''Western Hills High School''' is a secondary school located at 100 Doctors Drive in [[Frankfort, Kentucky]]. It is the more recently constructed of the two high schools in the Franklin County Public Schools district, having opened to students in 1981. The first student body selected the Warrior as the mascot, as the feeding middle school's mascot is the Brave. However, that majority vote was overruled during that vote by the school's future first principal and the [[Wolverine]] became the mascot. There is a strong rivalry with [[Franklin County High School (Kentucky)|Franklin County High School]], the older school in the district.

'''Notable Graduates'''
*Broadway and television actor [[Will Chase]].

==Feeder Pattern==
Bondurant Middle School is the only middle school that feeds into Western Hills. The following elementary schools feed Bondurant (and thus, Western Hills):
*Bridgeport
*Collins Lane
*Westridge

==External links==
*[http://franklin.kyschools.us/whhs/ Western Hills High School]

{{Coord|38.16249|N|84.90778|W|source:placeopedia|display=title}}

[[Category:Frankfort, Kentucky]]
[[Category:High schools in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1981]]

{{Kentucky-school-stub}}

Koine Greek

2009-04-07T02:08:20Z

Tom Allen: /* Sample 2 */ Corrected IPA transcription of ἦν from "im" to "in" as it is rendered elsewhere here.

{{History of the Greek language}}
{{redirect|Koine}}

'''Koine Greek''' ({{lang-el|Ελληνιστική Κοινή<ref>Κοπιδάκης, Μ. Ζ. "Εισαγωγή στην Ελληνιστική Κοινή", in ''Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Γλώσσας'', Κοπιδάκης, Μ.Ζ. (ed.), Athens, 1999, pp. 82-92</ref>}} {{IPA2|kɔɪnɛ̝^}}, [[Greek Language|Mod.Gk.]] {{IPA-all|kʲiˈni e̞liniˈkʲi}}, "common Greek", or {{polytonic|ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος}}, Mod.Gk. {{IPA|[i kʲiˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s]}}, "the common dialect") is the popular form of Greek which emerged in post-[[Classical antiquity]] (c.300 [[Before Christ|BC]] – [[Anno Domini|AD]] 300). Other names are '''Alexandrian''', '''Hellenistic''', '''Patristic''', '''Common''', or '''New Testament''' Greek. Koine was the first common supra-regional dialect in Greece and came to serve as a [[lingua franca]] for the eastern Mediterranean and ancient Near East throughout the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] period. It was also the original language of the [[New Testament]] of the [[Christian]] [[Bible]].<ref name=andriotes>Andriotis, Nikolaos P. ''History of the Greek Language''.</ref> Koine is the main ancestor of [[modern Greek]].

==History==
Koine Greek arose as a common dialect within the armies of [[Alexander the Great]].<ref name=andriotes/> Under the leadership of [[Macedon]] who colonized the known world, their newly formed common dialect was spoken from [[Egypt]] to the fringes of [[India]].<ref name=andriotes/> Though elements of Koine Greek took shape during the late [[Classical Greece|Classical Era]], the post-Classical period of Greek dates from the death of [[Alexander the Great]] in 323 BC, when cultures under [[Hellenistic era|Hellenistic]] sway in turn began to influence the language. The passage into the next period, known as [[Medieval Greek]], dates from the foundation of [[Constantinople]] by [[Constantine I]] in 330. The post-Classical period of Greek thus refers to the creation and evolution of Koine Greek throughout the entire Hellenistic and Roman eras of history until the start of the Middle Ages.<ref name=andriotes/>

==The term ''Koine''==
'''Koine''' ({{Polytonic|Κοινή}}), Greek for "common", is a term which had been previously applied by ancient scholars to several forms of Greek speech. A school of scholars such as [[Apollonius Dyscolus]] and [[Aelius Herodianus]] maintained the term ''Koine'' to refer to the [[Proto-Greek language]], while others would use it to refer to any vernacular form of Greek speech which differed from the literary language.<ref name=andriotes/> When ''Koine'' gradually became a language of literature, some people distinguished it in two forms: ''Hellenic'' (Greek) as the literary post-classical form, and ''Koine'' (common) as the spoken popular form.<ref name=andriotes/> Others chose to refer to ''Koine'' as the ''Alexandrian dialect'' ({{Polytonic|Περὶ τῆς Ἀλεξανδρέων διαλέκτου}}) or ''the dialect of [[Alexandria]]'', a term often used by modern classicists.

==Roots==
The linguistic roots of the Common Greek dialect had been unclear since ancient times. During the [[Hellenistic]] age, most scholars thought of Koine as the result of the mixture of the four main [[Ancient Greek]] dialects, "{{Polytonic|ἡ ἐκ τῶν τεττάρων συνεστῶσα}}" (the composition of the Four). This view was supported in the early 20th century by [[Austria]]n linguist P. Kretschmer in his book "Die Entstehung der Koine" (1901), while the [[Germany|German]] scholar [[Wilamowitz]] and the [[France|French]] linguist [[Antoine Meillet]], based on the intense Ionic elements of the Koine — such as {{Polytonic|σσ}} instead of {{Polytonic|ττ}} and {{Polytonic|ρσ}} instead of {{Polytonic|ρρ}} ({{Polytonic|θάλασσα — θάλαττα, ἀρσενικός — ἀρρενικός}}) — considered Koine to be a simplified form of [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]].<ref name=andriotes/> The final answer which is academically accepted today was given by the Greek linguist G. N. Hatzidakis, who proved that, despite the "composition of the Four", the "stable nucleus" of Koine Greek is Attic. In other words, Koine Greek can be regarded as Attic with the admixture of elements especially from Ionic, but also from other dialects. The degree of importance of the non-Attic linguistic elements on Koine can vary depending on the region of the Hellenistic World.<ref name=andriotes/> In that respect, the varieties of Koine spoken in the [[Ionia]]n colonies of [[Asia Minor]] and [[Cyprus]] would have more intense [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] characteristics than others. The literary Koine of the Hellenistic age resembles Attic in such a degree that it is often mentioned as ''Common Attic''.<ref name=andriotes/>

==Sources of ''Koine''==
The first scholars who studied Koine, both in Alexandrian and contemporary times, were classicists whose prototype had been the literary [[Attic Greek|Attic]] language of the Classical period, and would frown upon any other kind of [[Ancient Greek|Hellenic]] speech. Koine Greek was therefore considered a decayed form of Greek which was not worthy of attention.<ref name=andriotes/> The reconsideration on the historical and linguistic importance of Koine Greek began only in the early nineteenth century, where renowned scholars conducted series of studies on the evolution of Koine throughout the entire [[Hellenistic]] and Roman period which it covered. The sources used on the studies of Koine have been numerous and of unequal reliability. The most significant ones are the inscriptions of the post-Classical periods and the [[papyrus|papyri]], for being two kinds of texts which have authentic content and can be studied directly<ref name=andriotes/>. Other significant sources are the [[Septuagint]], the Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]], and the [[New Testament]]. The teaching of the Testaments was aimed at the most common people, and for that reason they use the most popular language of the era. Information can also be derived from some [[Atticism|Atticist]] scholars of the [[Hellenistic]] and Roman periods, who, in order to fight the evolution of the language, published works which compared the supposedly "correct" [[Attic Greek|Attic]] against the "wrong" Koine by citing examples. For example, [[Phrynichus Arabius]] during the second century AD wrote:

* {{Polytonic|Βασίλισσα οὐδείς τῶν Ἀρχαίων εἶπεν, ἀλλὰ βασίλεια ἢ βασιλίς}}.
** "''Basilissa'' (Queen) none of the Ancients said, but ''Basileia'' or ''Basilis''".

* {{Polytonic|Διωρία ἑσχάτως ἀδόκιμον, ἀντ' αυτοῦ δὲ προθεσμίαν ἐρεῖς}}.
** "''Dioria'' (deadline) is badly illiteral, instead use ''Prothesmia''".

* {{Polytonic|Πάντοτε μὴ λέγε, ἀλλὰ ἑκάστοτε καὶ διὰ παντός}}.
** "Do not say ''Pantote'' (always), but ''Hekastote'' and ''Dia pantos''".

Other sources can be based on random findings such as inscriptions on vases written by popular painters, mistakes made by [[Atticism|Atticists]] due to their imperfect knowledge of pure [[Attic Greek|Attic]], or even some surviving Greco-Latin glossaries of the Roman period<ref name = "Augsburg">[http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost03/Dositheus/dos_col3.html Augsburg].</ref>, e.g:

* "{{Polytonic|Καλήμερον, ἦλθες;}} — Bono die, venisti?" (Good day, you came?).

* "{{Polytonic|Ἐὰν θέλεις, ἐλθὲ μεθ' ἡμῶν.}} — Si vis, veni mecum." (If you want, come with us (The Latin actually says with me, not us) ).

* "{{Polytonic|Ποῦ;}} — Ubi?" (Where?).

* "{{Polytonic|Πρὸς φίλον ἡμέτερον Λεύκιον.}} — Ad amicum nostrum Lucium." (To our friend Lucius).

* "{{Polytonic|Τί γὰρ ἔχει;}} — Quid enim habet?" (Indeed, what does he have?—What is it with him?).

* "{{Polytonic|Ἀρρωστεῖ.}} — Aegrotat." (He's sick).

Finally, a very important source of information on the ancient Koine is the [[modern Greek]] language with all its dialects and its own ''Koine'' form, which have preserved some of the ancient language's oral linguistic details which the written tradition has lost. For example the [[Pontic language|Pontic]] and [[Cappadocian Greek language|Cappadocian]] dialects preserved the ancient pronunciation of {{Polytonic|η as ε (νύφε, συνέλικος, τίμεσον, πεγάδι}} etc), while the [[Tsakonic]] preserved the long α instead of η ({{Polytonic|ἁμέρα, ἀστραπά, λίμνα, χοά}} etc) and the other local characteristics of [[Doric Greek|Laconic]].<ref name=andriotes/> Dialects from the Southern part of the Greek-speaking regions ([[Dodecanese]], [[Cyprus]] etc), preserve the pronunciation of the double similar consonants ({{Polytonic|ἄλ-λος, Ἑλ-λάδα, θάλασ-σα}}), while others pronounce in many words υ as ου or preserve ancient double forms ({{Polytonic|κρόμμυον — κρεμ-μυον, ράξ — ρώξ}} etc). Linguistic phenomena like the above imply that those characteristics survived within Koine, which in turn had countless variations in the Greek-speaking world<ref name=andriotes/>.

==Evolution from ancient Greek==
The study of all sources from the six centuries which are symbolically covered by Koine reveals linguistic changes from [[ancient Greek]] on [[phonology]], morphology, syntax, vocabulary and other elements of the spoken language. Most new forms start off as rare and gradually become more frequent until they are established. From the linguistic changes which took place in Koine, Greek gained such a resemblance to its [[Medieval Greek|medieval]] and [[Modern Greek|modern]] successors that almost all characteristics of modern Greek can be traced in the surviving texts of Koine.<ref name=andriotes/> As most of the changes between modern and ancient Greek were introduced via Koine, Koine is largely intelligible to speakers of the modern language.

=== Phonology ===
{{main|Koine Greek phonology}}

During the period generally designated as "Koine" Greek, a great deal of phonological change occurred: at the start of the period, the pronunciation was virtually identical to classical ancient Greek, whereas in the end it had much more in common with modern Greek.

The three most significant changes during this period were the loss of vowel length distinction, the substitution of the pitch accent system with a stress accent system, and the monophthongization of several diphthongs.

Evolution in phonology is summarised below:

*The ancient distinction between long and short vowels was gradually lost, and from the 2nd century BC all vowels were isochronic.<ref name=andriotes/>

*Since the 2nd century BC, the means of accenting words changed from [[Pitch accent|pitch]] to [[Stress (phonology)|stress]], meaning that the accented syllable is not pronounced in a musical tone but louder and/or stronger.<ref name=andriotes/>

*The aspirate breathing ([[aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]]), which was already lost in the [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] varieties of [[Asia Minor]] and the [[Aeolic Greek|Aeolic]] of [[Lesbos Island|Lesbos]], stopped being pronounced and written in popular texts.<ref name=andriotes/>

*Long diphthongs, which in older times were written with a subscript of {{Polytonic|ι}} after a long vowel, stopped being pronounced and written in popular texts.<ref name=andriotes/>

*The diphthongs αι, ει, and οι became single vowels. In this manner 'αι', which had already been converted by the Boeotians into a long ε since the 4th century BC and written η (e.g. {{Polytonic|πῆς, χῆρε, μέμφομη}}), became in Koine, too, first a long ε and then short. The diphthong 'ει' had already merged with ι in the 5th century BC in regions such as [[Argos]] or in the 4th c. BC in [[Corinth]] (e.g. {{Polytonic|ΛΕΓΙΣ}}), and it acquired this pronunciation also in Koine. The diphthong 'οι' acquired the pronunciation of the modern [[French language|French]] 'U' ({{IPA2|y}}), which lasted until the 10th century AD. The diphthong 'υι' came to be pronounced {{IPA|[yj]}}, and subsequently became treated as two consecutive vowels (as if 'υϊ').{{Fact|date=October 2008}} The diphthong 'ου' had already acquired the pronunciation of [[Latin]] 'U' since the 6th century BC and preserved it in modern times.<ref name=andriotes/>

*The diphthongs αυ and ευ came to be pronounced [av] and [ev] (via [aβ], [eβ]), but are partly [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilated]] to [af], [ef] before the [[voiceless consonant]]s θ, κ, ξ, π, σ, τ, φ, χ, and ψ.<ref name=andriotes/>

*Simple vowels have preserved their ancient pronunciations, except η which is pronounced as ι, and υ, which retained the pronunciation [{{IPA|y}}] of modern [[French language|French]] 'U' only until the 10th c. AD, and was later also pronounced as ι. With those changes in phonology there were common spelling mistakes between υ and οι, while the sound of ι was multiplied ([[iotacism]]).<ref name=andriotes/>

*The consonants also preserved their ancient pronunciations to a great extent, except β, γ, δ, φ, θ, χ and ζ. Β, Γ, Δ (Beta, Gamma, Delta), which were originally pronounced as b, g, d, acquired the sound of v, gh, and dh ([v] (via β), {{IPA|[ɣ], [ð]}} in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]), which they still have today, except when preceded by a nasal consonant (μ, ν); in that case, they retain their ancient sounds (e.g. {{Polytonic|γαμβρός — γαmbρός, άνδρας — άndρας, άγγελος — άŋgελος}}). The latter three (Φ, Θ, Χ), which were initially pronounced as [[aspirate]]s ({{IPA|/pʰ/}}, {{IPA|/tʰ/}} and {{IPA|/kʰ/}} respectively), developed into the fricatives {{IPA|[f]}} (via {{IPA|[ɸ]}}), {{IPA|[θ]}}, and {{IPA|[x]}}. Finally the letter Ζ, which is still categorised as a double consonant with ξ and ψ, because it was initially pronounced as σδ (sd), later acquired the sound of Z as it appears in [[Modern English]] and [[Modern Greek|Greek]].<ref name=andriotes/>

==Biblical Koine==
"Biblical Koine" refers to the varieties of Koine Greek used in the Christian Bible and related texts. Its main sources are:
* the [[Septuagint]], a 3rd century B.C. Greek translation of the [[Hebrew Bible]], which added the [[Biblical apocrypha]]. Most of the texts are translations, but there are some portions and texts composed in [[Greek language|Greek]]. [[Ben Sira|Sirach]], for instance, has been found in Hebrew;

* the [[New Testament]], compiled originally in Greek (although some books may have had a Hebrew-Aramaic substrate and contain some Semitic influence on the language).

There has been some debate to what degree Biblical Greek represents the mainstream of contemporary spoken Koine and to what extent it contains specifically [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] [[substratum]] features (''cf.'' [[Aramaic primacy]]). These could have been induced either through the practice of translating closely from [[Biblical Hebrew language|Hebrew]] or [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] originals, or through the influence of the regional non-standard Greek spoken by the originally Aramaic-speaking Jews. Some of the features discussed in this context are the Septuagint's normative absence of the particles μεν and δε, and the use of εγενετο to denote "it came to pass." Some features of Biblical Greek which are thought to have originally been non-standard elements eventually found their way into the main of the Greek language.

The term ''Patristic Greek'' is sometimes used for the Greek written by the [[Church Fathers]], the early Christian theologians in late antiquity. Christian writers in the earliest time tended to use a simple register of Koiné, relatively close to the spoken language of their time, following the model of the Bible. After the 4th century, when Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire, more learned registers of Koiné influenced by Atticism came also to be used.<ref>Horrocks (1997: ch.5.11.)</ref>

===New Testament Greek===
The Koine Greek in the table represents a reconstruction of New Testament Koine Greek, deriving to some degree from the dialect spoken in Judaea and Galilaea during the 1st century and similar to the dialect spoken in Alexandria, Egypt. Note the realizations of certain phonemes differ from the more standard Attic dialect of Koine. Note the soft fricative "β" in intervocalic position, the preservation of the aspirated plosive value of "th", the preservation of a distinction between the four front vowels "i", "ē", "e", and "y" (which is still rounded), and other features.

{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
|-
|'''letter'''|| '''Greek''' || Transliteration || '''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]'''
|-
|Alpha||α||a||{{IPA|ɑ}}
|-
|Beta||β (-β-)||b||{{IPA|b (-β-)}}
|-
|Gamma||γ||g||{{IPA|ɣ}}
|-
|Delta||δ||d||{{IPA|d}}
|-
|Epsilon||ε||e||{{IPA|ɛ}}
|-
|Zeta||ζ||z||{{IPA|zː}}
|-
|Eta||η||ē||{{IPA|e}}
|-
|Theta||θ||th||{{IPA|tʰ}}
|-
|Iota||ι||i||{{IPA|i}}
|-
|Kappa||κ||k||{{IPA|k}}
|-
|Lambda||λ||l||{{IPA|l}}
|-
|Mu||μ||m||{{IPA|m}}
|-
|Nu||ν||n||{{IPA|n}}
|-
|Xi||ξ||x||{{IPA|ks}}
|-
|Omicron||ο||o||{{IPA|o}}
|-
|Pi|| π||p||{{IPA|p}}
|-
|Rho||ρ||r||{{IPA|ɾ}}
|-
|Sigma||σ (-σ-/-σσ-)||s (-s-/-ss-)||{{IPA|s (-z-/-sː-)}}
|-
|Tau||τ||t||{{IPA|t}}
|-
|Upsilon||υ||y||{{IPA|y}}
|-
|Phi||φ||ph||{{IPA|pʰ}}
|-
|Chi||χ||ch||{{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
|Psi||ψ||ps||{{IPA|ps}}
|-
|Omega||ω||ō||{{IPA|o}}
|-
| . ||αι||ai||{{IPA|ɛ}}
|-
| . ||ει||ei||{{IPA|i}}
|-
| . ||οι||oi||{{IPA|y}}
|-
| . ||αυ||au||{{IPA|ɑw}}
|-
| . ||ευ||eu||{{IPA|ɛw}}
|-
| . ||ηυ||ēu||{{IPA|ew}}
|-
| . ||ου||ou||{{IPA|u}}
|}

==Sample Koine Texts==

The following excerpts illustrate the phonological development within the period of Koine. The phonetic transcriptions are tentative, and are intended to illustrate two different stages in the reconstructed development, an early conservative variety still relatively close to Classical Attic, and a somewhat later, more progressive variety approaching Modern Greek in some respects.

===Sample 1===

The following excerpt, from a decree of the Roman Senate to the town of Thisbae in [[Boeotia]] in 170 BC, is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a hypothetical conservative variety of mainland Greek Koiné in the early Hellenistic era.<ref>G. Horrocks (1997), ''Greek: A history of the language and its speakers'', p. 87), cf. also pp. 105-109.</ref> The transcription shows partial, but not yet completed raising of η and ει to /i/, retention of pitch accent, fricativization of γ to /j/ but no fricativisation of the other stops as yet, and retention of word-initial /h/.

*{{polytonic|περὶ ὧν Θισ[β]εῖς λόγους ἐποιήσαντο· περὶ τῶν καθ᾿αὑ[τ]οὺς πραγμάτων, οἵτινες ἐν τῇ φιλίᾳ τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ἐνέμειναν, ὅπως αὐτοῖς δοθῶσιν [ο]ἷς τὰ καθ᾿ αὑτοὺς πράγματα ἐξηγήσωνται, περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν· ὅπως Κόιντος Μαίνιος στρατηγὸς τῶν ἐκ τῆς συνκλήτου [π]έντε ἀποτάξῃ οἳ ἂν αὐτῷ ἐκ τῶν δημοσίων πρα[γμ]άτων καὶ τῆς ἰδίας πίστεων φαίνωνται.}}

:{{IPA2|ˈperì hôːn tʰizbîːs lóɡuːs epojéːsanto; perì tôːn katʰ hautùːs praɡmátoːn, hoítines en tîː pʰilíaːi tîː heːmetéraːi enémiːnan, hópoːs autoîs dotʰôːsin hoîs tà katʰ hautùːs práɡmata ekseːɡéːsoːntai, perì túːtuː tûː práɡmatos húːtoːs édoksen; hópoːs ˈkʷintos ˈmainios strateːɡòs tôːn ek têːs syŋkléːtuː pénte apotáksiː, hoì àn autôːi ek tôːn deːmosíoːn praɡmátoːn kaì têːs idíaːs písteoːs pʰaínoːntai}}

:''"Concerning those matters about which the citizens of Thisbae made representations. Concerning their own affairs: the following decision was taken concerning the proposal that those who remained true to our friendship should be given the facilities to conduct their own affairs; that our governor Quintus Maenius should delegate five members of the senate who seemed to him suitable in the light of their public actions and individual good faith."''

===Sample 2===

The following excerpt, the beginning of the [[Gospel of St John]], is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a progressive popular variety of Koiné in the early Christian era, with vowels approaching those of Modern Greek.<ref>Horrocks (1997: 94).</ref>

*{{polytonic|ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος. οὗτος ἦν ἐν ἀρχῇ πρὸς τὸν θεόν. πάντα δι᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο, καὶ χωρὶς αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο οὐδὲ ἓν ὃ γέγονεν. ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἦν, καὶ ἡ ζωὴ ἦν τὸ φῶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων̣· καὶ τὸ φῶς ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ φαίνει, καὶ ἡ σκοτία αὐτὸ οὐ κατέλαβεν.}}

:{{IPA|[ˈen arˈkʰi in o ˈloɣos, ke o ˈloɣos in bros to(n) tʰeˈo(n), ke tʰeˈos in o ˈloɣos. ˈutos in en arˈkʰi pros to(n) tʰeˈo(n). ˈpanda di aɸˈtu eˈjeneto, ke kʰoˈris aɸˈtu eˈjeneto ude ˈen o ˈjeɣonen. en aɸˈto zoˈi in, ke i zoˈi in to pʰos ton anˈtʰropon; ke to pʰos en di skoˈtia ˈpʰeni, ke i skoˈti(a) a(ɸ)ˈto u kaˈtelaβen]}}

:''"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by him; and without him was not anything made that was made. In him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light shone in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not."''

==External links==
*[http://www.songofthelamb.com/ Song of the Lamb] self studies in basic New Testament Greek and Hebrew (requires a [[Java (programming language)|Java plugin]])
*[http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/ntgol-0-X.html New Testament Greek Online]
*[http://greek-language.com Greek-Language.com] Dictionaries, manuscripts of the Greek New Testament, and tools for applying linguistics to the study of Hellenistic Greek.
*[http://www.wikichristian.org/Koine_Greek Koine Greek at WikiChristian] and [http://www.wikichristian.org/Koine_Greek:_Dictionary Dictionary]
*[http://www.ntgreek.net/ New Testament Greek] Three graduated courses designed to help students learn to read the Greek New Testament

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Randall Buth, ''[http://www.biblicalulpan.org/pages/Common/Greek%20Pronunciation%20(2008).pdf {{polytonic|Ἡ κοινὴ προφορά}}: Koine Greek of Early Roman Period]''
* Abel, F.-M. ''Grammaire du grec biblique''.
* Andriotis, Nikolaos P. ''History of the Greek Language''.
* Smyth, Herbert Weir, ''Greek Grammar'', Harvard University Press, 1956. ISBN 0-674-36250-0
* Cornybeare, F.C, and Stock, St. George. ''Grammar of Septuagint Greek: With Selected Readings, Vocabularies, and Updated Indexes''.
* Allen, W. Sidney, ''Vox Graeca: a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek – 3rd ed.'', Cambridge University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-521-33555-8

{{Greek language periods}}



[[Category:Varieties of Ancient Greek]]
[[Category:Ancient languages|Greek, Koine]]
[[Category:Standard languages|Greek, Koine]]

[[ast:Koiné]]
[[ca:Grec koiné]]
[[da:Koiné]]
[[de:Koine]]
[[et:Koinee]]
[[el:Ελληνιστική Κοινή γλώσσα]]
[[es:Koiné]]
[[eo:Kojnea greka lingvo]]
[[fr:Koinè]]
[[gl:Koiné]]
[[ko:코이네 그리스어]]
[[id:Bahasa Yunani Koine]]
[[ia:Lingua grec Koine]]
[[it:Koinè]]
[[he:קוינה]]
[[sw:Kiyunani]]
[[la:Koine]]
[[nl:Koinè]]
[[ja:コイネー]]
[[no:Koiné]]
[[nn:Koiné]]
[[nds:Koine Greeksch]]
[[pl:Koine]]
[[pt:Koiné]]
[[ro:Limba greacă comună]]
[[ru:Койне]]
[[sk:Helenistické koiné]]
[[fi:Koinee]]
[[sv:Koine]]
[[tr:Koini]]
[[zh:通用希臘語]]

Exclamation mark

2009-04-07T00:05:45Z

Tom Allen: Undid revision 280392142 by 121.220.27.207 (talk) Uncited, dubious addition by an anonymous user.

{{redirect|!}}
{{Punctuation marks|!}}
An '''exclamation mark''' or '''exclamation point''' is a [[punctuation]] mark: '''!''' It is usually used after an [[interjection]] or [[exclamation]] to indicate strong feelings or high volume, and often marks the end of a sentence.

==History==
The exclamation mark was introduced into English printing in the 15th century, and was called the "note of admiration" until the mid 17th century.<ref>''Eats, Shoots & Leaves'', p. 137</ref> In German orthography, the sign made its first appearance in the [[Luther Bible]] in 1797.<ref>[http://www.uni-koeln.de/pi/i/2002.127.htm Wolfgang Mathias, Cologne University (2002)]</ref>

The mark was not featured on standard manual typewriters before the 1970s. Instead, one typed a [[full stop]], backspaced, and then typed an [[apostrophe]].<ref>Truss, Lynne. ''Eats, Shoots & Leaves'', 2003. p. 135. ISBN 1-592-40087-6.</ref>

==Usage==
A sentence ending in an exclamation mark is an actual [[exclamation]] ("Wow!", "Boo!"), a command ("Stop!"), or intended to be astonishing or show astonishment: "They were the footprints of a gigantic hound!" Exclamation marks can also be placed mid-sentence with a function similar to a comma's: "Afterward, oh! there was a frightful noise."

Casually, exclamation marks may be repeated for additional emphasis ("That's great!!!"), but this practice is generally considered unacceptable in formal composition.<ref>[http://www.e-strategyguide.gov.au/make_email_work/effective_email Effective use of email]</ref>

Overly frequent use of the exclamation mark is generally considered poor writing, for it distracts the reader and reduces the mark's meaning.

:Cut out all those exclamation marks. An exclamation mark is like laughing at your own jokes.
:—[[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]

Some authors however, most notably [[Tom Wolfe]], are known for unashamedly liberal use of the exclamation mark. In [[comic book]]s, the very frequent use of exclamation marks is common; see [[Exclamation mark#Comics|Comics]], below.

For information on the use of spaces after an exclamation mark, see the discussion of [[Full stop#Spacing after full stop|spacing after a full stop]].

One study has shown that women use exclamation marks more than men do.<ref>[http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue4/waseleski.html Gender and the Use of Exclamation Points in Computer-Mediated Communication: An Analysis of Exclamations Posted to Two Electronic Discussion Lists]</ref>

==Languages==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2007}}

The exclamation mark is common to languages using the [[Latin alphabet]], although usage varies slightly between languages. The exclamation mark is also used in languages with other scripts, such as [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Korean language|Korean]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]].

=== French ===
In [[French language|French]], the exclamation mark is used to mark orders or requests: ''viens ici !'' (English: "Come here!").

===German===
In [[German language|German]], the exclamation mark has several specific uses for which [[English language|English]] employs other forms of [[punctuation]]:
*In the salutation line of a letter, for which English uses a [[Comma (punctuation)|comma]]: ''Lieber Hans!'' (English: "Dear Hans,") In this case, the first word of the following sentence begins with a capital letter. However, usage of a comma, as in English, is both also acceptable and far more common.
*On signs, not just those warning of danger as discussed below, the exclamation mark is used to emphasize the sign's content: ''Betreten verboten!'' (English: "No trespassing")
*At the end of an [[Grammatical mood#Imperative mood|imperative]] sentence: ''Ruf mich morgen an!'' (English: "Call me tomorrow.")

===Spanish===
In the [[Spanish language]], a sentence or clause ending in an exclamation mark must also begin with an [[Inverted question mark and exclamation point|inverted exclamation mark]] (the same also applies to the [[question mark]]):
:''¿Estás loco? ¡Casi la matas!'' (English: "Are you crazy? You almost killed her!")
For informal written communications, however, usage of inverted question and exclamation marks has become less common.

===Turkish===
In the [[Turkish Language]], an exclamation mark is used at the end of a sentences or phrase to indicate irony when used in parentheses "(!)".

===Phonetics===
In [[Khoisan languages]], and the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], the exclamation mark is used as a letter to indicate the [[postalveolar click]] sound (represented as ''q'' in [[Zulu language|Zulu]] orthography). In [[Unicode]], this letter is properly coded as U+01C3 ({{unicode|ǃ}}) and distinguished from the common punctuation symbol U+0021 (!) to allow software to deal properly with word breaks.

The exclamation mark has sometimes been used as a [[phonetic notation|phonetic symbol]] to indicate that a consonant is [[ejective consonant|ejective]]. More commonly this is represented by an [[apostrophe]], or a [[superscript]] [[glottal stop]] symbol ({{unicode|ˀ}}).

===Interrobang===
{{main|Interrobang}}

There is a punctuation mark intended to combine the functions of a [[question mark]] and an exclamation mark in [[English language|English]] called [[interrobang]], which resembles those marks superimposed over one another ("{{unicode|‽}}") but the sequence of "?!" or "!?" is used more often.

==Proper names==
Although exclamation marks are, as a standard, part of a complete sentence and not the spelling of individual words, they appear in many proper names, especially in commercial advertising. Prominent examples include the [[World Wide Web|Web]] service [[Yahoo!]] and the [[game show]] ''[[Jeopardy!]]''. The titles of the [[musical theatre|musicals]] ''[[Oklahoma!]]'', ''[[Oliver!]]'' and ''[[Oh! Calcutta!]]'' and the movies ''[[Airplane!]]'' and ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' also contain exclamation marks. Writer [[Elliot S! Maggin]] started spelling his name that way in the seventies.

===Place names===
The [[England|English]] town of [[Westward Ho!]], named after [[Westward Ho! (novel)|the novel]] by [[Charles Kingsley]], is the only place name in the [[United Kingdom]] that officially contains an exclamation mark. There is a town in [[Quebec]] called [[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!, Quebec|Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]], which is spelled with two exclamation marks.

[[Image:Achtung.svg|thumb|80px|Warning signs are often an exclamation mark enclosed within a triangle]]

==Warnings==
Exclamation marks are used to emphasize a [[precautionary statement]].

On [[warning sign]]s, an exclamation mark is often used to draw attention to a warning of danger, hazards, and the unexpected. These signs are common in hazardous environments or on potentially dangerous equipment. A common type of this warning is a yellow triangle with a black exclamation mark, but a white triangle with a red border is common on European road warning signs.

==Use in various fields==
===Mathematics===
In [[mathematics]] the symbol represents the [[factorial]] operation. The expression ''n''! means "the product of the [[integers]] from 1 to ''n''". For example, 4! (read ''four factorial'') is 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24. (0! is defined as 1, which is a [[neutral element]] in [[multiplication]], not multiplied by anything.)

===Computers===
In [[computing]], the exclamation mark corresponds to [[ASCII]] [[character (computing)|character]] 33 (21 in [[hexadecimal]]). It is therefore found in [[Unicode]] at {{U+}}0021. The inverted exclamation mark is found in [[ISO-8859]]-[[ISO-8859-1|1]], [[ISO-8859-9|9]] and [[ISO-8859-15|15]] at position 161 (A1HEX) and therefore in unicode at U+00A1.

Several computer languages use "!" for various meanings, most importantly for logical negation; e.g. A != B means "A is not equal to B", and !A means "the logical negation of A" (also called "not A"). In this context, the exclamation is named the ''bang'' character; other programmers call it a ''shriek'' or ''screech''. Invented in the US, it is claimed that ''bang'' is from Unix and ''shriek'' from Stanford or MIT; however, ''shriek'' is found in the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' dating from the 1860s. Also, bang was used in "typesetting or printing (and therefore when spelling text out orally), the exclamation mark" could be called, "a screamer or a bang."<ref>http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Exclamation_mark</ref> In the [[BBC BASIC]] programming language (and [[BCPL]]) it is called a ''pling'' and is used to reference a 32-bit word.

Plings are also used in [[Acorn Computers Ltd|Acorn]] [[RISC OS]] to denote an "appfolder": a folder that when double clicked executes a program file inside called ''!Run''. Other files in the appfolder generally contain resources the application needs to run. The appfolder can be viewed as a normal folder by [[double click|double-clicking]] with the [[shift key]] held down. In addition, other special resource files such as ''!Boot'' (executed the first time the application containing it comes into view of the filer) and ''!Sprites'' (an icon file containing icon definitions loaded if ''!Boot'' cannot be found) also start with a pling.

Early [[e-mail]] systems also used the exclamation point as a separator character between hostnames for routing information, usually referred to as "[[Bang path#UUCP for mail routing|bang path]]" notation.

In the [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] protocol, a user's nickname and [[ident]] are separated by an exclamation point in the [[hostmask]] assigned to him or her by the server.

In the [[Geek Code]] version 3, "!" is used before a letter to denote that the geek refuses to participate in the topic at hand. In some cases, it has an alternate meaning, such as ''G!'' denoting a geek of no qualifications, ''!d'' denoting not wearing any clothes, ''P!'' denoting not being allowed to use Perl, and so on. They all share some negative connotations however.

When computer programs display messages that alert the user, an exclamation mark may be shown alongside it to indicate that the message is important and should be read. This often happens when an error is made, or to obtain user consent for hazardous operations such as deleting data.

In UNIX shell and Perl scripting, "!" is usually used after a "#" in the first line of a script to tell the OS what program to use to run the script. This is usually called a "hashbang" or [[shebang (Unix)|shebang]].

===Internet culture===
In recent [[Internet#Internet culture|Internet culture]], especially where [[leet]] is used, an excessive way of expressing exclamation in text is seen as ''!!!!!!111''. This notation originates from the eagerness to add multiple exclamation marks but failing to hit the [[shift key]]–1 combination (to produce the mark on most [[keyboard layout]]s) properly. Later this behavior has evolved into a sign of recognition for certain Internet cultures who now intentionally add ''1''s after their expressions either to ridicule people who do it without purpose or as a sign of recognition towards others who also are familiar with the behavior. As a further pun to this development of [[linguistics]], some add literal ''one''s such as ''!!!!!one!11'' to explicitly state that their use of ''1''s was intentionally typed, since ''one'' is fairly unlikely to be typed by accident.

===Music===
A music group, based in Sacramento, California and New York City, NY has utilized the exclamation point to spell its name: [[!!!]]. The band's name is pronounced as "any syllable repeated three times"; the most frequent alpha respelling is "chk chk chk", pronounced as "Chick Chick Chick". Other pronunciations include "Pow Pow Pow" and "Bang Bang Bang". It is less often referred to as "Exclamation point exclamation point exclamation point", as that has proven too verbose.

In the popular music game ''[[In The Groove 2]]'', there is a song called "!", which fans reference by the name "Bang".

===Comics===
[[Image:Action252.jpg|thumb|This ''Action Comics'' cover from 1959 ends every sentence with an exclamation mark or question mark. Often, few or no periods would be used in the entire book.]]
Some [[comic book]]s, especially [[superhero]] comics of the mid-20th century, routinely use the exclamation mark instead of the period. This tends to lead to exaggerated speech, inline with the other [[hyperbole]]s common in comic books. A portion of the motivation, however, was simply that a period might disappear in the printing process used at the time, whereas an exclamation point would likely remain recognizable even if there was a printing glitch. Comic book writer [[Elliot S! Maggin]] once accidentally signed his name with an exclamation due to the habit of using them when writing comic scripts; it became his professional name from then on.<ref>http://superman.nu/esm/</ref>

In comic books and [[comics]] in general, a large exclamation mark is often used in the proximity of a character's head to indicate surprise. A [[question mark]] can similarly be used to indicate confusion. This practice also appears in some [[computer and video games]].

===Chess===
{{main|Punctuation (chess)}}
In [[Algebraic chess notation|chess notation]] [[Punctuation (chess)#.21: Good move|"!" denotes a good move]] and [[Punctuation (chess)#.E2.80.BC: Brilliant move|"!!" denotes an excellent move]]. Likewise, in some chess variants such as large board [[Shogi variant]]s, "!" is used to record pieces capturing by stationary feeding or burning.

===Baseball===
Exclamation marks or [[asterisk]]s can be used on scorecards to denote a "great defensive play".<ref>http://baseball-almanac.com/score2b.shtml</ref>

==Sarcasm==
In writing and often [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitles]], especially in [[British English]], a '''(!)''' symbol (an exclamation mark within [[Bracket#Parentheses_%28_%29|brackets]]) implies that a character has made an obviously [[sarcasm|sarcastic]] comment eg: "''Ooh, a sarcasm detector. Oh, that's a'' really useful'' invention(!)''"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/radio/specials/1210_how_to_converse/page13.shtml|title=Being sarcastic |accessdate=2008-07-31|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Question mark]]
* [[Interrobang]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Exclamation marks}}
* [http://www.decodeunicode.org/u+0021 U+0021 Exclamation Mark] — Decode Unicode

[[Category:Punctuation]]
[[Category:Typography]]

[[ar:علامة التعجب]]
[[ca:Signe d'exclamació]]
[[cs:Vykřičník]]
[[da:Udråbstegn]]
[[de:Ausrufezeichen]]
[[et:Hüüumärk]]
[[es:Signos de exclamación]]
[[eo:Krisigno]]
[[eu:Harridura-marka]]
[[fa:علامت تعجب]]
[[fr:Point d'exclamation]]
[[gd:Clisg-phuing]]
[[gl:Signo de admiración]]
[[ko:느낌표]]
[[hr:Uskličnik]]
[[it:Punto esclamativo]]
[[he:סימן קריאה]]
[[kk:Леп белгісі]]
[[lv:Izsaukuma zīme]]
[[lt:Šauktukas]]
[[ln:Elembo ya ligángisi]]
[[hu:Felkiáltójel]]
[[nl:Uitroepteken]]
[[ja:感嘆符]]
[[no:Utropstegn]]
[[oc:Punt d'exclamacion]]
[[pl:Wykrzyknik]]
[[pt:Ponto de exclamação]]
[[ru:Восклицательный знак]]
[[simple:Exclamation mark]]
[[sk:Výkričník]]
[[sl:Klicaj]]
[[sh:Uskličnik]]
[[fi:Huutomerkki]]
[[sv:Utropstecken]]
[[th:อัศเจรีย์]]
[[tr:Ünlem işareti]]
[[uk:Знак оклику]]
[[zh:叹号]]

Captain Sullenberger

2009-01-16T15:18:15Z

Tom Allen: Create redirect

#REDIRECT [[US Airways Flight 1549]]

Blue Men

2008-01-29T22:39:15Z

Tom Allen: ←Redirected page to Blue Man Group

#REDIRECT [[Blue Man Group]]

Randy Pausch

2007-11-29T11:41:44Z

Tom Allen: /* Other lectures by Pausch */

[[Image:RandyPauschPortrait.jpg|thumb|Randy Pausch]]
'''Randy Pausch''' (born Randolph Frederick Pausch on [[October 23]], [[1960]]) is a [[Professor]] of [[Computer Science]], [[Human-Computer Interaction]], and [[Design]] at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] (CMU).

== Professional accomplishments ==
Pausch received his [[bachelor's degree]] in Computer Science from [[Brown University]] and his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in Computer Science from Carnegie Mellon University. He has been a co-founder of CMU's [[Entertainment Technology Center]] (ETC), a [[National Science Foundation]] Presidential Young Investigator, and a Lilly Foundation Teaching Fellow. Pausch was a professor in the Department of Computer Science at the [[University of Virginia]]'s School of Engineering and Applied Science from 1988 until 1997. He has done [[sabbatical]]s at [[Walt Disney Imagineering]] and [[Electronic Arts]] (EA), and consulted with [[Google]] on [[user interface]] design. Pausch is the author or co-author of five books and over 70 articles, and the founder of the [[Alice (software)|Alice]] software project.

== Battle with cancer ==
[[Image:RandySept18TalkPoster.jpg|thumb|Pausch's last lecture poster]]
Pausch has been diagnosed with [[Terminal illness|terminal]] [[pancreatic cancer]]<ref name="postgazette">{{citation|date=[[September 19]], [[2007]]| title=CMU professor gives his last lesson on life |url=http://www.postgazette.com/pg/07262/818671-298.stm |first=Mark |last=Roth |publisher= Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |accessdate=[[2007-11-18]]}}</ref><ref>{{citation|date=[[September 20]], [[2007]] | title=A Beloved Professor Delivers The Lecture of a Lifetime |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119024238402033039.html?mod=loomia&loomia_si=1 |first=Jeff |last=Zaslow | publisher= The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=[[2007-11-18]]}}</ref> and was told in August 2007 to expect a remaining three to six months of good health.

=== "Last Lecture" ===
Pausch delivered his "Last Public Lecture", entitled "Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams", at CMU on September 18, 2007.<ref>{{cite web|date=[[September 18]], [[2007]]|title=University Lecture Series: Journey's|url=http://cmu.edu/uls/journeys/randy-pausch/index.html |publisher=Carnegie Mellon |accessdate=2007-11-18}}</ref> This talk was modeled after an ongoing series of lectures where top academics are asked to think deeply about what matters to them, and then give a hypothetical "final talk", i.e., "what wisdom would you try to impart to the world if you knew it was your last chance?"

Before speaking, Pausch received a long standing ovation from a large crowd of over 400 colleagues and students. When he motioned them to sit down, saying "make me earn it", some in the audience shouted back "you did!"

During the lecture, Pausch was upbeat and humorous, alternating between wisecracks, insights on computer science and engineering education, advice on building multi-disciplinary collaborations, working in groups and interacting with other people, offering inspirational life lessons, and performing push-ups on stage.

Brown University professor [[Andries van Dam]] followed Pausch's last lecture with a tearful and impassioned speech praising him for his courage and leadership, calling him a role model and "[[Mensch|a Mensch]]".<ref name="cs.virginia">{{citation|date=[[September 20]], [[2007]]|title=Randy Pausch's Last Lecture | url=http://www.cs.virginia.edu/csnews/show.php?artID=315 |first=Gabriel |last=Robins |publisher=University of Virginia |accessdate=[[2007-11-18]]}}</ref>

[[Electronic Arts]], which is now collaborating with CMU in the development of Alice 3.0,<ref>{{cite web|date=[[March 10]], [[2006]] |title=Carnegie Mellon Collaborates With EA to Revolutionize Computer Science Education |url=http://www.cmu.edu/cmnews/extra/060310_alice.html |first=Anne |last=Watzman |publisher=Carnegie Mellon Today |accessdate=2007-11-18}}</ref> has pledged to honor Pausch by creating a memorial scholarship for women in computer science,<ref name="postgazette" /> in recognition of Pausch's support and mentoring of women in CS and engineering.

CMU president [[Jared Cohon]] spoke emotionally of Pausch's humanity and called his contributions to the university and to education "remarkable and stunning."<ref name="cs.virginia" /> He then announced that CMU will celebrate Pausch's impact on the world by building and naming after Pausch a raised pedestrian bridge<ref>{{citation|date=[[September 19]], [[2007]] |title=Professor diagnosed with cancer offers his final words for the CMU community |url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_528186.html |first=Allison |last=Heinrichs |publisher=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review |accessdate=[[2007-11-18]]}}</ref> to connect CMU's new Computer Science building with their Center for the Arts, symbolizing the way Pausch linked those two disciplines.

=== Media coverage of Pausch ===
[[Image:Randy Sting Nov 6 2007.jpg|thumb|Randy Pausch and his wife Jai meeting with Sting at "The Police" concert in [[University of Virginia|UVa]] on November 6, 2007]]
Pausch was named "Person of the Week" on ABC's [[World News with Charles Gibson]] on September 21.<ref>{{cite web|date=[[September 21]], [[2007]] |title=Dying Professor's Lecture of a Lifetime |url=http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/PersonOfWeek/story?id=3633945&page=1 |publisher=ABC News |accessdate=2007-11-18}}</ref> His "Last Lecture" has attracted wide attention from the international media,<ref>{{citation|date=[[October 1]], [[2007]] |title=Ein todkranker Professor rührt Amerika |url=http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/studium/0,1518,508842,00.html |first=Gregor |last=Schmitz |publisher=Spiegel Online |accessdate=[[2007-11-18]]}}</ref> became an Internet hit, and was viewed over a million times in the first month after its delivery.<ref>{{citation|date=[[September 27]], [[2007]] |title=The Professor's Manifesto: What It Meant to Readers |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119084081673940375.html |first=Jeff |last=Zaslow |publisher=The Wall Street Journal| accessdate=[[2007-11-18]]}}</ref>
On October 22, 2007, Pausch appeared on [[The Oprah Winfrey Show]] where he discussed his situation and recapped his "Last Lecture" for millions of TV viewers.<ref>{{cite web|date=[[October 22]], [[2007]] |title=Dr. Oz: A Special Report on Death |url=http://www2.oprah.com/health/oz/oz_20071022_350_106.jhtml |publisher=The Oprah Winfrey Show |accessdate=2007-11-18}}</ref>

On October 06, 2007, Pausch joined the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] for the day during their regular practice, after the organization learned that one of his childhood dreams mentioned in his "Last Lecture" was to play in the [[NFL]].<ref>{{citation|date=[[October 4]], [[2007]] |title=Dying prof tackles final dream -- the NFL |url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_530835.html |first=Allison |last=Heinrichs |publisher=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review |accessdate=[[2007-11-18]]}}</ref>

The [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]-owned publisher [[Hyperion (publisher)|Hyperion]] has paid $6.7 million for the
rights to publish a book about Randy Pausch called "The Last Lecture",
co-authored by Randy Pausch and [[Wall Street Journal]] reporter Jeff Zaslow.<ref>{{citation|date=[[November 20]], [[2007]] |title=Hyperion wins auction for The Last Lecture |url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071120/FREE/71120006/1084 |first=Matthew |last=Flamm|publisher=Crain's New York Business |accessdate=[[2007-11-20]]}}</ref>

=== Other lectures by Pausch ===
Pausch gave an updated version of his "Time Management" lecture on November 27, 2007 at the University of Virginia.<ref>{{cite web|date=[[November 12]], [[2007]] |title=Lecture of a Lifetime: U.Va.'s School of Engineering and Applied Science Hosts Talk by Randy Pausch |url=http://www.virginia.edu/uvatoday/newsRelease.php?id=3282 |publisher=UVA Today |accessdate=2007-11-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pausch/ Randy Pausch], home page at Carnegie Mellon University
*[http://www.alice.org The Alice Project], project to teach programming more effectively
*[http://www.etc.cmu.edu Entertainment Technology Center], Masters program co-founded by Randy
*Randy Pausch's "Last Lecture" ([http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119024238402033039.html description] | [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119084081673940375.html impact] | [http://www.cs.virginia.edu/robins/Randy_Last_Lecture.html full video] | [http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/Randy/ download] | [http://www.randypauschsubtitles.de/ subtitles (English, German)])
*Randy Pausch's "Last Lecture Reprise" and full interview on the Oprah Show ([http://www.cs.virginia.edu/robins/Randy_Oprah.html full-length video] | [http://www.cs.virginia.edu/robins/Randy hi-res downloadable version])
*"Time Management" lecture by Randy Pausch ([http://www.cs.virginia.edu/robins/Randy_Time_Management.html full Video] | [http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/Randy/ hi-res downloadable version])
*"50 Years of Computer Science Innovation" lecture by Randy Pausch ([http://www.cs.virginia.edu/robins/Randy_50_Years_CS.html full Video] | [http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/Randy/ hi-res downloadable version])
*[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~cleah/PAUSCHupdate.html Health update page]
*[http://www.cs.virginia.edu/csnews/news.php?ID=36 Historical news articles about Randy Pausch]
*[http://www.amrita.edu/ase/coimbatore/astha/randy.htm Amrita University students pay tribute to Randy Pausch]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pausch, Randy}}

[[Category:American computer scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Teachers of computer science]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Carnegie Mellon University faculty]]
[[Category:Brown University alumni]]

[[de:Randy Pausch]]

Yohji

2007-10-02T03:21:10Z

Tom Allen: Create redirect page for Yohji

#REDIRECT [[Yohji Yamamoto]]

Corbin, Kentucky

2007-09-10T02:38:58Z

Tom Allen: /* Notable residents */ Restored this section - rvv from several months ago

{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+ <big>'''Corbin, Kentucky'''</big>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[Image:KYMap-doton-Corbin.PNG|280px|Location of Corbin, Kentucky]] Location in the state of [[Kentucky]]
|-
|'''[[List of Kentucky counties|Counties]]'''
|[[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]], [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]], [[Laurel County, Kentucky|Laurel]]
|-
|'''[[Mayor]]'''
|Willard McBurney
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Area]]'''  - Land  - Water
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[1 E8 m²|7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 km²]] 7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 [[km²]] 0.0 sq. miles / 0.0 [[km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Population]]'''  - Total ([[as of 2000|2000]])  - [[Density]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 7,742 403.9/[[square kilometre|km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Time zone]]'''  - summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-5) [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-4)
|-
| '''[[Latitude]]''' '''[[Longitude]]'''
| 36°56'30" N 84°5'44" W
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | '''Official website:''' http://www.corbinkentucky.us/
|}

'''Corbin''' is a [[city]] in [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]] and [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] counties in southeastern [[Kentucky]]. The urbanized area around Corbin extends into [[Laurel County, Kentucky|Laurel County]]; this area, known as [[North Corbin, Kentucky|North Corbin]], is not incorporated into the city limits. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 7,742, with 17,558 living in the "[[Urbanized Area|urban cluster]]" that includes Corbin.

== History ==
The Corbin area, known originally as Lynn Camp, was first settled by Europeans around [[1800]]. The present town came into being when the [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad]] laid the first tracks through the area around [[1883]]. [[Swamp|Swampland]], chosen because it was both flat and cheap, was drained to make way for a [[Train station|depot]] and [[roundhouse]], and a town soon grew up around the tracks.

During World War I, African-Americans worked on the railroad near Corbin, Kentucky. When whites returned from the war, there was conflict. Whites sought their former jobs and positions in the community. In 1919, a race riot occurred. Whites put the African-Americans on railroad cars and ran them out of town.<ref>http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7772527M</ref>

The [[post office]] at the site was originally named Cummins for community founder Nelson Cummins. However, when it was discovered in [[1885]] that both Cummins and Lynn Camp were already in use as names for Kentucky post offices, postmaster James Eaton was asked to select another name. He chose Corbin, perhaps for James Corbin Floyd, a local minister. (The word itself is derived from the Latin ''corvus'', meaning ''[[raven]]''; compare French ''corbeau''.) The town was incorporated under that name in [[1905]].

== Law and government ==

Corbin is a fourth-class city governed by a [[mayor]] and [[city commission]]. Willard McBurney is the current mayor. Phil Gregory, Joe Shelton, Bruce Farris, and Dennis Lynch are its four current Commissioners.

Corbin is located in [[Kentucky's 5th congressional district|Kentucky's 5th Congressional District]]. In terms of [[Political party|party affiliation]], the residents of Corbin and the surrounding areas are predominantly [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]].

[[Image:Cumberland_Falls_2005_05_20a.jpeg|thumbnail|right|[[Cumberland Falls]]]]

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], it has a total area of 19.2 [[km²]] (7.4 [[square mile|mi²]]). None of the area is covered with water.

Corbin lies in the [[Cumberland Plateau]] region of [[Appalachia]] in southeastern Kentucky. The Pine Mountain Overthrust Fault, a [[geologic fault]] system located several miles to the east, produces occasional [[earthquake|tremors]], the most recent in 2004.

[[Image:Corbin Skyline2.JPG|thumbnail|right|14th st. Hill]]

== Economy ==
Originally formed by [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad|L&N Railroad]], [[rail transport]] was the backbone of the local economy in the first half of the twentieth century. While the railroad (presently [[CSX]]) continues to play an important role, the decline of the rail industry in the latter half of the twentieth century, as well as the loss of some [[manufacturing]] jobs due to [[globalization]], has prompted the community to begin diversifying its economy.

Major employers in the area today include [[Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.|Aisin Automotive Casting]], [[Pearson PLC|NCS Pearson]], [[Pepsi|Pepsi Bottling Company]], [[CTA Acoustics]], Baptist Regional Medical Center, and Whayne Supply, Superior Protection Fire Safety.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 7,742 people, 3,308 households, and 2,067 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 403.9/km² (1,045.8/mi²). There were 3,704 housing units at an average density of 193.3/km² (500.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.35% [[White American|White]], 0.08% [[African American]], 0.18% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], 0.32% [[Asian American|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islander]], 0.17% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.89% from two or more races. [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanics or Latinos]] of any race were 0.79% of the population.

There were 3,308 households out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.89.

The age distribution was 23.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 81.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,203, and the median income for a family was $32,784. Males had a median income of $27,323 versus $17,568 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $14,200. About 15.5% of families and 21.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 24.0% of those under age 18 and 16.4% of those age 65 or over.

[[Image:corbin-ky-skyline2.jpg|thumbnail|right|Skyline, Corbin, Kentucky]]

== Culture and local color ==
* Each year in early August, Corbin hosts a [[festival]] called NIBROC (''Corbin'' spelled backwards) featuring open-air concerts, [[Amusement park|carnival attractions]], a [[Beauty contest|beauty pageant]], [[parade]], and other events. The festival is featured, if anachronistically, in the play ''Last Train to Nibroc'' [http://www.nibroctrilogy.com] by [[Arlene Hutton]]. (Though the play is set in the [[1940s]], the festival itself only dates to [[1952]].)
* Despite being in [[Dry county|dry counties]] ([[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] and [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]]), sales of alcoholic drinks by restaurants seating at least 100 diners are allowed.
[[Image:Corbin ky sm.jpg|thumbnail|right|Engineer Street bridge, Corbin, Kentucky]]

== Transportation ==
Corbin straddles [[Interstate 75]] and [[U.S. Highway 25]] (which splits into 25E and 25W in North Corbin). The town is served by the [[CSX]] [[rail transport|rail line]].

== Sites of interest ==
* [[Cumberland Falls]] State Park, the site of the only [[waterfall]] in the [[Western hemisphere]] to feature a regularly occurring [[moonbow]], is located 19 miles (31 km) to the southwest.
[[Image:Col Sanders Restaurant.png|left|thumb|200px|The Colonel Sanders Cafe and Museum]]
* [[Colonel Sanders|Sanders']] Cafe, the birthplace of [[KFC|Kentucky Fried Chicken]] (though not sold as the KFC/Kentucky Fried Chicken brand at the time) is located in North Corbin. The restaurant and accompanying museum are popular with tour groups traveling along [[Interstate 75]].
* Nearby [[Laurel River Lake]], created by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] in [[1974]], is a popular recreational site for [[boating]], [[fishing]], [[water skiing]], and [[scuba diving]].
* [[Cumberland Gap]] and [[Cumberland Gap National Historical Park]] are located about 50 miles (80 km) south of Corbin on U.S. Highway 25E at the [[Tennessee]] border.

== Education ==
Corbin, like many communities of its size in southeastern Kentucky, has an independent school system (in Kentucky, a [[Public education|public school]] system not affiliated with a county; most such districts are associated with individual cities). The Corbin Independent School District includes:
* Central Primary (grades K-2)
* South Elementary (grades 3-5)
* Corbin Middle (grades 6-8)
* Corbin High (grades 9-12)
* Corbin Vocational
* Corbin East ([[alternative school]])

The community also places considerable emphasis on the success of its high school athletic teams. "Redhounds" games, especially [[American football|football]], are important social events for many within the community.

In [[2004]] [[Eastern Kentucky University]] opened a new extension campus in Corbin.

Corbin is also home to Saint Camillus Academy, a private school affiliated with the Catholic Diocese of Lexington, Kentucky. Established in [[1913]] by the Sisters of Divine Providence, the school has been successful as both a boarding school for national and international students and as a [[Montessori]] school. With a beautiful schoolhouse in ornate French chateau style situated atop a prominence overlooking the town, St. Camillus Academy provides a striking backdrop to the streets of downtown Corbin.

== Media ==
=== Newspapers ===
* The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'', daily afternoon newspaper
* The ''Corbin News Journal'', weekly morning newspaper

=== Radio ===
* WCTT AM 680
* WKDP AM 1330
* WEKF FM: 88.5
* WVCT FM 91.5
* WKDP FM 99.5
* WCTT FM 107.3

== Notable natives and former residents ==
* [[Colonel Sanders]], entrepreneur
* [[Silas House]], writer
* [[Arthur Lake (actor)|Arthur Lake]], actor
* [[Frank Selvy]], basketball player
* [[George McAfee]], American football player
* [[Roy Kidd]], Hall of Fame American football coach
* [[Steve Bird]], NCAA College Football Coach

== References ==
<References />

==External links==

* [http://www.corbin-ky.gov/ Official City of Corbin Web Site]
* [http://www.corbinky.org/ Corbin, Kentucky Office of Economic Development]
* [http://www.corbintimes.com/ The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'']
* [http://www.corbinnewsjournal.com/ The ''Corbin News Journal'']
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7772527 "Kentucky Town Re-Examines Its Racial History"], ''[[Weekend Edition|Weekend Edition Saturday]]'', [[National Public Radio|NPR]], [[March 10]], [[2007]]

* {{Mapit-US-cityscale|36.941575|-84.09551}}

{{Kentucky}}

[[Category:Cities in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Knox County, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Whitley County, Kentucky]]

[[sv:Corbin, Kentucky]]
[[vo:Corbin]]

Talk:Fuller Theological Seminary

2007-06-15T23:53:33Z

Tom Allen: /* "Left of Center" not an opinion? */

{{WikiProject California}}

==NPOV?==
Quotes like these all seem very biased, almost advert like.

academic rigor and ethnic and denominational diversity

The faculty consists of leading Christian thinkers and scholars with equally diverse backgrounds.

Students and professors often hold diametrically opposing views and vehemently debate a wide range of religious and ethical issues

Just my two cents. [[User:Cornellrockey|Cornell Rockey]] 12:24, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
:there's every chance that whoever edited this article pulled these lines out of an advertisement, although I can't confirm that. Feel free to edit the lines to something more neutral.--[[User:G.B. Blackrock|G.B. Blackrock]] 22:23, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Dumb. The quotes are perfectly fine and reflect Fuller to a tee.

Lord, what a whitewash! Is there any real history of Fuller available, such as includes the career of co-founder Harold Ockenga, the sad fate of former Fuller President E. J. Carnell, or the 1970s "battle for the Bible"?

=="Left of Center" not an opinion?==
There has recently been a rash of edits on this page in the "Criticisms" section. Apparently some people feel that Fuller is too liberal. I do not dispute that Fuller is not as right-wing as its founders, and has moved a considerable distance to the "left" in the nearly 60 years since its founding. However, I do feel that attempts to keep this article having a neutral tone have been met with dismissiveness. Despite what the most recent editor claims, to call something "Left of Center" ''is'' a statment of opinion, no matter how many people observe it and believe it to be the case. I would argue that the editors who claim that Fuller is "left of center" believe that that "center" is far more to the right than is in fact the case. Can we get some arbitration on this?--[[User:G.B. Blackrock|G.B. Blackrock]] 04:12, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
:Definitely agree that "Left of Center" is a matter of opinion. Fuller's statement of faith (to which all faculty must agree prior to employment) is very moderate, not liberal in the least. However, to a conservative, it seems liberal and to a liberal, it seems conservative. Fuller has been caught in the middle for years (and everyone blames the School of Psychology). In the grand scheme of things, Fuller is about as smack dab center as is possible at a seminary. While there are subjects taught and discussed that aren't particularly palatable for extremely conservative theological thinkers, Fuller's statement of faith is very clear and very middle of the road. Just because something is taught and/or discussed doesn't mean that doctrine is the school's theological stance; it simply means that the topic is important enough to warrant recognition.[[User:Tamara Young|Tamara Young]] 15:34, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

The first part of the selection that follows needs a citation showing evidence that Fuller does indeed currently "advertise itself" in this way. As for the latter half of the sentence, short of citing a poll of evangelical seminary presidents, I hardly think one could call such a statement neutral.
<blockquote>
Fuller advertises itself as a moderate evangelical seminary, theologically between Princeton Theological Seminary (liberal) and Dallas Theological Seminary (conservative), but there has been some question within the larger Christian community as to whether Fuller truly does lie in the middle of the conservative/liberal theological divide.
</blockquote>
--[[User:76.177.33.20|76.177.33.20]] 03:30, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

: One way to avoid the NPOV issue on this would be to quote specific evangelical leaders who have publicly decried Fuller as "liberal." The words "liberal" and "conservative," though, when applied to theological, aren't as clear as in the early 20th century. This whole section probably needs to be rewritten from a more neutral standpoint. --[[User:Tom Allen|Tom Allen]] 23:53, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Talk:Fuller Theological Seminary

2007-06-15T23:53:09Z

Tom Allen: /* "Left of Center" not an opinion? */

Annie Lennox

2007-04-26T02:01:46Z

Tom Allen: rvv

{{Infobox musical artist 2
|Name = Annie Lennox
|Img = Annie lennox nemahziz.jpg
|Img_capt =
|Background = solo_singer
|Birth_name = Ann Lennox
|Born = {{birth date and age|1954|12|25}}
|Origin = [[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|25px]] [[Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]]
|Occupation = [[Singer-songwriter]]
|Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]/[[soul music|Soul]]/[[rock music|Rock]]
|Instrument = [[Vocals]], [[Piano]], [[Flute]]
|Years_active = [[1977]]-present
|Associated_acts = [[Eurythmics]], [[The Tourists]]
|Label = [[J Records]] [[Arista Records]] 
|URL = http://www.annielennox.com
}}

'''Annie Lennox''' (born [[25 December]] [[1954]]) is an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]], [[BRIT Awards|BRIT]], [[Grammy]] and [[Golden Globe]] award-winning Scottish [[Pop music|pop]] musician and [[vocalist]]. She is both a solo artist and the lead singer of the duo [[Eurythmics]], often hailed as "The Greatest White Soul Singer Alive" ([[VH1]], ''100 Greatest Women of Rock and Roll'' 1999)

== Life and career ==
Ann Lennox was born in [[Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]]. She attended Aberdeen High School for Girls (now [[Harlaw Academy]]).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.scotsman.com/scotland.cfm?id=946382006 | title=Annie Lennox donation | work=The Scotsman | date=[[2006-06-29]] | accessdate=2006-08-07}}</ref> She was educated as a classical musician and studied the [[flute]] at the [[Royal Academy of Music]] in [[London]].

Her time at the Royal Academy was not entirely happy for her. Her flute teacher's final report stated: "Ann has not always been sure of where to direct her efforts, though latterly she has been more committed. She is very, very able, however." Two years later Lennox reported to the Academy: "I have had to work as a waitress, barmaid, and shop assistant to keep me when not in musical work." In 2006 the Academy made her an honorary Fellow. <ref>Royal Academy of Music Bulletin, August 2006, p. 7</ref>.

After three years as lead singer of [[The Tourists]], Lennox achieved her most notable fame as the [[Alto (voice)|alto]], soul-tinged lead singer of the 1980s electronic pop duo [[Eurythmics]] with British musician [[David A. Stewart]]. Early in Eurythmics' career, she was known for her [[androgyny]], wearing suits and once impersonating [[Elvis Presley]]. The duo released a long line of classic [[single (music)|single]]s in the [[1980s]]: "[[Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) (song)|Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)]]", "[[Here Comes the Rain Again]]", "[[Who's That Girl? (Eurythmics song)|Who's That Girl?]]", "[[Would I Lie to You?]]", "[[There Must Be an Angel (Playing with My Heart)]]", "[[Missionary Man (Eurythmics song)|Missionary Man]]", "[[You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart]]", "[[Don't Ask Me Why]]", among others. Though Eurythmics never officially disbanded, Lennox made a fairly clear break with Stewart in [[1990]], and began a long and equally successful solo career.

From the beginning, Lennox has experimented with her image as an artist and as a woman. She matured as a public figure in the late [[20th century]], just as [[MTV]] and the medium of [[video]] were maturing as the obvious vehicles for selling contemporary popular music, and she has used image astutely, both as a means of interpreting and marketing her music.

Annie Lennox has also amassed a substantial fortune, said to be £30 million ([[GBP]]), over the years working both with Eurythmics and as a solo artist.

The father of her two daughters, Lola and Tali, is [[Uri Fruchtmann]], to whom she was married from 1988 to 2000. She was previously married to Radha Raman from 1984 to 1985. Fruchtman was also the father to Lennox' first, [[stillborn]], child Daniel in December 1988.

=== Solo work ===
Though it was produced by Stewart, the 1988 single from the movie ''[[Scrooged]]'' with [[Al Green]], "[[Put a Little Love in Your Heart]]" (a [[cover version]] of [[Jackie DeShannon]]'s 1969 hit), was credited to Lennox and Green, and can therefore be considered her first release as a solo artist. In [[1991]], her version of [[Cole Porter]]'s "[[Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye]]" appeared on the Porter tribute compilation ''[[Red Hot + Blue]]'' for [[AIDS]] awareness. Lennox performed the song that same year for a [[cameo appearance]] in the [[Derek Jarman]] film ''[[Edward II (film)|Edward II]]''. She then made a memorable appearance with [[David Bowie]] and the surviving members of [[Queen (band)|Queen]] at [[1992]]'s [[Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert]] at London's [[Wembley Stadium (1924)|Wembley Stadium]], performing ''[[Under Pressure]]''.

She began working with former Trevor Horn protege Stephen Lipson, beginning with Lennox's 1992 solo debut album, ''[[Diva (album)|Diva]]'', was an unambiguous commercial and critical success. Her profile was boosted by ''Diva'''s singles (including "[[Why (Annie Lennox song)|Why]]" and "Walking on Broken Glass"), numerous awards, and "[[Love Song for a Vampire]]", a soundtrack cut for [[Francis Ford Coppola]]'s 1992 movie ''[[Bram Stoker's Dracula]]''. The [[A-side and B-side|B-side]] of her single "Precious" was a self-penned song called "[[Step by Step (Anne Lennox song)|Step by Step]]", which was later covered by [[Whitney Houston]] for the soundtrack album of "The Preacher's Wife" and became a hit in its own right. Stephen Lipson has consistently been involved in Lennox's solo offerings, providing a [[sonic]] unity within her solo recordings that is seldom found in popular music and is most desirable to an artist's [[fanbase]].

