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Salman Rushdie

2024-05-06T12:52:54Z

Tom dl: /* The Satanic Verses and the fatwā{{anchor|Satanic Verses and the fatwā}} */ Add link to Storming of the Bastille

{{Short description|Indian-born British-American novelist (born 1947)}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Salman Rushdie
| honorific_prefix = [[Salman Rushdie's knighthood|Sir]]
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CH|FRSL|size=100%}}
| image = Salman Rushdie, Oktober 2023 Ausschnitt.jpg
| caption = Rushdie in 2023
| birth_name = Ahmed Salman Rushdie
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|06|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{Cslist|Writer|professor}}
| nationality = {{plainlist |
* Indian (until 1964)
* British (from 1964)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Salman Rushdie|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100433765|access-date=2022-08-21|website=Oxford Reference|language=en|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923145236/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100433765|url-status=live}}</ref>
* American (from 2016) }}
| education = [[King's College, Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| genre = {{flatlist |
* [[Magic realism]]
* [[satire]]
* [[postcolonialism]] }}
| subject = {{flatlist |
* [[Historical criticism]]
* [[travel writing]] }}
| spouse = {{plainlist |
* {{marriage|Clarissa Luard|1976|1987|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Marianne Wiggins]]|1988|1993|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Elizabeth West|1997|2004|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Padma Lakshmi]]|2004|2007|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Rachel Eliza Griffiths]]|2021}}
}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Natalie Rushdie]] (daughter-in-law)
| website = {{URL|salmanrushdie.com}}
| signature = Rushdie signature.svg
}}

'''Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|FRSL}} ({{IPAc-en|s|ʌ|l|ˈ|m|ɑː|n|_|ˈ|r|ʊ|ʃ|d|i}};<ref>Pointon, Graham (ed.): ''BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names'', second edition. Oxford Paperbacks, 1990.</ref> born 19 June 1947) is an Indian-born British-American novelist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openthemagazine.com/columns/open-conversation/that-the-world-that-you-knew-and-that-in-a-way-made-you-that-world-vanishes-i-dont-think-im-alone-in-that-says-salman-rushdie/|first=Aatish|last=Taseer|website=openthemagazine.com|publisher=Open|title='That the world that you knew, and that in a way made you – that world vanishes. I don't think I'm alone in that,' says Salman Rushdie|date=2 August 2019|access-date=5 August 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805051233/https://openthemagazine.com/columns/open-conversation/that-the-world-that-you-knew-and-that-in-a-way-made-you-that-world-vanishes-i-dont-think-im-alone-in-that-says-salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref> His work often combines [[magic realism]] with [[historical fiction]] and primarily deals with connections, disruptions, and migrations between [[Eastern world|Eastern]] and [[Western world|Western civilization]]s, typically set on the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Rushdie's second novel, ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' (1981), won the [[Booker Prize]] in 1981 and was deemed to be "the best novel of all winners" on two occasions, marking the [[Man Booker Prize#Winners|25th]] and the [[The Best of the Booker|40th anniversary of the prize]].

After his fourth novel, ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' (1988), Rushdie became the subject of several assassination attempts and death threats, including a ''[[fatwa]]'' calling for his death issued by [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the [[supreme leader of Iran]]. Numerous killings and bombings have been carried out by extremists who cite the book as motivation, sparking a debate about censorship and religiously motivated violence. In 2022, a man [[Stabbing of Salman Rushdie|stabbed Rushdie]] after rushing onto the stage where the novelist was scheduled to deliver a lecture at the [[Chautauqua Institution]] in [[Chautauqua, New York]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gelles |first1=David |last2=Root |first2=Jay |last3=Harris |first3=Elizabeth |date=12 August 2022 |title=Live Updates: Salman Rushdie Is Stabbed During Speech in Western New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/08/12/nyregion/salman-rushdie-stabbed-new-york |access-date=12 August 2022 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812163021/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/08/12/nyregion/salman-rushdie-stabbed-new-york |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1983, Rushdie was elected a fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]. He was appointed a {{lang|fr|Commandeur de l'[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]}} of France in 1999.<ref>"[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-01-07/news/9901070421_1_indian-born-writer-british-novelist-salman-rushdie-fatwa Rushdie to Receive Top Literary Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505130624/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-01-07/news/9901070421_1_indian-born-writer-british-novelist-salman-rushdie-fatwa |date=5 May 2012 }}." ''[[Chicago Tribune]].'' 7 January 1999. Retrieved 26 March 2012.</ref> [[Salman Rushdie knighthood controversy|Rushdie was knighted]] in 2007 for his services to literature.<ref>"[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/58358/supplements/page.htm Birthday Honours List – United Kingdom]." ''[[The London Gazette]]'' 58358(1):B1. 16 June 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2012. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101644/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/58358/supplements/page.htm|date=16 January 2013}}</ref> In 2008, ''[[The Times]]'' ranked him 13th on its list of the 50 greatest [[British writer]]s since 1945.<ref>[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-50-greatest-british-writers-since-1945-ws3g69xrf90 "The 50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219025130/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-50-greatest-british-writers-since-1945-ws3g69xrf90 |date=19 February 2020 }} ''The Times'', 5 January 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2010. Subscription required.</ref> Since 2000, Rushdie has lived in the United States. He was named Distinguished Writer in Residence at the Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute of [[New York University]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://journalism.nyu.edu/about-us/faculty/distinguished-professionals-in-residence/ |title=Distinguished Professionals in Residence |access-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170144/https://journalism.nyu.edu/about-us/faculty/distinguished-professionals-in-residence/ |archive-date=5 April 2017 }}</ref> Earlier, he taught at [[Emory University]]. He was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]]. In 2012, he published ''[[Joseph Anton: A Memoir]]'', an account of his life in the wake of the events following ''The Satanic Verses''. Rushdie was named one of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]] by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine in April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/ |title=Time 100 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=13 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151502/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He has married five times, four of which have ended in divorce.<ref>{{cite news|first=Ellissa|last=Bain|url=https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2022/08/13/who-is-salman-rushdies-wife-inside-his-four-marriages/|title=Who is Salman Rushdie's wife? Inside his four marriages|work=[[HITC]]|date=13 August 2022|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813090443/https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2022/08/13/who-is-salman-rushdies-wife-inside-his-four-marriages/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Descended from the gentry family LUARD, formerly of Byborough. See Burke's Landed Gentry 18th edn. vol. 1 (1965), p. 465, col. 2.</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rushdie<ref>{{cite news|title=Salman Rushdie claims victory in Facebook name battle|publisher=BBC News|date=15 November 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15733026|access-date=16 June 2017|archive-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626024809/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15733026|url-status=live}}</ref> was born in [[Bombay]] on 19 June 1947<ref name="BritshC">{{cite web|url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/salman-rushdie|title=Salman Rushdie – Literature|website=literature.britishcouncil.org|access-date=24 December 2018|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829213354/https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/salman-rushdie|url-status=live}}</ref> during the [[British Raj]], into an Indian [[Kashmiri Muslim]] family.<ref name="Kashmiri">[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3889 ''Literary Encyclopedia'': "Salman Rushdie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012011816/https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3889 |date=12 October 2019 }}. Retrieved 20 January 2008</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/rushdie.htm |title=Salman Rushdie |website=Books and Writers |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113033937/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/rushdie.htm |archive-date=13 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is the son of Anis Ahmed Rushdie, a [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]-educated lawyer-turned-businessman, and Negin Bhatt, a teacher. Rushdie's father was dismissed from the [[Indian Civil Services]] (ICS) after it emerged that the birth certificate submitted by him had changes to make him appear younger than he was.<ref>{{cite news |title=Revealed after 76 yrs: Rushdie's dad's secret humiliation in London |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story//articleshow/16179053.cms |website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com |access-date=13 September 2018 |date=15 December 2014 |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140432/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story//articleshow/16179053.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Rushdie has three sisters.<ref name="EmoryUniv">{{YouTube|id=kmb1oQcRmkM&t=10m42s|title=Salman Rushdie Discusses Creativity and Digital Scholarship with Erika Farr}}</ref> He wrote in ''[[Joseph Anton]]'' that his father adopted the name Rushdie in honour of [[Averroes]] (Ibn Rushd). He recalls his "first literary influence": "When I first saw the ''[[The Wizard of Oz]]'' it made a writer of me."<ref>{{cite news| author=[[Robert Coover]]| title=There's No Place Like Oz| date=January 15, 1995| newspaper=The New York Times| url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/rushdie-eastwest.html?scp=1&sq=east%2520west%2520stories%2520%2520rushdie&st=cse}}</ref> He recalls "Every child in India in my day (and probably still) was obsessed with [[P. G. Wodehouse]] and [[Agatha Christie]]. I read mountains of books by both."<ref name=":ByTheBook">{{cite news| title=Salman Rushdie: By the Book | date=September 17, 2015| work=The New York Times| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/books/review/salman-rushdie-by-the-book.html}}</ref> He recalls that "Alice captured my imagination as few other books did: both the books, not just ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' but ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' as well, and I can still recite the whole of "[[Jabberwocky]]" and "[[The Walrus and the Carpenter]]" from memory. I also loved the ''[[Swallows And Amazons]]'' series by [[Arthur Ransome]] because of the unimaginable freedom those young people sailing in the Lake District were given by their families...When I was 16, I read ''[[The Lord Of The Rings]]'' and became obsessed, and can still recite the inscription on the Ruling Ring ('One ring to rule them all...') in the dark language of Mordor. I read an astonishing amount of Golden Age science fiction, not just [[Ray Bradbury]], [[Arthur C Clarke]] and [[Kurt Vonnegut]] but more arcane writers like [[Clifford D Simak]], [[James Blish]], [[Zenna Henderson]] and [[L Sprague de Camp]]."<ref>{{cite news| title=What's on Salman Rushdie's reading list?| last=Siganporia| first=Shahnaz| date=September 4, 2015| work=Vogue India| url=https://www.vogue.in/content/whats-on-salman-rushdies-reading-list}}</ref>

Rushdie grew up in Bombay and was educated at the [[Cathedral and John Connon School]] in [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]] in [[South Bombay]], before [[Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India#United Kingdom|moving]] to [[England]] in 1964 to attend [[Rugby School]] in [[Rugby, Warwickshire]]. He then attended [[King's College, Cambridge]], where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in history.<ref name="BritshC" />

==Career==
===Copywriter===
Rushdie worked as a [[copywriting|copywriter]] for the advertising agency [[Ogilvy & Mather]], where he came up with "irresistibubble" for [[Aero (chocolate)|Aero]] and "Naughty but Nice" for cream cakes, and for the agency Ayer Barker (until 1982), for whom he wrote the line "That'll do nicely" for [[American Express]].<ref name=southasiandiaspora>Ravikrishnan, Ashutosh. [http://southasiandiaspora.org/salman-rushdie-midnights-child/ Salman Rushdie's Midnight Child] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130415232311/http://southasiandiaspora.org/salman-rushdie-midnights-child/ |date=15 April 2013 }}. South Asian Diaspora. 25 July 2012.</ref> Collaborating with musician [[Ronnie Bond]], Rushdie wrote the words for an advertising record on behalf of the now defunct [[Burnley Building Society]] that was recorded at [[Good Earth Studios]], London. The song was called "The Best Dreams" and was sung by [[George Chandler]].<ref name="After the Satanic Verses, the romantic lyrics - Glaister">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/jan/22/danglaister|title=After the Satanic Verses, the romantic lyrics|first=Dan|last=Glaister|date=22 January 1999|access-date=24 December 2018|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224121930/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/jan/22/danglaister|url-status=live}}</ref> It was while at Ogilvy that Rushdie wrote ''Midnight's Children'', before becoming a full-time writer.<ref>"[http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth87 Salman Rushdie biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501041146/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth87 |date=1 May 2007 }}", 2004, British Council. Retrieved 20 January 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/negative-because-there-is-little-positive-to-say-1.417082|title=Negative because there is little positive to say|newspaper=The Herald|location=Glasgow|first=George|last=Birrell|date=18 January 1997|access-date=9 December 2010|archive-date=16 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616062041/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/negative-because-there-is-little-positive-to-say-1.417082|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article699728.ece "The birth pangs of Midnight's Children"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706152327/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/ |date=6 July 2022 }}, ''TLS'', 1 April 2006.</ref> Rushdie was a personal friend of [[Angela Carter]]'s, calling her "the first great writer I ever met".<ref>{{cite news| last=Rushdie| first=Salman|date=March 8, 1992| title=Angela Carter, 1940-92: A Very Good Wizard, a Very Dear Friend| work=The New York Times| url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/12/27/specials/carter-rushdie.html?_r=1}}</ref><ref name="Burning Your Boats - Carter">{{cite web | last=Rushdie | first=Salman | type=Introduction | title=Full text of "Burning Your Boats The Collected Short Stories Angela Carter" | website=Internet Archive | date=2023-03-25 | url=https://archive.org/stream/BurningYourBoatsTheCollectedShortStoriesAngelaCarter/Burning+Your+Boats_+The+Collected+Short+Stories+of+Angela+Carter_djvu.txt | access-date=2024-03-04}}</ref>

===Literary works===

==== Early works and literary breakthrough, 1975–1987 ====
Rushdie's debut, the science fiction tale ''[[Grimus]]'' (1975), was generally ignored by the public and literary critics. His next novel, ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' (1981), put him on the map. It follows the life of Saleem Sinai, born at the stroke of midnight as India gained its independence, who is endowed with special powers and a connection to other children born at the [[History of the Republic of India|the birth of the modern nation of India]]. Sinai has been compared to Rushdie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/One_more_bouquet_for_Saleem_Sinai/articleshow/3254751.cms|title=One more bouquet for Saleem Sinai|first=Nina|last=Martyris|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 July 2008|quote=Saleem is not Salman (although he marries a Padma) and Saleem's grandfather Dr Aadam Aziz is not him either, but there is a touching prescience at work here. In the opening pages of Midnight's Children, Dr Aziz while bending down on his prayer mat, bumps his nose on a hard tussock of earth. His nose bleeds and his eyes water and he decides then and there that never again will he bow before God or man. "This decision, however, made a hole in him, a vacancy in a vital inner chamber, leaving him vulnerable to women and history." Battered by a fatwa and one femme fatale too many, Salman would have some understanding of this.|access-date=7 November 2008|archive-date=12 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235447/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/One_more_bouquet_for_Saleem_Sinai/articleshow/3254751.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Rushdie refuted the idea of having written any of his characters as autobiographical, stating, "People assume that because certain things in the character are drawn from your own experience, it just becomes you. In that sense, I've never felt that I've written an autobiographical character."<ref name=Meer>{{cite journal|last1=Meer|first1=Ameena|title=Interview: Salman Rushdie|journal=[[Bomb (magazine)|Bomb]]|date=1989|volume=27|issue=Spring|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/1199/|access-date=22 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111324/http://bombmagazine.org/article/1199/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Rushdie writes of his "debt to the oral narrative traditions of India and also to those great Indian novelists [[Jane Austen]] and [[Charles Dickens]]—Austen for her portraits of brilliant women caged by the social convention of their time, women whose Indian counterparts I knew well; Dickens for his great, rotting, Bombay-like city, and his ability to root his larger-than-life characters and surrealist imagery in a sharply observed, almost hyperrealistic background."<ref>{{cite book| last=Rushdie| first=Salman| title=Midnight's Children| page=xi}}</ref>

[[V. S. Pritchett]] wrote: "In Salman Rushdie, the author of ''Midnight’s Children'', India has produced a glittering novelist—one with startling imaginative and intellectual resources, a master of perpetual storytelling. Like [[Gabriel García Marquez| García Marquez]] in ''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]'', he weaves a whole people’s capacity for carrying its inherited myths—and new ones that it goes on generating—into a kind of magic carpet. The human swarm swarms in every man and woman as they make their bid for life and vanish into the passion or hallucination that hangs about them like the smell of India itself. Yet at the same time there are strange Western echoes, of the irony of [[Laurence Sterne| Sterne]] in ''[[Tristram Shandy]]''—that early nonlinear writer—in Rushdie’s readiness to tease by breaking off or digressing at the gravest moments. This is very odd in an Indian novel! The book is really about the mystery of being born and the puzzle of who one is."<ref>{{cite news| first=V. S. |last=Pritchett| work=[[The New Yorker]]| title=Salman Rushdie's Fantastical Tour de Force| date=July 19, 1981| url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1981/07/27/two-novels}}</ref> ''Midnight's Children'' won the 1981 [[Booker Prize]] and, in 1993 and 2008, the [[The Best of the Booker|Best of the Bookers]] and Booker of Bookers.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/stories/1099 |title = Readers across the world agree that Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children is the Best of the Booker. |year = 2008 |access-date = 10 July 2008 |publisher = Man Booker Prizes |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081011052625/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/stories/1099 |archive-date = 11 October 2008 |df = dmy-all}}</ref>

After ''Midnight's Children'', Rushdie depicted the political turmoil in [[Pakistan]] with ''[[Shame (Rushdie novel)|Shame]]'' (1983), basing his characters on [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]. ''Shame'' won France's ''[[Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger]]'' (Best Foreign Book) and was a close runner-up for the Booker Prize. Both these works of [[postcolonial literature]] are characterised by a style of [[magic realism]] and the immigrant outlook that Rushdie is very conscious of as a member of the [[Kashmiri diaspora]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Rushdie wrote a non-fiction book about [[Nicaragua]] in 1987 called ''[[The Jaguar Smile]]''. This book has a political focus and is based on his first-hand experiences and research at the scene of [[Sandinista]] political experiments. He became interested in Nicaragua after he had been a neighbour of [[Hope Portocarrero|Madame Somoza]], wife of the former Nicaraguan dictator, and his son Zafar was born around the time of the Nicaraguan revolution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIllAAAAIBAJ&dq=salman+rushdie+hope+somoza&pg=PA20&article_id=246,2829822|title=Salman Rushdie in Nicaragua: A rendezvous with revolution|first=Seetha|last=Kumar|work=The Indian Express|date=15 February 1987|access-date=12 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812180433/https://books.google.com/books?id=KIllAAAAIBAJ&dq=salman+rushdie+hope+somoza&pg=PA20&article_id=246,2829822|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== ''The Satanic Verses'' and ''Haroun and the Sea of Stories'', 1988–1990 ====
His most controversial work, ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'', was published in 1988 and won the [[Whitbread Award]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Controversial Novel Wins Whitbread Literary Prize| date=November 18, 1988| work=Deseret News}}</ref> It was followed by ''[[Haroun and the Sea of Stories]]'' (1990). Written in the shadow of the fatwa, it is about the magic of story-telling and an allegorical defence of the power of stories over silence.<ref name="BritshC" />

==== Further works, 1990s–2000s ====
In 1990, Rushdie reviewed [[Thomas Pynchon]]'s ''[[Vineland]]'' in ''[[The New York Times]]'', and offered some droll musings on the author's reclusiveness: "So he wants a private life and no photographs and nobody to know his home address. I can dig it, I can relate to that (but, like, he should try it when it's compulsory instead of a free-choice option)."<ref>{{Cite news| first=Salman |last=Rushdie |date=January 14, 1990 |title=Still Crazy After All These Years |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-vineland.html |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101125235/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-vineland.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rushdie recalls: "I was able to meet the famously invisible man. I had dinner with him at [[Sonny Mehta]]'s apartment in [[Manhattan]] and found him very satisfyingly Pynchonesque. At the end of dinner I thought, well, now we’re friends, and maybe we’ll see each other from time to time. He never called again."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jan/26/salman-rushdie-the-books-that-changed-me| title=Books that made me {{!}} Salman Rushdie: 'I couldn't finish Middlemarch. I know, I know. I'll try again'|first=Salman|last=Rushdie| date=January 26, 2018| work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Rushdie has published many short stories, including those collected in ''[[East, West]]'' (1994). His 1995 novel ''[[The Moor's Last Sigh]]'', a family saga spanning some 100 years of India's history, won the [[Whitbread Award]].<ref>{{cite news| work=[[Publisher's Weekly]]| title=The Moor's Last Sigh| url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780679744665|date=13 January 1997}}</ref> ''[[The Ground Beneath Her Feet]]'' (1999) is a riff on the myth of [[Orpheus and Eurydice]], casting [[Orpheus]] and [[Eurydice]] as [[rock music| rock]] stars.<ref>[https://www.salmanrushdie.com/the-ground-beneath-her-feet/ "The Ground Beneath her Feet"] at Salman Rushdie.com. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011193504/https://www.salmanrushdie.com/the-ground-beneath-er-feet/ |date=11 October 2019 }}.</ref> The book features many original song lyrics; one was the basis for the [[U2]] song [[The Ground Beneath Her Feet (song)| "The Ground Beneath Her Feet"]]. Rushdie is credited as the lyricist.<ref name="After the Satanic Verses, the romantic lyrics - Glaister" />

[[File:Salman-Rushdie-1.jpg|thumb|upright|Rushdie presenting his 2005 novel ''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'']]

Following ''[[Fury (Rushdie novel)|Fury]]'' (2001), set mainly in New York and avoiding the previous sprawling narrative style that spans generations, periods and places, Rushdie's novel ''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'' (2005), a story about love and betrayal set in [[Kashmir]] and [[Los Angeles]], was hailed as a return to form by a number of critics.<ref name="BritshC" />

In his 2002 non-fiction collection ''Step Across This Line'', he professes his admiration for [[Italo Calvino]] and Pynchon, among others. His early influences included [[Jorge Luis Borges]], [[Mikhail Bulgakov]], [[Lewis Carroll]] and [[Günter Grass]]. When asked who his favorite novelist is, he says: "There are days when it’s [[Kafka]], in whose world we all live; others when it’s [[Dickens]], for the sheer fecundity of his imagination and the beauty of his prose. But it’s probably [[James Joyce |Joyce]] on more days than anyone else."<ref name=":ByTheBook"/>

2008 saw the publication of ''[[The Enchantress of Florence]]'', one of Rushdie's most challenging works that focuses on the past. It tells the story of a European's visit to [[Akbar]]'s court, and his revelation that he is a lost relative of the [[Mughal empire|Mughal]] emperor. The novel was praised by [[Ursula Le Guin]] in a review in ''[[The Guardian]]'' as a "sumptuous mixture of history with fable".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/mar/29/fiction.salmanrushdie|title=The real uses of enchantment|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Ursula K |last=Le Guin|date=29 March 2008|access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref> ''[[Luka and the Fire of Life]]'', a sequel to ''Haroun and the Sea of Stories'', was published in November 2010 to critical acclaim.<ref name="BritshC" /> Earlier that year, he announced that he was writing his memoir, ''[[Joseph Anton: A Memoir]]'', which was published in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/oct/12/salman-rushdie-fatwa-memoir|title=Salman Rushdie at work on fatwa memoir|first=Benedicte|last=Page|newspaper=The Guardian|date=12 October 2010|access-date=14 September 2012|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415202944/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/oct/12/salman-rushdie-fatwa-memoir|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, Rushdie became one of the first major authors to embrace [[Booktrack]] (a company that synchronises ebooks with customised soundtracks), when he published his short story "[[In the South (short story)|In the South]]" on the platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://booktrack.serveronline.net/blog/?p=164|title=Salman Rushdie Collaborates With Booktrack and the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, Booktrack Launches A New E-reader Platform|publisher=Booktrack|access-date=2 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404115658/http://booktrack.serveronline.net/blog/?p=164|archive-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>

====Later works, novels, and essays, 2015–2024====
2015 saw the publication of ''[[Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights]]'', a modern take on the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]''. Based on the conflict of scholar [[Ibn Rushd]] (from whom Rushdie's family name derives), Rushdie explores themes of [[transnationalism]] and [[cosmopolitanism]] by depicting a war of the universe with a supernatural world of [[jinns]]. [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] wrote: "Rushdie is our [[Scheherazade]], inexhaustibly enfolding story within story and unfolding tale after tale with such irrepressible delight that it comes as a shock to remember that, like her, he has lived the life of a storyteller in immediate peril. Scheherazade told her 1,001 tales to put off a stupid, cruel threat of death; Rushdie found himself under similar threat for telling an unwelcome tale. So far, like her, he has succeeded in escaping. May he continue to do so."<ref name="LeGuin 2015 Rushdie ">{{cite news | first=Ursula K. |last=Le Guin | title=Two Years, Eight Months and Twenty‑Eight Nights by Salman Rushdie review – a modern Arabian Nights | newspaper=The Guardian | date=2015-09-04 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/sep/04/two-years-eight-months-and-twenty-eight-nights-salman-rushdie-review | access-date=2024-03-04}}</ref>

In 2017, ''[[The Golden House (novel)|The Golden House]]'', a satirical novel set in contemporary America, was published. 2019 saw the publication of ''[[Quichotte (novel)|Quichotte]]'', a modern retelling of ''[[Don Quixote]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/3023936/salman-rushdies-quichotte-brings-cervantes-epic-don |title=Salman Rushdie's Quichotte brings Cervantes' epic Don Quixote into the modern age |last=Kidd |first=James |date=24 August 2019 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817181154/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/3023936/salman-rushdies-quichotte-brings-cervantes-epic-don |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021 ''[[Languages of Truth]]'', a collection of essays written between 2003 and 2020, was published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/616882/languages-of-truth-by-salman-rushdie/ |title=Languages of Truth by Salman Rushdie |publisher=Penguin Random House |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100922/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/616882/languages-of-truth-by-salman-rushdie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rushdie's fifteenth novel ''[[Victory City (novel)|Victory City]]'', described as an epic tale of a woman who breathes a fantastical empire into existence, was published in February 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/673660/victory-city-by-salman-rushdie/ |title=Victory City by Salman Rushdie |publisher=Penguin Random House |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927115649/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/673660/victory-city-by-salman-rushdie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The book was Rushdie's first released work since he was attacked and injured in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gruber |first=Fiona |date=8 February 2023 |title=Salman Rushdie's new novel is a tale of power, exile and steely defiance |url=https://www.theage.com.au/culture/books/salman-rushdie-s-new-novel-is-a-tale-of-power-exile-and-steely-defiance-20230206-p5ci6z.html |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=The Age |language=en |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213215519/https://www.theage.com.au/culture/books/salman-rushdie-s-new-novel-is-a-tale-of-power-exile-and-steely-defiance-20230206-p5ci6z.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024, his autobiographical book ''[[Knife: Meditations After an Attempted Murder]]'', in which Rushdie writes about the attack and his recovery, was published.<ref name="GuardApr24Blake">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/15/knife-by-salman-rushdie-review-a-story-of-hatred-defeated-by-love|title=Knife by Salman Rushdie review – a story of hatred defeated by love|last=Morrison|first=Blake|author-link=Blake Morrison|date=15 April 2024|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=16 April 2024}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
Rushdie has had a string of commercially successful and critically acclaimed novels. His works have been shortlisted for the [[Booker Prize]] five times, in 1981 for ''[[Midnight's Children]]'', 1983 for [[Shame (Rushdie novel)|''Shame'']], 1988 for ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'', 1995 for ''[[The Moor's Last Sigh]]'', and in 2019 for [[Quichotte (novel)|''Quichotte'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/09/04/138599/booker-prize-2019-shortlist-announced/|title=Booker Prize 2019 shortlist announced|date=4 September 2019|website=Books+Publishing|language=en-AU|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906071059/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/09/04/138599/booker-prize-2019-shortlist-announced/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1981, he was awarded the prize.<ref name="Children">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Midnight's Children is the right winner|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jul/10/bestofbooker|work=The Guardian|date=10 July 2008|access-date=25 November 2019|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404015749/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jul/10/bestofbooker|url-status=live}}</ref> His 2005 novel ''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'' received the prestigious [[Hutch Crossword Book Award]], and, in the UK, was a finalist for the [[Whitbread Book Awards]]. It was shortlisted for the 2007 [[International Dublin Literary Award]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.impacdublinaward.ie/2007/shortlist.htm | title=The 2007 Shortlist | year=2007 | access-date=5 April 2007 | publisher=Dublin City Public Libraries/International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429175834/http://www.impacdublinaward.ie/2007/shortlist.htm | archive-date=29 April 2007 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Rushdie's works have spawned 30 book-length studies and more than 700 articles on his writing.<ref name="BritshC" /> He is frequently mentioned a favourite to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/04/salman-rushdie-among-favourites-for-this-years-nobel-prize-for-literature |title=Salman Rushdie among favourites for this year's Nobel prize for literature |newspaper=The Guardian|first=Sarah|last=Shaffi |date=4 October 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113121554/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/04/salman-rushdie-among-favourites-for-this-years-nobel-prize-for-literature |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/05/its-time-for-salman-rushdies-nobel-prize |title=It's time for Salman Rushdie's Nobel prize |magazine=The New Yorker |date=5 September 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113153420/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/05/its-time-for-salman-rushdies-nobel-prize |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Academic and other activities===
Rushdie has mentored younger Indian (and ethnic-Indian) writers, influenced an entire generation of [[Indo-Anglian]] writers, and is an influential writer in [[postcolonial literature]] in general.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csulb.edu/~bhfinney/SalmanRushdie.html |title=Demonizing Discourse in Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses |first=Brian|last=Finney |date=1998 |website=[[California State University, Long Beach]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000829042338/http://www.csulb.edu/~bhfinney/SalmanRushdie.html |archive-date=29 August 2000}}</ref> He opposed the British government's introduction of the [[Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006|''Racial and Religious Hatred Act'']], something he writes about in his contribution to ''Free Expression Is No Offence'', a collection of essays by several writers, published by [[Penguin Group|Penguin]] in November 2005.

[[File:Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie.jpg|thumb|left|Salman Rushdie having a discussion with [[Emory University]] students]]Rushdie was the President of [[PEN American Center]] from 2004 to 2006 and founder of the [[PEN World Voices]] Festival.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rohter|first=Larry|author-link=Larry Rohter|date=7 May 2012|title=Rushdie Brings PEN Festival to Close|work=The New York Times|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/rushdie-brings-pen-festival-to-close/|access-date=6 August 2012|archive-date=16 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616144053/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/rushdie-brings-pen-festival-to-close/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, he began a five-year term as Distinguished Writer in Residence at [[Emory University]] in [[Atlanta]], Georgia, where he has also deposited his archives. In May 2008, he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]].<ref>[http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2.php Academicians Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504085720/http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2.php|date=4 May 2012}}, American Academy of Arts and Letters. Retrieved 26 March 2012.</ref> In 2014, he taught a seminar on British Literature and served as the 2015 keynote speaker<ref>{{cite web|date=6 October 2006|title=Salman Rushdie to Teach and Place His Archive at Emory University|url=http://news.emory.edu/Releases/RushdieProfessorship1160159900.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206005645/http://news.emory.edu/Releases/RushdieProfessorship1160159900.html|archive-date=6 December 2006|access-date=26 March 2012|publisher=Emory University Office of Media Relations}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.emory.edu/stories/2015/05/er_commencement_rushdie_interview/campus.html|first=Kimber|last=Williams|website=Emory Report|title=Rushdie reflects on more than a decade of Emory experiences|date=7 May 2015|access-date=22 October 2019|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022211650/https://news.emory.edu/stories/2015/05/er_commencement_rushdie_interview/campus.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2015, he joined the [[New York University]] Journalism Faculty as a Distinguished Writer in Residence.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 March 2015|title=New Distinguished Writer in Residence: Salman Rushdie|url=https://journalism.nyu.edu/about-us/news-post/2015/03/05/new-distinguished-writer-in-residence-salman-rushdie/|access-date=24 December 2018|website=NYU Journalism|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224121916/https://journalism.nyu.edu/about-us/news-post/2015/03/05/new-distinguished-writer-in-residence-salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rushdie is a member of the advisory board of [[The Lunchbox Fund]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelunchboxfund.org/|title=The Lunchbox Fund|website=thelunchboxfund.org|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906163434/https://www.thelunchboxfund.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> a non-profit organisation that provides daily meals to students of township schools in [[Soweto]] of South Africa. He is a member of the advisory board of the [[Secular Coalition for America]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://secular.org/profile/salman-rushdie/|title=Salman Rushdie|website=Secular Coalition for America|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031111921/https://secular.org/profile/salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref> an advocacy group representing the interests of atheistic and humanistic Americans in Washington, D.C., and a patron of [[Humanists UK]] (formerly the British Humanist Association). He is a laureate of the [[International Academy of Humanism]].<ref name="bha2017">{{cite web|title=Salman Rushdie Author and Patron of the BHA|url=https://humanism.org.uk/about/our-people/patrons/Salman-Rushdie/|access-date=7 March 2017|website=British Humanist Association|archive-date=8 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308044337/https://humanism.org.uk/about/our-people/patrons/Salman-Rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2010 he became a founding patron of [[Ralston College]], a new liberal arts college that has adopted as its motto a Latin translation of a phrase ("free speech is life itself") from an address he gave at [[Columbia University]] in 1991 to mark the 200th anniversary of the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Collegium Ralstonianum apud Savannenses – Home|url=http://www.ralston.ac|access-date=11 November 2012|publisher=Ralston.ac|archive-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416012053/https://www.ralston.ac/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Film and television===
[[File:9.21.14WritersLifePanelByLuigiNovi18.jpg|thumb|Rushdie, right, with writers [[Catherine Lacey (author)|Catherine Lacey]] and [[Siri Hustvedt]] at the 2014 [[Brooklyn Book Festival]]]]Though he enjoys writing, Rushdie says he would have become an actor if his writing career had not been successful. From early childhood, he dreamed of appearing in Hollywood films (which he later realised in his frequent cameo appearances).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salman Rushdie |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0750723/ |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=IMDb |archive-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120164504/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0750723/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rushdie includes fictional television and movie characters in some of his writings. He had a [[cameo appearance]] in the film ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary (2001 film)|Bridget Jones's Diary]]'' based on the [[Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)|book of the same name]], which is itself full of literary in-jokes. On 12 May 2006, Rushdie was a guest host on ''[[The Charlie Rose Show]]'', where he interviewed [[Indo-Canadian]] filmmaker [[Deepa Mehta]], whose 2005 film, ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'', faced violent protests. He appears in the role of [[Helen Hunt]]'s [[obstetrics and gynaecology|obstetrician-gynaecologist]] in the film adaptation (Hunt's directorial debut) of [[Elinor Lipman]]'s novel ''[[Then She Found Me]]''. In September 2008, and again in March 2009, he appeared as a panellist on the HBO programme ''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]''. Rushdie has said that he was approached for a cameo in ''[[Talladega Nights]]'': "They had this idea, just one shot in which three very, very unlikely people were seen as [[NASCAR]] drivers. And I think they approached [[Julian Schnabel]], [[Lou Reed]], and me. We were all supposed to be wearing the uniforms and the helmet, walking in slow motion with the heat haze." In the end, their schedules did not allow for it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Salman Rushdie: 'The curse of an interesting life'|date=27 March 2013 |url=http://the-talks.com/interviews/salman-rushdie/|publisher=The Talks|access-date=5 April 2013|archive-date=1 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401055210/http://the-talks.com/interviews/salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2009, Rushdie signed a petition in support of film director [[Roman Polanski]], calling for his release after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his [[Roman Polanski sexual abuse case|1977 charge]] for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://laregledujeu.org/2009/11/10/479/signez-la-petition-pour-roman-polanski/ |title=Signez la pétition pour Roman Polanski! |trans-title=Sign the petition for Roman Polanski! |date=10 November 2009 |website=La Règle du jeu |language=fr |access-date=29 August 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210829153459/https://laregledujeu.org/2009/11/10/479/signez-la-petition-pour-roman-polanski/ |archive-date=29 August 2021 }}</ref>

Rushdie collaborated on the screenplay for the cinematic adaptation of his novel ''Midnight's Children'' with director [[Deepa Mehta]]. The film was also called ''[[Midnight's Children (film)|Midnight's Children]]''.<ref name=visits>{{cite news |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/International/Rushdie-visits-Mumbai-for-Midnights-Children-film-/articleshow/5432895.cms |title=Rushdie visits Mumbai for 'Midnight's Children' film |work=The Times of India |date=11 January 2010 |access-date=13 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114151659/http://movies.indiatimes.com/International/Rushdie-visits-Mumbai-for-Midnights-Children-film-/articleshow/5432895.cms |archive-date=14 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Subhash K.|last=Jha |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-13/news-interviews/28121143_1_deepa-mehta-bt-midnight-s-children |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811030544/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-13/news-interviews/28121143_1_deepa-mehta-bt-midnight-s-children |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=I'm a film buff: Rushdie |date=13 January 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 March 2010}}</ref> [[Seema Biswas]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Nandita Das]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Dreaming-of-Midnight-s-Children/563437/ |title=Dreaming of Midnight's Children |work=The Indian Express |date=5 January 2010 |access-date=13 March 2010 |archive-date=8 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508024643/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Dreaming-of-Midnight-s-Children/563437/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Irrfan Khan]] participated in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Irrfan-moves-from-Mira-Nair-to-Deepa-Mehta/H1-Article1-499416.aspx |title=Irrfan moves from Mira Nair to Deepa Mehta |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 January 2010 |access-date=13 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304213538/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Irrfan-moves-from-Mira-Nair-to-Deepa-Mehta/H1-Article1-499416.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2010 }}</ref> Production began in September 2010;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/interviewscinema/T-te-t-te-with-Deepa-Mehta/493632/H1-Article1-493584.aspx |title=Tête-à-tête with Deepa Mehta |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=13 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312235349/http://www.hindustantimes.com/interviewscinema/T-te-t-te-with-Deepa-Mehta/493632/H1-Article1-493584.aspx |archive-date=12 March 2010 }}</ref> the film was released in 2012.

Rushdie announced in June 2011 that he had written the first draft of a script for a new television series for the US cable network [[Showtime (TV channel)|Showtime]], a project on which he will also serve as an executive producer. The new series, to be called ''The Next People'', will be, according to Rushdie, "a sort of paranoid science-fiction series, people disappearing and being replaced by other people." The idea of a television series was suggested by his US agents, said Rushdie, who felt that television would allow him more creative control than feature film. ''The Next People'' is being made by the British film production company [[Working Title]], the firm behind projects including ''[[Four Weddings and a Funeral]]'' and ''[[Shaun of the Dead]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Salman Rushdie says TV drama series have taken the place of novels|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jun/12/salman-rushdie-write-tv-drama|newspaper=The Guardian|date=12 June 2011|access-date=11 June 2011|last=Thorpe|first=Vanessa|location=London|archive-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226104900/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jun/12/salman-rushdie-write-tv-drama|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Rushdie appeared as himself in episode 3 of season 9 of ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hbo.com/curb-your-enthusiasm/season-9|title=Curb Your Enthusiasm – Season 9|website=HBO|access-date=26 December 2017|archive-date=27 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235450/https://www.hbo.com/curb-your-enthusiasm/season-9|url-status=live}}</ref> sharing scenes with [[Larry David]] to offer advice on how Larry should deal with the ''fatwa'' that has been ordered against him.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/curb-your-enthusiasm-salman-rushdie-inspiring-larry-davids-fatwa-1045630/ | title=Salman Rushdie on Inspiring the New Season of 'Curb Your Enthusiasm' | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=4 October 2017 | access-date=12 August 2022 | archive-date=26 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126180611/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/curb-your-enthusiasm-salman-rushdie-inspiring-larry-davids-fatwa-1045630/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/curb-your-enthusiasm-larry-davids-fatwa-salman-rushdies-cameo-1049316/ | title=How 'Curb Your Enthusiasm' Kept Salman Rushdie's Fatwa Cameo a Secret | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=17 October 2017 | access-date=12 August 2022 | archive-date=26 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126104733/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/curb-your-enthusiasm-larry-davids-fatwa-salman-rushdies-cameo-1049316/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==''The Satanic Verses'' and the ''fatwā''{{anchor|Satanic Verses and the fatwā}}==
{{Further|Satanic Verses controversy{{!}}''Satanic Verses'' controversy}}

The publication of ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' by Viking Penguin in September 1988 caused immediate controversy in the [[Islamic world]] because of what was seen by some to be an irreverent depiction of [[Muhammad]]. The title refers to a disputed [[hadith|Muslim tradition]] that is referenced in the book. According to this tradition, Muhammad ([[Mahound]] in the book) added verses (''[[Ayah]]'') to the [[Qur'an]] accepting three Arabian pagan goddesses who were worshiped in [[Mecca]] as divine beings. According to the legend, Muhammad later revoked the verses, saying [[the devil]] tempted him to utter these lines to appease the Meccans (hence the "Satanic" verses). However, the narrator reveals to the reader that these disputed verses were actually from the mouth of the [[Gabriel|Archangel Gabriel]]. The [[banned books|book was banned]] in many countries with large Muslim communities (13 in total: Iran, India, Bangladesh, Sudan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Thailand, Tanzania, Indonesia, Singapore, Venezuela, and Pakistan).

In response to the protests, on 22 January 1989, Rushdie published a column in ''[[The Observer]]'' that called Muhammad "one of the great geniuses of world history," but noted that Islamic doctrine holds Muhammad to be human, and in no way perfect. He held that the novel is not "an anti-religious novel. It is, however, an attempt to write about migration, its stresses and transformations."<ref name=Observer>{{cite news|last1=Rushdie|first1=Salman|title=Choice between light and dark|work=[[The Observer]]|date=22 January 1989}}</ref>

On 14 February 1989—Valentine's Day, and also the day of his close friend [[Bruce Chatwin]]'s funeral—a ''[[fatwā]]'' ordering Rushdie's execution was proclaimed on Radio Tehran by [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeini]], the [[Supreme leader of Iran]] at the time, calling the book "[[blasphemy|blasphemous]] against Islam". Chapter IV of the book depicts the character of an [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Imam]] in exile who returns to incite revolt from the people of his country with no regard for their safety. According to Khomeini's son, his father never read the book.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=14 August 2022 |title=Ayatollah Khomeini Never Read Salman Rushdie's Book |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/ayatollah-khomeini-never-read-salman-rushdies-book |access-date=14 August 2022 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814200317/https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/ayatollah-khomeini-never-read-salman-rushdies-book |url-status=live }}</ref> A bounty was offered for Rushdie's death,<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/salman-rushdie-iranian-state-media-renew-fatwa-on-satanic-verses-author-with-600000-bounty-a6887141.html|title=Iranian state media has put a $600,000 bounty on Salman Rushdie's head|first=Samuel|last=Osborne|date=21 February 2016|website=The Independent|access-date=24 December 2018|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929090017/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/salman-rushdie-iranian-state-media-renew-fatwa-on-satanic-verses-author-with-600000-bounty-a6887141.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and he was thus forced to live under police protection for several years.<ref name="independent.co.uk"/> On 7 March 1989, the United Kingdom and [[Iran]] broke [[Iran – United Kingdom relations|diplomatic]] relations over the Rushdie controversy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/08/world/iran-breaks-off-relations-with-britian.html|title=Iran Breaks Off Relations With Britain|first1=Sheila|last1=Rule|newspaper=The New York Times|date=8 March 1989|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525113255/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/08/world/iran-breaks-off-relations-with-britian.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1989, ''[[The New York Times]]'' published "Words For Salman Rushdie": "28 distinguished writers born in 21 countries speak to him from their common land – the country of literature. For expressing their ideas publicly in the past many of these writers have suffered censorship, exile – forced or self-imposed – and imprisonment." [[Czeslaw Milosz]] wrote: "I have particular reasons to defend your rights, Mr. Rushdie. My books have been forbidden in many countries or have had whole passages censored out. I'm grateful to people who stood then by the principle of free expression, and I back you now in my turn." [[Ralph Ellison]]: "You deserve the full and passionate solidarity of any man of dignity, but I am afraid this is too little. This story of a man alone against worldwide intolerance, and of a book alone against the craziness of the media, can become the story of many others. The bell tolls for all of us." [[Umberto Eco]]: "Keep to your convictions. Try to protect yourself. A death sentence is a rather harsh review." [[Anita Desai]]: "Silence, exile and cunning, yes. And courage."<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 12, 1989 |title=Words for Salman Rushdie |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/rushdie-words.html?_r=1&oref=slogin |access-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404010037/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/rushdie-words.html?_r=1&oref=slogin |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Christopher Hitchens]] recalled: "When the ''Washington Post'' telephoned me on Valentine's Day 1989 to ask for my opinion about the Ayatollah Khomeini's ''fatwah'', I felt at once here was something that completely committed me. It was, if I can phrase it like this, a matter of everything I hated versus everything I loved. In the hate column: dictatorship, religion, stupidity, demagogy, censorship, bullying, and intimidation. In the love column: literature, irony, humour, the individual, and the defense of free expression. Plus, of course, friendship–although I'd like to think my response would have been the same even if I hadn't known Salman at all. To re-state the premise of the argument again: the theocratic head of a foreign despotism offers money in his own name in order to suborn the murder of a civilian of another country, for the offense of writing a work of fiction. No more root-and-branch challenge to the values of [[the Enlightenment]] (on the bicentennial of the [[Storming of the Bastille|fall of the Bastille]]), or to the [[First Amendment to the Constitution]], could be imagined."<ref>{{cite book| last=Hitchens| first=Christopher| title=[[Hitch-22]]| page=268}}</ref> Rushdie wrote: "I have often been asked if Christopher defended me because he was my close friend. The truth is that he became my close friend because he wanted to defend me...He and I found ourselves describing our ideas, without conferring, in almost identical terms. I began to understand that while I had not chosen the battle it was at least the right battle, because in it everything that I loved and valued (literature, freedom, irreverence, freedom, irreligion, freedom) was ranged against everything I detested (fanaticism, violence, bigotry, humorlessness, philistinism, and the new offense culture of the age). Then I read Christopher using exactly the same everything-he-loved-versus-everything-he-hated trope, and felt … understood."<ref>{{cite magazine| last=Rushdie| first=Salman| date=January 6, 2012| title=Salman Rushdie on the Wonder of Christopher Hitchens| magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)| Vanity Fair]]}}</ref>

In 1993, 100 writers and intellectuals from the Muslim world, including [[Adonis (poet)| Adonis]]; [[Mohammed Arkoun]], [[Mahmoud Darwish]], [[Amin Malouf]] and [[Edward Said]] expressed solidarity in the collection ''For Rushdie''. [[Naguib Mahfouz]] wrote: "The veritable terrorism of which he is a target is unjustifiable, indefensible. One idea can only be opposed by other ideas. Even if the punishment is carried out, the idea as well as the book will remain." [[Tahar Ben Jelloun]] wrote that the fatwa was "intolerable, inadmissible and has nothing to do with the tolerant Islam that I was taught" and threatened "the ability to create characters and develop them in the space and time chosen by the writer." [[Rabah Belamri]] wrote "A society that refuses to question itself, that denies artists and thinkers the right to raise doubts, that dares not laugh at itself, has no hope of prospering." The composer [[Ahmed Essyad]] wrote a piece of music dedicated "To Salman Rushdie, so that, as an artist, he can write what I disagree with." Rushdie expressed gratitude for "anthology of blows struck in the fight against obscurantism and fanaticism" by "the most gifted, the most learned, the most important voices of the Muslim and Arab world, gathered together to subject my work and the furor surrounding it to so brilliant, so many-sided, so judicious an examination."<ref>{{cite news| last=Ridding| first=Alan| title=Muslim Thinkers Rally for Rushdie| date=November 4, 1993| work=The New York Times| url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/rushdie-rally.html?scp=56&sq=edward%2520said&st=cse}}</ref>

When, on [[BBC Radio 4]], he was asked for a response to the threat, Rushdie said, "Frankly, I wish I had written a more critical book," and "I'm very sad that it should have happened. It's not true that this book is a blasphemy against Islam. I doubt very much that Khomeini or anyone else in Iran has read the book or more than selected extracts out of context."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1989/feb/15/salmanrushdie|title=Rushdie in hiding after Ayatollah's death threat|first=Peter|last=Murtagh|newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 February 1989|access-date=24 December 2018|via=www.theguardian.com|archive-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221045/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1989/feb/15/salmanrushdie|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, he wrote that he was "proud, then and always", of that statement; while he did not feel his book was especially critical of Islam, "a religion whose leaders behaved in this way could probably use a little criticism."<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Rushdie|first=Salman|title=The Disappeared|date=10 September 2012|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/09/17/120917fa_fact_rushdie|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |issue=17 September 2012|page= 50|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701140621/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/09/17/120917fa_fact_rushdie|url-status=live}}</ref>

The publication of the book and the ''fatwā'' sparked violence around the world, with bookstores firebombed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/29/satanic-verses-sowed-seeds-of-rift-grown-ever-wider|title=The Satanic Verses sowed the seeds of rifts that have grown ever wider – Kenan Malik|first=Kenan|last=Malik|newspaper=The Observer |date=29 September 2018|access-date=24 December 2018|via=www.theguardian.com|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203221040/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/29/satanic-verses-sowed-seeds-of-rift-grown-ever-wider|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim communities in several nations in the West held public rallies, [[Book burning|burning]] copies of the book.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/oct/07/satanic-verses-salman-rushdie-low-point|title=The Satanic Verses affair marked a low point for politicians – Letters|newspaper=The Observer |date=7 October 2018|access-date=24 December 2018|via=www.theguardian.com|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207084729/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/oct/07/satanic-verses-salman-rushdie-low-point|url-status=live}}</ref> Several people associated with translating or publishing the book were attacked, seriously injured, and even killed.{{efn|See [[Hitoshi Igarashi]], [[Ettore Capriolo]], [[William Nygaard]].}} Many more people died in riots in some countries. Despite the danger posed by the fatwā, Rushdie made a public appearance at London's [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] on 11 August 1993, during a [[Zoo TV Tour|concert by U2]]. In 2010, U2 bassist [[Adam Clayton]] recalled that "lead vocalist Bono had been calling Salman Rushdie from the stage every night on the Zoo TV tour. When we played Wembley, Salman showed up in person and the stadium erupted. You [could] tell from [drummer] Larry Mullen, Jr.'s face that we weren't expecting it. Salman was a regular visitor after that. He had a backstage pass and he used it as often as possible. For a man who was supposed to be in hiding, it was remarkably easy to see him around the place."<ref>{{cite news|title=Stairway to Devon − OK, Somerset!|work=Q|date=July 2010|page=101|author=U2|author-link=U2}}</ref>

On 24 September 1998, as a precondition to the restoration of diplomatic relations with the UK, the Iranian government, then headed by [[Mohammad Khatami]], gave a public commitment that it would "neither support nor hinder assassination operations on Rushdie."<ref name="Tomb">{{cite news|date=8 June 2005|title=Tomb of the unknown assassin reveals mission to kill Rushdie|first=Anthony|last= Loyd|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article531110.ece|work=The Times |location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601171205/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article531110.ece|archive-date=1 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/26/newsid_2542000/2542873.stm|publisher=BBC News: On This Day|title=26 December 1990: Iranian leader upholds Rushdie fatwa|access-date=10 October 2006|date=26 December 1990|archive-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407120528/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/26/newsid_2542000/2542873.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hardliners in Iran have continued to reaffirm the death sentence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meforum.org/article/1002|publisher=The Middle East Forum: Promoting American Interests|title=Can Iran Be Trusted?|last=Rubin|first=Michael|date=1 September 2006|access-date=10 October 2006|archive-date=26 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026203104/http://www.meforum.org/article/1002|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2005, Khomeini's ''fatwā'' was reaffirmed by Iran's current leader, [[Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]], in a message to Muslim pilgrims making the [[Hajj|annual pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]].<ref name="webster-bbc">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article414681.ece|work=The Times |title=Ayatollah revives the death fatwa on Salman Rushdie|last1=Webster|first1=Philip|author1-link=Philip Webster|last2=Hoyle|first2=Ben|last3=Navai|first3=Ramita|author3-link=Ramita Navai|date=20 January 2005|access-date=10 October 2006|location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303071409/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article414681.ece |archive-date=3 March 2007}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Revolutionary Guards]] declared that the death sentence on him is still valid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4260599.stm |work=BBC News |title=Iran adamant over Rushdie fatwa|date=12 February 2005|access-date=10 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206020617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4260599.stm|archive-date=6 February 2006}}</ref>

Rushdie has reported that he still receives a "sort of [[Valentine's Day|Valentine]]'s card" from Iran each year on 14 February letting him know the country has not forgotten the vow to kill him and has jokingly referred it as "[[My Funny Valentine|my unfunny Valentine]]".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/02/15/my-unfunny-valentine |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |title=My Unfunny Valentine |first=Salman |last=Rushdie |date=15 February 1999 |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801072423/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/02/15/my-unfunny-valentine |url-status=live }}</ref> He said, "It's reached the point where it's a piece of rhetoric rather than a real threat."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007021501382200.htm&date=2007/02/15/&prd=th&date=2007/02/15/&prd=th&|title=Rushdie's term|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 February 2007}}</ref> Despite the threats on Rushdie personally, he said that his family has never been threatened, and that his mother, who lived in Pakistan during the later years of her life, even received outpourings of support. Rushdie himself has been prevented from entering Pakistan, however.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.davidcronenberg.de/cr_rushd.htm |title=Cronenberg meets Rushdie: David Cronenberg and Salman Rushdie talk... |magazine=Shift Magazine|date=June–July 1995|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403045531/http://www.davidcronenberg.de/cr_rushd.htm |archive-date=3 April 2007 }}</ref>

A former bodyguard to Rushdie, Ron Evans, planned to publish a book recounting the behaviour of the author during the time he was in hiding. Evans said Rushdie tried to profit financially from the ''fatwa'' and was suicidal, but Rushdie dismissed the book as a "bunch of lies" and took legal action against Evans, his co-author and their publisher.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7538875.stm|title=Rushdie anger at policeman's book|publisher=BBC|date=2 August 2008|access-date=4 January 2010|archive-date=28 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428212041/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7538875.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> On 26 August 2008, Rushdie received an apology at the High Court in London from all three parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7581842.stm|title=Bodyguard apologises to Rushdie|publisher=BBC|date=26 August 2008|access-date=4 January 2010|archive-date=17 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217223134/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7581842.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> A memoir of his years of hiding, ''Joseph Anton'', was released on 18 September 2012; "Joseph Anton" was Rushdie's secret alias during the height of the controversy.<ref name="fatwa memoir">{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|date=12 April 2012|title=Salman Rushdie reveals details of fatwa memoir|first=Alison|last=Flood|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/12/salman-rushdie-reveals-fatwa-memoir|access-date=27 April 2012|location=London|archive-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226102636/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/12/salman-rushdie-reveals-fatwa-memoir|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 1997, [[Hassan Sane'i|Ayatollah Hasan Sane'i]], leader of the ''bonyad panzdah-e khordad'' (Fifteenth of Khordad Foundation),
reported that the blood money offered by the foundation for the assassination of Rushdie would be increased from $2 million to $2.5 million.<ref name=buchta>{{cite book|last=Buchta|first=Wilfried|title=Who rules Iran?|year=2000|publisher=The Washington Institute and The Konrad Adenauer|page=6|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/WhoRulesIran.pdf|access-date=11 November 2012|archive-date=24 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324173725/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/WhoRulesIran.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Then a semi-official religious foundation in Iran increased the reward it had offered for the killing of Rushdie from $2.8 million to $3.3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Iran adds to reward for Salman Rushdie's death|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/iran_adds_to_reward_for_salman_rushdie_saVWIyfViyXOr0vgnUEvRK|author=Post Staff Report|date=16 September 2012|access-date=16 September 2012|newspaper=The New York Post|archive-date=19 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919231842/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/iran_adds_to_reward_for_salman_rushdie_saVWIyfViyXOr0vgnUEvRK|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2015, former Indian minister [[P.Chidambaram|P. Chidambaram]] acknowledged that banning ''The Satanic Verses'' was wrong.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt's decision to ban Salman Rushdie's 'The Satanic Verses' was wrong, says P Chidambaram|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/govts-decison-to-ban-salman-rushdies-the-satanic-verses-was-wrong-says-p-chidambaram-2525306.html|date=28 November 2015|access-date=17 October 2016|newspaper=Firstpost|archive-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122073815/http://www.firstpost.com/india/govts-decison-to-ban-salman-rushdies-the-satanic-verses-was-wrong-says-p-chidambaram-2525306.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ban-on-salman-rushdies-book-by-rajiv-gandhi-govt-was-wrong-chidambaram/|title=Rajiv Gandhi govt's ban on Salman Rushdie's 'Satanic Verses' wrong: Chidambaram|date=29 November 2015|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019002419/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ban-on-salman-rushdies-book-by-rajiv-gandhi-govt-was-wrong-chidambaram/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1998, Iran's former president [[Mohammad Khatami]] proclaimed the fatwa "finished"; but it has never been officially lifted, and in fact has been reiterated several times by Ali Khamenei and other religious officials. Yet more money was added to the bounty in February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/22/salman-rushdie-iranian-media-raise-more-money-for-fatwa|title=Salman Rushdie: Iranian media raise more money for fatwa|first=Sian|last=Cain|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 February 2016|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=24 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224172450/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/22/salman-rushdie-iranian-media-raise-more-money-for-fatwa|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Failed assassination attempt (1989)===
On 3 August 1989, while Mustafa Mahmoud Mazeh was priming a book bomb loaded with [[RDX]] explosives in a hotel in [[Paddington]], Central London, the bomb exploded prematurely, destroying two floors of the hotel and killing Mazeh. A previously unknown Lebanese group, the Organization of the Mujahidin of Islam, said he died preparing an attack "on the [[apostasy in Islam|apostate]] Rushdie". There is a shrine in Tehran's [[Behesht-e Zahra]] cemetery for Mustafa Mahmoud Mazeh that says he was "Martyred in London, 3 August 1989. The first martyr to die on a mission to kill Salman Rushdie." Mazeh's mother was invited to relocate to Iran, and the Islamic World Movement of Martyrs' Commemoration built his shrine in the cemetery that holds thousands of Iranian soldiers slain in the [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref name="Tomb"/>

==== Hezbollah's comments (2006) ====
During the 2006 [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|''Jyllands-Posten'' Muhammad cartoons controversy]], [[Hezbollah]] leader [[Hassan Nasrallah]] declared that "If there had been a Muslim to carry out Imam Khomeini's ''fatwā'' against the renegade Salman Rushdie, this rabble who insult our Prophet Mohammed in Denmark, Norway and France would not have dared to do so. I am sure there are millions of Muslims who are ready to give their lives to defend our prophet's honour and we have to be ready to do anything for that."<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.natashatynes.com/newswire/2006/02/hezbollah_killi.html|date=2 February 2006|title=Hezbollah: Rushdie death would stop Prophet insults|agency=Agence France-Presse|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070807085216/http://www.natashatynes.com/newswire/2006/02/hezbollah_killi.html|archive-date= 7 August 2007|access-date=26 April 2012}}</ref>

===''International Guerillas'' (1990)===
In 1990, soon after the publication of ''The Satanic Verses'', a [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistani film]] entitled ''[[International Guerillas|International Gorillay]]'' (''International Guerillas'') was released that depicted Rushdie as a "James Bond-style villain" plotting to cause the downfall of Pakistan by opening a chain of casinos and discos in the country; he is ultimately killed at the end of the movie. The film was popular with Pakistani audiences, and it "presents Rushdie as a [[John Rambo|Rambo]]-like figure pursued by four Pakistani guerrillas".<ref name="Tamney">{{cite book|title=The Resilience of Conservative Religion: The Case of Popular, Conservative Protestant Congregations|first=Joseph Bernard |last=Tamney|publisher=The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge| location=Cambridge, UK|year=2002}}</ref> The [[British Board of Film Classification]] refused to allow it a certificate; "it was felt that the portrayal of Rushdie might qualify as criminal libel, causing a breach of the peace as opposed to merely tarnishing his reputation." This effectively prevented the release of the film in the UK. Two months later, however, Rushdie himself wrote to the board, saying that while he thought the film "a distorted, incompetent piece of trash", he would not sue if it were released. He later said, "If that film had been banned, it would have become the hottest video in town: everyone would have seen it". While the film was a great hit in Pakistan, it went virtually unnoticed elsewhere.<ref name="IGlibel">{{cite web|title=International Guerrillas and Criminal Libel|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/460938/index.html|website=Screenonline|access-date=7 February 2008|archive-date=7 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907202150/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/460938/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Al-Qaeda hit list (2010)===
In 2010,<ref>{{cite web|first=Scott|last= Stewart|date=22 July 2010|title=Fanning the Flames of Jihad|url=http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100721_fanning_flames_jihad|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706135755/http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100721_fanning_flames_jihad|archive-date=6 July 2013|work=Security Weekly|publisher=Stratfor|quote=Inspire also features a "hit list" that includes the names of people like Westergaard who were involved in the cartoon controversy as well as other targets such as Dutch politician Geert Wilders, who produced the controversial film Fitna in 2008}}</ref> [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] published an Al-Qaeda hit list in [[Inspire (magazine)|''Inspire'' magazine]], including Rushdie along with other figures claimed to have insulted Islam, including [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], cartoonist [[Lars Vilks]], and three ''Jyllands-Posten'' staff members: [[Kurt Westergaard]], [[Carsten Juste]], and [[Flemming Rose]].<ref name="thewire2013">{{cite web|first=Dashiell|last=Bennet|date=1 March 2013|title=Look Who's on Al Qaeda's Most-Wanted List|url=http://www.thewire.com/global/2013/03/al-qaeda-most-wanted-list/62673/|work=The Wire|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025952/http://www.thewire.com/global/2013/03/al-qaeda-most-wanted-list/62673/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Conal |last=Urquhart|title=Paris Police Say 12 Dead After Shooting at Charlie Hebdo|magazine=Time|url=http://time.com/3657246/paris-charlie-hebdo-shooting/|date=7 January 2015|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=22 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122052445/http://time.com/3657246/paris-charlie-hebdo-shooting/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Victoria|last= Ward|title=Murdered Charlie Hebdo cartoonist was on al Qaeda wanted list|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11330505/Murdered-Charlie-Hebdo-cartoonist-was-on-al-Qaeda-wanted-list.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11330505/Murdered-Charlie-Hebdo-cartoonist-was-on-al-Qaeda-wanted-list.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Telegraph|date=7 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The list was later expanded to include [[Charb|Stéphane "Charb" Charbonnier]], who was [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|murdered in a terror attack on ''Charlie Hebdo'']] in Paris, along with 11 other people. After the attack, Al-Qaeda called for more killings.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lucy Cormack|date=8 January 2015|title=Charlie Hebdo editor Stephane Charbonnier crossed off chilling al-Qaeda hitlist|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/charlie-hebdo-editor-stephane-charbonnier-crossed-off-chilling-alqaeda-hitlist-20150108-12k97z.html|work=The Age|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=11 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111014923/http://www.theage.com.au/world/charlie-hebdo-editor-stephane-charbonnier-crossed-off-chilling-alqaeda-hitlist-20150108-12k97z.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rushdie expressed his support for ''Charlie Hebdo'', saying "I stand with ''Charlie Hebdo'', as we all must, to defend the art of satire, which has always been a force for liberty and against tyranny, dishonesty and stupidity ... religious totalitarianism has caused a deadly mutation in the heart of Islam and we see the tragic consequences in Paris today."<ref>''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 7 January 2015. [http://time.com/3657541/charlie-hebdo-paris-terror-attack-salman-rushdie/ salman rushdie response] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115122910/http://time.com/3657541/charlie-hebdo-paris-terror-attack-salman-rushdie/ |date=15 January 2015 }}</ref> In response to the attack, Rushdie commented on what he perceived as [[victim-blaming]] in the media, stating: "You can dislike ''Charlie Hebdo''.... But the fact that you dislike them has nothing to do with their right to speak. The fact you dislike them certainly doesn't in any way excuse their murder."<ref>{{cite news|first=Wilson|last=Ring|date=15 January 2015|title=Salman Rushdie, threatened over book, defends free speech|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/cb016b953bac485cb55b7ac214cecc3a/salman-rushdie-threatened-over-book-defends-free-speech|agency=Associated Press|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=24 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124022443/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/cb016b953bac485cb55b7ac214cecc3a/salman-rushdie-threatened-over-book-defends-free-speech|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Jack|last=Thurston|date=15 January 2015|title=After Paris Attacks, Salman Rushdie Defends Absolute Right of Free Speech While in Vermont|url=http://www.necn.com/news/new-england/Salman-Rushdie-Defends-Absolute-Right-of-Free-Speech-in-Vermont-288620891.html|work=NECN|publisher=NBC Universal|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118190652/http://www.necn.com/news/new-england/Salman-Rushdie-Defends-Absolute-Right-of-Free-Speech-in-Vermont-288620891.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Jaipur Literature Festival (2012)===
{{main|Jaipur Literature Festival}}
Rushdie was due to appear at the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]] in January 2012 in [[Jaipur, Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/program-2011/speakers-2012/#o|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125234432/http://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/program-2011/speakers-2012|url-status=dead|title=2012 Speakers|archive-date=25 January 2012}}</ref> However, he later cancelled his event appearance, and a further tour of India at the time, citing a possible threat to his life as the primary reason.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-20/india/30646521_1_jaipur-literature-festival-salman-rushdie-satanic-verses|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121201171235/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-20/india/30646521_1_jaipur-literature-festival-salman-rushdie-satanic-verses|url-status= dead|archive-date= 1 December 2012|title=Salman Rushdie not to attend Jaipur Literature Festival|last=Singh|first= Akhilesh Kumar|date=20 January 2012|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16644782|title=Salman Rushdie pulls out of Jaipur literature festival|date=20 January 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=20 January 2012|archive-date=20 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120175134/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16644782|url-status=live}}</ref> Several days after, he indicated that state police agencies had lied, in order to keep him away, when they informed him that paid assassins were being sent to Jaipur to kill him. Police contended that they were afraid Rushdie would read from the banned ''The Satanic Verses'', and that the threat was real, considering imminent protests by Muslim organizations.<ref name=virtual_rushdie_unwelcome/>

Meanwhile, Indian authors [[Ruchir Joshi]], [[Jeet Thayil]], [[Hari Kunzru]] and [[Amitava Kumar]] abruptly left the festival, and Jaipur, after reading excerpts from Rushdie's banned novel at the festival. The four were urged to leave by organizers as there was a real possibility they would be arrested.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-23/jaipur/30655383_1_jaipur-literature-festival-hari-kunzru-organizers|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120205203714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-23/jaipur/30655383_1_jaipur-literature-festival-hari-kunzru-organizers|url-status= dead|archive-date= 5 February 2012|title= Salman Rushdie shadow on Jaipur Literature Festival: 4 authors who read from 'The Satanic Verses' sent packing|author1=Singh, Akhilesh Kumar |author2=Chowdhury, Shreya Roy |date=23 January 2012|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref>