Her profile decreased for a period due to her desire to bring up her two children outside of the media's glare, although she continued to be a major figure in popular music. ''[[Medusa (Annie Lennox album)|Medusa]],'' an album of [[cover version|covers]] in which Lennox tackled songs by everyone from [[Bob Marley]] to [[The Clash]], was released three years after ''Diva'', and sold well, with its single "No More I Love You's" becoming an international hit and the 1995 Grammy winner for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. A duet with [[Paul Simon]] of the latter's song 'Something So Right' made the UK Top 50 when released as a single. In [[1997]] she re-recorded the Eurythmics track "Angel" for the [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] tribute album. In [[1998]] - following the death of a mutual friend (former [[The Tourists]] lead singer/songwriter [[Peet Coombes]]) - she re-established contact with Dave Stewart, and by [[1999]] [[Eurythmics]] had reformed for the album ''[[Peace (album)|Peace]].'' In [[2003]] she released her third solo album, ''[[Bare (Annie Lennox album)|Bare]]'', which was accompanied by her first ever solo tour which played intimate venues all over the world.

In [[2004]], Lennox won the [[Academy Award for Best Song]] for "[[Into the West (song)|Into the West]]" from the film ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (film)|The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'' at the [[76th Academy Awards]]. The song also won a Grammy award and a Golden Globe award as well. She had previously recorded "Use Well the Days" for the movie, which incorporates a number of quotations from [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] in its lyrics. This song was not used in the film, but it appears on a bonus [[DVD]] included with the "special edition" of the movie's [[soundtrack]] [[Compact disc|CD]].

In the Summer of [[2004]], Annie Lennox embarked on an extensive North American tour with [[Sting]]

In July [[2005]], Annie Lennox performed at [[Live 8]] in [[Hyde Park, London]], along with [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Sting]] and many of her peers.

Lennox and Stewart later collaborated on two new pieces for their Eurythmics hits album, ''[[Ultimate Collection (Eurythmics album)|Ultimate Collection]]'', one of which, "[[I've Got a Life]]", was released as a single on [[October 31]], 2005. The promotional video for the song features Lennox and Stewart performing in the present day, with images of past Eurythmics videos playing on television screens behind them. Lennox also appears in a man's suit with a cane, reminiscent of her "Sweet Dreams" video image from [[1983]]. The single hit number fourteen in the [[UK singles chart]] and was a number-one U.S. [[Hot Dance Club Play|Dance hit]].

According to her official website, [[as of 2006]], Lennox "is currently busy writing and recording songs to prepare for the next album, which will be her last whilst she is still contracted to [[BMG]]...". She is hoping to deliver an album "with twelve strong, powerful, really emotive songs that people can connect to." If she achieves that, she says, "I can feel proud of [it], no matter if it sells ten copies or 50 million."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002727555 | title=Annie Lennox Gets Busy On New Album | author=Newman, Melinda | work=Billboard.com | date=[[2006-06-23]] | accessdate=2006-06-29}}</ref>

In October 2006, Lennox [http://www.stv.tv/out/showArticle.jsp?source=opencms&articleId=/out/music/latestnews/Interviewx_Annie_Lennox_on_aid_for_Afric spoke] at the [[British House of Commons]] on the need for children in the UK to help their less fortunate counterparts in Africa.

It has been reported that for three months, between July and October of 2006, Lennox worked in [[David_A._Stewart|Dave Stewart]]'s home studio in Los Angeles recording her new album. The producer of the new album is [[Glen Ballard]], not [[Steve Lipson]] who produced Lennox's previous three albums. Ballard co-owns the Hollywood Boulevard studio with Stewart and it was Stewart who suggested Ballard to Lennox. Lennox and Stewart have not collaborated together on the said new album, except for a track with hip hop recording star, [[Kelis]] [http://ethrill.net/index_e.htm].

Lennox is reportedly lining up a duet with [[Mary J Blige]]. [http://www.aolmusicnewsblog.com/2006/12/07/blige-favors-one-grammy-nomination-over-others/] Annie and singer [[Pink (singer)|Pink]] have recorded a gospel-like track for Lennox's next album. The new album has been confirmed as being in the final mixing stage as of February, 2007, by Lennox herself on her official web site, and has confirmed that it will not be called ''Venus'', despite previous reports in the press. During [[Celine Dion]]'s break from her show in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] she recorded a new song with Lennox, possibly for the new album. Lennox's new album was confirmed by Ballard, to be due at the end of the third quarter of 2007, also commenting that it is nearly complete. Mixing on the new album was reported to be taking place in [[Miami, Florida|Miami]] by legendary industry mixer and Grammy winner [[Tom Lord-Alge]].

==Discography==
{{see|Eurythmics discography}}

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left" valign="top" width="40"|Year
!align="left" valign="top"|Album
!align="center" valign="top" width="40"|[[UK Albums Chart|UK]]
!align="center" valign="top" width="40"|[[Billboard 200|U.S.]]
!align="left" valign="top"|[[Gold album|U.S. Sales.]]
!align="left" valign="top"|[[Gold album|UK Sales]]
|-
|align="left" valign="top"|1992
|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Diva (album)|Diva]]''
|align="center" valign="top"|1
|align="center" valign="top"|23
|align="left" valign="top"|3x Platinum
|align="left" valign="top"|4x Platinum
|-
|align="left" valign="top"|1995
|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Medusa (Annie Lennox album)|Medusa]]''
|align="center" valign="top"|1
|align="center" valign="top"|11
|align="left" valign="top"|2x Platinum
|align="left" valign="top"|2x Platinum
|-
|align="left" valign="top"|2003
|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Bare (Annie Lennox album)|Bare]]''
|align="center" valign="top"|3
|align="center" valign="top"|4
|align="left" valign="top"|Gold
|align="left" valign="top"|Gold
|-
|align="left" valign="top"|2007
|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Dark Road]]''
|align="center" valign="top"|TBR
|align="center" valign="top"|TBR
|align="left" valign="top"|-
|align="left" valign="top"|-
|-
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" valign="top" width="40"|Year
!align="left" valign="top"|Song
!align="center" valign="top" width="40"|[[UK singles chart|UK]]
!align="center" valign="top" width="40"|[[Billboard Hot 100|U.S.]]
!align="center" valign="top" width="40"|[[Hot Dance Music/Club Play|U.S. Dance]]
!align="left" valign="top"|Album
|-
|align="center" valign="top"|1988
|align="left" valign="top"|"[[Put a Little Love in Your Heart]]" ''(with [[Al Green]])''
|align="center" valign="top"|28
|align="center" valign="top"|9
|align="center" valign="top"|29
|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Scrooged]]'' soundtrack
|-
|align="center" valign="top"|1992
|align="left" valign="top"|"Why"
|align="center" valign="top"|5
|align="center" valign="top"|34
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="left" valign="top"|''Diva''
|-
|align="center" valign="top"|1992
|align="left" valign="top"|"Precious"
|align="center" valign="top"|23
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="left" valign="top"|''Diva''
|-
|align="center" valign="top"|1992
|align="left" valign="top"|"[[Walking on Broken Glass]]"
|align="center" valign="top"|8
|align="center" valign="top"|14
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="left" valign="top"|''Diva''
|-
|align="center" valign="top"|1992
|align="left" valign="top"|"Cold"
|align="center" valign="top"|26
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="left" valign="top"|''Diva''
|-
|align="center" valign="top"|1993
|align="left" valign="top"|"Little Bird" / "Love Song for a Vampire"
|align="center" valign="top"|3
|align="center" valign="top"|49
|align="center" valign="top"|1
|align="left" valign="top"|''Diva'' ''[[Bram Stoker's Dracula]]''
|-
|align="center" valign="top"|1995
|align="left" valign="top"|"No More 'I Love You's'"
|align="center" valign="top"|2
|align="center" valign="top"|23
|align="center" valign="top"|1
|align="left" valign="top"|''Medusa''
|-
|align="center" valign="top"|1995
|align="left" valign="top"|"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
|align="center" valign="top"|16
|align="center" valign="top"|101
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="left" valign="top"|''Medusa''
|-
|align="center" valign="top"|1995
|align="left" valign="top"|"Waiting in Vain"
|align="center" valign="top"|31
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="left" valign="top"|''Medusa''
|-
|align="center" valign="top"|1995
|align="left" valign="top"|"Something So Right" ''(with [[Paul Simon]])''
|align="center" valign="top"|44
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="left" valign="top"|''Medusa''
|-
|align="center" valign="top"|2003
|align="left" valign="top"|"Pavement Cracks"
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="center" valign="top"|1
|align="left" valign="top"|''Bare''
|-
|align="center" valign="top"|2004
|align="left" valign="top"|"A Thousand Beautiful Things"
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="center" valign="top"|1
|align="left" valign="top"|''Bare''
|-
|align="center" valign="top"|2004
|align="left" valign="top"|"Wonderful"
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="center" valign="top"|-
|align="center" valign="top"|1
|align="left" valign="top"|''Bare''
|-
|}

==Awards==
Major awards received as a solo artist:
 
[[Academy Awards]]
 
2003 - Best Original Song (for ''[[Into The West]]'')
 
[[Grammy Awards]]
 
1987 - Best Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal (Eurythmics) (for ''[[Missionary Man (Eurythmics song)|Missionary Man]])
 
1992 - Best Music Video - Long Form (for ''[[Diva_(album)|Diva]]'')
 
1995 - Best Female Pop Vocal Performance (for ''No More I Love You's'')
 
2004 - Best Song Written For A Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media (for ''[[Into The West]]'')
 
[[BRIT Awards]]
 
1984 - Best British Female Solo Artist
 
1986 - Best British Female Solo Artist
 
1989 - Best British Female Solo Artist
 
1990 - Best British Female Solo Artist
 
1993 - Best British Female Solo Artist
 
1993 - Best British Album (for ''[[Diva]]'')
 
1996 - Best British Female Solo Artist
 
[[Golden Globe Awards]]
 
2004 - Best Original Song - Motion Picture (for ''[[Into The West]]'')
 

==Other work==
Annie Lennox recently became patron of the Master's Course in [[Humanitarian]] and [[Development Practice]] for [[Oxford Brookes University]], [[Oxford]], [[United Kingdom]]. A university spokesperson said that they were "delighted that as a long-term supporter of human rights and social justice campaigns Ms Lennox has agreed to act as patron for its unique MA programme".

* [http://www.brookes.ac.uk/news/2006/march/nr_11_06 Oxford Brookes Press Release]

Lennox has been an active humanitarian over the years. On the Peacetour in 1999 she and Dave Stewart gave all their profits to [[Amnesty International]] and [[Greenpeace]].<ref>{{cite news
|title = Peace core
|work = The Herald (Glasgow)
|page = 16
|date = [[1999-11-25]]
}}</ref>

In 2007, she performed during the [[American Idol]] "Idol Gives Back" fund raising drive.

==Trivia==
{{trivia}}
* Actors [[Hugh Laurie]] and [[John Malkovich]] appear in the music video of "Walking On Broken Glass".

* Was asked to provide proof of gender prior to airing of ' Love Is A Stranger ' video

* [[Annie Lennox]] has been awarded the most BRIT Awards for a woman, with a total of 7 - 1 being part of the Eurythmics duo. The closest female artist to her number of awards is Lisa Stansfield with 3.

==See also==
* [[List of number-one dance hits (United States)]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance chart]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.annielennox.com/ Official Annie Lennox website]
* [http://www.eurythmics.com/ Official Eurythmics website]
* [http://www.stv.tv/out/showArticle.jsp?source=opencms&articleId=/out/music/latestnews/Interviewx_Annie_Lennox_on_aid_for_Afric stv video interview] on aid for Africa

[[Category:1954 births|Lennox, Annie]]
[[Category:Living people|Lennox, Annie]]
[[Category:Scottish female singers|Lennox, Annie]]
[[Category:Scottish pop singers|Lennox, Annie]]
[[Category:British blue-eyed soul singers|Lennox, Annie]]
[[Category:Best Song Academy Award winning songwriters|Lennox, Annie]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners|Lennox, Annie]]
[[Category:Arista Records artists|Lennox, Annie]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music|Lennox, Annie]]
[[Category:People from Aberdeen|Lennox, Annie]]
[[Category:Scottish vegetarians|Lennox, Annie]]
[[Category:Torch singers|Lennox, Annie]]
[[Category:Ivor Novello Award winners|Lennox, Annie]]

[[cy:Annie Lennox]]
[[da:Annie Lennox]]
[[de:Annie Lennox]]
[[es:Annie Lennox]]
[[fr:Annie Lennox]]
[[it:Annie Lennox]]
[[he:אני לנוקס]]
[[nl:Annie Lennox]]
[[ja:アニー・レノックス]]
[[no:Annie Lennox]]
[[pl:Annie Lennox]]
[[pt:Annie Lennox]]
[[ru:Леннокс, Энни]]
[[fi:Annie Lennox]]
[[sv:Annie Lennox]]

The Chicks

2007-02-12T04:11:24Z

Tom Allen: Rv to last "stable" version... lots of vandalism...

{{Infobox musical artist 2
|Name = Dixie Chicks
|Img = TakingtheLongWay.jpg
|Img_capt = Cover of the Dixie Chicks' seventh studio album ''[[Taking the Long Way]]''. Left to right: [[Martie Maguire]], [[Natalie Maines]], [[Emily Robison]].
|Background = group_or_band
|Origin = [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[United States]]
|Genre = [[Country music|Country]], [[Folk music|Folk]], [[Bluegrass music|Bluegrass]], [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Pop music|Pop]]
|Years_active = 1989–Present
|Label = [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment|SonyBMG]]/[[Sony Music Entertainment|Open Wide]]/[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
|URL = [http://www.dixiechicks.com Dixiechicks.com]
|Current_members = [[Emily Robison]] (1989–Present) [[Martie Maguire]] (1989–Present) [[Natalie Maines]] (1995–Present)
|Past_members = [[Laura Lynch]] (1989–1995) [[Robin Lynn Macy]] (1989–1992)
}}
The '''Dixie Chicks''' are a [[Grammy Award]] winning [[United States|American]] all-female [[country music]] [[trio (music)|trio]] comprised of [[Emily Erwin|Emily Robison]], [[Martie Erwin|Martie Maguire]] and [[Natalie Maines]]. They are the highest-selling female group in any musical genre.<ref>http://www.dixiechicks.com/06_historical.asp</ref>

The group formed in [[1984]] in [[Dallas, Texas]]. After years of struggle and personnel changes, the Dixie Chicks achieved massive country and [[pop music|pop]] success starting in the late 1990s with hit songs such as ''Wide Open Spaces'', ''Cowboy Take Me Away'' and ''[[Long Time Gone]]''. The group became well-known for their lively persona, instrumental virtuosity, fashion sense, and outspoken political comments.

In particular, lead vocalist Natalie Maines's public criticism of [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[George W. Bush]] on the eve of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] led to considerable controversy for the group, and cost them half of their concert audience attendance in the United States<ref>{{cite web | url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/14822593/ | title=Dixie Chicks ‘Shut Up and Sing’ in Toronto | publisher=MSNBC | accessdate=2006-10-08}}</ref> as chronicled in the 2006 documentary ''[[Dixie Chicks: Shut Up and Sing]]''.

==Early incarnations==
The Dixie Chicks was founded by the sisters [[Martie Erwin|Martie]] and [[Emily Erwin]] along with [[Laura Lynch]] and [[Robin Lynn Macy]]. The Erwin sisters have since married and changed their names to Martie Maguire and Emily Robison, respectively. The Erwin sisters provided the instrumental firepower for the band while Lynch and Macy were the lead singers. All four original members of the Dixie Chicks graduated from Greenhill School in [[Addison, Texas]], a suburb of Dallas.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

The group began with a largely [[Bluegrass music|bluegrass]] sound, and released their first album ''[[Thank Heavens for Dale Evans]]'' (named after the pioneering, multi-talented female performer [[Dale Evans]]) on independent label [[Crystal Clear Sound]] in 1990. The album included two instrumentals, showing the group's strength; Martie had taken third place at the National Fiddle Championships the year before. The Chicks gained some positive notices, winning the best band prize at the [[Telluride Bluegrass Festival]] and earning opening act spots in support of [[Garth Brooks]], [[Reba McEntire]], and [[George Strait]], but found no airplay outside of [[public radio]].

The Chicks released the Christmas single ''Home on the Radar Range'' in late 1991, and their second album, ''[[Little Ol' Cowgirl]]'', in 1992. [[Steel guitar]] legend [[Lloyd Maines]] played on both of these, and portions of the second album contained a more contemporary country sound. The Dixie Chicks continued to appear at various events in the Texas and Nashville areas, gaining positive critical reviews but sparing commercial success outside of some Dallas area radio airplay.

Robin Lynn Macy left in late 1992, preferring a "purer" bluegrass approach, and remained active in the Dallas music scene.

Now a trio, the Chicks released their third album in 1993. ''[[Shouldn't a Told You That]]'' featured Lynch as the sole lead singer and pushed bluegrass to the background. Despite constant touring and appearances at higher-profile events such as President [[Bill Clinton]]'s [[Inauguration]] and the national television show ''[[CBS This Morning]]'', no hit emerged and a commercial breakthrough eluded the Chicks.
[http://www.dixiechicks.com/06_dcmovie.asp].

==A new singer and commercial success==
Laura Lynch was replaced in late 1995 by [[Natalie Maines]], the daughter of producer, steel guitar player, and former Chicks session player [[Lloyd Maines]]. Around the same time, [[Sony]] scouted the Chicks and signed them to the newly revived [[Monument Records]] label.

The new Dixie Chicks lineup consisted of group leader Martie (Erwin) Siedel ([[fiddle]], [[mandolin]] and [[vocals]]), Emily Erwin ([[guitar]], [[dobro]], [[banjo]] and vocals), and Natalie Maines ([[lead vocals|lead vocal]] and in concerts, guitar). Natalie added a strong and distinctive voice to the sisters' musicianship and harmony vocals, and the combination clicked.

A single, ''I Can Love You Better'', was released in October 1997 with major label promotion. It climbed into the Top 10 on the country music charts. The album ''[[Wide Open Spaces]]'' was released in January 1998. Over the space of a year, the next three singles from ''Wide Open Spaces'' all hit No. 1 on the country charts: the bouncy ''There's Your Trouble'', the statement-of-purpose ''Wide Open Spaces'', and the radio-pleasing ballad ''You Were Mine. ''Wide Open Spaces'' went on to sell more than 12 million copies, becoming one of the [[List of best-selling albums in the United States|50 best-selling albums in American history]]. In the summer of 1999, the Dixie Chicks served as the opening act for [[Tim McGraw]]'s concert tour.

The Dixie Chicks proved their hits were no fluke with another smash hit album, ''[[Fly (album)|Fly]]'' in 2000. Nine singles emerged from it, including country No. 1's ''Cowboy Take Me Away'' and ''Without You''. ''Fly'' went on to sell 10 million copies, a rare repeat [[diamond album]]. The Chicks also staged the [[Fly Tour]], their first as the headlining act and already performing in [[arena]]s.

The source of the Dixie Chicks' commercial success during this time came from various factors: they wrote or co-wrote about half of the songs on ''Wide Open Spaces'' and ''Fly''; their mixture of [[Bluegrass music|bluegrass]] and mainstream [[country music]] appealed to a wide spectrum of record buyers; their visual image ranged from pretty to jokey to fiery, which further enhanced their general appeal; and lyrically, the Chicks' ethos struck a resonance with the public:
:: She needs wide open spaces
:: Room to make her big mistakes
This romantic, adventurous sense of independence was a major theme in the first two Dixie Chicks albums featuring Maines as the lead singer. The romantic theme is strongly evident in ''Cowboy Take Me Away'', another of their [[signature song]]s.

The Chicks also delivered gleeful revenge epics such as ''[[Goodbye Earl]]'', the tale of a woman who murders her abusive husband and gets away with it, or raucous, ribald numbers such as ''Sin Wagon'', a concert staple rave-up. Both of these tracks contained thematic elements that led to some radio stations removing the Chicks from their playlists, but the group was consistently unapologetic.

==Continued success with a "non-commercial" sound==

The Dixie Chicks debuted their quiet, unadorned song "I Believe in Love" on the ''[[America: A Tribute to Heroes]]'' telethon following the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]. It was a harbinger of a change in musical direction.

The Dixie Chicks became involved in a dispute with their record label regarding royalties and accounting procedures. After the trio quit in disgust, Sony sued the group for failure to complete their contract. The group countersued.<ref>http://www.aimeemanninprint.com/2001/bg100701.htm</ref>

After the two parties reconciled their differences, ''[[Home (Dixie Chicks album)|Home]]'', independently produced by Lloyd Maines, was released in 2002. For tracks not written by the group, outside songwriters were solicited for personal songs that were considered "uncommercial". Unlike the Chicks two previous records, ''Home'' was recorded without drums and is dominated by very up-tempo bluegrass and pensive ballads. In addition, the lyrics of the opening track and first single, "Long Time Gone", explicitly attacked contemporary country music radio, accusing it of ignoring the soul of the genre as exemplified by [[Merle Haggard]], [[Johnny Cash]], and [[Hank Williams]].

"[[Long Time Gone]]" became the Chicks' first top ten hit on the [[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. pop singles chart]] and peaked at #2 on the country chart, becoming a major success. Over 6 million copies of ''Home'' were sold in the U.S.<ref>http://www.riaa.com/gp/database/search_results.asp</ref>

The group's sense of independent spirit was still alive and well in their cover of [[Fleetwood Mac]]'s "Landslide", which duplicated the top ten country and pop achievements. However, a key track from ''Home'' contrasted with past albums; a rendering of [[Patty Griffin]]'s "Top of the World", for which the subsequent [[Top of the World Tour|tour]] was named, featured a startlingly unusual point of view and sought to portray an almost unbearable sense of regret.

''Home'' dominated the [[Grammy Awards of 2003|2003 Grammy Awards]] by winning four awards
*[[Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]]
*[[Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance|Best Country Instrumental Performance]]
**Dixie Chicks for "Lil' Jack Slade"
*[[Grammy Award for Best Country Album|Best Country Album]]
**[[Lloyd Maines]] (producer), [[Gary Paczosa]] (engineer/mixer) & the Dixie Chicks (producers & artists) for [[Home (Dixie Chicks album)]].

Tickets for the associated [[Top of the World Tour]] often sold out within hours. The Chicks were at the top of the music industry.

==Political controversy==
{{Quote box
|width=40%
|align=right
|quote="Just so you know, we're ashamed the President is from Texas."
|source=Natalie Maines, 10 March 2003
|}}
During the run-up to the [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]], several weeks after their Grammy success, the Dixie Chicks performed in concert in London. On [[March 10]], [[2003]], at the [[Shepherd's Bush Empire]] theatre in [[London]], Natalie Maines, a [[Texas]] native, said between songs, "Just so you know, we're ashamed the President is from Texas".

The comment about [[U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] was reported in ''[[The Guardian]]'''s review of the Chicks concert.<ref name=Guardian2>Clarke, Betty (2003). [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/reviews/story/0,,912236,00.html "The Dixie Chicks"] ''Guardian Unlimited'' (accessed January 22, 2007)</ref> Shortly thereafter, the U.S. media picked up the story and controversy erupted. <ref name=Guardian3>Campbell, Duncan (2003). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,943170,00.html "'Dixie sluts' fight on with naked defiance"] ''Guardian Unlimited'' (accessed April 13, 2006)</ref>

Maines's remark sparked intense criticism; many Americans believed that she should not criticize her country's head of state on foreign soil, or criticize the Commander-In-Chief while the country was on the verge of war. Maines insists, however, "I said it there 'cause that's where I was."<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,1196419,00.html</ref>

The comment angered many country music fans and was costly financially. Following the uproar and the start of a [[boycott]] of the Dixie Chicks' music, Maines attempted to clarify matters on March 12 by saying, "I feel the President is ignoring the opinions of many in the U.S. and alienating the rest of the world."

This statement failed to quiet her critics, and on [[March 14]] Maines issued an apology: "As a concerned American citizen, I apologize to President Bush because my remark was disrespectful. I feel that whoever holds that office should be treated with the utmost respect. We are currently in Europe and witnessing a huge anti-American sentiment as a result of the perceived rush to war. While war may remain a viable option, as a mother, I just want to see every possible alternative exhausted before children and American soldiers' lives are lost. I love my country. I am a proud American."<ref name=BBCNEWS> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/2867221.stm "Dixies dropped over Bush remark" ''BBC News'' (Accessed: October 30, 2006)</ref>

Some fans discontinued their support of the Dixie Chicks' albums and concerts as well as their sponsor [[Lipton]]. Others were disappointed that Maines apologized at all. In one famous anti-Dixie Chicks display, former fans were encouraged to bring their CDs to a demonstration at which they would be crushed by a [[bulldozer]]. The degree of hatred directed toward the Chicks provoked concern among the band about their safety and that of their families. [[Bruce Springsteen]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] even felt compelled to come out in support of the right of the band to express their opinions freely. (Although Madonna herself was pressured to postpone and then alter the [[April 1]] release of her "[[American Life (song)|American Life]]" video in which she threw a [[hand grenade]] toward a Bush look-alike, after witnessing the backlash against the Chicks.)<ref>http://dir.salon.com/story/ent/music/feature/2003/04/03/madonna/index.html</ref>

[[Image:Ewdixiechicks.jpg|The Dixie Chicks featured on the [[May 2]], [[2003]] cover of ''Entertainment Weekly''.|225px|thumb]]
On [[April 24]], the Dixie Chicks launched a publicity campaign to explain their position. During a prime-time interview with TV personality [[Diane Sawyer]], Maines said she remained proud of her original statement. The band also appeared [[naked]] (with private parts strategically covered) on the [[May 2]] cover of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' magazine with slogans such as "Traitors," "Saddam's Angels," "Dixie Sluts", "Proud Americans," "Hero," "Free Speech", and "Brave" printed on their bodies. The slogans represented the labels (both positive and negative) that had been placed on them in the aftermath of Maines's statement.

[[George W. Bush|President Bush]] responded to the controversy surrounding the Dixie Chicks in an interview with [[Tom Brokaw]] on [[April 24]]:
{{cquote|[T]he Dixie Chicks are free to speak their mind. They can say what they want to say ... They shouldn't have their feelings hurt just because some people don't want to buy their records when they speak out ... Freedom is a two-way street ... I ... don't really care what the Dixie Chicks said. I want to do what I think is right for the American people, and if some singers or Hollywood stars feel like speaking out, that's fine. That's the great thing about America. It stands in stark contrast to Iraq...<ref name=TIME>(2003). http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/25/international/worldspecial/25BUSH-TEXT.html?pagewanted=all (accessed April 13, 2006)</ref>}}

At the first concert of their nationwide [[Top of the World Tour]] the Dixie Chicks received a positive reception. The concert was held in [[Greenville, South Carolina]] on [[May 1]], and was attended by a sell-out crowd of 15,000 (tickets for most of the shows had gone on sale before the controversy erupted<ref>CMT, [http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/dixie_chicks/bio.jhtml Dixie Chicks biography] (accessed December 3, 2006)</ref>). The women arrived prepared to face opposition — and Maines invited those who had come to boo to do so — but the crowd erupted mostly in cheers.

Nevertheless, the Dixie Chicks remained controversial. On [[May 6]] a Colorado radio station suspended two of its disc jockeys for playing music by the Dixie Chicks in violation of a ban on their music. On [[May 22]], at the [[Academy of Country Music]] (ACM) awards ceremony in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], there were boos when the group's nomination for Entertainer of the Year award was announced. However, the broadcast's host, [[Vince Gill]], reminded the audience that everyone is entitled to freedom of speech. The Academy gave the award to [[Toby Keith]], an outspoken critic of the group.

By the time of the Dixie Chicks [[August 3]] [[Atlanta]] show, Maines remarked that they had not heard any boos for a couple of shows; some were heard that night, but the Chicks felt that it was okay, as they supported freedom of speech.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

In the fall of 2003 the Dixie Chicks starred in a broadcast TV commercial for [[Lipton Original Iced Tea]], which made a tongue-in-cheek reference to the corporate blacklisting and the grassroots backlash. In the commercial, the Chicks are about to give a stadium concert when the electricity suddenly goes out. They continue anyway, performing an ''[[a cappella]]'' version of "Cowboy Take Me Away" to the raving cheers of the fans.

In a September 2003 interview, Maguire told the German magazine ''[[Der Spiegel]]'': "We don't feel a part of the country scene any longer, it can't be our home anymore." She noted a lack of support from country stars, and being shunned at the 2003 ACM awards. "Instead, we won three Grammys against much stronger competition. So we now consider ourselves part of the big rock 'n' roll family." However, in an open letter to fans on the Chicks' Web site, Maines said Maguire had been misquoted.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Also in 2003, the [[American Red Cross]] refused a 1 million dollar (U.S.) donation from the Dixie Chicks. The organization did not publicize the refusal; it was revealed by the Chicks themselves in a May 2006 interview on the [[Howard Stern]] Show on [[SIRIUS Satellite Radio]]. [http://www.howardstern.com/rundown.hs?d=1148540400] According to National Red Cross spokesperson Julie Thurmond Whitmer, the band would have made the donation "only if the American Red Cross would embrace the band's summer tour," writes Ms. Whitmer, referring to the group's 2003 U.S. tour after the London incident.
{{cquote|The Dixie Chicks controversy made it impossible for the American Red Cross to associate itself with the band because such association would have violated two of the founding principles of the organization: impartiality and neutrality...Should the Dixie Chicks like to make an unconditional financial donation to the American Red Cross, we will gladly accept it. [http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/14728090.htm]}}

In October 2004, the Dixie Chicks joined the [[Vote for Change]] tour, performing in concerts organized by [[MoveOn.org]] in [[swing states]]. The efforts to mobilize votes for [[John Kerry]], and against Bush, ultimately failed. While the Dixie Chicks' artistic collaborations with [[James Taylor]] went well, sharing the stage on many occasions, Maines's comments during the concerts revealed a certain amount of nervousness over the future career path of the Dixie Chicks.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
[[Image:Timedixie.jpg|The Dixie Chicks featured on the [[May 29]], [[2006]] cover of ''[[Time Magazine]]''.|225px|thumb|left]]
In June 2006 an article in the [[The Daily Telegraph|Telegraph]] quoted Emily Robison on the lack of support from other country music performers, "A lot of artists cashed in on being against what we said or what we stood for because that was promoting their career, which was a horrible thing to do." Robison continued, "A lot of pandering started going on, and you'd see soldiers and the American flag in every video. It became a sickening display of ultra-patriotism." Maines commented, "The entire country may disagree with me, but I don't understand the necessity for patriotism. Why do you have to be a patriot? About what? This land is our land? Why? You can like where you live and like your life, but as for loving the whole country ... I don't see why people care about patriotism."<ref name=Telegraph>(2006). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/06/15/bmdixie15.xml] (accessed January 22, 2006)</ref>
{{wikinewspar|Dixie Chicks show documentary at TIFF}}
At the [[2006 Toronto International Film Festival]], [[Cabin Creek Films]], the production company of award-winning documentarian [[Barbara Kopple]], premiered ''[[Dixie Chicks: Shut Up and Sing]]''. Distributed by the [[Weinstein Company]], the documentary follows the Chicks over the three years since the 2003 London concert remark.

==Not Ready to Make Nice: The Chicks return==

In September 2005 the Dixie Chicks debuted their song "[[I Hope]]" on the ''[[Shelter from the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast]]'' telethon following [[Hurricane Katrina]], and subsequently made it available as a digital download single with proceeds to benefit hurricane relief.

On [[March 16]], [[2006]], the Dixie Chicks released the single "[[Not Ready to Make Nice]]" in advance of their upcoming album. Written by all three Chicks alongside [[Dan Wilson (musician)|Dan Wilson]], it directly addressed the political controversy that had surrounded the group for the past three years:
:I’m not ready to make nice
:I’m not ready to back down
:I’m still mad as hell and I don’t have time to go 'round and 'round and 'round
:It’s too late to make it right
:I probably wouldn’t if I could
:‘Cause I’m mad as hell
:Can’t bring myself to do what it is you think I should
and, in criticism of the death threats the women (particularly Maines) received,
:It’s a sad sad story when a mother will teach her daughter that she ought to hate a perfect stranger
:And how in the world can the words that I said
:Send somebody so over the edge
:That they’d write me a letter sayin’ that I better shut up and sing or my life will be over
In a press release, Robison said, "The stakes were definitely higher on that song. We knew it was special because it was so autobiographical, and we had to get it right. And once we had that song done, it freed us up to do the rest of the album without that burden."

The question of how the group's new record would fare commercially attracted intense media interest.
A March 27 [[Associated Press]] story indicated that country radio reaction was so far mixed, with some major stations playing it, a few avoiding it, and others adopting a wait-and-see attitude. <ref name=CNN>AP (2006). [http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/03/27/music.dixiechicks.ap/index.html "Radio still uneasy with Dixie Chicks"]</ref>. By April, although still not popular in the United States, the song received heavy airplay on country and - by summer - on adult oriented rock stations in [[Canada]] and on Canadian video television networks [[MuchMoreMusic]] and [[CMT Canada|CMT]]. However, due to digital sales, the single hit the Billboard Hot 100 at number 28, the week's highest new entry for the week ending May 6, 2006. The following week it nudged up to #23. By May 22, [[UPI]] reported that "The first two singles from the album are not getting widespread airplay, Billboard.com reported Monday. The first single, only peaked at No. 36 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and the second single, 'Everybody Knows', is moving rapidly downward after its peak at No. 48." UPI also reported that program managers for [[WKIS-FM]] in Miami and [[KUBL]]/[[KKAT]] in Salt Lake City had junked the singles due to listener complaints or their own distaste. Also, few pop radio stations opted to take a chance on "Not Ready To Make Nice," although [[Atlanta]] [[CHR]] radio station [[WSTR-FM|WSTR]] did add the song to its playlist belatedly in June 2006. The song topped [[VH1]]'s fan voted top 20 video countdown for 13 straight weeks, making it the longest running video at the #1 spot on the countdown.

The Chicks' new album, entitled ''[[Taking the Long Way]]'', was released in stores and online [[May 22]], [[2006]]. The album was produced by [[Rick Rubin]] (who had worked with [[Metallica]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Johnny Cash]], [[Neil Diamond]], and the [[Beastie Boys]] among others) and was publicized to be more rock-intensive than country-oriented. <ref name=blogcritics>Barger, Al (2006). [http://blogcritics.org/archives/2006/03/31/073008.php "Single Review: Dixie Chicks - 'Not Ready to Make Nice'"] ''Blogcritics.com'' (accessed April 13, 2006)</ref> <ref name=MSN>(2006). [http://music.msn.com/artist/?artist=16097852 "Dixie Chicks: 'Taking the Long Way'"] ''MSN.com'' (accessed April 13, 2006)</ref> All 14 tracks were co-written by the three Chicks, alongside various other songwriters.
The album contained additional tracks that seemed to indirectly reference what the group called "The Incident", and the group remained defiant. For instance,
in the [[May 29]] issue of ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'', Maguire said, "I'd rather have a smaller following of really cool people who get it, who will grow with us as we grow and are fans for life, than people that have us in their five-disc changer with Reba McEntire and Toby Keith. We don't want those kinds of fans. They limit what you can do." Maines also retracted her earlier apology to Bush, stating, "I apologized for disrespecting the office of the President, but I don't feel that way anymore. I don't feel he is owed any respect whatsoever." <ref>{{cite news |
first=Josh|last=Tryangiel|
title=In the Line of Fire |
date=May 29, 2006 |
publisher=[[Time Magazine]] |
url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1196419,00.html
}}
</ref>

Despite minimal airplay, ''Taking the Long Way'' debuted at number one on both the [[Billboard 200|U.S. pop albums chart]] and the [[Billboard charts#Top Country Albums|U.S. country albums chart]], selling 526,000 copies in the first week (the year's second-best such total for any country act) and making it a [[gold record]] within its first week. The Chicks became the first female group in chart history to have three albums debut at #1.<ref>
{{cite news |
title=Dixie Chicks New Album, Taking The Long Way, Debuts At #1 On Billboard Top 200 |
date=May 31, 2006 |
publisher=Open Wide/Columbia Records (Press Release) |
url=http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/060531/nyw075.html?.v=52
}}
</ref>

In Europe, both singles from their ''Taking the Long Way'' were well received by country radio, remaining on the European Country Charts for more than 20 weeks each: "Not Ready To Make Nice" peaked at #13 and "Everybody Knows" at #11.<ref>[http://www.europeancma.com/charts.htm European CMA]</ref>

The group's [[Accidents & Accusations Tour]] began in July 2006. Ticket sales were strong in Canada and in some Northeastern markets, but notably weak in other areas. A number of shows were cancelled or relocated to smaller venues due to poor sales, and in [[Houston, Texas]], tickets never even went on sale when local radio stations refused to accept advertising for the event <ref>
{{cite news |
title=Radio, promoter each blames other for cut in Chicks tour |
date=August 15, 2006 |
publisher=Houston Chronicle |

url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ent/4116099.html
}}
</ref>. In August, a re-routed tour schedule was announced with a greater emphasis on Canadian dates, where ''Taking the Long Way'' had gone five-times-[[platinum record|platinum]]. The tour's shows themselves generally refrained from any explicit verbal political comments, letting the music, especially the central performance of "Not Ready to Make Nice", speak for itself. At a Nov. 5, 2006 concert in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]] the Chicks received a thunderous ovation when the song was over, and the band held up a handwritten sign from a fan that read "Nobody likes a nasty Bush."

During 2006, the Dixie Chicks became the first major band to hire a designated blogger to be embedded with them for their promotional activities and tour. They partnered with Microsoft and hired Junichi Semitsu, a Professor of Law at the [[University of San Diego]], to write first-hand accounts for their Accidents & Accusations Tour at the website http://dixiechicks.msn.com.<ref>
{{cite news |
title=Chicks Magnet |
date=June 19, 2006 |
publisher=Washington Post |

url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/18/AR2006061800986.html
}}
</ref>

In 2006, ''Taking the Long Way'' was the ninth best-selling album in the United States. It won the 2007 [[Grammy Award]] for Best Country Album on [[February 11]], 2007.

==''Shut Up and Sing''==
An ad for ''[[Shut up and Sing]]'', a documentary about the furor over Maines's comment, was turned down by [[NBC]] on 27 October 2006, citing a policy barring ads dealing with "public controversy". Ads for the documentary were rebuffed by the smaller [[The CW Television Network|CW]] network as well; local affiliate stations of all five major broadcasters, including NBC and CW, ran promotional spots for the film in New York and Los Angeles, the two cities where it opened that day. "It's a sad commentary about the level of fear in our society that a movie about a group of courageous entertainers who were blacklisted for exercising their right of free speech is now itself being blacklisted by corporate America," the film's producer [[Harvey Weinstein]] said in a statement.<ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/entertainment/2006-10/29/content_719231.htm</ref>

== Discography ==
[[Image:DixieChicksSetList.jpg|thumb|155px|right|Actual [[set list]] from Dixie Chicks concert on the [[Top of the World Tour]]: [[Madison Square Garden]], [[June 20]], [[2003]].]]
{{main|Dixie Chicks discography}}
*''[[Thank Heavens for Dale Evans]]'' (1990)
*''[[Little Ol' Cowgirl]]'' (1992)
*''[[Shouldn't a Told You That]]'' (without Robin Lynn Macy) (1993)
*''[[Wide Open Spaces]]'' (with Natalie Maines replacing Laura Lynch) (1998) 12x [[platinum record|Platinum]]
*''[[Fly (album)|Fly]]'' (1999) 10x Platinum
*''[[Home (Dixie Chicks album)|Home]]'' (2002) 6x Platinum
*''[[Top of the World Tour: Live]]'' (live concert album) (2003) Gold
*''[[Taking the Long Way]]'' (2006) 2x Platinum

==Awards==
===American Music Awards===
*[[American Music Awards of 2003|2003]]: Favorite Country Band, Duo or Group
*2003: Favorite Country Album - ''Home''
*[[American Music Awards of 2001|2001]]: Favorite Country Band, Duo or Group

===Billboard Music Awards===
* 2002: Country Duo/Group of the Year

===Country Music Association Awards===
* 2002: Vocal Group of the Year
* 2000: Album of the Year - ''Fly''
* 2000: Entertainer of the Year
* 2000: Vocal Group of the Year
* 2000: Music Video of the Year - "[[Goodbye Earl]]"
* 1999: Single of the Year - "Wide Open Spaces"
* 1999: Vocal Group of the Year
* 1999: Music Video of the Year - "Wide Open Spaces"
* 1998: Horizon Award
* 1998: Vocal Group of the Year

===Grammy Awards===

2007 nominations:
* 2007: [[Grammy Awards of 2007]]: [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]] - ''Taking the Long Way''
* 2007: [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]] - "Not Ready to Make Nice"
* 2007: [[Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] - "Not Ready to Make Nice"

* 2007: [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] - "Not Ready to Make Nice" - '''won'''
* 2007: [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year]]- "Not Ready to Make Nice"
* 2007: [[Grammy Award for Best Country Album]] - "Taking the Long Way"
* 2007: [[Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] - "Not Ready to Make Nice"
* [[Grammy Awards of 2005|2005]]: [[Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] - "Top Of The World"
* [[Grammy Awards of 2003|2003]]: [[Grammy Award for Best Country Album|Best Country Album]] - ''Home''
* 2003: [[Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] - "Long Time Gone"
* 2003: [[Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance|Best Country Instrumental Performance]] - "Lil' Jack Slade"
* 2003: [[Grammy Award for Best Recording Package|Best Recording Package]] - ''Home''
* [[Grammy Awards of 2000|2000]]: [[Grammy Award for Best Country Album|Best Country Album]] - ''Fly''
* 2000: [[Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] - "Ready to Run"
* [[Grammy Awards of 1999|1999]]: [[Grammy Award for Best Country Album|Best Country Album]] - ''Wide Open Spaces''
* 1999: [[Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] - "There's Your Trouble"

===MTV's ''Rock the Vote''===
* 2004: Patrick Lippert Award for ''"protecting freedom of speech"''.

===People's Choice Awards===
*2002: Favorite Musical Group or Band

==Tours==
===As an opening act===
* 1998 [[Clay Walker]]
* 1999 [[George Strait Country Music Festival]]
* 1999 [[Tim McGraw]]

===Benefits===
* 2001 [[America: A Tribute to Heroes]]
* 2003 [[Honor the Earth]]
* 2003 [[Recording Artists' Coalition]]
* 2004 [[Vote for Change]]
* 2005 [[Shelter From the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast]]

===Festivals===
* 1999 [[Lilith Fair]]

===Headlining tours===
* 2000 [[Fly Tour]]
* 2003 [[Top of the World Tour]]
* 2006 [[Accidents & Accusations Tour]]

==Further reading==
* Dickerson, James L. (2000). ''Dixie Chicks: Down-Home and Backstage''. Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 0-87833-189-1.

==See also==
* [[Best selling music artists]]
* [[List of best-selling albums in the United States]]

==External links==
;Official
*[http://www.dixiechicks.com/ Official Website]
*[http://www.sonymusic.com/labels/nashville/DixieChicks/ Dixie Chicks at Sony]
*[http://dixiechicks.msn.com/ Dixie Chicks at MSN]
*[http://www.myspace.com/dixiechicks Dixie Chicks' MySpace]

;Other
* [http://www.dixiechicksfaq.com/ Dixie Chicks Frequently Asked Questions] addresses issues from "How do I get good tickets" to "Are all the eBay autographs fake?"
* [http://www.dixiechicksfans.net/ DixieChicksFans.net] offers the latest in news, photos, lyrics, plus a fan forum
* [http://www.dixie-chicks.com/ The All Inclusive Dixie Chicks] extensive site with stories and discography, focusing on the band's Western and Bluegrass roots
* [http://www.protestingthedixiechicks.com/ Protesting the Dixie Chicks] documentary on country music fans' conceptions of freedom and patriotism, as well as the anger and violence which accompany the impulse to defend them.

==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

===Archived news articles===
* [http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1027/p16s01-almo.html In 'Sing,' a trio whistles Dixie] The Christian Science Monitor
* [http://www.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30200-12297696,00.html Chicks' Naked Fury] about the Entertainment Weekly cover
* [http://www.ew.com/ew/covergallery/0,12924,326612,00.html The Entertainment Weekly cover]
* [http://www.billboard.com/bb/daily/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1880142 AP article on Greenville concert].
* [http://www.tabloidcolumn.com/dixie-chicks.html Dixie Chicks & Alec Baldwin Fighting For 'Center Square'on The Hollywood Squares? BY JAKE EASTON - R a d o k N e w s] (pro-boycott)
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5424238 Dixie Chicks Return, 'Taking the Long Way'] - [[NPR]] Interview on [[All Things Considered]], May 23, 2006. Includes discussion of death threats received in 2003.
* [http://www.kcbd.com/Global/story.asp?S=5026876&nav=3w6y Dixie Chicks song about Lubbock, Texas stirs up some local trouble.]
* [http://www.tallahassee.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2006612010307 Article on a different Dixie Chicks documentary.]

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Sonnet

2006-10-28T04:40:17Z

Tom Allen: /* The modern sonnet */ Disambiguated link

[[Image:Petrarch by Bargilla.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Francesco Petrarca or Petrarch, one of the best-known of the early Italian sonnet writers]]
{{dablink|For the [[Saab automobile]], see [[Saab Sonett]], for the Japanese communications company see [[So-net]].}}

The term '''sonnet''' is derived from the [[Provençal]] word ''sonet'' and the [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''sonetto'', both meaning ''little song''. By the [[13th century|thirteenth century]], it had come to signify a [[poetry|poem]] of fourteen lines following a strict [[rhyme]] scheme and logical structure. The conventions associated with the sonnet have changed during its history.

Traditionally, English poets usually use [[iambic pentameter]] when writing sonnets. In the [[Romance language]]s, [[hendecasyllable]] and [[Alexandrine]]s are the most widely used [[Meter (poetry)|metres]].

==The Italian sonnet==

The Italian sonnet (or Petrarchan, named after [[Petrarch]], the Italian poet) was probably invented by [[Giacomo da Lentini]], head of the [[Sicilian School]] under [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]. [[Guittone d'Arezzo]] rediscovered it and brought it to [[Tuscany]] where he adapted it to his language when he founded the Neo-Sicilian School ([[1235]]–[[1294]]). He wrote almost 300 sonnets. Other Italian poets of the time, including [[Dante Alighieri]] ([[1265]]–[[1321]]) and [[Guido Cavalcanti]] (c. [[1250]]–[[1300]]) wrote sonnets, but the most famous early sonneteer was [[Francesco Petrarca]] ([[1304]]–[[1374]])
The Italian sonnet was divided into an [[octave (poetry)|octave]], which stated a proposition or a problem, followed by a [[sestet]], which provided a resolution, with a clear break between the two sections. Typically, the ninth line created a "turn" or volta, which signaled the move from proposition to resolution. Even in sonnets that don't strictly follow the problem/resolution structure, the ninth line still often marks a "turn" by signalling a change in the tone, mood, or stance of the poem.

In the sonnets of [[Giacomo da Lentini]], the octave rhymed ''a-b-a-b, a-b-a-b''; later, the ''a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a'' pattern became the standard for Italian Sonnets. For the sestet there were two different possibilities, ''c-d-e-c-d-e'' and ''c-d-c-c-d-c''. In time, other variants on this rhyming scheme were introduced.

The first known sonnets in English, written by Sir [[Thomas Wyatt (poet)|Thomas Wyatt]] and [[Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey]], used this Italian scheme, as did sonnets by later English poets including [[John Milton]], [[Thomas Gray]], [[William Wordsworth]] and [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]].

This example, ''On His Being Arrived to the Age of Twenty-three'' by John Milton, gives a sense of the Italian Form:

:How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, (a) 
:Stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year! (b) 
:My hasting days fly on with full career, (b) 
:But my late spring no bud or blossom shew'th. (a) 
:Perhaps my semblance might deceive the truth, (a) 
:That I to manhood am arrived so near, (b) 
:And inward ripeness doth much less appear, (b) 
:That some more timely-happy spirits indu'th. (a)

:Yet be it less or more, or soon or slow, (c) 
:It shall be still in strictest measure even (d) 
:To that same lot, however mean or high, (e) 
:Toward which Time leads me, and the will of Heaven. (d) 
:All is, if I have grace to use it so, (c) 
:As ever in my great Task-master's eye. (e) 

In addition to the rhyme scheme, English poets usually use [[iambic pentameter]] to structure their sonnets as Milton has done here. This is a rough equivalent to the [[hendecasyllable]] or [[Alexandrine]]s usually used for Petrarchan sonnets in [[romance languages]] such as [[Italian language|Italian]], [[French language|French]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].

==The English sonnet==
[[Image:Shakespeare.jpg|thumb|right|150px|William Shakespeare ([[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]]), in the famous [[Chandos portrait]], artist and authenticity unconfirmed.]]

===History===

The sonnet was introduced into English by [[Thomas Wyatt (poet)|Thomas Wyatt]] in the early 16th century. His sonnets and those of his contemporary [[Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey|the Earl of Surrey]] were chiefly translations from the Italian of [[Petrarch]] and the French of [[Ronsard]] and others. While Wyatt introduced the sonnet into English, it was Surrey who gave them the rhyme scheme, meter, and division into quatrains that now characterizes the English sonnet. Sir [[Philip Sidney]]'s sequence ''Astrophel and Stella'' ([[1591]]) started a tremendous vogue for [[sonnet sequences]]: the next two decades saw sonnet sequences by [[William Shakespeare]], [[Edmund Spenser]], [[Michael Drayton]], [[Samuel Daniel]], [[Fulke Greville]], [[William Drummond of Hawthornden]], and many others.These sonnets were all essentially inspired by the Petrarchan tradition, and generally treat of the poet's love for some woman; the exception is Shakespeare's sequence. In the 17th century, the sonnet was adapted to other purposes, with [[John Donne]] and [[George Herbert]] writing religious sonnets, and [[John Milton]] using the sonnet as a general meditative poem. Both the Shakespearean and Petrarchan rhyme schemes were popular throughout this period, as well as many variants.

The fashion for the sonnet went out with the [[English Restoration|Restoration]], and hardly any sonnets were written between 1670 and [[William Wordsworth|Wordsworth's]] time. However, sonnets came back strongly with the [[French Revolution]]. Wordsworth himself wrote several sonnets, of which the best-known are "The world is too much with us" and the sonnet to Milton; his sonnets were essentially modelled on Milton's. [[John Keats|Keats]] and [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]] also wrote major sonnets; Keats's sonnets used formal and rhetorical patterns inspired partly by Shakespeare, and Shelley innovated radically, creating his own rhyme scheme for the sonnet "[[Ozymandias]]". Sonnets were written throughout the 19th century, but, apart from [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]]'s ''[[Sonnets from the Portuguese]]'' and the sonnets of [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]], there were few very successful traditional sonnets. [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]] wrote several major sonnets, often in [[sprung rhythm]], of which the greatest is "[[The Windhover]]," and also several sonnet variants such as the 10-1/2 line [[curtal sonnet]] "Pied Beauty" and the 24-line [[caudate sonnet]] "That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire." By the end of the 19th century, the sonnet had been adapted into a general-purpose form of great flexibility.

This flexibility was extended even further in the 20th century. Among the major poets of the early Modernist period, [[Robert Frost]], [[Edna St. Vincent Millay]] and [[E. E. Cummings]] all used the sonnet regularly. [[William Butler Yeats]] wrote the major sonnet ''[[Leda and the Swan]],'' which used [[half rhyme]]s. [[Wilfred Owen]]'s sonnet ''[[Anthem for Doomed Youth]]'' was another sonnet of the early 20th century. [[W.H. Auden]] wrote two sonnet sequences and several other sonnets throughout his career, and widened the range of rhyme-schemes used considerably. Auden also wrote one of the first unrhymed sonnets in English, "The Secret Agent" ([[1928]]). Half-rhymed, unrhymed, and even unmetrical sonnets have been very popular since 1950; perhaps the best works in the genre are [[Seamus Heaney]]'s ''Glanmore Sonnets'' and ''Clearances,'' both of which use half rhymes. The 1990s saw something of a formalist revival, however, and several traditional sonnets have been written in the past decade.

===Form===

Soon after the introduction of the Italian sonnet, English poets began to develop a fully native form. These poets included Sir [[Philip Sidney]], [[Michael Drayton]], [[Samuel Daniel]], [[The Earl of Surrey's nephew Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford]] and [[William Shakespeare]]. The form is often named after Shakespeare, not because he was the first to write in this form but because he became its most famous practitioner. The form consists of three quatrains and a couplet. The couplet generally introduced an unexpected sharp thematic or imagistic "turn". The usual rhyme scheme was ''a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g''.

This example, Shakespeare's ''Sonnet 116'', illustrates the form:

:Let me not to the marriage of true minds
:Admit impediments. Love is not love
:Which alters when it alteration finds,
:Or bends with the remover to remove.

:O no, it is an ever fixed mark
:That looks on tempests and is never shaken;
:It is the star to every wand'ring barque,
:Whose worth's unknown although his height be taken.

:Love's not time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks
:Within his bending sickle's compass come;
:Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,
:But bears it out even to the edge of doom.

:If this be error and upon me proved,
:I never writ, nor no man ever loved.

==The Spenserian sonnet==

A variant on the English form is the [[Spenserian sonnet]], named after [[Edmund Spenser]] (c.[[1552]]–[[1599]]) in which the rhyme scheme is ''a-b-a-b, b-c-b-c, c-d-c-d, e-e''. In a Spenserian sonnet there does not appear to be a requirement that the initial [[octave]] sets up a problem which the closing [[sestet]] answers as is the case with a Petrarchian sonnet. Instead, the form is treated as three quatrains connected by the interlocking rhyme scheme and followed by a couplet. The linked rhymes of his quatrains suggest the linked rhymes of such Italian forms as [[terza rima]]. This example is taken from ''Amoretti ''

:''Happy ye leaves! whenas those lily hand''

:Happy ye leaves! whenas those lily hands, 
:Which hold my life in their dead doing might, 
:Shall handle you, and hold in love's soft bands, 
:Like captives trembling at the victor's sight. 
:And happy lines! on which, with starry light, 
:Those lamping eyes will deign sometimes to look, 
:And read the sorrows of my dying sprite, 
:Written with tears in heart's close bleeding book. 
:And happy rhymes! bathed in the sacred brook 
:Of Helicon, whence she derived is, 
:When ye behold that angel's blessed look, 
:My soul's long lacked food, my heaven's bliss. 
:Leaves, lines, and rhymes seek her to please alone, 
:Whom if ye please, I care for other none. 

==The modern sonnet==
[[Image:Arthur Rimbaud 01.PNG|right|thumb|150px|Arthur Rimbaud]]
As mentioned earlier, many English poets have used the sonnet form to great effect. The sonnet also became popular in [[French poetry]], with even such ''[[avant-garde]]'' figures as [[Arthur Rimbaud]] and [[Stéphane Mallarmé]] writing sonnets.

With the advent of [[free verse]], the sonnet came to be seen as somewhat old-fashioned and fell out of use for a time among some schools of poets. However, a number of [[20th-century]] poets, including [[Wilfred Owen]], [[John Berryman]], [[Edwin Morgan]], [[Edna St. Vincent Millay]], [[Pablo Neruda]], and [[Seamus Heaney]], rose to the challenge of reinvigorating the form successfully.

The [[21st century]] has seen a strong resurgence of the sonnet form, as there are many sonnets now appearing in print and on the [[Internet]]. Richard Vallance, publishes the Canadian Quarterly journal, [http://sonnettopoesiahome.homestead.com/index.html] SONNETTO POESIA ISSN 1705-4524], dedicated to the sonnet, villanelle, and quatrain forms, as well as the monthly ''Vallance Review'' on historical and contemporary sonneteers. Michael R. Burch publishes ''[http://www.thehypertexts.com The HyperTexts]'' and there are sonnets from well-known poets on his site. William Baer has also recently published 150 Contemporary Sonnets (University of Evansville Press 2005).

Vikram Seth's 1986 novel ''[[The Golden Gate (novel)|The Golden Gate]]'' is written in 690 14-line stanzas, similar to sonnets, but in reality an adaptation of the stanza invented by the Russian poet [[Alexander Pushkin]] for his poem [[Eugene Onegin.]]

==See also==
*[[Crown of sonnets]]
*[[Literature]]
*[[Onegin stanza]]
*[[Poetry]]
*[[Prosody]]
*[[Quatorzain]]
*[[Shakespeare's sonnets]]
*[[Sonnet sequences]]
*[[Sicilian School]]
*[[Sonnet cycle]]
*[[Paolo Bachmann]]

==External links==

These links are to sites with texts in English only:

* [http://www.sonnetwriters.com/ Sonnet Writers]
* [http://www.sonnets.org/ Sonnets.org]
*[http://www.poetrylifeandtimes.com/valrevw24.html Selective Historical Bibliography on the Sonnet = Bibliographie sélective de l'histoire du sonnet]
*[http://www.sonnets.org/petrarch.htm Some English Translations of Petrarch]
*[http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/wyattbib.htm Wyatt's Sonnets]
*[http://www.poetrylifeandtimes.com/valrevw4.html The Legacy of Francesco Petrarch and Sir Thomas Wyatt: an Historical Perspective]
*[http://www.sonnets.org/spenser.htm Spenser's Sonnets]
*[http://www.elook.org/literature/shakespeare/poems/ Shakespeare Sonnets – searchable database]
*[http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/shakespeare_sonnets.htm Shakespeare Sonnets in modern English]
*[http://poetrylifeandtimes.com/valrevw48.htm SONNETTO POESIA ISSN 1705-4524, From E-zine to Print Journal: Pros and Cons]
*[http://poesieslaissezfaire.homestead.com/vallancereviewindex.html Cumulative Index to The Vallance Review, Poetry Life & Times (UK), 2001-2006]
*[http://www.scribd.com/word/view/110 Elemental-A Sonnet after Edna St. Vincent Millay]
*[http://www.gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cpr_shakspeare_index.htm Gerald Massey - 'The Secret Drama of Shakspeare's Sonnets' (1888 edition)]
* [http://thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=To_Toussaint_Louverture_-_poem_by_Wordsworth To Toussaint Louverture - sonnet by Wordsworth]

==Further reading==

Jennifer Ann Wagner, ''Revisionary Poetics and the Nineteenth Century English Sonnet,'' Fairleigh Dickinson U. Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8386-3630-6.

[[Category:Poetic form]]

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Cumberland Falls

2006-10-25T12:10:48Z

Tom Allen: rm extran comma

[[Image:Cumberland_Falls_2005_05_20a.jpeg|thumbnail|300px|right|Cumberland Falls by day. On clear moonlit nights, the mist from the falls occasionally produces a [[moonbow]].]]

'''Cumberland Falls''', sometimes called the '''Little Niagara''', the '''Niagara of the South''', or the '''Great Falls''', is a large [[waterfall]] on the [[Cumberland River]] in southeastern [[Kentucky]]. Spanning the river at the border of [[McCreary County, Kentucky|McCreary]] and [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]] counties, the waterfall is the central feature of '''Cumberland Falls State Resort Park''', which itself is surrounded by the [[Daniel Boone National Forest]].

On average the falls, which flow over a resistant [[sandstone]] bed, are 68 feet (21 m) high and 125 feet (38 m) wide, with a water flow of 3,600 cubic feet per second (100 m³/s).

Under a [[full moon]] on clear nights, an elusive [[moonbow|lunar rainbow]] or [[moonbow]] is sometimes formed by the mist emanating from the falls. The site is promoted as the only one in the world to feature this phenomenon, with [[Victoria Falls]] at the border of [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]] having lost its status due to forest cultivation. Actually, almost any waterfall can produce a moonbow under ideal conditions; however, many comparable sites have [[Light pollution|too much light]] for this feature to be visible.

==History and preservation==

Long known to [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] of the area, Cumberland Falls received its name from Zachary Green, whose party discovered it during an expedition in [[1770]]. From the [[1860s]] to the [[1930s]], Cumberland Falls and the surrounding land were privately held. The Moonbow Inn, a popular hotel dating to around [[1875]], was perched on a ledge overlooking the falls.

The area was a favorite vacation destination for [[T. Coleman du Pont]], a Kentucky native and [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] from [[Delaware]]. Disturbed by plans to build a [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric dam]] at the site, in [[1930]] DuPont purchased and donated 600 acres (2.4 km²) surrounding the falls to Kentucky, urging the commonwealth to set aside the property as a [[state park]]. Despite DuPont's death later that year, additional land was purchased, and in [[1933]] the state [[legislature]] designated the property as Kentucky's third state park. Much of the early work at the park, including construction of DuPont Lodge and cabins for guests, was undertaken during the [[Great Depression]] by [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] (CCC) and [[Works Progress Administration]] (WPA) employees.

With a reported 700,000 to 1 million visitors per year, the park remains one of Kentucky's busiest and most profitable state parks.

==The Falls in entertainment and popular culture==

The Falls have appeared in three [[film]]s:

* ''The Kentuckian'' (1955)
* ''[[Raintree County]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Fire Down Below]]'' (1997) (appears in a flyover)

==External links==

[[Image:Cumberland_River_2005_05_20.jpeg|thumbnail|left|[[Canoe]]rs just upstream from Cumberland Falls.]]

* [http://www.corbinkycityguide.com/ Kentucky information Guide]
* [http://www.state.ky.us/agencies/khc/cumber.htm Kentucky tourism site]
* [http://parks.ky.gov/resortparks/cf/index.htm Kentucky state parks information page]
* [http://www.uky.edu/RGS/AppalCenter/gis/maps/kentucky.maps/mccreary/mccreary-county-web.final.layout.pdf McCreary County Recreation and Tourism Map (University of Kentucky site) (PDF)]

{{Geolinks-US-hoodscale|36.83801|-84.34444}}

[[Category:Geography of Kentucky]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of the United States]]

[[de:Cumberland Falls]]

Cumberland Falls

2006-10-25T12:10:11Z

Tom Allen: removed extra comma, extraneous word

[[Image:Cumberland_Falls_2005_05_20a.jpeg|thumbnail|300px|right|Cumberland Falls by day. On clear moonlit nights, the mist from the falls occasionally produces a [[moonbow]].]]

'''Cumberland Falls''', sometimes called the '''Little Niagara''', the '''Niagara of the South''', or the '''Great Falls''', is a large [[waterfall]] on the [[Cumberland River]] in southeastern [[Kentucky]]. Spanning the river at the border of [[McCreary County, Kentucky|McCreary]] and [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]] counties, the waterfall is the central feature of '''Cumberland Falls State Resort Park''', which itself is surrounded by the [[Daniel Boone National Forest]].

On average the falls, which flow over a resistant [[sandstone]] bed, are 68 feet (21 m) high and 125 feet (38 m) wide, with a water flow of 3,600 cubic feet per second (100 m³/s).

Under a [[full moon]] on clear nights, an elusive [[moonbow|lunar rainbow]] or [[moonbow]] is sometimes formed by the mist emanating from the falls. The site is promoted as the only one in the world to feature this phenomenon, with [[Victoria Falls]], at the border of [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]] having lost its status due to forest cultivation. Actually, almost any waterfall can produce a moonbow under ideal conditions; however, many comparable sites have [[Light pollution|too much light]] for this feature to be visible.

==History and preservation==

Long known to [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] of the area, Cumberland Falls received its name from Zachary Green, whose party discovered it during an expedition in [[1770]]. From the [[1860s]] to the [[1930s]], Cumberland Falls and the surrounding land were privately held. The Moonbow Inn, a popular hotel dating to around [[1875]], was perched on a ledge overlooking the falls.

The area was a favorite vacation destination for [[T. Coleman du Pont]], a Kentucky native and [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] from [[Delaware]]. Disturbed by plans to build a [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric dam]] at the site, in [[1930]] DuPont purchased and donated 600 acres (2.4 km²) surrounding the falls to Kentucky, urging the commonwealth to set aside the property as a [[state park]]. Despite DuPont's death later that year, additional land was purchased, and in [[1933]] the state [[legislature]] designated the property as Kentucky's third state park. Much of the early work at the park, including construction of DuPont Lodge and cabins for guests, was undertaken during the [[Great Depression]] by [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] (CCC) and [[Works Progress Administration]] (WPA) employees.

With a reported 700,000 to 1 million visitors per year, the park remains one of Kentucky's busiest and most profitable state parks.

==The Falls in entertainment and popular culture==

The Falls have appeared in three [[film]]s:

* ''The Kentuckian'' (1955)
* ''[[Raintree County]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Fire Down Below]]'' (1997) (appears in a flyover)

==External links==

[[Image:Cumberland_River_2005_05_20.jpeg|thumbnail|left|[[Canoe]]rs just upstream from Cumberland Falls.]]

* [http://www.corbinkycityguide.com/ Kentucky information Guide]
* [http://www.state.ky.us/agencies/khc/cumber.htm Kentucky tourism site]
* [http://parks.ky.gov/resortparks/cf/index.htm Kentucky state parks information page]
* [http://www.uky.edu/RGS/AppalCenter/gis/maps/kentucky.maps/mccreary/mccreary-county-web.final.layout.pdf McCreary County Recreation and Tourism Map (University of Kentucky site) (PDF)]

{{Geolinks-US-hoodscale|36.83801|-84.34444}}

[[Category:Geography of Kentucky]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of the United States]]

[[de:Cumberland Falls]]

English poetry

2006-10-23T04:21:23Z

Tom Allen: /* Modernism */ Created link to E. E. Cummings

[[Image:Shakespeare.jpg|right|thumbnail|250px|Many regard William Shakespeare as the greatest English poet.]]
The history of '''English poetry''' stretches from the middle of the 7th century to the present day. Over this period, English [[poets]] have written some of the most enduring poems in [[European]] [[culture]], and the language and its poetry have spread around the globe. Consequently, the term ''English poetry'' is unavoidably ambiguous. It can mean poetry written in [[England]], or poetry written in the [[English language]].

The oldest poetry written in the area currently known as England was composed in [[Old English language|Old English]], a precursor to the English language that is not something a typical modern English-speaker could be expected to be able to read. In addition, there was a tradition of English poets writing also in [[Latin]] and classical [[Greek (language)|Greek]]. Today's multicultural English society is likely to produce some interesting poetry written in a wide range of other languages, although such poetries are proving slow to emerge.

With the growth of [[trade]] and the British Empire, the English language had been widely used outside England. In the twenty-first century, only a small percentage of the world's native English speakers live in England, and there is also a vast population of non-native speakers of English who are capable of writing poetry in the language. A number of major national poetries, including the [[Poetry of the United States|American]], [[Australian poetry|Australian]], [[New Zealand poetry|New Zealand]] and [[Canadian poetry|Canadian]] poetry have emerged and developed. Since 1922, [[Irish poetry]] has also been increasingly viewed as a separate area of study.

This article focuses on poetry written in English by poets born or spending a significant part of their lives in England. However, given the nature of the subject, this guideline has been applied with common sense, and reference is made to poetry in other languages or poets who are not primarily English where appropriate.