A proposed video link session between Rushdie and the Jaipur Literature Festival was also cancelled at the last minute<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/books/rushdies-video-talk-is-canceled-at-india-literature-festival.html|title=Rushdie's Video Talk Is Canceled at India Literature Festival|last=Gill|first=Nikhila|date=24 January 2012|work=The New York Times|access-date=6 December 2014|archive-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214183749/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/books/rushdies-video-talk-is-canceled-at-india-literature-festival.html|url-status=live}}</ref> after the government pressured the festival to stop it.<ref name=virtual_rushdie_unwelcome>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-24/jaipur/30658450_1_rushdie-video-video-link-satanic-verses|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101750/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-24/jaipur/30658450_1_rushdie-video-video-link-satanic-verses|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 January 2013|title= Jaipur Literature Festival: Even a virtual Rushdie is unwelcome for Rajasthan govt|author= Singh, Akhilesh Kumar|date=24 January 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> Rushdie returned to India to address a conference in New Delhi on 16 March 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17349023|work=BBC News|title=Salman Rushdie to be a 'presence' at India conference|date=13 March 2012|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114170754/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17349023|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Chautauqua attack (2022)===
{{Main|Stabbing of Salman Rushdie}}
On 12 August 2022, while about to start a lecture at the [[Chautauqua Institution]] in [[Chautauqua, New York|Chautauqua]], New York, Rushdie was attacked by a man who rushed onto the stage and stabbed him repeatedly, including in the face, neck and abdomen.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Root |first1=Jay |last2=Gelles |first2=David |last3=Harris |first3=Elizabeth A. |last4=Jacobs |first4=Julia |date=12 August 2022 |title=Salman Rushdie on Ventilator Hours After Being Stabbed in Western New York |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/08/12/nyregion/salman-rushdie-stabbed-new-york |access-date=13 August 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812163021/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/08/12/nyregion/salman-rushdie-stabbed-new-york |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Hadi Matar? Everything we know about Salman Rushdie's alleged attacker {{!}} Fox News |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/hadi-matar-everything-we-know-salman-rushdies-alleged-attacker.amp |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=www.foxnews.com}}</ref> The attacker was pulled away before being taken into custody by a [[New York State Police|state trooper]]; Rushdie was airlifted to [[UPMC Hamot]], a tertiary trauma centre in [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], where he underwent surgery before being put on a ventilator.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kanishka |last2=Allen |first2=Jonathan |date=13 August 2022 |title=Salman Rushdie on ventilator after New York stabbing |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/author-salman-rushdie-attacked-stage-event-new-york-sky-news-2022-08-12/ |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812170728/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/author-salman-rushdie-attacked-stage-event-new-york-sky-news-2022-08-12/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Security measures at UPMC Hamot were increased due to the potential threat of further attempts on his life. This included 24-hour protection with a security officer outside his room and searches being performed upon entry into the hospital. The suspect was identified as 24-year-old [[Hadi Matar]] of [[Fairview, New Jersey]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Vargas|first=Ramon Antonio|date=12 August 2022|title=Police identify Salman Rushdie attack suspect as 24-year-old from New Jersey|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/12/salman-rushdie-attack-suspect-identified-hadi-matar|access-date=14 August 2022|work=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813012719/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/12/salman-rushdie-attack-suspect-identified-hadi-matar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Kanishka|last2=Allen|first2=Jonathan|date=12 August 2022|title=Salman Rushdie is stabbed in the neck at a New York lecture|language=en|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/author-salman-rushdie-attacked-stage-event-new-york-sky-news-2022-08-12/|url-status=live|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812170728/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/author-salman-rushdie-attacked-stage-event-new-york-sky-news-2022-08-12/|archive-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> Later in the day, Rushdie's agent, [[Andrew Wylie (literary agent)|Andrew Wylie]], confirmed that Rushdie had received stab injuries to the liver and hand, and that he might lose an eye.<ref>{{cite news |title=Salman Rushdie: Author on ventilator and unable to speak, agent says |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-62528689 |work=BBC News |date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813000655/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-62528689 |url-status=live }}</ref> A day later, Rushdie was taken off the ventilator and was able to speak.<ref name="AP Off Ventilator">{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/salman-rushdie-on-ventilator-after-new-york-stabbing-5ea54212d71b95569ed85df7b0fb5fea|title=Agent: Rushdie off ventilator and talking, day after attack|publisher=AP News|first1=Carolyn|last1=Thompson|first2=Hillel|last2=Italie|date=14 August 2022|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813205627/https://apnews.com/article/salman-rushdie-on-ventilator-after-new-york-stabbing-5ea54212d71b95569ed85df7b0fb5fea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2022 |title=Salman Rushdie is off ventilator and able to talk, agent says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/aug/14/salman-rushdie-is-off-ventilator-and-able-to-talk-agent-says |access-date=14 August 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814020814/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/aug/14/salman-rushdie-is-off-ventilator-and-able-to-talk-agent-says |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 23 October 2022, Wylie reported that Rushdie had lost sight in one eye and the use of one hand but survived the murder attempt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Altares |first=Guillermo |date=22 October 2022 |title=Andrew Wylie, 'The Jackal' of books: 'Amazon is like ISIS; it takes no prisoners' |url=https://english.elpais.com/culture/2022-10-22/andrew-wylie-the-jackal-of-books-amazon-is-like-isis-it-takes-no-prisoners.html |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=EL PAÍS English Edition |language=en-us |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023235335/https://english.elpais.com/culture/2022-10-22/andrew-wylie-the-jackal-of-books-amazon-is-like-isis-it-takes-no-prisoners.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jones 2022">{{cite news | last=Jones | first=Sam | title=Salman Rushdie has lost sight in one eye and use of one hand, says agent | newspaper=The Guardian | date=23 October 2022 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/23/salman-rushdie-has-lost-sight-in-one-eye-and-use-of-one-hand-says-agent | access-date=23 October 2022 | archive-date=18 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618060655/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/23/salman-rushdie-has-lost-sight-in-one-eye-and-use-of-one-hand-says-agent | url-status=live }}</ref> Rushdie's memoir about the attack, ''[[Knife: Meditations After an Attempted Murder]]'', was published in April 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wagner |first=Erica |date=2024-04-15 |title=Review: Salman Rushdie’s memoir is horrific, upsetting – and a masterpiece |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/non-fiction/knife-review-salman-rushdie-new-book-horrific-masterpiece/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> It hit number one in the Sunday Times Bestsellers List in the General hardbacks category.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=The Sunday |date=2024-04-28 |title=The Sunday Times Bestsellers List — the UK’s definitive book chart |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sunday-times-bestsellers-list-book-sales-chart-fnxjm0bnl |access-date=2024-04-28 |language=en |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> In the memoir, Rushdie engages in fictional conversations with the assailant, who is referred to as 'A.'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sathian |first=Sanjena |date=2024-04-16 |title=Salman Rushdie Did Not Want to Write This Book |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/salman-rushdie-knife-book-review.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Vulture |language=en}}</ref>

The jury selection for the trial was originally scheduled to begin on 8 January 2024. However, Matar's lawyer successfully petitioned to delay the trial, arguing that they are entitled to see the memoir and any related materials before Matar stands trial, as the documents constitute evidence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Creamer |first=Ella |date=2024-01-04 |title=Trial of Salman Rushdie’s attacker postponed because of author’s memoir |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/jan/04/trial-of-salman-rushdies-attacker-postponed-because-of-authors-memoir |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Awards, honours, and recognition==
Salman Rushdie has received many plaudits for his writings, including the European Union's [[Aristeion Prize]] for Literature, the [[Premio Grinzane Cavour]] (Italy), and the Writer of the Year Award in Germany, and many of literature's highest honours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/One_more_bouquet_for_Saleem_Sinai/articleshow/3254751.cms|title=One more bouquet for Saleem Sinai|first=Nina|last=Martyris|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 July 2008|access-date=7 November 2008|archive-date=12 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235447/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/One_more_bouquet_for_Saleem_Sinai/articleshow/3254751.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Awards and honours include:
* [[Austrian State Prize for European Literature]] (1993)<ref>{{cite web|title=Salman Rushdie: Kennedy Center|url=https://www.kennedy-center.org/artists/r/ro-rz/salman-rushdie/|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116183904/https://www.kennedy-center.org/artists/r/ro-rz/salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Booker Prize]] (1981)<ref>{{cite web|title=Salman Rushdie: The Booker Prizes|date=19 June 1947|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/salman-rushdie|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=6 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906052716/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/salman-rushdie|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Liège, Belgium]] (1999)<ref>{{YouTube |lr_Rku7tl7Q |Salman Rushdie}}</ref>
*[[Golden PEN Award]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Pen Award|url=http://www.englishpen.org/prizes/golden-pen-award-for-a-lifetimes-distinguished-service-to-literature|access-date=3 December 2012|publisher=[[English PEN]]|archive-date=21 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121020544/http://www.englishpen.org/prizes/golden-pen-award-for-a-lifetimes-distinguished-service-to-literature/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award]] (2014)<ref name="politiken">{{cite news|date=12 June 2013|title=Salman Rushdie får dansk litteraturpris på halv million|language=da|trans-title=Salman Rushdie receives the Danish literature prize of a half-million|newspaper=[[Politiken]]|url=http://politiken.dk/kultur/boger/ECE1995354/salman-rushdie-faar-dansk-litteraturpris-paa-halv-million/|access-date=12 June 2013|archive-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616035140/http://politiken.dk/kultur/boger/ECE1995354/salman-rushdie-faar-dansk-litteraturpris-paa-halv-million/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from [[Indiana University]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web|title=University Honors & Awards, Indiana University website|url=https://honorsandawards.iu.edu/awards/honoree/8433.html#:~:text=In%202018%2C%20Indiana%20University%20awarded,Humanities%20Festival%20held%20in%20Bloomington.|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813190249/https://honorsandawards.iu.edu/awards/honoree/8433.html#:~:text=In%202018%2C%20Indiana%20University%20awarded,Humanities%20Festival%20held%20in%20Bloomington.|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Honorary Doctor of Letters from [[Emory University]] (2015)<ref>{{cite news|first=Janel|last=Davis|author-link=Janel Davis|date=16 February 2015|title=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution: Author Salman Rushdie to deliver Emory commencement May 11|newspaper=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/local-education/author-salman-rushdie-deliver-emory-commencement-may/OSUMu2jL6xJw0A4wSb84WK/|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812163630/https://www.ajc.com/news/local-education/author-salman-rushdie-deliver-emory-commencement-may/OSUMu2jL6xJw0A4wSb84WK/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[James Joyce Award]] from [[University College Dublin]] (2008)<ref>{{cite news|title=Salman Rushdie honoured at UCD, The Irish Times website|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/salmon-rushdie-honoured-at-ucd-1.829881|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011165930/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/salmon-rushdie-honoured-at-ucd-1.829881|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Outstanding Lifetime Achievement in Cultural Humanism from [[Harvard University]] (2007)<ref>{{cite web|first=Greg|last=Epstein|author-link=Greg Epstein|date=20 April 2007|title=HNN #18: Salman Rushdie & Cultural Humanism|url=http://thehumanist.com/multimedia/podcast/hnn-18-salman-rushdie-cultural-humanism|access-date=9 October 2015|publisher=[[American Humanist Association]] and the Humanist Chaplaincy of Harvard University|archive-date=22 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922021132/http://thehumanist.com/multimedia/podcast/hnn-18-salman-rushdie-cultural-humanism|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[PEN Pinter Prize]] (UK)<ref>{{cite web|date=19 June 2014|title=Salman Rushdie awarded the 2014 PEN/Pinter Prize|website=[[English PEN]]|url=http://www.englishpen.org/salman-rushdie-awarded-the-2014-pen-pinter-prize/|access-date=19 June 2014|archive-date=23 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623151659/http://www.englishpen.org/salman-rushdie-awarded-the-2014-pen-pinter-prize/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[St. Louis Literary Award]] from the [[Saint Louis University]] Library Associates<ref>{{cite web|title=Saint Louis Literary Award – Saint Louis University|url=http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html|access-date=24 December 2018|website=www.slu.edu|archive-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823003924/http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Swiss Freethinkers Award 2019<ref>{{cite web|title=Salman Rushdie and Barbara Miller to receive Swiss Freethinker Award 2019|url=https://free-thought.ch/news/2019-11-07/salman-rushdie-and-barbara-miller-receive-swiss-freethinker-award-2019|access-date=18 November 2019|website=free-thought.ch|date=7 November 2019 |language=en|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112152233/https://free-thought.ch/news/2019-11-07/salman-rushdie-and-barbara-miller-receive-swiss-freethinker-award-2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Knighthood===
{{main|Salman Rushdie knighthood controversy}}
Rushdie was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] for services to literature in the [[2007 Birthday Honours|Queen's Birthday Honours]] on 16 June 2007. He remarked: "I am thrilled and humbled to receive this great honour, and am very grateful that my work has been recognised in this way."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6756149.stm |work=BBC News |title=15 June 2007 Rushdie knighted in honours list |access-date=16 June 2007 |date=15 June 2007 |archive-date=23 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823004356/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6756149.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to his knighthood, many nations with Muslim majorities protested. Parliamentarians of several of these countries condemned the action, and Iran and Pakistan called in their British envoys to protest formally. Controversial condemnation issued by Pakistan's Religious Affairs Minister [[Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq]] was in turn rebuffed by former Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2193993/Salman-Rushdie-is-knighted-by-the-Queen.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2193993/Salman-Rushdie-is-knighted-by-the-Queen.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Salman Rushdie is knighted by the Queen|last=Pierce|first=Andrew|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=23 May 2017|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Several called publicly for his death. Some non-Muslims expressed disappointment at Rushdie's knighthood, claiming that the writer did not merit such an honour and there were several other writers who deserved the knighthood more than Rushdie.<ref>"Sir Rubbish: Does Rushdie Deserve a Knighthood", ''Times Higher Education Supplement'', 20 June 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/20/world/asia/20iht-rushdie.1.6228425.html|title=Protests spread to Malaysia over knighthood for Salman Rushdie|date=20 June 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 May 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=22 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622074115/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/20/world/asia/20iht-rushdie.1.6228425.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Al-Qaeda]] condemned the Rushdie honour. The group's then-leader, [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], was quoted as saying in an audio recording that the UK's award for Rushdie was "an insult to Islam", and it was planning "a very precise response."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6289110.stm |work=BBC News |title=10 July 2007 Al-Qaeda condemns Rushdie honour |access-date=10 July 2007 |date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828020137/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6289110.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

When asked if the knighthood was an insult to Muslims, [[Christopher Hitchens]] answered “''Midnight’s Children'' did not just win the Booker, and Salman did not just later win the Booker of Bookers, ''Midnight’s Children'' won the main literary award in Iran, people tend to forget. When the fatwa was issued against him by a senile theocratic dictator who had run his own country into beggary and bankruptcy and misery, every Arab and Muslim writer worthy of the name, all signed, and wrote in a book for Salman, we identify our cause with you, and your struggle with free expression in our culture. If you say that Muslims are being offended by this, and you lump them all together, you immediately grant that they are in fact represented by the most extreme, homicidal, fanatical, illiterate, intolerant people who not only haven’t read this book, but couldn’t read it. And that’s an insult to Islam!”<ref>{{cite web| title=When Christopher Hitchens Vigilantly Defended Salman Rushdie After the Fatwah: "It Was a Matter of Everything I Loved"| website=Open Culture| url=https://www.openculture.com/2022/08/when-christopher-hitchens-vigilantly-defended-salman-rushdie-after-the-fatwah-it-was-a-matter-of-everything-i-hated-versus-everything-i-loved.html#google_vignette}}</ref>

Rushdie was appointed a Member of the [[Order of the Companions of Honour]] (CH) in the [[2022 Birthday Honours]] for services to literature.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=63714|supp=y|page=B6|date=1 June 2022}}</ref>

==Religious and political beliefs==
===Religious background===
Rushdie came from a [[liberal Muslim]] family,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/salman-rushdie-39245|title=Salman Rushdie|website=Biography.com|language=en-us|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044134/https://www.biography.com/people/salman-rushdie-39245|url-status=live}}</ref> but he is an [[atheist]]. In a 2006 interview with [[PBS]], Rushdie called himself a "hardline atheist".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/moyers/faithandreason/print/faithandreason101_print.html|title=Bill Moyers on Faith & Reason – Bill Moyers and Salman Rushdie|date=23 June 2006|website=[[PBS]]|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-date=13 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013154432/https://www.pbs.org/moyers/faithandreason/print/faithandreason101_print.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1989, in an interview following the ''fatwa'', Rushdie said that he was in a sense a lapsed Muslim, though "shaped by Muslim culture more than any other," and a student of Islam.<ref name = Meer/> In another interview the same year, he said, "My point of view is that of a secular human being. I do not believe in supernatural entities, whether Christian, Jewish, Muslim or Hindu."<ref>{{cite news|title=Fact, faith and fiction|work=[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]|date=2 March 1989|page=11}}</ref>

In December 1990, Rushdie issued a statement reaffirming his Muslim faith, distancing himself from statements made by characters in ''Satanic Verses'' that cast aspersion on Islam or Prophet Mohammad, and opposing the release of the paperback editing of the novel.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hedges |first1=Chris |title=Rushdie Seeks to Mend His Rift With Islam |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/25/books/rushdie-seeks-to-mend-his-rift-with-islam.html |access-date=26 June 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=25 December 1990 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626213338/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/25/books/rushdie-seeks-to-mend-his-rift-with-islam.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, in 1992, he cited the release of the statement as perhaps his lowest point, regretting its language, which he said he had not written.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamen |first1=Al |title=In 1992, Salman Rushdie wasn't sure he'd ever be safe |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2022/08/15/salman-rushdie-in-hiding/ |access-date=26 June 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815194136/https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2022/08/15/salman-rushdie-in-hiding/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rushdie advocates the application of [[higher criticism]], pioneered during the late 19th century. In a guest opinion piece printed in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and ''[[The Times]]'' in mid-August 2005, Rushdie called for a reform in Islam.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,1072-1729998,00.html "Muslims unite! A new Reformation will bring your faith into the modern era"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112015156/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,1072-1729998,00.html |date=12 January 2008 }}, ''The Times'', 11 August 2005.</ref>

{{blockquote|What is needed is a move beyond tradition, nothing less than a reform movement to bring the core concepts of Islam into the modern age, a Muslim Reformation to combat not only the jihadist ideologues but also the dusty, stifling seminaries of the traditionalists, throwing open the windows to let in much-needed fresh air. ... It is high time, for starters, that Muslims were able to study the revelation of their religion as an event inside history, not supernaturally above it. ... Broad-mindedness is related to tolerance; open-mindedness is the sibling of peace.|author=Salman Rushdie|source="Muslims unite! A new Reformation will bring your faith into the modern era"}}

Rushdie is a critic of moral and [[cultural relativism]]. In an interview with [[Point of Inquiry]] in 2006, he described his view as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=Salman Rushdie – Secular Values, Human Rights and Islamism|url=http://www.pointofinquiry.org/salman_rushdie_secular_values_human_rights_and_islamism/|access-date=11 October 2006|publisher=Point of Inquiry|archive-date=12 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112091143/http://www.pointofinquiry.org/salman_rushdie_secular_values_human_rights_and_islamism|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote|We need all of us, whatever our background, to constantly examine the stories inside which and with which we live. We all live in stories, so called grand narratives. Nation is a story. Family is a story. Religion is a story. Community is a story. We all live within and with these narratives. And it seems to me that a definition of any living vibrant society is that you constantly question those stories. That you constantly argue about the stories. In fact the arguing never stops. The argument itself is freedom. It's not that you come to a conclusion about it. And through that argument you change your mind sometimes.… And that's how societies grow. When you can't retell for yourself the stories of your life then you live in a prison.… Somebody else controls the story.… Now it seems to me that we have to say that a problem in contemporary Islam is the inability to re-examine the ground narrative of the religion.… The fact that in Islam it is very difficult to do this, makes it difficult to think new thoughts.|author=|title=|source=}}

Rushdie is an advocate of [[religious satire]]. He condemned the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] and defended comedic criticism of religions in a comment originally posted on [[English PEN]] where he called religions a medieval form of unreason. Rushdie called the attack a consequence of "religious totalitarianism", which according to him had caused "a deadly mutation in the heart of Islam". He said:<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/07/salman-rushdie-charlie-hebdo_n_6430904.html|title= Salman Rushdie Responds To Charlie Hebdo Attack, Says Religion Must Be Subject To Satire|first= Maddie|last= Crum|work= [[Huffington Post]]|date= 7 January 2015|access-date= 20 June 2015|archive-date= 21 April 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150421111119/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/07/salman-rushdie-charlie-hebdo_n_6430904.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Religion, a medieval form of unreason, when combined with modern weaponry becomes a real threat to our freedoms. This religious totalitarianism has caused a deadly mutation in the heart of Islam and we see the tragic consequences in Paris today. I stand with Charlie Hebdo, as we all must, to defend the art of satire, which has always been a force for liberty and against tyranny, dishonesty and stupidity. 'Respect for religion' has become a code phrase meaning 'fear of religion.' Religions, like all other ideas, deserve criticism, satire, and, yes, our fearless disrespect.}}

When asked about reading and writing as a human right, Rushdie states: "...there are the larger stories, the grand narratives that we live in, which are things like nation, and family, and clan, and so on. Those stories are considered to be treated reverentially. They need to be part of the way in which we conduct the discourse of our lives and to prevent people from doing something very damaging to human nature."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pen.org/press-clip/the-art-of-bravery-an-interview-with-salman-rushdie/|title=The Art of Bravery: An Interview with Salman Rushdie|work=Los Angeles Review of Books|via=PEN America|date=25 April 2013|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501180708/https://pen.org/press-clip/the-art-of-bravery-an-interview-with-salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref> Though Rushdie believes the freedoms of literature to be universal, the bulk of his fictions portrays the struggles of the marginally underrepresented. This can be seen in his portrayal of the role of women in his novel ''[[Shame (Rushdie novel)|Shame]]''. In this novel, Rushdie, "suggests that it is women who suffer most from the injustices of the Pakistani social order."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deszcz |first1=Justyna |title=Salman Rushdie's attempt at a feminist fairytale reconfiguration in ''Shame'' |journal=Folklore |date=April 2004 |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=27–44 |id={{ProQuest|2152779627}} |doi=10.1080/0015587042000192510 |s2cid=145667781 }}</ref> His support of feminism can also be seen in a 2015 interview with ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine's ''[[The Cut (website)|The Cut]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2015/11/15-famous-men-whether-theyre-feminists.html|title=15 Male Celebrities Answer 'Are You a Feminist?'|author=The Cut|work=The Cut|date=17 November 2015 |access-date=7 December 2015|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706152328/https://www.thecut.com/2015/11/15-famous-men-whether-theyre-feminists.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Political background===
[[File:Paul Auster, Salman Rushdie and Shimon Peres.jpg|thumb|[[Paul Auster]] and Rushdie greeting Israeli President [[Shimon Peres]] with [[Caro Llewellyn]] in 2008.]]

====UK politics====

In 2006, Rushdie stated that he supported comments by [[Jack Straw]], then-[[Leader of the House of Commons]] from Labour, who [[United Kingdom debate over veils|criticized the wearing]] of the [[niqab]] (a veil that covers all of the face except the eyes). Rushdie stated that his three sisters would never wear the veil. He said, "I think the battle against the veil has been a long and continuing battle against the limitation of women, so in that sense I'm completely on Straw's side."<ref>{{cite web|last=Wagner|first=Thomas|date=10 October 2006|title=Blair, Rushdie support former British foreign secretary who ignited veil debate|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20061010-0539-britain-veildispute.html|access-date=10 October 2006|publisher=SignOnSanDiego.com|archive-date=17 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417014236/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20061010-0539-britain-veildispute.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====US politics====
[[File:Bernie Sanders and Salman Rushdie.jpg|thumb|left|Rushdie and [[Bernie Sanders]] in 2004]]
Rushdie supported the [[1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], leading historian [[Tariq Ali]] to label Rushdie part of what he considered to be "warrior writers" as "the belligerati".<ref>[[Michael Mandel (law professor)|Mandel, Michael]]. 2004. ''How America Gets Away With Murder''. [[Pluto Press]]. p. 60.</ref> He was supportive of the US-led campaign to remove the [[Taliban]] in Afghanistan, which began in 2001 but was a vocal critic of the 2003 [[war in Iraq]]. He stated that while there was a "case to be made for the removal of [[Saddam Hussein]]", US [[unilateral]] military intervention was unjustifiable.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/09/iraq.usa |title=Letters, Salman Rushdie: No fondness for the Pentagon's politics | World news |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=13 March 2010 |location=London |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831182058/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/09/iraq.usa |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Terry Eagleton]], a former admirer of Rushdie's work and [[Marxist literary critic]], criticized him, saying he "cheered on [[the Pentagon]]'s criminal ventures in Iraq and Afghanistan."<ref>{{cite web|title=The ageing punk of lit crit still knows how to spit – Times Online|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article2603984.ece|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512090519/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article2603984.ece|archive-date=12 May 2008|access-date=30 July 2008}}</ref> Eagleton subsequently apologized for having misrepresented Rushdie's views.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Terry Eagleton|author2=Michael Kustow|author3=Matthew Wright|author4=Neil Morris|date=12 July 2007|title=Letters: Writers challenging so-called civilisation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/jul/12/comment.letters|access-date=20 June 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|publisher=[[Scott Trust Limited]]|archive-date=21 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621032429/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/jul/12/comment.letters|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rushdie supported the election of [[Barack Obama]] for the US presidency and has often criticized the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. He was involved in the [[Occupy Movement]], both as a presence at [[Occupy Boston]] and as a founding member of Occupy Writers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OccupyWriters.com|url=http://occupywriters.com/|access-date=14 August 2022|website=occupywriters.com|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814195835/http://occupywriters.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rushdie is a supporter of [[gun control]], blaming [[2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting|a shooting at a Colorado cinema]] in July 2012 on the [[American right to keep and bear arms]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=21 July 2012|title=Salman Rushdie stirs up frenzy with tweets in response to Colorado multiplex shooting | New York Daily News|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/pageviews/2012/07/salman-rushdie-stirs-up-frenzy-with-tweets-in-response-to-colorado-multiplex-shoot|journal=Daily News|location=New York|access-date=11 November 2012|archive-date=4 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904120946/http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/pageviews/2012/07/salman-rushdie-stirs-up-frenzy-with-tweets-in-response-to-colorado-multiplex-shoot|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Cheney|first=Alexandra|date=20 July 2012|title=Salman Rushdie Sparks Furor With Colorado Theater Shooting Tweets – Speakeasy|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/07/20/salman-rushdie-sparks-furor-with-colorado-shooting-tweets/|journal=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=11 November 2012|archive-date=17 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017022642/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/07/20/salman-rushdie-sparks-furor-with-colorado-shooting-tweets/|url-status=live}}</ref> He acquired [[American citizenship]] in 2016 and voted for [[Hillary Clinton]] in [[2016 United States presidential election|that year's election]].<ref>{{cite news|date=8 September 2017|title=Salman Rushdie Plays the Trump Card|first=Sarah |last=Begley|magazine=Time|url=http://time.com/magazine/south-pacific/4941231/september-25th-2017-vol-190-no-12-asia-south-pacific/|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226153207/http://time.com/magazine/south-pacific/4941231/september-25th-2017-vol-190-no-12-asia-south-pacific/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 February 2017|title=Salman Rushdie's new book features a 'narcissistic, media-savvy villain' with colored hair|first=Thu-Huong|last= Ha|work=Quartz|url=https://qz.com/905928/salman-rushdies-new-book-the-golden-house-features-a-narcissistic-media-savvy-villain-with-colored-hair/|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065820/https://qz.com/905928/salman-rushdies-new-book-the-golden-house-features-a-narcissistic-media-savvy-villain-with-colored-hair/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Noting the rise of "populist authoritarian demagoguery" around the world, Rushdie said there was "a willingness amongst at least some part of the [US] population to cease to value the democratic values enshrined in the [[first amendment]]. So I think the problem is, I would now say, political more than primarily religious".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gabbatt |first=Adam |date=2023-09-14 |title='We're facing another old enemy': Rushdie warns against global authoritarianism |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/13/were-facing-another-old-enemy-rushdie-warns-against-global-authoritarianism |access-date=2023-10-29 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029120914/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/13/were-facing-another-old-enemy-rushdie-warns-against-global-authoritarianism |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Against religious extremism====
In the wake of the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|''Jyllands-Posten'' Muhammad cartoons controversy]] in March 2006 Rushdie signed the manifesto ''Together Facing the New Totalitarianism'', a statement warning of the dangers of [[religious extremism]]. The Manifesto was published in the left-leaning French weekly ''[[Charlie Hebdo]]'' in March 2006.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 March 2006|title=Writers issue cartoon row warning|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4763520.stm|access-date=19 February 2014|archive-date=31 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131004236/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4763520.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> When [[Amnesty International]] suspended human rights activist [[Gita Sahgal]] for saying to the press that she thought the organization should distance itself from [[Moazzam Begg]] and his organization, Rushdie said:<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article7034773.ece Salman Rushdie's statement on Amnesty International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601171433/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article7034773.ece |date=1 June 2010 }}, ''The Sunday Times'', 21 February 2010</ref> <blockquote>Amnesty…has done its reputation incalculable damage by allying itself with Moazzam Begg and his group [[Cageprisoners]], and holding them up as human rights advocates. It looks very much as if Amnesty's leadership is suffering from a kind of [[moral bankruptcy]], and has lost the ability to distinguish right from wrong. It has greatly compounded its error by suspending the redoubtable Gita Sahgal for the crime of going public with her concerns. Gita Sahgal is a woman of immense integrity and distinction. ... It is people like Gita Sahgal who are the true voices of the human rights movement; Amnesty and Begg have revealed, by their statements and actions, that they deserve our contempt.</blockquote>

In July 2020, Rushdie was one of the 153 signers of the "Harper's Letter", also known as "[[A Letter on Justice and Open Debate]]", that expressed concern that "the free exchange of information and ideas, the lifeblood of a liberal society, is daily becoming more constricted."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2020 |title=A Letter on Justice and Open Debate {{!}} Harper's Magazine |url=https://harpers.org/a-letter-on-justice-and-open-debate/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=Harper’s Magazine |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521055003/https://harpers.org/a-letter-on-justice-and-open-debate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2023, Rushdie expressed his "horror" at both [[Hamas]]' [[2023 Hamas attack on Israel|attack on Israel]] and [[Israel]]'s [[2023 Israel–Hamas war|retaliation]] in the [[Gaza Strip]] and called for a "cessation in hostilities".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231020-rushdie-says-filled-with-foreboding-at-israel-hamas-war |title=Rushdie urges end to fighting between Israel and Hamas |date=20 October 2023 |agency=France 24 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030021616/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231020-rushdie-says-filled-with-foreboding-at-israel-hamas-war |url-status=live }}</ref>

====South Asian politics and Kashmir====
Rushdie has been critical of Pakistan's former Prime Minister [[Imran Khan]] after Khan took personal jabs at him in a 2012 interview. Khan had called Rushdie "unbalanced", saying he has the "mindset of a small man", claiming they had "never met" and he would never "want to meet him ever", despite the two being spotted together in public numerous times.<ref>{{cite news |author-link=Leo Hickman |first=Leo|last=Hickman|date=26 March 2012 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/shortcuts/2012/mar/26/salman-rushdie-imran-khan |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004191404/https://www.theguardian.com/books/shortcuts/2012/mar/26/salman-rushdie-imran-khan |archive-date=4 October 2013 |title=Salman Rushdie v Imran Khan: it's war |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |language=en }}</ref>

Rushdie has expressed his preference for India over Pakistan on numerous occasions in writing and on live television interviews. In one such interview in 2003, Rushdie claimed "Pakistan sucks" after being asked about why he felt more like an outsider there than in India or England. He cited India's diversity, openness, and "richness of life experience" as his preference over Pakistan's "airlessness", resulting from a lack of personal freedom, widespread public corruption, and inter-ethnic tension.<ref>{{cite AV media |work=Biermann69 |date=27 December 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMlARal_oEc |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308094352/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMlARal_oEc |archive-date=8 March 2022 |title=Salman Rushdie on Pakistan Sucks! |via=YouTube |language=en }}</ref>

In Indian politics, Rushdie has criticized the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and its chairperson, the incumbent Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="bodeill">{{cite news |title=A Narendra Modi victory would bode ill for India, say Rushdie and Kapoor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/10/indian-artists-letter-guardian-worry-election |first=Jason |last=Burke |date=10 April 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=Delhi |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710071016/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/10/indian-artists-letter-guardian-worry-election |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/nov/14/rushdie-atwood-restore-citizenship-critic-modi|title=Rushdie and Atwood join calls to restore citizenship to critic of Modi|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=14 November 2019|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=23 December 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222120949/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/nov/14/rushdie-atwood-restore-citizenship-critic-modi|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a 2006 interview about his novel ''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'', Rushdie laments the [[Kashmir conflict|division of Kashmir]] into zones of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Indian]] and [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistani administration]] as having cut his family down the middle.<ref name=Qantara>{{cite web|title=Interview with Salman Rushdie: Kashmir, Paradise Lost|first=Lewis|last=Gropp|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-salman-rushdie-kashmir-paradise-lost|date=12 October 2009|access-date=4 April 2020|website=Qantara.de – Dialogue with the Islamic World|language=en|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617112637/https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-salman-rushdie-kashmir-paradise-lost|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2019, he criticized the [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]], tweeting: "Even from seven thousand miles away it's clear that what's happening in Kashmir is an atrocity. Not much to celebrate this August 15th."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/salmanrushdie/status/1162021115805491200?lang=en|title=Even from seven thousand miles away it's clear that what's happening in Kashmir is an atrocity. Not much to celebrate this August 15th.|last=Rushdie|first=Salman|date=15 August 2019|website=@salmanrushdie|language=en|access-date=4 April 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308154152/https://twitter.com/salmanrushdie/status/1162021115805491200?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> He has previously referred to [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|crackdowns in Indian-administered Kashmir]] as pretexts for the rise of [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|jihadism in the region]]:<ref name=Qantara /><blockquote>The phrase of "crackdown" that the Indian army uses really is a euphemism of mass destruction. And [[Rape during the Kashmir conflict|rape]]. And brutalisation. That happens all the time. It's still happening now. ... The decision to treat all Kashmiris as if they're potential terrorists is what has unleashed this, the kind of "holocaust" against the Kashmiri people. And we know ourselves, from most recent events in Europe, how important it is to resist treating all Muslims as if they're terrorists, but the Indian army has taken the decision to do the opposite of that, to actually decide that everybody is a potential combatant to treat them in that way. And the level of brutality is quite spectacular. And, frankly, without that the jihadists would have had very little response from the Kashmiri people who were not really traditionally interested in radical Islam. So now they're caught between the devil and the deep blue sea, and that's the tragedy of the place. ... And really what I was trying to do was say exactly that the attraction of the jihad in Kashmir arose out of the activities of the Indian army. ... </blockquote>

===Personal life===
Rushdie has been married five times and has two children; his first four marriages ended in divorce. He was first married to Clarissa Luard,<ref>Descended from the gentry family LUARD, formerly of Byborough. See Burke's Landed Gentry 18th edn. vol. 1 (1965), p. 465, col. 2.</ref> literature officer of the [[Arts Council England|Arts Council of England]],<ref>{{cite journal|first=Susheila|last=Nasta|author-link=Susheila Nasta|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02690050008589686?journalCode=rwas20|title=Clarissa Luard 1948–1999|journal=[[Wasafiri]]|date=18 July 2008|volume=15|issue=31|page=59|doi=10.1080/02690050008589686|s2cid=162777055|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813100624/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02690050008589686?journalCode=rwas20|url-status=live}}</ref> from 1976 to 1987. The couple had a son, Zafar, born in 1979,<ref>Free BMD website. Birth registered Q3 1979 Camden.</ref> who is married to the London-based jazz singer [[Natalie Rushdie|Natalie Coyle]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kim |first=Leena |date=1 November 2016 |title=Zafar Rushdie and Natalie Coyle Marry in His Father Salman's Adopted City |url=http://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/weddings/a8188/zafar-rushdie-natalie-coyle-wedding/ |magazine=Town & Country |location=New York |publisher=Hearst Communications |access-date=3 October 2017 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004043934/http://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/weddings/a8188/zafar-rushdie-natalie-coyle-wedding/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He left Clarissa Luard in the mid-1980s for the Australian writer [[Robyn Davidson]], to whom he was introduced by their mutual friend [[Bruce Chatwin]].<ref>Bruce Chatwin, letter to Ninette Dutton, 1 November 1984, in ''Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin'', ed. Elizabeth Chatwin and [[Nicholas Shakespeare]], p. 395</ref> Rushdie and Davidson never married, and they had split up by the time his divorce from Clarissa came through in 1987. Rushdie's second wife was the American novelist [[Marianne Wiggins]]; they were married in 1988 and divorced in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grove |first=Lloyd |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/03/07/rushdie-wiggins-uncommon-bond/46de9f08-5873-4d44-8aae-6704d7725361/ |title=Rushdie Wiggins' Uncommon Bond |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=7 March 1989 |accessdate=12 August 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812180441/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/03/07/rushdie-wiggins-uncommon-bond/46de9f08-5873-4d44-8aae-6704d7725361/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-03-mn-271-story.html|title=Rushdie Granted Divorce From American Wife|date=3 March 1993|website=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=12 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812180434/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-03-mn-271-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His third wife, from 1997 to 2004, was British editor and author Elizabeth West;<ref>{{cite news|first=Ellissa|last=Bain|url=https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2022/08/13/who-is-salman-rushdies-wife-inside-his-four-marriages/|title=Who is Salman Rushdie's wife? Inside his four marriages|work=[[HITC]]|date=13 August 2022|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813090443/https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2022/08/13/who-is-salman-rushdies-wife-inside-his-four-marriages/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.macmillan.com/author/elizabethwest|title=Elizabeth West|work=[[Macmillan Publishers|usmacmillan.com]]|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204014640/https://us.macmillan.com/author/elizabethwest|url-status=live}}</ref> they have a son, Milan, born in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/you-saw-an-illusion-and-you-destroyed-your-family-for-it-20120917-2612h.html |title='You saw an illusion and you destroyed your family for it.' |first=Salman|last=Rushdie|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=22 September 2012 |access-date=12 August 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812180433/https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/you-saw-an-illusion-and-you-destroyed-your-family-for-it-20120917-2612h.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2004, very shortly after his third divorce, Rushdie married [[Padma Lakshmi]], an Indian-born actress, model, and host of the American reality-television show ''[[Top Chef]]''. Rushdie stated that Lakshmi had asked for a divorce in January 2007,<ref>{{cite news|last=Anthony|first=Andrew|title=The Bookers' favourite|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/apr/06/classics.salmanrushdie|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 April 2008|access-date=4 September 2022|quote=By this he means the end of his marriage. In January of 2007, Lakshmi asked for a divorce.|archive-date=5 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905013629/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/apr/06/classics.salmanrushdie|url-status=live}}</ref> and later that year, in July, the couple filed it.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=ed1a664d-9538-487b-9f0b-9bc4b4e5330c |first=Julie|last= Keller| date= 3 July 2007 | newspaper = [[E!]] | title= Rushdie, ''Top Chef'' Wife Skewer Marriage | archive-date= 30 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190150/http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=ed1a664d-9538-487b-9f0b-9bc4b4e5330c}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Atad|first=Corey|title=Padma Lakshmi Is 'Relieved' That Ex-Husband Salman Rushdie Is Recovering After Stabbing Attack|url=https://etcanada.com/news/920393/padma-lakshmi-is-relieved-that-ex-husband-salman-rushdie-is-recovering-after-stabbing-attack/|date=14 August 2022|access-date=4 September 2022|website=ET Canada|quote=They filed for divorce in 2007.|archive-date=5 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905013632/https://etcanada.com/news/920393/padma-lakshmi-is-relieved-that-ex-husband-salman-rushdie-is-recovering-after-stabbing-attack/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2021, Rushdie married American poet and novelist [[Rachel Eliza Griffiths]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/02/13/salman-rushdie-recovery-victory-city|title=The Defiance of Salman Rusdhie|magazine=The New Yorker|first=David|last=Remnick|date=6 February 2023|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206112814/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/02/13/salman-rushdie-recovery-victory-city|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999, Rushdie had an operation to correct [[ptosis (eyelid)|ptosis]], a problem with the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that causes drooping of the upper eyelid. According to Rushdie, it made it increasingly difficult for him to open his eyes. He said: "If I hadn't had an operation, in a couple of years from now I wouldn't have been able to open my eyes at all."<ref>"[http://www.cnn.com/books/news/9904/15/rushdie/ "Rushdie: New book out from under shadow of fatwa"], CNN, 15 April 1999. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528051847/http://www.cnn.com/books/news/9904/15/rushdie/ |date=28 May 2010 }} Retrieved 21 April 2007.</ref>

Since 2000, Rushdie has lived in the United States, mostly near [[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]] in [[Lower Manhattan]], New York City.<ref>Holson, Laura M., [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/fashion/salman-rushdie-out-of-exile-is-a-fixture-on-the-social-scene.html "From Exile to Everywhere"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821160323/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/fashion/salman-rushdie-out-of-exile-is-a-fixture-on-the-social-scene.html |date=21 August 2012}}, ''The New York Times'', 23 March 2012 (online), 25 March 2012 (print). Retrieved 26 March 2012.</ref> He is a fan of the English [[Association football|football]] club [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Collie|first1=Ashley|title=Shakespeare's Hotspur Would Be Proud to See His Namesake Tottenham Hotspur Leading Another British Invasion of America|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ashley-jude-collie/shakespeares-hotspur-woul_b_7836846.html|access-date=5 September 2017|website=HuffingtonPost.com|date=21 July 2015|publisher=HPMG News|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919030034/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ashley-jude-collie/shakespeares-hotspur-woul_b_7836846.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He has been a holder of the [[Person of Indian Origin Card]], which grants certain rights to people of the Indian diaspora short of full citizenship.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Salman Rushdie row: 'Those having objection to PIO should move court' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/salman-rushdie-row-those-having-objection-to-pio-should-move-court/articleshow/11448670.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826040334/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/salman-rushdie-row-those-having-objection-to-pio-should-move-court/articleshow/11448670.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-08-26 |access-date=2021-03-26 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Novels===
*''[[Grimus]]'' (1975)
*''[[Midnight's Children]]'' (1981)
*''[[Shame (Rushdie novel)|Shame]]'' (1983)
*''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' (1988)
*''[[The Moor's Last Sigh]]'' (1995)
*''[[The Ground Beneath Her Feet]]'' (1999)
*''[[Fury (Rushdie novel)|Fury]]'' (2001)
*''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'' (2005)
*''[[The Enchantress of Florence]]'' (2008)
*''[[Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights]]'' (2015)
* ''[[The Golden House (novel)|The Golden House]]'' (2017)<ref>''[http://www.vowelor.com/book/the-golden-house-salman-rushdie-review/ "The Golden House"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509085622/http://www.vowelor.com/book/the-golden-house-salman-rushdie-review/ |date=9 May 2017 }}'' by Salman Rushdie, ''Random House''.</ref>
* ''[[Quichotte (novel)|Quichotte]]'' (2019)<ref>''[https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/612467/quichotte-by-salman-rushdie/9780593132982/ "Quichotte"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725145920/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/612467/quichotte-by-salman-rushdie/9780593132982/ |date=25 July 2019 }}'' by Salman Rushdie, ''Penguin Random House''.</ref>
* ''[[Victory City (novel)|Victory City]]'' (2023)<ref>{{cite news|date=27 July 2022|title=New Rushdie Novel 'Victory City' To Be Published In February 2023|url=https://www.bertelsmann.com/news-and-media/news/new-rushdie-novel-victory-city-to-be-published-in-february-2023.jsp|work=[[Bertelsmann]]|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219231523/https://www.bertelsmann.com/news-and-media/news/new-rushdie-novel-victory-city-to-be-published-in-february-2023.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Review: {{Cite web |last=Gruber |first=Fiona |date=8 February 2023 |title=Salman Rushdie's new novel is a tale of power, exile and steely defiance |url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/salman-rushdie-s-new-novel-is-a-tale-of-power-exile-and-steely-defiance-20230206-p5ci6z.html |access-date=5 March 2023 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305000650/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/salman-rushdie-s-new-novel-is-a-tale-of-power-exile-and-steely-defiance-20230206-p5ci6z.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Collections===
*''[[East, West]]'' (1994)
*''Mirrorwork: 50 Years of Indian Writing 1947–1997'' (1997, Editor, with Elizabeth West)
*''[[The Best American Short Stories]]'' (2008, Guest Editor)

===Children's books===
*''[[Haroun and the Sea of Stories]]'' (1990)<ref>{{cite web|title=Haroun and the Sea of Stories by Salman Rushdie|url=https://www.purplepencilproject.com/book-review-haroun-and-the-sea-of-stories/|date=5 January 2017|website=Purple Pencil Project|language=en-US|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607140235/https://www.purplepencilproject.com/book-review-haroun-and-the-sea-of-stories/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Luka and the Fire of Life]]'' (2010)

===Essays and nonfiction===
*''In Good Faith'', [[Granta Books]] (1990)
*''[[Imaginary Homelands|Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism, 1981–1991]]'' (1992)
*''The Wizard of Oz: BFI Film Classics'', [[British Film Institute]] (1992)
*''Mohandas Gandhi'', ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' (13 April 1998)<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988159,00.html|first=Salman|last=Rushdie|title=Mohandas Gandhi|date=13 April 1998|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516042424/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988159,00.html |archive-date=16 May 2007}}</ref>
*''Imagine There Is No Heaven'' (Extract from ''Letters to the Six Billionth World Citizen'', published in English by Uitgeverij Podium, Amsterdam)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/oct/16/salmanrushdie |title=Imagine There Is No Heaven (extract) |first=Salman |last=Rushdie |date=16 October 1999 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url-access=limited |access-date=5 September 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419080715/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/oct/16/salmanrushdie |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Step Across This Line: Collected Nonfiction 1992–2002'' (2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/158940/step-across-this-line-by-salman-rushdie/|title=Step Across This Line by Salman Rushdie|website=[[Penguin Random House]]|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818120935/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/158940/step-across-this-line-by-salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[The East Is Blue]]'' (2004)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/porn-is-vital-to-freedom-says-rushdie-mz9ffjjgv3m|title=Porn is vital to freedom, says Rushdie|first=Sarah|last=Baxter|author2=Richard Brooks|newspaper=The Times|date=8 August 2004|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813154512/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/porn-is-vital-to-freedom-says-rushdie-mz9ffjjgv3m|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"A fine pickle", ''The Guardian'' (28 February 2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/feb/28/salman-rushdie-novels-film-adaptations|title=A fine pickle {{!}} Salman Rushdie on celluloid adaptations of novels|first=Salman|last=Rushdie|date=28 February 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|url-access=limited|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905100310/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/feb/28/salman-rushdie-novels-film-adaptations|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''In the South'', ''[[Booktrack]]'' (7 February 2012)
*''[[Languages of Truth|Languages of Truth: Essays 2003–2020]]'' (2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/616882/languages-of-truth-by-salman-rushdie/|title=Languages of Truth by Salman Rushdie|website=[[Penguin Random House]]|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100922/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/616882/languages-of-truth-by-salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Memoirs===
*''[[The Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey]]'' (1987)
*''[[Joseph Anton: A Memoir]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Knife: Meditations After an Attempted Murder]]'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wagner |first=Erica |date=2024-04-15 |title=Review: Salman Rushdie’s memoir is horrific, upsetting – and a masterpiece |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/non-fiction/knife-review-salman-rushdie-new-book-horrific-masterpiece/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [[Blasphemy]]
* ''[[The Butterfly Hunter]]''
* [[Criticism of Islam]]
* [[Censorship in South Asia]]
* [[Hysterical realism]]
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area]]
* [[List of fatwas]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[PEN International]]
* [[Postmodern literature]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q44306|q=Salman Rushdie|c=Category:Salman Rushdie|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* {{official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{British council|salman-rushdie}}
* [http://sf-encyclopedia.uk/fe.php?nm=rushdie_salman Salman Rushdie] at ''[[The Encyclopedia of Fantasy]]''
* [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/rushdie_salman Salman Rushdie] at ''[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]]''
* {{C-SPAN}}
* {{New York Times topic}}
* [https://rose.library.emory.edu/ Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library], Emory University: [http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8zv36 Salman Rushdie papers, 1947–2012]

{{Salman Rushdie}}
{{Booker Prize}}
{{Austrian State Prize for European Literature}}
{{Iran–United Kingdom relations}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Freedom of speech|India|Islam|Literature|United Kingdom|United States}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rushdie, Salman}}
[[Category:Salman Rushdie| ]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century atheists]]
[[Category:20th-century English novelists]]
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[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century atheists]]
[[Category:21st-century English novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century English memoirists]]
[[Category:21st-century English screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:American critics of Islam]]
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[[Category:English feminists]]
[[Category:English humanists]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:Failed assassination attempts in the United States]]
[[Category:Fatwas]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:Former Muslim critics of Islam]]
[[Category:Former Muslims turned agnostics or atheists]]
[[Category:Free speech activists]]
[[Category:Indian copywriters]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
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[[Category:Indian expatriates in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian former Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian television writers]]
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[[Category:Magic realism writers]]
[[Category:British male feminists]]
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[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]
[[Category:People with acquired American citizenship]]
[[Category:Postcolonial literature]]
[[Category:Postmodern writers]]
[[Category:Stabbing survivors]]
[[Category:Victims of bomb threats]]
[[Category:Iran–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Cathedral and John Connon School alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Emory University faculty]]
[[Category:Booker Prize winners]]
[[Category:British Book Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Screenplay Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners]]
[[Category:Iran's Book of the Year Awards recipients]]
[[Category:James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients]]
[[Category:21st-century American memoirists]]
[[Category:Eyepatch wearers]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Substack writers]]
[[Category:People with Overseas Citizenship of India]]
[[Category:Survivors of terrorist attacks]]

Salman Rushdie

2024-05-06T12:49:53Z

Tom dl: /* The Satanic Verses and the fatwā{{anchor|Satanic Verses and the fatwā}} */ Fix typo

{{Short description|Indian-born British-American novelist (born 1947)}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Salman Rushdie
| honorific_prefix = [[Salman Rushdie's knighthood|Sir]]
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CH|FRSL|size=100%}}
| image = Salman Rushdie, Oktober 2023 Ausschnitt.jpg
| caption = Rushdie in 2023
| birth_name = Ahmed Salman Rushdie
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|06|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{Cslist|Writer|professor}}
| nationality = {{plainlist |
* Indian (until 1964)
* British (from 1964)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Salman Rushdie|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100433765|access-date=2022-08-21|website=Oxford Reference|language=en|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923145236/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100433765|url-status=live}}</ref>
* American (from 2016) }}
| education = [[King's College, Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| genre = {{flatlist |
* [[Magic realism]]
* [[satire]]
* [[postcolonialism]] }}
| subject = {{flatlist |
* [[Historical criticism]]
* [[travel writing]] }}
| spouse = {{plainlist |
* {{marriage|Clarissa Luard|1976|1987|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Marianne Wiggins]]|1988|1993|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Elizabeth West|1997|2004|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Padma Lakshmi]]|2004|2007|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Rachel Eliza Griffiths]]|2021}}
}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Natalie Rushdie]] (daughter-in-law)
| website = {{URL|salmanrushdie.com}}
| signature = Rushdie signature.svg
}}

'''Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|FRSL}} ({{IPAc-en|s|ʌ|l|ˈ|m|ɑː|n|_|ˈ|r|ʊ|ʃ|d|i}};<ref>Pointon, Graham (ed.): ''BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names'', second edition. Oxford Paperbacks, 1990.</ref> born 19 June 1947) is an Indian-born British-American novelist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openthemagazine.com/columns/open-conversation/that-the-world-that-you-knew-and-that-in-a-way-made-you-that-world-vanishes-i-dont-think-im-alone-in-that-says-salman-rushdie/|first=Aatish|last=Taseer|website=openthemagazine.com|publisher=Open|title='That the world that you knew, and that in a way made you – that world vanishes. I don't think I'm alone in that,' says Salman Rushdie|date=2 August 2019|access-date=5 August 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805051233/https://openthemagazine.com/columns/open-conversation/that-the-world-that-you-knew-and-that-in-a-way-made-you-that-world-vanishes-i-dont-think-im-alone-in-that-says-salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref> His work often combines [[magic realism]] with [[historical fiction]] and primarily deals with connections, disruptions, and migrations between [[Eastern world|Eastern]] and [[Western world|Western civilization]]s, typically set on the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Rushdie's second novel, ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' (1981), won the [[Booker Prize]] in 1981 and was deemed to be "the best novel of all winners" on two occasions, marking the [[Man Booker Prize#Winners|25th]] and the [[The Best of the Booker|40th anniversary of the prize]].

After his fourth novel, ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' (1988), Rushdie became the subject of several assassination attempts and death threats, including a ''[[fatwa]]'' calling for his death issued by [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the [[supreme leader of Iran]]. Numerous killings and bombings have been carried out by extremists who cite the book as motivation, sparking a debate about censorship and religiously motivated violence. In 2022, a man [[Stabbing of Salman Rushdie|stabbed Rushdie]] after rushing onto the stage where the novelist was scheduled to deliver a lecture at the [[Chautauqua Institution]] in [[Chautauqua, New York]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gelles |first1=David |last2=Root |first2=Jay |last3=Harris |first3=Elizabeth |date=12 August 2022 |title=Live Updates: Salman Rushdie Is Stabbed During Speech in Western New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/08/12/nyregion/salman-rushdie-stabbed-new-york |access-date=12 August 2022 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812163021/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/08/12/nyregion/salman-rushdie-stabbed-new-york |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1983, Rushdie was elected a fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]. He was appointed a {{lang|fr|Commandeur de l'[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]}} of France in 1999.<ref>"[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-01-07/news/9901070421_1_indian-born-writer-british-novelist-salman-rushdie-fatwa Rushdie to Receive Top Literary Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505130624/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-01-07/news/9901070421_1_indian-born-writer-british-novelist-salman-rushdie-fatwa |date=5 May 2012 }}." ''[[Chicago Tribune]].'' 7 January 1999. Retrieved 26 March 2012.</ref> [[Salman Rushdie knighthood controversy|Rushdie was knighted]] in 2007 for his services to literature.<ref>"[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/58358/supplements/page.htm Birthday Honours List – United Kingdom]." ''[[The London Gazette]]'' 58358(1):B1. 16 June 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2012. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101644/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/58358/supplements/page.htm|date=16 January 2013}}</ref> In 2008, ''[[The Times]]'' ranked him 13th on its list of the 50 greatest [[British writer]]s since 1945.<ref>[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-50-greatest-british-writers-since-1945-ws3g69xrf90 "The 50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219025130/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-50-greatest-british-writers-since-1945-ws3g69xrf90 |date=19 February 2020 }} ''The Times'', 5 January 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2010. Subscription required.</ref> Since 2000, Rushdie has lived in the United States. He was named Distinguished Writer in Residence at the Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute of [[New York University]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://journalism.nyu.edu/about-us/faculty/distinguished-professionals-in-residence/ |title=Distinguished Professionals in Residence |access-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170144/https://journalism.nyu.edu/about-us/faculty/distinguished-professionals-in-residence/ |archive-date=5 April 2017 }}</ref> Earlier, he taught at [[Emory University]]. He was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]]. In 2012, he published ''[[Joseph Anton: A Memoir]]'', an account of his life in the wake of the events following ''The Satanic Verses''. Rushdie was named one of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]] by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine in April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/ |title=Time 100 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=13 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151502/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He has married five times, four of which have ended in divorce.<ref>{{cite news|first=Ellissa|last=Bain|url=https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2022/08/13/who-is-salman-rushdies-wife-inside-his-four-marriages/|title=Who is Salman Rushdie's wife? Inside his four marriages|work=[[HITC]]|date=13 August 2022|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813090443/https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2022/08/13/who-is-salman-rushdies-wife-inside-his-four-marriages/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Descended from the gentry family LUARD, formerly of Byborough. See Burke's Landed Gentry 18th edn. vol. 1 (1965), p. 465, col. 2.</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rushdie<ref>{{cite news|title=Salman Rushdie claims victory in Facebook name battle|publisher=BBC News|date=15 November 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15733026|access-date=16 June 2017|archive-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626024809/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15733026|url-status=live}}</ref> was born in [[Bombay]] on 19 June 1947<ref name="BritshC">{{cite web|url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/salman-rushdie|title=Salman Rushdie – Literature|website=literature.britishcouncil.org|access-date=24 December 2018|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829213354/https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/salman-rushdie|url-status=live}}</ref> during the [[British Raj]], into an Indian [[Kashmiri Muslim]] family.<ref name="Kashmiri">[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3889 ''Literary Encyclopedia'': "Salman Rushdie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012011816/https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3889 |date=12 October 2019 }}. Retrieved 20 January 2008</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/rushdie.htm |title=Salman Rushdie |website=Books and Writers |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113033937/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/rushdie.htm |archive-date=13 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is the son of Anis Ahmed Rushdie, a [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]-educated lawyer-turned-businessman, and Negin Bhatt, a teacher. Rushdie's father was dismissed from the [[Indian Civil Services]] (ICS) after it emerged that the birth certificate submitted by him had changes to make him appear younger than he was.<ref>{{cite news |title=Revealed after 76 yrs: Rushdie's dad's secret humiliation in London |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story//articleshow/16179053.cms |website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com |access-date=13 September 2018 |date=15 December 2014 |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140432/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story//articleshow/16179053.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Rushdie has three sisters.<ref name="EmoryUniv">{{YouTube|id=kmb1oQcRmkM&t=10m42s|title=Salman Rushdie Discusses Creativity and Digital Scholarship with Erika Farr}}</ref> He wrote in ''[[Joseph Anton]]'' that his father adopted the name Rushdie in honour of [[Averroes]] (Ibn Rushd). He recalls his "first literary influence": "When I first saw the ''[[The Wizard of Oz]]'' it made a writer of me."<ref>{{cite news| author=[[Robert Coover]]| title=There's No Place Like Oz| date=January 15, 1995| newspaper=The New York Times| url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/rushdie-eastwest.html?scp=1&sq=east%2520west%2520stories%2520%2520rushdie&st=cse}}</ref> He recalls "Every child in India in my day (and probably still) was obsessed with [[P. G. Wodehouse]] and [[Agatha Christie]]. I read mountains of books by both."<ref name=":ByTheBook">{{cite news| title=Salman Rushdie: By the Book | date=September 17, 2015| work=The New York Times| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/books/review/salman-rushdie-by-the-book.html}}</ref> He recalls that "Alice captured my imagination as few other books did: both the books, not just ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' but ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' as well, and I can still recite the whole of "[[Jabberwocky]]" and "[[The Walrus and the Carpenter]]" from memory. I also loved the ''[[Swallows And Amazons]]'' series by [[Arthur Ransome]] because of the unimaginable freedom those young people sailing in the Lake District were given by their families...When I was 16, I read ''[[The Lord Of The Rings]]'' and became obsessed, and can still recite the inscription on the Ruling Ring ('One ring to rule them all...') in the dark language of Mordor. I read an astonishing amount of Golden Age science fiction, not just [[Ray Bradbury]], [[Arthur C Clarke]] and [[Kurt Vonnegut]] but more arcane writers like [[Clifford D Simak]], [[James Blish]], [[Zenna Henderson]] and [[L Sprague de Camp]]."<ref>{{cite news| title=What's on Salman Rushdie's reading list?| last=Siganporia| first=Shahnaz| date=September 4, 2015| work=Vogue India| url=https://www.vogue.in/content/whats-on-salman-rushdies-reading-list}}</ref>

Rushdie grew up in Bombay and was educated at the [[Cathedral and John Connon School]] in [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]] in [[South Bombay]], before [[Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India#United Kingdom|moving]] to [[England]] in 1964 to attend [[Rugby School]] in [[Rugby, Warwickshire]]. He then attended [[King's College, Cambridge]], where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in history.<ref name="BritshC" />

==Career==
===Copywriter===
Rushdie worked as a [[copywriting|copywriter]] for the advertising agency [[Ogilvy & Mather]], where he came up with "irresistibubble" for [[Aero (chocolate)|Aero]] and "Naughty but Nice" for cream cakes, and for the agency Ayer Barker (until 1982), for whom he wrote the line "That'll do nicely" for [[American Express]].<ref name=southasiandiaspora>Ravikrishnan, Ashutosh. [http://southasiandiaspora.org/salman-rushdie-midnights-child/ Salman Rushdie's Midnight Child] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130415232311/http://southasiandiaspora.org/salman-rushdie-midnights-child/ |date=15 April 2013 }}. South Asian Diaspora. 25 July 2012.</ref> Collaborating with musician [[Ronnie Bond]], Rushdie wrote the words for an advertising record on behalf of the now defunct [[Burnley Building Society]] that was recorded at [[Good Earth Studios]], London. The song was called "The Best Dreams" and was sung by [[George Chandler]].<ref name="After the Satanic Verses, the romantic lyrics - Glaister">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/jan/22/danglaister|title=After the Satanic Verses, the romantic lyrics|first=Dan|last=Glaister|date=22 January 1999|access-date=24 December 2018|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224121930/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/jan/22/danglaister|url-status=live}}</ref> It was while at Ogilvy that Rushdie wrote ''Midnight's Children'', before becoming a full-time writer.<ref>"[http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth87 Salman Rushdie biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501041146/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth87 |date=1 May 2007 }}", 2004, British Council. Retrieved 20 January 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/negative-because-there-is-little-positive-to-say-1.417082|title=Negative because there is little positive to say|newspaper=The Herald|location=Glasgow|first=George|last=Birrell|date=18 January 1997|access-date=9 December 2010|archive-date=16 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616062041/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/negative-because-there-is-little-positive-to-say-1.417082|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article699728.ece "The birth pangs of Midnight's Children"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706152327/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/ |date=6 July 2022 }}, ''TLS'', 1 April 2006.</ref> Rushdie was a personal friend of [[Angela Carter]]'s, calling her "the first great writer I ever met".<ref>{{cite news| last=Rushdie| first=Salman|date=March 8, 1992| title=Angela Carter, 1940-92: A Very Good Wizard, a Very Dear Friend| work=The New York Times| url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/12/27/specials/carter-rushdie.html?_r=1}}</ref><ref name="Burning Your Boats - Carter">{{cite web | last=Rushdie | first=Salman | type=Introduction | title=Full text of "Burning Your Boats The Collected Short Stories Angela Carter" | website=Internet Archive | date=2023-03-25 | url=https://archive.org/stream/BurningYourBoatsTheCollectedShortStoriesAngelaCarter/Burning+Your+Boats_+The+Collected+Short+Stories+of+Angela+Carter_djvu.txt | access-date=2024-03-04}}</ref>

===Literary works===

==== Early works and literary breakthrough, 1975–1987 ====
Rushdie's debut, the science fiction tale ''[[Grimus]]'' (1975), was generally ignored by the public and literary critics. His next novel, ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' (1981), put him on the map. It follows the life of Saleem Sinai, born at the stroke of midnight as India gained its independence, who is endowed with special powers and a connection to other children born at the [[History of the Republic of India|the birth of the modern nation of India]]. Sinai has been compared to Rushdie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/One_more_bouquet_for_Saleem_Sinai/articleshow/3254751.cms|title=One more bouquet for Saleem Sinai|first=Nina|last=Martyris|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 July 2008|quote=Saleem is not Salman (although he marries a Padma) and Saleem's grandfather Dr Aadam Aziz is not him either, but there is a touching prescience at work here. In the opening pages of Midnight's Children, Dr Aziz while bending down on his prayer mat, bumps his nose on a hard tussock of earth. His nose bleeds and his eyes water and he decides then and there that never again will he bow before God or man. "This decision, however, made a hole in him, a vacancy in a vital inner chamber, leaving him vulnerable to women and history." Battered by a fatwa and one femme fatale too many, Salman would have some understanding of this.|access-date=7 November 2008|archive-date=12 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235447/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/One_more_bouquet_for_Saleem_Sinai/articleshow/3254751.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Rushdie refuted the idea of having written any of his characters as autobiographical, stating, "People assume that because certain things in the character are drawn from your own experience, it just becomes you. In that sense, I've never felt that I've written an autobiographical character."<ref name=Meer>{{cite journal|last1=Meer|first1=Ameena|title=Interview: Salman Rushdie|journal=[[Bomb (magazine)|Bomb]]|date=1989|volume=27|issue=Spring|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/1199/|access-date=22 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111324/http://bombmagazine.org/article/1199/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Rushdie writes of his "debt to the oral narrative traditions of India and also to those great Indian novelists [[Jane Austen]] and [[Charles Dickens]]—Austen for her portraits of brilliant women caged by the social convention of their time, women whose Indian counterparts I knew well; Dickens for his great, rotting, Bombay-like city, and his ability to root his larger-than-life characters and surrealist imagery in a sharply observed, almost hyperrealistic background."<ref>{{cite book| last=Rushdie| first=Salman| title=Midnight's Children| page=xi}}</ref>

[[V. S. Pritchett]] wrote: "In Salman Rushdie, the author of ''Midnight’s Children'', India has produced a glittering novelist—one with startling imaginative and intellectual resources, a master of perpetual storytelling. Like [[Gabriel García Marquez| García Marquez]] in ''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]'', he weaves a whole people’s capacity for carrying its inherited myths—and new ones that it goes on generating—into a kind of magic carpet. The human swarm swarms in every man and woman as they make their bid for life and vanish into the passion or hallucination that hangs about them like the smell of India itself. Yet at the same time there are strange Western echoes, of the irony of [[Laurence Sterne| Sterne]] in ''[[Tristram Shandy]]''—that early nonlinear writer—in Rushdie’s readiness to tease by breaking off or digressing at the gravest moments. This is very odd in an Indian novel! The book is really about the mystery of being born and the puzzle of who one is."<ref>{{cite news| first=V. S. |last=Pritchett| work=[[The New Yorker]]| title=Salman Rushdie's Fantastical Tour de Force| date=July 19, 1981| url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1981/07/27/two-novels}}</ref> ''Midnight's Children'' won the 1981 [[Booker Prize]] and, in 1993 and 2008, the [[The Best of the Booker|Best of the Bookers]] and Booker of Bookers.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/stories/1099 |title = Readers across the world agree that Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children is the Best of the Booker. |year = 2008 |access-date = 10 July 2008 |publisher = Man Booker Prizes |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081011052625/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/stories/1099 |archive-date = 11 October 2008 |df = dmy-all}}</ref>

After ''Midnight's Children'', Rushdie depicted the political turmoil in [[Pakistan]] with ''[[Shame (Rushdie novel)|Shame]]'' (1983), basing his characters on [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]. ''Shame'' won France's ''[[Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger]]'' (Best Foreign Book) and was a close runner-up for the Booker Prize. Both these works of [[postcolonial literature]] are characterised by a style of [[magic realism]] and the immigrant outlook that Rushdie is very conscious of as a member of the [[Kashmiri diaspora]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Rushdie wrote a non-fiction book about [[Nicaragua]] in 1987 called ''[[The Jaguar Smile]]''. This book has a political focus and is based on his first-hand experiences and research at the scene of [[Sandinista]] political experiments. He became interested in Nicaragua after he had been a neighbour of [[Hope Portocarrero|Madame Somoza]], wife of the former Nicaraguan dictator, and his son Zafar was born around the time of the Nicaraguan revolution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIllAAAAIBAJ&dq=salman+rushdie+hope+somoza&pg=PA20&article_id=246,2829822|title=Salman Rushdie in Nicaragua: A rendezvous with revolution|first=Seetha|last=Kumar|work=The Indian Express|date=15 February 1987|access-date=12 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812180433/https://books.google.com/books?id=KIllAAAAIBAJ&dq=salman+rushdie+hope+somoza&pg=PA20&article_id=246,2829822|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== ''The Satanic Verses'' and ''Haroun and the Sea of Stories'', 1988–1990 ====
His most controversial work, ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'', was published in 1988 and won the [[Whitbread Award]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Controversial Novel Wins Whitbread Literary Prize| date=November 18, 1988| work=Deseret News}}</ref> It was followed by ''[[Haroun and the Sea of Stories]]'' (1990). Written in the shadow of the fatwa, it is about the magic of story-telling and an allegorical defence of the power of stories over silence.<ref name="BritshC" />