==The earliest English poetry==
:''Main article: [[Old English poetry]]''
[[Image:Beowulf.firstpage.jpeg|thumb|right|The first page of Beowulf]]
The earliest known English poem is a hymn on the creation; [[Bede]] attributes this to [[Cædmon]] (fl. 658–680), who was, according to legend, an illiterate herdsman who produced extemporaneous poetry at a monastery at [[Whitby]]. This is generally taken as marking the beginning of [[Old English poetry|Anglo-Saxon]] poetry.

Much of the poetry of the period is difficult to date, or even to arrange chronologically; for example, estimates for the date of the great epic ''[[Beowulf]]'' range from AD 608 right through to AD 1000, and there has never been anything even approaching a consensus. It is possible to identify certain key moments, however. ''[[Dream of the Rood|The Dream of the Rood]]'' was written before circa AD 700, when excerpts were carved in runes on the [[Ruthwell Cross]]. The works signed by the poet [[Cynewulf]], namely ''[[Crist|Christ]] II'', ''Elene'', ''The Fates of the Apostles'', and ''Juliana'', have been assigned with reasonable certainty to the eighth century. Some poems on historical events, such as ''[[Battle of Brunanburh|The Battle of Brunanburh]]'' (937) and the ''[[Battle of Maldon]]'' (991), appear to have been composed shortly after the events in question, and can be dated reasonably precisely in consequence.

By and large, however, Anglo-Saxon poetry is categorised by the manuscripts in which it survives, rather than its date of composition. The most important manuscripts are the four great poetical codices of the late tenth and early eleventh centuries, known as the [[Caedmon manuscript]], the [[Vercelli Book]], the [[Exeter Book]], and the [[Nowell Codex|Beowulf manuscript]].

While the poetry that has survived is limited in volume, it is wide in breadth. ''Beowulf'' is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others such as [[Waldere]] and the [[Finnsburg Fragment]] show that it was not unique in its time. Other genres include much religious verse, from devotional works to biblical paraphrase; elegies such as ''[[Wanderer (poem)|The Wanderer]]'', ''[[Seafarer (poem)|The Seafarer]]'', and ''[[The Ruin]]'' (often taken to be a description of the ruins of [[Bath]]); and numerous proverbs, [[riddles]], and [[charm]]s.

With one notable exception (the aptly-named [[The Rhyming Poem|Rhyming Poem]]), Anglo-Saxon poetry is written in a form of [[alliterative verse]].

==The Anglo-Norman period and the Later Middle Ages==

With the [[Norman conquest]] of England, beginning in 1066, the Anglo-Saxon language immediately lost its status; the new aristocracy spoke French, and this became the standard language of courts, parliament, and polite society. As the invaders integrated, their language and that of the natives mingled: the French dialect of the upper classes became [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]], and Anglo-Saxon underwent a gradual transition into [[Middle English]].

While Anglo-Norman was thus preferred for high culture, English literature by no means died out, and a number of important works illustrate the development of the language. Around the turn of the thirteenth century, [[Layamon]] wrote his ''Brut'', based on Wace's twelfth century Anglo-Norman epic of the same name; Layamon's language is recognisably Middle English, though his prosody shows a strong Anglo-Saxon influence remaining. Other transitional works were preserved as popular entertainment, including a variety of [[romance (genre)|romances]] and [[Middle English Lyric|lyrics]]. With time, the English language regained prestige, and in 1362 it replaced French and Latin in [[Parliament]] and courts of law.

It was with the fourteenth century that major works of English literature began once again to appear; these include the so-called [[Pearl Poet]]'s ''[[Pearl (poem)|Pearl]]'', ''[[Patience (poem)|Patience]]'', ''[[Cleanness]]'', and ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''; [[William Langland|Langland]]'s political and religious allegory ''[[Piers Plowman]]''; [[John Gower|Gower]]'s ''Confessio Amantis''; and, of course, the works of [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]], the most highly regarded English poet of the middle ages, who was seen by his contemporaries as a successor to the great tradition of [[Virgil]] and [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]].

The reputation of Chaucer's successors in the 15th century has suffered in comparison with him, though [[John Lydgate|Lydgate]] and [[John Skelton|Skelton]] are widely studied. However, the century really belongs to a group of remarkable [[Scotland|Scottish]] writers. The rise of Scottish poetry began with the writing of ''The Kingis Quair'' by [[James I of Scotland]]. The main poets of this Scottish group were [[Robert Henryson]], [[William Dunbar]] and [[Gavin Douglas]]. Henryson and Douglas introduced a note of almost savage satire, which may have owed something to the [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]] [[bard]]s, while Douglas' version of Virgil's ''Aeneid'' is one of the early monuments of Renaissance literary humanism in English.

==The Renaissance in England==

The [[Renaissance]] was slow in coming to England, with the generally accepted start date being around 1509. It is also generally accepted that the English Renaissance extended until the Restoration in 1660. However, a number of factors had prepared the way for the introduction of the new learning long before this start date. A number of medieval poets had, as already noted, shown an interest in the ideas of Aristotle and the writings of European Renaissance precursors such as Dante.

The introduction of [[movable-block printing]] by [[Caxton]] in 1474 provided the means for the more rapid dissemination of new or recently rediscovered writers and thinkers. Caxton also printed the works of Chaucer and Gower and these books helped establish the idea of a native poetic tradition that was linked to its European counterparts. In addition, the writings of English humanists like [[Thomas More]] and [[Thomas Elyot]] helped bring the ideas and attitudes associated with the new learning to an English audience.

Three other factors in the establishment of the English Renaissance were the [[Reformation]], Counter Reformation, and the opening of the era of English naval power and overseas exploration and expansion. The establishment of the [[Church of England]] in 1535 accelerated the process of questioning the Catholic world-view that had previously dominated intellectual and artistic life. At the same time, long-distance sea voyages helped provide the stimulus and information that underpinned a new understanding of the nature of the universe which resulted in the theories of [[Nicolas Copernicus]] and [[Johannes Kepler]].

===Early Renaissance poetry===

With a small number of exceptions, the early years of the 16th century are not particularly notable. The Douglas ''Aeneid'' was completed in 1513 and [[John Skelton]] wrote poems that were transitional between the late Medieval and Renaissance styles. The new king, [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], was something of a poet himself. The most significant English poet of this period was [[Thomas Wyatt (poet)|Thomas Wyatt]], who was among the first poets to write [[sonnet]]s in English.

===The Elizabethans===

The [[Elizabethan]] period in poetry is characterised by a number of frequently overlapping developments. The introduction and adaptation of themes, models and verse forms from other European traditions and classical literature, the Elizabethan song tradition, the emergence of a courtly poetry often centred around the figure of the monarch and the growth of a verse-based drama are among the most important of these developments.

====Elizabethan song====

A wide range of Elizabethan poets wrote songs, including [[Nicholas Grimald]], [[Thomas Nashe]] and [[Robert Southwell]]. There are also a large number of extant anonymous songs from the period. Perhaps the greatest of all the songwriters was [[Thomas Campion]]. Campion is also notable because of his experiments with [[Meter (poetry)|metres]] based on counting syllables rather than stresses. These quantitative metres were based on classical models and should be viewed as part of the wider Renaissance revival of Greek and Roman artistic methods.

The songs were generally printed either in miscellanies or anthologies such as [[Richard Tottel]]'s 1557 ''Songs and Sonnets'' or in songbooks that included printed music to enable performance. These performances formed an integral part of both public and private entertainment. By the end of the 16th century, a new generation of composers, including [[John Dowland]], [[William Byrd]], [[Orlando Gibbons]], [[Thomas Weelkes]] and [[Thomas Morley]] were helping to bring the art of Elizabethan song to an extremely high musical level.

====Courtly poetry====
[[Image:EdmundSpenser.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Edmund Spenser]]
With the consolidation of Elizabeth's power, a genuine court sympathetic to poetry and the arts in general emerged. This encouraged the emergence of a poetry aimed at, and often set in, an idealised version of the courtly world.

Among the best known examples of this are [[Edmund Spenser]]'s ''[[The Faerie Queene]]'', which is effectively an extended hymn of praise to the queen, and [[Philip Sidney|Philip Sydney]]'s ''[[Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia|Arcadia]]''. This courtly trend can also be seen in Spenser's ''Shepheardes Calender''. This poem marks the introduction into an English context of the classical [[pastoral]], a mode of poetry that assumes an aristocratic audience with a certain kind of attitude to the land and peasants. The explorations of love found in the [[sonnet]]s of [[William Shakespeare]] and the poetry of [[Walter Raleigh]] and others also implies a courtly audience.

====Elizabethan verse drama====

Elizabethan verse drama is widely considered to be one of the major achievements of literature in English, and its most famous exponent, [[William Shakespeare]], is revered as the greatest poet in the language. This drama, which served both as courtly masque and popular entertainment, deals with all the major themes of contemporary literature and life.

There are plays on [[Europe]]an, [[classical antiquity|classical]], and [[religious]] themes reflecting the importance of humanism and the Reformation. There are also a number of plays dealing with [[English history]] that may be read as part of an effort to strengthen the British [[national myth]] and as artistic underpinnings for Elizabeth's resistance to the [[Spain|Spanish]] and other foreign threats. A number of the comic works for the stage also use bucolic themes connected with the [[pastoral]] genre.

In addition to Shakespeare, other notable dramatists of the period include [[Christopher Marlowe]], [[Thomas Dekker]] and [[Ben Jonson]].

====Classicism====

Gavin Douglas' ''Aeneid'', Thomas Campion's metrical experiments, and Spenser's ''Shepheardes Calender'' and plays like Shakespeare's ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'' are all examples of the influence of classicism on Elizabethan poetry. It remained common for poets of the period to write on themes from [[classical mythology]]; Shakespeare's ''Venus and Adonis'' and the Christopher Marlowe/[[George Chapman]] ''Hero and Leander'' are examples of this kind of work.

Translations of classical poetry also became more widespread, with the versions of [[Ovid]]'s ''Metamorphoses'' by [[Arthur Golding]] (1565–7) and [[George Sandys]] (1626), and Chapman's translations of [[Homer]]'s ''Iliad'' (1611) and ''Odyssey'' (c.1615), among the outstanding examples.

===Jacobean and Caroline poetry===

English Renaissance poetry after the Elizabethan poetry can be seen as belonging to one of three strains; the [[Metaphysical poets]], the [[Cavalier poets]] and the school of Spenser. However, the boundaries between these three groups are not always clear and an individual poet could write in more than one manner.

====The Metaphysical poets====
[[Image:JohnDonne.jpg|right|thumb|200px|John Donne]]
The early 17th century saw the emergence of this group of poets who wrote in a witty, complicated style. The most famous of the [[Metaphysical poets|Metaphysicals]] is probably [[John Donne]]. Others include [[George Herbert]], [[Henry Vaughan]], [[Andrew Marvell]] and [[Richard Crashaw]]. [[John Milton]] in his ''Comus'' falls into this group. The Metaphysical poets went out of favour in the 18th century but began to be read again in the Victorian era. Donne's reputation was finally fully restored by the approbation of [[T. S. Eliot]] in the early 20th century.

====The Cavalier poets====

The [[Cavalier poet]]s wrote in a lighter, more elegant and artificial style than the Metaphysical poets. Leading members of the group include [[Ben Jonson]], [[Richard Lovelace]], [[Robert Herrick (poet)|Robert Herrick]], [[Edmund Waller]], [[Thomas Carew]] and [[John Denham (poet)|John Denham]]. The Cavalier poets can be seen as the forerunners of the major poets of the Augustan era, who admired them greatly.

====The school of Spenser====

The early 17th century also saw a group of poets who were interested in following Spenser's example in the area of long mythic poems. These include [[Michael Drayton]], [[William Browne]] and the brothers [[Giles Fletcher|Giles]] and [[Phineas Fletcher]]. Although these poets wrote against the literary fashion of their day and have since been much neglected, their tradition led directly to [[John Milton]]'s great mythic long poem, ''[[Paradise Lost]]''.

==The Restoration and 18th century==

It is perhaps ironic that ''Paradise Lost'', a story of fallen pride, was the first major poem to appear in England after the Restoration. The court of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] had, in its years in [[France]], learned a worldliness and sophistication that marked it as distinctively different from the monarchies that preceded the Republic. Even if Charles had wanted to reassert the divine right of kingship, the Protestantism and taste for power of the intervening years would have rendered it impossible.

===Satire===

It is hardly surprising that the world of fashion and [[scepticism]] that emerged encouraged the art of [[satire]]. All the major poets of the period, [[Samuel Butler (1612-1680)|Samuel Butler]], [[John Dryden]], [[Alexander Pope]] and [[Samuel Johnson]], and the Irish poet [[Jonathan Swift]], wrote satirical verse. What is perhaps more surprising is that their satire was often written in defence of public order and the established church and government. However, writers such as Pope used their gift for satire to create scathing works responding to their detractors or to criticise what they saw as social atrocities perpetrated by the government. Pope's "The Dunciad" is a satirical slaying of two of his literary adversaries (Lewis Theobald, and Colley Cibber in a later version), expressing the view that British society was falling apart morally, culturally, and intellectually.

===18th century classicism===

The 18th century is sometimes called the [[Augustan poetry|Augustan]] age, and contemporary admiration for the classical world extended to the poetry of the time. Not only did the poets aim for a polished high style in emulation of the Roman ideal, they also translated and imitated Greek and [[Latin]] verse. Dryden translated all the known works of Virgil, and Pope produced versions of the two Homeric epics. [[Horace]] and [[Satires of Juvenal|Juvenal]] were also widely translated and imitated, Horace most famously by [[John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester]] and Juvenal by Samuel Johnson's ''Vanity of Human Wishes''.479

===Women poets in the 18th century===
[[Image:Aphra-behn-190x287.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Aphra Behn]]
During the period of the restoration, two women poets of note emerged. These were [[Katherine Phillips]] and [[Aphra Behn]]. In addition to these two, a number of other women had plays performed on the London stage. Nevertheless, women poets were still relatively scarce and only two of them published collections during the first decade of the new century. By the 1790s, that number had grown to over thirty. It is evident that women poets had become more acceptable and this change is generally dated to the 1730s. Among the most successful of these women were [[Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea]], [[Elizabeth Thomas]], Lady [[Mary Wortley Montague]], [[Mary Leapor]], [[Susanna Blamire]] and [[Hannah More]].

===The late 18th century===

Towards the end of the 18th century, poetry began to move away from the strict Augustan ideals and a new emphasis on sentiment and the feelings of the poet. This trend can perhaps be most clearly seen in the handling of nature, with a move away from poems about formal gardens and landscapes by urban poets and towards poems about nature as lived in. The leading exponents of this new trend include [[Thomas Gray]], [[William Cowper]], [[George Crabbe]], [[Christopher Smart]] and [[Robert Burns]] as well as the Irish poet [[Oliver Goldsmith]]. These poets can be seen as paving the way for the [[Romantic movement]].

==The Romantic movement==
[[Image:William Wordsworth - Project Gutenberg eText 12933.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|William Wordsworth]]
The last quarter of the 18th century was a time of social and political turbulence, with revolutions in the [[United States]], [[France]], [[Ireland]] and elsewhere. In [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], movement for social change and a more inclusive sharing of power was also growing. This was the backdrop against which the Romantic movement in English poetry emerged.

The main poets of this movement were [[William Blake]], [[William Wordsworth]], [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], [[Lord Byron]], and [[John Keats]]. The birth of English Romanticism is often dated to the publication in 1798 of Wordsworth and Coleridge's ''Lyrical Ballads''. However, Blake had been publishing since the early 1780s. However, much of the focus on Blake only came about during the last century when Northrap Frye discussed his work in his book "The Anatomy of Criticism."

In poetry, the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] movement emphasised the creative expression of the individual and the need to find and formulate new forms of expression. The Romantics, with the partial exception of Byron, rejected the poetic ideals of the eighteenth century, and each of them returned to Milton for inspiration, though each drew something different from Milton. They also put a good deal of stress on their own originality. To the Romantics, the moment of creation was the most important in poetic expression and could not be repeated once it passed. Because of this new emphasis, poems that were not complete were nonetheless included in a poet's body of work (such as Coleridge's "Kubla Khan" and "Christabel").

Additionally, the Romantic movement marked a shift the use of language. Attempting to express the "language of the common man", Wordsworth and his fellow Romantic poets focused on employing poetic language for a wider audience, countering the mimetic, tightly constrained Neo-Classic poems (although it's important to note that the poet wrote first and foremost for his own creative, expression). In Shelley's "Defense of Poetry", he contends that poets are the "creators of language" and that the poet's job is to refresh language for their society.

The Romantics were not the only poets of note at this time. In the work of [[John Clare]] the late Augustan voice is blended with a peasant's first-hand knowledge to produce arguably some of the finest nature poetry in the English language. Another contemporary poet who does not fit into the Romantic group was [[Walter Savage Landor]]. Landor was a classicist whose poetry forms a link between the Augustans and [[Robert Browning]], who much admired it.

==Victorian poetry==
The [[Victorian era]] was a period of great political, social and economic change. The [[British Empire|Empire]] recovered from the loss of the [[American colonies]] and entered a period of rapid expansion. This expansion, combined with increasing industrialisation and mechanisation, led to a prolonged period of economic growth. The [[Reform Act 1832]] was the beginning of a process that would eventually lead to [[universal suffrage]].

===High Victorian poetry===
[[image:ElizabethBarrettBrowning.jpg|thumb|200px|Elizabeth Barrett Browning]]
The major High Victorian poets were [[Alfred Tennyson|Alfred, Lord Tennyson]], [[Robert Browning]], [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]], [[Matthew Arnold]] and [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]]. Tennyson was, to some degree, the Spenser of the new age and his ''Idylls of the Kings'' can be read as a Victorian version of ''The Faerie Queen'', that is as a poem that sets out to provide a mythic foundation to the idea of empire.

The Brownings spent much of their time out of England and explored European models and matter in much of their poetry. Robert Browning's great innovation was the [[dramatic poetry|dramatic monologue]], which he used to its full extent in his long novel in verse, ''The Ring and the Book''. Elizabeth Barrett Browning is perhaps best remembered for ''Sonnets from the Portuguese'' but her long poem ''Aurora Leigh'' is one of the classics of 19th century [[feminist]] literature.

Matthew Arnold was much influenced by Wordsworth, though his poem ''Dover Beach'' is often considered a precursor of the [[Modernist poetry|modernist]] revolution. Hopkins wrote in relative obscurity and his work was not published until after his death. His unusual style (involving what he called "sprung rhythm" and heavy reliance on rhyme and alliteration) had a considerable influence on many of the poets of the 1940s.

===Pre-Raphaelites, arts and crafts, Aestheticism, and the "Yellow" 1890s===
[[Image:rossetti_selbst.jpg|thumb|200px|Dante Gabriel Rossetti: selfportrait]]
The [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood]] was a mid-19th century arts movement dedicated to the reform of what they considered the sloppy [[Mannerism|Mannerist]] painting of the day. Although primarily concerned with the visual arts, two members, the brother and sister [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] and [[Christina Rossetti]], were also poets of some ability. Their poetry shares many of the concerns of the painters; an interest in Medieval models, an almost obsessive attention to visual detail and an occasional tendency to lapse into whimsy.

Dante Rossetti worked with, and had some influence on, the leading [[Arts and Crafts]] painter and poet [[William Morris]]. Morris shared the Pre-Raphaelite interest in the poetry of the European Middle Ages, to the point of producing some illuminated manuscript volumes of his work.

Towards the end of the century, English poets began to take an interest in French [[symbolism]] and Victorian poetry entered a decadent ''fin-de-siecle'' phase. Two groups of poets emerged, the ''[[Yellow Book]]'' poets who adhered to the tenets of [[Aestheticism]], including [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]], [[Oscar Wilde]] and [[Arthur Symons]] and the [[Rhymer's Club]] group that included [[Ernest Dowson]], [[Lionel Johnson]] and [[W. B. Yeats]].

==The 20th century==

===The first three decades===

The Victorian era continued into the early years of the 20th century and two figures emerged as the leading representative of the poetry of the old era to act as a bridge into the new. These were [[W. B. Yeats|Yeats]] and [[Thomas Hardy]]. Yeats, although not a modernist, was to learn a lot from the new poetic movements that sprang up around him and adapted his writing to the new circumstances. Hardy was, in terms of technique at least, a more traditional figure and was to be a reference point for various anti-modernist reactions, especially from the 1950s onwards.

====The Georgian poets====

The [[Georgian poets]] were the first major grouping of the post-Victorian era. Their work appeared in a series of five anthologies called ''Georgian Poetry'' which were published by [[Harold Monro]] and edited by [[Edward Marsh]]. The poets featured included [[Edmund Blunden]], [[Rupert Brooke]], [[Robert Graves]], [[D. H. Lawrence]], [[Walter de la Mare]] and [[Siegfried Sassoon]]. Their poetry represented something of a reaction to the decadence of the 1890s and tended towards the sentimental. Brooke and Sassoon were to go on to win reputations as war poets and Lawrence quickly distanced himself from the group and was associated with the modernist movement.

====World War I====

As already noted, the Georgian poets Rupert Brooke and Siegfried Sassoon are now mostly remembered for their war poetry. Other notable poets who wrote about the [[World War I|war]] include [[Isaac Rosenberg]], [[Edward Thomas]], [[Wilfred Owen]], [[May Cannan]] and, from the home front, Hardy and [[Rudyard Kipling]]. Although many of these poets wrote socially aware criticism of the war, most remained technically conservative and traditionalist.

====Modernism====
[[Image:Loy-Haweis1904.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Mina Loy and her husband Stephen Haweis at Académie Colarossi]]
The early decades of the 20th century saw the [[United States]] begin to overtake the [[United Kingdom]] as the major economic power. In the world of poetry, this period also saw American writers at the forefront of ''avant-garde'' practices. Among the foremost of these poets were [[T.S. Eliot]] and [[Ezra Pound]], both of whom spent part, and in Eliot's case a considerable part, of their writing lives in England.

Pound's involvement with the [[Imagist]]s marked the beginning of a revolution in the way poetry was written. English poets involved with this group included D. H. Lawrence, [[Richard Aldington]], [[T. E. Hulme]], [[F. S. Flint]], [[E. E. Cummings]], [[Ford Madox Ford]], [[Allen Upward]] and [[John Cournos]]. Eliot, particularly after the publication of ''The Waste Land'', became a major figure and influence on other English poets.

In addition to these poets, other English modernists began to emerge. These included the London-Welsh poet and painter [[David Jones (poet)|David Jones]], whose first book, ''In Parenthesis'', was one of the very few experimental poems to come out of World War I, the Scot [[Hugh MacDiarmid]], [[Mina Loy]] and [[Basil Bunting]].

===The Thirties===

The poets who began to emerge in the 1930s had two things in common; they had all been born too late to have any real experience of the pre-[[World War I]] world and they grew up in a period of social, economic and political turmoil. Perhaps as a consequence of these facts, themes of community, social (in)justice and war seem to dominate the poetry of the decade.

====The ''New Country'' poets====

The poetic landscape of the decade was dominated by four poets; [[W. H. Auden]], [[Stephen Spender]], [[Cecil Day-Lewis]] and [[Louis MacNeice]], although the last of these belongs at least as much to the history of Irish poetry. These poets were all, in their early days at least, politically active on the [[Left]]. Although they admired Eliot, they also represented a move away from the technical innovations of their modernist predecessors. A number of other, less enduring, poets also worked in the same vein. One of these was [[Michael Roberts]], whose ''New Country'' anthology both introduced the group to a wider audience and gave them their name.

====Surrealism and others====

The 1930s also saw the emergence of a home-grown English [[surrealist]] poetry whose main exponents were [[David Gascoyne]], [[Hugh Sykes Davies]], [[George Barker (poet)|George Barker]], and [[Philip O'Connor]]. These poets turned to French models rather than either the ''New Country'' poets or English-language modernism, and their work was to prove of importance to later English experimental poets as it broadened the scope of the English ''avant-garde'' tradition.

[[John Betjeman]] and [[Stevie Smith]], who were two of the most significant poets of this period, stood outside all schools and groups. Betjeman was a quietly ironic poet of Middle England with a fine command of a wide range of [[verse]] techniques. Smith was an entirely unclassifiable one-off voice.

===The Forties===

====The war poets====

The 1940s opened with the United Kingdom at war and a new generation of war poets emerged in response. These included [[Keith Douglas]], [[Alun Lewis]], [[Henry Reed]] and [[F. T. Prince]]. As with the poets of the First World War, the work of these writers can be seen as something of an interlude in the history of 20th century poetry. Technically, many of these war poets owed something to the 1930s poets, but their work grew out of the particular circumstances in which they found themselves living and fighting.

====The New Romantics====

The main movement in post-war 1940s poetry was the New Romantic group that included [[Dylan Thomas]], [[George Barker (poet)|George Barker]], [[W. S. Graham]], [[Kathleen Raine]], [[Henry Treece]] and [[J. F. Hendry]]. These writers saw themselves as in revolt against the classicism of the ''New Country'' poets. They turned to such models as [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]] and [[Hart Crane]] and the word play of [[James Joyce]]. Thomas, in particular, helped [[Anglo-Welsh poetry]] to emerge as a recognisable force.

====Other 1940s poets====

Other significant poets to emerge in the 1940s include [[Lawrence Durrell]], [[Bernard Spencer]], [[Roy Fuller]], [[Norman Nicholson]], [[Vernon Watkins]], [[R. S. Thomas]] and [[Norman McCaig]]. These last four poets represent a trend towards regionalism and poets writing about their native areas; Watkins and Thomas in [[Wales]], Nicholson in [[Cumberland, England|Cumberland]] and MacCaig in [[Scotland]].

===The Fifties===

The 1950s were dominated by three groups of poets, [[Movement (literature)|The Movement]], [[The Group]] and a number of poets that gathered around the label [[Extremist Art]].

====The Movement====

The Movement poets as a group came to public notice in [[Robert Conquest]]'s 1955 anthology ''New Lines''. The core of the group consisted of [[Philip Larkin]], [[Elizabeth Jennings]], [[D. J. Enright]], [[Kingsley Amis]], [[Thom Gunn]] and [[Donald Davie]]. They were identified with a hostility to modernism and internationalism, and looked to Hardy as a model. However, both Davie and Gunn later moved away from this position.

====The Group====

As befits their name, [[The Group (literature)|the Group]] were much more formally a group of poets, meeting for weekly discussions under the chairmanship of [[Philip Hobsbaum]] and [[Edward Lucie-Smith]]. Other Group poets included [[Martin Bell]], [[Peter Porter (poet)|Peter Porter]], [[Peter Redgrove]], [[George MacBeth]] and [[David Wevill]]. Hobsbaum spent some time teaching in [[Belfast]], where he was a formative influence on the emerging Northern Ireland poets including [[Seamus Heaney]].

====The Extremist Art poets====

The term Extremist Art was first used by the poet [[A. Alvarez]] to describe the work of the American poet [[Sylvia Plath]]. Other poets associated with this group included Plath's one-time husband [[Ted Hughes]], [[Francis Berry]] and [[Jon Silkin]]. These poets are sometimes compared with the [[Expressionism|Expressionist]] German school.

====The Modernist tradition====

A number of young poets working in what might be termed a modernist vein also started publishing during this decade. These included [[Charles Tomlinson]], [[Gael Turnbull]], [[Roy Fisher]] and [[Bob Cobbing]]. These poets can now be seen as forerunners of some of the major developments during the following two decades.

===The 1960s and 1970s===

In the early part of the 1960s, the centre of gravity of mainstream poetry moved to Ireland, with the emergence of [[Seamus Heaney]], [[Tom Paulin]], [[Paul Muldoon]] and others. In England, the most cohesive groupings can, in retrospect, be seen to cluster around what might loosely be called the modernist tradition and draw on American as well as indigenous models.

====The British Poetry Revival====

The [[British Poetry Revival]] was a wide-reaching collection of groupings and subgroupings that embraces [[performance poetry|performance]], [[sound poetry|sound]] and [[concrete poetry]] as well as the legacy of Pound, Jones, MacDiarmid, Loy and Bunting, the [[Objectivist poets]], [[the Beats]] and the [[Black Mountain poets]], among others. Leading poets associated with this movement include [[J. H. Prynne]], [[Eric Mottram]], [[Tom Raworth]], [[Denise Riley]] and [[Lee Harwood]].

====The Mersey Beat====

The [[Liverpool poets|Mersey Beat poets]] were [[Adrian Henri]], [[Brian Patten]] and [[Roger McGough]]. Their work was a self-conscious attempt at creating an English equivalent to the Beats. Many of their poems were written in protest against the established social order and, particularly, the threat of nuclear war. Although not actually a Mersey Beat poet, [[Adrian Mitchell]] is often associated with the group in critical discussion. Contemporary poet [[Steve Turner (writer)|Steve Turner]] has also been compared with them.

==English poetry now==

The last three decades of the 20th century saw a number of short-lived poetic groupings such as the [[Martian poetry|Martian]]s. There was a growth in interest in women's writing and in poetry from England's ethnic groupings, especially the West Indian community. Poets who emerged include [[Carol Ann Duffy]], [[Andrew Motion]], [[Craig Raine]], [[Wendy Cope]], [[James Fenton]], [[Blake Morrison]], [[Liz Lochhead]], [[Linton Kwesi Johnson]] and [[Benjamin Zephaniah]]. There was also a growth in performance poetry fuelled by the [[Poetry Slam]] movement. A new generation of innovative poets has also sprung up in the wake of the Revival grouping. Further activity focussed around poets in Bloodaxe Books [[The New Poetry]] including [[Simon Armitage]], [[Kathleen Jamie]], [[Glyn Maxwell]], [[Selima Hill]], [[Maggie Hannan]], and [[Michael Hofmann]]. The [[New Generation]] movement flowered in the 1990s and early twenty first century producing poets such as [[Don Paterson]], [[Julia Copus]], [[John Stammers]], [[Jacob Polley]], [[David Morley]] and [[Alice Oswald]].

Despite all of this activity, major publishers dropped their poetry lists and both young and established writers became increasingly reliant on small and medium sized presses, generally dependent on State funding. As of 2004, it appears that a still thriving literature is faced with an ever-decreasing audience.

==References==

'''Print'''

*Hamilton, Ian. ''The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry in English''

'''Online'''

*[http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/display_rpo/timeline.cfm A Time-line of English poetry]

==See also==
*[[English literature]]
*''[[New Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1950|New Oxford Book of English Verse 1250–1950]]'' All poets included are linked to individual Wikipedia entries.
*[[List of national poetries]]
*[[List of English language poets]]
*[[Poets' Corner]]

==External links==
* [http://www.luminarium.org/medlit/ Luminarium: Anthology of Middle English Literature (1350-1485)]
* [http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/ Luminarium: 16th Century Renaissance English Literature (1485-1603)]
* [http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/ Luminarium: Seventeenth Century English Literature (1603-1660)]
*[http://www.poetseers.org/the_great_poets/english_poets/ English Poets ]- Poems and biographies of English poets.
* [http://www.poetryresource.org/ Poetry Resource] a website for students of poetry
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/poetry/outloud/index.shtml Poets perform their own work]

{{featured article}}
{{Poetry of different cultures and languages}}

[[Category:English poetry| ]]
[[Category:Poetry by nation or language]]
[[Category:History of literature in the United Kingdom]]

[[es:Poesía de Inglaterra]]

London, Kentucky

2006-10-03T00:52:41Z

Tom Allen: rvv

'''London''' is a city in [[Laurel County, Kentucky|Laurel County]], [[Kentucky]], [[USA]]. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 5,692 (5,757 in [[1990]]). It is the [[county seat]] of [[Laurel County, Kentucky|Laurel County]]{{GR|6}}.

==Geography==
[[Image:KYMap-doton-London.PNG|right|Location of London, Kentucky]]
London is located at {{coor dms|37|7|39|N|84|5|3|W|city}} (37.127504, -84.084181){{GR|1}}.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 20.0 [[km²]] (7.7 [[square mile|mi²]]), all land.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 5,692 people, 2,400 households, and 1,461 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 285.0/km² (738.1/mi²). There were 2,676 housing units at an average density of 134.0/km² (347.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.03% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.83% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.33% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.69% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.11% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.02% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.47% of the population.

There were 2,400 households out of which 25.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.78.

In the city the population was spread out with 19.3% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 87.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,283, and the median income for a family was $34,340. Males had a median income of $32,355 versus $19,873 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $15,046. About 19.4% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 31.9% of those under age 18 and 18.4% of those age 65 or over.

==External links==
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|37.127504|-84.084181}}

[[Category:Cities in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Laurel County, Kentucky]]

[[io:London, Kentucky]]
[[fi:London (Kentucky)]]

Talk:Bed bug/Archive 1

2006-09-27T19:39:19Z

Tom Allen: /* Refs tag */

{{WPCD}}

==Prior Discussion==

Reading an article on another insect (ticks), I noticed that the section on removal had been removed. Is it appropriate to include a how-to pest control section in an article such as this? I wonder if the how-to section might not be better suited to wikibooks. In particular, the recommendation to mix pesticide and kerosene seems a bit-- well, scary. --[[User:Tom Allen|Tom Allen]] 06:51, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

:What version of [[Tick]] had a section on removal? I think this kind of information is appropriate and encyclopedic. Ticks and bedbugs are of primary interest to humans as pests, and one of the most important things to find out about pests is how to get rid of them and keep them away. Information of purely entomological/scientific interest is certainly very appropriate, but so is this kind of common knowledge about pest control. If it were to become very long than a separate article might be in order but that seems unlikely. [[User:NTK|NTK]] 16:01, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

::There was formerly an article on [[Tick removal]]. (Actually, I first discovered it after our dog got her first (of many) ticks!) [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tick&oldid=1080185 This] version of [[Tick]] refers to the removal article, which has since been deleted. Several objected to including how-to instructions in an encyclopedia. (On the other hand, many print encyclopedias do precisely that!) I'm fine with leaving it in-- I was just wondering if there was a policy. Having said that, I ''do'' think the section could be cleaned up quite a bit. If a how-to section is included, it should provide sound, properly referenced, information. --[[User:Tom Allen|Tom Allen]] 20:00, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

:::I don't think that "how-to" articles belong in an encyclopedia, but that's different from the description of procedures and processes. There doesn't need to be a separate article on "tick removal," a brief description in the "Tick" article proper should suffice. [[User:NTK|NTK]] 19:59, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

==Proposal to Remove "Self-Removal" Section==

I have marked the area regarding "self-removal" as "dubious," because I personally believe that a lot of its advice probably will not lead to successful removal. For example, I don't believe that most any insecticide will work, I think it's unwise to mix kerosene and something identified only as "insect poison" yourself, and fogging to the best of my knowledge has absolutely no effect on bedbugs. I also highly doubt that bedbugs can be treated without insecticide and do not believe that vacuuming a mattress every two to three days for several weeks will work. In short, I disagree with the effectiveness of almost everything in the "self-removal" section. Frankly, I propose its removal. The only thing I think is salvageable from that paragraph is the vaseline/glass jars paragraph, as I do think that is probably a good tip for very temporary prevention while other things are being carried out. — [http://www.windycitymike.com WCityMike] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 16:38, September 9, 2005 (UTC)

:I don't think anyone's really actively paying attention to this article. I'll call for an informal vote to delete the self-removal section, and, if it turns out to be the case, I'll make the edits above in a week's time., removing most of it (I'll put it here in the 'Talk' page for preservation) and moving the glass jar/Vaseline stuff elsewhere in the aritcle. — [http://www.windycitymike.com WCityMike] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 01:48, September 11, 2005 (UTC)

::The text has been removed. — [http://www.windycitymike.com WCityMike] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 00:05, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

:::Removed text: Some convenient and do-it-yourself ways of removing bedbugs will involve a variety of products and several weeks to months of effort to completely eradicate the household of bedbugs. It is recommended that all cracks, crevices, corners and moldings be sprayed using a can of any kind of insect killer. Kerosene mixed with insect poison (available at any hardware store or exterminator) and dissolved mothballs in warm water will create a mixture that is very potent in removing bedbugs. The elements of the mixture should be mixed in equal portions. The mixture should be sprayed along the sides of walls on the floor.

::::I would hardly think it safe to recommend that individuals mix kerosene with a generically named "insect poison." — [http://www.windycitymike.com WCityMike] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 00:05, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

:::Removed text: Indoor foggers with a dispersion of mothballs all over the room(s) should be set. Allow a minimum of twelve hours for the clean up of mothballs and fogger. This process should be repeated if bedbugs resurface.

::::Fumigation has provably no effect on bedbugs. Exterminators with bedbug removal experience have specifically stated that fumigation is ineffective. — [http://www.windycitymike.com WCityMike] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 00:05, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

:::::Fumigations are very effective. Some companies refuse to treat mattresses and cloth furniture not only because of the difficulties of treating them but also, due to the liabilities involved. People spend plenty of time sleeping or resting on furniture and may have complaints about the pesticides. Some pest control companies remove all mattresses, box springs, furniture, etc from a residence and fumigate. The fumigant will kill all the stages of the bed bugs and penetrate even those hard to reach areas. The drawback is that the fumigants have no residual action and will not prevent any re-infestation. {{unsigned|69.222.72.34|12:28, November 21, 2005}}

:::::A Fogging is different from a Fumigation. Foggers are merely droplets of pesticides suspended in air. Although they might kill some bed bugs on contact they are probably ineffective. A fumigant is a gas that will penetrate every crack and crevice. {{unsigned|69.222.72.34|12:34, November 21, 2005}}

:::Removed text: Removal of bedbugs can be effected by replacing mattresses or treating them with an insecticide designed for bedbugs (bedbugs are readily susceptible to insecticides). Clothing and bedding items should be washed with hot water (50° C and above) and machine dried at a high temperature for at least 20 minutes.

::::Correct, but incorporated elsewhere in the article. — [http://www.windycitymike.com WCityMike] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 00:05, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

:::Removed text: It may be possible to control bedbugs without use of insecticides. It may not be advisable to use insecticides on a mattress particularly if a child sleeps on it.

::::Possibly true (and possibly not) about the insecticide/kid point, but it is highly doubtful whether bedbugs can be controlled without insecticides. Unsourced speculation doesn't belong in the article. — [http://www.windycitymike.com WCityMike] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 00:05, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

:::Removed text: It may also be necessary to isolate the mattress from the encroachment of bedbugs simply by making sure there is no direct contact with other objects in the room. The bed frame can be effectively isolated by the application of Vaseline or double sided sticky tape (e.g. carpet tape) around the circumference of the bed frame legs.

::::True, but not useful for removal, just for assisting in survival. — [http://www.windycitymike.com WCityMike] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 00:05, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

:::Removed text: Carefully vacuum-cleaning the mattress and the bedroom every 2 or 3 days for several weeks may effectively eliminate bedbugs. The vacuum cleaner contents must be removed from the premises after each cleaning.

::::No, it won't, as bedbugs can hide in a multitude of places other than a mattress and locations within a bedroom able to be vacuumed. One cannot vacuum *inside* the baseboards, for example. — [http://www.windycitymike.com WCityMike] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 00:05, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

:::Removed text: Carpeting should be replaced.

::::No, carpeting doesn't need to be replaced, if things are treated properly. Hardwood floors in a location do make it easier to treat, though. — [http://www.windycitymike.com WCityMike] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 00:05, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

==9/9/05 Contribution/Restructuring==
In the process of discovering and then obtaining treatment for a recent bedbug infestation, I learned a great deal about them, both from research on the Web and from discussions with my exterminator. I have attempted to integrate the results of this research into Wikipedia's article by including both all of the various links I found, as well as all of the research I discovered (and links to said articles). — [http://www.windycitymike.com WCityMike] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 16:38, September 9, 2005 (UTC)

==Question==

Does anyone know how much blood they consume in comparison to their unfilled body weight? {{unsigned|Finog|23:49, January 18, 2006}}

:Maybe: I've crushed my share of them. The ones that have eaten recently only have a few drops of blood in them. Also, I asked my exterminator how I would know if my apartment has hundreds or millions of these things and he said that if I had millions, I'd be "losing five pounds a night." {{unsigned|24.63.25.193|22:04, January 23, 2006}}

==1/25/06 Cleanup==

Just did another cleanup on the article. Understandably, i've not wanted to revisit this subject in my mind! However, a lot of duplicative information got placed in here, and I even saw some debates being written into the article itself (the diamataceous earth stuff, whether disposing of bedding is necessary, vacuuming, etc.). I took a whack at getting things evened out a little better. — WCityMike ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 05:19, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

==Misinformation==
A recent ABC News story on the global rise in bedbugs quotes an Australian who stayed at an infested hostel as claiming to have got blood poisoning from them. I could find no documentation that bedbugs could cause blood poisoning, so this seems to be misinformation and sloppy reporting. Someone else who saw the spot or read articles based on it might want to include that information in this article, so unless it can be validated, it should be kept out, except to say it's misinformation. --[[User:Coyoty|Coyoty]] 19:53, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

==2/14/06 Cleanup==

'''irritated look''' Spent some more time fixing things. It appears as if quote-unquote-contributors are taking no care in deciding where they're going to put their contribution, or even seeing if their remarks duplicate material elsewhere. — WCityMike ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 19:25, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

==Removal of External Links==

Revert wars never look good to the end user. Let's hash out here and then act. I'm not one of the reverters, but I am the Wikipedian who did the first major rehash on the article after my bedbug infestation last summer, and initially put in the links. My stance is that they should stay in. Wikipedia's "External Links" page indicates that "sites that contain neutral and accurate material not already in the article" and "sites with other meaningful, relevant content that is not suitable for inclusion in an article" are perfectly acceptable for inclusion in external links. This is hardly an indiscriminate collection of links. — WCityMike ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 00:05, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

:It is, indeed, unfortunate. Look back at the history. An advertisement for live-pest-free.com was added by 61.68.64.180/210.10.141.164. At the same time, a blog was added, which some people saw simply as a testimonial for the live-pest-free.com site. The revert war was with respect to the advertising. The other links suffered collateral damage. That aside, the question still remains as to whether blogs belong. Almost by definition, blogs are personal opinions. Do they belong in an encyclopedia? If so, when do you stop? What criteria do you use to select the links? [[User:TedE|Ted]] 03:35, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

::I was actually trying to zap the ads -- I don't know as I agree that the blogs were collateral damage from the ad revert. I don't know as they really deserve to be zapped in this case, because of the sole fact that when these people are speaking of their attempts to deal with bedbugs, they are sharing informative personal experiences. Also, seriously, bedbugs are not really a point of controversy -- it's not like we're speaking of political blogs about Bush and debating whether THOSE blogs belong on a Dubya entry. — WCityMike ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 06:13, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

:::It would help for the external links to distinguish themselves with notes on what makes them notable. Just having the link without description invites deletion if it looks like it doesn't contribute anything. (BTW, I'm disappointed that the home bug suffocator doesn't really exist. Oxygen deprivation for pest control ''is'' used for library and museum preservation, but those are closed systems, and an apartment isn't airtight enough.) --[[User:Coyoty|Coyoty]] 04:00, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

==Breakfast, lunch, and dinner==

Is this term really associated with bedbugs? I've seen it used for scabies around the Internet, but only here for bedbugs. [[Image:Tycon.jpg]][[User:Coyoty|Coyoty]] 15:06, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

::Yes. Found it numerous times during initial research. — WCityMike ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 21:02, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

==4/08/06 Eggs==

How long does it take bedbug eggs to hatch? I don't see that information anywhere in this article. I've read anywhere between 6 to 10 days for the eggs to hatch

6 days read at: http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.000533?cookieSet=1

10 days read at: http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic600.htm

[[User:bruiser07|bruiser07]] 03:58, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

I've also read articles that say it depends on the temperature of the surroundings. At 18 degrees C, it takes 20 days for the eggs to hatch, but at 25 degrees C it takes only 7 days. {{unsigned|165.91.48.81|17:23, April 8, 2006}}

==Removal of Charles Campbell External Link==

The Charles A. Campbell 1911 article is continually being removed by individuals who indicate that whale.to is a contentious site and a linkspammer.

The external link in question has no advertisements on it whatsoever; it is simply an essay. [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Whaleto|The open Request for Comment]] specifically "concerns the appropriateness of Whaleto linking to his personal website, and his conduct relating to such discussions." This is not the case with this external link; it was not placed on there by the user Whaleto; it was placed on there by me in one of my initial rewrites of the article.

I have reviewed, as suggested, [[WP:EL]], and I have no idea what is meant by JzG's comment in the edit history that "copies of other sources on private sites are not generally suitable." Perhaps he'd be so kind as to elucidate which item on [[WP:EL]] he is referring to. The site seems to fully satisfy the suggested prerequisites listed under "What should be linked to" and embody none of the prerequisites listed under "Links to normally avoid". Additionally it does not appear to be [[Wikipedia Spam#External link spamming|external link spamming]].

Despite the above, I'm not married to the whale.to source of the article and am more than comparable to a '''lateral''' edit. My point is: it is not fruitful to make entirely '''destructive''' changes for purposes of pure pedantic bureaucracy. If you have a personal problem with the version of the article being housed on whale.to, then find another source and change the link; don't just remove the source of information from the article. — WCityMike ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]]) 14:29, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

While I was gone, I noticed that the whale.to link was removed. I've found a non-whale.to link to the story. Additionally, there appear to be some concerns about its copyright status. As the new provided link indicates, it was copyrighted 1925; this means that as it was not renewed, the article now falls into the public domain. If there are any other objections, please let me know. — [[User:WCityMike|WCityMike]] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|contribs]]) 21:44, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

== Removal of Bed-Bug.Org Link ==

I'm not disputing the removal [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedbug&diff=53012312&oldid=52863684], but I'm puzzled. I go to the site in question, and even with AdBlock Plus disabled, I only see one line worth of Google ads -- plus, Googling the text he's using yields no results on Google, leading me to believe it might be original writing. I've seen this link deleted before as a "Google Ads-farm" site, but I'm not certain I really see it. Can someone explain it for me? — [[User:WCityMike|WCityMike]] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|contribs]] • [[User:WCityMike#Reply_Policy|where to reply]]) 16:22, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

== Rewrite of 207.61.84.162's Edit / Sort of Edit-Warring ==

Just to let those who are editing this article know that there's a difference of opinion going on between me and an anonymous editor — but because they're editing anonymously, the IP occasionally changes. I'm making a good faith effort to work it out despite some reverting back and forth, but felt I should give you guys a heads-up since it was attracting shades of "edit war" to it. I do feel, however, that the edits the anonymous editor is making are really pushing a POV. — [[User:WCityMike|WCityMik]][[User:WCityMike/Esperanza|e]] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|contribs]] • [[User:WCityMike#Reply_Policy|where to reply]]) 16:39, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Below is a message I left on their talk page that'll fill you in. — [[User:WCityMike|WCityMik]][[User:WCityMike/Esperanza|e]] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|contribs]] • [[User:WCityMike#Reply_Policy|where to reply]]) 16:39, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

:Hello. I've [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedbug&diff=53877501&oldid=53778974 changed] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedbug&curid=952459&diff=53778974&oldid=53715637 your latest contribution] so it doesn't quite so strongly advocate a particular opinion. If you're the person I think you are, we've been going back and forth in a sort of very slow "edit war," where you make changes, I revert them, you go and make them again, and I revert them (for example: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedbug&diff=prev&oldid=53054312 you], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedbug&diff=next&oldid=53054312 me]). That's never healthy for Wikipedia.

:This time, I'm trying to incorporate your changes but get them more towards a neutral point of view, which is the tone that Wikipedia articles are required to be written in. You used words like "worthless" and "reputable," which are words that demonstrate an opinion and a bias about something. Since we're writing encyclopedia articles, we're required as editors and writers to keep an objective tone and not let our opinions about the subject shine through. More on this can be found at [[WP:NPOV]].

:I'd like to see if we can come to a happy compromise, but it's difficult when you're editing from an anonymous account and seem to be coming from different IPs. I urge you to sign up for a Wikipedia account and come talk with me about what you feel needs to be done on the article's talk page, [[Talk:Bedbug]]. I'm cc:ing this message there, just so people know I'm leaving this. I encourage you to work with me on getting this paragraph to a place where we're both mutually satisfied with it, instead of us just yanking it back and forth between our two ideas about how the paragraph should be written.

:Hope to see you over on [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Bedbug&action=edit&section=new the article's talk page]! — [[User:WCityMike|WCityMik]][[User:WCityMike/Esperanza|e]] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|contribs]] • [[User:WCityMike#Reply_Policy|where to reply]]) 16:22, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

== Neutral Point of View ==

First,, i was not aware of the discussion aspect of Wikipedia.. I too have found it frustrating to enter relevant information of value to readers and then find it either deleted or changed..

I would not enter info into a Wikipedia subject if I didn't have reasonable knowledge of the subject. IN the bedbug item, there is a considerable amount of suggestions and information about prevention, preparation, and treatment. While I may not always agree with every point of view, i do feel it my duty to inform and educate and warn readers in certain areas.
So wehn i see something about Most reputable firms will ask for preparation.. i know that is patently incorrect -- and i changed it to ALL reputable firms.. that is just reality... not opinion or POV... no specific firm is named, so the recommendation speaks truth.. and in any service related item, this kind of information is absolutely necessary.. I am sure many of the bedbug sections are written by professionals in the pest control, professors of entomology and , like myself.. some Board Certified Entomologists .... i was beginning to feel as if someone in a disreputable firm did not want the warnings there...

still learning about how to input into wikipedia...

i had entered in another section and found deletions of very relevant information.. troubling.. so in that section (not bedbugs) .. i am pasting it back in every time i see it gone. I feel it a duty so people can have the important information someone else wants to hide or whitewash...

I look to the folks in Wikipedia to be on the alert for inappropriate entries, but mostly i find the material is really excellent..

i have not had time to go through every single bit of the bedbug item, but i will keep a watch on it and add material as it becomes known.. The use of glue boards and balloons to detect bedbugs is unproven.. i tried it.. perhaps not enough there.. some people tell me it works, .. wish we had more relevant info on that.. they are sometimes very very hard to find... when there is a hidden small pocket that has avoided being detected or treated...

I deal wtih this issue every day in my work...

best wishes
Sam {{unsigned|Entoman}}

:Your addition, "Due to the habits of bedbugs to hide almost anywhere, it is necessary to ensure that the treatment of the home as well handling clothing and bedding will ensure that the insects are all killed by treatment", says the exact same thing as what's already in that paragraph: "If an apartment is not properly prepared either by the resident or the professional, the coverage of pesticides and/or chemical treatment throughout the home will be impaired, and thus the effectiveness of the treatment will be heavily reduced." But I reworded that last sentence a little to make it clearer that we're talking about bedbugs surviving the treatment.

:We also talk about the ability of bedbugs to spread from one apartment to another higher-up in the article, because it's not speaking about pre-treatment, but about methods of infestation: "Finally, bedbugs may travel between units in multi-unit dwellings (such as condominiums and apartment buildings), after being originally brought into the building by one of the above routes. This spread between units is dependent in part on the degree of infestation, on the material used to partition units (concrete is a more effective barrier to the spread of the infestation), and whether or not infested items are dragged through common areas while being disposed of, resulting in the shedding of bedbugs and bedbug eggs while being dragged."

:And, again, "reputable" is a word demonstrating bias and opinion. It's not a question of disreputable exterminators trying to sneak things in, Entoman; I'm not an exterminator. But this is an ''encyclopedia,'' and as such, we're seeking an entirely neutral point of view. That means keeping our opinions out of it. That doesn't mean we can't say things, just that we can't say things in an opinionated way. — [[User:WCityMike|WCityMik]][[User:WCityMike/Esperanza|e]] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|contribs]] • [[User:WCityMike#Reply_Policy|where to reply]]) 23:49, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

I don't agree with your point about 'reputable' but i am ok with the current phrasing of the preparation section, so no need for more editing wars.
will check the piece now and then.. i changed delusionary to delusory as i believe that is the correct term describing the condition. I wrote an article on that about 18 years ago.
Lots of stuff here on bedbugs... useful ....
wikipedia an amazing thing..
Mike. how did you get so much into bedbugs?
Sam {{unsigned|Entoman}}

:Not immensely into bedbugs, but I got infested last year, and ended up asking my exterminator about five million questions. After I "survived" the infestation (partially by moving out!), I decided that it would be good if I could share what I learned from the experience, and rewrote the bedbug article to incorporate everything I learned. Nowadays bedbugs are mostly behind me — although, frankly, I'm jumpy enough that I might have a slight case of the D.P.s — but out of a sense of pride, I keep an eye on the bedbug article. — [[User:WCityMike|WCityMike]] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|contribs]]) 23:28, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

==Use of the word "domicile"==

This is a rather archaic word that one almost never hears in language for most readers. It means home or residence, and perhaps the word may be useful in a legal document, but for an article intended for a wide range of readers, not the best word in my experience. Confusing for some readers.. The word "home" or "residence" can be used interchangeably for variety without losing any readers. "Domo-what?".. after all we don't want to obfuscate the readership... {{unsigned|Entoman}}

:Yup, and, guess what, I'm a legal secretary, so "domicile" must've been in my head whenever I worked on that part of the article. ;-) Swapped out all the other instances of "domicile" for "home" as well. Good call. — [[User:WCityMike|WCityMik]][[User:WCityMike/Esperanza|e]] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|contribs]] • [[User:WCityMike#Reply_Policy|where to reply]]) 23:52, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

:I would hardly call "domicile" archaic. It may not be as commonly used as "home" or "house", but I have certainly come across it a number of times in general reading. In addition it appears that you are also one to unnecessarily complicate things by using words such as "obfuscate" in the place of "confuse". Let's not by hypocritical... {{unsigned|67.160.212.7}}

::I think he purposefully used "obfuscate" to make his point. — [[User:WCityMike|WCityMike]] ([[User_talk:WCityMike|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|contribs]]) 12:30, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
:I also disagree that "domicile" is archaic. I don't think we should be underestimating the intelligence of the readers and dumbing down to meet some arbitrary lowest common denominator. People don't come to Wikipedia for dumbing down, they come here for smarting up, and to look things up, including the meaning of words like "domicile". And "bedbug". [[Image:Tycon.jpg]][[User:Coyoty|Coyoty]] 18:07, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

== Who wrote the original version? ==

Does anyone know who wrote the original version of this article? I ask because I'm curious who it was, but I also feel the need to make a contribution to the text. In the section that refers to "number of visits by a pest management company" the author refers to an informal survey. I was one of the project leaders of that survey and it was not informal. I could add more information or a citation to an article to come out this summer covering more of the survey. I'm a new user (as of today) to Wikipedia, so I'm still figuring all this out. [[User:Jlgk723|Jlgk723]] 19:21, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

:I was the one who introduced that language into the text of the article. I'm not sure why I used the word "informal," however, and after looking at the link that follows that sentence, "informal" is not mentioned anywhere in the source, either -- so I've removed it. However, if you see errors anywhere on Wikipedia, [[WP:BOLD|don't worry about asking permission]], just feel free to go ahead and fix them! — '''[[User:WCityMike|WCityMike]]''' ([[User_talk:WCityMike|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/WCityMike|C]])  '''&dArr; plz reply HERE  ([[Wikipedia:Talk page#How_to_keep_a_two-way_conversation_readable|why?]]) &dArr;'''  19:34, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

== Broken photo link ==

Thank you WCityMike for this article! My neighbor is dealing with an infestation he picked up at a sleep study clinic (of all places!), and he's on round two of elimination efforts.

My question is actually addressed to whoever posted the link, "Photograph of a bedbug feeding on a man (for scale)"? The URL is http://www.fagerlund.addr.com/BedbugC.jpg, but this is a password-protected link. It could just be deleted, but it does seem useful. If the owner is OK with it permission-wise, the photo could just be uploaded to Wiki, right?
Thanks,
Kelly
==Refs tag==
Why is it here? There seem to be lots and lots of refs in this article? [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 05:20, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

: The first section of the article, "Biology," is pretty well referenced, but the other two major sections, "Infestations" and "Treatment," have almost no references. I'll review the references for the first section ("Biology"), then move the Refs tag to the two sections to which it applies. --[[User:Tom Allen|Tom Allen]] 19:39, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

== Uncited Source ==

http://www.extension.umn.edu/yardandgarden/ygbriefs/e608maskedhunter.html

"Importance
Masked hunters do not feed on human blood. However, they are capable of inflicting painful bites as a defensive reaction if they are disturbed or carelessly handled. The bite feels like a bee sting followed by numbness and swelling. Rarely does a masked hunter bite require medical attention. Masked hunters do not transmit any disease.

"

Talk:Modular building

2006-09-27T11:37:45Z

Tom Allen: /* Confusion about linkspam */ Rm my comment; rethinking what links should belong here... thanks

Bed bug

2006-09-26T16:11:59Z

Tom Allen: Rv to status on 24 Sep 2006. Changes were unsupported and, frankly, did not make sense.

{{Unreferenced}}

{{Taxobox 
| color = pink
| name = Bedbugs
| image = Cimex lectularius.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Cimex lectularius''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Hemiptera]]
| subordo = [[Heteroptera]]
| familia = '''Cimicidae'''
| familia_authority = [[George Willis Kirkaldy|Kirkaldy]], 1909
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]] & [[Species]]
| subdivision =
'''Genus ''[[Cimex]]'''''
* ''[[Cimex lectularius]]''
* ''[[Cimex hemipterus]]'' (''C. rotundatus'')
* ''[[Cimex pilosellus]]''
* ''[[Cimex pipistrella]]''
'''Genus ''[[Leptocimex]]'''''
* ''[[Leptocimex boueti]]''
'''Genus ''[[Haematosiphon]]'''''
* ''[[Haematosiphon inodora]]''
'''Genus ''[[Oeciacus]]'''''
* ''[[Oeciacus hirudinis]]''
* ''[[Oeciacus vicarius]]''
}}
'''Bedbugs''' (or '''bed bugs''') are small [[Nocturnal animal|nocturnal]] [[insect]]s of the family '''Cimicidae''' that live by [[hematophagy]], feeding on the [[blood]] of [[human]]s and other [[homeothermic|warm-blooded]] [[Host (biology)|host]]s.

==Biology==
===Genera and species===

The '''common bedbug''' (''[[Cimex lectularius]]'') is the best adapted to human environments. It is found in [[temperate]] climates throughout the world and has been known since ancient times.

Other species include ''[[Cimex hemipterus]]'', found in [[tropics|tropical regions]] (including Florida), which also infests [[poultry]] and [[bats]], and ''[[Leptocimex boueti]]'', found in the tropics of [[West Africa]] and [[South America]], which infests bats and humans. ''[[Cimex pilosellus]]'' and ''[[Cimex pipistrella|C. pipistrella]]'' primarily infest [[bat]]s, while ''[[Haematosiphon inodora]]'', a species of [[North America]], primarily infests poultry.

''[[Oeciacus]]'', while not strictly a bedbug, is a closely related genus primarily affecting [[bird]]s.

===Physical characteristics===

Adult bedbugs are reddish brown, flattened, oval, and wingless, with microscopic hairs that give them a banded appearance. A common misconception is that they are not visible to the naked eye, but adults grow to 4 to 5 mm (one-eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch) in length and do not move quickly enough to escape the notice of an attentive observer. Newly hatched [[Nymph (biology)|nymphs]] are translucent and lighter in color and continue to become browner and [[ecdysis|molt]] as they reach [[maturity]]. When it comes to size, they are often compared to lentils or appleseeds.

A recent paper by Professor [[Brian J. Ford]] and Dr Debbie Stokes gives views of a bed bug [http://www.rms.org.uk/downloads/1_-_Ford-Stokes.pdf under various microscopes].
[[Image:bedbug1.JPG|280px|thumb|left|Bedbug 4 mm length 2.5 mm width (Shown in a film roll plastic container. On the right you can see the sloughed off skin, which this bedbug just recently wore while a nymph)]]

===Feeding habits===

Bedbugs are generally active only at night, with a peak attack period about an hour before dawn, though given the opportunity, they may attempt to feed at other times of day. Attracted by warmth and the presence of [[carbon dioxide]], the bug pierces the skin of its host with two hollow tubes. With one tube it injects its saliva, which contains [[anticoagulant]]s and [[anesthetic]]s, while with the other it withdraws the [[blood]] of its host. After feeding for about five minutes, the bug returns to its hiding place. The bites cannot usually be felt until some minutes or hours later, as a dermatological reaction to the injected agents. Although bedbugs can live for up to 18 months without feeding, they typically seek blood every five to ten days.

Bedbugs are often erroneously associated with filth. They are attracted by exhaled carbon dioxide, not by dirt, and they feed on blood, not waste. In short, the cleanliness of their environments has no effect on bedbugs. Their numbers may be reduced temporarily by vacuuming, but will recover and require vacuuming again.

===Health effects on humans===

While bedbugs have been known to harbor pathogens in their bodies, including [[Bubonic plague|plague]] and [[hepatitis B]], they have not been linked to the transmission of any [[disease]] and are not regarded as a medical threat. Some individuals, however, can get skin infections and scars from scratching bites. While bedbugs are not regarded as a vector of transmissible diseases, they may be a significant source of stress, alarm and/or distress. With some individuals, it may precipitate mild to moderate cases of [[delusional parasitosis]].

===Reproductive habits===

Female bedbugs can lay up to five eggs in a day and 500 during a lifetime. The eggs are visible to the naked eye measuring 1 mm in length (approx. 2 grains of salt) and are a milky-white tone in color.

All bedbugs mate via a process termed "[[traumatic insemination]]".<ref name="carayon1959">Carayon, J. 1959 Insémination par “spermalège” et cordon conducteur de spermatozoids chez Stricticimex brevispinosus Usinger (Heteroptera, Cimicidae). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 60, 81-104.</ref><ref name="carayon1966">Carayon, J. 1966 Traumatic insemination and the paragenital system. In Monograph of the Cimicidae (Hemiptera – Heteroptera) (ed. R. L. Usinger), pp. 81-166. College Park, MD: Entomological Society of America.</ref><ref name="carayon1977">Carayon, J. 1977 Insémination extragénitale traumatique. In Traité de Zoologie 8(V-A) (ed. P. P. Grassé), pp. 351-390. Paris: Masson.</ref> Instead of inserting their genitalia into the female's reproductive tract as is typical in copulation, males instead pierce females with hypodermic genitalia and ejaculate into the body cavity. This form of mating is thought to have evolved as a way for males to overcome female mating resistance.<ref name="arnqvist-rowe">Arnqvist, G. & Rowe, L. 2005 Sexual Conflict. Princeton NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.</ref><ref name="stutt">Stutt, A. D. & Siva-Jothy, M. T. 2001 Traumatic insemination and sexual conflict in the bed bug Cimex lectularius. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 98, 5683-5687.</ref> Traumatic insemination imposes a cost on females in terms of physical damage and increased risk of infection.<ref name="arnqvist-morrow">Morrow, E. H. & Arnqvist, G. 2003 Costly traumatic insemination and a female counter-adaptation in bed bugs. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270, 2377-2381.</ref><ref name="reinhardt">Reinhardt, K., Naylor R. & Siva-Jothy, M. T. 2003 Reducing a cost of traumatic insemination: female bedbugs evolve a unique organ. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270, 2371-2375.</ref> To reduce these costs females have evolved internal and external "paragenital" structures <ref name="arnqvist-morrow"/><ref name="reinhardt"/> collectively known as the “spermalege”.<ref name="carayon1959"/><ref name="carayon1966"/><ref name="carayon1977"/> Within the True Bugs (Heteroptera) traumatic insemination occurs in the Prostemmatinae (Nabidae) and the Cimicoidea (Anthocoridae, Plokiophilidae, Lyctocoridae, Polyctenidae and Cimicidae), and has recently been discovered in the plant bug genus ''Coridromius'' (Miridae).<ref name="tatarnic">Tatarnic, N.J., Cassis, G. $ Hochuli, D.F. 2006 Traumatic insemination in the plant bug genus ''Coridromius'' Signoret (Heteroptera: Miridae). Biology Letters 2, 58-61.</ref>

Remarkably, in the genus Afrocimex both males and females possess functional external paragenitalia, and males have been found with copulatory scars and the ejaculate of other males in their haemolymph. There is a widespread misbelief that males inseminated by other males will in turn pass the sperm of both themselves and their assailants onto females with whom they mate.<ref name="forsyth">''A Natural History of Sex'', 1991, by Adrian Forsyth</ref> While it is true that males are known to mate with and inject sperm into other males, there is however no evidence to suggest that this sperm ever fertilizes females inseminated by the victims of such acts.<ref name="carayon1966"/>

==Infestations==
[[Image:DSCF0005.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Bedbug (shown on writing paper)]]

===Method of initial infestation===

There are several means by which dwellings can become infested with bedbugs. People can often acquire bedbugs at hotels, motels, and bed-and-breakfasts, thanks to increased domestic and international tourism, and bring them back to their homes in their luggage. They also can pick them up by inadvertently bringing infested furniture or used clothing to their household. If someone is in a place that is severely infested, bedbugs may actually crawl onto and be carried by people's clothing, although this is atypical behavior — except in the case of severe infestations, bedbugs are not usually carried from place to place by people on clothing they are currently wearing. Finally, bedbugs may travel between units in multi-unit dwellings (such as condominiums and apartment buildings), after being originally brought into the building by one of the above routes. This spread between units is dependent in part on the degree of infestation, on the material used to partition units (concrete is a more effective barrier to the spread of the infestation), and whether or not infested items are dragged through common areas while being disposed of, resulting in the shedding of bedbugs and bedbug eggs while being dragged.

===Common location of infestations===

Bedbugs are very flat, allowing them to hide in tiny crevices. A crack wide enough to fit the edge of a credit card can harbor bedbugs [even in the ceiling]. In the daytime, they tend to stay out of the light, hidden in such places as mattress seams, mattress interiors, bed frames, nearby furniture, carpeting, baseboards, or bedroom clutter. Bedbugs can settle in the open weave of linen; this will often appear as a gray spindle a centimeter long and a thread wide, with a dark speck in the middle. Bedbugs can be found on their own, but more often congregate in groups. They are not social insects, however, and do not build or stay in nests. These groups of bedbugs are very often found in beds, usually either the seams of a mattress (usually the seams closest to the sleeper), in the boxspring, or within the structure of the bed itself. They can also be found in a wide variety of locations in a home, such as behind baseboards, behind a picture frame, within books (near the bed), in telephones, or radios near the bed, within the folds of curtains. Bedbugs are capable of travelling as far as 100 feet to feed, but usually remain close to the host in bedrooms or on sofas where people may sleep. They feed every five to 10 days. The manner in which infestations spread throughout a home or within an apartment building is not entirely understood and differs from case to case.

===Size of infestations===

The numerical size of a bedbug infestation is to some degree variable, as it is a function of the elapsed time from the initial infestation. With regards to the elapsed time from the initial infestation, even a single female bedbug brought into a home has a potential for reproduction, with its resulting offspring then breeding, resulting in a geometric progression of population expansion if control is not undertaken. Sometimes people are not aware of the insects, but do notice the bites. The visible bedbug infestation does not represent the infestation as a whole, as there may be infestations elsewhere in a home, however, the insects do have tendency to stay close to their hosts (hence the name "bed" bugs).

===Detection of infestations===

Bedbugs can be detected often by looking for dark stains on bedding, which are the bedbugs' fecal stains. These stains are most visible on light-colored bedding.

Occasionally an engorged bedbug is inadvertently killed or disgorged by incidental crushing, resulting in a visible smear of blood. Crushing them will produce a unique sickly sweet pheromone scent, which can also be detected in the ambient air in a severe infestation.