==== Further works, 1990s–2000s ====
In 1990, Rushdie reviewed [[Thomas Pynchon]]'s ''[[Vineland]]'' in ''[[The New York Times]]'', and offered some droll musings on the author's reclusiveness: "So he wants a private life and no photographs and nobody to know his home address. I can dig it, I can relate to that (but, like, he should try it when it's compulsory instead of a free-choice option)."<ref>{{Cite news| first=Salman |last=Rushdie |date=January 14, 1990 |title=Still Crazy After All These Years |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-vineland.html |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101125235/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-vineland.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rushdie recalls: "I was able to meet the famously invisible man. I had dinner with him at [[Sonny Mehta]]'s apartment in [[Manhattan]] and found him very satisfyingly Pynchonesque. At the end of dinner I thought, well, now we’re friends, and maybe we’ll see each other from time to time. He never called again."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jan/26/salman-rushdie-the-books-that-changed-me| title=Books that made me {{!}} Salman Rushdie: 'I couldn't finish Middlemarch. I know, I know. I'll try again'|first=Salman|last=Rushdie| date=January 26, 2018| work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Rushdie has published many short stories, including those collected in ''[[East, West]]'' (1994). His 1995 novel ''[[The Moor's Last Sigh]]'', a family saga spanning some 100 years of India's history, won the [[Whitbread Award]].<ref>{{cite news| work=[[Publisher's Weekly]]| title=The Moor's Last Sigh| url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780679744665|date=13 January 1997}}</ref> ''[[The Ground Beneath Her Feet]]'' (1999) is a riff on the myth of [[Orpheus and Eurydice]], casting [[Orpheus]] and [[Eurydice]] as [[rock music| rock]] stars.<ref>[https://www.salmanrushdie.com/the-ground-beneath-her-feet/ "The Ground Beneath her Feet"] at Salman Rushdie.com. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011193504/https://www.salmanrushdie.com/the-ground-beneath-er-feet/ |date=11 October 2019 }}.</ref> The book features many original song lyrics; one was the basis for the [[U2]] song [[The Ground Beneath Her Feet (song)| "The Ground Beneath Her Feet"]]. Rushdie is credited as the lyricist.<ref name="After the Satanic Verses, the romantic lyrics - Glaister" />

[[File:Salman-Rushdie-1.jpg|thumb|upright|Rushdie presenting his 2005 novel ''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'']]

Following ''[[Fury (Rushdie novel)|Fury]]'' (2001), set mainly in New York and avoiding the previous sprawling narrative style that spans generations, periods and places, Rushdie's novel ''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'' (2005), a story about love and betrayal set in [[Kashmir]] and [[Los Angeles]], was hailed as a return to form by a number of critics.<ref name="BritshC" />

In his 2002 non-fiction collection ''Step Across This Line'', he professes his admiration for [[Italo Calvino]] and Pynchon, among others. His early influences included [[Jorge Luis Borges]], [[Mikhail Bulgakov]], [[Lewis Carroll]] and [[Günter Grass]]. When asked who his favorite novelist is, he says: "There are days when it’s [[Kafka]], in whose world we all live; others when it’s [[Dickens]], for the sheer fecundity of his imagination and the beauty of his prose. But it’s probably [[James Joyce |Joyce]] on more days than anyone else."<ref name=":ByTheBook"/>

2008 saw the publication of ''[[The Enchantress of Florence]]'', one of Rushdie's most challenging works that focuses on the past. It tells the story of a European's visit to [[Akbar]]'s court, and his revelation that he is a lost relative of the [[Mughal empire|Mughal]] emperor. The novel was praised by [[Ursula Le Guin]] in a review in ''[[The Guardian]]'' as a "sumptuous mixture of history with fable".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/mar/29/fiction.salmanrushdie|title=The real uses of enchantment|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Ursula K |last=Le Guin|date=29 March 2008|access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref> ''[[Luka and the Fire of Life]]'', a sequel to ''Haroun and the Sea of Stories'', was published in November 2010 to critical acclaim.<ref name="BritshC" /> Earlier that year, he announced that he was writing his memoir, ''[[Joseph Anton: A Memoir]]'', which was published in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/oct/12/salman-rushdie-fatwa-memoir|title=Salman Rushdie at work on fatwa memoir|first=Benedicte|last=Page|newspaper=The Guardian|date=12 October 2010|access-date=14 September 2012|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415202944/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/oct/12/salman-rushdie-fatwa-memoir|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, Rushdie became one of the first major authors to embrace [[Booktrack]] (a company that synchronises ebooks with customised soundtracks), when he published his short story "[[In the South (short story)|In the South]]" on the platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://booktrack.serveronline.net/blog/?p=164|title=Salman Rushdie Collaborates With Booktrack and the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, Booktrack Launches A New E-reader Platform|publisher=Booktrack|access-date=2 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404115658/http://booktrack.serveronline.net/blog/?p=164|archive-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>

====Later works, novels, and essays, 2015–2024====
2015 saw the publication of ''[[Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights]]'', a modern take on the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]''. Based on the conflict of scholar [[Ibn Rushd]] (from whom Rushdie's family name derives), Rushdie explores themes of [[transnationalism]] and [[cosmopolitanism]] by depicting a war of the universe with a supernatural world of [[jinns]]. [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] wrote: "Rushdie is our [[Scheherazade]], inexhaustibly enfolding story within story and unfolding tale after tale with such irrepressible delight that it comes as a shock to remember that, like her, he has lived the life of a storyteller in immediate peril. Scheherazade told her 1,001 tales to put off a stupid, cruel threat of death; Rushdie found himself under similar threat for telling an unwelcome tale. So far, like her, he has succeeded in escaping. May he continue to do so."<ref name="LeGuin 2015 Rushdie ">{{cite news | first=Ursula K. |last=Le Guin | title=Two Years, Eight Months and Twenty‑Eight Nights by Salman Rushdie review – a modern Arabian Nights | newspaper=The Guardian | date=2015-09-04 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/sep/04/two-years-eight-months-and-twenty-eight-nights-salman-rushdie-review | access-date=2024-03-04}}</ref>

In 2017, ''[[The Golden House (novel)|The Golden House]]'', a satirical novel set in contemporary America, was published. 2019 saw the publication of ''[[Quichotte (novel)|Quichotte]]'', a modern retelling of ''[[Don Quixote]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/3023936/salman-rushdies-quichotte-brings-cervantes-epic-don |title=Salman Rushdie's Quichotte brings Cervantes' epic Don Quixote into the modern age |last=Kidd |first=James |date=24 August 2019 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817181154/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/3023936/salman-rushdies-quichotte-brings-cervantes-epic-don |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021 ''[[Languages of Truth]]'', a collection of essays written between 2003 and 2020, was published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/616882/languages-of-truth-by-salman-rushdie/ |title=Languages of Truth by Salman Rushdie |publisher=Penguin Random House |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100922/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/616882/languages-of-truth-by-salman-rushdie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rushdie's fifteenth novel ''[[Victory City (novel)|Victory City]]'', described as an epic tale of a woman who breathes a fantastical empire into existence, was published in February 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/673660/victory-city-by-salman-rushdie/ |title=Victory City by Salman Rushdie |publisher=Penguin Random House |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927115649/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/673660/victory-city-by-salman-rushdie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The book was Rushdie's first released work since he was attacked and injured in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gruber |first=Fiona |date=8 February 2023 |title=Salman Rushdie's new novel is a tale of power, exile and steely defiance |url=https://www.theage.com.au/culture/books/salman-rushdie-s-new-novel-is-a-tale-of-power-exile-and-steely-defiance-20230206-p5ci6z.html |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=The Age |language=en |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213215519/https://www.theage.com.au/culture/books/salman-rushdie-s-new-novel-is-a-tale-of-power-exile-and-steely-defiance-20230206-p5ci6z.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024, his autobiographical book ''[[Knife: Meditations After an Attempted Murder]]'', in which Rushdie writes about the attack and his recovery, was published.<ref name="GuardApr24Blake">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/15/knife-by-salman-rushdie-review-a-story-of-hatred-defeated-by-love|title=Knife by Salman Rushdie review – a story of hatred defeated by love|last=Morrison|first=Blake|author-link=Blake Morrison|date=15 April 2024|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=16 April 2024}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
Rushdie has had a string of commercially successful and critically acclaimed novels. His works have been shortlisted for the [[Booker Prize]] five times, in 1981 for ''[[Midnight's Children]]'', 1983 for [[Shame (Rushdie novel)|''Shame'']], 1988 for ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'', 1995 for ''[[The Moor's Last Sigh]]'', and in 2019 for [[Quichotte (novel)|''Quichotte'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/09/04/138599/booker-prize-2019-shortlist-announced/|title=Booker Prize 2019 shortlist announced|date=4 September 2019|website=Books+Publishing|language=en-AU|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906071059/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/09/04/138599/booker-prize-2019-shortlist-announced/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1981, he was awarded the prize.<ref name="Children">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Midnight's Children is the right winner|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jul/10/bestofbooker|work=The Guardian|date=10 July 2008|access-date=25 November 2019|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404015749/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jul/10/bestofbooker|url-status=live}}</ref> His 2005 novel ''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'' received the prestigious [[Hutch Crossword Book Award]], and, in the UK, was a finalist for the [[Whitbread Book Awards]]. It was shortlisted for the 2007 [[International Dublin Literary Award]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.impacdublinaward.ie/2007/shortlist.htm | title=The 2007 Shortlist | year=2007 | access-date=5 April 2007 | publisher=Dublin City Public Libraries/International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429175834/http://www.impacdublinaward.ie/2007/shortlist.htm | archive-date=29 April 2007 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Rushdie's works have spawned 30 book-length studies and more than 700 articles on his writing.<ref name="BritshC" /> He is frequently mentioned a favourite to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/04/salman-rushdie-among-favourites-for-this-years-nobel-prize-for-literature |title=Salman Rushdie among favourites for this year's Nobel prize for literature |newspaper=The Guardian|first=Sarah|last=Shaffi |date=4 October 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113121554/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/04/salman-rushdie-among-favourites-for-this-years-nobel-prize-for-literature |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/05/its-time-for-salman-rushdies-nobel-prize |title=It's time for Salman Rushdie's Nobel prize |magazine=The New Yorker |date=5 September 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113153420/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/05/its-time-for-salman-rushdies-nobel-prize |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Academic and other activities===
Rushdie has mentored younger Indian (and ethnic-Indian) writers, influenced an entire generation of [[Indo-Anglian]] writers, and is an influential writer in [[postcolonial literature]] in general.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csulb.edu/~bhfinney/SalmanRushdie.html |title=Demonizing Discourse in Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses |first=Brian|last=Finney |date=1998 |website=[[California State University, Long Beach]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000829042338/http://www.csulb.edu/~bhfinney/SalmanRushdie.html |archive-date=29 August 2000}}</ref> He opposed the British government's introduction of the [[Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006|''Racial and Religious Hatred Act'']], something he writes about in his contribution to ''Free Expression Is No Offence'', a collection of essays by several writers, published by [[Penguin Group|Penguin]] in November 2005.

[[File:Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie.jpg|thumb|left|Salman Rushdie having a discussion with [[Emory University]] students]]Rushdie was the President of [[PEN American Center]] from 2004 to 2006 and founder of the [[PEN World Voices]] Festival.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rohter|first=Larry|author-link=Larry Rohter|date=7 May 2012|title=Rushdie Brings PEN Festival to Close|work=The New York Times|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/rushdie-brings-pen-festival-to-close/|access-date=6 August 2012|archive-date=16 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616144053/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/rushdie-brings-pen-festival-to-close/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, he began a five-year term as Distinguished Writer in Residence at [[Emory University]] in [[Atlanta]], Georgia, where he has also deposited his archives. In May 2008, he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]].<ref>[http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2.php Academicians Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504085720/http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2.php|date=4 May 2012}}, American Academy of Arts and Letters. Retrieved 26 March 2012.</ref> In 2014, he taught a seminar on British Literature and served as the 2015 keynote speaker<ref>{{cite web|date=6 October 2006|title=Salman Rushdie to Teach and Place His Archive at Emory University|url=http://news.emory.edu/Releases/RushdieProfessorship1160159900.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206005645/http://news.emory.edu/Releases/RushdieProfessorship1160159900.html|archive-date=6 December 2006|access-date=26 March 2012|publisher=Emory University Office of Media Relations}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.emory.edu/stories/2015/05/er_commencement_rushdie_interview/campus.html|first=Kimber|last=Williams|website=Emory Report|title=Rushdie reflects on more than a decade of Emory experiences|date=7 May 2015|access-date=22 October 2019|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022211650/https://news.emory.edu/stories/2015/05/er_commencement_rushdie_interview/campus.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2015, he joined the [[New York University]] Journalism Faculty as a Distinguished Writer in Residence.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 March 2015|title=New Distinguished Writer in Residence: Salman Rushdie|url=https://journalism.nyu.edu/about-us/news-post/2015/03/05/new-distinguished-writer-in-residence-salman-rushdie/|access-date=24 December 2018|website=NYU Journalism|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224121916/https://journalism.nyu.edu/about-us/news-post/2015/03/05/new-distinguished-writer-in-residence-salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rushdie is a member of the advisory board of [[The Lunchbox Fund]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelunchboxfund.org/|title=The Lunchbox Fund|website=thelunchboxfund.org|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906163434/https://www.thelunchboxfund.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> a non-profit organisation that provides daily meals to students of township schools in [[Soweto]] of South Africa. He is a member of the advisory board of the [[Secular Coalition for America]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://secular.org/profile/salman-rushdie/|title=Salman Rushdie|website=Secular Coalition for America|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031111921/https://secular.org/profile/salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref> an advocacy group representing the interests of atheistic and humanistic Americans in Washington, D.C., and a patron of [[Humanists UK]] (formerly the British Humanist Association). He is a laureate of the [[International Academy of Humanism]].<ref name="bha2017">{{cite web|title=Salman Rushdie Author and Patron of the BHA|url=https://humanism.org.uk/about/our-people/patrons/Salman-Rushdie/|access-date=7 March 2017|website=British Humanist Association|archive-date=8 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308044337/https://humanism.org.uk/about/our-people/patrons/Salman-Rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2010 he became a founding patron of [[Ralston College]], a new liberal arts college that has adopted as its motto a Latin translation of a phrase ("free speech is life itself") from an address he gave at [[Columbia University]] in 1991 to mark the 200th anniversary of the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Collegium Ralstonianum apud Savannenses – Home|url=http://www.ralston.ac|access-date=11 November 2012|publisher=Ralston.ac|archive-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416012053/https://www.ralston.ac/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Film and television===
[[File:9.21.14WritersLifePanelByLuigiNovi18.jpg|thumb|Rushdie, right, with writers [[Catherine Lacey (author)|Catherine Lacey]] and [[Siri Hustvedt]] at the 2014 [[Brooklyn Book Festival]]]]Though he enjoys writing, Rushdie says he would have become an actor if his writing career had not been successful. From early childhood, he dreamed of appearing in Hollywood films (which he later realised in his frequent cameo appearances).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salman Rushdie |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0750723/ |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=IMDb |archive-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120164504/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0750723/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rushdie includes fictional television and movie characters in some of his writings. He had a [[cameo appearance]] in the film ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary (2001 film)|Bridget Jones's Diary]]'' based on the [[Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)|book of the same name]], which is itself full of literary in-jokes. On 12 May 2006, Rushdie was a guest host on ''[[The Charlie Rose Show]]'', where he interviewed [[Indo-Canadian]] filmmaker [[Deepa Mehta]], whose 2005 film, ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'', faced violent protests. He appears in the role of [[Helen Hunt]]'s [[obstetrics and gynaecology|obstetrician-gynaecologist]] in the film adaptation (Hunt's directorial debut) of [[Elinor Lipman]]'s novel ''[[Then She Found Me]]''. In September 2008, and again in March 2009, he appeared as a panellist on the HBO programme ''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]''. Rushdie has said that he was approached for a cameo in ''[[Talladega Nights]]'': "They had this idea, just one shot in which three very, very unlikely people were seen as [[NASCAR]] drivers. And I think they approached [[Julian Schnabel]], [[Lou Reed]], and me. We were all supposed to be wearing the uniforms and the helmet, walking in slow motion with the heat haze." In the end, their schedules did not allow for it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Salman Rushdie: 'The curse of an interesting life'|date=27 March 2013 |url=http://the-talks.com/interviews/salman-rushdie/|publisher=The Talks|access-date=5 April 2013|archive-date=1 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401055210/http://the-talks.com/interviews/salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2009, Rushdie signed a petition in support of film director [[Roman Polanski]], calling for his release after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his [[Roman Polanski sexual abuse case|1977 charge]] for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://laregledujeu.org/2009/11/10/479/signez-la-petition-pour-roman-polanski/ |title=Signez la pétition pour Roman Polanski! |trans-title=Sign the petition for Roman Polanski! |date=10 November 2009 |website=La Règle du jeu |language=fr |access-date=29 August 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210829153459/https://laregledujeu.org/2009/11/10/479/signez-la-petition-pour-roman-polanski/ |archive-date=29 August 2021 }}</ref>

Rushdie collaborated on the screenplay for the cinematic adaptation of his novel ''Midnight's Children'' with director [[Deepa Mehta]]. The film was also called ''[[Midnight's Children (film)|Midnight's Children]]''.<ref name=visits>{{cite news |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/International/Rushdie-visits-Mumbai-for-Midnights-Children-film-/articleshow/5432895.cms |title=Rushdie visits Mumbai for 'Midnight's Children' film |work=The Times of India |date=11 January 2010 |access-date=13 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114151659/http://movies.indiatimes.com/International/Rushdie-visits-Mumbai-for-Midnights-Children-film-/articleshow/5432895.cms |archive-date=14 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Subhash K.|last=Jha |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-13/news-interviews/28121143_1_deepa-mehta-bt-midnight-s-children |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811030544/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-13/news-interviews/28121143_1_deepa-mehta-bt-midnight-s-children |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=I'm a film buff: Rushdie |date=13 January 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 March 2010}}</ref> [[Seema Biswas]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Nandita Das]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Dreaming-of-Midnight-s-Children/563437/ |title=Dreaming of Midnight's Children |work=The Indian Express |date=5 January 2010 |access-date=13 March 2010 |archive-date=8 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508024643/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Dreaming-of-Midnight-s-Children/563437/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Irrfan Khan]] participated in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Irrfan-moves-from-Mira-Nair-to-Deepa-Mehta/H1-Article1-499416.aspx |title=Irrfan moves from Mira Nair to Deepa Mehta |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 January 2010 |access-date=13 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304213538/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Irrfan-moves-from-Mira-Nair-to-Deepa-Mehta/H1-Article1-499416.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2010 }}</ref> Production began in September 2010;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/interviewscinema/T-te-t-te-with-Deepa-Mehta/493632/H1-Article1-493584.aspx |title=Tête-à-tête with Deepa Mehta |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=13 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312235349/http://www.hindustantimes.com/interviewscinema/T-te-t-te-with-Deepa-Mehta/493632/H1-Article1-493584.aspx |archive-date=12 March 2010 }}</ref> the film was released in 2012.

Rushdie announced in June 2011 that he had written the first draft of a script for a new television series for the US cable network [[Showtime (TV channel)|Showtime]], a project on which he will also serve as an executive producer. The new series, to be called ''The Next People'', will be, according to Rushdie, "a sort of paranoid science-fiction series, people disappearing and being replaced by other people." The idea of a television series was suggested by his US agents, said Rushdie, who felt that television would allow him more creative control than feature film. ''The Next People'' is being made by the British film production company [[Working Title]], the firm behind projects including ''[[Four Weddings and a Funeral]]'' and ''[[Shaun of the Dead]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Salman Rushdie says TV drama series have taken the place of novels|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jun/12/salman-rushdie-write-tv-drama|newspaper=The Guardian|date=12 June 2011|access-date=11 June 2011|last=Thorpe|first=Vanessa|location=London|archive-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226104900/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jun/12/salman-rushdie-write-tv-drama|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Rushdie appeared as himself in episode 3 of season 9 of ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hbo.com/curb-your-enthusiasm/season-9|title=Curb Your Enthusiasm – Season 9|website=HBO|access-date=26 December 2017|archive-date=27 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235450/https://www.hbo.com/curb-your-enthusiasm/season-9|url-status=live}}</ref> sharing scenes with [[Larry David]] to offer advice on how Larry should deal with the ''fatwa'' that has been ordered against him.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/curb-your-enthusiasm-salman-rushdie-inspiring-larry-davids-fatwa-1045630/ | title=Salman Rushdie on Inspiring the New Season of 'Curb Your Enthusiasm' | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=4 October 2017 | access-date=12 August 2022 | archive-date=26 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126180611/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/curb-your-enthusiasm-salman-rushdie-inspiring-larry-davids-fatwa-1045630/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/curb-your-enthusiasm-larry-davids-fatwa-salman-rushdies-cameo-1049316/ | title=How 'Curb Your Enthusiasm' Kept Salman Rushdie's Fatwa Cameo a Secret | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=17 October 2017 | access-date=12 August 2022 | archive-date=26 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126104733/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/curb-your-enthusiasm-larry-davids-fatwa-salman-rushdies-cameo-1049316/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==''The Satanic Verses'' and the ''fatwā''{{anchor|Satanic Verses and the fatwā}}==
{{Further|Satanic Verses controversy{{!}}''Satanic Verses'' controversy}}

The publication of ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' by Viking Penguin in September 1988 caused immediate controversy in the [[Islamic world]] because of what was seen by some to be an irreverent depiction of [[Muhammad]]. The title refers to a disputed [[hadith|Muslim tradition]] that is referenced in the book. According to this tradition, Muhammad ([[Mahound]] in the book) added verses (''[[Ayah]]'') to the [[Qur'an]] accepting three Arabian pagan goddesses who were worshiped in [[Mecca]] as divine beings. According to the legend, Muhammad later revoked the verses, saying [[the devil]] tempted him to utter these lines to appease the Meccans (hence the "Satanic" verses). However, the narrator reveals to the reader that these disputed verses were actually from the mouth of the [[Gabriel|Archangel Gabriel]]. The [[banned books|book was banned]] in many countries with large Muslim communities (13 in total: Iran, India, Bangladesh, Sudan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Thailand, Tanzania, Indonesia, Singapore, Venezuela, and Pakistan).

In response to the protests, on 22 January 1989, Rushdie published a column in ''[[The Observer]]'' that called Muhammad "one of the great geniuses of world history," but noted that Islamic doctrine holds Muhammad to be human, and in no way perfect. He held that the novel is not "an anti-religious novel. It is, however, an attempt to write about migration, its stresses and transformations."<ref name=Observer>{{cite news|last1=Rushdie|first1=Salman|title=Choice between light and dark|work=[[The Observer]]|date=22 January 1989}}</ref>

On 14 February 1989—Valentine's Day, and also the day of his close friend [[Bruce Chatwin]]'s funeral—a ''[[fatwā]]'' ordering Rushdie's execution was proclaimed on Radio Tehran by [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeini]], the [[Supreme leader of Iran]] at the time, calling the book "[[blasphemy|blasphemous]] against Islam". Chapter IV of the book depicts the character of an [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Imam]] in exile who returns to incite revolt from the people of his country with no regard for their safety. According to Khomeini's son, his father never read the book.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=14 August 2022 |title=Ayatollah Khomeini Never Read Salman Rushdie's Book |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/ayatollah-khomeini-never-read-salman-rushdies-book |access-date=14 August 2022 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814200317/https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/ayatollah-khomeini-never-read-salman-rushdies-book |url-status=live }}</ref> A bounty was offered for Rushdie's death,<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/salman-rushdie-iranian-state-media-renew-fatwa-on-satanic-verses-author-with-600000-bounty-a6887141.html|title=Iranian state media has put a $600,000 bounty on Salman Rushdie's head|first=Samuel|last=Osborne|date=21 February 2016|website=The Independent|access-date=24 December 2018|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929090017/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/salman-rushdie-iranian-state-media-renew-fatwa-on-satanic-verses-author-with-600000-bounty-a6887141.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and he was thus forced to live under police protection for several years.<ref name="independent.co.uk"/> On 7 March 1989, the United Kingdom and [[Iran]] broke [[Iran – United Kingdom relations|diplomatic]] relations over the Rushdie controversy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/08/world/iran-breaks-off-relations-with-britian.html|title=Iran Breaks Off Relations With Britain|first1=Sheila|last1=Rule|newspaper=The New York Times|date=8 March 1989|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525113255/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/08/world/iran-breaks-off-relations-with-britian.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1989, ''[[The New York Times]]'' published "Words For Salman Rushdie": "28 distinguished writers born in 21 countries speak to him from their common land – the country of literature. For expressing their ideas publicly in the past many of these writers have suffered censorship, exile – forced or self-imposed – and imprisonment." [[Czeslaw Milosz]] wrote: "I have particular reasons to defend your rights, Mr. Rushdie. My books have been forbidden in many countries or have had whole passages censored out. I'm grateful to people who stood then by the principle of free expression, and I back you now in my turn." [[Ralph Ellison]]: "You deserve the full and passionate solidarity of any man of dignity, but I am afraid this is too little. This story of a man alone against worldwide intolerance, and of a book alone against the craziness of the media, can become the story of many others. The bell tolls for all of us." [[Umberto Eco]]: "Keep to your convictions. Try to protect yourself. A death sentence is a rather harsh review." [[Anita Desai]]: "Silence, exile and cunning, yes. And courage."<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 12, 1989 |title=Words for Salman Rushdie |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/rushdie-words.html?_r=1&oref=slogin |access-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404010037/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/rushdie-words.html?_r=1&oref=slogin |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Christopher Hitchens]] recalled: "When the ''Washington Post'' telephoned me on Valentine's Day 1989 to ask for my opinion about the Ayatollah Khomeini's ''fatwah'', I felt at once here was something that completely committed me. It was, if I can phrase it like this, a matter of everything I hated versus everything I loved. In the hate column: dictatorship, religion, stupidity, demagogy, censorship, bullying, and intimidation. In the love column: literature, irony, humour, the individual, and the defense of free expression. Plus, of course, friendship–although I'd like to think my response would have been the same even if I hadn't known Salman at all. To re-state the premise of the argument again: the theocratic head of a foreign despotism offers money in his own name in order to suborn the murder of a civilian of another country, for the offense of writing a work of fiction. No more root-and-branch challenge to the values of [[the Enlightenment]] (on the bicentennial of the fall of the Bastille), or to the [[First Amendment to the Constitution]], could be imagined."<ref>{{cite book| last=Hitchens| first=Christopher| title=[[Hitch-22]]| page=268}}</ref> Rushdie wrote: "I have often been asked if Christopher defended me because he was my close friend. The truth is that he became my close friend because he wanted to defend me...He and I found ourselves describing our ideas, without conferring, in almost identical terms. I began to understand that while I had not chosen the battle it was at least the right battle, because in it everything that I loved and valued (literature, freedom, irreverence, freedom, irreligion, freedom) was ranged against everything I detested (fanaticism, violence, bigotry, humorlessness, philistinism, and the new offense culture of the age). Then I read Christopher using exactly the same everything-he-loved-versus-everything-he-hated trope, and felt … understood."<ref>{{cite magazine| last=Rushdie| first=Salman| date=January 6, 2012| title=Salman Rushdie on the Wonder of Christopher Hitchens| magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)| Vanity Fair]]}}</ref>

In 1993, 100 writers and intellectuals from the Muslim world, including [[Adonis (poet)| Adonis]]; [[Mohammed Arkoun]], [[Mahmoud Darwish]], [[Amin Malouf]] and [[Edward Said]] expressed solidarity in the collection ''For Rushdie''. [[Naguib Mahfouz]] wrote: "The veritable terrorism of which he is a target is unjustifiable, indefensible. One idea can only be opposed by other ideas. Even if the punishment is carried out, the idea as well as the book will remain." [[Tahar Ben Jelloun]] wrote that the fatwa was "intolerable, inadmissible and has nothing to do with the tolerant Islam that I was taught" and threatened "the ability to create characters and develop them in the space and time chosen by the writer." [[Rabah Belamri]] wrote "A society that refuses to question itself, that denies artists and thinkers the right to raise doubts, that dares not laugh at itself, has no hope of prospering." The composer [[Ahmed Essyad]] wrote a piece of music dedicated "To Salman Rushdie, so that, as an artist, he can write what I disagree with." Rushdie expressed gratitude for "anthology of blows struck in the fight against obscurantism and fanaticism" by "the most gifted, the most learned, the most important voices of the Muslim and Arab world, gathered together to subject my work and the furor surrounding it to so brilliant, so many-sided, so judicious an examination."<ref>{{cite news| last=Ridding| first=Alan| title=Muslim Thinkers Rally for Rushdie| date=November 4, 1993| work=The New York Times| url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/rushdie-rally.html?scp=56&sq=edward%2520said&st=cse}}</ref>

When, on [[BBC Radio 4]], he was asked for a response to the threat, Rushdie said, "Frankly, I wish I had written a more critical book," and "I'm very sad that it should have happened. It's not true that this book is a blasphemy against Islam. I doubt very much that Khomeini or anyone else in Iran has read the book or more than selected extracts out of context."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1989/feb/15/salmanrushdie|title=Rushdie in hiding after Ayatollah's death threat|first=Peter|last=Murtagh|newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 February 1989|access-date=24 December 2018|via=www.theguardian.com|archive-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221045/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1989/feb/15/salmanrushdie|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, he wrote that he was "proud, then and always", of that statement; while he did not feel his book was especially critical of Islam, "a religion whose leaders behaved in this way could probably use a little criticism."<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Rushdie|first=Salman|title=The Disappeared|date=10 September 2012|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/09/17/120917fa_fact_rushdie|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |issue=17 September 2012|page= 50|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701140621/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/09/17/120917fa_fact_rushdie|url-status=live}}</ref>

The publication of the book and the ''fatwā'' sparked violence around the world, with bookstores firebombed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/29/satanic-verses-sowed-seeds-of-rift-grown-ever-wider|title=The Satanic Verses sowed the seeds of rifts that have grown ever wider – Kenan Malik|first=Kenan|last=Malik|newspaper=The Observer |date=29 September 2018|access-date=24 December 2018|via=www.theguardian.com|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203221040/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/29/satanic-verses-sowed-seeds-of-rift-grown-ever-wider|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim communities in several nations in the West held public rallies, [[Book burning|burning]] copies of the book.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/oct/07/satanic-verses-salman-rushdie-low-point|title=The Satanic Verses affair marked a low point for politicians – Letters|newspaper=The Observer |date=7 October 2018|access-date=24 December 2018|via=www.theguardian.com|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207084729/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/oct/07/satanic-verses-salman-rushdie-low-point|url-status=live}}</ref> Several people associated with translating or publishing the book were attacked, seriously injured, and even killed.{{efn|See [[Hitoshi Igarashi]], [[Ettore Capriolo]], [[William Nygaard]].}} Many more people died in riots in some countries. Despite the danger posed by the fatwā, Rushdie made a public appearance at London's [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] on 11 August 1993, during a [[Zoo TV Tour|concert by U2]]. In 2010, U2 bassist [[Adam Clayton]] recalled that "lead vocalist Bono had been calling Salman Rushdie from the stage every night on the Zoo TV tour. When we played Wembley, Salman showed up in person and the stadium erupted. You [could] tell from [drummer] Larry Mullen, Jr.'s face that we weren't expecting it. Salman was a regular visitor after that. He had a backstage pass and he used it as often as possible. For a man who was supposed to be in hiding, it was remarkably easy to see him around the place."<ref>{{cite news|title=Stairway to Devon − OK, Somerset!|work=Q|date=July 2010|page=101|author=U2|author-link=U2}}</ref>

On 24 September 1998, as a precondition to the restoration of diplomatic relations with the UK, the Iranian government, then headed by [[Mohammad Khatami]], gave a public commitment that it would "neither support nor hinder assassination operations on Rushdie."<ref name="Tomb">{{cite news|date=8 June 2005|title=Tomb of the unknown assassin reveals mission to kill Rushdie|first=Anthony|last= Loyd|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article531110.ece|work=The Times |location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601171205/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article531110.ece|archive-date=1 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/26/newsid_2542000/2542873.stm|publisher=BBC News: On This Day|title=26 December 1990: Iranian leader upholds Rushdie fatwa|access-date=10 October 2006|date=26 December 1990|archive-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407120528/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/26/newsid_2542000/2542873.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hardliners in Iran have continued to reaffirm the death sentence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meforum.org/article/1002|publisher=The Middle East Forum: Promoting American Interests|title=Can Iran Be Trusted?|last=Rubin|first=Michael|date=1 September 2006|access-date=10 October 2006|archive-date=26 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026203104/http://www.meforum.org/article/1002|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2005, Khomeini's ''fatwā'' was reaffirmed by Iran's current leader, [[Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]], in a message to Muslim pilgrims making the [[Hajj|annual pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]].<ref name="webster-bbc">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article414681.ece|work=The Times |title=Ayatollah revives the death fatwa on Salman Rushdie|last1=Webster|first1=Philip|author1-link=Philip Webster|last2=Hoyle|first2=Ben|last3=Navai|first3=Ramita|author3-link=Ramita Navai|date=20 January 2005|access-date=10 October 2006|location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303071409/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article414681.ece |archive-date=3 March 2007}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Revolutionary Guards]] declared that the death sentence on him is still valid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4260599.stm |work=BBC News |title=Iran adamant over Rushdie fatwa|date=12 February 2005|access-date=10 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206020617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4260599.stm|archive-date=6 February 2006}}</ref>

Rushdie has reported that he still receives a "sort of [[Valentine's Day|Valentine]]'s card" from Iran each year on 14 February letting him know the country has not forgotten the vow to kill him and has jokingly referred it as "[[My Funny Valentine|my unfunny Valentine]]".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/02/15/my-unfunny-valentine |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |title=My Unfunny Valentine |first=Salman |last=Rushdie |date=15 February 1999 |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801072423/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/02/15/my-unfunny-valentine |url-status=live }}</ref> He said, "It's reached the point where it's a piece of rhetoric rather than a real threat."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007021501382200.htm&date=2007/02/15/&prd=th&date=2007/02/15/&prd=th&|title=Rushdie's term|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 February 2007}}</ref> Despite the threats on Rushdie personally, he said that his family has never been threatened, and that his mother, who lived in Pakistan during the later years of her life, even received outpourings of support. Rushdie himself has been prevented from entering Pakistan, however.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.davidcronenberg.de/cr_rushd.htm |title=Cronenberg meets Rushdie: David Cronenberg and Salman Rushdie talk... |magazine=Shift Magazine|date=June–July 1995|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403045531/http://www.davidcronenberg.de/cr_rushd.htm |archive-date=3 April 2007 }}</ref>

A former bodyguard to Rushdie, Ron Evans, planned to publish a book recounting the behaviour of the author during the time he was in hiding. Evans said Rushdie tried to profit financially from the ''fatwa'' and was suicidal, but Rushdie dismissed the book as a "bunch of lies" and took legal action against Evans, his co-author and their publisher.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7538875.stm|title=Rushdie anger at policeman's book|publisher=BBC|date=2 August 2008|access-date=4 January 2010|archive-date=28 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428212041/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7538875.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> On 26 August 2008, Rushdie received an apology at the High Court in London from all three parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7581842.stm|title=Bodyguard apologises to Rushdie|publisher=BBC|date=26 August 2008|access-date=4 January 2010|archive-date=17 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217223134/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7581842.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> A memoir of his years of hiding, ''Joseph Anton'', was released on 18 September 2012; "Joseph Anton" was Rushdie's secret alias during the height of the controversy.<ref name="fatwa memoir">{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|date=12 April 2012|title=Salman Rushdie reveals details of fatwa memoir|first=Alison|last=Flood|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/12/salman-rushdie-reveals-fatwa-memoir|access-date=27 April 2012|location=London|archive-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226102636/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/12/salman-rushdie-reveals-fatwa-memoir|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 1997, [[Hassan Sane'i|Ayatollah Hasan Sane'i]], leader of the ''bonyad panzdah-e khordad'' (Fifteenth of Khordad Foundation),
reported that the blood money offered by the foundation for the assassination of Rushdie would be increased from $2 million to $2.5 million.<ref name=buchta>{{cite book|last=Buchta|first=Wilfried|title=Who rules Iran?|year=2000|publisher=The Washington Institute and The Konrad Adenauer|page=6|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/WhoRulesIran.pdf|access-date=11 November 2012|archive-date=24 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324173725/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/WhoRulesIran.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Then a semi-official religious foundation in Iran increased the reward it had offered for the killing of Rushdie from $2.8 million to $3.3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Iran adds to reward for Salman Rushdie's death|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/iran_adds_to_reward_for_salman_rushdie_saVWIyfViyXOr0vgnUEvRK|author=Post Staff Report|date=16 September 2012|access-date=16 September 2012|newspaper=The New York Post|archive-date=19 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919231842/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/iran_adds_to_reward_for_salman_rushdie_saVWIyfViyXOr0vgnUEvRK|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2015, former Indian minister [[P.Chidambaram|P. Chidambaram]] acknowledged that banning ''The Satanic Verses'' was wrong.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt's decision to ban Salman Rushdie's 'The Satanic Verses' was wrong, says P Chidambaram|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/govts-decison-to-ban-salman-rushdies-the-satanic-verses-was-wrong-says-p-chidambaram-2525306.html|date=28 November 2015|access-date=17 October 2016|newspaper=Firstpost|archive-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122073815/http://www.firstpost.com/india/govts-decison-to-ban-salman-rushdies-the-satanic-verses-was-wrong-says-p-chidambaram-2525306.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ban-on-salman-rushdies-book-by-rajiv-gandhi-govt-was-wrong-chidambaram/|title=Rajiv Gandhi govt's ban on Salman Rushdie's 'Satanic Verses' wrong: Chidambaram|date=29 November 2015|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019002419/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ban-on-salman-rushdies-book-by-rajiv-gandhi-govt-was-wrong-chidambaram/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1998, Iran's former president [[Mohammad Khatami]] proclaimed the fatwa "finished"; but it has never been officially lifted, and in fact has been reiterated several times by Ali Khamenei and other religious officials. Yet more money was added to the bounty in February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/22/salman-rushdie-iranian-media-raise-more-money-for-fatwa|title=Salman Rushdie: Iranian media raise more money for fatwa|first=Sian|last=Cain|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 February 2016|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=24 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224172450/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/22/salman-rushdie-iranian-media-raise-more-money-for-fatwa|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Failed assassination attempt (1989)===
On 3 August 1989, while Mustafa Mahmoud Mazeh was priming a book bomb loaded with [[RDX]] explosives in a hotel in [[Paddington]], Central London, the bomb exploded prematurely, destroying two floors of the hotel and killing Mazeh. A previously unknown Lebanese group, the Organization of the Mujahidin of Islam, said he died preparing an attack "on the [[apostasy in Islam|apostate]] Rushdie". There is a shrine in Tehran's [[Behesht-e Zahra]] cemetery for Mustafa Mahmoud Mazeh that says he was "Martyred in London, 3 August 1989. The first martyr to die on a mission to kill Salman Rushdie." Mazeh's mother was invited to relocate to Iran, and the Islamic World Movement of Martyrs' Commemoration built his shrine in the cemetery that holds thousands of Iranian soldiers slain in the [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref name="Tomb"/>

==== Hezbollah's comments (2006) ====
During the 2006 [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|''Jyllands-Posten'' Muhammad cartoons controversy]], [[Hezbollah]] leader [[Hassan Nasrallah]] declared that "If there had been a Muslim to carry out Imam Khomeini's ''fatwā'' against the renegade Salman Rushdie, this rabble who insult our Prophet Mohammed in Denmark, Norway and France would not have dared to do so. I am sure there are millions of Muslims who are ready to give their lives to defend our prophet's honour and we have to be ready to do anything for that."<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.natashatynes.com/newswire/2006/02/hezbollah_killi.html|date=2 February 2006|title=Hezbollah: Rushdie death would stop Prophet insults|agency=Agence France-Presse|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070807085216/http://www.natashatynes.com/newswire/2006/02/hezbollah_killi.html|archive-date= 7 August 2007|access-date=26 April 2012}}</ref>

===''International Guerillas'' (1990)===
In 1990, soon after the publication of ''The Satanic Verses'', a [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistani film]] entitled ''[[International Guerillas|International Gorillay]]'' (''International Guerillas'') was released that depicted Rushdie as a "James Bond-style villain" plotting to cause the downfall of Pakistan by opening a chain of casinos and discos in the country; he is ultimately killed at the end of the movie. The film was popular with Pakistani audiences, and it "presents Rushdie as a [[John Rambo|Rambo]]-like figure pursued by four Pakistani guerrillas".<ref name="Tamney">{{cite book|title=The Resilience of Conservative Religion: The Case of Popular, Conservative Protestant Congregations|first=Joseph Bernard |last=Tamney|publisher=The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge| location=Cambridge, UK|year=2002}}</ref> The [[British Board of Film Classification]] refused to allow it a certificate; "it was felt that the portrayal of Rushdie might qualify as criminal libel, causing a breach of the peace as opposed to merely tarnishing his reputation." This effectively prevented the release of the film in the UK. Two months later, however, Rushdie himself wrote to the board, saying that while he thought the film "a distorted, incompetent piece of trash", he would not sue if it were released. He later said, "If that film had been banned, it would have become the hottest video in town: everyone would have seen it". While the film was a great hit in Pakistan, it went virtually unnoticed elsewhere.<ref name="IGlibel">{{cite web|title=International Guerrillas and Criminal Libel|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/460938/index.html|website=Screenonline|access-date=7 February 2008|archive-date=7 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907202150/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/460938/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Al-Qaeda hit list (2010)===
In 2010,<ref>{{cite web|first=Scott|last= Stewart|date=22 July 2010|title=Fanning the Flames of Jihad|url=http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100721_fanning_flames_jihad|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706135755/http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100721_fanning_flames_jihad|archive-date=6 July 2013|work=Security Weekly|publisher=Stratfor|quote=Inspire also features a "hit list" that includes the names of people like Westergaard who were involved in the cartoon controversy as well as other targets such as Dutch politician Geert Wilders, who produced the controversial film Fitna in 2008}}</ref> [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] published an Al-Qaeda hit list in [[Inspire (magazine)|''Inspire'' magazine]], including Rushdie along with other figures claimed to have insulted Islam, including [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], cartoonist [[Lars Vilks]], and three ''Jyllands-Posten'' staff members: [[Kurt Westergaard]], [[Carsten Juste]], and [[Flemming Rose]].<ref name="thewire2013">{{cite web|first=Dashiell|last=Bennet|date=1 March 2013|title=Look Who's on Al Qaeda's Most-Wanted List|url=http://www.thewire.com/global/2013/03/al-qaeda-most-wanted-list/62673/|work=The Wire|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025952/http://www.thewire.com/global/2013/03/al-qaeda-most-wanted-list/62673/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Conal |last=Urquhart|title=Paris Police Say 12 Dead After Shooting at Charlie Hebdo|magazine=Time|url=http://time.com/3657246/paris-charlie-hebdo-shooting/|date=7 January 2015|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=22 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122052445/http://time.com/3657246/paris-charlie-hebdo-shooting/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Victoria|last= Ward|title=Murdered Charlie Hebdo cartoonist was on al Qaeda wanted list|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11330505/Murdered-Charlie-Hebdo-cartoonist-was-on-al-Qaeda-wanted-list.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11330505/Murdered-Charlie-Hebdo-cartoonist-was-on-al-Qaeda-wanted-list.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Telegraph|date=7 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The list was later expanded to include [[Charb|Stéphane "Charb" Charbonnier]], who was [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|murdered in a terror attack on ''Charlie Hebdo'']] in Paris, along with 11 other people. After the attack, Al-Qaeda called for more killings.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lucy Cormack|date=8 January 2015|title=Charlie Hebdo editor Stephane Charbonnier crossed off chilling al-Qaeda hitlist|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/charlie-hebdo-editor-stephane-charbonnier-crossed-off-chilling-alqaeda-hitlist-20150108-12k97z.html|work=The Age|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=11 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111014923/http://www.theage.com.au/world/charlie-hebdo-editor-stephane-charbonnier-crossed-off-chilling-alqaeda-hitlist-20150108-12k97z.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rushdie expressed his support for ''Charlie Hebdo'', saying "I stand with ''Charlie Hebdo'', as we all must, to defend the art of satire, which has always been a force for liberty and against tyranny, dishonesty and stupidity ... religious totalitarianism has caused a deadly mutation in the heart of Islam and we see the tragic consequences in Paris today."<ref>''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 7 January 2015. [http://time.com/3657541/charlie-hebdo-paris-terror-attack-salman-rushdie/ salman rushdie response] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115122910/http://time.com/3657541/charlie-hebdo-paris-terror-attack-salman-rushdie/ |date=15 January 2015 }}</ref> In response to the attack, Rushdie commented on what he perceived as [[victim-blaming]] in the media, stating: "You can dislike ''Charlie Hebdo''.... But the fact that you dislike them has nothing to do with their right to speak. The fact you dislike them certainly doesn't in any way excuse their murder."<ref>{{cite news|first=Wilson|last=Ring|date=15 January 2015|title=Salman Rushdie, threatened over book, defends free speech|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/cb016b953bac485cb55b7ac214cecc3a/salman-rushdie-threatened-over-book-defends-free-speech|agency=Associated Press|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=24 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124022443/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/cb016b953bac485cb55b7ac214cecc3a/salman-rushdie-threatened-over-book-defends-free-speech|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Jack|last=Thurston|date=15 January 2015|title=After Paris Attacks, Salman Rushdie Defends Absolute Right of Free Speech While in Vermont|url=http://www.necn.com/news/new-england/Salman-Rushdie-Defends-Absolute-Right-of-Free-Speech-in-Vermont-288620891.html|work=NECN|publisher=NBC Universal|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118190652/http://www.necn.com/news/new-england/Salman-Rushdie-Defends-Absolute-Right-of-Free-Speech-in-Vermont-288620891.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Jaipur Literature Festival (2012)===
{{main|Jaipur Literature Festival}}
Rushdie was due to appear at the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]] in January 2012 in [[Jaipur, Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/program-2011/speakers-2012/#o|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125234432/http://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/program-2011/speakers-2012|url-status=dead|title=2012 Speakers|archive-date=25 January 2012}}</ref> However, he later cancelled his event appearance, and a further tour of India at the time, citing a possible threat to his life as the primary reason.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-20/india/30646521_1_jaipur-literature-festival-salman-rushdie-satanic-verses|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121201171235/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-20/india/30646521_1_jaipur-literature-festival-salman-rushdie-satanic-verses|url-status= dead|archive-date= 1 December 2012|title=Salman Rushdie not to attend Jaipur Literature Festival|last=Singh|first= Akhilesh Kumar|date=20 January 2012|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16644782|title=Salman Rushdie pulls out of Jaipur literature festival|date=20 January 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=20 January 2012|archive-date=20 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120175134/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16644782|url-status=live}}</ref> Several days after, he indicated that state police agencies had lied, in order to keep him away, when they informed him that paid assassins were being sent to Jaipur to kill him. Police contended that they were afraid Rushdie would read from the banned ''The Satanic Verses'', and that the threat was real, considering imminent protests by Muslim organizations.<ref name=virtual_rushdie_unwelcome/>

Meanwhile, Indian authors [[Ruchir Joshi]], [[Jeet Thayil]], [[Hari Kunzru]] and [[Amitava Kumar]] abruptly left the festival, and Jaipur, after reading excerpts from Rushdie's banned novel at the festival. The four were urged to leave by organizers as there was a real possibility they would be arrested.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-23/jaipur/30655383_1_jaipur-literature-festival-hari-kunzru-organizers|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120205203714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-23/jaipur/30655383_1_jaipur-literature-festival-hari-kunzru-organizers|url-status= dead|archive-date= 5 February 2012|title= Salman Rushdie shadow on Jaipur Literature Festival: 4 authors who read from 'The Satanic Verses' sent packing|author1=Singh, Akhilesh Kumar |author2=Chowdhury, Shreya Roy |date=23 January 2012|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref>

A proposed video link session between Rushdie and the Jaipur Literature Festival was also cancelled at the last minute<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/books/rushdies-video-talk-is-canceled-at-india-literature-festival.html|title=Rushdie's Video Talk Is Canceled at India Literature Festival|last=Gill|first=Nikhila|date=24 January 2012|work=The New York Times|access-date=6 December 2014|archive-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214183749/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/books/rushdies-video-talk-is-canceled-at-india-literature-festival.html|url-status=live}}</ref> after the government pressured the festival to stop it.<ref name=virtual_rushdie_unwelcome>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-24/jaipur/30658450_1_rushdie-video-video-link-satanic-verses|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101750/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-24/jaipur/30658450_1_rushdie-video-video-link-satanic-verses|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 January 2013|title= Jaipur Literature Festival: Even a virtual Rushdie is unwelcome for Rajasthan govt|author= Singh, Akhilesh Kumar|date=24 January 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> Rushdie returned to India to address a conference in New Delhi on 16 March 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17349023|work=BBC News|title=Salman Rushdie to be a 'presence' at India conference|date=13 March 2012|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114170754/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17349023|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Chautauqua attack (2022)===
{{Main|Stabbing of Salman Rushdie}}
On 12 August 2022, while about to start a lecture at the [[Chautauqua Institution]] in [[Chautauqua, New York|Chautauqua]], New York, Rushdie was attacked by a man who rushed onto the stage and stabbed him repeatedly, including in the face, neck and abdomen.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Root |first1=Jay |last2=Gelles |first2=David |last3=Harris |first3=Elizabeth A. |last4=Jacobs |first4=Julia |date=12 August 2022 |title=Salman Rushdie on Ventilator Hours After Being Stabbed in Western New York |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/08/12/nyregion/salman-rushdie-stabbed-new-york |access-date=13 August 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812163021/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/08/12/nyregion/salman-rushdie-stabbed-new-york |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Hadi Matar? Everything we know about Salman Rushdie's alleged attacker {{!}} Fox News |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/hadi-matar-everything-we-know-salman-rushdies-alleged-attacker.amp |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=www.foxnews.com}}</ref> The attacker was pulled away before being taken into custody by a [[New York State Police|state trooper]]; Rushdie was airlifted to [[UPMC Hamot]], a tertiary trauma centre in [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], where he underwent surgery before being put on a ventilator.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kanishka |last2=Allen |first2=Jonathan |date=13 August 2022 |title=Salman Rushdie on ventilator after New York stabbing |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/author-salman-rushdie-attacked-stage-event-new-york-sky-news-2022-08-12/ |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812170728/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/author-salman-rushdie-attacked-stage-event-new-york-sky-news-2022-08-12/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Security measures at UPMC Hamot were increased due to the potential threat of further attempts on his life. This included 24-hour protection with a security officer outside his room and searches being performed upon entry into the hospital. The suspect was identified as 24-year-old [[Hadi Matar]] of [[Fairview, New Jersey]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Vargas|first=Ramon Antonio|date=12 August 2022|title=Police identify Salman Rushdie attack suspect as 24-year-old from New Jersey|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/12/salman-rushdie-attack-suspect-identified-hadi-matar|access-date=14 August 2022|work=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813012719/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/12/salman-rushdie-attack-suspect-identified-hadi-matar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Kanishka|last2=Allen|first2=Jonathan|date=12 August 2022|title=Salman Rushdie is stabbed in the neck at a New York lecture|language=en|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/author-salman-rushdie-attacked-stage-event-new-york-sky-news-2022-08-12/|url-status=live|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812170728/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/author-salman-rushdie-attacked-stage-event-new-york-sky-news-2022-08-12/|archive-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> Later in the day, Rushdie's agent, [[Andrew Wylie (literary agent)|Andrew Wylie]], confirmed that Rushdie had received stab injuries to the liver and hand, and that he might lose an eye.<ref>{{cite news |title=Salman Rushdie: Author on ventilator and unable to speak, agent says |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-62528689 |work=BBC News |date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813000655/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-62528689 |url-status=live }}</ref> A day later, Rushdie was taken off the ventilator and was able to speak.<ref name="AP Off Ventilator">{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/salman-rushdie-on-ventilator-after-new-york-stabbing-5ea54212d71b95569ed85df7b0fb5fea|title=Agent: Rushdie off ventilator and talking, day after attack|publisher=AP News|first1=Carolyn|last1=Thompson|first2=Hillel|last2=Italie|date=14 August 2022|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813205627/https://apnews.com/article/salman-rushdie-on-ventilator-after-new-york-stabbing-5ea54212d71b95569ed85df7b0fb5fea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2022 |title=Salman Rushdie is off ventilator and able to talk, agent says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/aug/14/salman-rushdie-is-off-ventilator-and-able-to-talk-agent-says |access-date=14 August 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814020814/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/aug/14/salman-rushdie-is-off-ventilator-and-able-to-talk-agent-says |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 23 October 2022, Wylie reported that Rushdie had lost sight in one eye and the use of one hand but survived the murder attempt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Altares |first=Guillermo |date=22 October 2022 |title=Andrew Wylie, 'The Jackal' of books: 'Amazon is like ISIS; it takes no prisoners' |url=https://english.elpais.com/culture/2022-10-22/andrew-wylie-the-jackal-of-books-amazon-is-like-isis-it-takes-no-prisoners.html |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=EL PAÍS English Edition |language=en-us |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023235335/https://english.elpais.com/culture/2022-10-22/andrew-wylie-the-jackal-of-books-amazon-is-like-isis-it-takes-no-prisoners.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jones 2022">{{cite news | last=Jones | first=Sam | title=Salman Rushdie has lost sight in one eye and use of one hand, says agent | newspaper=The Guardian | date=23 October 2022 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/23/salman-rushdie-has-lost-sight-in-one-eye-and-use-of-one-hand-says-agent | access-date=23 October 2022 | archive-date=18 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618060655/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/23/salman-rushdie-has-lost-sight-in-one-eye-and-use-of-one-hand-says-agent | url-status=live }}</ref> Rushdie's memoir about the attack, ''[[Knife: Meditations After an Attempted Murder]]'', was published in April 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wagner |first=Erica |date=2024-04-15 |title=Review: Salman Rushdie’s memoir is horrific, upsetting – and a masterpiece |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/non-fiction/knife-review-salman-rushdie-new-book-horrific-masterpiece/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> It hit number one in the Sunday Times Bestsellers List in the General hardbacks category.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=The Sunday |date=2024-04-28 |title=The Sunday Times Bestsellers List — the UK’s definitive book chart |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sunday-times-bestsellers-list-book-sales-chart-fnxjm0bnl |access-date=2024-04-28 |language=en |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> In the memoir, Rushdie engages in fictional conversations with the assailant, who is referred to as 'A.'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sathian |first=Sanjena |date=2024-04-16 |title=Salman Rushdie Did Not Want to Write This Book |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/salman-rushdie-knife-book-review.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Vulture |language=en}}</ref>

The jury selection for the trial was originally scheduled to begin on 8 January 2024. However, Matar's lawyer successfully petitioned to delay the trial, arguing that they are entitled to see the memoir and any related materials before Matar stands trial, as the documents constitute evidence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Creamer |first=Ella |date=2024-01-04 |title=Trial of Salman Rushdie’s attacker postponed because of author’s memoir |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/jan/04/trial-of-salman-rushdies-attacker-postponed-because-of-authors-memoir |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Awards, honours, and recognition==
Salman Rushdie has received many plaudits for his writings, including the European Union's [[Aristeion Prize]] for Literature, the [[Premio Grinzane Cavour]] (Italy), and the Writer of the Year Award in Germany, and many of literature's highest honours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/One_more_bouquet_for_Saleem_Sinai/articleshow/3254751.cms|title=One more bouquet for Saleem Sinai|first=Nina|last=Martyris|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 July 2008|access-date=7 November 2008|archive-date=12 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235447/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/One_more_bouquet_for_Saleem_Sinai/articleshow/3254751.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Awards and honours include:
* [[Austrian State Prize for European Literature]] (1993)<ref>{{cite web|title=Salman Rushdie: Kennedy Center|url=https://www.kennedy-center.org/artists/r/ro-rz/salman-rushdie/|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116183904/https://www.kennedy-center.org/artists/r/ro-rz/salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Booker Prize]] (1981)<ref>{{cite web|title=Salman Rushdie: The Booker Prizes|date=19 June 1947|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/salman-rushdie|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=6 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906052716/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/salman-rushdie|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Liège, Belgium]] (1999)<ref>{{YouTube |lr_Rku7tl7Q |Salman Rushdie}}</ref>
*[[Golden PEN Award]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Pen Award|url=http://www.englishpen.org/prizes/golden-pen-award-for-a-lifetimes-distinguished-service-to-literature|access-date=3 December 2012|publisher=[[English PEN]]|archive-date=21 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121020544/http://www.englishpen.org/prizes/golden-pen-award-for-a-lifetimes-distinguished-service-to-literature/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award]] (2014)<ref name="politiken">{{cite news|date=12 June 2013|title=Salman Rushdie får dansk litteraturpris på halv million|language=da|trans-title=Salman Rushdie receives the Danish literature prize of a half-million|newspaper=[[Politiken]]|url=http://politiken.dk/kultur/boger/ECE1995354/salman-rushdie-faar-dansk-litteraturpris-paa-halv-million/|access-date=12 June 2013|archive-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616035140/http://politiken.dk/kultur/boger/ECE1995354/salman-rushdie-faar-dansk-litteraturpris-paa-halv-million/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from [[Indiana University]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web|title=University Honors & Awards, Indiana University website|url=https://honorsandawards.iu.edu/awards/honoree/8433.html#:~:text=In%202018%2C%20Indiana%20University%20awarded,Humanities%20Festival%20held%20in%20Bloomington.|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813190249/https://honorsandawards.iu.edu/awards/honoree/8433.html#:~:text=In%202018%2C%20Indiana%20University%20awarded,Humanities%20Festival%20held%20in%20Bloomington.|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Honorary Doctor of Letters from [[Emory University]] (2015)<ref>{{cite news|first=Janel|last=Davis|author-link=Janel Davis|date=16 February 2015|title=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution: Author Salman Rushdie to deliver Emory commencement May 11|newspaper=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/local-education/author-salman-rushdie-deliver-emory-commencement-may/OSUMu2jL6xJw0A4wSb84WK/|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812163630/https://www.ajc.com/news/local-education/author-salman-rushdie-deliver-emory-commencement-may/OSUMu2jL6xJw0A4wSb84WK/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[James Joyce Award]] from [[University College Dublin]] (2008)<ref>{{cite news|title=Salman Rushdie honoured at UCD, The Irish Times website|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/salmon-rushdie-honoured-at-ucd-1.829881|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011165930/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/salmon-rushdie-honoured-at-ucd-1.829881|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Outstanding Lifetime Achievement in Cultural Humanism from [[Harvard University]] (2007)<ref>{{cite web|first=Greg|last=Epstein|author-link=Greg Epstein|date=20 April 2007|title=HNN #18: Salman Rushdie & Cultural Humanism|url=http://thehumanist.com/multimedia/podcast/hnn-18-salman-rushdie-cultural-humanism|access-date=9 October 2015|publisher=[[American Humanist Association]] and the Humanist Chaplaincy of Harvard University|archive-date=22 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922021132/http://thehumanist.com/multimedia/podcast/hnn-18-salman-rushdie-cultural-humanism|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[PEN Pinter Prize]] (UK)<ref>{{cite web|date=19 June 2014|title=Salman Rushdie awarded the 2014 PEN/Pinter Prize|website=[[English PEN]]|url=http://www.englishpen.org/salman-rushdie-awarded-the-2014-pen-pinter-prize/|access-date=19 June 2014|archive-date=23 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623151659/http://www.englishpen.org/salman-rushdie-awarded-the-2014-pen-pinter-prize/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[St. Louis Literary Award]] from the [[Saint Louis University]] Library Associates<ref>{{cite web|title=Saint Louis Literary Award – Saint Louis University|url=http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html|access-date=24 December 2018|website=www.slu.edu|archive-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823003924/http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Swiss Freethinkers Award 2019<ref>{{cite web|title=Salman Rushdie and Barbara Miller to receive Swiss Freethinker Award 2019|url=https://free-thought.ch/news/2019-11-07/salman-rushdie-and-barbara-miller-receive-swiss-freethinker-award-2019|access-date=18 November 2019|website=free-thought.ch|date=7 November 2019 |language=en|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112152233/https://free-thought.ch/news/2019-11-07/salman-rushdie-and-barbara-miller-receive-swiss-freethinker-award-2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Knighthood===
{{main|Salman Rushdie knighthood controversy}}
Rushdie was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] for services to literature in the [[2007 Birthday Honours|Queen's Birthday Honours]] on 16 June 2007. He remarked: "I am thrilled and humbled to receive this great honour, and am very grateful that my work has been recognised in this way."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6756149.stm |work=BBC News |title=15 June 2007 Rushdie knighted in honours list |access-date=16 June 2007 |date=15 June 2007 |archive-date=23 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823004356/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6756149.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to his knighthood, many nations with Muslim majorities protested. Parliamentarians of several of these countries condemned the action, and Iran and Pakistan called in their British envoys to protest formally. Controversial condemnation issued by Pakistan's Religious Affairs Minister [[Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq]] was in turn rebuffed by former Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2193993/Salman-Rushdie-is-knighted-by-the-Queen.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2193993/Salman-Rushdie-is-knighted-by-the-Queen.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Salman Rushdie is knighted by the Queen|last=Pierce|first=Andrew|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=23 May 2017|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Several called publicly for his death. Some non-Muslims expressed disappointment at Rushdie's knighthood, claiming that the writer did not merit such an honour and there were several other writers who deserved the knighthood more than Rushdie.<ref>"Sir Rubbish: Does Rushdie Deserve a Knighthood", ''Times Higher Education Supplement'', 20 June 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/20/world/asia/20iht-rushdie.1.6228425.html|title=Protests spread to Malaysia over knighthood for Salman Rushdie|date=20 June 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 May 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=22 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622074115/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/20/world/asia/20iht-rushdie.1.6228425.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Al-Qaeda]] condemned the Rushdie honour. The group's then-leader, [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], was quoted as saying in an audio recording that the UK's award for Rushdie was "an insult to Islam", and it was planning "a very precise response."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6289110.stm |work=BBC News |title=10 July 2007 Al-Qaeda condemns Rushdie honour |access-date=10 July 2007 |date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828020137/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6289110.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

When asked if the knighthood was an insult to Muslims, [[Christopher Hitchens]] answered “''Midnight’s Children'' did not just win the Booker, and Salman did not just later win the Booker of Bookers, ''Midnight’s Children'' won the main literary award in Iran, people tend to forget. When the fatwa was issued against him by a senile theocratic dictator who had run his own country into beggary and bankruptcy and misery, every Arab and Muslim writer worthy of the name, all signed, and wrote in a book for Salman, we identify our cause with you, and your struggle with free expression in our culture. If you say that Muslims are being offended by this, and you lump them all together, you immediately grant that they are in fact represented by the most extreme, homicidal, fanatical, illiterate, intolerant people who not only haven’t read this book, but couldn’t read it. And that’s an insult to Islam!”<ref>{{cite web| title=When Christopher Hitchens Vigilantly Defended Salman Rushdie After the Fatwah: "It Was a Matter of Everything I Loved"| website=Open Culture| url=https://www.openculture.com/2022/08/when-christopher-hitchens-vigilantly-defended-salman-rushdie-after-the-fatwah-it-was-a-matter-of-everything-i-hated-versus-everything-i-loved.html#google_vignette}}</ref>

Rushdie was appointed a Member of the [[Order of the Companions of Honour]] (CH) in the [[2022 Birthday Honours]] for services to literature.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=63714|supp=y|page=B6|date=1 June 2022}}</ref>

==Religious and political beliefs==
===Religious background===
Rushdie came from a [[liberal Muslim]] family,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/salman-rushdie-39245|title=Salman Rushdie|website=Biography.com|language=en-us|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044134/https://www.biography.com/people/salman-rushdie-39245|url-status=live}}</ref> but he is an [[atheist]]. In a 2006 interview with [[PBS]], Rushdie called himself a "hardline atheist".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/moyers/faithandreason/print/faithandreason101_print.html|title=Bill Moyers on Faith & Reason – Bill Moyers and Salman Rushdie|date=23 June 2006|website=[[PBS]]|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-date=13 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013154432/https://www.pbs.org/moyers/faithandreason/print/faithandreason101_print.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1989, in an interview following the ''fatwa'', Rushdie said that he was in a sense a lapsed Muslim, though "shaped by Muslim culture more than any other," and a student of Islam.<ref name = Meer/> In another interview the same year, he said, "My point of view is that of a secular human being. I do not believe in supernatural entities, whether Christian, Jewish, Muslim or Hindu."<ref>{{cite news|title=Fact, faith and fiction|work=[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]|date=2 March 1989|page=11}}</ref>

In December 1990, Rushdie issued a statement reaffirming his Muslim faith, distancing himself from statements made by characters in ''Satanic Verses'' that cast aspersion on Islam or Prophet Mohammad, and opposing the release of the paperback editing of the novel.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hedges |first1=Chris |title=Rushdie Seeks to Mend His Rift With Islam |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/25/books/rushdie-seeks-to-mend-his-rift-with-islam.html |access-date=26 June 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=25 December 1990 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626213338/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/25/books/rushdie-seeks-to-mend-his-rift-with-islam.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, in 1992, he cited the release of the statement as perhaps his lowest point, regretting its language, which he said he had not written.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamen |first1=Al |title=In 1992, Salman Rushdie wasn't sure he'd ever be safe |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2022/08/15/salman-rushdie-in-hiding/ |access-date=26 June 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815194136/https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2022/08/15/salman-rushdie-in-hiding/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rushdie advocates the application of [[higher criticism]], pioneered during the late 19th century. In a guest opinion piece printed in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and ''[[The Times]]'' in mid-August 2005, Rushdie called for a reform in Islam.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,1072-1729998,00.html "Muslims unite! A new Reformation will bring your faith into the modern era"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112015156/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,1072-1729998,00.html |date=12 January 2008 }}, ''The Times'', 11 August 2005.</ref>

{{blockquote|What is needed is a move beyond tradition, nothing less than a reform movement to bring the core concepts of Islam into the modern age, a Muslim Reformation to combat not only the jihadist ideologues but also the dusty, stifling seminaries of the traditionalists, throwing open the windows to let in much-needed fresh air. ... It is high time, for starters, that Muslims were able to study the revelation of their religion as an event inside history, not supernaturally above it. ... Broad-mindedness is related to tolerance; open-mindedness is the sibling of peace.|author=Salman Rushdie|source="Muslims unite! A new Reformation will bring your faith into the modern era"}}

Rushdie is a critic of moral and [[cultural relativism]]. In an interview with [[Point of Inquiry]] in 2006, he described his view as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=Salman Rushdie – Secular Values, Human Rights and Islamism|url=http://www.pointofinquiry.org/salman_rushdie_secular_values_human_rights_and_islamism/|access-date=11 October 2006|publisher=Point of Inquiry|archive-date=12 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112091143/http://www.pointofinquiry.org/salman_rushdie_secular_values_human_rights_and_islamism|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote|We need all of us, whatever our background, to constantly examine the stories inside which and with which we live. We all live in stories, so called grand narratives. Nation is a story. Family is a story. Religion is a story. Community is a story. We all live within and with these narratives. And it seems to me that a definition of any living vibrant society is that you constantly question those stories. That you constantly argue about the stories. In fact the arguing never stops. The argument itself is freedom. It's not that you come to a conclusion about it. And through that argument you change your mind sometimes.… And that's how societies grow. When you can't retell for yourself the stories of your life then you live in a prison.… Somebody else controls the story.… Now it seems to me that we have to say that a problem in contemporary Islam is the inability to re-examine the ground narrative of the religion.… The fact that in Islam it is very difficult to do this, makes it difficult to think new thoughts.|author=|title=|source=}}

Rushdie is an advocate of [[religious satire]]. He condemned the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] and defended comedic criticism of religions in a comment originally posted on [[English PEN]] where he called religions a medieval form of unreason. Rushdie called the attack a consequence of "religious totalitarianism", which according to him had caused "a deadly mutation in the heart of Islam". He said:<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/07/salman-rushdie-charlie-hebdo_n_6430904.html|title= Salman Rushdie Responds To Charlie Hebdo Attack, Says Religion Must Be Subject To Satire|first= Maddie|last= Crum|work= [[Huffington Post]]|date= 7 January 2015|access-date= 20 June 2015|archive-date= 21 April 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150421111119/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/07/salman-rushdie-charlie-hebdo_n_6430904.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Religion, a medieval form of unreason, when combined with modern weaponry becomes a real threat to our freedoms. This religious totalitarianism has caused a deadly mutation in the heart of Islam and we see the tragic consequences in Paris today. I stand with Charlie Hebdo, as we all must, to defend the art of satire, which has always been a force for liberty and against tyranny, dishonesty and stupidity. 'Respect for religion' has become a code phrase meaning 'fear of religion.' Religions, like all other ideas, deserve criticism, satire, and, yes, our fearless disrespect.}}

When asked about reading and writing as a human right, Rushdie states: "...there are the larger stories, the grand narratives that we live in, which are things like nation, and family, and clan, and so on. Those stories are considered to be treated reverentially. They need to be part of the way in which we conduct the discourse of our lives and to prevent people from doing something very damaging to human nature."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pen.org/press-clip/the-art-of-bravery-an-interview-with-salman-rushdie/|title=The Art of Bravery: An Interview with Salman Rushdie|work=Los Angeles Review of Books|via=PEN America|date=25 April 2013|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501180708/https://pen.org/press-clip/the-art-of-bravery-an-interview-with-salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref> Though Rushdie believes the freedoms of literature to be universal, the bulk of his fictions portrays the struggles of the marginally underrepresented. This can be seen in his portrayal of the role of women in his novel ''[[Shame (Rushdie novel)|Shame]]''. In this novel, Rushdie, "suggests that it is women who suffer most from the injustices of the Pakistani social order."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deszcz |first1=Justyna |title=Salman Rushdie's attempt at a feminist fairytale reconfiguration in ''Shame'' |journal=Folklore |date=April 2004 |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=27–44 |id={{ProQuest|2152779627}} |doi=10.1080/0015587042000192510 |s2cid=145667781 }}</ref> His support of feminism can also be seen in a 2015 interview with ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine's ''[[The Cut (website)|The Cut]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2015/11/15-famous-men-whether-theyre-feminists.html|title=15 Male Celebrities Answer 'Are You a Feminist?'|author=The Cut|work=The Cut|date=17 November 2015 |access-date=7 December 2015|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706152328/https://www.thecut.com/2015/11/15-famous-men-whether-theyre-feminists.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Political background===
[[File:Paul Auster, Salman Rushdie and Shimon Peres.jpg|thumb|[[Paul Auster]] and Rushdie greeting Israeli President [[Shimon Peres]] with [[Caro Llewellyn]] in 2008.]]