Though bedbug bites can occur singly, they often follow a distinctive pattern of a linear group of three bites, sometimes macabrely referred to as "breakfast, lunch and dinner". These patterns of bites are caused when a bedbug is disturbed in feeding by a person moving, and then the bedbug resumes feeding. Bedbug bites also often occur in lines marking the paths of blood vessels running close to the surface of the skin. The effect of these bites on humans varies from person to person, but often cause welts and swelling that are more itchy and longer-lasting than mosquito bites. Some people, however, have little or no reaction to bedbug bites. Those whose bodies do not initially react may subsequently develop symptoms, however, due to an allergic reaction caused by the development of antigen.

A technique for "catching" (detecting) bedbugs is to have a light source accessible from bed and to turn it on at about an hour before dawn, which is usually the time when bedbugs are most active. A flashlight is recommended instead of room lights, as the act of getting out of bed will cause any bedbugs present to scatter. Bedbugs can also sometimes be viewed during the day.

Some individuals have used glue traps placed in strategic areas around their home (sometimes used in conjunction with heating pads, or balloons filled with exhaled breath, thus offering the carbon dioxide that bedbugs look for) in order to attract and thus detect bedbug infestations. There are also commercial traps like "flea" traps whose effectiveness is really questionable except perhaps as a means of detection, but traps will certainly not work to control an infestation.

Veterinarians may mistake bedbugs' leavings on a pet's fur as "[[flea]] dirt".

The above having been said, bedbugs are known for being elusive, transient and nocturnal. For many, the only way to detect and identify with certainty an infestation is to contact a pest control professional.

===Incidence of infestations===

With the widespread use of [[DDT]] in the [[1940s]] and [[1950s|'50s]], bedbugs all but disappeared from [[North America]] in the mid-twentieth century. Infestations remained common in many other parts of the world, however, and in recent years have begun to rebound in North America. Reappearance of bedbugs in the developed world has presented new challenges for pest control, and, without DDT and similarly banned agents, no fully effective treatment is now in use. The industry is only beginning to develop procedures and techniques.

Another reason for their increase is that pest control services more often nowadays use low toxicity gel-based pesticides for control of cockroaches, the most common pest in structures, instead of residual sprays. When residual sprays meant to kill other insects were commonly being used, they resulted in a collateral insecticidal effect on potential bedbug infestations; the gel-based insecticides primarily used nowadays do not have any effect on bedbugs, as they are incapable of feeding on these baits.

The Professional Pest Management Association, a US advocacy group for pest control operators (PCOs) conducted a "proactive bed bug public relations campaign" in 2005 and 2006, resulting in increased media coverage of bedbug stories and an increase in business for PCOs, possibly distorting the scale of the increase in bedbug infestations. [http://www.pctonline.com/news/news.asp?ID=4033].

===Living with infestation===

If it is necessary to live with bedbugs in the short term, it is possible to create makeshift temporary barriers around a bed. Because bedbugs cannot fly or jump, an elevated bed can be protected by applying double-sided sticky tape (carpet tape) around each leg, or by keeping each leg on a plastic furniture block in a tray of water. A bed frame can be effectively ridded of adult bedbugs and eggs by use of steam. Small steam cleaners are available and are very effective for this local treatment. A suspect mattress can be protected by wrapping it in a painter's disposable plastic dropcloth, neatly sealing shut all the seams with packing tape, and putting it on a protected bed after a final visual inspection. Bedding can be sanitized by a 120 °F (49 °C) laundry dryer. Once sanitized, bedding should not be allowed to drape to the floor. An effective way to quarantine a protected bed is to store sanitized sleeping clothes in the bed during the day, and bathing before entering the bed.

Vermin and pets may complicate a barrier strategy. Bedbugs prefer human hosts, but will resort to other warm-blooded hosts if humans are not available, and some species can live up to eighteen months without feeding at all. A co-infestation of mice can provide an auxiliary food source to keep bedbugs established for longer. Likewise, a house cat or human guest might easily defeat a barrier by sitting on a protected bed. Such considerations should be part of any barrier strategy.

===Predators near bed bug infestations===
Some bed bug predators may also be found near bed bug infestations. The most common bed bug predator are [[masked hunter]]s. Adult masked hunters are dark brown to black and are elongate oval in shape. When full grown, they're about 3/4 inch long. They have a short, stout, 3-segmented beak. Immature masked hunters are similar but smaller and lack developed wings. They are often covered with dust, lint and other debris, giving them a grayish or whitish appearance. Underneath, however, they are dark-colored like adults.Masked hunters do not feed on human blood. However, they are capable of inflicting painful bites as a defensive reaction if they are disturbed or carelessly handled. The bite feels like a bee sting followed by numbness and swelling. Rarely does a masked hunter bite require medical attention. Masked hunters do not transmit any disease. It is not wise to introduce masked hunters to bed bug infestations in hopes of exterminating the bed bugs.

==Treatment==
===Self-treatment===

Some individuals have had success conducting their own exterminations by preparing an insecticide mixture of [[pyrethrins]] and fresh-water [[diatomaceous earth]]. At least one manufacturer produces a [[household insecticide D-20]] with only .2% naturally derived pyrethrins and 1.0% Piperonyl Butoxide, which magnifies the pyrethrin's effectivenes by 10 times. Natural pyrethrins are more expensive than many alternatives. The function of the pyrethrins is to stimulate the nervous system of the bugs so that the spasms will allow the diatomaceous earth to desiccate, puncture, and kill the bugs through mechanical action. Great care should be taken not to use products with salt-water diatomaceous earth or heat-treated diatomaceous earth, which can damage the lungs of any mammal (dogs, cats, or humans) which inhale it, and has also been known to cause cancer. Fresh-water diatomaceous earth, however, is commonly used to [[Cestoda|deworm]] cats, dogs, and humans, and is considered as safe as table salt.

Others have used fruit and vegetable insecticides, comprised of a mixture of pyrethins and [[canola oil]], which are usually safe for humans and most pets (aside from fish).

Contrary to popularly disseminated information, extreme heat or extreme cold is usually not effective in eliminating bedbugs. Pest control professionals receive reports of infestations even in the dead of winter, and manufactured environments of extreme heat or cold (such as encasing a mattress in a bag and placing it in direct sunlight, or placing a suspect piece of bedding or clothing in a freezer) usually cannot stay consistently hot or cold enough to sufficiently kill bedbugs, which are not particularly sensitive to temperature extremes.
In addition, since bedbugs normally disperse, treatment of a bed or mattress is insufficient to eradicate an infestation.

===Professional treatment===
====Selection of professionals====
Not all exterminators in North America are familiar with extermination techniques for bedbugs. In the past, fumigation with Cyanogas was used for bedbug control. This was very effective, but also very dangerous. This method is no longer used. Fumigation—that is the use of poison gases—is costly, and though this has been tried as a method of control in isolated cases, it is transient. New infestation can be imported shortly after a fumigation has taken place. Fumigation does work, but it may not be practical, and may not be permitted in most jurisidictions. Care must thus be taken when selecting an exterminator, in order to select a professional who knows how to conduct proper bedbug removal. The [http://www.pestworld.org/ National Pest Management Association] can assist in the location of pest control professionals.

====Necessary number of professional treatments====

A survey of pest control professionals conducted by a pest control professor at the [[University of Massachusetts]] stated that 68% of all bedbug infestations require three or more treatments, 26% require two treatments, and 6% require just one. [http://www.e-bug.net/forum/messages/16122.shtml] However, this survey does not seem to have taken into account the size of the infestation, the size of the venue being treated, the extensiveness of that venue's preparation for the treatment (thus enabling or inhibiting coverage of the poisons), the skill of the exterminator, whether popular nesting places have been disposed of, and the cause behind the original infestation. Treatment Exterminators will often apply a "contact kill" spray directly on bedbugs found in the apartment (such as a mixture of cyfluthrin, pyrethrins, and piperonyl butoxide), and then spray lambda-cyhalothrin on baseboards and other favorite hiding places. Lambda-cyhalothrin acts as a "slow kill" barrier which kills bedbugs after they cross it, and is usually microencapsulated, making it safe to pets and humans after it dries. Often, deltamethrin is also injected into larger crevices. The lambda-cyhalothrin and the deltamethrin are at their strongest for the first two weeks following their application, but usually retain effectiveness for up to 60 days.

Successful treatment of a bedbug infestation is often highly dependent on how thorough the pest control professional is. Although the assessment and judgment of the pest control professional should be respected, most treatments cover such areas within homes as closets, curtains, outside and inside furniture crevices (dresser and desk drawers, night tables, etc.), as well as the interior of electrical outlets and behind pictures hangings on walls. If the choice was made to retain bedding, professionals will often either treat or steam-clean bedframes and the undersurface of solid beds. Some higher-end pest control firms also offer to perform the aforementioned vacuuming

====Pre-treatment preparation====

Proper preparation is a mandatory requirement for control to be effective. Pest control firms should outline this in detail and provide detailed instructions on what to do. This is generally done by the resident; although some firms may offer preparation for an additional charge, this is uncommon. Preparation involves providing access for pest control treatment as well as taking measures to ensure that bedbugs are destroyed or contained. If a home is not properly prepared, the likelihood of successful control is not high. Although preparation may be difficult for some people (for example, seniors or handicapped individuals), it is essential for effective treatment, and thus in such cases family members, friends or social or charitable agencies may need to provide assistance.

=====Packing=====

All furniture and appliances in the dwelling usually need to be pulled away from the baseboards, and it is commonly asked that all furniture containing potential hiding crevices, such as bookshelves and desks, be emptied and left open for the exterminator to spray. Items in tightly sealed containers are usually safe from bedbug infestation and need not be emptied.

=====Laundry=====

Everything that can be laundered ''should'' be laundered, and laundered in advance of the treatment, then placed in plastic bags. This would include stuffed animals, drapes and so on.

The items should be securely tied into plastic bags, and emptied directly from the bags into the machines. (The bags should then be immediately disposed of.) It is heat, not water, that kills any bedbugs residing within the laundered items; so the items should be washed in hot water, regardless of normal washing directions, and should be dried with medium heat (preferably high heat) for 20 minutes or more. (For those who have the ability to measure the temperature of the water in their washing machine, or of the hot air in their dryer, the target heat range is 120°F (49°C).)

(If a marathon laundering session such as described is financially prohibitive, it has been posited by some that the items need only be run through the dryer, not the washing machine. However, the extensive water and spinning action associated with washing machines may assist in dislodging bedbugs from where they are residing within clothes and laundered.) However, this is optional as the heat of the cycle of drying will effectively kill ''all'' stages—eggs, immature stage (nymphs) and adults.

For items that require dry cleaning, the dry cleaners should be informed that the items in question are potentially infested, and the items should be bagged. (However, many dry cleaners then may refuse to accept the items.)

Steam cleaning of carpets can be helpful; although bedbugs will not be in the middle of the floor, they may be under the carpets at the edges of rooms. Vacuuming is especially important, however. Pesticide is applied at perimeters and is effective, but the more steps are taken to assist removal, the more thorough the elimination will be.

=====Vacuuming=====

The mechanical removal of bedbugs by vacuuming is a most important part of preparing for control. Vacuuming alone will not solve the problem, but it can substantially reduce bedbugs' numbers and thus help reduce the population as part of preparing for treatment. A crevice attachment should be used on the seams of mattresses, on box springs, on bed legs, within furniture interiors, behind pictures, on curtains, and anywhere there is a possibility of the insects hiding (e.g. inside dresser drawers, dresser cases, under chairs, etc.). Carpets should also be vacuumed throughout the home, preferably with a power-head. Baseboards should also be vacuumed using the crevice tool—not swept—prior to the exterminator's arrival. Vacuum filters should then immediately be removed and either discarded outdoors (a good distance from the infested home) or incinerated.

===== Steam treatment=====

Some pest control firms do offer steam treatment for items like mattresses or upholstered furniture especially when individuals are concerned about pesticides on bedding. This has only a very limited effectiveness, however, it is quite effective in this range of less than 1/2 inch of penetration. This also depends on the time that the steam is applied to the surface of the item. Small steam cleaners for domestic use can be useful for mattresses and the surfaces of upholstered furniture. This is a worthwhile option if there are issues of allergy, and the homeowner takes the time to treat carefully in this limited context.

===== Managing bedding=====

There are differing opinions as to whether it is necessary to dispose of mattress, boxsprings, futons, pillows, and other bedding. There is of course often a heavy cost involved in the complete replacement of such bedding. It is clear, however, that getting rid of infested bedding does not solve the problem. The decision to replace bedding or not depends on the condition of and often related level of infestation within the items, the comfort level of the owner, whether the owner can afford replacement, and aesthetics. A reasonable rule of thumb is that new bedding does not need to be replaced but if bedding is older and replacement may have been done soon in any case, then of course, replacing it AFTER control is a welcome clean start. Treatment of bedding items must be done with care and according to the label on the insecticide used. Mattresses typically need local treatment with non-residual insecticides at seams and borders. Boxsprings are more difficult to treat as there are more places for the insects to hide. The notion that getting rid of bedding helps solve the problem is misguided. Infestation must be handled first and then if new bedding is desired, the old bedding can be disposed of. Spread of infestation in apartment buildings is ''increased'' by tenants deciding to throw away old bedding. An infested mattress or box spring dragged in a hallway to an elevator will cause bedbugs to fall off or even run off the item, and these may then find their way into other units.
As noted here, the use of plastic bags to protect bedding after treatment or to enclose bedbugs when the items are being thrown away are invaluable in preventing spread of infestation. It is also suggested to slash or mark up infested items so that others do not take them back into the building.

After the mattress and/or box spring or futon has been treated, placing these inside a cotton, polyvinyl or polyethylene bag is a good idea as a secondary means of defense. Bedbugs like to hide near the victim and are commonly found on seams of mattresses, or within the structure of box springs. The mattress bag serves to reduce this likelihood and in the case of box springs, it seals any remaining insects inside the bag. The mattress bag also protects the mattress from the mess of staining caused when bedbugs aggregate on seams. The bag is a good idea either until the infestation has been totally eliminated or in the case of good quality cotton bags, useful as a permanent protection for the mattress—and also to enable easier control if infestation recurs.

Those who end up disposing of suspect items should enclose them in plastic mattress bags, or large garbage bags, to prevent shedding bugs and eggs on their way to the disposal site. Care should also be taken to label throwaway items with a warning about the suspected bedbug infestation, as furniture is often reclaimed by dumpster divers.

New items should not be purchased until after the infestation has been thoroughly eliminated. Also, many retailers offer disposal of old mattresses. This can pose obvious problems if new and old mattresses are carried together on the same truck without the proper precautions taken.

====Treatment====

Exterminators will often apply a "contact kill" spray directly on bedbugs found in the apartment (such as a mixture of [[cyfluthrin]], [[pyrethrin]]s, and [[piperonyl butoxide]]), and then spray [[lambda-cyhalothrin]] on baseboards and other favorite hiding places. Lambda-cyhalothrin acts as a "slow kill" barrier which kills bedbugs after they cross it, and is usually microencapsulated, making it safe to pets and humans after it dries. Often, [[deltamethrin]] is also injected into larger crevices. The lambda-cyhalothrin and the deltamethrin are at their strongest for the first two weeks following their application, but usually retain effectiveness for up to 60 days.

Gentrol and Phantom can also be used for bed bug control. Gentrol contains the active ingredient (S)-Hydroprene, an insect growth regulator (IGR) that disrupts the normal growth development of cockroaches and stored product pests, drain flies and fruit flies, as well as bed bugs. Phantom® uses an active ingredient known as [[chlorfenapyr]]. It is non-repellent and relatively long-lasting.

Successful treatment of a bedbug infestation is often highly dependent on how thorough the pest control professional is. Although the assessment and judgment of the pest control professional should be respected, most treatments cover such areas within homes as closets, curtains, outside and inside furniture crevices (dresser and desk drawers, night tables, etc.), as well as the interior of electrical outlets and behind pictures hangings on walls. If the choice was made to retain bedding, professionals will often either treat or steam-clean bedframes and the undersurface of solid beds. Some higher-end pest control firms also offer to perform the aforementioned vacuuming.

Most infestations are not successfully handled by one treatment alone. Most require exterminators to visit multiple times. In multi-unit dwellings, such as apartment buildings, the whole building should be treated, in order to avoid a situation where bed bugs travel out of the treated unit, only to infest other apartments and/or repeatedly reinfest the original unit.

====Post-treatment====

Bedbugs can often be seen alive for up to two weeks following treatment of a dwelling, although they should not be seen in great number (e.g., only one or two). It is important to continue to monitor for bedbugs after the initial treatment.

Vacuuming should not be performed for a period of time following treatment, as some pesticides dry as a fine film, and can be prematurely removed from the environment if vacuumed, allowing infestations to survive the treatment.

Anecdotal evidence within the blogging community seems to suggest that many, and perhaps most, people who successfully deal with bedbug infestations find themselves overly paranoid about the possibility of reinfestation for varying lengths of time. These feelings of anxiety may have some relation to [[delusional parasitosis]]: "Sometimes an initial and real insect infestation precedes and triggers the delusion [...] Out of desperation the victims may move out of their home, only to report later that the ‘bugs’ have followed them there too." (''The Physician’s Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance'', J.A. Goddard, CRC Press, 1993.)

On the other hand, evidence likewise suggests that reinfestations do occur often, especially under certain circumstances. In multi-unit buildings, landlords often choose to save money by exterminating only those apartments where complaints of bed bugs have been received. Bed bugs easily travel from one apartment to the next along pipes and through holes or cracks in the wall, floor, or ceiling. So a thorough and repeated extermination of one apartment may clear the infestation for a time in that unit. Eventually, bed bugs may migrate back to their original home. Since immature bed bugs are as small as the period in a newspaper sentence, is also possible that items stored in sealed containers during the treatment period may contain bed bugs, nymphs, or eggs that were inadvertently stored. If even one bed bug survives the treatment(s), a reinfestation can occur. Likewise, an individual may have inadvertently carried a bed bug or nymph outside the home (in clothing, laptop case, purse), and these may cause infestations at work, in a car, and so on. This can lead to a recurrence at home.

==References==
* Forsyth, Adrian. ''Die Sexualität in der Natur. Vom Egoismus der Gene und ihren unfeinen Strategien.'' Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1991. ISBN 3-423-11331-6.
* Forsyth, Adrian. ''A Natural History of Sex: The Ecology and Evolution of Mating Behavior''. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books, 2001. ISBN 1-55209-481-2.
* Goddard, Jerome A. ''The Physician’s Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance'' (second edition). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8493-5160-X.
* MacQuitty, Miranda, and Lawrence Mound. ''Megabugs: The Natural History Museum Book of Insects''. New York: Random House Children's Books, 1995. ISBN 1-898304-37-8, ISBN 1-85868-045-X.
* Quammen, David. ''The Flight of the Iguana: A Sidelong View of Science and Nature''. New York: Delacorte Press, 1988. ISBN 0-385-29592-8, ISBN 0-385-26327-9, ISBN 0-684-83626-2. Provides detail about ''Xylocaris maculipennis''.
* Smithereen Pest Control (Chicago, Illinois), employees of. Personal interviews. August 2005. (Used for [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedbug&oldid=22917342 semi-rewrite].)

<references/>

==External links==
=== General information ===
* [http://manhattan.about.com/od/citylife1/a/bedbugsbites.htm/ Getting Rid of Bedbugs] - About.com
* [http://www.pestworld.org National Pest Management Association]
* [http://www.uos.harvard.edu/ehs/pes_bedbug.shtml Harvard University fact sheet on bed bugs]
* [http://hotels.about.com/od/hotelsecrets/a/bed_bugs.htm Bed Bugs Are Making a Comeback in Upscale Hotel Rooms]
* [http://studenttravel.about.com/od/healthystudentholidays/a/bedbugs.htm Hostels and Bedbugs]
* [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/bedbugs/ Biology and Management of Bed Bugs]

=== Articles ===

* [http://www.brianjford.com/06-08-bedbug-rms.pdf Illustrated paper on bed bugs under the microscope]

==== Reference articles ====
* [http://www.extension.umn.edu/yardandgarden/ygbriefs/e608maskedhunter.html Masked Hunters article]
* [http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/struct/ef636.htm University of Kentucky Entomology Department article]
* [http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol5num1/centerfold/cimex.html Dermatology Online Journal article]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no04/04-1126.htm Article on bed bug infestations in the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases]
* [http://kidshealth.org/kid/ill_injure/bugs/bedbug.html "Hey! A Bedbug Bit Me!" (KidsHealth)]
* [http://medent.usyd.edu.au/fact/bedbugs.html University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital Department of Medical Entymology article]
* [http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic600.htm eMedicine article on bedbug bites]

==== Newspaper articles ====
* ''The New York Times'', 19 September 2006: [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/19/nyregion/19bedbugs.html?ex=1290747600&en=3f15540faed107cf&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss "Another Reason the City Never Sleeps: More Bedbugs."]
* ''The New York Times'': [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/27/nyregion/27bugs.html?ex=1290747600&en=3f15540faed107cf&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss "Just Try to Sleep Tight. The Bedbugs Are Back."]
* ''The New York Times'': [http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/02/nyregion/02bedb.html?ex=1383109200&en=0c8b915eb62d9bba&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND&pagewanted=print "Sleep Tight, and Don't Let ... Oh Just Forget About It"]
* ''The New Yorker'': [http://www.newyorker.com/talk/content/articles/050404ta_talk_singer "Night Visitors"]
* Soil And Health Library: [http://www.soilandhealth.org/03sov/0302hsted/030212campbell/campbell%203-1.htm ''My Observations on Bedbugs'', by Dr. Charles A.R. Campbell]

=== Weblogs journalling people's bedbug extermination efforts ===
* [http://home.mindspring.com/~iamos//bug.html BBRUG Bedbug Control Command Center]
* [http://www.windycitymike.com/search/bedbug Musings of a Chicagoan: Bedbug Genocide]

[[Category:Hemiptera]]
[[Category:Parasites]]

[[ar:بق الفراش]]
[[bg:Паразитни дървеници]]
[[de:Bettwanze]]
[[eo:Cimo (insekto)]]
[[fr:Punaise des lits]]
[[io:Cimo]]
[[it:Cimicidae]]
[[pl:Pluskwa domowa]]
[[sk:Ploštica posteľná]]
[[su:Tumbila]]
[[fi:Lutikka]]

Talk:Modular building

2006-09-26T12:34:17Z

Tom Allen: /* Confusion about linkspam */ IMO these ELs violate our current policy.

== Linkspam ==

This article and some similar articles had many links to commercial sites. Such links, sometimes known as ''linkspam'', are not suitable for Wikipedia and will be removed. See [[WP:EL]], [[WP:NOT]], [[WP:SPAM]] and [[WP:WPSPAM]] for further explanation. --[[User:Tom Allen|Tom Allen]] 02:02, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

== Confusion about linkspam ==

Tom Allen: I think you may be confused about the definition of linkspam, these were not created by a bot, and not added by a single user as you can see by the article history. I re-added these links because these are links to the manufacturers of the subject of the article and therefore would be the best source of detailed or specialized information about the topic. This not an article about a single product or service, so it is not promotional and is not spam, the article fully complies with Wikipedia's neutral point of view policies. Thank you. --[[User:McStyles|McStyles]] 21:27, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

:When the article is about a particular company, that article should include an external link to the official site. But when the article is about a ''type of product'', the usual practice is ''not'' to include a list of links to every site manufacturing or selling that product. The only way to do that and not violate the NPOV would be to include ''every'' manufacturer's site, and that would quickly turn Wikipedia into a link repository, which it is not. The (featured) articles on [[Cheese]] and [[Shoe polish]] are good examples. Neither contains a single external link to a commercial site. The shoe polish article ''does'' contain a Wikipedia link to the article on [[Kiwi (shoe polish)]], because of the prominence of that company, and trademarks are included in some of the pictures, but there is no long list of shoe polish or cheese manufacturers, as there easily could be. I've reviewed each of the ten links in this article a second time. All of them, in my opinion, violate the [[Wikipedia:External links]] policy, specifically "Links normally to be avoided", item #4: "Links that are added to promote a site, ''that primarily exist to sell products or services, with objectionable amounts of advertising'', ''or'' that require payment to view the relevant content, colloquially known as external link spamming" (emphasis added). There is presently a lively discussion on the external links policy, but this is not one of the points under dispute. In this case, each of these ten links is to a site that "primarily exists to sell products or services"; none of them is primarily informational in nature. Is there a "modular building manufacturer's guild" or similar organization that we could link to instead? I ''do'' think that would be appropriate here. --[[User:Tom Allen|Tom Allen]] 12:34, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

User talk:Linkspamremover

2006-09-26T06:13:17Z

Tom Allen: Opinion on external links in article

<div style="padding:1px; border: solid 1px black; background-color:#F5F5CC;">
This user is '''not''' a bot, and will attempt to reply to each message either here or on your talk page (to be linked from here). Please read [[WP:EL]], [[WP:NOT]], [[WP:SPAM]] and [[WP:WPSPAM]] before complaining about having your links removed. Put new comments at the end. Thanks. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 21:46, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
</div>

__TOC__

==Barnstar==
{| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};"
|rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[Image:WikiDefender_Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Defender of the Wiki Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: top; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Good work keeping the spamvertisements off the wiki. — Mar. 29, '06 <tt class=plainlinks>'''[21:52] <[{{fullurl:user:freakofnurture}} freakofnurxture][[special:contributions/freakofnurture||]][{{fullurl:user talk:freakofnurture|action=edit&section=new}} talk]>'''</tt>
|}
:Thanks! -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 14:16, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

==Sildenafil==
I've noticed that you have caught some of today's spam at [[Sildenafil]]. Would you mind listing the offending website at the sitewide spam blacklist? I tried, but for some reason my IP address is blocked from editing that site. Thanks. --[[User:Edgar181|Ed]] ([[User talk:Edgar181|Edgar181]]) 14:58, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

==Alternative Freedom video 1==
Why are you deleting [[Special:Contributions/Linkspamremover|hundreds and hundreds of links]]? Oh nevermind, it looks like what you are doing is legit.[[User:Travb|Travb]] 08:13, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
:I am [[WP:WPSPAM|helping]] to remove [[WP:EL|external link]] [[WP:SPAM|spam]] from Wikipedia. Please check my [[Special:Contributions/Linkspamremover|edit history]] to see how many hundred spam links I have removed, and how few (if any) mistakes I have made. When I saw [[Special:Contributions/71.214.106.153|someone inserting]] the same link throughout '''lots''' of articles, linking to a store selling a video, I assumed it was link spam. Actually I'm still not convinced otherwise, but if you think I made a mistake with these '''six''' edits, that's fine. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 08:46, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
::I was wrong, you were right, you can revert my edits.[[User:Travb|Travb]] 06:28, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

==Alternative Freedom video 2==
Why is my relevant information being deleted? --[[User:AltFree]]
:Replied at [[User talk:AltFree]]

==Watchlist==
Keep up the good work. You might want to consider adding repeat offenders that ignore warnings to my [[User:GraemeL/Watchlist|linkspam watchlist]] --[[User:GraemeL|GraemeL]] [[User_talk:GraemeL|(talk)]] 15:46, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

==Sari==
Why are you deleting my link Linkspamremover? You've messaged me that I should add content instead of linking to my personal page. My personal page isn't even a commerical website, unlike some of the other links on this page like Kaneesha.com or massala.com or sareeonline.com. How come you let those be, and delete mine? —This [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:72.79.90.253|72.79.90.253]] ([[User talk:72.79.90.253|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/72.79.90.253|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
:Replied at [[User talk:72.79.90.253]]

==Overriding Your Bot==
I was crosschecking links for the ''Grantville Gazette'' [[eMagazines]] which are later released both as cannonical [[ebooks]] and later published works in the SF [[1632 series ]], when I noted your Bot is constantly making the same edit in the [[ebook]] article. I'm rearranging the commonly pasted spam line, as the reference is certainly correctly placed in this article under the eBook Devices heading... which is where your Bot is killing the reference. I'd keep it on patrol however, as the spam form is certainly marketing POV hype.
:Best Regards [[User:Fabartus|Fra]][[User talk:Fabartus|nkB]] 20:13, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

On your last (Answer seeking clarification), I'm in the middle of a full article section add on the subject article [[ebooks]] (1st preview since your post). I infact, haven't picked up the sony related marketing phrase I was going to add, so since you aren't a Bot, I'll just leave you with the advice intended: what I saw deleted in the history, looks to be something that should be kept under devices, albeit massaged so that it is not marketing hype.
*Unless, of course, in my humble ignorance of devices it has already been so disposed of. I would have cross checked before finishing the main business at hand.
*Give me a few more minutes to finish up (I'm slowish), and if you accept email, I'll alert you both ways that I'm clear. Then you can vet my edit and perhaps give me some advice on related matters. I prefer the email for these little notifications as I get an audible beep which doesn't require backing up to the last preview or 'Yet another' Wiki browser window to service (At the moment, I sit with 15 such on my taskbar, so not opening another helps keep them straight, for which, I need all the help I can get!)
*Apparently you aren't accepting email. I've duly registered mine, and it's listed on my talk top.
*Thanks, Best Regards [[User:Fabartus|Fra]][[User talk:Fabartus|nkB]] 21:27, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
Okay, I'm out. Had some trouble locating links. If you're an admin, please speedy move [[eMagazines]] to [[eMagazine]] (singular), which will tidy up three of the redlinks. I'll section edit to clear the rest once I get a few other windows closed.
:What do you think - I thought the Baen approach noteworthy, but didn't think it belongs higher as it contrasts this way with the preceding discussions of the termoils, whereas this way, it doesn't directly collide with them. There are rumbles that Baen's footsteps are being followed by some of the rest of that genre's publishers. So, this is perhaps the new standard as well. Time will tell! <G>
TTFN [[User:Fabartus|Fra]][[User talk:Fabartus|nkB]] 22:51, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
**I see I'm not the only one confused as to whether you are a Bot! Doing something on the user page seems a good thought. I'm taking the day off from the computer and wiki, so I'll look at your last in detail tomarow some time. I just printed the guideline you referenced. I'm a little off my normal patrol in my current WikiAtivity (Center of Focus), but that's as it was most neglected. I need to get a thankyou (why I'm here at all) email off, and go back to my rest. ttfn I'll get back on the rest after me rest! [[User:Fabartus|Fra]][[User talk:Fabartus|nkB]] 00:46, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Good Day - The below looks like you've been busy. After checking through your second post, I agree, see what the edit consensus says. Regarding this: ''and I have had a chance to read the article and understand the context of this publisher you seem keen to mention (and I'm sure you'll say they're very important - and I'm sure they are).'', I think characterizing them as '''very important''' would be a bit histronic and more than a smidge unprofessional. I deem them an interesting (and perhaps eventually historic) counter-point (contrast) to much of the article which deals with the measures publishers and manufacturers are trying to protect their intellectual copyrights. Whereas this publisher has found gold in the opposite approach —it increases sales, not looses them to piracy—when the early works are offered free. I can steer you to some webpages making this assertion.
**Sorry I misread your involvement level in the article. At a glance, you seemed to be editing it often, so the courtesy of the notification opening this. I think I'll cut the threads onto the talk, as that seems to be a good way to have others think on the contrast in 'automatic mode'.
Cheers! [[User:Fabartus|Fra]][[User talk:Fabartus|nkB]] 17:46, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

:Replies at [[User talk:Fabartus]]

==Link Remover (video trailers)==
Also confused about the removal of links that point to extremely relevant content pages. I noticed that other listed links point to similar pages that don't feature as informative content.

I also noticed that some sites have links on tons of Wiki pages. What contract must they have to do that?

casbboy

*In the case of X-Men 3, you have a link to a site that only has a link to the trailer. I linked to a page that features every update, news report, headline, trailer, clip and whatever other media revolving around the film. [[User:Casbboy|Casbboy]] 03:06, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
:Replied at [[User talk:Casbboy]]

==Deleting My Link (removing spyware)==
I have been placing relevant links back to my website and you have been deleting them. They have been relevant to the topic and are not commercial. We do have simple advertisements, but we are not bombarding our visitors with ads. We are also providing a service that is quite useful. We are trying to grow the site and have plenty of upgrades in content planned in the near future. —This [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Ricardo1064|Ricardo1064]] ([[User talk:Ricardo1064|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ricardo1064|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
:This ↑ appears to have been your first ever edit. More information might help. Also, come back after you have read [[WP:EL]] and [[WP:SPAM]]. Links added to your own website, or for your own promotional benefit, or links added to sites whose main purpose is to promote a service, will not usually be entertained. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 18:08, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
I have been linking to content that is relevant on every single topic. If the information were not pertinent I would not be wasting my time. I understand the poicly on commercial websites, but this is a link back to an informational website.
In the [[WP:EL]] in the "What should be linked to" section rules 5 and 6 apply to what I am trying to put on the page. —This [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Ricardo1064|Ricardo1064]] ([[User talk:Ricardo1064|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ricardo1064|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
:You still haven't mentioned which links you are talking about. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 00:12, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
The link to www.removingspywareforfree.com in the spyware section. The website is well organized in tutorials and we are digigently working on making more additions in tutorials.—This [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Ricardo1064|Ricardo1064]] ([[User talk:Ricardo1064|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ricardo1064|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
:So you are [[Special:Contributions/69.142.173.18|this user]]. Your link, and rather short tutorials, all seem to lead pointedly to the '''sale''' of the products being referred to, and I reached the conclusion (and appear not to be the only editor with this view, and you appear to have confirmed this above) that you are inserting these links for your own benefit and not the benefit of Wikipedia, or Wikipedians, or the readers. Wikipedia is not a repository for links, and we would prefer you add content instead of linking to your own site. WRT the [[WP:EL|guidelines for external links]], your link seems to fail on ''links to normally avoid'' numbers 2, 3, 4, and 5. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 07:26, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
Please don't insult my intelligence as I have been polite. My tutorials cover every aspect of each product, when users are stumped they are encouraged to post in the forum so we can help provide them with solutions to their problem. Nowhere in the website does it say "BUY THIS AND WE'LL HELP YOU". I am benefitting anyone who uses wikipedia to solve their online security issues. I am pointing directly to tutorials for the most known programs in solving online security. I am not saying BUY THIS, I am saying this is how you can use this to prevent spyware, adware, viruses, and trojans. While I do have a small percentage of advertisements, compared to what can be on there, it does cost money to run websites, even wiki has a price. Since I am nowhere near recovering any of that yet, or any of the money that would equate to the time that was spent creating the site.
I don't see where you can say I am a "commercial" website when I'm trying to recover costs. Not make millions. While it may look amatuer to many, it's come along way and there are more plans to grow it in the near future with more and more content about online security. Everyone has to start somewhere.—This [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Ricardo1064|Ricardo1064]] ([[User talk:Ricardo1064|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ricardo1064|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
:I am neither insulting you, nor calling you amateur or commercial. I am saying your external link falls within the criteria for ''links to normally avoid'', and it is not appropriate for this encyclopaedia. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 21:46, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

I can't change opinions, thanks. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Ricardo1064|Ricardo1064]] ([[User talk:Ricardo1064|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ricardo1064|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.

==Bot Questions==
Hi, I have a question. Is this a bot which is running, a role account, or simply just a Wikipedian using a username dedicated to performing one task? As this account seems to be performing just one kind of action, could you put some information on the [[User:Linkspamremover|user page]] detailing what you are doing? Thanks, [[User:Talrias|Talrias]] ([[User_talk:Talrias|t]] | [[Special:Emailuser/Talrias|e]] | [[Special:Contributions/Talrias|c]]) 22:04, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
:Hi, I've blocked this account for 3 hours pending some information from the account owner. I suspect this is a bot, and it's not one which has been given permission to run on [[Wikipedia:Bots]]. Could we get some more information here? [[User:Talrias|Talrias]] ([[User_talk:Talrias|t]] | [[Special:Emailuser/Talrias|e]] | [[Special:Contributions/Talrias|c]]) 01:58, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
::Hi, I'm a Wikipedian who really makes each edit with a mixture of pleasure and pain. Information on the userpage is being prepared (Can you think of something better than ''I am not a bot, stop spamming Wikipedia''?) -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 02:06, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
::While we're waiting, would you be so kind as to remove the spam being put in the [[Credit card]] article. Thanks. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 02:31, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
:::Apologies for the misunderstanding. We will get things sorted out shortly. - ''Best regards'', [[User:Mailer diablo|Mailer Diablo]] 02:35, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
::: Hi Linkspamremover, thanks for explaining. I'm sorry for having to block you and I hope you will carry on your good work in future! Thanks, [[User:Talrias|Talrias]] ([[User_talk:Talrias|t]] | [[Special:Emailuser/Talrias|e]] | [[Special:Contributions/Talrias|c]]) 10:24, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

==Certificate of Deposit==
I don't know where to best get guidance on this and I've noticed that some commercial links have been removed by this user. My problem is sites like bankrate.com and bankcd.com get a "free ride" because they don't charge for their services. However, they are not non-profit. They make a lot of money from the advertisements on their pages. Our company has chosen to be ad-free, but we still have to make $. If you look at the page for "Certificate of Deposit" and the external links you will see what I am talking about. None of the pages in the section are non-profit. [[User:cdducan|cdduncan]] 3 April 2006 (UTC)
:Hi. Since this ↑ is also apparently your first edit, <s>I assume you are [[Special:Contributions/Tosoft|this user]] and [[Special:Contributions/71.36.111.124|this user]] as well (I don't understand - you've chosen to be ad-free but your site has Google Ads at the top?)</s>. I agree there are too many external links in the [[Certificate of deposit]] article, and I intend to (and have asked other editors to) return to it at some point to clean it out. Frankly right now we do not need any more external links in any of the articles <s>you are putting your link into</s>. You will find plenty of relevant information at [[WP:NOT]], [[WP:EL]], [[WP:SPAM]], and [[WP:WPSPAM]]. In particular there is a general consensus in Wikipedia that you should not put in links to your own pages. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 16:53, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

==Follow-up to Questions on Certificate of Deposit==
The user you assumed me to be is not me. Since I am new I don't know how to get my signature at the bottom of these posts. My user id is cdduncan and I have just recently created an account. What ever website you looked at is not ours. And to avoid being deemed as spam I will not post it here either. I have never posted a link to our website because I knew it wouldn't be viewed as acceptable. It is a very competitive market. I do believe if one commercial website gets a link than others should too. An ad cluttered site is as commercial as no ads.
:I retract the relevant comments, and hope I didn't offend you. You will see from the ''Deleting my link'' discussion above what sometimes happens. You can sign your messages by using four [[tilde]]s like: <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. You were commenting that there are links to commercial sites. First you will notice that the external links at the [[Certificate of deposit]] article have been mostly cleaned out. Apart from government sites I think there is one there to provide current rates, which are normally only available from ''profit'' sites and are difficult to keep updating in an encyclopaedia. Unfortunately people will continue to place commercial links there, even when there are free, or less commercial, alternatives, and they are constantly being removed. If you know of any better resources you might wish to mention them either on the article's talk page, or even in an edit summary. However it is important to recognise that Wikipedia should be filled with content and not links. Unfortunately there has to be a balance struck, and most entities in this world are commercial to some extent. It's discussed in the links I provided earlier, particularly in [[WP:EL]] and its talk page. I do not share your view that if one commercial website is listed that all others should be. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 21:46, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

==Bug report==
Hi. I just noticed a mistake in this removal: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crete&curid=6591&diff=46737114&oldid=46736966]. Maybe it's because of the ampersand? Thanks. - [[User:Paolo Liberatore|Liberatore]]([[User talk:Paolo Liberatore|T]]) 16:27, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
:OK thanks (I am not a bot). The edit was intentional, in part because it served to highlight the spamming tactic and persistence of the previous editor (the ITO code - see [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crete&diff=prev&oldid=46736966 this edit]), and partly because the resource being pointed to (a video) initially looked like it could be useful to the article. Other editors have since reviewed the resource and consider it spammy, and I have no complaints there, and will remove any similar links I see. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 16:42, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

== Ecotourism article ==

Linkspamremover, would you consider restoring this ''ecotourism.gordonsguide.com'' rv'd link to the [[Ecotourism]] article? According to [[Wikipedia:External links|this article]] it is acceptable to have a link to web directories, which is what the link is.--[[User:Ggman|Ggman]] 18:16, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

:Hi. Excuse the delay - I have been busy. You are not quoting the full guidelines - "''...a link to one web directory listing can be added, with preference to open directories''". I removed the link because it appears to offer little more than a directory of locations and - '''sales brochures'''. It therefore appears to fail the [[WP:EL]] guidelines instantly as a site promoting a (commercial?) service (#4). But also there is at least one directory listed there already. Which unique resource does the link add that would not fit into this encyclopaedia? Granted, there are some nice pictures, but probably nothing that isn't already in Wikipedia or the [[Creative Commons|Commons]]. Further, the article appears to be approaching the [[Wikipedia:Spam Event Horizon|Spam Event Horizon]] and the links will probably be cleaned out soon anyway. Wikipedia is not a repository for links. You are encouraged to add content instead of links. Thanks. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 18:50, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

:Additionally I get the impression that the site is your own, and that is definitely a non-starter. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 18:56, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

::Thanks for the reply. The site is actually just a directory of ecotourism companies and does not book, sell or otherwise arrange or benefit from transactions made by the ecotourism companies and the visitor. '''Sales brochures''' are requested from the ecotourism company themselves. I'm not aware of another directory in this article. The site offers a directory of actual companies around the world that offer ecotours, it is a great example of real global ecotourism. I do work for the company that runs that site, but it is not mine. I just thought it was fitting for this article. (By the way, the pictures are unique and copyright protected)
::Again, thanks for the response.--[[User:Ggman|Ggman]] 21:36, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

== Correcting my mistake (survey affiliate 1) ==

All right. I made a mistake which I am now correcting. I unwittingly linked my homepage to this article because I forgot to type /2.html after the web address. I am now adding the full address. Hope this works. If not, please tell me. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Shiahs|Shiahs]] ([[User talk:Shiahs|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shiahs|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
:See comment below -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]]
== What happened? (survey affiliate 2)==

Hello, linkspamremover,

Why are you removing my links. They link to content based pages very relevant to the topic of discussion. Then what gives? Am I not allowed to link pages which have discussions on the very topic to which they are linked. I am very confused by your actions. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Shiahs|Shiahs]] ([[User talk:Shiahs|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shiahs|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
:Please do not add links to your own site. Please read [[WP:EL]] to understand why your links are being removed. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 11:27, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Dear sir,
Am I not allowed to add a link even if it leads to a very relevant article? The paid survey link that you removed is not only very relevant it also raises concern about and describes scams, something that can be really relevant to the topic. The freelance work link again was to a very simple FAQ style article which would surely have helped anyone wanting to start working as a freelancer. So why is relevance of no importance? Just for my knowledge, if the same links were posted by someone else would they still be removed? —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Shiahs|Shiahs]] ([[User talk:Shiahs|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shiahs|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
:Very probably, yes. Your site contains little or no content which could not be put into this encyclopaedia, and also contains an objectionable amount of advertising. It seems clear to me from all the referrer links everywhere that this link is being placed into this encyclopaedia to promote the website, and as such will be considered spam. Please contribute ''content'' instead of links. Thanks. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 15:30, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

::The site also contains affiliate links to survey companies. I've removed it yet again. --[[User:GraemeL|GraemeL]] [[User_talk:GraemeL|(talk)]] 15:35, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

==Please review my link again (Baby showers)==

Hello,

You have been removing my link on the 'pre-birth party' page recently, but the link points to a site which contain much useful and relevant contents related to the topic. Care to explain why? —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Rqacc2|Rqacc2]] ([[User talk:Rqacc2|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rqacc2|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
:Your site (baby-shower-theme dot net) which is being put into multiiple pages appears to be a commercial operation with products for sale and an objectionable amount of advertising. Additionally you, and other accounts trying to place this link, have been putting other spammy links into other pages. Why not add content instead of links. Thanks. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 09:04, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

You are mistaken. there are no products for sale on my site, only an ebook which I give to donators of the site. Please look over it more carefully and don't just tell me it APPEARS to be commercial.

After reading through you talk page, I have this to say about advertising, you know that almost all sites out there uses some form of contextual advertising nowadays, it's just one of the avenues that serious webmasters rely on to continue to provide great contents to their visitors.

Does it mean that every site like mine that has minimal and simple ads on them are spammy and objectionable to you? Spam sites do exist and will continue to plague Wikipedia but there is a great difference between a genuine site with ads and a spam site with ads.

If you are simply going to delete sites with advertising, regardless of the true contents they provide, you are NOT helping Wikipedia to grow, rather you are only limiting Wikipedia users access to more useful information available elsewhere.

Also I did not place any spammy links into other pages, the reason why I place the links on the articles 'Birth Weight', 'Baby Care' & 'Infant' is simply because my site do provide relevant information to them which, I unfortunately cannot add in whole or in parts to Wikipedia due to original content rights.

As taken from WP:EL:

"Sites that contain neutral and accurate material not already in the article. Ideally this content should be integrated into the Wikipedia article, then the link would remain as a reference, but in some cases this is not possible for copyright reasons or because the site has a level of detail which is inappropriate for the Wikipedia article."

So, please use more common sense with your reviews. To me, you're just deleting sites which YOU believe are spammy, even if they are indeed useful to the Wikipedia community.
—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Rqacc2|Rqacc2]] ([[User talk:Rqacc2|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rqacc2|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.

:All of your edits have either been adding external links, or complaining when those links are removed. Please contribute to the encyclopedia instead of trying to use it to advertise external sites. --[[User:GraemeL|GraemeL]] [[User_talk:GraemeL|(talk)]] 16:34, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

I'm not advertising and neither am I complaining about links removal. I just feel that your practise of removing sites needs to be corrected by other users as well. I cannot contribute directly due to above mentioned reason, but is there a rule that says users cannot add useful links just because they did not contribute?

—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Rqacc2|Rqacc2]] ([[User talk:Rqacc2|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rqacc2|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.

Have received your message, I don't see why you must consider a genuine site to be spam without a proper reply... I guess it's just a waste of time reasoning with some extremely overprotective fanboys like you.

—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Rqacc2|Rqacc2]] ([[User talk:Rqacc2|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rqacc2|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.

== Anahata Yoga ==

You incorrectly removed the link to the Anahata Yoga home page in the article [[Anahata Yoga]]. Anahata Yoga is an original method of yoga with a school accredited by the Yoga Alliance. More than 100 teachers across the US and the world now teach this method. It is reasonable to link to the Anahata Yoga site. It is not link spam to do so.

FROM WP:EL

"'''''What should be linked to'''''

''1. Articles about any organization, person, or other entity should link to their official site, if they have one."''

If you feel the article itself is spam, please nominate it as a candidate for deletion. Either the article is legit, and also its external link, or both the link and the article or spam.

FROM WP:WPSPAM

'''How to identify spam and spammers'''

#User is anonymous (an IP address)
#:no
#User:page and/or User_talk:page are red links
#:no
#No edit summary (other than, perhaps /* External links */)
#:no
#User has made only one edit, which consisted of inserting a link
#:no
#User has made multiple edits to related articles
#:yes, but not simply to ad links
#The majority of user's edits are to external links sections
#:no
#The link is a site that has Google/Yahoo ads (AdSense/SM). Typically the link will contain no more information that in the Wikipedia article itself
#:no
#Edits are marked "minor"
#:not unless they are minor
#Link is trying to sell a product or service.
#:no
#User adds links to the top of a section, above far more relevant sites
#:no
#User replaces an existing link or part of an existing link.
#:no
#The syntax of the added link does not match the syntax used in the rest of the list
#:no
#User adds links to inappropriate sections of articles ("References", "See also", "For more information")
#:no
#User adds links that have been previously removed, without discussing on the talk page.
#:no
#Following a link takes you to a site that does not mention the specific topic of the page containing the link.
#:no
#Link is unrelated, or only marginally related to the article. For example, link on a biography to a specific page on a genealogy site describing the person's genealogy, but not the person.
#:no
#User adds links to other Wikipedia articles where he/she has already placed spam links.
#:no
#User includes within the link description, "hosted on example.com" with a separate link to example.com.
#:no
#Link is mangled. The spammer may be new to Wikipedia and not be familiar with Wikipedia syntax for external links.
#:no
#Text of the link goes beyond describing the contents to actively encouraging you to read it. For example, including text such as, "Read more about [subject] in [this fascinating article]"
#:no

I am rv'ing the link.

--[[User:Nemonoman|Nemonoman]] 06:08, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

:Yes, you appear to be correct. The link provided no indication of the significance to the ''school'', and didn't appear to be to offer much apart from, I quote the menu: "history, schedule, teacher training, workshops, retreats, store, and contact". It would fail [[WP:EL]] if it wasn't the 'official' link. Considering the significance of the link, you are right to put it back. Perhaps you could provide a suitable description for it. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 08:20, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

::This user messed up horizontal scrolling. I changed to a list. — [[User:IanManka|Ian Manka]] [[User talk:IanManka|Talk to me‼]] 23:51, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

== Link Removed (tobacco outlet)==

Was removed link at [[Cigarettes]] - Cigarettes News, Forum and Information.
Why? It is real site with Cigarettes/Tobacco News, RSS, Forum.
Or only sites that fight against tobacco can be linked?
Link to site was for a 2 month and every think was, ok.
Is it freedom, or not? —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Delta35|Delta35]] ([[User talk:Delta35|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Delta35|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
:It appears to be a commercial retail enterprise. See [[WP:EL]]. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 10:34, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

== Please review my links (artnet.com) ==

Thank you for your message.

Artnet has an enormous amount of fine art content; content that in general can not be directly added to the Content section of Wikipedia articles. Visitors to Wikipedia's artist articles can visit artnet to view artist images, including artworks currently for sale and historical records of artworks sold in auctions. Visitors can also see galleries that represent the artist or artist estate, current and past exhibitions, and extensive biographies. We're an important research tool, used by the art world in the US and abroad.

I notice that you allow Artcyclopedia.com and Artfacts.net to post links on Wikipedia. Their format is similar to ours, however we have more content and images. I also saw that the commercial gallery Gagosian had a link posted on the Frank Stella page as well. Is there a reason why they are allowed to post?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Stella

Can you tell me the best way to make our material available to your users doing artist research?

Thank you, Sarah
--[[User:Scarah2|Scarah2]] 22:27, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
:Hello. Having reviewed your link it does appear to have some relevant additional content, and the subscription is not as prominently commercial as it appeared to me to be at first sight. Please try not to place it into every art-related article. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 14:16, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

==Mysql and Oracle external links==
A couple days ago, I was reviewing the article for [[MySQL]] and noticed an external links section. There were software products listed galore but no section for service providers that could actually make this software go for you. As I am the president of a company providing just such a service, I thought it would add value and content to the article to let the reader know that an objection to adopting this software (that you could not manage and maintain it) could be tackled in this manner.

I understand that this is not an advertising medium. I'm disappointed because the policy is not applied evenly (software products are OK, services are not?) and it strikes me that this process and policy is more of a destructive force than a constructive one.

Yours truly,
Paul
—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Paulvallee|Paulvallee]] ([[User talk:Paulvallee|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Paulvallee|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.

Hello Linkspamremover,
I am still acutely interested in your comments. I've seen you do the right thing for garage door openers and removing or replacing commercial links. I've been back here every day waiting for your feedback on why commercial software facilitating keeping mysql running is acceptable, however service providers specializing in production engineering for mysql are not. I'm OK with all of these being deleted but I'm not OK with mine only being deleted arbitrarily, and frankly although I'm OK with them all being deleted, I still think the article's value will not be improved by such an action. I am still of the opinion that a major objection to adopting mysql requires addressing. I've learned how to sign my comments and I'm trying to play by the rules, I've not added any links back or anything, and I've noticed you removed my links (and no-one else's!) on the two other pages too; all were directly related and relevant and can not possible qualify as link spam. Please, let's come up with something sane on this subject.

Thanks,

Paul [[User:Paulvallee|Paulvallee]] 13:57, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

:Hi Paul. Excuse the delay as I was yet again diverted. It's my understanding (correct me if I'm wrong) that the software listed at [[MySQL]] is all open source, and/or free. Actually, I see one commercial software link there, which I will remove forthwith. Only one? You can remove it yourself you know. I think you understand that an encyclopaedia is not the right place to list service and support companies. Am I right? If you want to address/mention the "major objections to MySQL adoption", I'm sure you can go right ahead and edit the article, but a link to a service provider would have to contain some very relevant and unique material that could not be put in the article. You mentioned two other pages? -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 16:40, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Hi. One of my points was that removing all of those links will not improve the article's value to the community. Could you address that? On another note, re the free/open-source point you make, perhaps I am missing something? Do open-source packages get a bye on the linking policy all? I read it carefully and it's not mentioned as an exemption.

Thanks, Paul [[User:Paulvallee|Paulvallee]] 18:53, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

:Hello again Paul. I believe the point about commercial links is adequately covered in [[WP:EL]]. There are two key words I'll offer in reply which I don't know if I can really add to - '''free encyclopaedia'''. If you wish to discuss this concept further I suggest you post something to the talk pages at [[WP:EL]], [[WP:SPAM]], or [[WP:WPSPAM]]. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 14:16, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

==VoIP AdSense howto==
what link i may add to this page? thanks —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:82.208.200.13|82.208.200.13]] ([[User talk:82.208.200.13|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/82.208.200.13|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
:You should consult [[WP:EL]] which has guidelines about external links. You should not add a site for the purpose of making money with AdSense, and if there is relevant content on your website then you should add it to the encyclopaedia instead. Thanks. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 15:58, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

==Garage door openers==
hello,

i have a concern, if I am the number one site for information on [[garage door opener]] and my competitor has links on the same page that I am try to supply links to for user infor on buying a garage door opener, what kind of title should i use? how about.. "Confused about garage door openers?" then the link to our site? We offer FREE tech help and online support. Yet aaaremotes.com has 2 links on the page that seem to qualify..

thanks in advance,

Kylae Jordan
—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Mrthinker|Mrthinker]] ([[User talk:Mrthinker|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mrthinker|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.

:Replied at [[User talk:Mrthinker]]

== Cookbookwiki Links ==

Hello,

Once apon a time the wikipedia community approved of Cookbookwiki links on each Cuisine page that cookbookwiki expanded on. Then yesterday, when Cookbookwiki updated their links to keep them accurate due to structure changes at cookbookwiki (part of our agreement with the article writers and admins was to keep them updated or they would get removed) someone comes by and classifies them as spam and removes them! Alot of these links where added by the original authors, some where new updates.

Ironic. Anyways. Plese let me know what I need to do to straiten this out and get these resource links back.

Our site is 100% commercial free and in the same spirit as wikipedia and wikibooks. What is the difference? The fact that we updated them?

LOL.

Let me know your opinion on this matter so we can work this out.

Robert Eaton
[[User:Wikimanager|Wikimanager]] 15:51, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

:Did you read [[WP:SPAM]]? Such are the problems when a) placing promotional links off-site to many (70+) related articles b) using an [[Special:Contributions/70.232.48.175|IP address]] then a (rather curiously named) [[Special:Contributions/Vampiric.Media|user account]] who have no other edits than to add these links and c) not using edit summaries. I previously searched for this previous consensus you mention, and can basically point to 8 or 9 occasions of you promoting your site on users' talk pages [http://www.google.com/search?q=(Cookbookwiki+OR+%22Cookbook+wiki%22)+inurl:en.wikipedia.org+(inurl:User_talk+OR+inurl:Wikipedia_talk+OR+inurl:Wikimedia_Talk)&filter=0] asking for help ("'''Your help is needed''' ... I have a cooking wiki already established that is in need of a few good contributors. I would be interested in giving Admin rights to a few good contributors..."), without much reaction at all - maybe a slight negative reaction in the case of you promoting your site with [[Special:Contributions/82.208.167.247|numerous links]] into country articles. What am I missing? I offer no solution other than the link to Wikibooks previously offered on your talk pages (and already sufficiently contained in many of the edited articles). You may wish to attempt to redress the current consensus at [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Spam|WP:SPAM]]. hth. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 16:55, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Ok, I see your point. But we already had this discussion last summer. Not sure where it was located, but according to previous talks, we were allowed to maintain these links as long as they are posted in "External Links" under the cuisine page. The discussion earlier was wiether we actually contributed value or not to these sections and it was decided our links were appropriate. We just wanted them to be accurate and not dead ends when we switched our structure around. I apoligize for any inconvience this may have caused you personally as a link patroller. I understand... I have the same duties. As for restoring links, I am not too worried about this, I just would like to be honest and open. We are not spammers that hit and run. We are just trying to keep the data accurate and up to date for these cuisines. Why leave any external links at all? If this is the policy. These pages are valuable to your data structure. Or at least it use to be. But now we are being punished because we updated all our links?

And we are just trying to recruit some help, not promote a free site when it comes to the user talk pages. In fact. You are also welcome to stop by and help admin if you wish! I could sure use your help and dedication to wiki!

[[User:Wikimanager|Wikimanager]] 17:51, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

:[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Linkspamremover&curid=4230174&diff=49157115&oldid=49156899 Let's just note that edit for posterity] -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 18:07, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

LOL.. no problem... anyways... on to better things!
Catch ya later! Did you catch the noob remark earlier as well! LOL.
You sure take your job seriously. Must be a real job! How much are
they paying you to police?
[[User:Wikimanager|Wikimanager]] 19:46, 19 April 2006 (UTC) and AKA the IP
address noted above. Whichever you wish to remember me by!

== WikiProject:Spam Opinions and Facts wanted ==
Hello '''Linkspamremover''' (fitting name lol)!

I know the '''following text is long''' (no kiddin'), but I thought I'd rather present the details upfront than having you guessing them. There is '''no "Due Date"''' which means, that there is '''no need to rush''' and the need of dropping the things you are currently doing :). I'd rather have you '''take your time with it''' when you have it and are also in the mood for it, than '''rushing over it''' without giving it much thought and '''dumping it''' on the '''done''' pile.

'''Introduction and Summary'''

I am looking for Wikipedians that are interested in and knowledgeable about the Issue of Link Spam at Wikipedia to express their opinion about some of my recommendations to reduce it based on my research and experiences with it due to my professional background. After checking your personal and some other Talk Pages (not to mention your nick name) I came to believe, that you one of them, that fits the "profile" perfectly :). I don't think we had the pleasure yet, but I have the feeling that we will bump into each other a bit more in the future to tackle and overcome some mutual issues.

Here is the original [[User_talk:Cumbrowski#What_the_F.2A.2Ak_is_REL.3D.22NO_FOLLOW.22_.3F.3F.3F|'''Article''' at my User Talk Page]]. You will also find all posts from "WikiProject:Spam Talk Page" until know there (I copied it). It is probably the best place to start.

Please have a look at the following Paragraph at WikiProject:Spam Talk Page for comments made after I wrote THIS message to you:

[[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Spam#How_to_save_hundreds_or_thousands_of_hours_by_spending_just_a_few|'''How to save hundreds or thousands of hours by spending just a few''']]

'''My Opinion and my Request to you'''

It seems to be an "old" and "done" subject, Even a vote about 15 months ago was conducted about it. All what I found out and collected about it makes it seem like an open issue rather than a thing that was settled for good. Too few facts were presented and not much (if any) quantifiable/measurable information were provided.

I would like you do go over the stuff I collected and consolidated so far and provide your point of view regarding this. If you have already done so in the past, simply reference to it that I can check it out.

I am also looking for some statistical information to be able to assess the real extent of the problem (and not just the felt one) as well as it's development over an extended period of time. If you have already anything like this or know how to get it, let me know. If you don't, but can point me into directions and/or people that can, let me know as well.

'''Tech-Stuff'''

It's really appreciated. You can get technical with me, I have the necessary background for it. You can check that on my User Page. I come the Microsoft/IIS/SQL Server/VB/.NET Environment, but I have some general understanding of the technology and ideas behind it which are mostly platform independent. I do know basic PHP and also installed recently the latest MediaWiki Version 1.5.8 and MySQL Server for Windows Version 5.0.19 on a Windows 2003 Server with IIS6 and PHP5 Extension. I can use this installation for some Tests or Script Development which den might be used at the Live Wikipedia. Probably Scripts for Data Collection and Assessment only. I do not intend to develop anything to make changes to processes and features of Wikipedia.org. If it happens that something that could be used in the future comes out of it, fine. I do not intend to write anything for myself, whatever comes out of it will be Public Domain (Open Source without any restriction for it's use at all).

'''My Intensions and Goals'''

I wrote similar Invitations on Talk Pages of other Wikipedia I came across, but this one is the most detailed version of it in regards to explaining my intentions and purpose of the whole thing in great length and depth. I would appreciate, if you would invite other interested Wikipedians that are authorities in this area to give their input as well. I would like to keep the ones, that only know little details and have only general/common knowledge about this kind of stuff out of the discussion for now to prevent it from getting dispersed right at the beginning and turned into a rhetoric discussion. Nothing will come out of it, if only one "belief" group argues against another, based on speculations and feeling rather than facts and solid numbers. An open for all discussion will have to happen at some point in time, but it should be later, when enough data and information are available to have some solid ground for a general discussion for everybody that gets at least a chance to end in actions that will benefit everybody at Wikipedia and its many users in the long run.

Sincerely --[[User:Cumbrowski|'''roy''']]<sac> [[User talk:Cumbrowski|Talk!]] .oOo. 05:32, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

: Hi Cumbrowski. I'm interested in this discussion, and hope to chip in something soon. In the meantime, let me know if you want any specific feedback. I tend to see a lot of spam. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 14:16, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

== Another barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};"
|rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[Image:Barnstar_of_Reversion2.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; height: 1.1em;" | '''The RickK Anti-Vandalism Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: top; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for your great work in removing spam. It's akin to vandalism in my eyes. [[User:Bryanlyon|Nikkelitous]] 13:32, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
|}
:Thanks! -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 14:16, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

== Thanks ==

Thanks for helping make those changes to GraemeL's watchlist. Here's an invitation for you (I'm surprised you're not on the members list already):
{{WPSPAM-invite-n|Linkspamremover}}[[User:Iamthejabberwock|TheJabberwock]] 15:53, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
:I'll be right along. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 14:16, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

==Sign your posts? ==

Just a suggestion: [[WP:SIG|sign your posts]], perhaps? — [[User:IanManka|Ian Manka]] [[User talk:IanManka|Talk to me‼]] 23:40, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
:Thank you (I am not a bot). Missing the sig on 1 out of 350 user talk pages isn't too bad really. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 23:57, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
::lol... I misread the banner at the top of your page saying that you were not a bot. Gosh, I ''am'' dumb. :P Great job anyways, though. — [[User:IanManka|Ian Manka]] [[User talk:IanManka|Talk to me‼]] 01:02, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

== Aerostat ==

I noticed that you removed a recently added link
to a commercial site in the [[Aerostat]]. I edit
several pages on lighter-than-air aircraft and have
made a habit of including external links to manufacturers
and such because I think they are a good source of
further information and there are so few companies
that one can reasonably include a list of all companies
in a particular business. My sense is that this doesn't
consitute wikispamming, but I'm willing to be educated.

As it happens, both of the
other external links in [[Aerostat]] go to commercial
sites as well. Consistent treatment seems only fair.
My inclination is to replace the removed link.
That said, I'd also be inclined to remove the internal
link to [[Top I Vision- Video Surveillance Aerostat System]]
which does indeed look like wikispam. Regards, [[User:Blimpguy|Blimpguy]] 11:53, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
:Hi. The link was inserted by [[Special:Contributions/203.122.54.198|this editor]], and it had all the hallmarks of spam to me. I looked through this and the other links I removed, and they appeared to link only to the company, and not to any relevant information which extended this encyclopaedia. I am sure some of these companies probably have some useful information somewhere on their websites, but the corporate external links should really belong in the articles ''about'' these companies rather than the more general articles about the services being offered by the companies - internal rather than external links. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 12:10, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

==LASIK, Eye tracking==
Would you mind taking a look at the "External links" section of [[LASIK]] and [[Eye tracking]]? I'm prepared to get rid of nearly all of the links, but I thought you might offer a good second opinion. -[[User:AED|AED]] 06:00, 27 April 2006 (UTC)edited 21:00, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
:Hi. I have been watching the recent edits at [[LASIK]], since I removed some blatant spam from the article. I have no doubt it is a spam magnet, but from an initial glance I cannot currently see any links that I would think of as spam. The material linked to seems on topic, and not overly commercial (per [[WP:EL]]). Saying that, I am not sure how many of the links are necessary - so I will take another closer look in due course. I understand there is one particular link which has caused some discussion. I currently tend to view this as an editing issue, rather than a spam issue, but I am keeping an eye on it. [[Eye tracking]] on the other hand seems full of it - and well due for a prune. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 13:07, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
::Someone contacted me earlier regarding [[Eye tracking]]. I took out what appeared to be the commercial links. Cheers! -[[User:AED|AED]] 04:35, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

==History of acne==
Why have you removed the INTERNAL link from Acne vulgaris to History of acne? Like most subjects, acne has an interesting history. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Willow4|Willow4]] ([[User talk:Willow4|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Willow4|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
:Hi. I am sure you are right, and in fact I am curious to know what you mean by the [[history of acne]]. In answer to your question - [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne_vulgaris&diff=next&oldid=51003220 someone else] removed the internal link. If you want to know why you should look at [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_acne&action=history the article's history]. I suggest you put the material into the main article. -- [[User:Linkspamremover|Linkspamremover]] 08:25, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

== Spammy Links ==
Please visit the Certificate of Deposit page and provide some feedback on my "spammy links" addition to the discussion page. I believe you may be in my corner. Thank you!!!--[[User:Cdduncan|Cdduncan]] 21:35, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

== naming vote [[talk:ebook]] ==

Hi again!
I'd like to ask you to place a vote on the names issue in this. There are several parallel names issues, but the date driven ''category deletion'' process begun May 1st is begging this [[ebook]] article page title (eBook vs ebook) be stabilized as well. (see (currently partial note-while I 'spam') [[User_talk:Fabartus#For_Closing_Admin:eBooks]] as that vote is apparently deadlocked.) I'd just like to get back to content! Thanks [[User:Fabartus|Fra]][[User talk:Fabartus|nkB]] 17:29, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

== [[Internet Art]] ==

I would appreciate your comments on the current state of this article. There seems to be a tendency to include a huge list of websites. I believe this goes against [[WP:SPAM]] and [[WP:EL]] policies. Regards, [[User:Asterion|Asterion]] [[User talk:Asterion|talk to me]] 15:33, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

== [[Gothic fashion]] ==

i made deep edits to the external links on this page leaving only what seems non-commercial and relevant to the goth fashion scene. [[User:69.230.69.115|69.230.69.115]] 10:22, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

== Opinion on external links in article ==

I removed a list of 10 external links--all to commercial sites--at the end of the [[Modular building]] article, along with an explanation on the [[Talk:Modular building|talk]] page, and it was quickly reverted. I don't want to get into an edit war on that page, but I do need some clarification on the policy. My assumption is that it's OK to include a link to a company's official site if the article is about ''that'' company, but that it's ''not'' appropriate for an article on an ''area'' of business to end with a link farm of commercial sites. For example, the Vonage article can certainly include a link to the official site, but it's not OK to list Vonage and its umpteen competitors at the end of the VoIP article. Is that the policy? But if I'm being overzealous here, I'll just let it go. Thanks for your feedback. --[[User:Tom Allen|Tom Allen]] 06:13, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Corbin, Kentucky

2006-09-26T00:56:14Z

Tom Allen: /* Culture and local color */ Another change to a thumbnail

{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+ <big>'''Corbin, Kentucky'''</big>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[Image:KYMap-doton-Corbin.PNG|280px|Location of Corbin, Kentucky]] Location in the state of [[Kentucky]]
|-
|'''[[List of Kentucky counties|Counties]]'''
|[[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]], [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]]
|-
|'''[[Mayor]]'''
|Nelson "Amos" Miller
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Area]]'''  - Land  - Water
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[1 E8 m²|7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 km²]] 7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 [[km²]] 0.0 sq. miles / 0.0 [[km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Population]]'''  - Total ([[as of 2000|2000]])  - [[Density]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 7,742 403.9/[[square kilometre|km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Time zone]]'''  - summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-5) [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-4)
|-
| '''[[Latitude]]''' '''[[Longitude]]'''
| 36°56'30" N 84°5'44" W
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | '''Official website:''' http://www.corbinkentucky.us/
|}

'''Corbin''' is a [[city]] in [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]] and [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] counties in southeastern [[Kentucky]]. The urbanized area around Corbin extends also into [[Laurel County, Kentucky|Laurel County]]; this area, known as [[North Corbin, Kentucky|North Corbin]], is not incorporated into the city limits. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 7,742, with 17,558 living in the "[[Urbanized Area|urban cluster]]" that includes Corbin.