====UK politics====

In 2006, Rushdie stated that he supported comments by [[Jack Straw]], then-[[Leader of the House of Commons]] from Labour, who [[United Kingdom debate over veils|criticized the wearing]] of the [[niqab]] (a veil that covers all of the face except the eyes). Rushdie stated that his three sisters would never wear the veil. He said, "I think the battle against the veil has been a long and continuing battle against the limitation of women, so in that sense I'm completely on Straw's side."<ref>{{cite web|last=Wagner|first=Thomas|date=10 October 2006|title=Blair, Rushdie support former British foreign secretary who ignited veil debate|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20061010-0539-britain-veildispute.html|access-date=10 October 2006|publisher=SignOnSanDiego.com|archive-date=17 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417014236/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20061010-0539-britain-veildispute.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====US politics====
[[File:Bernie Sanders and Salman Rushdie.jpg|thumb|left|Rushdie and [[Bernie Sanders]] in 2004]]
Rushdie supported the [[1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], leading historian [[Tariq Ali]] to label Rushdie part of what he considered to be "warrior writers" as "the belligerati".<ref>[[Michael Mandel (law professor)|Mandel, Michael]]. 2004. ''How America Gets Away With Murder''. [[Pluto Press]]. p. 60.</ref> He was supportive of the US-led campaign to remove the [[Taliban]] in Afghanistan, which began in 2001 but was a vocal critic of the 2003 [[war in Iraq]]. He stated that while there was a "case to be made for the removal of [[Saddam Hussein]]", US [[unilateral]] military intervention was unjustifiable.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/09/iraq.usa |title=Letters, Salman Rushdie: No fondness for the Pentagon's politics | World news |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=13 March 2010 |location=London |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831182058/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/09/iraq.usa |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Terry Eagleton]], a former admirer of Rushdie's work and [[Marxist literary critic]], criticized him, saying he "cheered on [[the Pentagon]]'s criminal ventures in Iraq and Afghanistan."<ref>{{cite web|title=The ageing punk of lit crit still knows how to spit – Times Online|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article2603984.ece|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512090519/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article2603984.ece|archive-date=12 May 2008|access-date=30 July 2008}}</ref> Eagleton subsequently apologized for having misrepresented Rushdie's views.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Terry Eagleton|author2=Michael Kustow|author3=Matthew Wright|author4=Neil Morris|date=12 July 2007|title=Letters: Writers challenging so-called civilisation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/jul/12/comment.letters|access-date=20 June 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|publisher=[[Scott Trust Limited]]|archive-date=21 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621032429/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/jul/12/comment.letters|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rushdie supported the election of [[Barack Obama]] for the US presidency and has often criticized the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. He was involved in the [[Occupy Movement]], both as a presence at [[Occupy Boston]] and as a founding member of Occupy Writers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OccupyWriters.com|url=http://occupywriters.com/|access-date=14 August 2022|website=occupywriters.com|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814195835/http://occupywriters.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rushdie is a supporter of [[gun control]], blaming [[2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting|a shooting at a Colorado cinema]] in July 2012 on the [[American right to keep and bear arms]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=21 July 2012|title=Salman Rushdie stirs up frenzy with tweets in response to Colorado multiplex shooting | New York Daily News|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/pageviews/2012/07/salman-rushdie-stirs-up-frenzy-with-tweets-in-response-to-colorado-multiplex-shoot|journal=Daily News|location=New York|access-date=11 November 2012|archive-date=4 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904120946/http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/pageviews/2012/07/salman-rushdie-stirs-up-frenzy-with-tweets-in-response-to-colorado-multiplex-shoot|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Cheney|first=Alexandra|date=20 July 2012|title=Salman Rushdie Sparks Furor With Colorado Theater Shooting Tweets – Speakeasy|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/07/20/salman-rushdie-sparks-furor-with-colorado-shooting-tweets/|journal=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=11 November 2012|archive-date=17 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017022642/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/07/20/salman-rushdie-sparks-furor-with-colorado-shooting-tweets/|url-status=live}}</ref> He acquired [[American citizenship]] in 2016 and voted for [[Hillary Clinton]] in [[2016 United States presidential election|that year's election]].<ref>{{cite news|date=8 September 2017|title=Salman Rushdie Plays the Trump Card|first=Sarah |last=Begley|magazine=Time|url=http://time.com/magazine/south-pacific/4941231/september-25th-2017-vol-190-no-12-asia-south-pacific/|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226153207/http://time.com/magazine/south-pacific/4941231/september-25th-2017-vol-190-no-12-asia-south-pacific/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 February 2017|title=Salman Rushdie's new book features a 'narcissistic, media-savvy villain' with colored hair|first=Thu-Huong|last= Ha|work=Quartz|url=https://qz.com/905928/salman-rushdies-new-book-the-golden-house-features-a-narcissistic-media-savvy-villain-with-colored-hair/|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065820/https://qz.com/905928/salman-rushdies-new-book-the-golden-house-features-a-narcissistic-media-savvy-villain-with-colored-hair/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Noting the rise of "populist authoritarian demagoguery" around the world, Rushdie said there was "a willingness amongst at least some part of the [US] population to cease to value the democratic values enshrined in the [[first amendment]]. So I think the problem is, I would now say, political more than primarily religious".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gabbatt |first=Adam |date=2023-09-14 |title='We're facing another old enemy': Rushdie warns against global authoritarianism |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/13/were-facing-another-old-enemy-rushdie-warns-against-global-authoritarianism |access-date=2023-10-29 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029120914/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/13/were-facing-another-old-enemy-rushdie-warns-against-global-authoritarianism |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Against religious extremism====
In the wake of the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|''Jyllands-Posten'' Muhammad cartoons controversy]] in March 2006 Rushdie signed the manifesto ''Together Facing the New Totalitarianism'', a statement warning of the dangers of [[religious extremism]]. The Manifesto was published in the left-leaning French weekly ''[[Charlie Hebdo]]'' in March 2006.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 March 2006|title=Writers issue cartoon row warning|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4763520.stm|access-date=19 February 2014|archive-date=31 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131004236/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4763520.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> When [[Amnesty International]] suspended human rights activist [[Gita Sahgal]] for saying to the press that she thought the organization should distance itself from [[Moazzam Begg]] and his organization, Rushdie said:<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article7034773.ece Salman Rushdie's statement on Amnesty International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601171433/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article7034773.ece |date=1 June 2010 }}, ''The Sunday Times'', 21 February 2010</ref> <blockquote>Amnesty…has done its reputation incalculable damage by allying itself with Moazzam Begg and his group [[Cageprisoners]], and holding them up as human rights advocates. It looks very much as if Amnesty's leadership is suffering from a kind of [[moral bankruptcy]], and has lost the ability to distinguish right from wrong. It has greatly compounded its error by suspending the redoubtable Gita Sahgal for the crime of going public with her concerns. Gita Sahgal is a woman of immense integrity and distinction. ... It is people like Gita Sahgal who are the true voices of the human rights movement; Amnesty and Begg have revealed, by their statements and actions, that they deserve our contempt.</blockquote>

In July 2020, Rushdie was one of the 153 signers of the "Harper's Letter", also known as "[[A Letter on Justice and Open Debate]]", that expressed concern that "the free exchange of information and ideas, the lifeblood of a liberal society, is daily becoming more constricted."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2020 |title=A Letter on Justice and Open Debate {{!}} Harper's Magazine |url=https://harpers.org/a-letter-on-justice-and-open-debate/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=Harper’s Magazine |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521055003/https://harpers.org/a-letter-on-justice-and-open-debate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2023, Rushdie expressed his "horror" at both [[Hamas]]' [[2023 Hamas attack on Israel|attack on Israel]] and [[Israel]]'s [[2023 Israel–Hamas war|retaliation]] in the [[Gaza Strip]] and called for a "cessation in hostilities".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231020-rushdie-says-filled-with-foreboding-at-israel-hamas-war |title=Rushdie urges end to fighting between Israel and Hamas |date=20 October 2023 |agency=France 24 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030021616/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231020-rushdie-says-filled-with-foreboding-at-israel-hamas-war |url-status=live }}</ref>

====South Asian politics and Kashmir====
Rushdie has been critical of Pakistan's former Prime Minister [[Imran Khan]] after Khan took personal jabs at him in a 2012 interview. Khan had called Rushdie "unbalanced", saying he has the "mindset of a small man", claiming they had "never met" and he would never "want to meet him ever", despite the two being spotted together in public numerous times.<ref>{{cite news |author-link=Leo Hickman |first=Leo|last=Hickman|date=26 March 2012 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/shortcuts/2012/mar/26/salman-rushdie-imran-khan |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004191404/https://www.theguardian.com/books/shortcuts/2012/mar/26/salman-rushdie-imran-khan |archive-date=4 October 2013 |title=Salman Rushdie v Imran Khan: it's war |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |language=en }}</ref>

Rushdie has expressed his preference for India over Pakistan on numerous occasions in writing and on live television interviews. In one such interview in 2003, Rushdie claimed "Pakistan sucks" after being asked about why he felt more like an outsider there than in India or England. He cited India's diversity, openness, and "richness of life experience" as his preference over Pakistan's "airlessness", resulting from a lack of personal freedom, widespread public corruption, and inter-ethnic tension.<ref>{{cite AV media |work=Biermann69 |date=27 December 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMlARal_oEc |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308094352/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMlARal_oEc |archive-date=8 March 2022 |title=Salman Rushdie on Pakistan Sucks! |via=YouTube |language=en }}</ref>

In Indian politics, Rushdie has criticized the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and its chairperson, the incumbent Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="bodeill">{{cite news |title=A Narendra Modi victory would bode ill for India, say Rushdie and Kapoor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/10/indian-artists-letter-guardian-worry-election |first=Jason |last=Burke |date=10 April 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=Delhi |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710071016/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/10/indian-artists-letter-guardian-worry-election |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/nov/14/rushdie-atwood-restore-citizenship-critic-modi|title=Rushdie and Atwood join calls to restore citizenship to critic of Modi|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=14 November 2019|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=23 December 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222120949/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/nov/14/rushdie-atwood-restore-citizenship-critic-modi|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a 2006 interview about his novel ''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'', Rushdie laments the [[Kashmir conflict|division of Kashmir]] into zones of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Indian]] and [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistani administration]] as having cut his family down the middle.<ref name=Qantara>{{cite web|title=Interview with Salman Rushdie: Kashmir, Paradise Lost|first=Lewis|last=Gropp|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-salman-rushdie-kashmir-paradise-lost|date=12 October 2009|access-date=4 April 2020|website=Qantara.de – Dialogue with the Islamic World|language=en|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617112637/https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-salman-rushdie-kashmir-paradise-lost|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2019, he criticized the [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]], tweeting: "Even from seven thousand miles away it's clear that what's happening in Kashmir is an atrocity. Not much to celebrate this August 15th."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/salmanrushdie/status/1162021115805491200?lang=en|title=Even from seven thousand miles away it's clear that what's happening in Kashmir is an atrocity. Not much to celebrate this August 15th.|last=Rushdie|first=Salman|date=15 August 2019|website=@salmanrushdie|language=en|access-date=4 April 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308154152/https://twitter.com/salmanrushdie/status/1162021115805491200?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> He has previously referred to [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|crackdowns in Indian-administered Kashmir]] as pretexts for the rise of [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|jihadism in the region]]:<ref name=Qantara /><blockquote>The phrase of "crackdown" that the Indian army uses really is a euphemism of mass destruction. And [[Rape during the Kashmir conflict|rape]]. And brutalisation. That happens all the time. It's still happening now. ... The decision to treat all Kashmiris as if they're potential terrorists is what has unleashed this, the kind of "holocaust" against the Kashmiri people. And we know ourselves, from most recent events in Europe, how important it is to resist treating all Muslims as if they're terrorists, but the Indian army has taken the decision to do the opposite of that, to actually decide that everybody is a potential combatant to treat them in that way. And the level of brutality is quite spectacular. And, frankly, without that the jihadists would have had very little response from the Kashmiri people who were not really traditionally interested in radical Islam. So now they're caught between the devil and the deep blue sea, and that's the tragedy of the place. ... And really what I was trying to do was say exactly that the attraction of the jihad in Kashmir arose out of the activities of the Indian army. ... </blockquote>

===Personal life===
Rushdie has been married five times and has two children; his first four marriages ended in divorce. He was first married to Clarissa Luard,<ref>Descended from the gentry family LUARD, formerly of Byborough. See Burke's Landed Gentry 18th edn. vol. 1 (1965), p. 465, col. 2.</ref> literature officer of the [[Arts Council England|Arts Council of England]],<ref>{{cite journal|first=Susheila|last=Nasta|author-link=Susheila Nasta|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02690050008589686?journalCode=rwas20|title=Clarissa Luard 1948–1999|journal=[[Wasafiri]]|date=18 July 2008|volume=15|issue=31|page=59|doi=10.1080/02690050008589686|s2cid=162777055|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813100624/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02690050008589686?journalCode=rwas20|url-status=live}}</ref> from 1976 to 1987. The couple had a son, Zafar, born in 1979,<ref>Free BMD website. Birth registered Q3 1979 Camden.</ref> who is married to the London-based jazz singer [[Natalie Rushdie|Natalie Coyle]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kim |first=Leena |date=1 November 2016 |title=Zafar Rushdie and Natalie Coyle Marry in His Father Salman's Adopted City |url=http://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/weddings/a8188/zafar-rushdie-natalie-coyle-wedding/ |magazine=Town & Country |location=New York |publisher=Hearst Communications |access-date=3 October 2017 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004043934/http://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/weddings/a8188/zafar-rushdie-natalie-coyle-wedding/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He left Clarissa Luard in the mid-1980s for the Australian writer [[Robyn Davidson]], to whom he was introduced by their mutual friend [[Bruce Chatwin]].<ref>Bruce Chatwin, letter to Ninette Dutton, 1 November 1984, in ''Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin'', ed. Elizabeth Chatwin and [[Nicholas Shakespeare]], p. 395</ref> Rushdie and Davidson never married, and they had split up by the time his divorce from Clarissa came through in 1987. Rushdie's second wife was the American novelist [[Marianne Wiggins]]; they were married in 1988 and divorced in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grove |first=Lloyd |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/03/07/rushdie-wiggins-uncommon-bond/46de9f08-5873-4d44-8aae-6704d7725361/ |title=Rushdie Wiggins' Uncommon Bond |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=7 March 1989 |accessdate=12 August 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812180441/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/03/07/rushdie-wiggins-uncommon-bond/46de9f08-5873-4d44-8aae-6704d7725361/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-03-mn-271-story.html|title=Rushdie Granted Divorce From American Wife|date=3 March 1993|website=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=12 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812180434/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-03-mn-271-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His third wife, from 1997 to 2004, was British editor and author Elizabeth West;<ref>{{cite news|first=Ellissa|last=Bain|url=https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2022/08/13/who-is-salman-rushdies-wife-inside-his-four-marriages/|title=Who is Salman Rushdie's wife? Inside his four marriages|work=[[HITC]]|date=13 August 2022|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813090443/https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2022/08/13/who-is-salman-rushdies-wife-inside-his-four-marriages/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.macmillan.com/author/elizabethwest|title=Elizabeth West|work=[[Macmillan Publishers|usmacmillan.com]]|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204014640/https://us.macmillan.com/author/elizabethwest|url-status=live}}</ref> they have a son, Milan, born in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/you-saw-an-illusion-and-you-destroyed-your-family-for-it-20120917-2612h.html |title='You saw an illusion and you destroyed your family for it.' |first=Salman|last=Rushdie|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=22 September 2012 |access-date=12 August 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812180433/https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/you-saw-an-illusion-and-you-destroyed-your-family-for-it-20120917-2612h.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2004, very shortly after his third divorce, Rushdie married [[Padma Lakshmi]], an Indian-born actress, model, and host of the American reality-television show ''[[Top Chef]]''. Rushdie stated that Lakshmi had asked for a divorce in January 2007,<ref>{{cite news|last=Anthony|first=Andrew|title=The Bookers' favourite|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/apr/06/classics.salmanrushdie|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 April 2008|access-date=4 September 2022|quote=By this he means the end of his marriage. In January of 2007, Lakshmi asked for a divorce.|archive-date=5 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905013629/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/apr/06/classics.salmanrushdie|url-status=live}}</ref> and later that year, in July, the couple filed it.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=ed1a664d-9538-487b-9f0b-9bc4b4e5330c |first=Julie|last= Keller| date= 3 July 2007 | newspaper = [[E!]] | title= Rushdie, ''Top Chef'' Wife Skewer Marriage | archive-date= 30 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190150/http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=ed1a664d-9538-487b-9f0b-9bc4b4e5330c}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Atad|first=Corey|title=Padma Lakshmi Is 'Relieved' That Ex-Husband Salman Rushdie Is Recovering After Stabbing Attack|url=https://etcanada.com/news/920393/padma-lakshmi-is-relieved-that-ex-husband-salman-rushdie-is-recovering-after-stabbing-attack/|date=14 August 2022|access-date=4 September 2022|website=ET Canada|quote=They filed for divorce in 2007.|archive-date=5 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905013632/https://etcanada.com/news/920393/padma-lakshmi-is-relieved-that-ex-husband-salman-rushdie-is-recovering-after-stabbing-attack/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2021, Rushdie married American poet and novelist [[Rachel Eliza Griffiths]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/02/13/salman-rushdie-recovery-victory-city|title=The Defiance of Salman Rusdhie|magazine=The New Yorker|first=David|last=Remnick|date=6 February 2023|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206112814/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/02/13/salman-rushdie-recovery-victory-city|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999, Rushdie had an operation to correct [[ptosis (eyelid)|ptosis]], a problem with the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that causes drooping of the upper eyelid. According to Rushdie, it made it increasingly difficult for him to open his eyes. He said: "If I hadn't had an operation, in a couple of years from now I wouldn't have been able to open my eyes at all."<ref>"[http://www.cnn.com/books/news/9904/15/rushdie/ "Rushdie: New book out from under shadow of fatwa"], CNN, 15 April 1999. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528051847/http://www.cnn.com/books/news/9904/15/rushdie/ |date=28 May 2010 }} Retrieved 21 April 2007.</ref>

Since 2000, Rushdie has lived in the United States, mostly near [[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]] in [[Lower Manhattan]], New York City.<ref>Holson, Laura M., [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/fashion/salman-rushdie-out-of-exile-is-a-fixture-on-the-social-scene.html "From Exile to Everywhere"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821160323/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/fashion/salman-rushdie-out-of-exile-is-a-fixture-on-the-social-scene.html |date=21 August 2012}}, ''The New York Times'', 23 March 2012 (online), 25 March 2012 (print). Retrieved 26 March 2012.</ref> He is a fan of the English [[Association football|football]] club [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Collie|first1=Ashley|title=Shakespeare's Hotspur Would Be Proud to See His Namesake Tottenham Hotspur Leading Another British Invasion of America|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ashley-jude-collie/shakespeares-hotspur-woul_b_7836846.html|access-date=5 September 2017|website=HuffingtonPost.com|date=21 July 2015|publisher=HPMG News|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919030034/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ashley-jude-collie/shakespeares-hotspur-woul_b_7836846.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He has been a holder of the [[Person of Indian Origin Card]], which grants certain rights to people of the Indian diaspora short of full citizenship.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Salman Rushdie row: 'Those having objection to PIO should move court' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/salman-rushdie-row-those-having-objection-to-pio-should-move-court/articleshow/11448670.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826040334/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/salman-rushdie-row-those-having-objection-to-pio-should-move-court/articleshow/11448670.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-08-26 |access-date=2021-03-26 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Novels===
*''[[Grimus]]'' (1975)
*''[[Midnight's Children]]'' (1981)
*''[[Shame (Rushdie novel)|Shame]]'' (1983)
*''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' (1988)
*''[[The Moor's Last Sigh]]'' (1995)
*''[[The Ground Beneath Her Feet]]'' (1999)
*''[[Fury (Rushdie novel)|Fury]]'' (2001)
*''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'' (2005)
*''[[The Enchantress of Florence]]'' (2008)
*''[[Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights]]'' (2015)
* ''[[The Golden House (novel)|The Golden House]]'' (2017)<ref>''[http://www.vowelor.com/book/the-golden-house-salman-rushdie-review/ "The Golden House"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509085622/http://www.vowelor.com/book/the-golden-house-salman-rushdie-review/ |date=9 May 2017 }}'' by Salman Rushdie, ''Random House''.</ref>
* ''[[Quichotte (novel)|Quichotte]]'' (2019)<ref>''[https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/612467/quichotte-by-salman-rushdie/9780593132982/ "Quichotte"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725145920/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/612467/quichotte-by-salman-rushdie/9780593132982/ |date=25 July 2019 }}'' by Salman Rushdie, ''Penguin Random House''.</ref>
* ''[[Victory City (novel)|Victory City]]'' (2023)<ref>{{cite news|date=27 July 2022|title=New Rushdie Novel 'Victory City' To Be Published In February 2023|url=https://www.bertelsmann.com/news-and-media/news/new-rushdie-novel-victory-city-to-be-published-in-february-2023.jsp|work=[[Bertelsmann]]|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219231523/https://www.bertelsmann.com/news-and-media/news/new-rushdie-novel-victory-city-to-be-published-in-february-2023.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Review: {{Cite web |last=Gruber |first=Fiona |date=8 February 2023 |title=Salman Rushdie's new novel is a tale of power, exile and steely defiance |url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/salman-rushdie-s-new-novel-is-a-tale-of-power-exile-and-steely-defiance-20230206-p5ci6z.html |access-date=5 March 2023 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305000650/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/salman-rushdie-s-new-novel-is-a-tale-of-power-exile-and-steely-defiance-20230206-p5ci6z.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Collections===
*''[[East, West]]'' (1994)
*''Mirrorwork: 50 Years of Indian Writing 1947–1997'' (1997, Editor, with Elizabeth West)
*''[[The Best American Short Stories]]'' (2008, Guest Editor)

===Children's books===
*''[[Haroun and the Sea of Stories]]'' (1990)<ref>{{cite web|title=Haroun and the Sea of Stories by Salman Rushdie|url=https://www.purplepencilproject.com/book-review-haroun-and-the-sea-of-stories/|date=5 January 2017|website=Purple Pencil Project|language=en-US|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607140235/https://www.purplepencilproject.com/book-review-haroun-and-the-sea-of-stories/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Luka and the Fire of Life]]'' (2010)

===Essays and nonfiction===
*''In Good Faith'', [[Granta Books]] (1990)
*''[[Imaginary Homelands|Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism, 1981–1991]]'' (1992)
*''The Wizard of Oz: BFI Film Classics'', [[British Film Institute]] (1992)
*''Mohandas Gandhi'', ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' (13 April 1998)<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988159,00.html|first=Salman|last=Rushdie|title=Mohandas Gandhi|date=13 April 1998|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516042424/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988159,00.html |archive-date=16 May 2007}}</ref>
*''Imagine There Is No Heaven'' (Extract from ''Letters to the Six Billionth World Citizen'', published in English by Uitgeverij Podium, Amsterdam)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/oct/16/salmanrushdie |title=Imagine There Is No Heaven (extract) |first=Salman |last=Rushdie |date=16 October 1999 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url-access=limited |access-date=5 September 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419080715/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/oct/16/salmanrushdie |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Step Across This Line: Collected Nonfiction 1992–2002'' (2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/158940/step-across-this-line-by-salman-rushdie/|title=Step Across This Line by Salman Rushdie|website=[[Penguin Random House]]|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818120935/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/158940/step-across-this-line-by-salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[The East Is Blue]]'' (2004)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/porn-is-vital-to-freedom-says-rushdie-mz9ffjjgv3m|title=Porn is vital to freedom, says Rushdie|first=Sarah|last=Baxter|author2=Richard Brooks|newspaper=The Times|date=8 August 2004|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813154512/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/porn-is-vital-to-freedom-says-rushdie-mz9ffjjgv3m|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"A fine pickle", ''The Guardian'' (28 February 2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/feb/28/salman-rushdie-novels-film-adaptations|title=A fine pickle {{!}} Salman Rushdie on celluloid adaptations of novels|first=Salman|last=Rushdie|date=28 February 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|url-access=limited|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905100310/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/feb/28/salman-rushdie-novels-film-adaptations|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''In the South'', ''[[Booktrack]]'' (7 February 2012)
*''[[Languages of Truth|Languages of Truth: Essays 2003–2020]]'' (2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/616882/languages-of-truth-by-salman-rushdie/|title=Languages of Truth by Salman Rushdie|website=[[Penguin Random House]]|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100922/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/616882/languages-of-truth-by-salman-rushdie/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Memoirs===
*''[[The Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey]]'' (1987)
*''[[Joseph Anton: A Memoir]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Knife: Meditations After an Attempted Murder]]'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wagner |first=Erica |date=2024-04-15 |title=Review: Salman Rushdie’s memoir is horrific, upsetting – and a masterpiece |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/non-fiction/knife-review-salman-rushdie-new-book-horrific-masterpiece/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [[Blasphemy]]
* ''[[The Butterfly Hunter]]''
* [[Criticism of Islam]]
* [[Censorship in South Asia]]
* [[Hysterical realism]]
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area]]
* [[List of fatwas]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[PEN International]]
* [[Postmodern literature]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q44306|q=Salman Rushdie|c=Category:Salman Rushdie|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* {{official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{British council|salman-rushdie}}
* [http://sf-encyclopedia.uk/fe.php?nm=rushdie_salman Salman Rushdie] at ''[[The Encyclopedia of Fantasy]]''
* [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/rushdie_salman Salman Rushdie] at ''[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]]''
* {{C-SPAN}}
* {{New York Times topic}}
* [https://rose.library.emory.edu/ Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library], Emory University: [http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8zv36 Salman Rushdie papers, 1947–2012]

{{Salman Rushdie}}
{{Booker Prize}}
{{Austrian State Prize for European Literature}}
{{Iran–United Kingdom relations}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Freedom of speech|India|Islam|Literature|United Kingdom|United States}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Survivors of terrorist attacks]]

Toots Barger

2024-01-19T08:41:29Z

Tom dl: Fix typo

{{Short description|American duckpin bowling champion}}
{{Infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL}}

'''Elizabeth "Toots" Barger''' (March 30, 1913 – September 28, 1998) was a [[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]] [[duckpin bowling]] champion.

She was born '''Mary Elizabeth Ryan''' in [[Hamilton Hills, Baltimore|Hamilton, Maryland]] and graduated from [[Eastern High School (Maryland)|Eastern High School]] in 1931. She was dubbed "Tootsie" by her aunt, which she later shortened to the nickname "Toots".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Rasmussen|first=Frederick N.|title=Elizabeth 'Toots' Barger, 'Queen of Duckpins,' dies / Legendary Md. bowler held all the records|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1998-09-29-1998272066-story.html |website=Baltimore Sun |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305173407/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1998-09-29-1998272066-story.html |archive-date=March 5, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> She married Ernest Barger, a plumber, and they had two children.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Thomas|first=Robert McG. Jr.|date=1998-10-02|title=Toots Barger, 85, the Queen Of Duckpins' Wobbly World|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/02/sports/toots-barger-85-the-queen-of-duckpins-wobbly-world.html|access-date=2022-02-02|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Barger began duckpin bowling in 1939, when she played in her cousin's duckpin league in Baltimore. Popularly thought to have been invented in Baltimore in 1900, the sport of duckpin bowling reached the height of its popularity in the 1940s and 1950s. The ''[[The Baltimore Sun|Baltimore Evening Sun]]'' newspaper sponsored an annual tournament from 1925 to 1968, which was often broadcast on local television. Barger won that tournament 12 times in 22 years, including six consecutive wins from 1946 to 1951. She was ranked the number one duckpin bowler by the National Duckpin Bowling Congress thirteen times during her career. She also was a three time winner of the U.S. Classic and a seven time winner of the Dixie Classic. Hailed as "Queen of Duckpins", Barger was a local celebrity. She and her husband owned the Libertytown Bowling Alley, where Barger gave bowling lessons. Barger retired from the sport in 1961 and stopped bowling entirely in 1995 after two knee replacements.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Levy|first=Claudia|date=1998-09-30|title=ELIZABETH BARGER, DUCKPIN BOWLING CHAMPION, DIES AT 85|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1998/09/30/elizabeth-barger-duckpin-bowling-champion-dies-at-85/c834df3e-58d2-4400-b1ae-6c10fd111171/|access-date=2022-02-02|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="BaltimoreSports_2016">{{cite book|last1=Karten|first1=Stacy|url=https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/wordpressua.uark.edu/dist/3/246/files/2017/01/Nathan_ch10.pdf|title=Baltimore Sports / Stories From Charm City|date=2016|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|editor1-last=Nathan|editor1-first=Daniel A.|pages=129–140|chapter=10 / Toots Barger / Queen of Duckpins|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511173046/https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/wordpressua.uark.edu/dist/3/246/files/2017/01/Nathan_ch10.pdf|archive-date=May 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Barger was inducted into the Duckpin Bowling Hall of Fame, [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|Anne Arundel County]] Sports Hall of Fame, and was the second woman inducted into the [[Maryland State Athletic Hall of Fame]] in 1961. She donated a number of items to the [[National Museum of American History|Smithsonian National Museum of American History]], including a bowling ball engraved with her nickname Toots.<ref name=":2"/> In 1999, ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' published lists of the greatest athletes in every sport of all time from each US state, including Barger on Maryland's list at number 50.<ref name="BaltimoreSports_2016" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 50 Greatest Sports Figures From Maryland|url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1999/12/27/the-50-greatest-sports-figures-from-maryland|access-date=2022-02-03|website=[[Sports Illustrated]]|language=en-us|publication-date=December 27, 1999}}</ref>

In 1992, she led an unsuccessful campaign to make duckpin bowling the [[List of U.S. state sports|official state sport]] of Maryland.<ref name=":0" />

She died of cancer at a retirement home in [[Frederick, Maryland]] in 1998.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barger, Toots}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:American duckpin bowling players]]
[[Category:People from Baltimore]]

The Ashes

2023-08-01T14:55:43Z

Tom dl: /* England */ Correct number of games played at English grounds

{{Short description|International cricket series}}
{{about|the Ashes in men's cricket|the women's equivalent|The Women's Ashes|other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = The Ashes
| image = Ashes Urn.jpg
| caption = [[The Ashes urn]], made of [[terracotta]] and about 10.5
cm (4") tall, is reputed to contain the ashes of a burnt [[Bail (cricket)|cricket bail]].
| country = {{cr|AUS}} {{cr|ENG}}
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[Test cricket]]
| first = [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]] ([[Australia]])
| last = [[2023 Ashes series|2023]] ([[England]])
| next = [[2025–26 Ashes series|2025–26]] ([[Australia]])
| tournament format = 5-match series
| participants = 2
| trophyholder = {{cr|AUS}} (Series drawn) (2023)
| most successful = {{cr|AUS}} (34 series wins, six retentions)
| most runs = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Donald Bradman]] (5,028)
| most wickets = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Shane Warne]] (195)
| current = [[2023 Ashes series]]
}}
'''The Ashes''' is a [[Test cricket]] series played between [[England national cricket team|England]] and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. The term originated in a satirical [[obituary]] published in a British newspaper, ''[[The Sporting Times]]'', immediately after Australia's [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Australia win in England 1882|1882 victory]] at [[The Oval]], its first Test win on English soil. The obituary stated that English cricket had died, and that "the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia".<ref>{{cite book | author=Wendy Lewis | author-link=Wendy Lewis | author2=Simon Balderstone | author3=John Bowan | name-list-style=amp | title=Events That Shaped Australia | page=75 | publisher=New Holland | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-74110-492-9 }}</ref> The mythical ashes immediately became associated with the [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Bligh reclaims the Ashes 1882/3|1882–83 series played in Australia]], before which the English captain [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] had vowed to "regain those ashes". The English media therefore dubbed the tour ''the quest to regain the Ashes''.