== History ==
The Corbin area, known originally as Lynn Camp, was first settled by Europeans around [[1800]]. The present town came into being when the [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad]] laid the first tracks through the area around [[1883]]. [[Swamp|Swampland]], chosen because it was both flat and cheap, was drained to make way for a [[Train station|depot]] and [[roundhouse]], and a town soon grew up around the tracks.

The [[post office]] at the site was originally named Cummins for community founder Nelson Cummins. However, when it was discovered in [[1885]] that both Cummins and Lynn Camp were already in use as names for Kentucky post offices, postmaster James Eaton was asked to select another name. He chose Corbin, perhaps for James Corbin Floyd, a local minister. (The word itself is derived from the Latin ''corvus'', meaning ''[[raven]]''; compare French ''corbeau''.) The town was incorporated under that name in [[1905]].

== Law and government ==

Corbin is a fourth-class city governed by a [[mayor]] and [[city council]]. Amos Miller, a former city [[Waste management|sanitation]] worker who later graduated ''[[Latin honors|summa cum laude]]'' from nearby [[University of the Cumberlands|Cumberland College]], is the current mayor.

Corbin is located in Kentucky's 5th Congregessional District. In terms of [[Political party|party affiliation]], the residents of Corbin and the surrounding areas are predominantly [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]].

[[Image:Cumberland_Falls_2005_05_20a.jpeg|thumbnail|right|[[Cumberland Falls]]]]

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], it has a total area of 19.2 [[km²]] (7.4 [[square mile|mi²]]). None of the area is covered with water.

Corbin lies in the [[Cumberland Plateau]] region of [[Appalachia]] in southeastern Kentucky. The Pine Mountain Overthrust Fault, a [[geologic fault]] system located several miles to the east, produces occasional [[earthquake|tremors]], the most recent in 2004.

== Economy ==
Originally formed by [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad|L&N Railroad]], [[rail transport]] was the backbone of the local economy in the first half of the twentieth century. While the railroad (presently [[CSX]]) continues to play an important role, the decline of the rail industry in the latter half of the twentieth century, as well as the loss of some [[manufacturing]] jobs due to [[globalization]], has prompted the community to begin diversifying its economy.

Major employers in the area today include [[Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.|Aisin Automotive Casting]], [[Pearson PLC|NCS Pearson]], [[Pepsi|Pepsi Bottling Company]], [[CTA Acoustics]], Baptist Regional Medical Center, and Whayne Supply, Superior Protection Fire Safety.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 7,742 people, 3,308 households, and 2,067 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 403.9/km² (1,045.8/mi²). There were 3,704 housing units at an average density of 193.3/km² (500.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.35% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.08% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.18% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.32% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.17% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.89% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.79% of the population.

There were 3,308 households out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the city the population was spread out with 23.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 81.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,203, and the median income for a family was $32,784. Males had a median income of $27,323 versus $17,568 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $14,200. About 15.5% of families and 21.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 24.0% of those under age 18 and 16.4% of those age 65 or over.

[[Image:corbin-ky-skyline2.jpg|thumbnail|right|Skyline, Corbin, Kentucky]]

== Culture and local color ==
* Each year in early August, Corbin hosts a [[festival]] called NIBROC (''Corbin'' spelled backwards) featuring open-air concerts, [[Amusement park|carnival attractions]], a [[Beauty contest|beauty pageant]], [[parade]], and other events. The festival is featured, if anachronistically, in the play ''Last Train to Nibroc'' by [[Arlene Hutton]]. (Though the play is set in the [[1940s]], the festival itself only dates to [[1952]].)
* In the battle between the [[soft drink]] giants, southeastern Kentucky is indisputably [[Pepsi]] territory. Corbin's Pepsi bottling plant, which opened in [[1938]], boasts the highest market penetration for its company of any in the nation.
* Despite being in [[Dry county|dry counties]] ([[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] and [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]]), sales of alcoholic drinks by restaurants seating at least 100 diners are allowed.
[[Image:Corbin ky sm.jpg|thumbnail|right|Engineer Street bridge, Corbin, Kentucky]]

== Transportation ==
Corbin straddles [[Interstate 75]] and [[U.S. Highway 25]] (which splits into 25-E and 25-W in the Corbin area). The town is served by the [[CSX]] [[rail transport|rail line]].

== Sites of interest ==
* [[Cumberland Falls]] State Park, the site of the only [[waterfall]] in the [[Western hemisphere]] to feature a regularly occurring [[moonbow]], is located 19 miles (31 km) to the southwest.
* [[Colonel Sanders|Sanders']] Cafe, the birthplace of [[KFC|Kentucky Fried Chicken]] (though not sold as the KFC/Kentucky Fried Chicken brand at the time) is located in North Corbin. The restaurant and accompanying museum are popular with tour groups traveling along [[Interstate 75]].
* Nearby [[Laurel River Lake]], created by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] in [[1974]], is a popular recreational site for [[boating]], [[fishing]], [[water skiing]], and [[scuba diving]].
* [[Cumberland Gap]] and [[Cumberland Gap National Historical Park]] are located about 50 miles (80 km) south of Corbin on U.S. Highway 25E at the [[Tennessee]] border.

== Education ==
Corbin, like many communities of its size in southeastern Kentucky, has an independent school system (i.e., a [[Public education|public school]] system affiliated with a city rather than with any county). The Corbin Independent School District includes:
* Central Primary (grades K-2)
* South Elementary (grades 3-5)
* Corbin Middle (grades 6-8)
* Corbin High (grades 9-12)
* Corbin Vocational
* Corbin East ([[alternative school]])

The community also places considerable emphasis on the success of its high school athletic teams. "Redhounds" games, especially [[American football|football]], are important social events for many within the community.

In [[2004]] [[Eastern Kentucky University]] opened a new extension campus in Corbin.

Corbin is also home to Saint Camillus Academy, a private school affiliated with the Catholic Diocese of Lexington, Kentucky. Established in [[1913]] by the Sisters of Divine Providence, the school has been successful as both a boarding school for national and international students and as a [[Montessori]] school. With a beautiful schoolhouse in ornate French chateau style situated atop a prominence overlooking the town, St. Camillus Academy provides a striking backdrop to the streets of downtown Corbin.

== Notable natives and former residents ==
* [[Colonel Sanders]], entrepreneur
* [[Silas House]], writer
* [[Arthur Lake (actor)|Arthur Lake]], actor
* [[Frank Selvy]], basketball player
* [[George McAfee]], American football player
* [[Roy Kidd]], Hall of Fame American football coach
* [[Steve Bird]], All-American, NCAA College Football Coach

== Media ==
=== Newspapers ===
* The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'', daily afternoon newspaper
* The ''Corbin News Journal'', weekly morning newspaper

=== Radio ===
* WCTT AM 680
* WKDP AM 1330
* WVCT FM 91.5
* WKDP FM 99.5
* WCTT FM 107.3

==External links==

* [http://www.corbin-ky.gov/ Official City of Corbin Web Site]
* [http://www.corbinky.org/ Corbin, Kentucky Office of Economic Development]
* [http://www.corbintimes.com/ The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'']
* [http://www.corbinnewsjournal.com/ The ''Corbin News Journal'']
* {{Mapit-US-cityscale|36.941575|-84.09551}}

{{Kentucky}}

[[Category:Cities in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Knox County, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Whitley County, Kentucky]]

Corbin, Kentucky

2006-09-26T00:55:33Z

Tom Allen: /* Demographics */ Making this a thumbnail; the full frame is overkill here

{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+ <big>'''Corbin, Kentucky'''</big>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[Image:KYMap-doton-Corbin.PNG|280px|Location of Corbin, Kentucky]] Location in the state of [[Kentucky]]
|-
|'''[[List of Kentucky counties|Counties]]'''
|[[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]], [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]]
|-
|'''[[Mayor]]'''
|Nelson "Amos" Miller
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Area]]'''  - Land  - Water
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[1 E8 m²|7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 km²]] 7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 [[km²]] 0.0 sq. miles / 0.0 [[km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Population]]'''  - Total ([[as of 2000|2000]])  - [[Density]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 7,742 403.9/[[square kilometre|km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Time zone]]'''  - summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-5) [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-4)
|-
| '''[[Latitude]]''' '''[[Longitude]]'''
| 36°56'30" N 84°5'44" W
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | '''Official website:''' http://www.corbinkentucky.us/
|}

'''Corbin''' is a [[city]] in [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]] and [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] counties in southeastern [[Kentucky]]. The urbanized area around Corbin extends also into [[Laurel County, Kentucky|Laurel County]]; this area, known as [[North Corbin, Kentucky|North Corbin]], is not incorporated into the city limits. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 7,742, with 17,558 living in the "[[Urbanized Area|urban cluster]]" that includes Corbin.

== History ==
The Corbin area, known originally as Lynn Camp, was first settled by Europeans around [[1800]]. The present town came into being when the [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad]] laid the first tracks through the area around [[1883]]. [[Swamp|Swampland]], chosen because it was both flat and cheap, was drained to make way for a [[Train station|depot]] and [[roundhouse]], and a town soon grew up around the tracks.

The [[post office]] at the site was originally named Cummins for community founder Nelson Cummins. However, when it was discovered in [[1885]] that both Cummins and Lynn Camp were already in use as names for Kentucky post offices, postmaster James Eaton was asked to select another name. He chose Corbin, perhaps for James Corbin Floyd, a local minister. (The word itself is derived from the Latin ''corvus'', meaning ''[[raven]]''; compare French ''corbeau''.) The town was incorporated under that name in [[1905]].

== Law and government ==

Corbin is a fourth-class city governed by a [[mayor]] and [[city council]]. Amos Miller, a former city [[Waste management|sanitation]] worker who later graduated ''[[Latin honors|summa cum laude]]'' from nearby [[University of the Cumberlands|Cumberland College]], is the current mayor.

Corbin is located in Kentucky's 5th Congregessional District. In terms of [[Political party|party affiliation]], the residents of Corbin and the surrounding areas are predominantly [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]].

[[Image:Cumberland_Falls_2005_05_20a.jpeg|thumbnail|right|[[Cumberland Falls]]]]

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], it has a total area of 19.2 [[km²]] (7.4 [[square mile|mi²]]). None of the area is covered with water.

Corbin lies in the [[Cumberland Plateau]] region of [[Appalachia]] in southeastern Kentucky. The Pine Mountain Overthrust Fault, a [[geologic fault]] system located several miles to the east, produces occasional [[earthquake|tremors]], the most recent in 2004.

== Economy ==
Originally formed by [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad|L&N Railroad]], [[rail transport]] was the backbone of the local economy in the first half of the twentieth century. While the railroad (presently [[CSX]]) continues to play an important role, the decline of the rail industry in the latter half of the twentieth century, as well as the loss of some [[manufacturing]] jobs due to [[globalization]], has prompted the community to begin diversifying its economy.

Major employers in the area today include [[Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.|Aisin Automotive Casting]], [[Pearson PLC|NCS Pearson]], [[Pepsi|Pepsi Bottling Company]], [[CTA Acoustics]], Baptist Regional Medical Center, and Whayne Supply, Superior Protection Fire Safety.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 7,742 people, 3,308 households, and 2,067 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 403.9/km² (1,045.8/mi²). There were 3,704 housing units at an average density of 193.3/km² (500.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.35% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.08% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.18% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.32% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.17% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.89% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.79% of the population.

There were 3,308 households out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the city the population was spread out with 23.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 81.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,203, and the median income for a family was $32,784. Males had a median income of $27,323 versus $17,568 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $14,200. About 15.5% of families and 21.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 24.0% of those under age 18 and 16.4% of those age 65 or over.

[[Image:corbin-ky-skyline2.jpg|thumbnail|right|Skyline, Corbin, Kentucky]]

== Culture and local color ==
[[Image:Corbin ky sm.jpg|frame|Engineer Street bridge, Corbin, Kentucky]]
* Each year in early August, Corbin hosts a [[festival]] called NIBROC (''Corbin'' spelled backwards) featuring open-air concerts, [[Amusement park|carnival attractions]], a [[Beauty contest|beauty pageant]], [[parade]], and other events. The festival is featured, if anachronistically, in the play ''Last Train to Nibroc'' by [[Arlene Hutton]]. (Though the play is set in the [[1940s]], the festival itself only dates to [[1952]].)
* In the battle between the [[soft drink]] giants, southeastern Kentucky is indisputably [[Pepsi]] territory. Corbin's Pepsi bottling plant, which opened in [[1938]], boasts the highest market penetration for its company of any in the nation.
* Despite being in [[Dry county|dry counties]] ([[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] and [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]]), sales of alcoholic drinks by restaurants seating at least 100 diners are allowed.

== Transportation ==
Corbin straddles [[Interstate 75]] and [[U.S. Highway 25]] (which splits into 25-E and 25-W in the Corbin area). The town is served by the [[CSX]] [[rail transport|rail line]].

== Sites of interest ==
* [[Cumberland Falls]] State Park, the site of the only [[waterfall]] in the [[Western hemisphere]] to feature a regularly occurring [[moonbow]], is located 19 miles (31 km) to the southwest.
* [[Colonel Sanders|Sanders']] Cafe, the birthplace of [[KFC|Kentucky Fried Chicken]] (though not sold as the KFC/Kentucky Fried Chicken brand at the time) is located in North Corbin. The restaurant and accompanying museum are popular with tour groups traveling along [[Interstate 75]].
* Nearby [[Laurel River Lake]], created by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] in [[1974]], is a popular recreational site for [[boating]], [[fishing]], [[water skiing]], and [[scuba diving]].
* [[Cumberland Gap]] and [[Cumberland Gap National Historical Park]] are located about 50 miles (80 km) south of Corbin on U.S. Highway 25E at the [[Tennessee]] border.

== Education ==
Corbin, like many communities of its size in southeastern Kentucky, has an independent school system (i.e., a [[Public education|public school]] system affiliated with a city rather than with any county). The Corbin Independent School District includes:
* Central Primary (grades K-2)
* South Elementary (grades 3-5)
* Corbin Middle (grades 6-8)
* Corbin High (grades 9-12)
* Corbin Vocational
* Corbin East ([[alternative school]])

The community also places considerable emphasis on the success of its high school athletic teams. "Redhounds" games, especially [[American football|football]], are important social events for many within the community.

In [[2004]] [[Eastern Kentucky University]] opened a new extension campus in Corbin.

Corbin is also home to Saint Camillus Academy, a private school affiliated with the Catholic Diocese of Lexington, Kentucky. Established in [[1913]] by the Sisters of Divine Providence, the school has been successful as both a boarding school for national and international students and as a [[Montessori]] school. With a beautiful schoolhouse in ornate French chateau style situated atop a prominence overlooking the town, St. Camillus Academy provides a striking backdrop to the streets of downtown Corbin.

== Notable natives and former residents ==
* [[Colonel Sanders]], entrepreneur
* [[Silas House]], writer
* [[Arthur Lake (actor)|Arthur Lake]], actor
* [[Frank Selvy]], basketball player
* [[George McAfee]], American football player
* [[Roy Kidd]], Hall of Fame American football coach
* [[Steve Bird]], All-American, NCAA College Football Coach

== Media ==
=== Newspapers ===
* The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'', daily afternoon newspaper
* The ''Corbin News Journal'', weekly morning newspaper

=== Radio ===
* WCTT AM 680
* WKDP AM 1330
* WVCT FM 91.5
* WKDP FM 99.5
* WCTT FM 107.3

==External links==

* [http://www.corbin-ky.gov/ Official City of Corbin Web Site]
* [http://www.corbinky.org/ Corbin, Kentucky Office of Economic Development]
* [http://www.corbintimes.com/ The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'']
* [http://www.corbinnewsjournal.com/ The ''Corbin News Journal'']
* {{Mapit-US-cityscale|36.941575|-84.09551}}

{{Kentucky}}

[[Category:Cities in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Knox County, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Whitley County, Kentucky]]

Corbin, Kentucky

2006-09-26T00:53:38Z

Tom Allen: /* Geography */ Another old revert; see above.

{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+ <big>'''Corbin, Kentucky'''</big>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[Image:KYMap-doton-Corbin.PNG|280px|Location of Corbin, Kentucky]] Location in the state of [[Kentucky]]
|-
|'''[[List of Kentucky counties|Counties]]'''
|[[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]], [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]]
|-
|'''[[Mayor]]'''
|Nelson "Amos" Miller
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Area]]'''  - Land  - Water
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[1 E8 m²|7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 km²]] 7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 [[km²]] 0.0 sq. miles / 0.0 [[km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Population]]'''  - Total ([[as of 2000|2000]])  - [[Density]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 7,742 403.9/[[square kilometre|km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Time zone]]'''  - summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-5) [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-4)
|-
| '''[[Latitude]]''' '''[[Longitude]]'''
| 36°56'30" N 84°5'44" W
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | '''Official website:''' http://www.corbinkentucky.us/
|}

'''Corbin''' is a [[city]] in [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]] and [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] counties in southeastern [[Kentucky]]. The urbanized area around Corbin extends also into [[Laurel County, Kentucky|Laurel County]]; this area, known as [[North Corbin, Kentucky|North Corbin]], is not incorporated into the city limits. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 7,742, with 17,558 living in the "[[Urbanized Area|urban cluster]]" that includes Corbin.

== History ==
The Corbin area, known originally as Lynn Camp, was first settled by Europeans around [[1800]]. The present town came into being when the [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad]] laid the first tracks through the area around [[1883]]. [[Swamp|Swampland]], chosen because it was both flat and cheap, was drained to make way for a [[Train station|depot]] and [[roundhouse]], and a town soon grew up around the tracks.

The [[post office]] at the site was originally named Cummins for community founder Nelson Cummins. However, when it was discovered in [[1885]] that both Cummins and Lynn Camp were already in use as names for Kentucky post offices, postmaster James Eaton was asked to select another name. He chose Corbin, perhaps for James Corbin Floyd, a local minister. (The word itself is derived from the Latin ''corvus'', meaning ''[[raven]]''; compare French ''corbeau''.) The town was incorporated under that name in [[1905]].

== Law and government ==

Corbin is a fourth-class city governed by a [[mayor]] and [[city council]]. Amos Miller, a former city [[Waste management|sanitation]] worker who later graduated ''[[Latin honors|summa cum laude]]'' from nearby [[University of the Cumberlands|Cumberland College]], is the current mayor.

Corbin is located in Kentucky's 5th Congregessional District. In terms of [[Political party|party affiliation]], the residents of Corbin and the surrounding areas are predominantly [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]].

[[Image:Cumberland_Falls_2005_05_20a.jpeg|thumbnail|right|[[Cumberland Falls]]]]

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], it has a total area of 19.2 [[km²]] (7.4 [[square mile|mi²]]). None of the area is covered with water.

Corbin lies in the [[Cumberland Plateau]] region of [[Appalachia]] in southeastern Kentucky. The Pine Mountain Overthrust Fault, a [[geologic fault]] system located several miles to the east, produces occasional [[earthquake|tremors]], the most recent in 2004.

== Economy ==
Originally formed by [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad|L&N Railroad]], [[rail transport]] was the backbone of the local economy in the first half of the twentieth century. While the railroad (presently [[CSX]]) continues to play an important role, the decline of the rail industry in the latter half of the twentieth century, as well as the loss of some [[manufacturing]] jobs due to [[globalization]], has prompted the community to begin diversifying its economy.

Major employers in the area today include [[Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.|Aisin Automotive Casting]], [[Pearson PLC|NCS Pearson]], [[Pepsi|Pepsi Bottling Company]], [[CTA Acoustics]], Baptist Regional Medical Center, and Whayne Supply, Superior Protection Fire Safety.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 7,742 people, 3,308 households, and 2,067 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 403.9/km² (1,045.8/mi²). There were 3,704 housing units at an average density of 193.3/km² (500.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.35% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.08% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.18% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.32% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.17% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.89% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.79% of the population.

There were 3,308 households out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.89.

[[Image:corbin-ky-skyline2.jpg|frame|Skyline, Corbin, Kentucky]]

In the city the population was spread out with 23.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 81.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,203, and the median income for a family was $32,784. Males had a median income of $27,323 versus $17,568 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $14,200. About 15.5% of families and 21.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 24.0% of those under age 18 and 16.4% of those age 65 or over.

== Culture and local color ==
[[Image:Corbin ky sm.jpg|frame|Engineer Street bridge, Corbin, Kentucky]]
* Each year in early August, Corbin hosts a [[festival]] called NIBROC (''Corbin'' spelled backwards) featuring open-air concerts, [[Amusement park|carnival attractions]], a [[Beauty contest|beauty pageant]], [[parade]], and other events. The festival is featured, if anachronistically, in the play ''Last Train to Nibroc'' by [[Arlene Hutton]]. (Though the play is set in the [[1940s]], the festival itself only dates to [[1952]].)
* In the battle between the [[soft drink]] giants, southeastern Kentucky is indisputably [[Pepsi]] territory. Corbin's Pepsi bottling plant, which opened in [[1938]], boasts the highest market penetration for its company of any in the nation.
* Despite being in [[Dry county|dry counties]] ([[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] and [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]]), sales of alcoholic drinks by restaurants seating at least 100 diners are allowed.

== Transportation ==
Corbin straddles [[Interstate 75]] and [[U.S. Highway 25]] (which splits into 25-E and 25-W in the Corbin area). The town is served by the [[CSX]] [[rail transport|rail line]].

== Sites of interest ==
* [[Cumberland Falls]] State Park, the site of the only [[waterfall]] in the [[Western hemisphere]] to feature a regularly occurring [[moonbow]], is located 19 miles (31 km) to the southwest.
* [[Colonel Sanders|Sanders']] Cafe, the birthplace of [[KFC|Kentucky Fried Chicken]] (though not sold as the KFC/Kentucky Fried Chicken brand at the time) is located in North Corbin. The restaurant and accompanying museum are popular with tour groups traveling along [[Interstate 75]].
* Nearby [[Laurel River Lake]], created by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] in [[1974]], is a popular recreational site for [[boating]], [[fishing]], [[water skiing]], and [[scuba diving]].
* [[Cumberland Gap]] and [[Cumberland Gap National Historical Park]] are located about 50 miles (80 km) south of Corbin on U.S. Highway 25E at the [[Tennessee]] border.

== Education ==
Corbin, like many communities of its size in southeastern Kentucky, has an independent school system (i.e., a [[Public education|public school]] system affiliated with a city rather than with any county). The Corbin Independent School District includes:
* Central Primary (grades K-2)
* South Elementary (grades 3-5)
* Corbin Middle (grades 6-8)
* Corbin High (grades 9-12)
* Corbin Vocational
* Corbin East ([[alternative school]])

The community also places considerable emphasis on the success of its high school athletic teams. "Redhounds" games, especially [[American football|football]], are important social events for many within the community.

In [[2004]] [[Eastern Kentucky University]] opened a new extension campus in Corbin.

Corbin is also home to Saint Camillus Academy, a private school affiliated with the Catholic Diocese of Lexington, Kentucky. Established in [[1913]] by the Sisters of Divine Providence, the school has been successful as both a boarding school for national and international students and as a [[Montessori]] school. With a beautiful schoolhouse in ornate French chateau style situated atop a prominence overlooking the town, St. Camillus Academy provides a striking backdrop to the streets of downtown Corbin.

== Notable natives and former residents ==
* [[Colonel Sanders]], entrepreneur
* [[Silas House]], writer
* [[Arthur Lake (actor)|Arthur Lake]], actor
* [[Frank Selvy]], basketball player
* [[George McAfee]], American football player
* [[Roy Kidd]], Hall of Fame American football coach
* [[Steve Bird]], All-American, NCAA College Football Coach

== Media ==
=== Newspapers ===
* The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'', daily afternoon newspaper
* The ''Corbin News Journal'', weekly morning newspaper

=== Radio ===
* WCTT AM 680
* WKDP AM 1330
* WVCT FM 91.5
* WKDP FM 99.5
* WCTT FM 107.3

==External links==

* [http://www.corbin-ky.gov/ Official City of Corbin Web Site]
* [http://www.corbinky.org/ Corbin, Kentucky Office of Economic Development]
* [http://www.corbintimes.com/ The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'']
* [http://www.corbinnewsjournal.com/ The ''Corbin News Journal'']
* {{Mapit-US-cityscale|36.941575|-84.09551}}

{{Kentucky}}

[[Category:Cities in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Knox County, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Whitley County, Kentucky]]

Corbin, Kentucky

2006-09-26T00:50:58Z

Tom Allen: Another revert from old vandalism; see above

{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+ <big>'''Corbin, Kentucky'''</big>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[Image:KYMap-doton-Corbin.PNG|280px|Location of Corbin, Kentucky]] Location in the state of [[Kentucky]]
|-
|'''[[List of Kentucky counties|Counties]]'''
|[[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]], [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]]
|-
|'''[[Mayor]]'''
|Nelson "Amos" Miller
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Area]]'''  - Land  - Water
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[1 E8 m²|7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 km²]] 7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 [[km²]] 0.0 sq. miles / 0.0 [[km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Population]]'''  - Total ([[as of 2000|2000]])  - [[Density]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 7,742 403.9/[[square kilometre|km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Time zone]]'''  - summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-5) [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-4)
|-
| '''[[Latitude]]''' '''[[Longitude]]'''
| 36°56'30" N 84°5'44" W
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | '''Official website:''' http://www.corbinkentucky.us/
|}

'''Corbin''' is a [[city]] in [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]] and [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] counties in southeastern [[Kentucky]]. The urbanized area around Corbin extends also into [[Laurel County, Kentucky|Laurel County]]; this area, known as [[North Corbin, Kentucky|North Corbin]], is not incorporated into the city limits. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 7,742, with 17,558 living in the "[[Urbanized Area|urban cluster]]" that includes Corbin.

== History ==
The Corbin area, known originally as Lynn Camp, was first settled by Europeans around [[1800]]. The present town came into being when the [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad]] laid the first tracks through the area around [[1883]]. [[Swamp|Swampland]], chosen because it was both flat and cheap, was drained to make way for a [[Train station|depot]] and [[roundhouse]], and a town soon grew up around the tracks.

The [[post office]] at the site was originally named Cummins for community founder Nelson Cummins. However, when it was discovered in [[1885]] that both Cummins and Lynn Camp were already in use as names for Kentucky post offices, postmaster James Eaton was asked to select another name. He chose Corbin, perhaps for James Corbin Floyd, a local minister. (The word itself is derived from the Latin ''corvus'', meaning ''[[raven]]''; compare French ''corbeau''.) The town was incorporated under that name in [[1905]].

== Law and government ==

Corbin is a fourth-class city governed by a [[mayor]] and [[city council]]. Amos Miller, a former city [[Waste management|sanitation]] worker who later graduated ''[[Latin honors|summa cum laude]]'' from nearby [[University of the Cumberlands|Cumberland College]], is the current mayor.

Corbin is located in Kentucky's 5th Congregessional District. In terms of [[Political party|party affiliation]], the residents of Corbin and the surrounding areas are predominantly [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]].

[[Image:Cumberland_Falls_2005_05_20a.jpeg|thumbnail|right|[[Cumberland Falls]]]]

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], it has a total area of 19.2 [[km²]] (7.4 [[square mile|mi²]]). None of the area is covered with water.

Corbin lies in the [[Cumberland Plateau]] region of [[Appalachia]] in southeastern Kentucky. The Pine Mountain Overthrust Fault, a [[geologic fault]] system located several miles to the east, produces occasional [[earthquake|tremors]].

== Economy ==
Originally formed by [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad|L&N Railroad]], [[rail transport]] was the backbone of the local economy in the first half of the twentieth century. While the railroad (presently [[CSX]]) continues to play an important role, the decline of the rail industry in the latter half of the twentieth century, as well as the loss of some [[manufacturing]] jobs due to [[globalization]], has prompted the community to begin diversifying its economy.

Major employers in the area today include [[Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.|Aisin Automotive Casting]], [[Pearson PLC|NCS Pearson]], [[Pepsi|Pepsi Bottling Company]], [[CTA Acoustics]], Baptist Regional Medical Center, and Whayne Supply, Superior Protection Fire Safety.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 7,742 people, 3,308 households, and 2,067 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 403.9/km² (1,045.8/mi²). There were 3,704 housing units at an average density of 193.3/km² (500.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.35% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.08% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.18% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.32% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.17% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.89% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.79% of the population.

There were 3,308 households out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.89.

[[Image:corbin-ky-skyline2.jpg|frame|Skyline, Corbin, Kentucky]]

In the city the population was spread out with 23.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 81.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,203, and the median income for a family was $32,784. Males had a median income of $27,323 versus $17,568 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $14,200. About 15.5% of families and 21.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 24.0% of those under age 18 and 16.4% of those age 65 or over.

== Culture and local color ==
[[Image:Corbin ky sm.jpg|frame|Engineer Street bridge, Corbin, Kentucky]]
* Each year in early August, Corbin hosts a [[festival]] called NIBROC (''Corbin'' spelled backwards) featuring open-air concerts, [[Amusement park|carnival attractions]], a [[Beauty contest|beauty pageant]], [[parade]], and other events. The festival is featured, if anachronistically, in the play ''Last Train to Nibroc'' by [[Arlene Hutton]]. (Though the play is set in the [[1940s]], the festival itself only dates to [[1952]].)
* In the battle between the [[soft drink]] giants, southeastern Kentucky is indisputably [[Pepsi]] territory. Corbin's Pepsi bottling plant, which opened in [[1938]], boasts the highest market penetration for its company of any in the nation.
* Despite being in [[Dry county|dry counties]] ([[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] and [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]]), sales of alcoholic drinks by restaurants seating at least 100 diners are allowed.

== Transportation ==
Corbin straddles [[Interstate 75]] and [[U.S. Highway 25]] (which splits into 25-E and 25-W in the Corbin area). The town is served by the [[CSX]] [[rail transport|rail line]].

== Sites of interest ==
* [[Cumberland Falls]] State Park, the site of the only [[waterfall]] in the [[Western hemisphere]] to feature a regularly occurring [[moonbow]], is located 19 miles (31 km) to the southwest.
* [[Colonel Sanders|Sanders']] Cafe, the birthplace of [[KFC|Kentucky Fried Chicken]] (though not sold as the KFC/Kentucky Fried Chicken brand at the time) is located in North Corbin. The restaurant and accompanying museum are popular with tour groups traveling along [[Interstate 75]].
* Nearby [[Laurel River Lake]], created by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] in [[1974]], is a popular recreational site for [[boating]], [[fishing]], [[water skiing]], and [[scuba diving]].
* [[Cumberland Gap]] and [[Cumberland Gap National Historical Park]] are located about 50 miles (80 km) south of Corbin on U.S. Highway 25E at the [[Tennessee]] border.

== Education ==
Corbin, like many communities of its size in southeastern Kentucky, has an independent school system (i.e., a [[Public education|public school]] system affiliated with a city rather than with any county). The Corbin Independent School District includes:
* Central Primary (grades K-2)
* South Elementary (grades 3-5)
* Corbin Middle (grades 6-8)
* Corbin High (grades 9-12)
* Corbin Vocational
* Corbin East ([[alternative school]])

The community also places considerable emphasis on the success of its high school athletic teams. "Redhounds" games, especially [[American football|football]], are important social events for many within the community.

In [[2004]] [[Eastern Kentucky University]] opened a new extension campus in Corbin.

Corbin is also home to Saint Camillus Academy, a private school affiliated with the Catholic Diocese of Lexington, Kentucky. Established in [[1913]] by the Sisters of Divine Providence, the school has been successful as both a boarding school for national and international students and as a [[Montessori]] school. With a beautiful schoolhouse in ornate French chateau style situated atop a prominence overlooking the town, St. Camillus Academy provides a striking backdrop to the streets of downtown Corbin.

== Notable natives and former residents ==
* [[Colonel Sanders]], entrepreneur
* [[Silas House]], writer
* [[Arthur Lake (actor)|Arthur Lake]], actor
* [[Frank Selvy]], basketball player
* [[George McAfee]], American football player
* [[Roy Kidd]], Hall of Fame American football coach
* [[Steve Bird]], All-American, NCAA College Football Coach

== Media ==
=== Newspapers ===
* The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'', daily afternoon newspaper
* The ''Corbin News Journal'', weekly morning newspaper

=== Radio ===
* WCTT AM 680
* WKDP AM 1330
* WVCT FM 91.5
* WKDP FM 99.5
* WCTT FM 107.3

==External links==

* [http://www.corbin-ky.gov/ Official City of Corbin Web Site]
* [http://www.corbinky.org/ Corbin, Kentucky Office of Economic Development]
* [http://www.corbintimes.com/ The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'']
* [http://www.corbinnewsjournal.com/ The ''Corbin News Journal'']
* {{Mapit-US-cityscale|36.941575|-84.09551}}

{{Kentucky}}

[[Category:Cities in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Knox County, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Whitley County, Kentucky]]

Corbin, Kentucky

2006-09-26T00:46:38Z

Tom Allen: History section was deleted by 70.150.174.3 on Mar 2, 2006; reverting

{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+ <big>'''Corbin, Kentucky'''</big>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[Image:KYMap-doton-Corbin.PNG|280px|Location of Corbin, Kentucky]] Location in the state of [[Kentucky]]
|-
|'''[[List of Kentucky counties|Counties]]'''
|[[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]], [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]]
|-
|'''[[Mayor]]'''
|Nelson "Amos" Miller
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Area]]'''  - Land  - Water
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[1 E8 m²|7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 km²]] 7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 [[km²]] 0.0 sq. miles / 0.0 [[km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Population]]'''  - Total ([[as of 2000|2000]])  - [[Density]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 7,742 403.9/[[square kilometre|km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Time zone]]'''  - summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-5) [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-4)
|-
| '''[[Latitude]]''' '''[[Longitude]]'''
| 36°56'30" N 84°5'44" W
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | '''Official website:''' http://www.corbinkentucky.us/
|}

'''Corbin''' is a [[city]] in [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]] and [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] counties in southeastern [[Kentucky]]. The urbanized area around Corbin extends also into [[Laurel County, Kentucky|Laurel County]]; this area, known as [[North Corbin, Kentucky|North Corbin]], is not incorporated into the city limits. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 7,742, with 17,558 living in the "[[Urbanized Area|urban cluster]]" that includes Corbin.

== History ==
The Corbin area, known originally as Lynn Camp, was first settled by Europeans around [[1800]]. The present town came into being when the [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad]] laid the first tracks through the area around [[1883]]. [[Swamp|Swampland]], chosen because it was both flat and cheap, was drained to make way for a [[Train station|depot]] and [[roundhouse]], and a town soon grew up around the tracks.

The [[post office]] at the site was originally named Cummins for community founder Nelson Cummins. However, when it was discovered in [[1885]] that both Cummins and Lynn Camp were already in use as names for Kentucky post offices, postmaster James Eaton was asked to select another name. He chose Corbin, perhaps for James Corbin Floyd, a local minister. (The word itself is derived from the Latin ''corvus'', meaning ''[[raven]]''; compare French ''corbeau''.) The town was incorporated under that name in [[1905]].

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], it has a total area of 19.2 [[km²]] (7.4 [[square mile|mi²]]). None of the area is covered with water.

Corbin lies in the [[Cumberland Plateau]] region of [[Appalachia]] in southeastern Kentucky. The Pine Mountain Overthrust Fault, a [[geologic fault]] system located several miles to the east, produces occasional [[earthquake|tremors]].

== Economy ==
Originally formed by [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad|L&N Railroad]], [[rail transport]] was the backbone of the local economy in the first half of the twentieth century. While the railroad (presently [[CSX]]) continues to play an important role, the decline of the rail industry in the latter half of the twentieth century, as well as the loss of some [[manufacturing]] jobs due to [[globalization]], has prompted the community to begin diversifying its economy.

Major employers in the area today include [[Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.|Aisin Automotive Casting]], [[Pearson PLC|NCS Pearson]], [[Pepsi|Pepsi Bottling Company]], [[CTA Acoustics]], Baptist Regional Medical Center, and Whayne Supply, Superior Protection Fire Safety.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 7,742 people, 3,308 households, and 2,067 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 403.9/km² (1,045.8/mi²). There were 3,704 housing units at an average density of 193.3/km² (500.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.35% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.08% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.18% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.32% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.17% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.89% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.79% of the population.

There were 3,308 households out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.89.

[[Image:corbin-ky-skyline2.jpg|frame|Skyline, Corbin, Kentucky]]

In the city the population was spread out with 23.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 81.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,203, and the median income for a family was $32,784. Males had a median income of $27,323 versus $17,568 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $14,200. About 15.5% of families and 21.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 24.0% of those under age 18 and 16.4% of those age 65 or over.

== Culture and local color ==
[[Image:Corbin ky sm.jpg|frame|Engineer Street bridge, Corbin, Kentucky]]
* Each year in early August, Corbin hosts a [[festival]] called NIBROC (''Corbin'' spelled backwards) featuring open-air concerts, [[Amusement park|carnival attractions]], a [[Beauty contest|beauty pageant]], [[parade]], and other events. The festival is featured, if anachronistically, in the play ''Last Train to Nibroc'' by [[Arlene Hutton]]. (Though the play is set in the [[1940s]], the festival itself only dates to [[1952]].)
* In the battle between the [[soft drink]] giants, southeastern Kentucky is indisputably [[Pepsi]] territory. Corbin's Pepsi bottling plant, which opened in [[1938]], boasts the highest market penetration for its company of any in the nation.
* Despite being in [[Dry county|dry counties]] ([[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] and [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]]), sales of alcoholic drinks by restaurants seating at least 100 diners are allowed.

== Transportation ==
Corbin straddles [[Interstate 75]] and [[U.S. Highway 25]] (which splits into 25-E and 25-W in the Corbin area). The town is served by the [[CSX]] [[rail transport|rail line]].

== Sites of interest ==
* [[Cumberland Falls]] State Park, the site of the only [[waterfall]] in the [[Western hemisphere]] to feature a regularly occurring [[moonbow]], is located 19 miles (31 km) to the southwest.
* [[Colonel Sanders|Sanders']] Cafe, the birthplace of [[KFC|Kentucky Fried Chicken]] (though not sold as the KFC/Kentucky Fried Chicken brand at the time) is located in North Corbin. The restaurant and accompanying museum are popular with tour groups traveling along [[Interstate 75]].
* Nearby [[Laurel River Lake]], created by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] in [[1974]], is a popular recreational site for [[boating]], [[fishing]], [[water skiing]], and [[scuba diving]].
* [[Cumberland Gap]] and [[Cumberland Gap National Historical Park]] are located about 50 miles (80 km) south of Corbin on U.S. Highway 25E at the [[Tennessee]] border.

== Education ==
Corbin, like many communities of its size in southeastern Kentucky, has an independent school system (i.e., a [[Public education|public school]] system affiliated with a city rather than with any county). The Corbin Independent School District includes:
* Central Primary (grades K-2)
* South Elementary (grades 3-5)
* Corbin Middle (grades 6-8)
* Corbin High (grades 9-12)
* Corbin Vocational
* Corbin East ([[alternative school]])

The community also places considerable emphasis on the success of its high school athletic teams. "Redhounds" games, especially [[American football|football]], are important social events for many within the community.

In [[2004]] [[Eastern Kentucky University]] opened a new extension campus in Corbin.

Corbin is also home to Saint Camillus Academy, a private school affiliated with the Catholic Diocese of Lexington, Kentucky. Established in [[1913]] by the Sisters of Divine Providence, the school has been successful as both a boarding school for national and international students and as a [[Montessori]] school. With a beautiful schoolhouse in ornate French chateau style situated atop a prominence overlooking the town, St. Camillus Academy provides a striking backdrop to the streets of downtown Corbin.

== Notable natives and former residents ==
* [[Colonel Sanders]], entrepreneur
* [[Silas House]], writer
* [[Arthur Lake (actor)|Arthur Lake]], actor
* [[Frank Selvy]], basketball player
* [[George McAfee]], American football player
* [[Roy Kidd]], Hall of Fame American football coach
* [[Steve Bird]], All-American, NCAA College Football Coach

== Media ==
=== Newspapers ===
* The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'', daily afternoon newspaper
* The ''Corbin News Journal'', weekly morning newspaper

=== Radio ===
* WCTT AM 680
* WKDP AM 1330
* WVCT FM 91.5
* WKDP FM 99.5
* WCTT FM 107.3

==External links==

* [http://www.corbin-ky.gov/ Official City of Corbin Web Site]
* [http://www.corbinky.org/ Corbin, Kentucky Office of Economic Development]
* [http://www.corbintimes.com/ The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'']
* [http://www.corbinnewsjournal.com/ The ''Corbin News Journal'']
* {{Mapit-US-cityscale|36.941575|-84.09551}}

{{Kentucky}}

[[Category:Cities in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Knox County, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Whitley County, Kentucky]]

Furnishing

2006-09-22T15:20:10Z

Tom Allen: rv spam

{{merge|Furniture}}
'''Furnishings''', also known as [[work of art|art object]]s, [[decorative art]]s, knick-knacks, bric-a-brac{{fact}}, are the objects, other than [[furniture]], that occupy an interior space. They can be purely decorative or fill a functional, symbolic, or religious purpose. Unlike furniture, furnishings do not support the human body or provide storage. However, certain furnishings, such as [[lighting]], are as essential to [[interior design]] and commodious living as furniture or [[architecture]]. [[Painting]]s, [[photography]], [[drawing]]s, and other (usually 2D) works defined as [[fine art]] are not generally considered furnishing. In recent years home furnishings have become easy to find with the introduction of furniture stores like Rooms to Go and Havertys.

==Types of Furnishings==
*[[Carpet]]s
*[[Ceramic]]s
*[[Clock]]s
*[[Cutlery]]
*[[Glass]]
*[[Lighting]]
*[[Mirror]]s
*[[Porcelain]]
*[[Wallpaper]]
*[[Waste receptacle]]

==See also==
*[[Decorative art]]
*[[History of decorative arts]]

[[Category:Home]]
[[Category:Interior design]]
[[Category:Industrial design]]
[[Category:Building materials]]

[[fi:Sisustus]]

Furniture

2006-09-22T15:17:13Z

Tom Allen: rv spam

:: ''This is an article about items in a room. For information about the UK band, see [[Furniture (band)]].''
[[Image:Shaker chair.jpg|thumb|A [[Shaker furniture|Shaker]] chair.]]
'''Furniture''' is the [[mass noun|collective term]] for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and [[bed (furniture)|bed]]s), provide storage, or hold objects on horizontal surfaces above the ground. Storage furniture (which often makes use of doors, drawers, and shelves) is used to hold or contain smaller objects such as clothes, tools, books, and household goods. (See ''[[List of furniture types]]''.)

Furniture can be a product of artistic design and is considered a form of [[decorative art]]. In addition to furniture's functional role, it can serve a symbolic or religious purpose. Domestic furniture works to create, in conjunction with [[furnishing]]s such as [[clock]]s and [[lighting]], comfortable and convenient interior spaces. Furniture can be made from many materials, including metal, plastic, and wood.
{{Wiktionarypar|furniture}}

[[Cabinet making|Cabinetry]] is the term for the skillset used in the building of furniture.

== History of European furniture ==
Furniture has been a part of the human experience since the development of non-nomadic cultures. Evidence of furniture from [[ancient history|antiquity]] survives in the form of [[paintings]], such as the wall [[Mural|Murals]] discovered at [[Pompeii]]; [[sculpture]], examples of which have been excavated in [[Egypt]]; and extant pieces, such as those found in tombs in [[Ghiordes]], in modern day [[Turkey]]. The furniture of the [[Middle Ages]] was usually heavy, [[oak]], and ornamented with carved designs. Along with the other arts, the Italian [[Renaissance]] of the fourteenth and fifteenth century marked a rebirth in design, often inspired by the [[Greco-Roman]] tradition. A similar explosion of design, and renaissance of culture in general, occurred in Northern Europe, starting in the fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, and often gilded [[Baroque]] designs that frequently incoporated a profusion of vegetal and scrolling ornament. Starting in the eighteenth century, furniture designs began to develop more rapidly. Although there were some styles that belonged primarily to one nation, such as [[Palladianism]] in [[Great Britain]], others, such as the [[rococo]] and [[neoclassicism]] were perpetuated throughout Western Europe. The nineteenth is usually defined by concurrent [[revival styles]], including [[Gothic Revival architecture|gothic]], neoclassicism, and rococo. The [[design reform]] of the late century, introduced the [[aesthetic movement]] and the [[arts and crafts movement]]. [[Art Nouveau]] was influenced by both of these movements. The first three quarters of the twentieth century are often seen as the march towards [[modernism]]. [[Art Deco]], [[de stijl]], [[Bauhaus]], [[Weiner Werkstatte]], and [[Vienna Secession]] designers all worked to some degree within the modernist idiom. [[Post modern]] design, intersecting the [[pop art]] movement, gained steam in the 1960s and 70s, promoted by designers such as the Italy-based [[Memphis movement.]]

===Shaker furniture===
A distinctive style developed by the [[Shakers]] in the late 18th century, [[shaker furniture]] was inspired by their [[ascetic]]beliefs and widely admired for its simplicity, innovative joinery, quality, and functionality.

===Art Nouveau===
[[Art Nouveau]] in architecture and interior design eschewed the eclectic historicism of the [[Victorian era]]. Though Art Nouveau designers selected and "modernized" some of the more abstract elements of [[Rococo]] style, such as flame and shell textures, in place of the historically-derived and basically tectonic or realistic naturalistic ornament of high Victorian styles, Art Nouveau advocated the use of highly-stylized nature as the source of inspiration and expanded the "natural" repertoire to embrace seaweed, grasses, and insects. Correspondingly organic forms, curved lines, especially floral or vegetal, and the like, were used.

===Arts and Crafts ===
The [[Arts and Crafts]] movement originated in mid-nineteenth-century Britain, with art/designers such as [[John Ruskin]] and [[William Morris]]. It reached the height of its popularity in the last decades of the century both in Britain and in the [[United States]]. The Arts and Crafts ideology promoted the role of the craftsman, and look to gothic and Medieval styles to as an antidote to the fussy and eclectic look of [[Victorian era]] design.

===Art Deco===
[[Art Deco]] is characterized by use of materials such as [[aluminum]], [[stainless steel]], lacquer, inlaid wood, sharkskin ([[shagreen]]), and zebraskin. It also features the bold use of zigzag and stepped forms, and sweeping curves (unlike the sinuous curves of the Art Nouveau), [[chevron]] patterns, and the sunburst motif. Some of these motifs were ubiquitous — for example the sunburst motif was used in such varied contexts as a lady's shoe, a [[radiator]] grille, the auditorium of the [[Radio City Music Hall]] and the spire of the [[Chrysler Building]].

===Bauhaus===
The [[Bauhaus]] movement goals of fine design and mass production are well represented in furniture design. The [[Cantilever chair]] by Dutch designer [[Mart Stam]], which relies on the tensile properties of steel, and the [[Wassily Chair]] designed by [[Marcel Breuer]] are two examples.

===Gjernes===
A style following the methods and aesthetics of [[Liv Mildrid Gjernes]], and primarily popular in [[Scandinavia]].

:''See also: [[List of furniture designers]]''

== The online furniture boom ==
2003 marked the start of a boom in the USA in the sales of furniture online. Entrepreneurs saw an opportunity to make available a product that had until then typically only sold from bricks-and-mortar establishments. The sale of furniture online presented a unique challenge. How can a product that sells nearly entirely for its esthetic appeal sell well online with only imagery and product descriptions? Furniture sales online have only started to become a large market, accounting for only 3% of total furniture sales in the United States. The sale of furniture online is being popularized by large corporations like [[Amazon.com]] and [[Wal-Mart]], who now sell furniture online as well.

:''See also the External links for examples of online furniture stores''

==Selected bibliography==
* Gloag, John. ''A Short Dictionary of Furniture.'' New York: Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston, 1965.
* Hayward, Charles H., ''Antique or Fake?: The Making of Old Furniture.'' London: Evans Brothers, 1971.

==See also==
*[[Appliances]]
*[[Decorative art]]
**[[History of decorative arts]]
*[[Furnishing]]s
*[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], ''Furniture City''
*[[Self-assembly furniture]]
*[[List of chairs]]

==External links==

*[http://www.harpgallery.com/html/info/info.php Antique furniture articles] at the Harp Gallery.
*[http://www.furniture-repair.info/ Articles on furniture repair]
*[http://www.furniturebrains.com/directory.htm Furniture Stores and Manufacturers] listed by state and alphabetically
*[http://www.mobilier-balcaen.com/french-furniture/collection/ Example of French furniture]

[[Category:Consumer goods]]
[[Category:Furniture| Furniture]]
[[Category:Home]]
[[Category:Industrial design]]

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[[da:Møbel]]
[[de:Möbel]]
[[eo:Meblo]]
[[fr:Meuble]]
[[gd:Àirneis]]
[[it:Arredamento]]
[[mk:Мебел]]
[[nl:Meubilair]]
[[ja:家具]]
[[pl:Meble]]
[[pt:Mobiliário]]
[[ro:Mobilier]]
[[ru:Мебель]]
[[simple:Furniture]]
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KFC

2006-09-21T12:32:13Z

Tom Allen: Rv anon change in number of restaurants; referenced source still lists 96 or 97 in NZ.

:''This article is about the fast food chain. For other uses, see [[KFC (disambiguation)]].''
{{Infobox Company |
company_name = Kentucky Fried Chicken |
company_logo = [[Image:KFC.png|center|200px]] |
company_type = [[Public]] |
foundation = [[Corbin, Kentucky]] |
location = [[Louisville, Kentucky]] |
key_people = [[Colonel Sanders|Col. Harland Sanders]] |
industry = [[Restaurant]]s |
revenue = |
num_employees = 750,000 |
products = Fast food, including chicken and related [[Cuisine of the Southern United States|Southern]] foods |
homepage = [http://www.kfc.com/ www.kfc.com]
}}

'''KFC''' (formerly known as '''Kentucky Fried Chicken''') is a division of [[Yum! Brands, Inc.]], and is based in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], [[United States|USA]]. Founded by [[Colonel Sanders|Col. Harland Sanders]], KFC is known mainly for its [[fried chicken]].

Sanders first served his fried chicken during the [[Great Depression]] at a gas station he owned in [[Corbin, Kentucky]], and later at a restaurant and [[motel]] he bought across the street. He generally served travelers, often those headed to [[Florida]], so when plans for the new [[interstate highway system]] in the 1950s failed to include Corbin, he sold his properties and began to travel the United States to sell his chicken to restaurant owners. Sanders entered into agreements where he would receive five [[cent (currency)|cents]] for each piece of chicken sold.<ref>http://www.courier-journal.com/foryourinfo/010305/010305.html</ref><ref>http://roadtrip.beimers.com/day99.html</ref><ref>http://www.agilitynut.com/eateries/8b.html</ref> The first to take him up on the offer was [[Pete Harman]]<ref>http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,595057690,00.html</ref> in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]]; together, they opened the world's first "Kentucky Fried Chicken" outlet in 1952. (The Corbin businesses did not bear that name.) Sanders sold the entire KFC [[franchising]] operation in 1964 for $2 million, and it has since been sold three more times, most recently to [[PepsiCo]], which made it part of its [[Tricon Global Restaurants]] division, now known as [[Yum! Brands, Inc.]] In 1997, Tricon was spun off from PepsiCo.

==Name==
[[Image:DSCN1697 (Medium).JPG|left|thumb|260px|An older Kentucky Fried Chicken sign]]
The [[company]] adopted the [[abbreviated]] form of its name in 1991 for three reasons: to de-emphasize [[chicken]] (since the [[chain]] was moving to offer other foods), to avoid the unhealthy connotations of the word "[[fried]]", and because a shorter name was considered more appealing to the [[youth market]].

When the name changed, an urban legend arose that the move was necessary because KFC was using a [[genetically modified]] animal that could not be considered a chicken.{{Fact}} The site [[Snopes]], generally considered a reference on urban legends, added to the confusion by releasing a spoof page saying that Kentucky had trademarked its own name, asking therefore royalties from any song or commerce that used it.

[[Image:DSCN2385.JPG|right|thumb|120px|The Kentucky Fried Chicken name reappeared on the chicken buckets in 2006]]
In [[French language|French]]-speaking [[Quebec, Canada|Quebec]], [[Canada]], KFC is known as '''PFK''' ('''Poulet Frit Kentucky'''); this is one of the few instances in which the ''KFC'' [[initialism]] is changed for the local language. In the 2004 version of [[Dawn of the Dead (2004 film)|''Dawn of the Dead'']], which was filmed in Canada but is set in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, there is a goof where the survivors eat from the KFC restaurant in the mall and one of the soda cups actually reads PFK.

Recently, the company has begun to re-embrace the Kentucky Fried Chicken name, and now uses both "Kentucky Fried Chicken" and "KFC" in its advertisements. The Kentucky Fried Chicken name/logo can be seen on some buckets of chicken.

==Food==
[[Image:Kfc chicken potato.jpg|left|200px|thumb|KFC fried chicken and french fries]]
The Colonel's "secret recipe" of eleven herbs and spices is marketed as one of the best-kept trade secrets in business. The original handwritten recipe is suggested to be locked securely in a vault in [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], with partial copies stored elsewhere as backup. The company claims that suppliers of the seasonings each provide only parts of the recipe, and do not know each other's identity. They also claim that not even the company's president knows the ingredient list, and the few people who do are subject to a strict [[confidentiality agreement]]. The "secret ingredient" myth is one of the cornerstones of the brand. Several people have contacted KFC, claiming to have found copies of the recipe, but KFC claims that none have been correct. A couple who purchased the Colonel's original home found another handwritten recipe in the basement, and, although it was written by Sanders, it was determined to be nothing like the original.

Some other common ingredients that were thought to be part of the original recipe are paprika, onion powder, garlic powder, [[oregano]], [[parsley]], [[sage]] and [[ginger]]. KFC continues to insist that their recipe has ''eleven herbs and spices''.

Some people think that what gives KFC chicken its distinctive taste is that, after being coated, it is cooked in hot oil in a [[pressure cooker]] instead of a conventional [[deep fryer]]. According to [[Alton Brown]] of The Food Network, the pressure cooker and oil only make the cooking time shorter. Alton states that The Colonel believed that properly fried chicken should take at least 45 minutes. However, this was too long for most restaurant operations. The pressure cooker shortens the cooking time but probably does not add any special flavor to the chicken. [[Image:KFC2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|KFC in front of Keihan Moriguchi City station, [[Osaka, Japan]]]]

As with the secret [[Coca-Cola formula]], the stories surrounding the recipe for KFC also serve a [[marketing]] purpose, with the company playing heavily on the mystery surrounding The Colonel's secret recipe.

Beyond the fried chicken, KFC also serves [[side dish]]es like [[coleslaw]], various [[potato]]-based items (including potato wedges, whipped (mashed) potatoes with [[gravy]], and, in some non-US countries, [[french fries]], [[corn on the cob]], [[biscuit#American English meaning|biscuits]] and [[poutine]]. KFC also offers other entreés such as [[Popcorn Chicken]], [[pot pies]], [[chicken strip]]s, [[hamburger]]s, pork [[rib]]s, [[Buffalo wings|flavored wings]], [[sandwiches]] and a variety of [[dessert]]s — though not all may be found in all locations, particularly in non-US locations. Some sides are also available only in a particular region.

In the summer of 2006, KFC introduced the "Famous Bowl", a bowl layered with mashed potatoes or rice, gravy, cheese, corn and popcorn chicken. The bowl had been available at KFC's special test market store in Louisville since the Fall of 2005.

==Controversy==
[[Image:Kurczaki bikini 1071038.jpg|thumb|200px|A protest in [[Warsaw]]]]
In [[New Zealand]], television advertisements for the chain featured the slogan "Kiwi For Chicken". In 2002 [[Greenpeace]] created a fake website dubbing KFC "Kiwi For Cheapskates", and KFC responded with a [[strategic lawsuit against public participation]] (SLAPP) on a news website which had run ads linking to that fake site.<ref>http://www.greenpeace.org.nz/truefood/newsdetail.asp?PRID=768</ref>

On [[October 16]], [[2003]], [[Playboy]] model and [[actress]] [[Pamela Anderson]] joined [[PETA]] in their [[animal rights]] campaign against KFC urging consumers to boycott the franchise until better treatment of its chickens is ensured.

On [[June 3]], [[2004]], the [[Federal Trade Commission|FTC]] and KFC came to a settlement regarding KFC's advertising campaign claiming that "fried chicken can, in fact, be part of a healthy diet." The terms of the agreement were not disclosed; however, the TV commercials stopped airing after the settlement.<ref>http://www.kfc.com/about/pr/060304.htm</ref>

On [[July 20]], [[2004]], PETA released a video of cruelty to chickens taken at [[Pilgrim's Pride]], one of KFC's suppliers in West Virginia. The supplier stated that it would investigate the claims. Pilgrim's Pride fired eleven employees following the release of the video and provided ethical animal-handling training to its work force, however, none of the employees involved in the incident faced any criminal charges.

Throughout the city of [[Melbourne]], a strong anti-KFC team of youths went through many KFC stores making large scenes, projecting their anger against the corporation. The group often chants "Fuck you, dirty bird", as a protest against KFC.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCupZWjvkfI</ref>

On [[January 26]], [[2006]], [[Kentucky]] [[Governor]] [[Ernie Fletcher]] refused [[Pamela Anderson]]'s [[PETA]]-backed demand to remove a statue of [[Colonel Sanders]] from the [[Kentucky]] Capitol Building after Yum! and [[Churchill Downs]] announced an agreement that Yum! would become the main sponsor of the [[Kentucky Derby]]. A few days later, Anderson announced she would not attend the horse race again.

A few countries (such as [[India]]) have discovered that the [[Monosodium glutamate|MSG]] levels in KFC foods exceeded their regulations. Some scientists believe that MSG is a health hazard, and food from KFC was often put at the top of high ten MSG foods to avoid (an average 2% MSG was found in most analysis).

On [[June 13]], [[2006]], the [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]] sued KFC, alleging that the chain used excessively high levels of [[trans fat]] oil in its fried items.<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13295802/</ref><ref>http://www.cspinet.org/new/200606121.html</ref><ref>http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/final_complaint.pdf</ref> Some say the lawsuit is the reason KFC is now requiring all franchisees to use liquid shortening, due to the lower trans fat content of the liquid variety.
{{fact}}

==Advertising==
Early [[TV commercials]] for KFC regularly featured Colonel Sanders talking to the viewer about his secret recipe and the importance of a family joining one another for a meal. Despite his death in 1980, this angle was quite common through the 1970s and up until the early-mid 1990s.

Throughout the mid 1980s, KFC called on [[Will Vinton Studios|Vinton Studios]] to produce a series of humorous, [[claymation]] ads. These most often featured a cartoon-like chicken illustrating the poor food quality of competing food chains, mentioning prolonged freezing and other negative aspects.[http://www.animateclay.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=101&page=1]

By the late 1990s, the stylized likeness of Colonel Sanders as the KFC logo had been modified. KFC ads began featuring an [[animated]] version of "the Colonel" with a lively and enthusiastic attitude. He would often start out saying "The Colonel here!" and moved across the screen with a cane in hand. The Colonel was often shown dancing, singing, and knocking on the TV screen as he spoke to the viewer about the product at hand.

The animated Colonel is uncommon today. Still using a humorous slant, the current KFC compaign revolves mostly around customers enjoying the food. It also features a modified version of [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]]'s "[[Sweet Home Alabama (song)|Sweet Home Alabama]]" as the theme song for practically all its commercials, though the restaurant hails from Kentucky.

==Slogans==
[[Image:FirstKFC.jpg|right|thumb|200px|World's first KFC in [[South Salt Lake, Utah]], since replaced by a new KFC on the same site]]
*There's fast food, then there's KFC<ref>http://www.kfc.com/about/</ref>
*Finger lickin' good!<ref>http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/137325.html</ref>
**This was once translated into Chinese as "eat your fingers off"
*Nobody Does Chicken Like KFC! ([[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Singapore]], and [[United Kingdom|UK]])<ref>http://www.taglineguru.com/sloganlist.html</ref>
*Can't Beat that Taste! (2005/06 - Australia and [[New Zealand]])<ref>http://www.kfc.com.au/</ref>
*Today's KFC I Like It Like That - 1993
*Everybody Needs a little KFC. (1990s - [[United States]]) <ref>http://www.solidarity-us.org/atc/99Lyons.html</ref>
*We do chicken right! (mid 1990s)<ref>http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE6DA1639F933A05751C1A964958260</ref>
*Chicken Capital USA (2005- - [[United States]])<ref>http://www.kfc.com/</ref>
*You've got to KFC what's Cookin' (2003-2004)<ref>http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0311/10/lol.06.html</ref>
*Dinner's Ready At Kentucky Fried Chicken (1970s - Canada)<ref>http://www.marcdenis.com/playa.asp?lefile=ad_Chicken%20Ads</ref>
*Pick up Kentucky Fried Chicken in your neighboorhood; Colonel Sanders and his boys make it finger lickin' good!" (Later changed to "Colonel Sanders' boys and girls") (1970s - Canada)<ref>http://www.marcdenis.com/playa.asp?lefile=ad_Chicken%20Ads</ref>
*Got Chicken Got Soul (2005-2006 - UK)<ref>http://www.clickmt.com/public/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=fulldetails&newsuid=cbe25907-9c55-4239-8023-086e09802961</ref>
*There's More Inside The Bucket (2005-2006)
*The Taste Lives Here (2006-present - Canada)<ref>http://www.kfc.ca</ref>

==Industrial relations==
[[Image:KFC_Auckland_strike.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Balmoral, New Zealand|Balmoral]] KFC workers and allies picket the store]]
KFC employs a high proportion of young and unskilled workers, and frequently pays at or just above minimum wages. Most KFC workers are not unionized.

In [[New Zealand]], KFC youth workers earn NZ$7.13 an hour. Staff at the [[Balmoral, New Zealand|Balmoral, Auckland]] store went on strike for two hours on [[3 December]] [[2005]] after [[Restaurant Brands]], the franchise holder, offered no wage increase in contract negotiations.<ref>http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=1&ObjectID=10357158</ref> In March 2006, Restaurant Brands agreed to phase out youth rates in New Zealand, although no date was set.

In [[Australia]] many KFC stores are covered by an [[enterprise bargaining agreement]] with the [[Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association]] (SDA). Despite this, their wages are barely above the [[Award (Australian industrial relations)|Award]] rate of pay.

In [[Calgary]], a KFC outlet was forced to close temporarily due to lack of staffing because of a labor shortage.

KFC is [[China]]'s most popular fast food restaurant.

==Trivia==
{{unreferenced}}
[[Image:Big_chicken.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The famous [[Big Chicken]] in [[Marietta, Georgia]]]]
*One of the most famous KFC restaurants in America is located in [[Marietta, Georgia]]. This store is notable for a 56-foot tall sign that looks like a chicken. The sign, known locally as the [[Big Chicken]], was built for an earlier fast-food restaurant on the site called Johnny Reb's Chick, Chuck and Shake. It is often used as a travel reference point in the Atlanta area by locals and pilots.
*[[Wendy's]] restaurants founder [[Dave Thomas (American businessman)|Dave Thomas]] operated several Kentucky Fried Chicken franchises before starting Wendy's restaurants. He also invented the rotating-bucket-of-chicken sign that at one time was outside every KFC and decided that the chicken should be sold in paper buckets, in order to whisk away excess moisture. Incidentally, he was a [[Kentucky Colonel]] just like Colonel Sanders, figurehead of Kentucky Fried Chicken.
*KFC is one of the [http://www.kfc.com/about/pr/091302.htm most popular fast food] restaurants in [http://www.google.com/search?q=KFC+China China]. Local menu items include egg tarts, and lotus root salad. KFC in China also serves other [[poultry]] in addition to chicken.
*KFC originally introduced its "Popcorn Chicken" snack in the early 1990s but discontinued it after several customers complained of sickness upon eating the food, which consisted primarily of chicken skin. In the early 2000s, it reintroduced the snack, now complete with more meat attached.{{fact}}
*Separately-owned stores in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], [[Baltimore, Maryland]], [[Chester, Pennsylvania]], [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]], [[Roxbury, Massachusetts]], [[Boston, Massachusetts]], [[Kingston, New York]] and [[Brooklyn, New York]] are named "Kennedy Fried Chicken," an obvious reference to its mainstream competitor.
*Similar copycat stores exist in [[Portsmouth, England]] under the name "Ken's Fried Chicken". The logo design on one of them is an almost exact copy of an older KFC sign.
*In Taiwan and Malaysia, there exists a KLG, which stands for 卡啦鸡 in Chinese. KLG are the initials of the Chinese words. The store also uses KFC elements in an altered form. For example, the lettering is of the same font and color as KFC. One visible difference is that their logo is that of a rather plump chicken wearing a bow tie, instead of Colonel Sanders.
*In addition to Pamela Anderson, celebrities who have come out in protest of KFC's treatment of chickens include [[Richard Pryor]], [[Elizabeth Berkley]], [[Paul Wall]], [[Ringo Starr]], [[Tyra Banks]], [[Dick Gregory]], [[Bea Arthur]] and [[Jason Alexander]].
*KFC is so prevalent in [[Japan]] that many Japanese unknowingly consider it to be a Japanese [[Company]]. On [[Christmas]] day many families (who have made reservations weeks in advance), have their traditional Christmas dinner at KFC. [[Colonel Sanders]] has become somewhat of a cult figure in Japan. Not only is there a lifesize statue of the Colonel in front of every KFC, but his memorabilia like wind-up toys and figurines can be found at many toy stores throughout Japan.

==Cultural references==
[[Image:2005kfc.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The KFC logo in [[Blue Springs, Missouri]]]]
*KFC's success in the 1970s influenced the first [[The Muppet Movie|Muppet Movie]] where [[Kermit the Frog|Kermit]] is being hunted down by a KFC-parodied franchise: "Doc Hopper's French-Fried Frog Legs".
*Circa 1985. New Zealand comedian [[Billy T. James]] performed a skit on his variety show depicting a police raid on a KFC store. The raid supposedly being carried out after the police found out what the eleven "herbs" and spices were.
*KFC was mentioned in the [[Mike Myers (actor)|Mike Myers]] comedy film ''[[So I Married an Axe Murderer]]''; according to the character of Stuart McKenzie (played by Myers himself), Colonel Sanders was not only involved as part of a theoretical "Pentavirate" that controlled every form of media in the world, but also placed an addictive chemical in his [[chicken]] that caused eaters to crave it "fortnightly".
*An episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' featured a restaurant named KFP: Kentucky Fried Panda. As [[Homer Simpson]] said, "It's finger Ling-Ling good!" Another episode featured Colonel Sanders in heaven, feeding God his popcorn chicken. God tells him that one day, he'll have to reveal the 11 herbs and spices to God.
*In the movie [[Space Jam]], [[Foghorn Leghorn]], after being torched by one of the opposing players comments "Did you order original recipe or extra crispy?" referencing the styles of chicken available at KFC.
*Kentucky Fried Chicken is considered the favorite food of [[Eric Cartman]] from the show ''[[South Park]]''. In the episode ''[[The Death of Eric Cartman]]'', [[Stan Marsh|Stan]], [[Kyle Broflovski|Kyle]], [[Kenny McCormick|Kenny]] and [[Eric Cartman|Cartman]] are waiting for Stan's mother to bring home Kentucky Fried Chicken. When she arrives, Cartman distracts the others and manages to eat the skin off of every piece, leaving the other three to eat just the meat of the bird. The next morning, the boys are so angry at Cartman for eating "the best part", that they decide to totally ignore him. In the episode ''[[Tsst]]'', [[Cesar Millan]], the [[Dog Whisperer]] trains [[Eric Cartman|Cartman]] to be more obedient and submissive to his mother by eating Kentucky Fried Chicken in front of him.
*In a [[Family Guy]] episode Peter Griffin goes to a KFC outlet in Kentucky and asks if Mr. Sanders is in.
*Rock group [[Happy Mondays]] were known to use the phrase "Kentucky Fried Chicken" as a euphemism for [[heroin]]; legend holds that the group broke up when lead singer [[Shaun Ryder]] left a contract meeting to go get some "Kentucky" and never returned. This scene was recreated in the 2002 movie [[24 Hour Party People]]. In lieu of the heroin explanation however, Ryder is later seen walking down the street carrying a red bucket while imitating a chicken.
[[Image:KFCWorker.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A KFC employee in standard uniform, circa 2003]]
*The videogame ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]'' features an in-game restaurant called "Cluckin' Bell", which is a parody of KFC and [[Taco Bell]]. When ordering food, the restaurant worker says phrases such as "If you're lucky, you might find a feather!"
*In the UK numerous restaurants can be found that take the same approach, using many of the KFC brand elements in a slightly altered form, with names such as LFC, MFC, PFC, FCKF, and FCUK, moving on to such diverse guises as Kansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, or Kennedy Fried Chicken (see above) and then the more unusual hybrids such as Hentucky, Dixy, Dallas, Texas, Texa, Tex-Ess and Kenssy Fried Chicken. Examples include YFC in [[Leeds]], Yorkshire fried chicken, HFC in [[Middlesbrough]], Halal Fried Chicken and Krunchy Fried Chicken in [[Liverpool]] and [[Manchester]].
*A [[Madonna (entertainer) | Madonna]] song called '''Where Life Begins''' includes the line "Colonel Sanders says it best: Finger-lickin' good."
*The [[Neil Gaiman]] book ''[[American Gods]]'' references the classic KFC [[urban legend]] as to why the company changed its name. According to [[Loki|Low-Key Liesmith]], the main character's cellmate, KFC was legally forced to remove the word 'chicken' from their name as the meat they served was no longer technically chicken, but was grown in a [[genetically engineered]] chickenoid meat-plant.
*Heavy Metal guitarist [[Buckethead]] is known for wearing a KFC bucket on his head.
*In 2003, British pop group [[Fast Food Rockers]] scored at #2 chart hit with "The Fast Food Song", the chorus dates back to a campfire song from 1985, and features the line 'A [[Pizza Hut]], a Pizza Hut, Kentucky Fried Chicken and a Pizza Hut.
*In the [[arcade game]] [[Crazy Taxi]]. A KFC is a regular destination requested by customers.
*The 2006 animated movie Barnyard has a scene where chickens throw darts at a picture of Colonel Sanders which is the logo of KFC that is on a dart board.
*Colonel Sanders is a popular reference in numerous Japanese anime and manga. A particularly well known appearance is in the film "Project A-Ko," in which the protagonists watch a horror movie featuring an animated Colonel Sanders statue.
*In an episode of [[Farscape]], [[John Crichton]] distracts a man by expressing interest in depositing the secret ingredients to KFC. He claims to have found all eleven of them.
*In the movie [[Spaceballs]], a character's named "Colonel Sandurz." And in one point of the movie, he's asked "What's the matter, Colonel Sandurz? CHICKEN?!"
*In the movie [[Around the Bend]] (2004) the main characters -one of them a vegetarian - eat at different KFC's.
*Colonel Sanders made a guest appearance in Episode 23 of Big Brother All Stars after a houseguest (Chicken George) was evicted. Colonel Sanders visited him with a bucket of KFC chicken after Julie Chen (host of Big Brother) made a promise to him that if he were to be evicted, there would be chicken wings waiting for him outside the house.
*The song "Rock out with your Hawk out," by [[MC Hawking]], includes the line "I've got more chicks than the colonel's got chicken, I've got to agree that it's finger lickin'."
*In the 2003 film, [[Old School]], an inebriated Frank "the Tank" Ricard wonders aloud if "KFC is still open".

==See also==
[[Image:Kfcrestaurant.jpg|thumb|right|200px|KFC restaurant in [[Cupertino, California]]]]

*[[Priszm Canadian Income Fund|Priszm Brandz]], the leading Canadian franchisee of KFC and other Yum! Brands restaurants.
*[[Gino's Hamburgers]], the franchisee for Kentucky Fried Chicken in the mid-Atlantic states until 1982.
*''[[Kentucky Fried Movie]]''
*[[List of fast-food restaurants]]

==Countries with KFC==
{| align="right"
| [[Image:Kfcq8.jpg|none|thumb|A KFC franchise in Kuwait]]
|-
| [[Image:Kentucky Fried Chicken world map.PNG|none|thumb|Countries with KFC]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country !! Notes
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Andorra.svg|22px|Andorra]] [[Andorra]] || Only has 2 outlets, one in the capital [[Andorra La Vella]], another one in Escaldes.
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|22px|Antigua and Barbuda]] [[Antigua and Barbuda]] || Outlet in St. John's.
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Aruba.svg|22px|Aruba]] [[Aruba]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Australia.svg|22px|Australia]] [[Australia]] || 712+ locations in Australia & New Zealand combined (2006)<ref>http://www.kfc.com.au/Default.asp?page=/about+kfc</ref><ref>http://www.kfcqld.com.au/history.php</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|22px|Austria]] [[Austria]] || One location, opened in May 2005
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Bahrain.svg|22px|Bahrain]] [[Bahrain]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|22px|Bangladesh]] [[Bangladesh]] || One outlet in Gulshan 1
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Barbados.svg|22px|Barbados]] [[Barbados]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Bermuda.svg|22px|Bermuda]] [[Bermuda]] || The only US fast food franchise in Bermuda
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|22px|Brazil]] [[Brazil]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|22px|Bulgaria]] [[Bulgaria]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|22px|Canada]] [[Canada]] || founded in the 1960s and operates in all 10 provinces and the NWT; known as '''PFK''' ('''Poulet Frit Kentucky''') in [[Quebec]] and at three locations in [[New Brunswick]]; based in [[Vaughan, Ontario]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Chile.svg|22px|Chile]] [[Chile]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|22px|China]] [[China]] || China has more than 1400 restaurants in more than 200 cities
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Colombia.svg|22px|Colombia]] [[Colombia]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|22px|Costa Rica]] [[Costa Rica]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Cyprus.svg|22px|Cyprus]] [[Cyprus]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|22px|Czech Republic]] [[Czech Republic]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Denmark.svg|22px|Denmark]] [[Denmark]] || KFC has 3 outlets in [[Copenhagen]], 3 outlets have been closed down (2 in Copenhagen, 1 in [[Århus]])
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|22px|Dominican Republic]] [[Dominican Republic]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Ecuador.svg|22px|Ecuador]] [[Ecuador]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of El Salvador.svg|22px|El Salvador]] [[El Salvador]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Egypt.svg|22px|Egypt]] [[Egypt]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of France.svg|22px|France]] [[France]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|22px|Germany]] [[Germany]] ||
|-
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Grenada.svg|22px|Germany]] [[Grenada]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Greece.svg|22px|Greece]] [[Greece]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Guyana.svg|22px|Guyana]] [[Guyana]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Honduras.svg|22px|Honduras]] [[Honduras]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|22px|Hong Kong]] [[Hong Kong]] || Also known as 肯德基 and managed by Birdland (Hong Kong) Limited
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Hungary.svg|22px|Hungary]] [[Hungary]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Iceland.svg|22px|Iceland]] [[Iceland]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of India.svg|22px|India]] [[India]] || 11 total outlets in Kolkata, New Delhi, Chandigarh, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Mumbai
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Indonesia.svg|22px|Indonesia]] [[Indonesia]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Ireland.svg|22px|Ireland]] [[Ireland]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Israel.svg|22px|Israel]] [[Israel]] || Outlets are [[kosher]].
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Jamaica.svg|22px|Jamaica]] [[Jamaica]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|22px|Japan]] [[Japan]] || Opened it's first franchise in [[1970]] and has since become the second-largest [[United States|American]] [[fast-food]] chain in the country.
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|22px|Jordan]] [[Jordan]] || Opened in early 80s and is widely consumed in Amman (Jordan's capital) with many locations in popular areas.
|-
|[[Image:Flag of South Korea.svg|22px|Korea]] [[Korea]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Kuwait.svg|22px|Kuwait]] [[Kuwait]] || Outlets are [[Halal]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Lebanon.svg|22px|Lebanon]] [[Lebanon]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Macau.svg|22px|Macau]] [[Macau]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Malaysia.svg|22px|Malaysia]] [[Malaysia]] ||KFC has roughly 833 outlets throughout Malaysia<ref>http://www.kfc.com.my/outlets/index.html</ref>. All Malaysian outlets are [[Halal]].
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Malta.svg|22px|Malta]] [[Malta]] || One outlet in [[Gżira]].
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Mauritius.svg|22px|Mauritius]] [[Mauritius]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Mexico.svg|22px|Mexico]] [[Mexico]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Namibia.svg|22px|Namibia]] [[Namibia]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|22px|Netherlands]] [[Netherlands]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of New Zealand.svg|22px|New Zealand]] [[New Zealand]] || KFC has 97 outlets throughout New Zealand<ref>http://www.kfc.co.nz/index.cfm?contentNodeID=428</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Pakistan.svg|22px|Pakistan]] [[Pakistan]] || KFC Pakistan has 40 outlets throughout Pakistan which all serve [[Halal]] chicken<ref>http://www.kfcpakistan.com</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Panama.svg|22px|Panama]] [[Panama]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Peru.svg|22px|Peru]] [[Peru]] || kFC has 50 restaurants in Peru

|-
|[[Image:Flag of the Philippines.svg|22px|The Philippines]] [[The Philippines]] || KFC has [http://www.kfc.ph/kfcstores.htm#man 82] restaurants in the Philippines
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|22px|Poland]] [[Poland]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|22px|Portugal]] [[Portugal]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|22px|Puerto Rico]] [[Puerto Rico]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Qatar.svg|22px|Qatar]] [[Qatar]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|22px|Romania]] [[Romania]] || KFC has 16 restaurants in Romania<ref>http://www.kfc.ro</ref> ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|22px|Russia]] [[Russia]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|22px|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|22px|Saudi Arabia]] [[Saudi Arabia]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Singapore.svg|22px|Singapore]] [[Singapore]] || Outlets are [[Halal]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Slovakia.svg|22px|Slovakia]] [[Slovakia]] || First restaurant opened in [[Trnava]] (autumn 2006).
|-
|[[Image:Flag of South Africa.svg|22px|South Africa]] [[South Africa]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|22px|Spain]] [[Spain]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|22px|Sri Lanka]] [[Sri Lanka]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Syria.svg|22px|Syria]] [[Syria]] || Owned by [[Kuwait]]i national [[Nasser Al-Kharafi]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|22px|St. Lucia]] [[St. Lucia]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Taiwan]] [[Taiwan]] || Also known as 肯德基, the first restaurant was built in 1984. Now there are over 133 branches in Taiwan.<ref>http://www.kfcclub.com.tw/</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Thailand.svg|22px|Thailand]] [[Thailand]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|22px|Trinidad and Tobago]] [[Trinidad and Tobago]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Turkey.svg|22px|Turkey]] [[Turkey]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|22px|U.S. Virgin Islands]] [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|22px|United Arab Emirates]] [[United Arab Emirates]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|22px|United Kingdom]] [[United Kingdom]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|22px|United States]] [[United States]] || in addition to the initial franchises.
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Venezuela.svg|22px|Venezuela]] [[Venezuela]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Vietnam.svg|22px|Vietnam]] [[Vietnam]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|22px|Zimbabwe]] [[Zimbabwe]] ||
|}

==Recipes==
*[http://top-secret-recipes.blogspot.com/2006/06/kfc-honey-barbecued-wings.html KFC Honey Barbecued Wings]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
===Official sites===
*[http://www.kfc.com/ KFC website]
*[http://www.kfcbd.com/ KFC Bangladesh website]
*[http://www.kfc.ca/ KFC Canada website]
*[http://www.kfc.co.uk/ KFC UK website]
*[http://www.kfc.com.au/ KFC Australia website]
*[http://www.kfc.co.nz/ KFC New Zealand website]
*[http://www.kfcindia.com/ KFC India website]
*[http://www.kfcindonesia.com/ KFC Indonesia website]
*[http://www.kfc-malta.com/ KFC Malta website]
*[http://www.kfc.co.jp/ KFC Japan website]
*[http://www.kfckorea.com/ KFC Korea website]
*[http://www.kfc.com.my/ KFC Malaysia website]
*[http://www.kfcpakistan.com/ KFC Pakistan website]
*[http://www.kfc.ph/ KFC Philippines website]
*[http://www.kfc.pl/ KFC Poland website]
*[http://www.kfc.com.sg/ KFC Singapore website]
*[http://www.kfcturkiye.com/ KFC Turkey website]
*[http://www.kfc.nl/ KFC Dutch website]
*[http://www.kfc.de/ KFC Germany website]
*[http://www.kfc.fr/ KFC France website]
*[http://www.kfc.com.cn/ KFC China website]
*[http://www.kfchk.com/ KFC Hong Kong website]
*[http://www.kfc.co.th KFC Thailand website]
*[http://www.kfc.com.mx/ KFC Mexico website]
*[http://www.kfcclub.com.tw/ KFC Taiwan website]
*[http://www.kfcvietnam.com/ KFC Vietnam website]

===Other===
*[http://www.kentuckyfriedcruelty.com/ The KFC Boycott page]
*[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/food/kfc.asp KFC Urban Legends Reference page]
*[http://www.us.imdb.com/news/wenn/2006-01-26/#3/ Kentucky Governor refuses PETA's statue-removal demand.]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/-/1/hi/health/5084768.stm KFC sued in US over cooking fats]
*[http://www.theshadowsun.net/collection/view/120 ''Kentucky Fried Cruelty'' - An article about KFC regarding animal cruelty towards chickens.]

{{Yum!}}

[[Category:Yum! Brands]]
[[Category:1939 establishments]]
[[Category:Fast-food poultry restaurants]]
[[Category:Fast-food franchises]]
[[Category:Fast-food chains of Canada]]
[[Category:Fast-food chains of the United States]]
[[Category:Louisville businesses]]
[[Category:Companies without an unabbreviated name]]
[[ar:كنتاكي فرايد تشيكن]]
[[da:Kentucky Fried Chicken]]
[[de:Kentucky Fried Chicken]]
[[es:KFC]]
[[fr:KFC]]
[[id:KFC]]
[[he:קנטאקי פרייד צ'יקן]]
[[hu:KFC]]
[[ja:ケンタッキーフライドチキン]]
[[ms:Kentucky Fried Chicken]]
[[nl:Kentucky Fried Chicken]]
[[no:KFC]]
[[pl:Kentucky Fried Chicken]]
[[pt:Kentucky Fried Chicken]]
[[simple:Kentucky Fried Chicken]]
[[sv:KFC]]
[[th:เคเอฟซี]]
[[vi:KFC]]
[[zh:肯德基]]

Truss

2006-09-21T02:15:21Z

Tom Allen: /* External links */ Fixed broken external link (and title)

{{dablink|For other senses of this word, see [[truss (disambiguation)]].}} [[Image:RRTrussBridgeSideView.jpg|thumb|350px|Truss [[bridge]] for a single track railway, converted to pedestrian use and pipeline support. Outer vertical members are in tension, lower horizontal members in tension, shear, and bending, diagonal and top members are in compression. The central vertical member stabilizes the upper compression member, preventing it from buckling. If the top member is sufficiently stiff then this vertical element may be eliminated. If the lower chord is sufficiently resistant to bending and shear, the outer vertical elements may be eliminated. The inclusion of the elements shown is largely an engineering decision based upon economics, being a balance between the costs of raw materials, off-site fabrication, component transportation, on-site erection, the availability of machinery and the cost of labor. In other cases the appearance of the structure may take on greater importance and so influence the design decisions beyond mere matters of economics. Modern materials such as post-stressed concrete and fabrication methods, such as automated welding, have significantly influenced the design of modern [[bridge]]s.]]

In [[architecture]] and [[structural engineering]], a '''truss''' is a static [[structure]] consisting of straight slender members inter-connected at joints into triangular units.

==History==
The earliest trusses were made out of timber. The [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] used truss construction for their dwellings. In 1570 [[Andrea Palladio]] published ''[[I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura]]'', which contained instructions for wooden trussed bridges.

==Statics of trusses==
In order for a truss with pin-connected members to be rigid, it must be composed entirely of triangles. In mathematical terms, we have the following necessary condition for [[stability]]:

:<math> m \ge 2j - r \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(a)} </math>

where ''m'' is the total number of truss members, ''j'' is the total number of joints and ''r'' is the number of reactions (equal to 3 generally) in a 2-dimensional structure.

When <math> m=2j - 3</math>, the truss is said to be ''statically determinate'' because the (''m''+3) internal member forces and support reactions can then be completely determined by 2''j'' [[mechanical equilibrium|equilibrium]] equations, once we know the external loads and the geometry of the truss. Given a certain number of joints, this is the minimum number of members, in the sense that if any member is taken out (or fails), then the truss as a whole fails. While the relation (a) is necessary, it is not sufficient for [[stability]], which also depends on the truss geometry, support conditions and the load carrying capacity of the members.

Some structures are built with more than this minimum number of truss members. Those structures may survive even when some of the members fail. They are called ''[[statically indeterminate]]'' structures, because their member forces also depend on the relative [[stiffness]] of the members, in addition to the equilibrium condition.
[[Image:Shanghai_Shimao_Plaza_Construction.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A building under construction in [[Shanghai]]. The truss sections stabilize the building and will house [[mechanical floor]]s.]]

===Vierendeel truss===
A special truss is the ''Vierendeel truss'', named after the [[Belgium|Belgian]] engineer A. Vierendeel [http://users.telenet.be/karel.roose/vierendeel/vierendeel.html]. Also described as a Vierendeel [[Rigid frame|frame]], this truss has rigid upper and lower beams, connected by vertical beams. The joints are also rigid. In this statically indeterminate truss, all members are subject to bending [[moment (physics)|moments]]. Trusses of this type are used in some [[bridge]]s (see [[Vierendeel bridge]]), and were also used in the frame of the 'Twin Towers' [[World Trade Center]]. By eliminating diagonal members the creation of rectangular openings for windows and doors is simplified since this truss can reduce or eliminate the need for compensating shear walls.

==Analysis of trusses==
[[image:cremonadiagram.jpg|thumbnail|right|Cremona diagram for a plane truss]]

The analysis assumes that loads are applied to joints only, not to the members. The estimated weights of bars are either omitted or, if required, they are applied to the joints (a half of the weight to each of the bar joints). As long as loads are applied only at the joints of a truss, and the joints act like "[[hinge]]s", every member of the truss is in pure [[physical compression|compression]] or pure [[tension (mechanics)|tension]] -- [[shear]], bending [[moment (physics)|moment]]s, and other more complex [[stress (physics)|stresses]] are all practically zero. This makes trusses easier to analyze. This also makes trusses physically stronger than other ways of arranging material -- because nearly every material can hold a much larger load in tension and compression than in shear, bending, torsion, or other kinds of stress. [[Structural analysis]] of trusses of any type can readily be carried out using a matrix method such as the [[matrix stiffness method]] or the [[flexibility method]].


===Forces in members===
On the right is a simple, [[statically determinate]] flat truss with 9 joints and (2 x 9 − 3 =) 15 members. External loads are concentrated in the outer joints. Since this is a [[symmetry|symmetrical]] truss with symmetrical vertical loads, it is clear to see that the reactions at A and B are equal, vertical and half the total load.

The internal [[force]]s in the members of the truss can be calculated in a variety of ways including the graphical methods:
* ''[[Luigi Cremona|Cremona]] diagram''
* ''[[Carl Culmann|Culmann]] diagram''

Or the analytical ''Ritter'' method ([[Structural_analysis#Mechanics_of_materials_methods|method of sections]]).

In the Cremona method, first the external forces and reactions are drawn (to [[scale (ratio)|scale]]) forming a vertical line in the lower right side of the picture. This is the [[net force|sum]] of all the force [[vector (spatial)|vector]]s and is equal to zero as there is [[mechanical equilibrium]].

Since the [[static equilibrium|equilibrium]] holds for the external forces on the entire truss construction, it also holds for the internal forces acting on each joint. For a joint to be ''at rest'' the sum of the forces on a joint must also be equal to zero. Starting at joint ''Aorda'', the internal forces can be found by drawing lines in the Cremona diagram representing the forces in the members 1 and 4, going clockwise; ''VA'' (going up) load at ''A'' (going down), force in member 1 (going down/left), member 4 (going up/right) and closing with ''VA''. As the force in member 1 is towards the joint, the member is under compression, the force in member 4 is away from the joint so the member 4 is under tension. The length of the lines for members 1 and 4 in the diagram, multiplied with the chosen scale [[factor]] is the [[Magnitude (mathematics)|magnitude]] of the force in members 1 and 4.

Now, in the same way the forces in members 2 and 6 can be found for joint ''C''; force in member 1 (going up/right), force in ''C'' going down, force in 2 (going down/left), force in 6 (going up/left) and closing with the force in member 1.

The same steps can be taken for joints ''D'', ''H'' and ''E'' resulting in the complete Cremona diagram where the internal forces in all members are known.

In a next phase the forces caused by [[wind]] must be considered. Wind will cause pressure on the upwind side of a [[roof]] (and truss) and suction on the downwind side. This will translate to asymmetrical loads but the Cremona method is the same. Wind force may introduce larger forces in the individual truss members than the static vertical loads.

===Design of members===
Once the force on each member is known,
the next step is to determine the [[cross section]] of the individual truss members. For members under tension the cross-sectional area ''A'' can be found using ''A'' = ''F'' × γ / σ''y'', where ''F'' is the force in the member, γ is a [[safety factor]] (typically 1.5 but depending on [[building code]]s) and σy is the [[yield]] [[tensile strength]] of the steel used (typically 240 [[MPa]]). 
The members under compression also have to be designed to be safe against [[buckling]].

The weight of a truss member depends directly on its cross section -- that weight partially determines how strong the other members of the truss need to be.
Giving one member a larger cross section than on a previous iteration requires giving other members a larger cross section as well, to hold the greater weight of the first member -- one needs to go through another iteration to find exactly how much greater the other members need to be.
Sometimes the designer goes through several iterations of the design process to converge on the "right" cross section for each member. On the other hand, reducing the size of one member from the previous iteration merely makes the other members have a larger (and more expensive) safety factor than is technically necessary, but doesn't ''require'' another iteration to find a buildable truss.

The effect of the weight of the individual truss members in a large truss, such as a [[bridge]], is usually insignificant compared to the force of the external loads.

===Design of joints===
After determining the minimum cross section of the members, the last step in the design of a truss would be detailing of the [[bolted joint]]s, e.g., involving [[shear]] of the bolt connections used in the joints, see also [[shear stress]].

<center>[[Image:The Little Belt Bridge (1935).jpeg|thumb|500px|none|[[Little Belt Bridge|''Lille Belt'']]   '''truss''' [[bridge]], [[Denmark]]]]</center>

== Truss Types ==
A metal plate-connected wood truss is a roof or floor truss whose wood members are connected with [[metal connector plates]].

There are two basic types of trusses. The [[pitched truss]] or [[common truss]] is characterized by its triangular shape. It is most often used for roof construction. Some common trusses are named according to their [[web configuration]]. The chord size and web configuration are determined by span, load and spacing. The [[parallel chord truss]] or [[flat truss]] gets its name from its parallel top and bottom chords. It is often used for floor construction.

== See also ==
* [[Truss bridge]]
* [[Vierendeel bridge]]
* [[Lattice bridge]], utilizing a truss form that allows the use of lightweight components, previously used in a number of wooden [[covered bridge]]s and lightweight steel bridges.
* A [[geodesic dome]] is a truss in the shape of a sphere.
* [[Compressive stress]] and [[Tensile stress]]
* [[Space frame]]
* The 28 [[Andreini tessellation]]s are the only way to fill space with trusses that have identical joints everywhere.
* a [[tensegrity]] truss is a truss where no compression member touches any other compression member. 
* [[Truss rod]], a [[guitar]] part.
* [[Mechanics of structures]]
* [[Girder]]
* [[Structural steel]]

== External links ==
* [http://pcnate.com/bridges/index.htm Historic Bridges of Michigan and Elsewhere] With a focus on metal truss bridges, this site provides photos, information, maps, and links.
* [http://urban.arch.virginia.edu/~km6e/arch324/content/lectures/lec-18/review-of-17.html Classical Truss Theory]
* [http://www.historicbridges.org/info/intro/index.htm An Introduction to Historic Truss Bridges]
* [http://www.jhu.edu/virtlab/bridge/truss.htm truss bridge designer simulation] (requires Java)
* [http://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/jo24/comments/truss.html Trusses in 20th-century architecture]
* [http://users.telenet.be/karel.roose/vierendeel/vierendeel.html Vierendeel bridges (in Dutch)]

[[Category:Building engineering]]
[[Category:Structural system]]
[[Category:Civil engineering]]
[[Category:Architectural elements]]
[[Category:Mechanics]]

[[ca:Gelosia (estructura)]]
[[de:Fachwerk]]
[[eo:kradtraba skeleto]]
[[he:מסבך]]
[[nl:vakwerk]]
[[pl:Kratownica]]
[[ru:Ферма (конструкция)]]

Mobile home

2006-09-21T02:09:10Z

Tom Allen: /* External links */ Rm linkspam

[[Image:Mobile home.jpg|thumb|250px|A modern "double-wide" manufactured home.]]
'''Mobile homes''' (or '''[[Manufactured housing|manufactured homes]]''') are [[housing]] units built in factories, rather than on site, and then taken to the place where they will be occupied. They are usually transported by semi-trucks over public highways. They are less expensive per square foot than site-built homes, and are often associated with rural areas and high-density developments, sometimes referred to as [[trailer park]]s. In the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[United States|USA]] they are referred to as "mobile home parks."

The term "manufactured home" specifically refers to a home built entirely in a protected environment under a federal code set by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Contrary to popular belief, manufactured homes are not mobile homes. The term "mobile home" describes factory-built homes produced prior to the 1976 HUD Code enactment.[http://www.palmharbor.com/our-construction/mfg-or-mod-construction/manufactured-construction/]

These houses are usually placed in one location, often a rented lot, and left there permanently. However, they do retain the ability to be moved, as this is a requirement in many areas. Behind the cosmetic work fitted at installation to hide the base, there are strong trailer frames, axles, wheels and tow-hitches.

Manufactured homes are ''not'' large recreational vehicles. The latter are more properly called [[travel trailer]]s, [[Recreational vehicle|motor homes]] or [[Recreational vehicle|RVs]], and they are usually parked at facilities called trailer parks, trailer courts, or RV parks for short terms.

The two major forms of manufactured homes are '''single-wides''' and '''double-wides'''. Single-wides are sixteen feet or less in width and can be towed to their site as a single unit. Double-wides are twenty-four feet or more wide and are towed to their site in two separate units, which are then joined together. '''Triple-wides''' are also manufactured, although not as commonly.

In the U.S., manufactured homes are regulated by the United States [[Department of Housing and Urban Development]] (HUD), via the Federal National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974. It is this national regulation that has allowed many manufacturers to distribute nationwide, since they are immune to the jurisdiction of local building authorities. By contrast, producers of [[modular homes]] must abide by state and local building codes. There are, however, windzones adopted by [[Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]] that manufactured home builders must follow. For example, state-wide, Florida is at least windzone 2. South Florida is windzone 3, the strongest windzone. After Hurricane Andrew in 1992, new standards were adopted for manufactured home construction. The codes for building within these windzones were significantly ammended, which has greatly increased their durability. During the recent 2004 hurricanes in Florida, these standards were put to the test, with great success.

== History ==
This form of housing goes back to the early years of automobiles and motorized highway travel. It was derived from the [[travel trailer]], a small unit with permanently attached wheels often used for camping. Larger units intended to be used as dwellings for several months or more in one location came to be known as '''house trailers'''.

The original focus of this form of housing was its mobility. Units were initially marketed primarily to people whose lifestyle required mobility. However, beginning in the [[1950s]], mobile homes began to be marketed primarily as an inexpensive form of housing designed to be set up and left in a location for long periods of time, or even permanently installed with a masonry foundation. Previously, units had been eight feet or less in width, but in 1956, the introduction of the 10-foot wide mobile home was made. This helped solidify the line between mobile homes and house/travel trailers, since the smaller units could be moved simply with an automobile, but the larger, wider units required the services of a professional trucking company. In the 1960s and '70s, mobile homes became even longer and wider, making the mobility of the units more difficult. Today, when a manufactured home is moved to a location, it is usually kept there permanently. Since the 1970s, the term "manufactured home" has largely replaced "mobile home," since the mobility of the units has considerably decreased.

[[Image:67elcona.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Typical manufactured home of the 1960s-70s: twelve feet wide and nearly sixty feet long.]]

Many people who could not afford a traditional site-built home or did not desire to commit to spending a large sum of money on housing began to see manufactured homes as a viable alternative for long-term housing needs. The units were often marketed as an alternative to the apartment rental. However, the tendency of the units of this era to rapidly depreciate in resale value made using them as collateral for loans far riskier than traditional home loans. Terms were usually limited to less than the thirty year term typical of the general home-loan market, and interest rates were considerably higher. In other words, mobile home loans resembled motor vehicle loans far more than traditional home [[mortgage]]s.

== Legal complications ==
[[Image:CIMG0085a.jpg|frame|A modern "triple wide" manufactured home.]]
The rise of the manufactured home brought with it complications the [[legal system]] was not prepared to handle. Originally, manufactured homes tended to be taxed as vehicles rather than real estate, which resulted in very low property tax rates for their inhabitants. This led local governments to reclassify them for taxation purposes.

However, even with this change, rapid [[depreciation]] often resulted in manufactured home occupants paying far less in property taxes than had been anticipated and budgeted. The ability to move many manufactured homes rapidly into a relatively small area resulted in strains to the infrastructure and governmental services of the affected areas, such as inadequate water pressure and sewage disposal, and highway congestion. This led jurisdictions to begin placing limitations on the size and density of developments.

As noted above, early manufactured homes, even those that were well-maintained, tended to depreciate in value over time, much like motor vehicles, rather than appreciate in value, as with site-built homes. The arrival of manufactured homes in an area tended to be regarded with alarm, particularly by the owners of more valuable real estate. They often feared, with some reason, that their property values could devaluate.

This combination of factors has led most jurisdictions to place [[zoning]] regulations on the areas in which manufactured homes are placed, and limitations on the number and density of manufactured homes permitted on any given site. Other restrictions, such as minimum size requirements, limitations on exterior colors and finishes, and foundation mandates have also been enacted. There are many jurisdictions that will not allow the placement of any additional manufactured homes. Others have strongly limited or forbidden all single-wide models, which tend to depreciate in value more rapidly than modern double-wide models.

== Manufactured home parks ==
In the past, manufactured home parks have been thought of as substandard. With more modern manufactured home parks however, this is not the case. Most have regulations concerning the size and styles of homes permitted, and many are somewhat similar to more traditional subdivision developments. In some of the more satisfactory parks, all of the homes are owned by the individual occupants. Only the spaces or '''pads''' are rented, not the units themselves. Developments in which the buyer purchases both the home and the lot are almost indistinguishable from traditional subdivisions. In lower-end parks, some or all of the units are owned by the operators of the park and are rented to occupants. These developments are considered undesirable by property owners because they are known to depreciate the value of surrounding property.

Newer manufactured homes, particularly double-wides, tend to be built to much higher standards than their predecessors and meet the [[building code]]s applicable to most areas. This has led to a reduction in the rate of value depreciation of most used units.[http://www.answers.com/topic/mobile-home]

Additionally, modern manufactured homes tend to be built from materials similar to those used in site-built homes rather than inferior, lighter-weight materials. They are also more likely to physically resemble site-built homes. Often, the primary differentiation in appearance is that manufactured homes tend to have less of a roof slope so that they can be readily transported underneath bridges and overpasses.

The number of double-wide units sold exceeds the number of single-wides, which is due in part to the aforementioned zoning restrictions. Another reason for higher sales is the spaciousness of double-wide units, which are now comparable to fairly luxurious site-built homes. Single-wide units are still popular primarily in rural areas, where there are fewer restrictions. They are frequently used as temporary housing in areas affected by natural disasters, when restrictions are temporarily waived.

== Modular homes ==
Manufactured homes are often confused with but are not identical to [[modular home]]s. Modular homes are transported on flatbed trucks rather than being towed, and lack axles and an automotive-type frame typical of manufactured homes. However, like manufactured homes, some modular houses are towed behind a [[semi-truck]] on a frame similar to that of a manufactured home. The house is usually in two pieces and is hauled by two separate trucks. Each frame has five or more axles, depending on the size of the house. Once the house has reached its location, unlike a manufactured home, the axles and the tongue of the frame are then removed, and the house is set on a concrete foundation by a large [[crane]].

Both manufactured homes and modular homes are commonly referred to as [[manufactured housing]], although its technical use is restricted to a class of homes regulated by the Federal National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974.

Most zoning restrictions on manufactured homes have been found to be inapplicable or only applicable to modular homes. This occurs often after considerable litigation on the topic by affected jurisdictions and by plaintiffs failing to ascertain the difference. Most modern modular homes, once fully assembled, are indistinguishable from site-built homes. Their roofs are usually transported as separate units, eradicating the telltale roofline of the manufactured home. As the legal differentiation between the two becomes more codified, the market for modular homes is likely to grow.

The traditional manufactured home industry would seem to have a bright future as well. As the demand for housing continues to grow, the price of housing continues to increase rapidly. The quality and features of manufactured homes has led to greater acceptance by a growing segment of the marketplace. Additionally, insurers and lenders are now more likely to treat the higher-end manufactured home as they would a traditional home.

== Manufactured homes and tornados ==
In the [[Midwestern United States|American Midwest]], manufactured homes are sometimes referred to as "Tornado Magnets" or "Tornado Bait" due to the perception that [[tornado]]s strike them more frequently than other structures. Tornados do not actually strike manufactured homes any more or less frequently than any other type of structure. However, while an [[Fujita scale|F1]] tornado might cause minor damage to a site-built home, it could do significant damage to a manufactured home, especially an older model or one that is not properly secured. Many brands offer optional hurricane straps, which can be used to tie the manufactured home to anchors embedded in the ground. This gives the owner substantial protection against heavy winds.

==Caravilla==
[[Image:New Karavilas.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Vacant caravillas in Nitzan]]
In [[2005]], a neighborhood of about 500 manufactured homes was established in [[Nitzan]]. This was a temporary community set up north of [[Ashkelon]], [[Israel]], to house those evacuated from their homes in [[Gush Katif]] as part of [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan]].

These manufactured homes were named ''caravillas'' ([[Hebrew Language|Hebrew]]: קרווילה), which is the combination of the words [[Travel trailer|caravan]], and [[villa]]. The building is composed of several prefabricated sections, similar to those of a manufactured home, that are joined on a foundation. This is akin to the Israeli concept of a villa, or [[Single-family home]]. The caravilla is more spacious than a regular manufactured home, and was instrumental in pacifying objections to the Disengagement plan.

== Trivia ==
*During a renovation of the [[Arkansas]] governor's mansion, then-Governor [[Mike Huckabee]] and his family lived in a triple-wide manufactured home on site, donated by the state manufactured home builders association. Though the move was criticized by many who believed it played to stereotypes of rural Arkansas, Huckabee agreed to the idea because the industry was important to Arkansas both in terms of sales and employment.
*Single-wide mobile homes, especially older models with weathered bare aluminum skins, are often humorously called "[[gray whale]]s", which they vaguely resemble.

== References ==

[1] [http://www.palmharbor.com/our-construction/mfg-or-mod-construction/manufactured-construction/ "Manufactured Construction"] '''[http://www.palmharbor.com/ Palm Harbor Homes]''', retrieved [[September 12]], [[2006]]

[2] [http://www.answers.com/topic/mobile-home "mobile home"] '''[http://www.answers.com/ Answers.com]''', retrieved [[September 12]], [[2006]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.manufacturedhousing.org National Manufactured Housing Institute]
*[http://publicarticles.info/articles/mobile_homes/index.asp Types and sizes of Manufactured and Modular Homes]
*[http://www.mpbonline.org/television/series/Beyond_Katrina/Media/107/modular.mov What is Modular? (video)] - Mississippi Public Broadcasting, View past clips from Beyond Katrina Episode 107, "What is Modular". Alternative housing or wave of the future?

[[Category:American architecture]]
[[Category:American society]]
[[Category:House styles]]
[[Category:House types]]

[[de:Mobilheim]]
[[he:בית נייד]]
[[nl:Woonwagen]]
[[ja:トレーラーハウス]]

Prefabricated building

2006-09-21T02:06:28Z

Tom Allen: /* External links */ Rm linkspam

'''Prefabricated building''' is a type of building that consists of several factory-built units that are assembled on-site to complete the unit.
[[Image:Prefabricated house construction.gif|thumb|right|Construction of a prefabricated modular house ([[:Image:Prefabricated house construction.ogg|Click here for a time-lapse video]])]]

== Prefabricated housing ==

The term prefabricated building may refer to buildings built in modules (modular homes) or transportable sections (manufactured homes), and may also be used to refer to mobile homes. Although similar in nature, the methods and design of the three can vary wildly. There are two-level home plans, as well as custom home plans.

#Modular homes are homes that are created in sections, and then transported to the home site for construction and installation. These are typically installed and treated like a regular house, for both financing and construction purposes, and are usually the most expensive of the three. Although the sections of the house are prefabricated, the sections, or modules, are put together at the construction much like a typical home.
#Manufactured homes refer to homes that are built onto steel beams, and are transported in complete sections to the home site, where they are assembled.
#Mobile homes are, quite simply, mobile homes; that is, homes built on wheels, that are able to be moved from place to place.

Mobile homes and manufactured homes can be placed in mobile home parks, and manufactured homes can also be placed on private land, providing the land is appropriately zoned for manufactured homes.

=== Manufactured homes ===

Constructing manufactured homes typically involves connecting plumbing and electrical lines across the sections, and sealing the sections together. Manufactured homes can be single-, double-, or even triple-wide, which is simply a measure of how many sections wide it is. Many manufactured home companies manufacture a variety of different designs, and many of the floorplans are available online. Manufactured homes can be built onto a permanent foundation, and if designed correctly, can be difficult to distinguish from a stick-built home to the untrained eye.

Manufactured homes are typically purchased from a retail sales company that may be independently owned and operated, initially assembled by a local contracting company, and follow-up repairs performed by the manufactured home company under warranty. For this reason, customer service and reputation are extremely important. Purchasing a manufactured home from a disreputable or dishonest company can lead to lengthy delays in moving, as well as large residual and unexpected costs. For this reason, it is advisable to seek second opinions or first-hand consumer opinions of a manufactured home brand.

A manufactured home, once assembled, goes through a "settling-in" period, where the home will settle into its location. During this period, some drywall cracking may appear, and any incorrectly installed appliances, wiring, and/or plumbing should be repaired, hopefully under warranty. If not covered under warranty, the costs will be borne by the consumer. For this reason, it is important that the consumer ensure that a reputable and honest contractor is used for the initial set-up. If any repairs are not completed by the initial set-up crew, the manufacturer will send repair crews to repair anything covered by the warranty. The secondary repair team must be scheduled, and may not be available immediately for most repairs. Just because a manufactured home has been assembled does not mean it is immediately inhabitable; appropriate ventilation, heating, plumbing, and electrical systems must be installed correctly by the initial set-up crew, otherwise, the consumer must wait until the manufacturer repair team can schedule an appointment, unless the consumer undertakes the repair at personal expense.

=== Construction sites ===

Mobile homes and manufactured homes can be placed in mobile home parks, and manufactured homes can also be placed on private land, providing the land is appropriately zoned for manufactured homes. Many cities have not updated zoning regulations for modern manufactured houses, and thus, may not permit manufactured houses to be placed in certain areas.

[[McDonalds]] use prefabricated structures for their buildings, and recently set a record of constructing a building and opening for business within 13 hours (on pre-prepared ground works) [http://projects.bre.co.uk/prefabrication/prefabrication.pdf].

=== 'Prefabs' ===

[[Image:prefab_20060625.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A 1950's metal UK prefab at the [[Rural Life Centre]], Tilford, Surrey.]]

Prefabricated homes were first produced during the [[Gold Rush]] in the [[United States]], when kits were produced in order to enable Californian prospectors to quickly and effectively construct living accommodation [http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-prefab-house.htm]. Homes were available in kit form by mail order in the [[United States]] in [[1908]] [http://www.chetboddy.com/Pages/factorybuilt.html].

Prefabricated housing became increasingly popular during [[World War II]]. The United States used [[Quonset hut]]s as military buildings, and in the [[United Kingdom]], 'prefabs' were built after the war as a means of quickly and cheaply providing quality housing as a replacement for the housing stock destroyed during the war. The proliferation of prefabricated housing across the country was a result of the [[Burt Committee]] and the [[Housing (Temporary Accomodation) Act 1944|Housing (Temporary Accommodation) Act 1944]]. Whole estates of prefabs were constructed to provide accommodation for those made homeless by the War and ongoing slum clearance [http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/interesting/prefabs/prefabs.htm]. Almost 160,000 had been built in the UK by [[1948]] at a cost of close to £216 million.

Prefabs were aimed at families, and typically had an entrance hall, two bedrooms (parents and children), a bathroom (a room with a bath) — which was a novel innovation for many British at that time, a separate toilet, a living room and an equipped (not ''fitted'' in the modern sense) kitchen. Construction materials included [[steel]], [[aluminium]], [[timber]] or [[asbestos]], depending on the type of dwelling. The aluminium ''Type B2'' prefab was produced as four pre-assembled sections which could be transported by lorry anywhere in the country [http://www.walespast.com/article-print.shtml?id=73].

The [[United States]] also used prefabricated housing, both to provide accommodation for its troops during the War, and for GIs returning home afterwards. ''Prefab'' classrooms were also popular with UK schools increasing their rolls during the [[baby boom]] of the [[1950s]] and [[1960s]].

Many of the buildings were designed with a 5-10 year life span, but far exceeded this, with a number surviving today. In [[2002]], for example, the city of [[Bristol]] still had residents living in 700 examples [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?xml=/property/2002/03/23/prefab23.xml]. Many UK councils are beginning to demolish the last surviving examples of World War II prefabs in order to comply with the UK government's [[Decent Homes Standard]], due to come into effect by [[2010]]. However, there has been a recent revival in prefabricated methods of construction in order to compensate for the United Kingdom's current housing shortage [http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/mortgages/article.html?in_article_id=407133&in_page_id=8].

==See also==
* [[Prefabrication]]
* [[Hollow core slab]]

== External links ==
* [http://homebuying.about.com/od/factorybuilthomes/ Factory Built Homes]
* [http://www.fabprefab.com/ fabprefab.com]

[[de:Fertighaus]]

[[Category:House styles]]
[[Category:Housing in the United Kingdom]]

Modular home

2006-09-21T02:02:38Z

Tom Allen: Removed links to commercial site (whole External links section!)

[[Image:Bd 3.jpg|thumb|right|Modular Home in Sutton Alaska]]
'''Modular buildings''' are sectional [[prefabricated buildings]] that are manufactured in a plant, and delivered to the customer in one or more complete modular sections. Modular buildings are very similar to [[mobile homes]] with the exception that they are usually of wood [[truss]] construction rather than aluminum and are intended for permanent placement. Some manufacturers have standard plans but modular buildings can also be be custom built to a clients specifications. They generally meet or exceed all local and state codes. A modular building is sometimes also referred to as a portable building but generally is installed on a more permanent basis with plumbing, electrical and gas connections like a site built structure.

== Uses ==
Modular buildings have a wide variety of uses. They will either be used for long-term temporary or permanent facilities. Such uses include construction camps, schools and classrooms, civilian and military housing needs, and industrial facilities. Modular buildings are a perfect solution in remote and rural areas where conventional construction may not be reasonable or even possible. One example would be the housing facilities used by [[BP]] in the oil fields of the [[Alaska North Slope]].

== Expense / Benefit ==
Modular buildings are very affordable because factory construction of these buildings is very cost effective compared to conventional construction. These units are typically constructed in an enclosed facility, therefore weather is not a factor in the construction timeline. Material delivery fees are also out of the equation because an ample amount of material will always be available at the facility, as opposed to being delivered in limited quantities to the job site, nearly eliminating construction delays.

{{Uncategorized|September 2006}}

Talk:Modular building

2006-09-21T02:02:02Z

Tom Allen: Explanation for removal of commercial links

Portable building

2006-09-21T01:53:00Z

Tom Allen: Removed links to commercial site (whole External links section!); stub

A '''portable building''' is a manufactured building that is built off-site and moved in upon completion of site and utility work. Sometimes called a modular building, portable buildings can be different in that they are used more on a temporary basis as in a [[Portable classroom | temporary classroom]].

Due to population increases in many school districts, portable buildings are sometimes brought in to provide relief from overcrowding. Portable classroom buildings usually include two classrooms separated by a partition wall and a bathroom.

Smaller portable buildings have a variety of uses, such as garden sheds, guard shacks, rural offices, etc.

== See also ==
* [[modular building]]

{{stub}}

[[Category:Building]]

Appreciative inquiry

2006-09-21T01:47:27Z

Tom Allen: Removed links to commercial sites (consulting firm and publishing house)

In [[Organizational development]] (OD), '''Appreciative Inquiry''' (AI) is a process for engaging people across the system in renewal, change and focused performance. The basic idea is to build organizations around what works, rather than trying to fix what doesn't. A proven benefit of the approach is its reliance on the acknowledgement of contribution at the individual level, which leads to trust and organizational alignment. Since the method creates meaning by drawing from stories of concrete successes and lends itself to cross-industrial social activities, it is enjoyable and natural to many managers, who are thought to be naturally social people focused on the bottom line.

Appreciative Inquiry was developed by [[David Cooperrider]] of [[Case Western Reserve University]]. It is now a commonly accepted practice in the [[evaluation]] of organizational development strategy and implementation of organizational effectiveness tactics.

Appreciative Inquiry utilizes a 4-stage process focusing on:
#'''DISCOVER:''' The identification of organizational processes that work well.
#'''DREAM:''' The envisioning of processes that would work well in the future.
#'''DESIGN:''' Planning and prioritizing processes that would work well.
#'''DELIVER''' (or '''CREATE'''): The implementation (execution) of the proposed design.

(Sources: (1) Theodore Kinni, "The Art of Appreciative Inquiry", The Harvard Business School Working Knowledge for Business Leaders Newsletter, September 22, 2003. (2) "Appreciative Inquiry" http://www.new-paradigm.co.uk/Appreciative.htm.
Internal link: [[Appreciative Inquiry Research]])

==External links==
* [http://appreciativeinquiry.cwru.edu/ Appreciative Inquiry Commons] at [[Case Western Reserve University]]
* [http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item.jhtml?id=3684&t=innovation Appreciative Inquiry] at [[Harvard Business School]]
* [http://inqueritoapreciativo.atspace.com/ Inquérito Apreciativo] {{pt icon}}

[[Category:Organizational studies and human resource management]]

[[de:Appreciative Inquiry]]

Shakers

2006-09-21T00:49:53Z

Tom Allen: rv

:''This article is about the Christian denomination. For other uses of'' Shakers'', please see [[Shaker (disambiguation)]].''
{{christianity}}
The '''Shakers''', an [[offshoot]] of the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (or ''Quakers''), originated in [[Manchester]], [[England]] in the late eighteenth century (1772). Strict believers in [[celibacy]], Shakers maintained their numbers through [[religious conversion|conversion]] and [[adoption]]. Once boasting thousands of adherents, [[as of 2006]] the Shakers number four people living in [[Sabbathday Lake, Maine|Sabbathday Lake]], [[Maine]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Last Ones Standing|author=Stacey Chase|date=July 23, 2006|publisher=[[The Boston Globe]]|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2006/07/23/the_last_ones_standing/?page=full}}</ref>

The Shakers of New England should not be confused with the religion of the [[Indian Shakers]] of the Pacific Northwest of North America.

==Origin of the name==

The name ''Shakers'', and the variant, '''Shaking Quakers''', originally pejorative, was applied as a mocking description of their [[ritual]]s of trembling, shouting, dancing, shaking, singing, and [[glossolalia]] (speaking in strange and unknown languages). Its origin is probably similar to that of the term ''[[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]]''. The first documented use of the term comes from a British newspaper reporter who wrote in 1758 that the worshippers rolled on the floor and spoke in tongues.
[[Image:Shakers.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Shakers near [[Lebanon, New York]]]]

==Wardley predecessors==
Derived from a small branch of English Quakers who had adopted some of the [[doctrine]]s of [[worship]] followed by the 'French Prophets,' as Londoners called the [[Camisards]], who had been driven into English exile from the provinces of [[Vivarais]] and [[Dauphiné]]. Under the leadership of [[James Wardley|James]] and [[Jane Wardley]], husband and wife, the group became known for their intense, ecstatic worship. The Wardleys' followers, when "wrestling in soul to be freed from the power of sin and a worldly life," writhed and trembled, purportedly under the influence of the [[Holy Spirit]], so that they won the name Shakers; their trances and visions, their jumping and dancing, were like those of many other sects, such as the Low Countries dancers of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the French ''Convulsionnaires'' of 1720–1770, or the Welsh Methodist Jumpers.

The original and proper name of the group is the '''United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing''', but followers quickly adopted the derogatory nickname, Shaking Quakers, which had been given to them by their many detractors.

==Ann Lee==

Under the leadership of Mother [[Ann Lee]], beginning in 1774, the [[work ethic]] and rejection of marriage for which they have ever since been known began to typify the movement. She joined the Wardleys in 1758.

Although a believer in [[celibacy]], she had, at her [[parent]]s' urging, married Abraham Stanley (Standley, or Standerin), and bore him four [[children]], all of whom died in infancy. She was miserable in marriage, and by 1770 had begun to insist that the institution was not compatible with the [[Kingdom of God]]. Like many others in the Quaker tradition, she believed in and taught her followers that it is possible to attain perfect [[holiness]]. Like her predecessors the Wardleys, she taught that the demonstrations of shaking and trembling were caused by sin being purged from the body by the power of the Holy Spirit, purifying the worshiper. Distinctively, the followers of Mother Ann came to believe that she embodied all the perfections of God in female form.

She rose to prominence in the movement through her dramatic urging of the Believers to preach more publicly concerning the Kingdom of God, and to attack [[sin]] more boldly and unconventionally. She was frequently imprisoned for breaking the [[Sabbath]] by dancing and shouting, and for [[blasphemy]]. While in prison in Manchester for 14 days, she said she had a [[revelation]] that "a complete cross against the lusts of generation, added to a full and explicit confession, before witnesses, of all the [[sin]]s committed under its influence, was the only possible remedy and means of [[salvation]]".

After this, she was chosen by the society as "Mother in spiritual things" and called herself "Ann, the Word" and also "Mother Ann". Another revelation bade her take a select band to America. Mother Ann arrived on [[August 6]], [[1774]] in [[New York City]], and in 1776 the Shakers settled in the township of [[Watervliet, New York|Watervliet]], near [[Albany, New York|Albany]], where a unique [[community]] life began to develop and thrive.

===First Shaker society===

[[Image:Shaker_Dance.jpg|thumb|right|Shaker dance and worship]]

The [[village]] was divided into groups or "families" that were named for points on the [[compass rose]]. Each house was divided so that men and women did everything separately. They used different staircases, doors and even sat on opposite sides of the room. The men and women were segregated to prevent them from touching one another during the [[epilepsy|epileptic-like]] fits that they fell into during worship. The elders would watch over them through the windows, to make sure no physical contact happened.

A [[spiritualism|spiritualistic]] revival in the neighboring town of [[New Lebanon, New York|New Lebanon]] sent many penitents to Watervliet, who accepted Mother Ann's teachings and organized in 1787 (before any formal organization in Watervliet) the New Lebanon Society, the first Shaker Society, at New Lebanon (since 1861 called Mt. Lebanon), Columbia county, New York. The Society at Watervliet, organized immediately afterwards, and the New Lebanon Society formed a bishopric. The Watervliet members, as [[pacifism|pacifists]] and non-jurors, had got into trouble during the [[American War of Independence]]; in 1780 the Board of Elders were imprisoned, but all except Mother Ann were speedily set free, and she was released in 1781.

==Communalism under Joseph Meacham==

Between 1781 and 1783 the Mother, with chosen elders, visited her followers in New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut. She died in [[Watervliet, New York]] on [[September 8]], [[1784]]. James Whittaker was head of the Believers for three years. On his death he was succeeded by Joseph Meacham (1742–1796), who had been a Baptist minister in [[Enfield, Connecticut]], and had, second only to Mother Ann, the spiritual gift of revelation. Under his rule and that of [[Lucy Wright]] (1760–1821), who shared the headship with him during his lifetime and then for twenty-five years ruled alone, the organization of the Shakers and, particularly, a rigid [[communalism]] ([[religious communism]]), began. By 1793 property had been made a "consecrated whole" in the different communities, but a "noncommunal order" also had been established, in which sympathizers with the principles of the Believers lived in [[family|families]]. The Shakers never forbade [[marriage]], but refused to recognize it as a [[Christianity|Christian]] institution since the second coming in the person of Mother Ann, and considered it less perfect than the [[celibacy|celibate]] state. Shaker communities in this period were established in 1790 at Hancock, West [[Pittsfield, Massachusetts]]; in 1791 at [[Harvard, Massachusetts]]; in 1792 at East [[Canterbury, New Hampshire]] (or Shaker Village); and in 1793 at [[Shirley, Massachusetts]]; at [[Enfield, Connecticut]] (then also known as Shaker Station); at [[Enfield, New Hampshire]] (or "Chosen Vale"); at [[Tyringham, Massachusetts]], where the Society was afterwards abandoned, its members joining the communities in Hancock and Enfield; at [[New Gloucester, Maine]] (since 1890: "Sabbathday Lake"); and at [[Alfred, Maine]], where, more than anywhere else among the Shakers, spiritualistic healing of the sick was practiced. In Kentucky and Ohio Shakerism entered after the [[Cane Ridge, Kentucky]] [[Revival (religious)|revival]] of 1800–1801, and in 1805–1807 Shaker societies were founded at South Union, Logan county, Kentucky, and [[Pleasant Hill, Kentucky]], [[Mercer County, Kentucky]].

===Expansion and contraction===

A prominent part in this revival had been taken by Richard McNemar, a Presbyterian, who had broken with his Church because of his [[Arminianism|Arminian]] tendencies and had established the quasi-independent Turtle Creek Church. McNemar was won by Shaker missionaries in 1805, and many of his parishioners joined him to form the Union Village community in [[Turtlecreek Township, Warren County, Ohio]], four miles west of [[Lebanon, Ohio|Lebanon]]. McNemar was a favorite of Lucy Wright, who gave him the spiritual name Eleazer Riotht, which he changed to Eleazer Wright; he wrote The ''Kentucky Revival'' (Cincinnati, 1807), probably the earliest defense of Shakerism, and a poem, entitled ''A Concise Answer to the General Inquiry Who or What are the Shakers'' (1808).

In 1811 a community settled at Busro on the Wabash in [[Indiana]]; but it was soon abandoned and its members went to Ohio and to Kentucky. In Ohio later communities were formed at Watervliet, Montgomery and Greene counties, and at Whitewater, Butler and Hamilton counties. In [[New York]], the communal property at Sodus Bay was sold in 1828 and the community removed to Groveland, or Sonyea; their land here was sold to the state and the few remaining members went to Watervliet. A short-lived community at [[Canaan, New York|Canaan]], was merged into the communities in Mount Lebanon (in [[New Lebanon, New York|New Lebanon]]) and [[Enfield, Connecticut]].

The peak was probably reached between 1830 and 1850 at about 6000 members. The numerical strength of the sect decreased rapidly, probably from 4000 to 1000 from 1887 to 1908, and there has been little effort made to plant new communities. The Mt. Lebanon Society in 1894 established a colony at [[Narcoossee, Florida]]; the attempt of the Union Village Society in 1898 to plant a settlement at [[White Oak, Georgia]], was unsuccessful. In 1910 the Union Village Society went into the hands of a receiver.

At various times, the Shakers had eighteen major communities in eight states and six smaller communities in [[Florida]] and [[Indiana]]. The city of [[Shaker Heights, Ohio]], population 29,000, a suburb of [[Cleveland]], was originally a Shaker settlement.

Today there are very few remaining Shakers left. They reside in Sabbathday Lake, Maine.

==Communal spiritual family==

The Shakers did not believe in procreation so therefore had to adopt a child if they wanted one. Another way they could expand their community's population was to allow converts into the Shaker society to live and function as one. When Shaker boys reached the age of twenty-one, they were given the choice to leave the Shaker [[religion]] and go their own separate way or to continue on as a Shaker. The Shakers lived in "families" sharing a large house with separate entrances for each [[family]] within the "family"; thus the families were exclusively male or female — the [[sex|sexes]] were segregated into separate living areas.

The Shakers struggled with complex human problems that have no simple answers, and they managed to set up and sustain a distinctive way of life with much appeal for more than two hundred years.

===Revelations and visions===

A peculiar, intense kind of spirituality began to develop under this unique arrangement. A period of spiritual manifestations among the Believers began in 1837 and lasted through 1847. Children told of visits to cities in the spirit realm and brought messages to the community which they received from Mother Ann. In 1838 the gift of tongues was manifested and sacred places were set aside in each community, with names like Holy Mount; but in 1847 the spirits, after warning, left the Believers. The theology of the denomination is based on the idea of the dualism of God: the creation of man as male and female "in our image" showing the bi-sexuality of the Creator; in Jesus, born of a woman, the son of a Jewish carpenter, were the [[male]] manifestation of Christ and the first Christian Church; and in Mother Ann, daughter of an English blacksmith, were the female manifestation of Christ and the second Christian Church — she was the Bride ready for the Bridegroom, and in her the promises of the Second Coming were fulfilled. Adam's sin was in sexual impurity; marriage is done away with in the body of the Believers in the Second Appearance, who must pattern after the Kingdom in which there is no marriage or giving in marriage. The four virtues are [[virgin]] purity; Christian communism; confession of sin, without which none can become Believers; and separation from the world. Their insistence on the bi-sexuality of [[God]] and their reverence for Mother Ann have made them advocates of sex equality. Their spiritual directors are elders and "eldresses," and their temporal guides are deacons and deaconesses in equal numbers.

[[Image:Shaker_chair.jpg|thumb|right|120px|A shaker chair, an example of [[shaker furniture]].]]

===Culture of work===
The prescribed uniform costume with woman's neckerchief and cap, and the custom of men wearing their hair long on the neck and cut in a straight bang on the forehead, still persist; but the women wear different colors. The communism of the Believers was an economic success, and their cleanliness, honesty and frugality received the highest praise. They made leather in New York for several years, but in selling herbs and garden seeds, in making "apple-sauce" (at Shirley), in weaving linen (at Alfred), and in knitting underwear they did better work.

:"Do your work as though you had a thousand years to live and as if you were to die tomorrow."
:"Put your hands to work, and your heart to God."

Shakers were known for a style of furniture, known as [[Shaker furniture]]. It was plain in style, durable, and functional. Shaker [[chair]]s were usually mass-produced since a great number of them were needed to seat all the Shakers in a community. Around the time of the American Civil War, the Shakers at Mount Lebanon, NY, greatly increased their production and marketing of Shaker chairs. They were so successful that several furniture companies produced their own versions of "Shaker" chairs. Because of the quality of their craftsmanship, original Shaker [[furniture]] is costly. One Shaker chair, actually a tall stool, sold for just under [[US dollar|US$]]100,000

Shakers worshipped in plain meetinghouses where they marched , sang songs, danced, twitched and shouted. Many outsiders who witnessed Shaker worship services considered them [[heresy|heretics]] and protested in front of their places of worship. Mother Ann was arrested several times for disturbing the peace. Early Shaker worship services were unstructured, loud, chaotic and emotional. However, later on, Shakers developed precision dances and orderly rituals. The Shakers have also written thousands of religious songs.

The meetinghouses were painted white and unadorned, with shutters and carvings eschewed as worldly things. The Shakers believed in the value of hard work and kept comfortably busy. Each member learned a craft and did chores. Mother Ann said, "Labor to make the way of God your own; let it be your [[inheritance]], your [[treasure]], your occupation, your daily calling."

==Culture and artifacts==
[[Image:Shakerbarn.jpg|thumb|300px|Shaker barn, Hancock, Massachusetts, 1936]]
[[Image:IM002412.JPG|thumb|300px|Shaker barn, Hancock, Massachusetts, 2004]]

Shaker beliefs have generated a unique culture and ways of life that have enriched the cultural history of the [[United States]] as well as subsequently inspired many modern fields.

One of the major attributes of the Shakers was to build. This combined with their dedication to hard work and perfection has resulted in a unique range of architecture, furniture and handicraft styles. They relied on their own skills and natural resources for all these as well as for providing for their family. Shakers designed their furniture with care, believing that making something well was in itself, "an act of prayer". They never fashioned items with elaborate details or extra decorations, but only made things for their intended uses. The [[ladder-back chair]] was a popular piece of furniture. Shaker craftsmen made most things out of [[pine]] or other inexpensive [[wood]]s and hence their furniture was light in color and weight. Shaker interior spaces are characterized by an austerity and simplicity. For example, they had a continuous wooden device like a [[pelmet]] with hooks running all along the [[lintel]] level from which they hung the very light furniture pieces such as chairs when not in use. The simple, honest [[architecture]] of their homes, meeting houses, and barns have had a long lasting influence on American architecture and design. They have a collection of furniture and utensils outside of Pittsfield, Mass. famous for its elegance and practicality.
[[Image:Shakertown Bedroom 2005-05-27.jpeg|thumb|300px|left|Shakertown bedroom, Pleasant Hill, Kentucky]]
Shakers won respect and admiration for their productive [[farm]]s and orderly communities. Their industry brought about many [[invention]]s like the [[screw propeller]], [[Babbitt metal]], the [[rotary harrow]], the [[circular saw]], the [[clothespin]], the [[flat broom]] and the [[wheel-driven washing machine]]. They were once the largest producers of medicinal herbs in the United States, and pioneers in the sale of seeds in paper packets. Shaker [[dance]]s and [[song]]s are a main, but largely unrecognized, aspect of [[folk art]].

Shaker ways influenced many people to write [[book]]s and adopt ways of life from Shakers. By the middle of the twentieth century, as the Shaker communities themselves were disappearing, some American collectors whose visual tastes were formed by the stark aspects of the [[modernist]] movement found themselves drawn to the spare artifacts of Shaker culture, in which "form follows function" was also clearly expressed. [[Kaare Klint]], an [[architect]] and famous furniture designer, used styles from Shaker furniture in his work. Another example is Doris Humphrey, an innovator in technique, [[choreography]], and theory of dance movement. She made a full theatrical art with her dance entitled Dance of The Chosen Ones in which the nature of the Shakers’ religious fervor was depicted.

==Shaker music==

The Shakers considered music to be an essential component of the religious experience, and created some of the most tuneful, idiosyncratic, and utterly singable music in American history. In Shaker society, a spiritual "gift" could also be a musical revelation, and they considered it to be important to record these musical inspirations as they occurred. Scribes, many of whom had no formal musical training, used a form of music notation for this purpose: it used letters of the alphabet, often not positioned on a staff, along with a simple notation of conventional rhythmic values. This method has a curious, and coincidental, similarity to some ancient Greek music notation.

Many of the lyrics to Shaker tunes consist of syllables and words from unknown tongues, the musical equivalent of [[glossolalia]]. Many of them were imitated from the sounds of Native American languages, as well as from the songs of African slaves, especially in the southernmost of the Shaker communities.

The most famed of Shaker songs is ''[[Simple Gifts]]'', which [[Aaron Copland]] used as a theme for variations in ''[[Appalachian Spring]].'' The tune was composed by Elder Joseph Brackett and originated in the Shaker community at [[Alfred, Maine]] in 1848. Many contemporary Christian denominations incorporate this tune into [[hymnal]]s, under various names, including "Lord of the Dance," adapted by English poet and songwriter [[Sydney Carter]].

The Shakers composed thousands of songs, and created also many dances; both were an important part of the Shaker worship services. Some scholars, such as [[Daniel W. Patterson]] and [[Roger L. Hall]], have compiled books of these songs, and groups have been formed to sing the songs and perform the dances. There are recordings available of Shaker songs, both documentation of singing by the Shakers themselves, as well as songs recorded by other groups (see external links).

==Modern-day Shakers==
[[Image:Shakertown Trustees House 2005-05-27.jpeg|thumb|Trustees' Office at [[Pleasant Hill, Kentucky]]]]

Membership in the Shakers dwindled in the late 1800s for several reasons. People were attracted to cities and away from the farms. Shaker products could not compete with mass-produced products that became available at a much lower cost. Shakers could not have children, and although they did adopt up until the states gained control of adoption homes, this was not a major source of new members. Some Shaker settlements, such as [[Pleasant Hill, Kentucky|Pleasant Hill]] community in Kentucky, have become [[museum]]s.

Believers have continually looked at the story of Ann Lee as a cornerstone of the theological architecture that has distinguished their church from other American religious groups. Shaker theology, its manifestation in material artifacts such as furniture and oval boxes, and the Ann Lee story have continually drawn the attention of outsiders either fascinated or repulsed by them.

Although there were six thousand believers at the peak of the Shaker movement, there were only twelve Shakers left by 1920. In the United States there were two remaining active Shaker communities, at [[Sabbathday Lake, Maine]] and [[Canterbury, New Hampshire]], the latter of which died with its last member, Ethel Hudson, in September 1992<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7D81F3CF931A2575AC0A964958260 New York Times article of [[September 12]] [[1992]]]</ref>. The Sabbathday Lake community still accepts new recruits, as it has since its founding. Shakers are no longer allowed to adopt orphan children after new laws were passed in 1960 refusing religious groups to take control of adoption, but adults who wish to embrace Shaker life are welcome. This community, founded in 1783, was one of the smaller and more isolated Shaker communities during the sect's heyday. They farm and practice a variety of handicrafts; a [http://www.shaker.lib.me.us/ Shaker Museum, and Sunday services], are open to visitors. Now Mother Ann day is celebrated on the first Sunday of August. The people sing and dance and a Mother Ann cake is presented. There is a legend that one of Mother Ann's predictions states that there will be a revival when there are only five Shakers left. However, there is no evidence to suggest Mother Ann stated this.

The modern day union of Shakers is known as the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Coming.

The daily schedule of a Shaker in Sabbathday Lake Village is as follows:
*The day will begin for many at 7:30 a.m., the Great Bell on Dwelling House rings calling every one to breakfast.
*At 8:00 a.m. Morning Prayers will start. They may read two Psalms and then read from the Bible. This will be followed by Prayer and silent prayer, concluded with the singing of a Shaker hymn.
*[[Manual labour|Work]] for the Shakers begins at 8:30.
*Work is interrupted at 11:30 for Mid-day prayers.
*''Dinner'' begins at 12:00. This is the main meal for the Shakers.
*Work will continue at 1:00 p.m.
*At 6:00 it is supper time, the last meal of the day.
*On Wednesdays at 5:00 p.m. they hold a prayer meeting which is followed by a Shakers Studies class.

==Shaker Trust==
To preserve their legacy as well as their idyllic, lakeside property at [[Sabbathday Lake, Maine]], the Shakers announced in October 2005 that they had entered into a trust with the state of [[Maine]] and several conservation groups. Under the agreement, the Shakers will sell conservation easements to the trust, allowing the village to ward off development and continue operating as long as there are Shakers to live there.

The agreement does not specify whether the property will become a park, museum or other public space should the Shakers die off. That decision would be made by a nonprofit corporation—the United Society of Shakers, Sabbathday Lake Inc.—whose board members are largely non-Shakers. The $3.7 million conservation plan relies on grants, donations and public funds.

==See also==
*[[Ascetism]]
*[[Anti-Shaker]]
*[[Quaker]]
*[[Christian perfection]]
*[[Theosis]]
*[[Pietism]]
*[[Dervish]]
*[[The Shakertown Pledge|Shakertown Pledge]]

==External links==
* [http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/Shakers.html Article on the Shakers from the University of Virginia]
* [http://www.crookedlakereview.com/books/saints_sinners/martin6.html Sodus Bay and Groveland: Shaker Life In Western New York]
* [http://www.shakerheritage.org Shaker Heritage Society, Albany, NY]
* [http://www.ubu.com/ethno/visuals/shaker.html Gift Drawings & Gift Songs]
* [http://www.shakermuseumandlibrary.org Shaker Museum and Library]
* [http://maineshakers.com/ Sabbathday Lake ME Shaker Village]
* [http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/shaker/ National Park Service National Historic Shaker Trail]

==References==
<references/>
*Lawrence Foster. "Shakers". ''Encyclopedia of Religion'' 1987. Volume 13, pages 200–201.
*[[Rob Portman]] and Cheryl Bauer. ''Wisdom's Paradise: The Forgotten Shakers of Union Village''. [[Wilmington, Ohio]]: Orange Frazer Press, 2004. ISBN 1-882203-40-2. (About the [[Warren County, Ohio]] settlement.)

</div>

{{featured article}}

[[Category:Quakerism]]
[[Category:Shakers]]
[[Category:Peace churches]]
[[Category:Celibacy]]
[[Category:Non-sexuality]]

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Bosnian pyramid claims

2006-09-20T12:18:47Z

Tom Allen: rm link-spam

[[Image:1973 Visoko.jpg|right|thumb|Visočica overlooking Visoko, photo taken in 1973]]
[[Image:Visoko6.jpg|right|thumb|Visočica overlooking Visoko, today]]
A site known as '''Visočica hill''' ({{coor dm|43|59.335|N|18|10.2162|E|region:_type:(#)}}), in the [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] town of [[Visoko]], northwest of [[Sarajevo]], became the focus of international attention in [[October 2005]], following controversial claims that it is actually an ancient man-made [[pyramid]].

The 213 [[metre]] Visočica hill, once the centre of the medieval Bosnian capital [[Visoko#Medieval Bosnia|Visoki]], has a generally symmetrical pyramid-like shape when viewed from certain angles. The idea that it constitutes an ancient artificial edifice was publicised by [[Houston, Texas|Houston]]-based expatriate Bosnian author and metalworker [[Semir Osmanagić]], whose subsequent excavations at the site have uncovered what he claims to be a paved entrance plateau and tunnels, as well as stone blocks and ancient mortar which he has suggested once covered the structure. Osmanagić has claimed that the dig involved an international team of archaeologists from [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Scotland]] and [[Slovenia]], <ref>[http://smh.com.au/news/World/Australian-in-Bosnia-pyramid-riddle/2006/01/20/1137553735882.html ''Australian in Bosnia pyramid riddle''], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', [[20 January]], 2006</ref> however many archaeologists named have stated they had not agreed to participate and were not at the site.<ref>Mark Rose, [http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/osmanagic/update.html ''Bosnian "Pyramids" Update''], ''Archaeology Magazine Online'', [[14 June]], 2006</ref> The dig began in [[April 2006]].

==Interpretation==

[[Image:Dolinapiramida.jpg|thumb|Locations of the Pyramids of the Sun, Moon and (Bosnian) Dragon, according to the hypotheses of Semir Osmangić]]
===Osmanagić's interpretation===
Osmanagić has named Visočica hill the "Pyramid of the Sun", while two nearby hills, identified from satellite and aerial photography, have been dubbed the "Pyramid of the Moon" and the "Pyramid of the (Bosnian) Dragon" (and another two, one named the "Pyramid of the Earth", have been mentioned in reports). Newspaper reports have quoted Osmanagić as claiming that they were constructed by ancient [[Illyria]]n inhabitants of the [[Balkans]] as early as [[12,000 BC|12,000 BCE]]. But in an interview with [[Philip Coppens]] in ''[[Nexus (magazine)|Nexus]]'' (April-May 2006), Osmanagić attempted to clarify his previous statements, stating he was misquoted: he does claim that they were most likely constructed by the Illyrians, who lived in the area from 12,000 BCE to 500 BCE, and that the pyramid was therefore most likely constructed ''between'' those two dates - not ''in'' 12,000 BCE. In an interview with Vesna Peric Zimonjic, appearing in the Belgian newspaper [[De Morgen]], he refused to date the structures:

: ''"We have not yet found organic remains, bones, wood or coal. Such analysis will help us to date the structures."''

Nevertheless, on the Bosnian pyramid website, he is quoted as saying:<ref>[http://www.piramidasunca.ba/ajaxfiles/emeni/epiramida/eotkrice.sax.htm Interview with Semir Osmanagic], ''[http://www.piramidasunca.ba/indexeng.htm Archaelogical Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation]'', December [[2005]] ''(questions 3 and 14)''</ref>

: ''"The following year, [[2007]], will be marked by the astonishment of the world public how such colossal monuments could have been made before the end of the last [[Ice age]]."''

and also

: ''"Regarding the age, there is more and more evidence that the main pyramid complex were built right before the end of the last Ice age, indicating that there was world wide plan for building these monuments."''

However, a report by his team, made in November last year after some initial diggings - therefore six months before the statement that no bones have been found - says:

: ''"However, in the second (II) sequence of sandstone plates at the right hand side of the probing well we found two plates one over another at the angle of approximately 25 degrees. Between those two plates there was clay marl and a human skeleton in it. The skeleton was not complete. It consisted of a left leg bones and fractions of a skull placed in the area of pelvis. All sandstone plates in the III sequence were paved one over another under the same angle as it was done in the II sequence. In the II sequence of plates remains of a human skeleton were found again. The remains of this skeleton were photographed by an archaeologist and its orientation was defined. Then they were packed and sent to analysis in order to determine how old they were."''

Currently Osmanagić states the excavation has produced evidence of building blocks one metre below the surface of the hill, as well as tunnels <ref>[http://www.bosnianpyramids.org/index.php?id=17&lang=en First Building Blocks of the Pyramid See the Light of Day], ''[http://www.bosnianpyramids.org/ BosnianPyramids.org]'', [[18 April]] [[2006]]</ref>. Earlier geological work has also indicated that human activity had shaped the hill.<ref>N. Nukić, [http://www.piramidasunca.ba/ajaxfiles/epodmeni/eizvjestaji/egeoloskivisocicaokt2005.doc Report on a Geological Survey of "Visočica" Elevation in Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Word document)], ''[http://www.piramidasunca.ba/indexeng.htm Archaelogical Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation]'', November [[2005]]</ref> Additionally Osmanagić has found tunnels in the hillside which he interprets as ventilation shafts. He plans to date the tunnels by analysis of stalactites found within them.<ref>[http://www.bosnianpyramids.org/index.php?id=16&lang=en Tunnels Under the Pyramid of the Sun], ''[http://www.bosnianpyramids.org/ BosnianPyramids.org]'', [[18 April]] [[2006]]</ref>

Osmanagić believes his discoveries around [[Visoko]] will have further implications for world [[prehistory]]. By comparing the varying heights of the tallest pyramids in [[Mesoamerican pyramids|Mexico]] and [[Egyptian pyramids|Egypt]] with Visočica hill, he concluded that the pyramids may all have been built by the same people(s), with the Bosnian Pyramid being the last to be built.<ref>[http://www.bosnianpyramid.com/Archive_files/Stories.html Visocica pyramid in central Bosnia is larger that the Great Pyramid in Egypt], ''[http://www.bosnianpyramid.com/ BosnianPyramid.com''], [[2 December]] [[2005]]</ref> However, upon further thought he has decided that this dating mechanism may not be reliable and has now announced Visočica hill could be "The mother of all Pyramids", a claim he says would be corroborated by the existence of [[sacred geometry]] and further [[numerology|numerological]] study of messages left in the pyramid for future generations.<ref>[http://www.fena.ba/uk/vijest.html?fena_id=FSA381913&rubrika=ES Osmanagic: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Candidate for “Mother” of all Pyramids], ''[http://www.fena.ba/uk/index.html FENA News''], [[20 April]] [[2005]]</ref>

Osmanagić estimates that the Sun pyramid stands 722 feet (220m) high (or, depending upon the report, either 230 feet (70m) high or 328 feet (100m) high). If it is 722 feet, it would be one third taller than the [[Pyramid_of_giza| Great Pyramid of Giza]], making it the largest pyramidal structure on Earth.

The current target of the project is to complete excavation by 2012. This is in order to "break a cloud of negative [[energy]], allowing the Earth to receive cosmic energy from the centre of the [[galaxy]]" according to Osmanagić.<ref>''[http://www.misteriji.si/?content=tema_meseca Energijsko središče sveta?]'', [http://www.misteriji.si/ Misteriji]. Accessed [[13 July]] 2006. (Slovenian)</ref> It is also hoped that it will be listed as [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site.<ref>''[http://www.piramidasunca.ba/eng/podmeni/programistrazivanja/program.htm 5-year Plan of Research on Visoko’s Visocica 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2010]'', [http://www.piramidasunca.ba/ Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation]. Accessed [[13 July]] 2006.</ref>

====Atlantean connections====
Osmanagić, who has also published under the name Sam Osmanagich, is the author of a book entitled [http://www.alternativnahistorija.com/WM.htm ''The World of the Maya''] that presents a global [[pseudohistory]] involving [[Atlantis]] and [[Lemuria (continent)|Lemuria]], and concludes:

:''The Maya inherited knowledge from their ancestors at Atlantis and Lemuria (Mu). Cities were planned and built around the main square toward which the pyramids and temples were turned. They communicated with the movement of the Sun and the paths of other heavenly bodies... Many cultures around the world, from India, Sumeria, Egypt, Peru, the Indians of North and Central America, the Inca and the Maya, call themselves the 'Children of the Sun' or the 'children of light.' Their ancestors, the civilizations of Atlantis and Lemuria, erected the first temples on energy potent point of the Planet. Their most important function was to serve as a gateway to other worlds and dimensions.''

Osmanagić's concept is similar to that popularized by [[William Perry]] and [[Grafton Elliot Smith]] in their book ''The Children of the Sun'' (1923). Smith and Perry suggested that all ancient civilizations could trace their history to ancient Egypt. Their work represented a school of thought known as [[diffusionism]], also represented in the scholarship of [[Gustaf Kossinna]]. However, Osmanagić adds to this a belief in the lost continents of Atlantis and Lemuria. Smith and Perry's theories of [[hyperdiffusionism]] have been rejected on the basis of subsequent research and models concerning Atlantis and Lemuria are not taken seriously by the majority of professional archaeologists and historians.

===Other interpretations===

Semir Osmanagić's claims, widely reported in the mass media, have been challenged by a number of experts, who have accused him of promoting pseudo-scientific notions and damaging archaeological sites with his excavations. [[Penn State University]] Professor [[Garrett Fagan]] is quoted as saying "They should not be allowed to destroy genuine sites in the pursuit of these delusions[...] It’s as if someone were given permission to bulldoze Stonehenge to find secret chambers of lost ancient wisdom underneath." <ref>Nick Hawton, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-2135223,00.html ''Indiana Jones of the Balkans and the mystery of a hidden pyramid''], ''[[Times Online]]'', [[15 April]] 2006</ref>

[[Boston University]]'s [[Curtis Runnels]], an expert in prehistoric Greece and the Balkans states that, "Between 27,000 and 12,000 years ago, the Balkans were locked in the last Glacial maximum, a period of very cold and dry climate with glaciers in some of the mountain ranges. The only occupants were Upper Paleolithic hunters and gatherers who left behind open-air camp sites and traces of occupation in caves. These remains consist of simple stone tools, hearths, and remains of animals and plants that were consumed for food. These people did not have the tools or skills to engage in the construction of monumental architecture." <ref name="archmag">Rose, Mark. "[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/osmanagic/index.html The Bosnia-Atlantis Connection]". ''Archaeology Magazine Online''. URL accessed 2006-04-29.</ref>

Enver Imamovic of the [[University of Sarajevo]], a former director of the National Museum of [[Sarajevo]], concerned that the excavations will damage historic sites such as the medieval royal capital Visoki, said that the excavations would "irreversibly destroy a national treasure". <ref>Lucian Harris, [http://www.theartnewspaper.com/article01.asp?id=237 ''Amateur to dig on site of medieval capital in search of Bosnia's own Valley of the Kings''], ''The Art Newspaper'', [[15 April]] 2006</ref>

In a [[letter to the editor]] of [[The Times]] on 25 April 2006, Professor [[Anthony Harding]], president of the [[European Association of Archaeologists]], referred to Osmanagić's theories as "wacky" and "absurd" and expressed concern that insufficient safeguards were in place to protect Bosnia's "rich heritage" from "looting and unmonitored or unauthorised development". <ref>Anthony Harding, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,59-2150036,00.html ''Bosnia's rich heritage''], ''[[Times Online]]'', 25 April 2006</ref>

According to one source, on [[May 8]], [[2006]], members of the Geological team investigating Visočica on behalf of the Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation held a press conference in Tuzla to present the results of their research. The academics, from [http://www.rggf.untz.ba/ the Faculty of Mining and Geology] at the [http://www.untz.ba/index_en.htm University of Tuzla] and led by [http://www.rggf.untz.ba/rggfosoblje/nosoblje_sejfudinv.htm Professor Dr. Sejfudin Vrabac], concluded that the hill is a natural geological formation, made of classic sediments of layered composition and varying thickness, and that its shape is a consequence of endodynamical and egsodynamical processes in post-Miocene era.

According to Professor Vrabac, who specializes in paleogeology, there are dozens of like morphological formations in the Sarajevo-Zenica mining basin alone. The Geological team report on Visocica, based on the data collected in six drill holes at 3 to 17 metre depths, is supported by the Research and Teaching Council of the Faculty of Mining and Geology, as well as the Association of Geologists of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>[http://peticija.white.prohosting.com/us.htm ''Stop Osmanagich NOW!''], [[08 May]], 2006</ref>

In June 2006, [[Zahi Hawass]]'s name became linked to the excavations<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20060609/sc_afp/bosniaarchaeology_060609194121;_ylt=AnAo9ZP6_dA_5zN0kLWRagDPOrgF;_ylu=X3oDMTA5aHJvMDdwBHNlYwN5bmNhdA-- ''Bosnian 'pyramid' created by nature, say European experts''], Yahoo! AFP, June 9 2006.</ref> as recommending an expert to investigate the pyramids. Upon being contacted Hawass denied any involvement, accusing Osmanagić of "''giving out false information''". <ref>[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/osmanagic/zahi_hawass.pdf ''Letter to Archaeology Magazine'' (PDF)]</ref>. Critics saw this as clear evidence that Osmanagić had made false claims about the involvement of official Egyptian archaeologists. However, on June 29, 2006, Osmanagich produced an official communication from the Egyptian Embassy in Sarajevo,<ref>[http://www.bosnian-pyramid.com/downloads/08-03-2006.jpg ''Letter to the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation'' June 29]</ref> which confirmed the co-operation of the Egyptian Embassy, if not of Hawass.

==Research program==
The Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation have published a research plan outlining a program of activity from [[2006]] to [[2010]]. In 2006 the plan is to restore the top of the Pyramid of the Sun, though no attempt will be made to restore the medieval capital of Bosnia at the same time. There are also plans to upgrade transport links in the region and produce marketing material. In [[2007]] the plan is to continue digging and promote the hill of Pljesevica as the Pyramid of the Moon. Further research activity will consist of opening more areas of the Pyramid to tourists. The main research focus from [[2008]] onwards will be the provision of more tourist facilities until 2010, when it is planned to install a plaque declaring the site a UNESCO World Heritage site<ref>[http://www.piramidasunca.ba/ajaxfiles/epodmeni/eprogramistrazivanja/eprogram.htm 5-year Plan of Research on Visoko’s Visočica], ''[http://www.piramidasunca.ba/indexeng.htm Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation]'', [[2006]]</ref>.

Additionally the Foundation has protected the names ''Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun'', ''Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon'', ''Pyramid of the Bosnian Dagon'' ([[sic]]) and ''Bosnia's Valley of Pyramids''<ref>[http://www.piramidasunca.ba/ajaxfiles/epodmeni/ecopyright/ecopyright.htm Copyright], ''[http://www.piramidasunca.ba/indexeng.htm Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation]'', [[2006]]</ref>. This is unusual in [[academic]] practice. There have been at present no announcements regarding [[Archaeology#Post-excavation analysis|post-excavation analysis]] or [[scientific publication]].

== Excavations ==
==="Pyramid of the Sun"===
<gallery>
Image:ExcavationsVisocica.jpg
Image:ExcavationsVisocica2.jpg
Image:ExcavationsVisocica3.jpg
Image:VisocicaExcavations4.jpg
</gallery>

==="Pyramid of the Moon"===

<gallery>
Image:MoonPyramid.jpg
Image:MoonPyramid2.jpg
Image:Pm s1 8.jpg
Image:Pm s1 5.jpg
Image:DSCF7911.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

==See also==
* [[Egyptian pyramids]]
* [[Nubian pyramids]]
* [[Mesoamerican pyramids]]
* [[Chinese pyramids]]
* [[French pyramids]]
* [[Ukrainian pyramids]]
* [[Hoaxes]]
* [[Pseudoscience]]
* [[Pseudoarchaeology]]
* [[Pseudohistory]]
* [[Pyramidology]]
* [[New Age]]

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Alleged Bosnian pyramids}}
* Bosnian pyramid location: [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Sarajevo+&ll=43.977499,18.175507&spn=0.05213,0.173035&t=h 1] [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=43.978000N+18.178000E&t=k&ll=43.977993,18.177996&spn=0.035391,0.083599&om=1 2] — Google maps {{en icon}}
*[http://www.butterfliesandbunnyrabbits.com/visoko.html Pyramids of Bosnia] — Documentary Feature, currently in production {{en icon}}
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4377290.stm BBC News: Europe's first pyramid?] (a few paragraphs down) — early report, [[26 October]], 2005 {{en icon}}
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4912040.stm Dig for ancient pyramid in Bosnia] – more detailed BBC coverage of the findings, [[15 April]] 2006 {{en icon}}
*[http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=1863858 ABC News story] — update on first excavations as of [[April 20]], 2006 {{en icon}}
*[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/osmanagic The Bosnia-Atlantis Connection - from ''Archaeology'' magazine] {{en icon}}
*[http://serbo.blogspot.com/2006/06/european-archaeologists-do-not-believe.html European archaeologists do not believe in pyramids in Bosnia] [[9 June]], 2006 {{en icon}}
*[http://serbo.blogspot.com/2006/06/british-archaeologist-says-no-evidence.html British archaeologist says no evidence of pyramid under hill in Bosnia] [[9 June]], 2006 {{en icon}}
* [http://science.monstersandcritics.com/news/article_1169078.php/UNESCO_to_join_search_for_pyramids_in_central_Bosnia UNESCO to join search for pyramids in central Bosnia] {{en icon}}
*[http://hnn.us/blogs/entries/25850.html Bosnian Pyramids: Absence of Evidence is not Evidence of Atlantis] {{en icon}}
*[http://www.hallofmaat.com/read.php?1,406068 Posts on the geology of the Bosnian "pyramid"] Commentary on their "geoarchaeology" {{en icon}}
*[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/osmanagic/zahi_hawass.pdf Dr. Hawass' Letter Concerning Bosnian "Pyramids"] June 27, 2006 {{en icon}}
*[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/osmanagic/update.html More on Bosnian "Pyramids" by Mark Rose] June 27, 2006 {{en icon}}
*[http://www.dailygrail.com/node/3536 Robert Schoch on Alleged Bosnian Pyramids" by Colette M. Dowell] August 26, 2006 {{en icon}}

=== Main sites ===
*[http://www.piramidasunca.ba/ Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation] — Official Site {{bs icon}}/{{en icon}}
*[http://www.alternativnahistorija.com/AH8main.htm Bosanska Piramida Sunca] — Osmanagic's book on the subject {{bs icon}}
*[http://www.bosnian-pyramid.com Bosnian Pyramid] — News, information and details about the Bosnian Pyramid {{en icon}}
*[http://www.bosnianpyramid.com www.bosnianpyramid.com]
*[http://antipyramidwebring.blogger.ba AntiPyramid Web-Ring (webring devoted to the debunking of the myth of the Bosnian pyramid)] {{bs icon}}

[[Category:History of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:History of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Bosnian architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:History of the Balkans]]
[[Category:Illyria]]
[[Category:Pyramids]]

[[bs:Visočke piramide]]
[[cs:Visočica]]
[[da:Bosniske pyramider]]
[[de:Pyramiden bei Visoko]]
[[es:Pirámides bosnias]]
[[fr:Pyramide bosniaque]]
[[nl:Visocica]]
[[no:Bosniske pyramider]]
[[pl:Piramidy w Bośni]]
[[sl:Visoške piramide]]
[[sr:Височке пирамиде]]
[[fi:Bosnian pyramidi]]
[[sv:Bosniska pyramider]]

Corbin, Kentucky

2006-09-04T23:37:24Z

Tom Allen: rv

{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+ <big>'''Corbin, Kentucky'''</big>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[Image:KYMap-doton-Corbin.PNG|280px|Location of Corbin, Kentucky]] Location in the state of [[Kentucky]]
|-
|'''[[List of Kentucky counties|Counties]]'''
|[[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]], [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]]
|-
|'''[[Mayor]]'''
|Nelson "Amos" Miller
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Area]]'''  - Land  - Water
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[1 E8 m²|7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 km²]] 7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 [[km²]] 0.0 sq. miles / 0.0 [[km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Population]]'''  - Total ([[as of 2000|2000]])  - [[Density]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 7,742 403.9/[[square kilometre|km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Time zone]]'''  - summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-5) [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-4)
|-
| '''[[Latitude]]''' '''[[Longitude]]'''
| 36°56'30" N 84°5'44" W
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | '''Official website:''' http://www.corbinkentucky.us/
|}

'''Corbin''' is a [[city]] in [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]] and [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] counties in southeastern [[Kentucky]]. The urbanized area around Corbin extends also into [[Laurel County, Kentucky|Laurel County]]; this area, known as [[North Corbin, Kentucky|North Corbin]], is not incorporated into the city limits. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 7,742, with 17,558 living in the "[[Urbanized Area|urban cluster]]" that includes Corbin.
==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], it has a total area of 19.2 [[km²]] (7.4 [[square mile|mi²]]). None of the area is covered with water.

Corbin lies in the [[Cumberland Plateau]] region of [[Appalachia]] in southeastern Kentucky. The Pine Mountain Overthrust Fault, a [[geologic fault]] system located several miles to the east, produces occasional [[earthquake|tremors]].

== Economy ==
Originally formed by [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad|L&N Railroad]], [[rail transport]] was the backbone of the local economy in the first half of the twentieth century. While the railroad (presently [[CSX]]) continues to play an important role, the decline of the rail industry in the latter half of the twentieth century, as well as the loss of some [[manufacturing]] jobs due to [[globalization]], has prompted the community to begin diversifying its economy.

Major employers in the area today include [[Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.|Aisin Automotive Casting]], [[Pearson PLC|NCS Pearson]], [[Pepsi|Pepsi Bottling Company]], [[CTA Acoustics]], Baptist Regional Medical Center, and Whayne Supply, Superior Protection Fire Safety.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 7,742 people, 3,308 households, and 2,067 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 403.9/km² (1,045.8/mi²). There were 3,704 housing units at an average density of 193.3/km² (500.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.35% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.08% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.18% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.32% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.17% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.89% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.79% of the population.

There were 3,308 households out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.89.

[[Image:corbin-ky-skyline2.jpg|frame|Skyline, Corbin, Kentucky]]

In the city the population was spread out with 23.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 81.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,203, and the median income for a family was $32,784. Males had a median income of $27,323 versus $17,568 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $14,200. About 15.5% of families and 21.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 24.0% of those under age 18 and 16.4% of those age 65 or over.

== Culture and local color ==
[[Image:Corbin ky sm.jpg|frame|Engineer Street bridge, Corbin, Kentucky]]
* Each year in early August, Corbin hosts a [[festival]] called NIBROC (''Corbin'' spelled backwards) featuring open-air concerts, [[Amusement park|carnival attractions]], a [[Beauty contest|beauty pageant]], [[parade]], and other events. The festival is featured, if anachronistically, in the play ''Last Train to Nibroc'' by [[Arlene Hutton]]. (Though the play is set in the [[1940s]], the festival itself only dates to [[1952]].)
* In the battle between the [[soft drink]] giants, southeastern Kentucky is indisputably [[Pepsi]] territory. Corbin's Pepsi bottling plant, which opened in [[1938]], boasts the highest market penetration for its company of any in the nation.
* Despite being in [[Dry county|dry counties]] ([[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] and [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]]), sales of alcoholic drinks by restaurants seating at least 100 diners are allowed.

== Transportation ==
Corbin straddles [[Interstate 75]] and [[U.S. Highway 25]] (which splits into 25-E and 25-W in the Corbin area). The town is served by the [[CSX]] [[rail transport|rail line]].

== Sites of interest ==
* [[Cumberland Falls]] State Park, the site of the only [[waterfall]] in the [[Western hemisphere]] to feature a regularly occurring [[moonbow]], is located 19 miles (31 km) to the southwest.
* [[Colonel Sanders|Sanders']] Cafe, the birthplace of [[KFC|Kentucky Fried Chicken]], is located in North Corbin. The restaurant and accompanying museum are popular with tour groups traveling along [[Interstate 75]].
* Nearby [[Laurel River Lake]], created by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] in [[1974]], is a popular recreational site for [[boating]], [[fishing]], [[water skiing]], and [[scuba diving]].
* [[Cumberland Gap]] and [[Cumberland Gap National Historical Park]] are located about 50 miles (80 km) south of Corbin on U.S. Highway 25E at the [[Tennessee]] border.

== Education ==
Corbin, like many communities of its size in southeastern Kentucky, has an independent school system (i.e., a [[Public education|public school]] system affiliated with a city rather than with any county). The Corbin Independent School District includes:
* Central Primary (grades K-2)
* South Elementary (grades 3-5)
* Corbin Middle (grades 6-8)
* Corbin High (grades 9-12)
* Corbin Vocational
* Corbin East ([[alternative school]])

The community also places considerable emphasis on the success of its high school athletic teams. "Redhounds" games, especially [[American football|football]], are important social events for many within the community.

In [[2004]] [[Eastern Kentucky University]] opened a new extension campus in Corbin.

Corbin is also home to Saint Camillus Academy, a private school affiliated with the Catholic Diocese of Lexington, Kentucky. Established in [[1913]] by the Sisters of Divine Providence, the school has been successful as both a boarding school for national and international students and as a [[Montessori]] school. With a beautiful schoolhouse in ornate French chateau style situated atop a prominence overlooking the town, St. Camillus Academy provides a striking backdrop to the streets of downtown Corbin.

== Notable natives and former residents ==
* [[Colonel Sanders]], entrepreneur
* [[Silas House]], writer
* [[Arthur Lake (actor)|Arthur Lake]], actor
* [[Frank Selvy]], basketball player
* [[George McAfee]], American football player
* [[Roy Kidd]], Hall of Fame American football coach
* [[Steve Bird]], All-American, NCAA College Football Coach

== Media ==
=== Newspapers ===
* The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'', daily afternoon newspaper
* The ''Corbin News Journal'', weekly morning newspaper

=== Radio ===
* WCTT AM 680
* WKDP AM 1330
* WVCT FM 91.5
* WKDP FM 99.5
* WCTT FM 107.3

==External links==

* [http://www.corbin-ky.gov/ Official City of Corbin Web Site]
* [http://www.corbinky.org/ Corbin, Kentucky Office of Economic Development]
* [http://www.corbintimes.com/ The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'']
* [http://www.corbinnewsjournal.com/ The ''Corbin News Journal'']
* {{Mapit-US-cityscale|36.941575|-84.09551}}

{{Kentucky}}

[[Category:Cities in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Knox County, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Whitley County, Kentucky]]

Corbin, Kentucky

2006-09-04T15:56:06Z

Tom Allen: rv

{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+ <big>'''Corbin, Kentucky'''</big>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[Image:KYMap-doton-Corbin.PNG|280px|Location of Corbin, Kentucky]] Location in the state of [[Kentucky]]
|-
|'''[[List of Kentucky counties|Counties]]'''
|[[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]], [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]]
|-
|'''[[Mayor]]'''
|Nelson "Amos" Miller
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Area]]'''  - Land  - Water
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[1 E8 m²|7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 km²]] 7.4 sq. miles / 19.2 [[km²]] 0.0 sq. miles / 0.0 [[km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Population]]'''  - Total ([[as of 2000|2000]])  - [[Density]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 7,742 403.9/[[square kilometre|km²]]
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Time zone]]'''  - summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-5) [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-4)
|-
| '''[[Latitude]]''' '''[[Longitude]]'''
| 36°56'30" N 84°5'44" W
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | '''Official website:''' http://www.corbinkentucky.us/
|}

'''Corbin''' is a [[city]] in [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]] and [[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] counties in southeastern [[Kentucky]]. The urbanized area around Corbin extends also into [[Laurel County, Kentucky|Laurel County]]; this area, known as [[North Corbin, Kentucky|North Corbin]], is not incorporated into the city limits. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 7,742, with 17,558 living in the "[[Urbanized Area|urban cluster]]" that includes Corbin.
==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], it has a total area of 19.2 [[km²]] (7.4 [[square mile|mi²]]). None of the area is covered with water.

Corbin lies in the [[Cumberland Plateau]] region of [[Appalachia]] in southeastern Kentucky. The Pine Mountain Overthrust Fault, a [[geologic fault]] system located several miles to the east, produces occasional [[earthquake|tremors]].

== Economy ==
Originally formed by [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad|L&N Railroad]], [[rail transport]] was the backbone of the local economy in the first half of the twentieth century. While the railroad (presently [[CSX]]) continues to play an important role, the decline of the rail industry in the latter half of the twentieth century, as well as the loss of some [[manufacturing]] jobs due to [[globalization]], has prompted the community to begin diversifying its economy.

Major employers in the area today include [[Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.|Aisin Automotive Casting]], [[Pearson PLC|NCS Pearson]], [[Pepsi|Pepsi Bottling Company]], [[CTA Acoustics]], Baptist Regional Medical Center, and Whayne Supply, Superior Protection Fire Safety.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 7,742 people, 3,308 households, and 2,067 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 403.9/km² (1,045.8/mi²). There were 3,704 housing units at an average density of 193.3/km² (500.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.35% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.08% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.18% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.32% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.17% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.89% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.79% of the population.

There were 3,308 households out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.89.

[[Image:corbin-ky-skyline2.jpg|frame|Skyline, Corbin, Kentucky]]

In the city the population was spread out with 23.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 81.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,203, and the median income for a family was $32,784. Males had a median income of $27,323 versus $17,568 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $14,200. About 15.5% of families and 21.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 24.0% of those under age 18 and 16.4% of those age 65 or over.

== Culture and local color ==
[[Image:Corbin ky sm.jpg|frame|Engineer Street bridge, Corbin, Kentucky]]
* Each year in early August, Corbin hosts a [[festival]] called NIBROC (''Corbin'' spelled backwards) featuring open-air concerts, [[Amusement park|carnival attractions]], a [[Beauty contest|beauty pageant]], [[parade]], and other events. The festival is featured, if anachronistically, in the play ''Last Train to Nibroc'' by [[Arlene Hutton]]. (Though the play is set in the [[1940s]], the festival itself only dates to [[1952]].)
* In the battle between the [[soft drink]] giants, southeastern Kentucky is indisputably [[Pepsi]] territory. Corbin's Pepsi bottling plant, which opened in [[1938]], boasts the highest market penetration for its company of any in the nation.
* Despite being in [[Dry county|dry counties]] ([[Knox County, Kentucky|Knox]] and [[Whitley County, Kentucky|Whitley]]), sales of alcoholic drinks by restaurants seating at least 100 diners are allowed.

== Transportation ==
Corbin straddles [[Interstate 75]] and [[U.S. Highway 25]] (which splits into 25-E and 25-W in the Corbin area). The town is served by the [[CSX]] [[rail transport|rail line]].

== Sites of interest ==
* [[Cumberland Falls]] State Park, the site of the only [[waterfall]] in the [[Western hemisphere]] to feature a regularly occurring [[moonbow]], is located 19 miles (31 km) to the southwest.
* [[Colonel Sanders|Sanders']] Cafe, the birthplace of [[KFC|Kentucky Fried Chicken]], is located in North Corbin. The restaurant and accompanying museum are popular with tour groups traveling along [[Interstate 75]].
* Nearby [[Laurel River Lake]], created by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] in [[1974]], is a popular recreational site for [[boating]], [[fishing]], [[water skiing]], and [[scuba diving]].
* [[Cumberland Gap]] and [[Cumberland Gap National Historical Park]] are located about 50 miles (80 km) south of Corbin on U.S. Highway 25E at the [[Tennessee]] border.

== Education ==
Corbin, like many communities of its size in southeastern Kentucky, has an independent school system (i.e., a [[Public education|public school]] system affiliated with a city rather than with any county). The Corbin Independent School District includes:
* Central Primary (grades K-2)
* South Elementary (grades 3-5)
* Corbin Middle (grades 6-8)
* Corbin High (grades 9-12)
* Corbin Vocational
* Corbin East ([[alternative school]])

The community also places considerable emphasis on the success of its high school athletic teams. "Redhounds" games, especially [[American football|football]], are important social events for many within the community.

In [[2004]] [[Eastern Kentucky University]] opened a new extension campus in Corbin.

Corbin is also home to Saint Camillus Academy, a private school affiliated with the Catholic Diocese of Lexington, Kentucky. Established in [[1913]] by the Sisters of Divine Providence, the school has been successful as both a boarding school for national and international students and as a [[Montessori]] school. With a beautiful schoolhouse in ornate French chateau style situated atop a prominence overlooking the town, St. Camillus Academy provides a striking backdrop to the streets of downtown Corbin.

== Notable natives and former residents ==
* [[Colonel Sanders]], entrepreneur
* [[Silas House]], writer
* [[Arthur Lake (actor)|Arthur Lake]], actor
* [[Frank Selvy]], basketball player
* [[George McAfee]], American football player
* [[Roy Kidd]], Hall of Fame American football coach
* [[Steve Bird]], All-American, NCAA College Football Coach

== Media ==
=== Newspapers ===
* The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'', daily afternoon newspaper
* The ''Corbin News Journal'', weekly morning newspaper

=== Radio ===
* WCTT AM 680
* WKDP AM 1330
* WVCT FM 91.5
* WKDP FM 99.5
* WCTT FM 107.3

==External links==

* [http://www.corbin-ky.gov/ Official City of Corbin Web Site]
* [http://www.corbinky.org/ Corbin, Kentucky Office of Economic Development]
* [http://www.corbintimes.com/ The ''Corbin Times-Tribune'']
* [http://www.corbinnewsjournal.com/ The ''Corbin News Journal'']
* {{Mapit-US-cityscale|36.941575|-84.09551}}

{{Kentucky}}

[[Category:Cities in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Knox County, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Whitley County, Kentucky]]

Ginger ale

2006-08-29T03:37:16Z

Tom Allen: Corrected the correction

'''Ginger ale''' is a [[soft drink]] flavored with [[ginger]]. Brands in [[North America]] include [[Canada Dry]], [[Vernors]], [[Seagram|Seagram's]], [[Schweppes]], [[Sussex Golden Ginger Ale|Sussex]], [[Buffalo Rock]], [[Ale-8-One]], [[Blenheim Ginger Ale]], and Reed's. It is popular in [[mixed drink]]s.

Often used as a [[home remedy]] for upset stomachs, ginger ale also contains high levels of sugar, which can cause an osmotic charge that can affect the bowels more than the desired effect of the ginger. It is sometimes used as a non-alcoholic substitute for [[Champagne (beverage)|champagne]], since both beverages resemble each other in appearance. Ginger ale is also used to prevent or alleviate [[motion sickness]].

Ginger content is often listed on labels in a general ''natural aroma'' or ''natural flavoring'' statement, to preserve secrecy of the complex proprietary mix of spices, fruit and other flavors used.

Ginger ales come in two varieties: golden ginger ale and dry ginger ale. Golden ginger ale, dark colored and strong flavored, is the older style. Dry ginger ale was developed during [[Prohibition]] when ginger ale was used as a mixer for alcoholic beverages and the strong flavor of golden ginger ale was undesirable. Dry ginger ale quickly surpassed golden ginger ale in popularity, and today golden ginger ale is an uncommon and usually regional drink. Vernors and Blenheim are examples of golden ginger ale, while Canada Dry and Schweppes are major brands of dry ginger ale.

Dry ginger ale is also sold with a [[mint]] flavoring added. Popular brands of mint ginger ale include [[Cott]] and [[Tom Tucker]] Southern Style. Some mint ginger ale brands have an artificial green [[food coloring|color]] added, while others are clear in color.

[[Ginger beer]], a similar drink, is typically much more strongly ginger-flavored, less carbonated and less sweet.

Vernors is a strongly flavored golden ginger ale aged for four years in oak barrels before bottling. It was the first U.S. soft drink, originating in [[1866]], although it was modeled on imported Irish ginger beers. In [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], [[Michigan]], a drink made with vanilla [[ice cream]] and [[Vernors]] ginger ale is called a [[Boston cooler]]. The name is not taken from [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], where this combination is unknown, but from an establishment on Boston Boulevard in Detroit where it is said to have been invented.

Some manufacturers have produced fruit-flavored ginger ales, including raspberry and grape flavored versions of Schweppes.

==External links==
*[http://hcs.harvard.edu/~dins/history/gingerale.shtml Ginger ale history and recipe]
*[http://homecooking.about.com/library/archive/blbev7.htm Homecooking ginger ale recipe]
*[http://www.elise.com/recipes/archives/001620homemade_ginger_ale.php Elise's ginger ale recipe]
*[http://www.recipesource.com/side-dishes/beverages/ginger-ale1.html Recipe Source's ginger ale recipe]
*[http://www.geocities.com/hotsprings/4966/gingrale.htm Candida ginger ale recipe]

[[Category:Ginger ale|*]]
[[Category:Cocktail mixers]]

[[de:Ginger Ale]]
[[es:Ginger ale]]
[[fr:Ginger ale]]
[[ja:ジンジャーエール]]
[[pt:Ginger Ale]]
[[simple:Ginger ale]]
[[sv:Ginger Ale]]

KFC

2006-08-18T04:41:12Z

Tom Allen: Rv

:''This article is about the fast food chain. For other uses, see [[KFC (disambiguation)]].''
{{Infobox Company |
company_name = Kentucky Fried Chicken |
company_logo = [[Image:KFC.png|center|200px]] |
company_type = [[Public]] |
foundation = [[Corbin, Kentucky]] |
location = [[Louisville, Kentucky]] |
key_people = [[Colonel Sanders|Col. Harland Sanders]] |
industry = [[Restaurant]]s |
revenue = |
num_employees = 750,000 |
products = Fast food, including chicken and related [[Southern United States|Southern]] foods |
homepage = [http://www.kfc.com/ www.kfc.com]
}}

'''KFC''' (formerly known as '''Kentucky Fried Chicken''') is a division of [[Yum! Brands, Inc.]], and is based in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], [[United States|USA]]. Founded by [[Colonel Sanders|Col. Harland Sanders]], KFC is known mainly for its [[fried chicken]].

Sanders first served his fried chicken during the [[Great Depression]] at a gas station he owned in [[Corbin, Kentucky]], and later at a restaurant and motel he bought across the street. He generally served travelers, often those headed to [[Florida]], so when plans for the new [[interstate highway system]] in the [[1950s]] failed to include Corbin, he sold his properties and began to travel the United States to sell his chicken to restaurant owners. Sanders entered into agreements where he would receive five [[cent (currency)|cents]] for each piece of chicken sold. [http://www.courier-journal.com/foryourinfo/010305/010305.html][http://roadtrip.beimers.com/day99.html][http://www.agilitynut.com/eateries/8b.html] The first to take him up on the offer was [[Pete Harman]] [http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,595057690,00.html] in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]]; together, they opened the world's first "Kentucky Fried Chicken" outlet in [[1952]]. (The Corbin businesses did not bear that name.) Sanders sold the entire KFC [[franchising]] operation in [[1964]] for $2 million, and it has since been sold three more times, most recently to [[PepsiCo]], which made it part of its [[Tricon Global Restaurants]] division, now known as [[Yum! Brands, Inc.]] In [[1997]], Tricon was spun off from PepsiCo.

==Name==
[[Image:DSCN1697 (Medium).JPG|left|thumb|260px|An older Kentucky Fried Chicken sign.]]

The [[company]] adopted the [[abbreviated]] form of its name in [[1991]] for three reasons: to de-emphasize [[chicken]] (since the [[chain]] was moving to offer other foods), to avoid the unhealthy connotations of the word "[[fried]]", and because a shorter name was considered more appealing to the [[youth market]].

When the name changed, an urban legend arose that the move was necessary because that KFC was using a [[genetically modified]] animal that could not be considered a chicken. The site [[Snopes]], generally considered a reference on urban legends, added to the confusion by releasing a spoof page saying that Kentucky had trademarked its own name, asking therefore royalties from any song or commerce that used it.

In [[French language|French]]-speaking [[Quebec, Canada|Quebec]], [[Canada]], KFC is known as '''PFK''' ('''Poulet Frit Kentucky'''); this is one of the few instances in which the ''KFC'' [[initialism]] is changed for the local language. In the 2004 version of [[Dawn of the Dead (2004 film)|''Dawn of the Dead'']], which was filmed in Canada but is set in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, there is a goof where the survivors eat from the KFC restaurant in the mall and one of the soda cups actually reads PFK.

Recently, the company has begun to re-embrace the Kentucky Fried Chicken name, and now uses both "Kentucky Fried Chicken" and "KFC" in its advertisements.

==Food==
[[Image:Kfc chicken potato.jpg|left|200px|thumb|KFC fried chicken and french fries.]]
The Colonel's "secret recipe" of eleven herbs and spices remains one of the best-kept trade secrets in business. The original handwritten recipe is locked securely in a vault in Louisville, with partial copies stored elsewhere as backup. The two suppliers of the seasonings each provide only parts of the recipe, and do not know each other's identity. Not even the company's president knows the ingredient list, and the few people who do are subject to a strict [[confidentiality agreement]]. Several people have contacted KFC, claiming to have found copies of the recipe, but KFC claims that none have been correct. A couple who purchased the Colonel's original home found another handwritten recipe in the basement, and, although it was written by Sanders, it was determined to be nothing like the original.

Some other common ingredients that were thought to be part of the original recipe are paprika, onion powder, garlic powder, [[oregano]], [[parsley]], [[sage]], and [[ginger]] KFC continues to insist that their recipe has ''eleven herbs and spices''.

Some people think that what gives KFC chicken its distinctive taste is that, after being coated, it is cooked in hot oil in a [[pressure cooker]] instead of a conventional [[deep fryer]]. According to Alton Brown of The Food Network, the pressure cooker and oil only make the cooking time shorter. Alton states that The Colonel believed that properly fried chicken should take at least 45 minutes. Hoewever, this was too long for most operations. The pressure cooker shortens the cooking time but may not add any special flavor to the chicken. [[Image:KFC2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|KFC in front of Keihan Moriguchi City station, [[Osaka, Japan]]]]

As with the secret [[Coca-Cola formula]], the stories surrounding the recipe for KFC also serve a [[marketing]] purpose, with the company playing heavily on the mystery surrounding The Colonel's secret recipe.

Beyond the fried chicken, KFC also serves side-dishes like [[coleslaw]], various [[potato]]-based items (including potato wedges, whipped (mashed) potatoes with [[gravy]], and, in some non-US countries, [[french fries]]), [[corn on the cob]] and [[biscuit#American English meaning|biscuits]]. KFC also offers other entreés such as [[Popcorn Chicken]], [[pot pies]], [[chicken nugget]]s, [[hamburger]]s, pork [[rib]]s and a variety of [[dessert]]s — though not all may be found in all locations, particularly in non-US locations. Some sides are also available only in a particular region.

KFC is also currently experimenting with the [[chicken bowl]], a bowl layered with mashed potatoes or rice, gravy, cheese, corn, and popcorn chicken.

==Controversy==
[[Image:Kurczaki bikini 1071038.jpg|thumb|200px|A protest in [[Warsaw]].]]

In [[New Zealand]], television advertisements for the chain featured the slogan "Kiwi For Chicken". In 2002 [[Greenpeace]] created a fake website dubbing KFC "Kiwi For Cheapskates", and KFC responded with a [[strategic lawsuit against public participation]] (SLAPP) on a news website which had run ads linking to that fake site. [http://www.greenpeace.org.nz/truefood/newsdetail.asp?PRID=768]

On [[October 16]], [[2003]], [[Playboy]] model and [[actress]] [[Pamela Anderson]] joined [[PETA]] in their [[animal rights]] campaign against KFC urging consumers to boycott the franchise until better treatment of its chickens is ensured.

On [[June 3]], [[2004]], the [[Federal Trade Commission|FTC]] and KFC came to a settlement regarding KFC's advertising campaign claiming that "fried chicken can, in fact, be part of a healthy diet." The terms of the agreement were not disclosed; however, the TV commercials stopped airing after the settlement. [http://www.kfc.com/about/pr/060304.htm]

On [[July 20]], 2004, PETA released a video of cruelty to chickens taken at [[Pilgrim's Pride]], one of KFC's suppliers in West Virginia. The supplier stated that it would investigate the claims. Pilgrim's Pride fired eleven employees following the release of the video and provided animal cruelty training to its work force, however, none of the employees involved in the incident faced any criminal charges.

Throughout the city of [[Melbourne]], a strong anti-KFC team of youths went through many KFC stores making large scenes, projecting their anger against the corporation. The group often chant "F**k you dirty bird", being their way of protesting against KFC chicken. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCupZWjvkfI]

On [[26 January]] [[2006]], [[Kentucky]] [[Governor]] [[Ernie Fletcher]] refused [[Pamela Anderson]]'s [[PETA]]-backed demand to remove a statue of [[Colonel Sanders]] from the [[Kentucky]] Capitol Building after Yum! and [[Churchill Downs]] announced an agreement that Yum! would become the main sponsor of the [[Kentucky Derby]]. A few days later, Anderson announced she would not attend the horse race again.

A few countries (such as [[India]]) have discovered that the [[Monosodium glutamate|MSG]] levels in KFC foods exceeded their regulations. Some scientists believe that MSG is a health hazard, and food from KFC was often put at the top of high MSG foods to avoid (an average 2% MSG was found in most analysis).

On [[June 13]] 2006, the [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]] sued KFC, alleging that the chain used excessively high levels of [[trans fat]] oil in its fried items. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13295802/]

==Slogans==
[[Image:FirstKFC.jpg|right|thumb|200px|World's first KFC in [[South Salt Lake, Utah]], since replaced by a new KFC on the same site]]
*There's fast food, then there's KFC [http://www.kfc.com/about/]
*Finger lickin' good![http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/137325.html]
''N.B. This was once translated into Chinese as "eat your fingers off"'' {{citation needed}}
*Nobody Does Chicken Like KFC! ([[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Singapore]], and [[United Kingdom|UK]])[http://www.taglineguru.com/sloganlist.html]
*Can't Beat that Taste! (2005/06 - Australia and [[New Zealand]]) [http://www.kfc.com.au/]
*Everybody Needs a little KFC. ([[1990s]] - [[United States]]) [http://www.solidarity-us.org/atc/99Lyons.html]
*We do chicken right! (mid 1990s) [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE6DA1639F933A05751C1A964958260]
*Chicken Capital USA (2005- - [[United States]]) [http://www.kfc.com/]
*You've got to KFC what's Cookin' (2003-2004)[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0311/10/lol.06.html]
*Dinner's Ready At Kentucky Fried Chicken (1970s - Canada) [http://www.marcdenis.com/playa.asp?lefile=ad_Chicken%20Ads]
*Pick up Kentucky Fried Chicken in your neighboorhood; Colonel Sanders and his boys make it finger lickin' good!" (Later changed to "Colonel Sanders' boys and girls") (1970s - Canada) [http://www.marcdenis.com/playa.asp?lefile=ad_Chicken%20Ads]
*There's More Inside The Bucket (2005-2006) {{fact}}
*The Taste Lives Here (2006-present - Canada)[http://www.kfc.ca]

==Countries with KFC==
{| align="left"
| [[Image:Kfcq8.jpg|none|thumb|A KFC franchise in Kuwait]]
|-
| [[Image:Kentucky Fried Chicken world map.PNG|none|thumb|Countries with KFC]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country !! Notes
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Andorra.svg|22px|Andorra]] [[Andorra]] || Only has 2 outlets, one in the Capitial [[Andorra La Vella]], another one in Escaldes.
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|22px|Antigua and Barbuda]] [[Antigua and Barbuda]] || Outlet in St. John's.
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Aruba.svg|22px|Aruba]] [[Aruba]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Australia.svg|22px|Australia]] [[Australia]] || 712+ locations in Australia & New Zealand combined ([[2006]]) [http://www.kfc.com.au/Default.asp?page=/about+kfc] [http://www.kfcqld.com.au/history.php]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|22px|Austria]] [[Austria]] || One location, opened in May 2005
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Bahrain.svg|22px|Bahrain]] [[Bahrain]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Barbados.svg|22px|Barbados]] [[Barbados]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Bermuda.svg|22px|Bermuda]] [[Bermuda]] || The only US fast food franchise in Bermuda
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|22px|Brazil]] [[Brazil]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|22px|Bulgaria]] [[Bulgaria]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|22px|Canada]] [[Canada]] || founded in the [[1960]]s and operates in all 10 provinces and the NWT; known as '''PFK''' ('''Poulet Frit Kentucky''') in [[Quebec]] and at three locations in [[New Brunswick]]; based in [[Vaughan, Ontario]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Chile.svg|22px|Chile]] [[Chile]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|22px|China]] [[China]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Colombia.svg|22px|Colombia]] [[Colombia]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|22px|Costa Rica]] [[Costa Rica]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Cyprus.svg|22px|Cyprus]] [[Cyprus]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|22px|Czech Republic]] [[Czech Republic]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Denmark.svg|22px|Denmark]] [[Denmark]] || KFC has 3 outlets in [[Copenhagen]], 3 outlets have been closed down (2 in Copenhagen, 1 in [[Århus]])
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|22px|Dominican Republic]] [[Dominican Republic]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Ecuador.svg|22px|Ecuador]] [[Ecuador]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of El Salvador.svg|22px|El Salvador]] [[El Salvador]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Egypt.svg|22px|Egypt]] [[Egypt]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of France.svg|22px|France]] [[France]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|22px|Germany]] [[Germany]] ||
|-
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Grenada.svg|22px|Germany]] [[Grenada]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Greece.svg|22px|Greece]] [[Greece]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Guyana.svg|22px|Guyana]] [[Guyana]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Honduras.svg|22px|Honduras]] [[Honduras]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|22px|Hong Kong]] [[Hong Kong]] || Also known as 肯德基 and managed by Birdland (Hong Kong) Limited
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Hungary.svg|22px|Hungary]] [[Hungary]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Iceland.svg|22px|Iceland]] [[Iceland]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of India.svg|22px|India]] [[India]] || Outlets in Kolkata, New Delhi, Chandigarh, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Mumbai
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Indonesia.svg|22px|Indonesia]] [[Indonesia]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Ireland.svg|22px|Ireland]] [[Ireland]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Israel.svg|22px|Israel]] [[Israel]] || Outlets are kosher.
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Jamaica.svg|22px|Jamaica]] [[Jamaica]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|22px|Japan]] [[Japan]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|22px|Jordan]] [[Jordan]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of South Korea.svg|22px|Korea]] [[Korea]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Kuwait.svg|22px|Kuwait]] [[Kuwait]] || Outlets are Halal
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Lebanon.svg|22px|Lebanon]] [[Lebanon]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Macau.svg|22px|Macau]] [[Macau]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Malaysia.svg|22px|Malaysia]] [[Malaysia]] ||KFC has roughly 330 outlets throughout Malaysia - see [http://www.kfc.com.my/outlets/index.html KFC Outlets]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Malta.svg|22px|Malta]] [[Malta]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Mauritius.svg|22px|Mauritius]] [[Mauritius]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Mexico.svg|22px|Mexico]] [[Mexico]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Namibia.svg|22px|Namibia]] [[Namibia]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|22px|Netherlands]] [[Netherlands]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of New Zealand.svg|22px|New Zealand]] [[New Zealand]] || KFC has 97 outlets throughout New Zealand - see [http://www.kfc.co.nz/index.cfm?contentNodeID=428 KFC Outlets]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Pakistan.svg|22px|Pakistan]] [[Pakistan]] || KFC Pakistan has 40 outlets throughout Pakistan - see [http://www.kfcpakistan.com kfcpakistan]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Panama.svg|22px|Panama]] [[Panama]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Peru.svg|22px|Peru]] [[Peru]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the Philippines.svg|22px|The Philippines]] [[The Philippines]] || KFC has [http://www.kfc.ph/kfcstores.htm#man 82] restaurants in the Philippines
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|22px|Poland]] [[Poland]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|22px|Portugal]] [[Portugal]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|22px|Puerto Rico]] [[Puerto Rico]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Qatar.svg|22px|Qatar]] [[Qatar]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|22px|Romania]] [[Romania]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|22px|Russia]] [[Russia]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|22px|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|22px|Saudi Arabia]] [[Saudi Arabia]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Singapore.svg|22px|Singapore]] [[Singapore]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Slovakia.svg|22px|Slovakia]] [[Slovakia]] || First restaurant opened in [[Trnava]] (autumn 2006).
|-
|[[Image:Flag of South Africa.svg|22px|South Africa]] [[South Africa]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|22px|Spain]] [[Spain]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|22px|Sri Lanka]] [[Sri Lanka]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Syria.svg|22px|Syria]] [[Syria]] || Owned by [[Kuwait]]i national [[Nasser Al-Kharafi]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|22px|St. Lucia]] [[St. Lucia]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Taiwan]] [[Taiwan]] || Also known as 肯德基, the first restaurant was built in 1984. Now there are over 133 branches in Taiwan. see [http://www.kfcclub.com.tw/ KFC club Taiwan]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Thailand.svg|22px|Thailand]] [[Thailand]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|22px|Trinidad and Tobago]] [[Trinidad and Tobago]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Turkey.svg|22px|Turkey]] [[Turkey]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|22px|U.S. Virgin Islands]] [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|22px|United Arab Emirates]] [[United Arab Emirates]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|22px|United Kingdom]] [[United Kingdom]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|22px|United States]] [[United States]] || in addition to the initial franchises.
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Venezuela.svg|22px|Venezuela]] [[Venezuela]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Vietnam.svg|22px|Vietnam]] [[Vietnam]] ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|22px|Zimbabwe]] [[Zimbabwe]] ||
|}

==Industrial relations==
[[Image:KFC_Auckland_strike.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Balmoral, New Zealand|Balmoral]] KFC workers and allies picket the store.]]
KFC employs a high proportion of young and unskilled workers, and frequently pays at or just above minimum wages. Most KFC workers are not unionized.

In [[New Zealand]], KFC youth workers earn NZ$7.13 an hour. Staff at the [[Balmoral, New Zealand|Balmoral, Auckland]] store went on strike for two hours on [[3 December]] [[2005]] after [[Restaurant Brands]], the franchise holder, offered no wage increase in contract negotiations. [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=1&ObjectID=10357158] In March 2006, Restaurant Brands agreed to phase out youth rates in New Zealand, although no date was set.

In [[Australia]] many KFC stores are covered by an [[enterprise bargaining agreement]] with the [[Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association]] (SDA). Despite this, their wages are barely above the [[Award (Australian industrial relations)|Award]] rate of pay.

In [[Calgary]], a KFC outlet was forced to close temporarily due to lack of staffing because of a labor shortage.

==Trivia==
{{unreferenced}}
[[Image:KFCWorker.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A KFC employee in standard uniform, circa 2003.]]
* [[Wendy's]] restaurants founder [[Dave Thomas]] operated several Kentucky Fried Chicken franchises before starting Wendy's restaurants. He also invented the rotating-bucket-of-chicken sign that at one time was outside every KFC. Incidentally, he was a [[Kentucky Colonel]] just like Colonel Sanders, figurehead of Kentucky Fried Chicken.
* KFC is one of the [http://www.kfc.com/about/pr/091302.htm most popular fast food] restaurants in [http://www.google.com/search?q=KFC+China China]. Local menu items include egg tarts, and lotus root salad.
* KFC originally introduced its "Popcorn Chicken" snack in the early [[1990s]] but discontinued it after several customers complained of sickness upon eating the food, which consisted primarily of chicken skin. In the early [[2000s]], it reintroduced the snack, now complete with more meat attached. {{cite needed}}
* Separately-owned stores in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], [[Baltimore, Maryland]], [[Chester, Pennsylvania]], [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]], [[Roxbury, Massachusetts]], [[Boston, Massachusetts]] and [[Brooklyn, New York]] are named "Kennedy Fried Chicken," an obvious reference to its mainstream competitor.
* In Taiwan and Malaysia, there exists a KLG, which stands for 卡啦鸡 in Chinese. KLG are the initials of the Chinese words. The store also uses KFC elements in an altered form. For example, the lettering is of the same font and color as KFC. One visible difference is that their logo is that of a rather plump chicken wearing a bow tie, instead of Colonel Sanders.
* In addition to Pamela Anderson, celebrities who have come out in protest of KFC's treatment of chickens include [[Richard Pryor]], [[Elizabeth Berkley]], [[Paul Wall]], [[Ringo Starr]], [[Tyra Banks]], [[Dick Gregory]], and [[Bea Arthur]].

==Cultural references==
[[Image:2005kfc.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The KFC logo in [[Blue Springs, Missouri]]]]
* KFC's success in the 1970s influenced the first [[The Muppet Movie|Muppet Movie]] where [[Kermit the Frog|Kermit]] is being hunted down by a KFC-parodied franchise: "Doc Hopper's French-Fried Frog Legs".
* Circa 1985. New Zealand comedian [[Billy T. James]] performed a skit on his variety show depicting a police raid on a KFC store. The raid supposedly being carried out after the police found out what the eleven "herbs" and spices were.
* KFC was mentioned in the [[Mike Myers (actor)|Mike Myers]] comedy film ''[[So I Married an Axe Murderer]]''; according to the character of Stuart McKenzie (played by Myers himself), Colonel Sanders was not only involved as part of a theoretical "Pentavirate" that controlled every form of media in the world, but also placed an addictive chemical in his [[chicken]] that caused eaters to crave it "fortnightly".
* A [[Simpsons]] episode featured a restaurant named KFP: Kentucky Fried Panda. As [[Homer Simpson]] said, "It's finger Ling-Ling good!"
* Another [[Simpsons]] episode featured Colonel Sanders in heaven, feeding God his popcorn chicken. God tells him that one day, he'll have to reveal the 11 herbs and spices to God.
* In the movie [[Space Jam]], [[Foghorn Leghorn]], after being torched by one of the opposing players comments "Did you order original recipe or extra crispy?" referencing the styles of chicken available at KFC.
* Kentucky Fried Chicken is considered the favorite food of [[Eric Cartman]] from the show ''[[South Park]]''. In the episode''[[The Death of Eric Cartman]]'', [[Stan Marsh|Stan]], [[Kyle Broflovski|Kyle]], [[Kenny McCormick|Kenny]] and [[Eric Cartman|Cartman]] are waiting for Stan's mother to bring home Kentucky Fried Chicken. When she arrives, Cartman distracts the others and manages to eat the skin off of every piece, leaving the other three to eat just the meat of the bird. The next morning, the boys are so angry at Cartman for eating "the best part", that they decide to totally ignore him. In the episode ''[[Tsst]]'', [[Cesar Millan]], the [[Dog Whisperer]] trains [[Eric Cartman|Cartman]] to be more obedient and submissive to his mother by eating Kentucky Fried Chicken in front of him.
* In a [[Family Guy]] episode Peter Griffin goes to a KFC outlet in Kentucky and asks if Mr. Sanders is in.
*In the 2002 movie [[24 Hour Party People]], [[Happy Mondays]] singer [[Shaun Ryder]] exclaims he will be going for a "Kentucky" after discovering the food at a business meeting to be unfulfilling. He is seen later walking down the street carrying a red bucket while imitating a chicken; this is an obvious reference to KFC.
* The videogame ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]'' features an in-game restaurant called "Cluckin' Bell", which is a parody of KFC and [[Taco Bell]]. When ordering food, the restaurant worker says phrases such as "If you're lucky, you might find a feather!"
* In the UK numerous restaurants can be found that take the same approach, using many of the KFC brand elements in a slightly altered form, with names such as LFC, MFC, PFC, FCKF, and FCUK, moving on to such diverse guises as Kansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, or Kennedy Fried Chicken (see above) and then the more unusual hybrids such as Hentucky, Dixy, Dallas, Texas, Texa, Tex-Ess and Kenssy Fried Chicken. Examples include YFC in [[Leeds]], Yorkshire fried chicken, HFC in [[Middlesbrough]], Halal Fried Chicken and Krunchy Fried Chicken in [[Liverpool]].
* The [[Neil Gaiman]] book [[American Gods]] references the classic KFC [[urban legend]] as to why the company changed its name. According to [[Loki|Low-Key Liesmith]], the main character's cellmate, KFC was legally forced to remove the word 'chicken' from their name as the meat they served was no longer technically chicken, but was grown in a [[genetically engineered]] chickenoid meat-plant.
* Heavy Metal guitarist [[Buckethead]] is known for wearing a KFC bucket on his head.
* In [[2003]], British pop group [[Fast Food Rockers]] scored at #2 chart hit with "The Fast Food Song", the chorus dates back to a campfire song from [[1985]], and features the line 'A [[Pizza Hut]], a Pizza Hut, Kentucky Fried Chicken and a Pizza Hut.
* In her song "Where Life Begins" on her [[Erotica]] album from 1992, Madonna sings the line "Colonel Sanders says it's best finger licking good".
* In the [[arcade]] game [[Crazy Taxi]]. A KFC is a regular destination requested by customers.
* The 2006 animated movie Barnyard has a scene where chickens throw darts at a picture of Colonel Sanders which is the logo of KFC that is on a dart board.

==See also==
* [[Priszm Canadian Income Fund|Priszm Brandz]], the leading Canadian franchisee of KFC and other Yum! Brands restaurants.
* [[Gino's Hamburgers]], the franchisee for Kentucky Fried Chicken in the mid-Atlantic states until 1982.
*''[[Kentucky Fried Movie]]''
* [[List of fast-food restaurants]]

[[Image:Kfcrestaurant.jpg|thumb|right|200px|KFC restaurant in [[Cupertino, California]].]]

==External links==
===Official sites===
*[http://www.kfc.com/ KFC website]
*[http://www.kfc.ca/ KFC Canada website]
*[http://www.kfc.co.uk/ KFC UK website]
*[http://www.kfc.com.au/ KFC Australia website]
*[http://www.kfc.co.nz/ KFC New Zealand website]
*[http://www.kfcindia.com/ KFC India website]
*[http://www.kfcindonesia.com/ KFC Indonesia website]
*[http://www.kfc-malta.com/ KFC Malta website]
*[http://www.kfc.co.jp/ KFC Japan website]
*[http://www.kfckorea.com/ KFC Korea website]
*[http://www.kfc.com.my/ KFC Malaysia website]
*[http://www.kfcpakistan.com/ KFC Pakistan website]
*[http://www.kfc.ph/ KFC Philippines website]
*[http://www.kfc.pl/ KFC Poland website]
*[http://www.kfc.com.sg/ KFC Singapore website]
*[http://www.kfcturkiye.com/ KFC Turkey website]
*[http://www.kfc.nl/ KFC Dutch website]
*[http://www.kfc.de/ KFC Germany website]
*[http://www.kfc.fr/ KFC France website]
*[http://www.kfc.com.cn/ KFC China website]
*[http://www.kfchk.com/ KFC Hong Kong website]
*[http://www.kfc.co.th KFC Thailand website]
*[http://www.kfc.com.mx/ KFC Mexico website]
*[http://www.kfcclub.com.tw/ KFC Taiwan website]
*[http://www.kfcvietnam.com/ KFC Vietnam website]

===Other===
*[http://www.kentuckyfriedcruelty.com/ The KFC Boycott page]
*[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/food/kfc.asp KFC Urban Legends Reference page]
*[http://www.us.imdb.com/news/wenn/2006-01-26/#3/ Kentucky Governor refuses PETA's statue-removal demand.]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/-/1/hi/health/5084768.stm KFC sued in US over cooking fats]
*[http://www.crowncombo.com/articles/2006/027_kfcbowls/kfc.html KFC Famous Bowls]
*[http://www.theshadowsun.net/collection/view/120 ''Kentucky Fried Cruelty'' - An article about KFC regarding animal cruelty towards chickens.]

{{Yum!}}

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2006-08-18T01:51:42Z

Tom Allen: Fuller Center for Housing copyvio

{{ed right|Copyright problems/2006 August 18/Articles|namespace=Wikipedia}}'''Articles'''

* [[Red sirus]] ([{{fullurl:Red sirus|action=history}} history] · [{{fullurl:Red sirus|diff=0}} last edit]) from [http://www.redsirus.com/]. [[User:GrahameS|GrahameS]] 00:18, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
* [[Mannie Jackson]] ([{{fullurl:Mannie Jackson|action=history}} history] · [{{fullurl:Mannie Jackson|diff=0}} last edit]) from [http://www.lincoln.edu/marketing/pr/news042903.html] and [http://www.nba.com/grizzlies/community/mlk-0506-recipients.html]. ''[[User: Allen3|Allen3]]'' [[User talk:Allen3|talk]] 01:41, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
* [[G. C. "Jeep" Harned]] ([{{fullurl:G. C. "Jeep" Harned|action=history}} history] · [{{fullurl:G. C. "Jeep" Harned|diff=0}} last edit]) from [http://mixonline.com/mag/audio_jeep_harned/index.html]. [[User:Fuhghettaboutit|Fuhghettaboutit]] 01:48, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
* [[Fuller Center for Housing]] ([{{fullurl:Fuller Center for Housing|action=history}} history] · [{{fullurl:Fuller Center for Housing|diff=0}} last edit]) from [http://www.fullercenter.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AboutTheFullerCenter]. [[User:Tom Allen|Tom Allen]] 01:51, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Floyd Landis

2006-08-08T05:02:40Z

Tom Allen: /* Biography */ inserted space between words

{{currentsport}}
{{Road bicycle racer infobox
| image = [[Image:Floyd-landis-toctt.jpg|300px]]
| ridername = Floyd Landis
| fullname = | dateofbirth = [[October 14]] [[1975]]
| country = {{USA}}
| currentteam = None
| protourrank =
| ridertype = [[General classification|GC'er]] and [[time trialist]]
| amateurteams =
| amateuryears =
| proyears = 1999-2001 2002-2004 2005-2006
| proteams = Mercury Cycling Team [[US Postal Service presented by Berry Floor|US Postal Service]] [[Phonak (cycling team)|Phonak Hearing Systems]]
| majorwins = 
* 1x [[Tour de France]] ([[2006 Tour de France|2006]]) (in question)
* 2 stages, [[Tour de France]] (2006: [[Road bicycle racing|RR]]; 2004: [[Team time trial|TTT]])
* 1x [[Paris-Nice]] ([[Paris-Nice 2006|2006]])
* 1x [[Tour de Georgia]] ([[Tour de Georgia 2006|2006]])}}
'''Floyd Landis''' (born [[October 14]] [[1975]]) is an [[United States|American]] professional [[road bicycle racer|cyclist]]. A [[time trial|time-trial]] specialist as well as a strong [[climbing specialist (cycling)|climber]], Landis turned professional in [[1999 in sports|1999]] with the Mercury Cycling Team. He joined the [[US Postal Service presented by Berry Floor|US Postal Service]] team in [[2002 in sports|2002]], and moved to the [[Phonak (cycling team)|Phonak Hearing Systems]] team in [[2005 in sports|2005]]. Landis was fired from the Phonak team on August 5, 2006, after a positive finding of [[doping (sport)|doping]] was confirmed. <ref name=phonakfireslandis>{{cite news | url=http://www.phonak-cycling.ch/index.php?id=5&L=1&uid=330| title= Phonak Cycling Team to clarify consequences | publisher=Phonak Cycling Team | date= [[2006-08-05]] | accessdate= 2006-08-05}}</ref>

Currently, Landis is still listed as the winner of the [[2006 Tour de France]], the third American to do so (after [[Greg LeMond]] and [[Lance Armstrong]]), but is not considered by Tour officials to be the champion [http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=2541883]. Because of two failed drug tests indicating a much higher than allowed ratio of [[testosterone]] to [[epitestosterone]] and the presence of synthetic testosterone during one stage of the race, he is expected to have to forfeit his title. <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/08/05/sportsline/main1868040.shtml| title= Landis "B" Test Results In | publisher=CBS News | date= [[2006-08-05]]| accessdate= 2006-08-05}}</ref> Tour Director [[Christian Prudhomme]] no longer considers Landis the winner, but ultimately the decision of whether to strip him of his title will be made by the [[Union Cycliste Internationale|International Cycling Union]] (UCI). <ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,207157,00.html</ref> Under UCI rules, the determination of whether or not a cyclist violated any rules must be made by the cyclist's national federation, in this case [[USA Cycling]], which has transferred the case to the United States Anti-Doping Agency ([[USADA]]). <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,207157,00.html| title= Backup Test Confirms Adverse Findings in Tour de France Champ Landis' Urine | publisher= FoxNews.com | date= [[2006-08-05]] | accessdate= 2006-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/sns-ap-cyc-landis-doping,1,5654753.story?coll=chi-sportsnew-hed&ctrack=1&cset=true | title= Landis Tests Positive; Title is a total complete loss| publisher=Chicago Tribune| date= [[2006-08-05]] | accessdate= 2006-08-05}}{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,207157,00.html| title= Backup Test Confirms Adverse Findings in Tour de France Champ Landis' Urine | publisher= FoxNews.com | date= [[2006-08-05]] | accessdate= 2006-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://sport.guardian.co.uk/breakingnews/feedstory/0,,-5996982,00.html| title= US Cycling hands Landis case to USADA| publisher=Guardian| date= [[2006-08-06]] | accessdate= 2006-08-06}}</ref>

Landis is married to Amber Basile and they have a daughter, Ryan. They live in [[Murrieta, California|Murrieta]], [[Riverside County, California]].

==Biography==

Floyd Landis was raised in a conservative family in a [[Mennonite]] community in the [[unincorporated]] [[village]] of [[Farmersville, Pennsylvania|Farmersville]] in [[West Earl Township, Pennsylvania|West Earl Township]], [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Unlike the more familiar [[Old Order Amish]], conservative Mennonites do employ electricity and some modern technology, such as automobiles, but avoid television, movies, and many other elements of "modern" culture. Landis thus grew up somewhat isolated from modern American culture; however he did own a bicycle. Landis was the second child and oldest son of Paul and Arlene Landis. He attended public schools in the Conestoga Valley School District: Brownstown Elementary School, Conestoga Valley Middle School, and graduated in 1994 from Conestoga Valley High School. His brother, Robert, and sisters, Alice, Charity, Priscilla and Abigail attended public elementary school, but graduated from private religious schools.

Landis used his first bike to ride while out fishing with a friend, but quickly learned to enjoy riding for its own sake. He became determined to ride in a local race and showed up wearing sweatpants because his religion forbade wearing shorts; he won anyway. More wins followed as Landis continued to enjoy the sport. Disturbed at what he considered a "useless" endeavor such as racing bikes, his father, Paul, tried to discourage him from participating by giving him extra chores. This left Landis no time to train during the day, so he often sneaked out to train at night—sometimes at 1 or 2 a.m.—in the freezing cold. Landis' father got a tip off that he had been going out at night. He was unable to appreciate his son's passion for cycling and thought that he might be getting into drugs or alcohol and often followed Landis at a distance to make sure he wasn't getting into trouble. Today, Landis' father has become a hearty supporter of his son, and regards himself as one of Floyd's biggest fans.<ref>[[OLN]] [[Television broadcast]] of the [[2006 Tour de France]], [[July 22]] [[2006]]</ref><ref>[http://outside.away.com/outside/features/200607/tour-de-france-2006-floyd-landis-5.html The New American in Paris], page 5 [[Outside Magazine]] online, July 2006 issue</ref>

==="Master of the Mountains"===
Landis won the first [[mountain bike]] race he entered and in 1993 was crowned junior national champion. He told friends he would win the [[Tour de France]] one day. At age 20 Landis moved to [[Southern California]] to train full time as a mountainbiker. He soon established a reputation for toughness—once finishing a race riding on only his rims.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.sierrasun.com/article/20060723/SPORTS/60723005 | title = Landis, Tiger rise to the occasion | work = [[Sierra Sun]] | date = [[2006-07-23]] }}</ref> However, his training regimen resembled that of a road biker, and in 1999 he switched to road cycling.

He performed well enough that Lance Armstrong recruited him to U.S. Postal and chose Landis to ride alongside him in three straight Tour de France wins from 2002 to 2004. Landis often pushed the pace in the mountains to break the pack before Armstrong made his final move. In the 2004 edition, Landis led Armstrong and a few of Armstrong's main rivals over the final climb of stage 17, putting on such an impressive display of strength that comedian [[Robin Williams]] dubbed him the "Mofo of the Mountains." Landis's performance led some observers to peg him as a possible team leader and future winner of the [[maillot jaune]]. Landis left US Postal later that year after receiving a better contract offer from the Phonak squad.

In the [[2005 Tour de France]], Landis finished ninth overall in the [[General Classification]], his highest finish at that time in the Tour.

Landis started the 2006 season strong, with overall wins first in the [[Amgen Tour of California]], and then in the prestigious [[Paris-Nice]], both week-long stage races. Winning Paris-Nice gave Landis 52 points in the [[UCI ProTour]] individual competition, starting him off in first place for 2006. Landis continued with his display of strength with another overall win in the [[Tour de Georgia 2006|Ford Tour de Georgia]] April 18 to 23, where he not only won the time trial, but did not lose any time to anyone on the most difficult climbing stage, [[Brasstown Bald]], (where [[Tom Danielson]] beat him across the uphill finish line, but with the same time).

===2006 Tour de France===
[[Image:Floyd Landis-Tour de France 2006-20060723.jpg|thumb|Floyd Landis on the Tour de France, July 23 2006.]]
In the lead-up to the [[2006 Tour de France]], Landis was widely mentioned as a [[dark horse]] contender, but the widespread assumption was that [[Ivan Basso]] or [[Jan Ullrich]], the second and third place finishers in 2005, would win. But in the days immediately before the race, the [[Operación Puerto doping case]] led to Basso and Ullrich being withdrawn from the race, leaving Landis among a field of possible favorites.

Landis' Tour did not begin encouragingly. When his turn came to leave the start house in the Prologue time trial, he was not even there, having suffered a cut tire on his rear disc wheel. He finished ninth in the stage, just 9 seconds behind winner [[Thor Hushovd]]. His bad time trial luck continued during Stage 7, a 52 kilometre individual time trial to Rennes when a handlebar malfunction forced him to switch bikes midway through the race. Nevertheless, Landis managed to finish second, one minute behind [[T-Mobile Team|T-Mobile]]'s [[Serhiy Honchar]] of [[Ukraine]], while also gaining an important time advantage over other top contenders for the overall victory in this year's Tour as it headed into the first mountain stages.

In the second mountain stage, he was among the few that could hold on to the fierce pace set by the riders of the Rabobank team, and came in third, along with [[Denis Menchov]] and [[Levi Leipheimer]]. He held the yellow jersey until [[2006 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 20|Stage 13]], when he and his team let a group get a half-hour lead in the stage, allowing his former teammate [[Óscar Pereiro Sio|Óscar Pereiro]], to take the overall lead by 89 seconds. The assumption was that Pereiro, who had lost half an hour in the three previous mountain stages, would not be a serious contender in the Alps, and that it would be easy to win the jersey back. And indeed, in [[2006 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 20|Stage 15]], on the slopes of the infamous [[Alpe d'Huez|l'Alpe d'Huez]], Landis outrode Pereiro by almost two minutes, regaining the jersey and a 10-second overall lead in the process.

However, the next day, Landis [[bonk (condition)|"bonked"]] on the final ascent to the summit of La Toussuire, losing ten minutes, and fell from first to eleventh place in the [[general classification]], ending up eight minutes behind the overall leader, Pereiro. Landis reportedly had a lapse in concentration and failed to eat enough during the ride in this stage.<ref name="Guardian recap">Willam Fotheringham, [http://sport.guardian.co.uk/tourdefrance2006/story/0,,1827340,00.html "After all the twists and turns a deserving ruler emerges from the anarchy"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', July 24, 2006.</ref> With only two more stages where the [[general classification|GC]] could reasonably be contested (Stage 18 being relatively flat) remaining in the Tour, one more mountain stage and one time trial, almost everyone paying attention assumed his disastrous performance would mark the end of his chance to win the Tour, or even achieve a place on the podium ([[Eddy Merckx]] being a notable exception, who bet 100 euros against 75 to 1 odds that Landis would still win the Tour; note also that his son, [[Axel Merckx]], was on Landis's Phonak team for the 2006 Tour). <ref name="Robbie Hunter diary">Robbie Hunter, [http://www.robbiehunter.net/diary.php5 "Any more doubts as to who is the strongest?"], Robbie Hunter's diary, 20.07.2006 22:31</ref>

On the following day's [[2006 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 20#Stage 17, Thursday, July 20: St.-Jean-de-Maurienne - Morzine, 201 km|Stage 17]], however, Landis stunned the cycling world with a 120 km solo breakaway attack that has been called "one of the most epic days of cycling ever seen,"<ref name="VeloNews reactions">[http://www.velonews.com/tour2006/news/articles/10505.0.html "Reactions to Landis's launch"], ''VeloNews'', July 20, 2006.</ref> earning comparisons to the famed rides of [[Eddy Merckx]]. At one point on the course, he was 9'04" clear of [[maillot jaune]]-wearing Pereiro, and ultimately won the stage by nearly six minutes over [[Team CSC]]'s [[Carlos Sastre]] and took more than seven minutes out of Pereiro's lead. At the end of the day, Landis sat in third place overall, 18 seconds behind Sastre and just 30 seconds back from the time of the Tour leader — leads that were well within the range of what he could overcome in the final time trial. It was after this stage that Landis gave his positive drug test.

And indeed, in Stage 19, a 57 km individual time trial, Landis finished third, 1'29" ahead of Pereiro and 3'31" ahead of Sastre to reclaim the yellow jersey with a lead of 59 seconds. Landis retained the lead through Stage 20, the "procession" into Paris, to win the 2006 Tour de France by 57 seconds.

Floyd Landis is the third American to win the event (Lance Armstrong, 7 wins; Greg LeMond, 3 wins) since the race began in 1903. Landis' win marks the 8th in a row by an American starting with Armstrong's first Tour win in 1999. It also means that Americans have won the race 11 times in the 26 years since [[Jacques Boyer]] became the first American to ride in the Tour in 1981.

===Doping investigation===
On [[July 27]], [[2006]] the Phonak Cycling Team announced Floyd Landis had an "A sample" test come back positive with an unusually high ratio of the hormone [[testosterone]] to [[epitestosterone]] after his famous ride in Stage 17 of the Tour de France.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/5221122.stm | title=Landis gives positive drugs test | publisher=BBC Sport | date= [[2006-07-27]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref> Landis denied doping when waiting for the results of his "B sample" to confirm the initial drug test. <ref>{{cite news | first= Mar| last=Toman| author= | url=http://sports.yahoo.com/sc/news?slug=ap-landis-doping&prov=ap&type=lgns
| title=Landis requests backup sample to clear doping allegations | publisher=Yahoo Sports! | date= [[2006-07-31]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref> Landis was then suspended pending the results, with Phonak stating he would be dismissed should his B sample prove positive.<ref>{{cite news|title=Landis gives positive drugs test|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5221122.stm|date=[[2006-07-27]]|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Landis' personal doctor later revealed the test had found a ratio of 11:1 in Landis' blood. The permitted ratio is 4:1. <ref name = "NYT31July">{{cite news | first= Juliet | last= Macur | author= | url= http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/31/sports/othersports/31cnd-landis.html?hp&ex=1154404800&en=07a1b9cc5210daa3&ei=5094&partner=homepage
| title= Testosterone in Landis’s Body Said Not to Be Natural | work= | publisher= [[New York Times]] | date= [[2006-07-31]] | accessdate=2006-08-01}}</ref>
Also, the carbon isotope test results indicated the presence of synthetic testosterone that would not be naturally produced.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/01/sports/othersports/01landis.html?hp&ex=1154404800&en=17bc932fe506615c&ei=5094&partner=homepage | title= Test Said to Show Synthetic Testosterone in Landis’s Body | date=[[2006-07-31]] | accessdate=2006-08-01}}</ref>

Landis officially requested the testing of his backup urine sample on [[July 31]], [[2006]]. The result of his B sample test was announced on [[August 5]], [[2006]], confirming the positive test for testosterone in the A sample.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/05/sports/05cnd-landis.ready.html|title=Backup Sample on Landis Is Positive|publisher=New York Times|date=[[2006-08-05]]}}</ref>

Landis had five days to make the request. However, the [[Union Cycliste Internationale|International Cycling Union]] (UCI) asked the [[laboratory Châtenay-Malabry]] to go ahead and test the B sample on July 31, claiming that Landis had yet to do so. The UCI said "We have done this so the whole thing can be speeded up. ... We took this decision because of the importance of the case. Also, the longer it goes on the more damage the sport risks suffering." In response, a spokesman for Landis has insisted that the cyclist himself asked on July 31 for the B sample to be tested, well within the five-day limit required of the athlete. If the UCI had not asked for the test, and Landis had waited until Wednesday, August 2, to appeal for the B sample to be tested, the result would not have been known for several weeks as the laboratory shuts for the holidays at the end of the week.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/5233476.stm | title= Pressure mounts for Landis B test | work=BBC Sport | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=[[2006-07-31]] | accessdate=2006-08-01}}</ref> The A sample reportedly tested for an unnatural source of testosterone, meaning that Landis will have to account for the source of testosterone if the B sample confirms this - as it ultimately did. <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/01/sports/othersports/01landis.html?hp&ex=1154404800&en=17bc932fe506615c&ei=5094&partner=homepage | title= Test Said to Show Synthetic Testosterone in Landis’s Body | date=[[2006-07-31]] | accessdate=2006-08-01}}</ref>

After the B sample also tested positive for high levels of testosterone, Landis was dismissed by his team, Phonak.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.skysports.com/skysports/article/0,,1281-1229834,00.html | title = LANDIS B TEST COMES BACK POSITIVE | date=[[2006-08-05]] | [accessdate=2006-08-05}}</ref>
At this point, he is likely to lose the Tour title and face a two-year ban, as well the loss of his €450,000 first prize. If this is the case, Spanish rider [[Oscar Pereiro Sio]] will be declared the winner after finishing 57 seconds behind Landis, in second place. Landis has ten days to respond to the [[United States Anti-Doping Agency|USADA]], who will decide whether to charge him or not.

Among Landis' lawyers are Jose Maria Buxeda from [[Spain]] and Howard L. Jacobs from the [[United States]]. Buxeda represented [[:Category:Spanish cyclists|Spanish cyclist]] [[Roberto Heras]] when he was suspended for two years after testing positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]]. Jacobs has extensive experience defending athletes accused of doping such as cyclist [[Tyler Hamilton]] and sprinter [[Tim Montgomery]].

====Validity of the test====
There was some debate at first as to whether a high level of testosterone necessarily proves doping.<ref name=report>van de Kerkhof DH, de Boer D, Thijssen JH, Maes RA, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10732948&dopt=Abstract "Evaluation of testosterone/epitestosterone ratio influential factors as determined in doping analysis"], ''[[Journal of Analytical Toxicology]]'', 24(2):102-115, 2000 March</ref> [[Hypothyroidism]] (which Landis has),
causes low levels of [[SHBG]] that can cause [[testosterone]] to accumulate
(since testosterone bound to SHBG reduces its biological availability).{{fact}}
Although this can result in an unusually high T/E ratio, no prior tests from Landis have tested positive, including all his earlier tour tests, as well as testing throughout the 2006 season (this bears upon the assumption that high T/E ratios indicate use of steroids as part of a training regimen to improve muscle mass, discussed in Perry PJ, Andersen KH, Yates WR. Illicit anabolic steroid use in athletes: a case series analysis. Am J Sports Med 1990;18:422-428). Alcohol consumption was also speculated to be a possible cause of Landis' elevated T/E ratio.
Landis stated he had had 2 beers and "at least" four shots of "[[Jack Daniels]]" following his disastrous Stage 16 performance. <ref>{{cite news|title=Floyd Landis's Alcohol Defense|url=http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB115444904804023475-b3Yk05K97EtFKvdjhAVAvcCleyE_20060831.html?mod=tff_main_tff_top|date=[[2006-08-02]]|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal Online]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref> <ref name=report>{{cite news|title=Floyd outlandish or legitimate Landis?|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/sport/floyd-outlandish-or-legitimate-landis/2006/07/30/1154198012217.html|date=[[2006-07-31]]|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref>
Alcohol consumption has been shown to increase T/E ratios by roughly 40% in men.<ref>Falk O, Palonek E, Bjorkhem I., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3390919&dopt=Abstract "Effect of ethanol on the ratio between testosterone and epitestosterone in urine."]</ref> However, the increase in testosterone after alcohol intake has also been described as unlikely to have a huge effect with males. <ref>{{cite news | first= Lindsey | last=Tanner | author= | url=http://sports.yahoo.com/sc/news?slug=ap-landis-testosterone&prov=ap&type=lgns
| title=Urine test reveals elevated testosterone levels | publisher=Yahoo Sports! | date= [[2006-07-28]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref>
Further testing showed testosterone traces which were [[exogenous]].

====Effects of testosterone====
There is debate whether the use of testosterone leads to an increase in energy and strength. Some have argued an athlete is highly unlikely to use testosterone for a quick boost as its effectiveness is greatest with long-term application. It has been suggested that Landis may have been using testosterone over the long term but either masking it or diluting it to avoid detection. The positive test result was thus due to a mistake with the doping program on one day.<ref>{{cite news | first= Philip | last=Hersh | author= | url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/chi-0607310138jul31,1,6261272.column?coll=chi-sportsnew-hed&ctrack=1&cset=true
| title= French-fried conundrum Landis doping case not at all clear-cut | work= Sports (Commentary) | publisher=The Chicago Tribune | date= [[2006-07-31]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref> Other physicians have claimed that testosterone can have a great short-term effect. <ref>{{cite news | first= Michelle | last=Kaufman | author= | url=http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/sports/15153880.htm
| title= Toxicologist says testosterone can have great short-term effect | publisher=The Mercury News | date= [[2006-07-29]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref>

After every stage of the Tour de France, the yellow jersey, stage winner, and two random riders<ref>{{cite news | first=Juliet | last=Macur | author= | url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/07/28/sports/web.0728bike.php | title=Tour champ suspended after testing positive | date=[[2006-07-28]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref> are tested for testosterone. As such, Landis would have been tested several other times. He has only been reported as failing the test following the 17th stage, which argues against a naturally high T/E ratio.

Statisticians have discussed the problems with interpreting test results from high volume and [[Multiple testing|repeated testing]] in the context of other high profile cases involving well known athletes. For instance, the American middle distance runner [[Mary Decker|Mary Decker Slaney]] had a higher than acceptable T/E ratio in a urine test at the Olympic trials in 1996. The Bayesian statistician [[Don Berry]] presented statistical arguments on her behalf in September 1997 to a Doping Hearing Board of the USA Track and Field (USATF). Slaney was exonerated at that hearing, although the international association later overturned the ruling. An accessible description of the statistical issues was later published in the journal ''Chance''.<ref>{{cite news | first=Don | last=Berry | url=http://www.amstat.org/publications/chance/172.berry.pdf | title=Inferences about testosterone use among athletes |publisher=Chance | date=2004 | volume=17 }}</ref>

====Exogenous testosterone====
On [[1 August]] [[2006]] media reports said that the testosterone was [[Organic synthesis|synthetic]] and that the lab had performed a carbon isotope ratio test, or CIR on the A sample, the results of which showed that some of the testosterone in Landis’s body came from an external source and was not naturally produced by his own system. These reported results conflict with Landis's assertions that it was a natural occurrence.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/cycling/wires/08/01/2080.ap.cyc.landis.doping.0522/index.html | title = Synthetic testosterone found in Landis urine sample | publisher = Sports Illustrated | date = [[2006-08-01]] | accessdate = 2006-08-01 }}</ref><ref name = "NYT31July"/>

The CIR test distinguishes between testosterone produced naturally by the athlete's body and synthetic testosterone introduced from an outside source. The test is also known as [[Isotope Mass Spectrometry|Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry]] (IRMS). According to Dr. Gary I. Wadler, a member of the World Anti-Doping Agency, the carbon isotope ratio test needs to be done only once, on either an A or on a B sample, particularly if the athlete’s T/E ratio is high as in Landis' case. <ref name = "NYT31July"/>

====Reaction among cyclists====
After the A sample, retired American cyclist and three-time Tour de France winner [[Greg LeMond]] doubted whether additional doping tests would reverse Landis' earlier results. He stated, "I hope the sampling comes back negative, unfortunately, I think the labs in Europe are very professional." <ref>{{cite news|title=Mom keeps the faith / LeMond: Take High Road|url=http://www.pe.com/sports/other/stories/PE_Sports_Local_D_landis_mom_28.1c9089c.html|date=[[2006-07-27]]|publisher=[[PE.com]]}}</ref>

On [[July 28]], [[2006]] Landis appeared on Larry King Live to explain his situation and reiterate his innocence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Larry King Live Transcript - July 28, 2006|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0607/28/lkl.01.html}}</ref>
Seven-time Tour de France winner [[Lance Armstrong]] also called in to express support for his former teammate.
Armstrong remains skeptical of the French laboratory that conducted Landis' drug test, noting it is the same laboratory involved in some of the former doping allegations against himself. <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,19963402-12428,00.html
| title= Armstrong backs Landis | publisher=Adelaide Now | date= [[2006-07-30]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref>

===Hip ailment===
The powerful performance of Landis up to Stage 16 of the Tour de France and his comeback in Stage 17 is particularly notable given his hip ailment, [[aseptic bone necrosis|osteonecrosis]], which was revealed in an article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' during the 2006 Tour de France.<ref name="New York Times magazine article">[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/16/magazine/16landis.html?ex=1310702400&en=699d15540a8405cc&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss "What He's Been Pedaling"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 16, 2006.</ref> This deterioriation in the ball joint of his right hip stemmed from diminished blood supply and constricted blood vessels caused by scar tissue. The original injury that led to the formation of the scar tissue was a femoral neck fracture sustained in a bicycle crash during a training ride near his Southern California home in October 2002. Landis kept the ailment secret from his teammates, rivals, and the media until an announcement made while the 2006 Tour was underway. This same ailment also affected former multi-sport athlete [[Bo Jackson]] and American football player [[Brett Favre]].

Landis rode the 2006 Tour with the constant pain of the injury, which he described thusly: "It's bad, it's grinding, it's bone rubbing on bone. Sometimes it's a sharp pain. When I pedal and walk, it comes and goes, but mostly it's an ache, like an arthritis pain. It aches down my leg into my knee. The morning is the best time, it doesn't hurt too much. But when I walk it hurts, when I ride it hurts. Most of the time it doesn't keep me awake, but there are nights that it does."<ref name="Landis's Hip Will Need Surgery After Bid for Tour">[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/10/sports/othersports/10landis.html?ex=1153886400&en=40c7b36f2d9be0c5&ei=5070 "Landis's Hip Will Need Surgery After Bid for Tour"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 10, 2006.</ref>

During the Tour, Landis was medically approved to take [[cortisone]] for this injury, a medication otherwise prohibited in professional cycling for its known potential for abuse. Landis himself called his win "a triumph of persistence" despite the pain.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://sport.independent.co.uk/general/article1193126.ece | title = Cycling: Landis the Tour king celebrates a triumph of survival | first = Alasdair | last = Fotheringham | date = 2006-07-24 | accessdate = 2006-07-28 | publisher = [[The Independent]] }} (subscription required)</ref>

Landis plans to undergo [[hip replacement]] surgery. It is unclear whether he will be able to compete at a professional level following rehabilitation.

==Physical statistics==
*Height: 5'-10" (1.78m)
*Weight: 150 lb (68kg)

==Major results==

'''NOTE''': Because of recent positive tests for an abnormally high ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone during stage 17, it is likely that Landis' [[2006 Tour de France]] results will be revoked.

;2006 - [[Phonak (cycling team)|Phonak Hearing Systems]]
* 1st overall – [[2006 Tour de France|Tour de France]] (will likely be revoked)
** ''[[Maillot jaune|Yellow jersey]]'', [[General Classification]] leader during Stages 12, 13, 16 and 20.
** 1st, Stage 17 (Combativity award) - '''This stage is the one in question that has resulted in the doping allegations.'''
** 3rd, Stage 19 (ITT)
** 4th, Stage 15
** 3rd, Stage 11
** 2nd, Stage 7 (ITT)
** 9th, Prologue ([[Individual time trial|ITT]])
* 1st overall – [[Tour de Georgia 2006|Tour de Georgia]]
** 1st, Stage 3 ([[Individual time trial|ITT]]) – Tour de Georgia
* 1st overall – [[Paris-Nice]]
* 1st overall – [[Amgen Tour of California|Tour of California]]
** 1st, Stage 3 (ITT) – Tour of California
* 1st, Profronde van Stiphout (''post-Tour criterium'')

;2005 - Phonak Hearing Systems
* 3rd overall and Stage 3 win – [[Tour de Georgia 2005|Tour de Georgia]]
* 9th overall – [[2005 Tour de France|Tour de France]]
* 11th overall – [[Dauphiné Libéré]]
** 4th, Prologue and Stage 3 – Dauphiné Libéré
** 5th, Stage 4 – Dauphiné Libéré

;2004 - [[U.S. Postal Service cycling team|U.S. Postal Service]]
* Overall – [[Volta ao Algarve]]
** Stage 5 – Volta ao Algarve
** 2nd, Stage 4 – Volta ao Algarve
* [[Team time trial]] – [[2004 Tour de France|Tour de France]]
* [[Team time trial]] – [[Vuelta a España]]
* 3rd, Stage 5 – [[Paris-Nice]]
* 3rd, Stage 4 – [[Eneco Tour of Benelux|Ronde Van Nederland]]
* 4th, Stage 19 – Tour de France
* 5th, Stage 17 – Tour de France
** 8th, Stage 3 – [[Criterium International]]
** 8th, Stage 3 – [[Dauphiné Libéré]]
* 23rd overall – [[2004 Tour de France|Tour de France]]

;2003 - U.S. Postal Service
* 77th overall – [[2003 Tour de France|Tour de France]]

;2002 - U.S. Postal Service
* 2nd overall – [[Dauphiné Libéré]]
* 3rd stage, [[Tirreno-Adriatico]]
* 5th overall – [[Circuit de la Sarthe (cycling)|Circuit de la Sarthe]]
* 61st overall – [[2002 Tour de France|Tour de France]]

;2001 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
* [[Boulevard Road Race]]
* 13th overall – [[Criterium International]]
** 2nd, Stage 3 (ITT)

;2000 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
* Overall – [[Tour du Poitou-Charentes]]
* 4th overall – [[Tour de l'Avenir]]
* 5th overall and 1 stage win – [[Tour de Langkawi]]
* 6th – [[Prix des Bles d'Or]] ([[Mi-Août bretonne]])
* 8th – [[Prix du Lèon]] (Mi-Août bretonne)
* 9th – [[Redlands Classic]]

;1999 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
* 2nd overall and 1 stage win – [[Cascade Classic]]
* 3rd overall – Tour de l'Avenir
* 4th – [[Red Zinger Classic]]
* 5th overall – GP [[Cycliste de Beauce]]
* 7th – [[Fitchburg-Longsjo Classic]]

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Lance Armstrong]] |
title=[[Tour de France|Winner of the Tour de France]] |
after=''incumbent''|
years=2006 (pending appeal)}}
{{end box}}

==References==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

==External links==
* [http://www.floydlandis.com Floyd Landis' Website]
* [http://www.phonak-cycling.ch Phonak Cycling profile]
* [http://www.searchforvideo.com/sports/cycling/floyd-landis/ Floyd Landis Videos]

{{wikinewshas|News related to this article|
* [[Wikinews:Landis fails drug test; could lose Tour title|Landis fails drug test; could lose Tour title]]
* [[Wikinews:Landis' fate to be announced Monday|Landis' fate to be announced Monday]]
}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Landis, Floyd
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Cyclist
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[October 14]], [[1975]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Farmersville, Pennsylvania|Farmersville]], [[West Earl Township, Pennsylvania|West Earl Township]], [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]], [[Pennsylvania]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}

[[Category:1975 births|Landis, Floyd]]
[[Category:American cyclists|Landis, Floyd]]
[[Category:American Tour de France stage winners|Landis, Floyd]]
[[Category:Living people|Landis, Floyd]]
[[Category:Mennonites|Landis, Floyd]]
[[Category:Mountain bikers|Landis, Floyd]]
[[Category:People from Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Landis, Floyd]]
[[Category:Tour de France winners|Landis, Floyd]]

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Floyd Landis

2006-08-07T02:53:39Z

Tom Allen: Link: doping (sport)

{{currentsport}}
{{Road bicycle racer infobox
| image = [[Image:Floyd-landis-toctt.jpg|300px]]
| ridername = Floyd Landis
| fullname = | dateofbirth = [[October 14]] [[1975]]
| country = {{USA}}
| currentteam = None
| protourrank =
| ridertype = [[General classification|GC'er]] and [[time trialist]]
| amateurteams =
| amateuryears =
| proyears = 1999-2001 2002-2004 2005-2006
| proteams = Mercury Cycling Team [[US Postal Service presented by Berry Floor|US Postal Service]] [[Phonak (cycling team)|Phonak Hearing Systems]]
| majorwins = 
* 1x [[Tour de France]] ([[2006 Tour de France|2006]]) (in question)
* 2 stages, [[Tour de France]] (2006: [[Road bicycle racing|RR]]; 2004: [[Team time trial|TTT]])
* 1x [[Paris-Nice]] ([[Paris-Nice 2006|2006]])
* 1x [[Tour de Georgia]] ([[Tour de Georgia 2006|2006]])}}
'''Floyd Landis''' (born [[October 14]] [[1975]]) is an [[United States|American]] professional [[road bicycle racer|cyclist]]. A [[time trial|time-trial]] specialist as well as a strong [[climbing specialist (cycling)|climber]], Landis turned professional in [[1999 in sports|1999]] with the Mercury Cycling Team. He joined the [[US Postal Service presented by Berry Floor|US Postal Service]] team in [[2002 in sports|2002]], and moved to the [[Phonak (cycling team)|Phonak Hearing Systems]] team in [[2005 in sports|2005]]. Landis was fired from the Phonak team on August 5, 2006, after a positive finding of [[doping (sport)|doping]] was confirmed. <ref name=phonakfireslandis>{{cite news | url=http://www.phonak-cycling.ch/index.php?id=5&L=1&uid=330| title= Phonak Cycling Team to clarify consequences | publisher=Phonak Cycling Team | date= [[2006-08-05]] | accessdate= 2006-08-05}}</ref>

Landis is the winner of the [[2006 Tour de France]], the third American to win the event, after [[Greg LeMond]] and [[Lance Armstrong]]. His title is now in jeopardy, however, due to a confirmed test indicating a much higher than allowed ratio of [[testosterone]] to [[epitestosterone]] and the presence of synthetic testosterone during one stage of the race. <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/08/05/sportsline/main1868040.shtml| title= Landis "B" Test Results In | publisher=CBS News | date= [[2006-08-05]]| accessdate= 2006-08-05}}</ref> Tour Director [[Christian Prudhomme]] no longer considers Landis the winner, but according to the rules of the International Cycling Union ([[UCI]]) the decision must be made by the cyclist's national federation, in this case [[USA Cycling]], which has transferred the case to the United States Anti-Doping Agency ([[USADA]]). <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,207157,00.html| title= Backup Test Confirms Adverse Findings in Tour de France Champ Landis' Urine | publisher= FoxNews.com | date= [[2006-08-05]] | accessdate= 2006-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/sns-ap-cyc-landis-doping,1,5654753.story?coll=chi-sportsnew-hed&ctrack=1&cset=true | title= Landis Tests Positive; Title is a total complete loss| publisher=Chicago Tribune| date= [[2006-08-05]] | accessdate= 2006-08-05}}{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,207157,00.html| title= Backup Test Confirms Adverse Findings in Tour de France Champ Landis' Urine | publisher= FoxNews.com | date= [[2006-08-05]] | accessdate= 2006-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://sport.guardian.co.uk/breakingnews/feedstory/0,,-5996982,00.html| title= US Cycling hands Landis case to USADA| publisher=Guardian| date= [[2006-08-06]] | accessdate= 2006-08-06}}</ref>

Landis is married to Amber Basile and they have a daughter, Ryan. They live in [[Murrieta, California|Murrieta]], [[Riverside County, California]].

==Biography==

Landis was raised in a conservative [[Mennonite]] community in the [[unincorporated]] [[village]] of [[Farmersville, Pennsylvania|Farmersville]] in [[West Earl Township, Pennsylvania|West Earl Township]], [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Unlike the more familiar [[Old Order Amish]], conservative Mennonites do employ some modern technology, such as automobiles, but avoid television, movies, and many other elements of "modern" culture. Landis thus grew up somewhat isolated from modern American culture; however he did own a bicycle. He attended Conestoga Valley, a public school, and graduated in 1994, even though some members of his family attended private [[Mennonite]] school at some point.

Landis used his first bike to ride while out fishing with a friend, but quickly learned to enjoy riding for its own sake. He became determined to ride in a local race and showed up wearing sweatpants because his religion forbade wearing shorts; he won anyway. More wins followed as Landis continued to enjoy the sport. Disturbed at what he considered a "useless" endeavor such as racing bikes, his father tried to discourage him from participating by giving him extra chores. This left Landis no time to train during the day, so he often sneaked out to train at night—sometimes at 1 or 2 a.m.—in the freezing cold. Landis' father got a tip off that he had been going out at night. He was unable to appreciate his son's passion for cycling and thought that he might be getting into drugs or alcohol and often followed Landis at a distance to make sure he wasn't getting into trouble. Today, Landis' father has become a hearty supporter of his son and regards himself as one of his biggest fans.<ref>[[OLN]] [[Television broadcast]] of the [[2006 Tour de France]], [[July 22]] [[2006]]</ref><ref>[http://outside.away.com/outside/features/200607/tour-de-france-2006-floyd-landis-5.html The New American in Paris], page 5 [[Outside Magazine]] online, July 2006 issue</ref>

==="Master of the Mountains"===
Landis won the first [[mountain bike]] race he entered and in 1993 was crowned junior national champion. He told friends he would win the [[Tour de France]] one day. At age 20 Landis moved to [[Southern California]] to train full time as a mountainbiker. He soon established a reputation for toughness—once finishing a race riding on only his rims.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.sierrasun.com/article/20060723/SPORTS/60723005 | title = Landis, Tiger rise to the occasion | work = [[Sierra Sun]] | date = [[2006-07-23]] }}</ref> However, his training regimen resembled that of a road biker, and in 1999 he switched to road cycling.

He performed well enough that Lance Armstrong recruited him to U.S. Postal and chose Landis to ride alongside him in three straight Tour de France wins from 2002 to 2004. Landis often pushed the pace in the mountains to break the pack before Armstrong made his final move. In the 2004 edition, Landis led Armstrong and a few of Armstrong's main rivals over the final climb of stage 17, putting on such an impressive display of strength that comedian [[Robin Williams]] dubbed him the "Mofo of the Mountains." Landis's performance led some observers to peg him as a possible team leader and future winner of the [[maillot jaune]]. Landis left US Postal later that year after receiving a better contract offer from the Phonak squad.

In the [[2005 Tour de France]], Landis finished ninth overall in the [[General Classification]], his highest finish at that time in the Tour.

Landis started the 2006 season strong, with overall wins first in the [[Amgen Tour of California]], and then in the prestigious [[Paris-Nice]], both week-long stage races. Winning Paris-Nice gave Landis 52 points in the [[UCI ProTour]] individual competition, starting him off in first place for 2006. Landis continued with his display of strength with another overall win in the [[Tour de Georgia 2006|Ford Tour de Georgia]] April 18 to 23, where he not only won the time trial, but did not lose any time to anyone on the most difficult climbing stage, [[Brasstown Bald]], (where [[Tom Danielson]] beat him across the uphill finish line, but with the same time).

===2006 Tour de France===
[[Image:Floyd Landis-Tour de France 2006-20060723.jpg|thumb|Floyd Landis on the Tour de France, July 23 2006.]]
In the lead-up to the [[2006 Tour de France]], Landis was widely mentioned as a [[dark horse]] contender, but the widespread assumption was that [[Ivan Basso]] or [[Jan Ullrich]], the second and third place finishers in 2005, would win. But in the days immediately before the race, the [[Operación Puerto doping case]] led to Basso and Ullrich being withdrawn from the race, leaving Landis among a field of possible favorites.

Landis' Tour did not begin encouragingly. When his turn came to leave the start house in the Prologue time trial, he was not even there, having suffered a cut tire on his rear disc wheel. He finished ninth in the stage, just 9 seconds behind winner [[Thor Hushovd]]. His bad time trial luck continued during Stage 7, a 52 kilometre individual time trial to Rennes when a handlebar malfunction forced him to switch bikes midway through the race. Nevertheless, Landis managed to finish second, one minute behind [[T-Mobile Team|T-Mobile]]'s [[Serhiy Honchar]] of [[Ukraine]], while also gaining an important time advantage over other top contenders for the overall victory in this year's Tour as it headed into the first mountain stages.

In the second mountain stage, he was among the few that could hold on to the fierce pace set by the riders of the Rabobank team, and came in third, along with [[Denis Menchov]] and [[Levi Leipheimer]]. He held the yellow jersey until [[2006 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 20|Stage 13]], when he and his team let a group get a half-hour lead in the stage, allowing his former teammate [[Óscar Pereiro Sio|Óscar Pereiro]], to take the overall lead by 89 seconds. The assumption was that Pereiro, who had lost half an hour in the three previous mountain stages, would not be a serious contender in the Alps, and that it would be easy to win the jersey back. And indeed, in [[2006 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 20|Stage 15]], on the slopes of the infamous [[Alpe d'Huez|l'Alpe d'Huez]], Landis outrode Pereiro by almost two minutes, regaining the jersey and a 10-second overall lead in the process.

However, the next day, Landis [[bonk (condition)|"bonked"]] on the final ascent to the summit of La Toussuire, losing ten minutes, and fell from first to eleventh place in the [[general classification]], ending up eight minutes behind the overall leader, Pereiro. Landis reportedly had a lapse in concentration and failed to eat enough during the ride in this stage.<ref name="Guardian recap">Willam Fotheringham, [http://sport.guardian.co.uk/tourdefrance2006/story/0,,1827340,00.html "After all the twists and turns a deserving ruler emerges from the anarchy"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', July 24, 2006.</ref> With only two more stages where the [[general classification|GC]] could reasonably be contested (Stage 18 being relatively flat) remaining in the Tour, one more mountain stage and one time trial, almost everyone paying attention assumed his disastrous performance would mark the end of his chance to win the Tour, or even achieve a place on the podium ([[Eddy Merckx]] being a notable exception, who bet 100 euros against 75 to 1 odds that Landis would still win the Tour; note also that his son, [[Axel Merckx]], was on Landis's Phonak team for the 2006 Tour). <ref name="Robbie Hunter diary">Robbie Hunter, [http://www.robbiehunter.net/diary.php5 "Any more doubts as to who is the strongest?"], Robbie Hunter's diary, 20.07.2006 22:31</ref>

On the following day's [[2006 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 20#Stage 17, Thursday, July 20: St.-Jean-de-Maurienne - Morzine, 201 km|Stage 17]], however, Landis stunned the cycling world with a 120 km solo breakaway attack that has been called "one of the most epic days of cycling ever seen,"<ref name="VeloNews reactions">[http://www.velonews.com/tour2006/news/articles/10505.0.html "Reactions to Landis's launch"], ''VeloNews'', July 20, 2006.</ref> earning comparisons to the famed rides of [[Eddy Merckx]]. At one point on the course, he was 9'04" clear of [[maillot jaune]]-wearing Pereiro, and ultimately won the stage by nearly six minutes over [[Team CSC]]'s [[Carlos Sastre]] and took more than seven minutes out of Pereiro's lead. At the end of the day, Landis sat in third place overall, 18 seconds behind Sastre and just 30 seconds back from the time of the Tour leader — leads that were well within the range of what he could overcome in the final time trial. It was after this stage that Landis gave his positive drug test.

And indeed, in Stage 19, a 57 km individual time trial, Landis finished third, 1'29" ahead of Pereiro and 3'31" ahead of Sastre to reclaim the yellow jersey with a lead of 59 seconds. Landis retained the lead through Stage 20, the "procession" into Paris, to win the 2006 Tour de France by 57 seconds.

Floyd Landis is the third American to win the event (Lance Armstrong, 7 wins; Greg LeMond, 3 wins) since the race began in 1903. Landis' win marks the 8th in a row by an American starting with Armstrong's first Tour win in 1999. It also means that Americans have won the race 11 times in the 26 years since [[Jacques Boyer]] became the first American to ride in the Tour in 1981.

===Doping investigation===
On [[July 27]], [[2006]] the Phonak Cycling Team announced Floyd Landis had an "A sample" test come back positive with an unusually high ratio of the hormone [[testosterone]] to [[epitestosterone]] after his famous ride in Stage 17 of the Tour de France.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/5221122.stm | title=Landis gives positive drugs test | publisher=BBC Sport | date= [[2006-07-27]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref> Landis denied doping when waiting for the results of his "B sample" to confirm the initial drug test. <ref>{{cite news | first= Mar| last=Toman| author= | url=http://sports.yahoo.com/sc/news?slug=ap-landis-doping&prov=ap&type=lgns
| title=Landis requests backup sample to clear doping allegations | publisher=Yahoo Sports! | date= [[2006-07-31]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref> Landis was then suspended pending the results, with Phonak stating he would be dismissed should his B sample prove positive.<ref>{{cite news|title=Landis gives positive drugs test|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5221122.stm|date=[[2006-07-27]]|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Landis' personal doctor later revealed the test had found a ratio of 11:1 in Landis' blood. The permitted ratio is 4:1. <ref name = "NYT31July">{{cite news | first= Juliet | last= Macur | author= | url= http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/31/sports/othersports/31cnd-landis.html?hp&ex=1154404800&en=07a1b9cc5210daa3&ei=5094&partner=homepage
| title= Testosterone in Landis’s Body Said Not to Be Natural | work= | publisher= [[New York Times]] | date= [[2006-07-31]] | accessdate=2006-08-01}}</ref>
Also, the carbon isotope test results indicated the presence of synthetic testosterone that would not be naturally produced.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/01/sports/othersports/01landis.html?hp&ex=1154404800&en=17bc932fe506615c&ei=5094&partner=homepage | title= Test Said to Show Synthetic Testosterone in Landis’s Body | date=[[2006-07-31]] | accessdate=2006-08-01}}</ref>

Landis officially requested the testing of his backup urine sample on July 31, 2006. The result of his B sample test was announced on August 5, 2006, confirming the positive test for testosterone in the A sample.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/05/sports/05cnd-landis.ready.html|title=Backup Sample on Landis Is Positive|publisher=New York Times|date=[[2006-08-05]]}}</ref>

Landis had five days to make the request. However, the [[Union Cycliste Internationale|International Cycling Union]] (UCI) asked the [[laboratory Châtenay-Malabry]] to go ahead and test the B sample on July 31, claiming that Landis had yet to do so. The UCI said "We have done this so the whole thing can be speeded up. ... We took this decision because of the importance of the case. Also the longer it goes on the more damage the sport risks suffering." In response, a spokesman for Landis has insisted that the cyclist himself asked on July 31 for the B sample to be tested, well within the five-day limit required of the athlete. If the UCI had not asked for the test, and Landis had waited until Wednesday, August 2, to appeal for the B sample to be tested, the result would not have been known for several weeks as the laboratory shuts for the holidays at the end of the week.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/5233476.stm | title= Pressure mounts for Landis B test | work=BBC Sport | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=[[2006-07-31]] | accessdate=2006-08-01}}</ref> The A sample reportedly tested for an unnatural source of testosterone, meaning that Landis will have to account for the source of testosterone if the B sample confirms this - as it ultimately did. <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/01/sports/othersports/01landis.html?hp&ex=1154404800&en=17bc932fe506615c&ei=5094&partner=homepage | title= Test Said to Show Synthetic Testosterone in Landis’s Body | date=[[2006-07-31]] | accessdate=2006-08-01}}</ref>

After the B sample also tested positive for high levels of testosterone, Landis was dismissed by his team, Phonak.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.skysports.com/skysports/article/0,,1281-1229834,00.html | title = LANDIS B TEST COMES BACK POSITIVE | date=[[2006-08-05]] | [accessdate=2006-08-05}}</ref>
At this point, he is likely to lose the Tour title and face a two-year ban, as well the loss of his €450,000 first prize. If this is the case, Spanish rider [[Oscar Pereiro Sio]] will be declared the winner after finishing 57 seconds behind Landis, in second place. Landis has ten days to respond to the [[United States Anti-Doping Agency|USADA]], who will decide whether to charge him or not.

Among Landis' lawyers are Jose Maria Buxeda from [[Spain]] and Howard L. Jacobs from the [[United States|U.S.]] Buxeda represented [[:Category:Spanish cyclists|Spanish cyclist]] [[Roberto Heras]] when he was suspended for two years after testing positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]]. Jacobs has extensive experience defending athletes accused of doping such as cyclist [[Tyler Hamilton]] and sprinter [[Tim Montgomery]].

====Validity of the test====
There was some debate at first as to whether a high level of testosterone necessarily proves doping.<ref name=report>van de Kerkhof DH, de Boer D, Thijssen JH, Maes RA, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10732948&dopt=Abstract "Evaluation of testosterone/epitestosterone ratio influential factors as determined in doping analysis"], ''[[Journal of Analytical Toxicology]]'', 24(2):102-115, 2000 March</ref> [[Hypothyroidism]] (which Landis has),
causes low levels of [[SHBG]] that can cause [[testosterone]] to accumulate
(since testosterone bound to SHBG reduces its biological availability).{{fact}}
Although this can result in an unusually high T/E ratio, no prior tests from Landis have tested positive, including all his earlier tour tests, as well as testing throughout the 2006 season (this bears upon the assumption that high T/E ratios indicate use of steroids as part of a training regimen to improve muscle mass, discussed in Perry PJ, Andersen KH, Yates WR. Illicit anabolic steroid use in athletes: a case series analysis. Am J Sports Med 1990;18:422-428). Alcohol consumption was also speculated to be a possible cause of Landis' elevated T/E ratio.
Landis stated he had had 2 beers and "at least" four shots of "[[Jack Daniels]]" following his disastrous Stage 16 performance. <ref>{{cite news|title=Floyd Landis's Alcohol Defense|url=http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB115444904804023475-b3Yk05K97EtFKvdjhAVAvcCleyE_20060831.html?mod=tff_main_tff_top|date=[[2006-08-02]]|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal Online]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref> <ref name=report>{{cite news|title=Floyd outlandish or legitimate Landis?|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/sport/floyd-outlandish-or-legitimate-landis/2006/07/30/1154198012217.html|date=[[2006-07-31]]|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref>
Alcohol consumption has been shown to increase T/E ratios by roughly 40% in men.<ref>Falk O, Palonek E, Bjorkhem I., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3390919&dopt=Abstract "Effect of ethanol on the ratio between testosterone and epitestosterone in urine."]</ref> However, the increase in testosterone after alcohol intake has also been described as unlikely to have a huge effect with males. <ref>{{cite news | first= Lindsey | last=Tanner | author= | url=http://sports.yahoo.com/sc/news?slug=ap-landis-testosterone&prov=ap&type=lgns
| title=Urine test reveals elevated testosterone levels | publisher=Yahoo Sports! | date= [[2006-07-28]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref>
However, further testing showed testosterone traces which were [[exogenous]].

====Effects of testosterone====
There is debate whether the use of testosterone leads to an increase in energy and strength. Some have argued an athlete is highly unlikely to use testosterone for a quick boost as its effectiveness is greatest with long-term application. It has been suggested that Landis may have been using testosterone over the long term but either masking it or diluting it to avoid detection. The positive test result was thus due to a mistake with the doping program on one day.<ref>{{cite news | first= Philip | last=Hersh | author= | url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/chi-0607310138jul31,1,6261272.column?coll=chi-sportsnew-hed&ctrack=1&cset=true
| title= French-fried conundrum Landis doping case not at all clear-cut | work= Sports (Commentary) | publisher=The Chicago Tribune | date= [[2006-07-31]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref> Other physicians have claimed that testosterone can have a great short-term effect. <ref>{{cite news | first= Michelle | last=Kaufman | author= | url=http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/sports/15153880.htm
| title= Toxicologist says testosterone can have great short-term effect | publisher=The Mercury News | date= [[2006-07-29]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref>

It should also be noted that after every stage of the Tour de France, the yellow jersey, stage winner, and two random riders<ref>{{cite news | first=Juliet | last=Macur | author= | url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/07/28/sports/web.0728bike.php | title=Tour champ suspended after testing positive | date=[[2006-07-28]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref> are tested for testosterone. As such, Landis would have been tested several other times. He has only been reported as failing the test following the 17th stage, which argues against a naturally high T/E ratio.

Statisticians have discussed the problems with interpreting test results from high volume and repeated testing in the context of other high profile cases involving well known athletes. For instance, the American middle distance runner [[Mary Decker|Mary Decker Slaney]] had a higher than acceptable T/E ratio in a urine test at the Olympic trials in 1996. The Bayesian statistician [[Don Berry]] presented statistical arguments on her behalf in September 1997 to a Doping Hearing Board of the USA Track and Field (USATF). Slaney was exonerated at that hearing, although the international association later overturned the ruling. An accessible description of the statistical issues was later published in the journal ''Chance''.<ref>{{cite news | first=Don | last=Berry | url=http://www.amstat.org/publications/chance/172.berry.pdf | title=Inferences about testosterone use among athletes |publisher=Chance | date=2004 | volume=17 }}</ref>

====Exogenous testosterone====
On [[1 August]] [[2006]] media reports said that the testosterone was [[Organic synthesis|synthetic]] and that the lab had performed a carbon isotope ratio test, or CIR on the A sample, the results of which showed that some of the testosterone in Landis’s body came from an external source and was not naturally produced by his own system. These reported results conflict with Landis's assertions that it was a natural occurrence.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/cycling/wires/08/01/2080.ap.cyc.landis.doping.0522/index.html | title = Synthetic testosterone found in Landis urine sample | publisher = Sports Illustrated | date = [[2006-08-01]] | accessdate = 2006-08-01 }}</ref><ref name = "NYT31July"/>

The CIR test distinguishes between testosterone produced naturally by the athlete's body and synthetic testosterone introduced from an outside source. The test is also known as [[Isotope Mass Spectrometry|Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry]] (IRMS). According to Dr. Gary I. Wadler, a member of the World Anti-Doping Agency, the carbon isotope ratio test needs to be done only once, on either an A or on a B sample, particularly if the athlete’s T/E ratio is high as in Landis' case. <ref name = "NYT31July"/>

====Reaction among cyclists====
After the A sample, retired American cyclist and three-time Tour de France winner [[Greg LeMond]] doubted whether additional doping tests would reverse Landis' earlier results. He stated, "I hope the sampling comes back negative, unfortunately, I think the labs in Europe are very professional." <ref>{{cite news|title=Mom keeps the faith / LeMond: Take High Road|url=http://www.pe.com/sports/other/stories/PE_Sports_Local_D_landis_mom_28.1c9089c.html|date=[[2006-07-27]]|publisher=[[PE.com]]}}</ref>

On July 28, 2006 Landis appeared on Larry King Live to explain his situation and reiterate his innocence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Larry King Live Transcript - July 28, 2006|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0607/28/lkl.01.html}}</ref>
Seven-time Tour de France winner [[Lance Armstrong]] also called in to express support for his former teammate.
Armstrong remains skeptical of the French laboratory that conducted Landis' drug test, noting it is the same laboratory involved in some of the former doping allegations against himself. <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,19963402-12428,00.html
| title= Armstrong backs Landis | publisher=Adelaide Now | date= [[2006-07-30]] | accessdate= 2006-08-01}}</ref>

===Hip ailment===
The powerful performance of Landis up to Stage 16 of the Tour de France and his comeback in Stage 17 is particularly notable given his hip ailment, [[aseptic bone necrosis|osteonecrosis]], which was revealed in an article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' during the 2006 Tour de France.<ref name="New York Times magazine article">[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/16/magazine/16landis.html?ex=1310702400&en=699d15540a8405cc&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss "What He's Been Pedaling"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 16, 2006.</ref> This deterioriation in the ball joint of his right hip stemmed from diminished blood supply and constricted blood vessels caused by scar tissue. The original injury that led to the formation of the scar tissue was a femoral neck fracture sustained in a bicycle crash during a training ride near his Southern California home in October 2002. Landis kept the ailment secret from his teammates, rivals, and the media until an announcement made while the 2006 Tour was underway. This same ailment also affected former multi-sport athlete [[Bo Jackson]] and American football player [[Brett Favre]].

Landis rode the 2006 Tour with the constant pain of the injury, which he described thusly: "It's bad, it's grinding, it's bone rubbing on bone. Sometimes it's a sharp pain. When I pedal and walk, it comes and goes, but mostly it's an ache, like an arthritis pain. It aches down my leg into my knee. The morning is the best time, it doesn't hurt too much. But when I walk it hurts, when I ride it hurts. Most of the time it doesn't keep me awake, but there are nights that it does."<ref name="Landis's Hip Will Need Surgery After Bid for Tour">[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/10/sports/othersports/10landis.html?ex=1153886400&en=40c7b36f2d9be0c5&ei=5070 "Landis's Hip Will Need Surgery After Bid for Tour"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 10, 2006.</ref>

During the Tour, Landis was medically approved to take [[cortisone]] for this injury, a medication otherwise prohibited in professional cycling for its known potential for abuse. Landis himself called his win "a triumph of persistence" despite the pain.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://sport.independent.co.uk/general/article1193126.ece | title = Cycling: Landis the Tour king celebrates a triumph of survival | first = Alasdair | last = Fotheringham | date = 2006-07-24 | accessdate = 2006-07-28 | publisher = [[The Independent]] }} (subscription required)</ref>

Landis plans to undergo [[hip replacement]] surgery. It is unclear whether he will be able to compete at a professional level following rehabilitation.

==Physical statistics==
*Height: 5'-10" (1.78m)
*Weight: 150 lb (68kg)

==Major results==

'''NOTE''': Because of recent positive tests for an abnormally high ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone during stage 17, it is possible that Landis' [[2006 Tour de France]] results could be revoked.

;2006 - [[Phonak (cycling team)|Phonak Hearing Systems]]
* 1st overall – [[2006 Tour de France|Tour de France]]
** ''[[Maillot jaune|Yellow jersey]]'', [[General Classification]] leader during Stages 12, 13, 16 and 20.
** 1st, Stage 17 (Combativity award)
** 3rd, Stage 19 (ITT)
** 4th, Stage 15
** 3rd, Stage 11
** 2nd, Stage 7 (ITT)
** 9th, Prologue ([[Individual time trial|ITT]])
* 1st overall – [[Tour de Georgia 2006|Tour de Georgia]]
** 1st, Stage 3 ([[Individual time trial|ITT]]) – Tour de Georgia
* 1st overall – [[Paris-Nice]]
* 1st overall – [[Amgen Tour of California|Tour of California]]
** 1st, Stage 3 (ITT) – Tour of California
* 1st, Profronde van Stiphout (''post-Tour criterium'')

;2005 - Phonak Hearing Systems
* 3rd overall and Stage 3 win – [[Tour de Georgia 2005|Tour de Georgia]]
* 9th overall – [[2005 Tour de France|Tour de France]]
* 11th overall – [[Dauphiné Libéré]]
** 4th, Prologue and Stage 3 – Dauphiné Libéré
** 5th, Stage 4 – Dauphiné Libéré

;2004 - [[U.S. Postal Service cycling team|U.S. Postal Service]]
* Overall – [[Volta ao Algarve]]
** Stage 5 – Volta ao Algarve
** 2nd, Stage 4 – Volta ao Algarve
* [[Team time trial]] – [[2004 Tour de France|Tour de France]]
* [[Team time trial]] – [[Vuelta a España]]
* 3rd, Stage 5 – [[Paris-Nice]]
* 3rd, Stage 4 – [[Eneco Tour of Benelux|Ronde Van Nederland]]
* 4th, Stage 19 – Tour de France
* 5th, Stage 17 – Tour de France
** 8th, Stage 3 – [[Criterium International]]
** 8th, Stage 3 – [[Dauphiné Libéré]]
* 23rd overall – [[2004 Tour de France|Tour de France]]

;2003 - U.S. Postal Service
* 77th overall – [[2003 Tour de France|Tour de France]]

;2002 - U.S. Postal Service
* 2nd overall – [[Dauphiné Libéré]]
* 3rd stage, [[Tirreno-Adriatico]]
* 5th overall – [[Circuit de la Sarthe (cycling)|Circuit de la Sarthe]]
* 61st overall – [[2002 Tour de France|Tour de France]]

;2001 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
* [[Boulevard Road Race]]
* 13th overall – [[Criterium International]]
** 2nd, Stage 3 (ITT)

;2000 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
* Overall – [[Tour du Poitou-Charentes]]
* 4th overall – [[Tour de l'Avenir]]
* 5th overall and 1 stage win – [[Tour de Langkawi]]
* 6th – [[Prix des Bles d'Or]] ([[Mi-Août bretonne]])
* 8th – [[Prix du Lèon]] (Mi-Août bretonne)
* 9th – [[Redlands Classic]]

;1999 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
* 2nd overall and 1 stage win – [[Cascade Classic]]
* 3rd overall – Tour de l'Avenir
* 4th – [[Red Zinger Classic]]
* 5th overall – GP [[Cycliste de Beauce]]
* 7th – [[Fitchburg-Longsjo Classic]]

==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

==External links==
{{wikinewshas|News related to this article|
* [[Wikinews:Landis fails drug test; could lose Tour title|Landis fails drug test; could lose Tour title]]
* [[Wikinews:Landis' fate to be announced Monday|Landis' fate to be announced Monday]]
}}
* [http://www.floydlandis.com Floyd Landis' Website]
* [http://www.phonak-cycling.ch Phonak Cycling profile]
* [http://www.searchforvideo.com/sports/cycling/floyd-landis/ Floyd Landis Videos]

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Lance Armstrong]] |
title=[[Tour de France|Winner of the Tour de France]] |
after=''incumbent''|
years=2006 (pending appeal)}}
{{end box}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Landis, Floyd
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Cyclist
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[October 14]], [[1975]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Farmersville, Pennsylvania|Farmersville]], [[West Earl Township, Pennsylvania|West Earl Township]], [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]], [[Pennsylvania]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}

[[Category:1975 births|Landis, Floyd]]
[[Category:American cyclists|Landis, Floyd]]
[[Category:American Tour de France stage winners|Landis, Floyd]]
[[Category:Living people|Landis, Floyd]]
[[Category:Mennonites|Landis, Floyd]]
[[Category:Mountain bikers|Landis, Floyd]]
[[Category:People from Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Landis, Floyd]]
[[Category:Tour de France winners|Landis, Floyd]]

[[bg:Флойд Ландис]]
[[ca:Floyd Landis]]
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Steve Zahn

2006-08-06T22:39:11Z

Tom Allen: Rv

[[Image:Steve_Zahn.jpg|right|thumb|Steve Zahn promoting ''[[Sahara (2005 film)|Sahara]]'']]
'''Steven James Zahn''' (born [[November 13]], [[1967]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[comedy|comedic]] [[actor]].

==Biography==
===Early life===
Zahn is originally from [[Marshall, Minnesota|Marshall]], [[Minnesota]] and is the son of Carleton Edward Zahn, a [[Lutheran]] pastor, and Zelda Clair Gades. After attending [[Robbinsdale Cooper High School]], [[Gustavus Adolphus College]] and [[Harvard University]], his first acting role was in ''[[Biloxi Blues]]''; a Minnesota production; but his first big break came in [[1994]], when he was noticed by [[Ben Stiller]], who cast him in his picture, ''[[Reality Bites]]''.

===Career===
Zahn's early roles were split between movies and TV shows. He played [[Phoebe Buffay]]'s husband [[List of significant others of Friends#Duncan|Duncan]] in a 1995 episode of ''[[Friends]]''. Zahn appeared in several films in the mid-1990s, including Tom Hanks's [[That Thing You Do!]]. These films garnered him enough respect that he was offered the starring role in the critically-acclaimed [[independent film|indie]] film ''[[Happy, Texas (film)|Happy, Texas]]'' ([[1999]]). Some of Zahn's most popular movies have been his most recent ones, including ''[[National Security (film)|National Security]]'' ([[2003]]) in which he starred opposite [[Martin Lawrence]], and ''[[Daddy Day Care]]'' (2003). Zahn received his strongest critical [[Praise|acclaim]] for his [[performance]] in ''[[Riding In Cars With Boys]]'', in which he co-starred with [[Drew Barrymore]] as her dim-witted, drug addicted boyfriend. [[Roger Ebert]], [[Richard Roeper]] and the [[BBC]] stated that the performance was deserving of an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nomination. He also voiced Runt of the Litter in ''[[Chicken Little (2005 film)|Chicken Little]]''.

===Personal life===
Off the screen, Zahn is an avid [[fly fishing|fly fisherman]], and he owns a farm in western [[New Jersey]]. Zahn is married to Robyn Peterman, an actress and the daughter of [[John Peterman]], whom Zahn met on a touring production of ''[[Bye Bye Birdie]]''. The two have a son, Henry James Zahn, born in [[2000]]. In [[2004]] the family moved from New Jersey to a small horse farm near [[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]], [[Kentucky]], his wife's hometown.

== Filmography ==

* ''[[Sahara (2005 film)|Sahara]]'' (2005) — Al Giordino
* ''[[Shattered Glass]]'' (2003) — [[Adam Penenberg]]
* ''[[Daddy Day Care]]'' (2003) — Marvin
* ''[[National Security (film)|National Security]]'' (2003) — Hank Rafferty
* ''[[Joy Ride (film)|Joy Ride]]'' (2001) - Fuller Thomas
* ''[[Riding in Cars with Boys]]'' (2001) — Ray Hasek
* ''[[Dr. Dolittle 2]]'' (2001) (voice) — Archie
* ''[[Saving Silverman]]'' (2001) — Wayne Lefessier
* ''[[Hamlet (2000 film)|Hamlet]]'' (2000) — [[Rosencrantz and Guildenstern|Rosencrantz]]
* ''[[Stuart Little]]'' (1999) (voice) — Monty the Mouth
* ''[[Happy, Texas]]'' (1999) — Wayne Wayne Wayne Jr., aka David
* ''[[Freak Talks About Sex]]'' (1999) — "Freak"
* ''[[Out of Sight]]'' (1998) — Glenn Michaels
* ''[[You've Got Mail]]'' (1998) — George Pappas
* ''[[From the Earth to the Moon (HBO)|From the Earth to the Moon]]'' (1998) TV miniseries — Astronaut [[Elliott See]]
* ''[[That Thing You Do!]]'' (1996) — Lenny Haise
* ''[[subUrbia]]'' (1996) - Buff
* ''[[Crimson Tide (film)|Crimson Tide]]'' (1995) — William Barnes
* ''[[Reality Bites]]'' (1994) — Sammy Gray

==External link==
* {{imdb name|id=0001872|name=Steve Zahn}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/12/04/riding_in_cars_with_boys_2001_review.shtml BBC film critic] BBC review of 'Riding in cars with boys', suggests Academy Award nomination for Zahn.
[[Category:1967 births|Zahn, Steve]]
[[Category:American film actors|Zahn, Steve]]
[[Category:American television actors|Zahn, Steve]]
[[Category:Living people|Zahn, Steve]]
[[Category:Lutherans|Zahn, Steve]]
[[Category:People from Minnesota|Zahn, Steve]]

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