After England had won two of the three Tests on the tour, a small urn was presented to Bligh by a group of [[Melbourne]] women including [[Florence Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Florence Morphy]], whom Bligh married within a year.<ref name=events>{{Cite news |date=20 February 1884 |title=Summary of Events |newspaper=The Illustrated Australian News |location=Melbourne |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63185850 |page=18}}</ref> The contents of the urn are reputed to be the ashes of a wooden [[bail (cricket)|bail]], and were humorously described as "the ashes of Australian cricket".<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 1908 |title=Cricket |newspaper=The Mercury |location=Hobart |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12673335 |page=8}}</ref> It is not clear whether that "tiny silver urn" is the same as the small terracotta urn given to the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] by Bligh's widow after his death in 1927.

[[The Ashes urn|The urn]] has never been the official trophy of the Ashes series, having been a personal gift to Bligh.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ashes History|url=http://www.lords.org/history/mcc-history/the-ashes|publisher=Lords|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009142619/https://www.lords.org/history/mcc-history/the-ashes/|archive-date=9 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, [[replica]]s of the urn are often held aloft by victorious teams as a symbol of their victory in an Ashes series. Since the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1998–99|1998–99 Ashes series]], a [[Waterford Crystal]] representation of the Ashes urn (called the Ashes Trophy) has been presented to the winners of an Ashes series as the official trophy of that series. Irrespective of which side holds the tournament, the original urn remains in the MCC Museum at [[Lord's]]; it has, however, been taken to Australia to be put on touring display on two occasions: as part of the [[Australian Bicentenary]] celebrations in 1988 and to accompany the [[English cricket team in Australia in 2006–07|Ashes series in 2006–07]].

An Ashes series traditionally consists of five Tests, hosted in turn by England and Australia at least once every two years. The Ashes are regarded as being held by the team that most recently won the series. If the series is drawn, the team that currently holds the Ashes "retains" the trophy.

There have been [[List of Ashes series|73 Ashes series]]. Australia have won 34 and retained six times from draws (40); England have won 32 and retained once (33).

==1882 origins==
{{main|Australian cricket team in England in 1882}}
[[File:Ranji 1897 page 143 F. R. Spofforth, the demon bowler.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fred Spofforth]], "The Demon Bowler", was instrumental in Australia's 1882 victory over England with 14 wickets for 90.]]
The first [[Test cricket|Test match]] between England and Australia was played in [[Melbourne]], Australia, [[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77|in 1877]], though the Ashes legend started later, after the ninth Test, played in 1882. On their [[Australian cricket team in England and the United States in 1882|tour of England]] that year the Australians played just one Test, at [[the Oval]] in London. It was a low-scoring affair on a difficult [[Cricket pitch|wicket]].<ref>Fred Spofforth, however, contended that, the fourth innings aside, it played perfectly well.</ref> Australia made a mere 63 runs in their first [[innings]], and England, led by [[A. N. Hornby]], took a 38-run lead with a total of 101. In their second innings, Australia, boosted by a spectacular 55 runs off 60 deliveries from [[Hugh Massie]], managed 122, which left England only 85 runs to win. The Australians were greatly demoralised by the manner of their second-innings collapse, but fast bowler [[Fred Spofforth]], spurred on by the [[gamesmanship]] of his opponents, in particular [[W. G. Grace]], refused to give in. "This thing can be done," he declared. Spofforth went on to devastate the English batting, taking his final four wickets for only two runs to leave England just eight runs short of victory.

When [[Ted Peate]], England's last batsman, came to the crease, his side needed just ten runs to win, but Peate managed only two before he was bowled by [[Harry Boyle (cricketer)|Harry Boyle]]. An astonished Oval crowd fell silent, struggling to believe that England could possibly have lost on home soil. When it finally sank in, the crowd swarmed onto the field, cheering loudly and chairing Boyle and Spofforth to the pavilion.

When Peate returned to the pavilion he was reprimanded by his captain for not allowing his partner, [[Charles Studd]] (one of the best batsmen in England, having already hit two centuries that season against the colonists), to get the runs. Peate humorously replied, "I had no confidence in Mr Studd, sir, so thought I had better do my best."<ref>
{{cite news
|first=Jack
|last=Worrall
|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83580262
|title=A Great Bowlers' Victory
|page=11
|newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|Daily News]]
|location=Perth, WA |date=23 August 1930
|access-date=25 August 2013
}}
</ref>

The momentous defeat was widely recorded in the British press, which praised the Australians for their plentiful "pluck" and berated the Englishmen for their lack thereof. A celebrated poem appeared in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' on Saturday, 9 September. The first verse, quoted most frequently, reads:

<blockquote>
<poem>
Well done, [[wikt:cornstalk|Cornstalks]]! Whipt us
Fair and square,
Was it luck that tript us?
Was it scare?
Kangaroo Land's 'Demon', or our own
Want of 'devil', coolness, nerve, backbone?
</poem></blockquote>

On 31 August, in the [[C. W. Alcock|Charles Alcock]]-edited magazine ''Cricket: A Weekly Record of The Game'', there appeared a mock obituary:

{{poemquote|
SACRED TO THE MEMORY
OF
ENGLAND'S SUPREMACY IN THE
CRICKET-FIELD
WHICH EXPIRED
ON THE 29TH DAY OF AUGUST, AT THE OVAL
"ITS END WAS PEATE"
}}

[[File:DeathofEnglishCricket.jpg|thumb|The death notice that appeared in ''[[The Sporting Times]]'']]
On 2 September a more celebrated mock obituary, written by [[Reginald Shirley Brooks]], appeared in ''[[The Sporting Times]]''. It read:

{{poemquote|
In Affectionate Remembrance
of
ENGLISH CRICKET,
which died at the Oval
on
29 August 1882,
Deeply lamented by a large circle of sorrowing
friends and acquaintances

R.I.P.

N.B.—The body will be cremated and the
ashes taken to Australia.
}}

[[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] promised that on [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83 tour of Australia]], he would, as England's captain, "recover those Ashes". He spoke of them several times over the course of the tour, and the Australian media quickly caught on. The three-match series resulted in a two-one win to England, notwithstanding a fourth match, won by the Australians, whose status remains a matter of ardent dispute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilton |first=Christopher |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123232899 |title=The birth of the Ashes : the amazing story of the first Ashes test |date=2006 |publisher=Renniks Publications |isbn=978-0-9752245-4-0 |location=Banksmeadow, N.S.W. |oclc=123232899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930079935 |title=Wisden on the Ashes : the authoritative story of cricket's greatest rivalry : updated to include the 2015 series |date=2015 |others=Steven Lynch |isbn=978-1-4729-1353-1 |edition= |location=London |oclc=930079935}}</ref>

In the 20 years following Bligh's campaign the term "the Ashes" largely disappeared from public use. There is no indication that this was the accepted name for the series, at least not in England. The term became popular again in Australia first, when [[George Giffen]], in his memoirs (''With Bat and Ball'', 1899), used the term as if it were well known.<ref>Gibson, A., ''Cricket Captains of England'', p. 26.</ref>

The true and global revitalisation of interest in the concept dates from 1903, when [[Plum Warner|Pelham Warner]] took a team to Australia with the promise that he would regain "the ashes". As had been the case on Bligh's tour 20 years before, the Australian media latched fervently onto the term and, this time, it stuck. Having fulfilled his promise, Warner published a book entitled ''How We Recovered the Ashes''. Although the origins of the term are not referred to in the text, the title served (along with the general hype created in Australia) to revive public interest in the legend. The first mention of "the Ashes" in ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' occurs in 1905, while ''Wisden'''s first account of the legend is in the 1922 edition.

==Urn==
{{Main|The Ashes urn}}
[[File:Ashes Urn 1921.jpg|right|thumb|The earliest published photo of [[the Ashes urn]], from ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'', 1921]]
[[File:Rupertswood mansion side angle shot.jpg|thumb|[[Rupertswood]] outside Melbourne, where the urn was presented to Bligh]]
It took many years before the contests between England and Australia were consistently called "The Ashes", and so there was no concept of either a trophy or a physical representation of the ashes. As late as 1925, the following verse appeared in ''The Cricketers Annual'':

<blockquote>
<poem>
So here's to Chapman, Hendren and Hobbs,
Gilligan, Woolley and Hearne
May they bring back to the Motherland,
The ashes which have no urn!
</poem></blockquote>

Nevertheless, several attempts had been made to embody the Ashes in a physical memorial. Examples include one presented to Warner in 1904, another to Australian captain M. A. Noble in 1909, and another to Australian captain W. M. Woodfull in 1934.

The oldest, and the one to enjoy enduring fame, was the one presented to Bligh, later Lord Darnley, during the 1882–83 tour. The precise nature of the origin of [[The Ashes urn|this urn]] is a matter of dispute. Based on a statement by Darnley in 1894, it was believed that a group of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victorian]] ladies, including Darnley's later wife [[Florence Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Florence Morphy]], made the presentation after the victory in the Third Test in 1883. More recent researchers, in particular Ronald Willis<ref>{{Cite book| first=Ronald | last=Willis | title=Cricket's Biggest Mystery: The Ashes | year=1982 | isbn=0-7270-1768-3}}</ref> and Joy Munns<ref>{{Cite book| first=Joy | last=Munns | title=Beyond Reasonable Doubt: The birthplace of the Ashes | year=1994 | isbn=0-646-22153-1}}</ref> have studied the tour in detail and concluded that the presentation was made after a private cricket match played over Christmas 1882 when the English team were guests of [[Sir William John Clarke|Sir William Clarke]], at his property "[[Rupertswood]]", in [[Sunbury, Victoria]]. This was before the matches had started. The prime evidence for this theory was provided by a descendant of Clarke.

In August 1926 Ivo Bligh (now Lord Darnley) displayed the Ashes urn at the ''[[Morning Post]]'' Decorative Art Exhibition held in the Central Hall, Westminster. He made the following statement about how he was given the urn:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58247421?searchTerm=darnley%20cricket%20ashes&searchLimits= |title=Sunday Times (Perth) 15 August 1926 page 9S. Online Reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=15 August 1926 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|When in the autumn the English Eleven went to Australia it was said that they had come to Australia to "fetch" the ashes. England won two out of the three matches played against Murdoch's Australian Eleven, and after the third match some Melbourne ladies put some ashes into a small urn and gave them to me as captain of the English Eleven.}}

A more detailed account of how the Ashes were given to Ivo Bligh was outlined by his wife, the Countess of Darnley, in 1930 during a speech at a cricket luncheon. Her speech was reported by the ''Times'' as follows:<ref>The Times (London), 27 June 1930. page 7.</ref>

{{Blockquote|In 1882, she said, it was first spoken of when the Sporting Times, after the Australians had thoroughly beaten the English at the Oval, wrote an obituary in affectionate memory of English cricket "whose demise was deeply lamented and the body would be cremated and taken to Australia". Her husband, then Ivo Bligh, took a team to Australia in the following year. Punch had a poem containing the words "When Ivo comes back with the urn" and when Ivo Bligh wiped out the defeat Lady Clarke, wife of Sir W. J. Clarke, who entertained the English so lavishly, found a little wooden urn, burnt a bail, put the ashes in the urn, and wrapping it in a red velvet bag, put it into her husband's (Ivo Bligh's) hands. He had always regarded it as a great treasure.}}

There is another statement which is not totally clear made by Lord Darnley in 1921 about the timing of the presentation of the urn. He was interviewed in his home at Cobham Hall by [[Montague Grover]] and the report of this interview was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66512851?searchTerm=%22cobham%20hall%22%20urn&searchLimits=l-decade=192 |title=Geraldton Guardian 15 February 1921, page 1. Online reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=15 February 1921 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|This urn was presented to Lord Darnley by some ladies of Melbourne after the final defeat of his team, and before he returned with the members to England.}}

He made a similar statement in 1926. The report of this statement in the ''Brisbane Courier'' was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21053463?searchTerm=darnley%20ashes%20urn&searchLimits=l-decade=192|title=Brisbane Courier, 9 June 1926, page 7. Online reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=9 June 1926 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The proudest possession of Lord Darnley is an earthenware urn containing the ashes which were presented to him by Melbourne residents when he captained the Englishmen in 1882. Though the team did not win, the urn containing the ashes was sent to him just before leaving Melbourne.}}

The contents of the urn are also problematic; they were variously reported to be the remains of a stump, bail or the outer casing of a ball, but in 1998 Darnley's 82-year-old daughter-in-law said they were the remains of her mother-in-law's veil, casting a further layer of doubt on the matter. However, during the tour of Australia in 2006/7, the MCC official accompanying the urn said the veil legend had been discounted, and it was now "95% certain" that the urn contains the ashes of a cricket bail. Speaking on Channel Nine TV on 25 November 2006, he said x-rays of the urn had shown the pedestal and handles were cracked, and repair work had to be carried out. The urn is made of [[terracotta]] and is about {{convert|6|in|mm}} tall and may originally have been a perfume jar.

[[File:Ashes song.jpg|thumb|The full version of the song from the ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'', the fourth verse of which is pasted onto the urn]]
A label containing a six-line verse is pasted on the urn. This is the fourth verse of a song-lyric published in the ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'' on 1 February 1883:

<blockquote>
<poem>
When [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo]] goes back with the urn, the urn;
[[Studd brothers|Studds]], [[A G Steel|Steel]], [[Walter Read|Read]] and [[Edward Tylecote|Tylecote]] return, return;
The [[wikt:make the welkin ring|welkin]] will ring loud,
The great crowd will feel proud,
Seeing [[Dick Barlow|Barlow]] and [[Billy Bates|Bates]] with the urn, the urn;
And the rest coming home with the urn.
</poem></blockquote>

In February 1883, just before the disputed Fourth Test, a velvet bag made by Mrs Ann Fletcher, the daughter of Joseph Hines Clarke and Marion Wright, both of [[Dublin]], was given to Bligh to contain the urn. During Darnley's lifetime there was little public knowledge of the urn, and no record of a published photograph exists before 1921. ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'' published this photo in January 1921 (shown above). When Darnley died in 1927 his widow presented the urn to the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] and that was the key event in establishing the urn as the physical embodiment of the legendary ashes. MCC first displayed the urn in the Long Room at [[Lord's]] and since 1953 in the MCC Cricket Museum at the ground. MCC's wish for it to be seen by as wide a range of cricket enthusiasts as possible has led to its being mistaken for an official trophy. It is in fact a private memento, and for this reason it is never awarded to either England or Australia, but is kept permanently in the MCC Cricket Museum where it can be seen together with the specially made red and gold velvet bag and the scorecard of the 1882 match.

Because the urn itself is so delicate, it has been allowed to travel to Australia only twice. The first occasion was in 1988 for a museum tour as part of the [[Australian Bicentenary]] celebrations; the second was for the 2006/7 Ashes series.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6052544.stm | title=Ashes urn heads to Australia | work=BBC Sport | date=15 October 2006 | access-date=8 November 2007 | archive-date=6 November 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106114633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6052544.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> The urn arrived on 17 October 2006, going on display at the [[Museum of Sydney]]. It then toured to other states, with the final appearance at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery on 21 January 2007.

In the 1990s, given Australia's long dominance of the Ashes and the popular acceptance of the Darnley urn as "the Ashes", the idea was mooted that the victorious team should be awarded the urn as a trophy and allowed to retain it until the next series. As its condition is fragile and it is a prized exhibit at the MCC Cricket Museum, the MCC would not agree. Furthermore, in 2002, Bligh's great-great-grandson Lord Clifton, the heir-apparent to the [[Earl of Darnley|Earldom of Darnley]], argued that the Ashes urn should not be returned to Australia because it belonged to his family and was given to the MCC only for safe keeping.

As a compromise, the MCC commissioned a larger replica of the urn in [[Waterford Crystal]], known as the Ashes Trophy, to award to the winning team of each series starting with the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1998–99|1998–99 Ashes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Ashes Trophy? |url=http://www.lords.org/news/our-blogs/the-cricket-history-blog/what-is-the-ashes-trophy/ |first=Rhys |last=Hayward |publisher=Lord's |date=23 August 2013 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910205923/http://www.lords.org/news/our-blogs/the-cricket-history-blog/what-is-the-ashes-trophy}}</ref> This did little to diminish the status of the Darnley urn as the most important icon in cricket, the symbol of this old and keenly fought contest.

==Series and matches==
{{further|List of Ashes series}}
===Quest to "recover those ashes"===
{{See also|History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#The Ashes legend}}
[[File:Ivo Bligh Vanity Fair 7 April 1904.jpg|thumb|upright|The Honourable Ivo Bligh]]
Later in 1882, following the famous Australian victory at The Oval, [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Bligh]] led an England team to Australia, as he said, to "recover those ashes". Publicity surrounding the series was intense, and it was at some time during this series that the Ashes urn was crafted. Australia won the First Test by [[Result (cricket)|nine wickets]], but in the next two England were victorious. At the end of the Third Test, England were generally considered to have "won back the Ashes" 2–1. A fourth match was played, against a "United Australian XI", which was arguably stronger than the Australian sides that had competed in the previous three matches; this game, however, is not generally considered part of the 1882–83 series. It ''is'' counted as a Test, but as a standalone. This match ended in a victory for Australia.

===1884 to 1896===
After Bligh's victory, there was an extended period of English dominance. The tours generally had fewer Tests in the 1880s and 1890s than people have grown accustomed to in more recent years, the first five-Test series taking place only in 1894–95. England lost only four Ashes Tests in the 1880s out of 23 played, and they won all the seven series contested.

There was more chopping and changing in the teams, given that there was no official board of selectors for each country (in 1887–88, two separate English teams were on tour in Australia) and popularity with the fans varied. The 1890s games were more closely fought, Australia taking its first series win since 1882 with a 2–1 victory in 1891–92. But England dominated, winning the next three series to 1896 despite continuing player disputes.

The [[English cricket team in Australia in 1894-95|1894–95]] series began in sensational fashion when England won the First Test at Sydney by just 10 runs having followed on. Australia had scored a massive 586 ([[Syd Gregory]] 201, [[George Giffen]] 161) and then dismissed England for 325. But England responded with 437 and then dramatically dismissed Australia for 166 with [[Bobby Peel]] taking 6 for 67. At the close of the second last day's play, Australia were 113–2, needing only 64 more runs. But heavy rain fell overnight and next morning the two slow left-arm bowlers, Peel and [[Johnny Briggs (cricketer)|Johnny Briggs]], were all but unplayable. England went on to win the series 3–2 after it had been all square before the Final Test, which England won by 6 wickets. The English heroes were Peel, with 27 wickets in the series at an average of 26.70, and [[Tom Richardson (cricketer)|Tom Richardson]], with 32 at 26.53.

In 1896, England under the captaincy of [[W. G. Grace]] won the series 2–1, and this marked the end of England's longest period of Ashes dominance.

===1897 to 1902===
Australia resoundingly won the 1897–98 series by 4–1 under the captaincy of [[Harry Trott]]. His successor [[Joe Darling]] won the next three series in 1899, 1901–02, and the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1902|classic 1902 series]], which became one of the most famous in the history of Test cricket.

Five matches were played in 1902 but the first two were drawn after being hit by bad weather. In the First Test (the first played at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]), after scoring 376 England bowled out Australia for 36 ([[Wilfred Rhodes]] 7/17) and reduced them to 46–2 when they followed on. Australia won the Third and Fourth Tests at [[Bramall Lane]] and [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] respectively. At Old Trafford, Australia won by just 3 runs after [[Victor Trumper]] had scored 104 on a "bad wicket", reaching his hundred before lunch on the first day. England won the last Test at [[The Oval]] by one wicket. Chasing 263 to win, they slumped to 48–5 before [[Gilbert Jessop]]'s 104 gave them a chance. He reached his hundred in just 75 minutes. The last-wicket pair of [[George Herbert Hirst |George Hirst]] and Rhodes were required to score 15 runs for victory. When Rhodes joined him, Hirst reportedly said: "We'll get them in singles, Wilfred." In fact, they scored thirteen singles and a two.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2019 |title=Wisden, 1974 edition – The glorious uncertainty |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152487.html |website=espncricinfo.com |access-date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220123247/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152487.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The period of Darling's captaincy saw the emergence of outstanding Australian players such as Trumper, [[Warwick Armstrong]], [[James Kelly (cricketer)|James Kelly]], [[Monty Noble]], [[Clem Hill]], [[Hugh Trumble]] and [[Ernie Jones (Australian sportsman)|Ernie Jones]].

===Reviving the legend===
After what the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] saw as the problems of the earlier professional and amateur series they decided to take control of organising tours themselves, and this led to the first MCC tour of Australia in 1903–04. England won it against the odds, and [[Plum Warner]], the England captain, wrote up his version of the tour in his book ''How We Recovered The Ashes''.<ref>[[Plum Warner]], ''How We Recovered The Ashes'', Longman, 1905</ref> The title of this book revived the Ashes legend and it was after this that England v Australia series were customarily referred to as "The Ashes".

===1905 to 1912===
England and Australia were evenly matched until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Five more series took place between 1905 and 1912. In 1905, England's captain [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Stanley Jackson]] not only won the series 2–0, but also won the toss in all five matches and headed both the batting and the bowling averages. Monty Noble led Australia to victory in both 1907–08 and 1909. Then England won in 1911–12 by four matches to one. [[Jack Hobbs]] establishing himself as England's first-choice opening batsman with three centuries, while [[Frank Foster (cricketer)|Frank Foster]] (32 wickets at 21.62) and [[Sydney Barnes]] (34 wickets at 22.88) formed a formidable bowling partnership.

England retained the Ashes when it won the [[1912 Triangular Tournament]], which also featured [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]. The Australian touring party had been severely weakened by a [[Big Six cricket dispute of 1912|dispute]] between the board and players that caused [[Clem Hill]], [[Victor Trumper]], Warwick Armstrong, [[Tibby Cotter]], [[Sammy Carter]] and [[Vernon Ransford]] to be omitted.<ref>Harte, pp. 251–256.</ref>

===1920 to 1933===
After the war, Australia took firm control of both the Ashes and world cricket. For the first time, the tactic of using two express bowlers in tandem paid off as [[Jack Gregory (cricketer)|Jack Gregory]] and [[Ted McDonald]] crippled the English batting on a regular basis. Australia recorded overwhelming victories both in England and on home soil. It won the first eight matches in succession including a 5–0 [[whitewash (sport)|whitewash]] in [[English cricket team in Australia in 1920-21|1920–1921]] at the hands of Warwick Armstrong's team.

The ruthless and belligerent Armstrong led his team back to England in 1921 where his men lost only two games late in the tour to narrowly miss out of being the first team to complete a tour of England without defeat.

[[File:Herbert Sutcliffe 1924.jpg|thumb|left|[[Herbert Sutcliffe]] sweeps [[Arthur Mailey]] during the first Ashes Test in Sydney, 1924.]]
England won only one Test out of 15 from the end of the war until 1925.<ref>Harte, pp. 274–276.</ref><ref name=auslist>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Results list |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=21 December 2007 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309063345/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a rain-hit series in 1926, England managed to eke out a 1–0 victory with a win in the final Test at The Oval. Because the series was at stake, the match was to be "timeless", i.e., played to a finish. Australia had a narrow first innings lead of 22. Jack Hobbs and [[Herbert Sutcliffe]] took the score to 49–0 at the end of the second day, a lead of 27. Heavy rain fell overnight, and next day the pitch soon developed into a traditional sticky wicket. England seemed doomed to be bowled out cheaply and to lose the match. In spite of the very difficult batting conditions, however, Hobbs and Sutcliffe took their partnership to 172 before Hobbs was out for exactly 100. Sutcliffe went on to make 161 and England won the game comfortably.<ref>Harte, pp. 298–301.</ref> Australian captain [[Herbie Collins]] was stripped of all captaincy positions down to club level, and some accused him of throwing the match.

Australia's ageing post-war team broke up after 1926, with Collins, [[Charlie Macartney]] and [[Warren Bardsley]] all departing, and Gregory breaking down at the start of the 1928–29 series.

Despite the debut of [[Donald Bradman]], the inexperienced Australians, led by [[Jack Ryder (cricketer)|Jack Ryder]], were heavily defeated, losing 4–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 312–316.</ref> England had a very strong batting side, with [[Wally Hammond]] contributing 905 runs at an average of 113.12, and Hobbs, Sutcliffe and [[Patsy Hendren]] all scoring heavily; the bowling was more than adequate, without being outstanding.

In 1930, [[Bill Woodfull]] led an extremely inexperienced team to England.

Bradman fulfilled his promise in the 1930 series when he scored 974 runs at 139.14, which remains a world record Test series aggregate. A modest Bradman can be heard in a 1930 recording saying "I have always endeavoured to do my best for the side, and the few centuries that have come my way have been achieved in the hope of winning matches. My one idea when going into bat was to make runs for Australia."<ref name="Don Bradman on australianscreen online">{{cite web|url=http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/|title=Don Bradman in 'The 1930 Australian XI: Winners of the Ashes'|website=Aso.gov.au|access-date=23 February 2011|archive-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201123853/http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] Test, he made 334, reaching 309* at the end of the first day, including a century before lunch. Bradman himself thought that his 254 in the preceding match, at [[Lord's]], was a better innings. England managed to stay in contention until the deciding final Test at The Oval, but yet another double hundred by Bradman, and 7/92 by [[Percy Hornibrook]] in England's second innings, enabled Australia to win by an innings and take the series 2–1. [[Clarrie Grimmett]]'s 29 wickets at 31.89 for Australia in this high-scoring series were also important.

Australia had one of the strongest batting line-ups ever in the early 1930s, with Bradman, [[Archie Jackson]], [[Stan McCabe]], [[Bill Woodfull]], [[Bill Ponsford]] and Jack Fingleton. It was the prospect of bowling at this line-up that caused England's 1932–33 captain [[Douglas Jardine]] to adopt the tactic of fast [[leg theory]], better known as [[Bodyline]].

[[File:4th Test Woodfull.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bill Woodfull]] evades a ball from [[Harold Larwood]] with [[Bodyline]] field settings.]]

Jardine instructed his [[fast bowling|fast bowlers]], most notably [[Harold Larwood]] and [[Bill Voce]], to bowl at the bodies of the Australian batsmen, with the goal of forcing them to defend their bodies with their bats, thus providing easy catches to a stacked [[leg side|leg-side]] field. Jardine insisted that the tactic was legitimate and called it "leg theory" but it was widely disparaged by its opponents, who dubbed it "Bodyline" (from "on the line of the body"). Although England decisively won the Ashes 4–1, Bodyline caused such a furore in Australia that diplomats had to intervene to prevent serious harm to Anglo-Australian relations, and the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] eventually changed the [[Laws of cricket]] to curtail the number of leg side fielders.

Jardine's comment was: "I've not travelled 6,000 miles to make friends. I'm here to win the Ashes".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article2387560.ece | location=London | work=The Times | title=Top 50 British achievements | first=Patrick | last=Kidd | date=4 September 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821160249/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article2387560.ece | archive-date=21 August 2008}}</ref>

Some of the Australians wanted to use Bodyline in retaliation, but Woodfull flatly refused. He famously told England manager [[Pelham Warner]], "There are two teams out there. One is playing cricket; the other is making no attempt to do so" after the latter had come into the Australian rooms to express sympathy after a Larwood bouncer had struck the Australian skipper in the heart and felled him.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Cashman| author2 = Franks| author3 = Maxwell| author4 = Sainsbury| author5 = Stoddart| author6 = Weaver| author7 = Webster | date = 1997 | title = The A-Z of Australian cricketers|pages = 322–323}}</ref>

===1934 to 1953===
On the batting-friendly [[cricket pitch|wickets]] that prevailed in the late 1930s, most Tests up to the Second World War still gave results. It should be borne in mind that Tests in Australia prior to the war were all played to a finish, with many batting records set during this period. {{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The 1934 Ashes series began with the notable absence of Larwood, Voce and Jardine. The MCC had made it clear, in light of the revelations of the bodyline series, that these players would not face Australia. The MCC, although it had earlier condoned and encouraged<ref>{{Cite book|last=Frith|first=David|title=Bodyline autopsy: the full story of the most sensational test cricket series: Australia vs England 1932-33|publisher=ABC Books for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation|year=2002|isbn=0733311725|location=Sydney|pages=47}}</ref> bodyline tactics in the 1932–33 series, laid the blame on Larwood when relations turned sour. Larwood was forced by the MCC to either apologise or be removed from the Test side. He went for the latter.

Australia recovered the Ashes in 1934 and held them until 1953, though no Test cricket was played during the Second World War.

As in 1930, the 1934 series was decided in the final Test at The Oval. Australia, batting first, posted a massive 701 in the first innings. Bradman (244) and Ponsford (266) were in record-breaking form with a partnership of 451 for the second wicket. England eventually faced a massive 707-run target for victory and failed, Australia winning the series 2–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 356–357.</ref> This made Woodfull the only captain to regain the Ashes and he retired upon his return to Australia.

In 1936–37 Bradman succeeded Woodfull as Australian captain. He started badly, losing the first two Tests heavily after Australia were caught on [[sticky wicket]]s. However, the Australians fought back and Bradman won his first series in charge 3–2.

The 1938 series was a high-scoring affair with two high-scoring draws, resulting in a 1–1 result, Australia retaining the Ashes. After the first two matches ended in stalemate and the Third Test at Old Trafford never started due to rain, Australia then scraped home by five wickets inside three days in a low-scoring match at Headingley to retain the urn. In the timeless Fifth Test at The Oval, the highlight was [[Len Hutton]]'s then world-record score of 364 as England made 903-7 declared. Bradman and [[Jack Fingleton]] injured themselves during Hutton's marathon effort, and with only nine men, Australia fell to defeat by an innings and 579 runs,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6109836.stm |title=Classic Ashes clashes – 1938, The Oval |website=BBC Sport |date=5 November 2006 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6109836.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the heaviest in Test history.

The Ashes resumed after the war when England toured in 1946–47 and, as in 1920–21, found that Australia had made the better post-war recovery. Still captained by Bradman and now featuring the potent new-ball partnership of [[Ray Lindwall]] and [[Keith Miller]], Australia were convincing 3–0 winners.

Aged 38 and having been unwell during the war, Bradman had been reluctant to play. He batted unconvincingly and reached 28 when he hit a ball to [[Jack Ikin]]; England believed it was a catch, but Bradman stood his ground, believing it to be a bump ball. The umpire ruled in the Australian captain's favour and he appeared to regain his fluency of yesteryear, scoring 187. Australia promptly seized the initiative, won the First Test convincingly and inaugurated a dominant post-war era. The controversy over the Ikin catch was one of the biggest disputes of the era.

In 1948, Australia set new standards, completely outplaying its hosts to win 4–0 with one draw. This [[Australian cricket team in England in 1948|Australian team]], led by Bradman, who turned 40 during his final tour of England, has gone down in history as ''The Invincibles''. Playing 34 matches on tour—three of which were not first-class—and including the five Tests, they remained unbeaten, winning 27 and drawing 7.

Bradman's men were greeted by packed crowds across the country, and records for Test attendances in England were set in the [[Second Test, 1948 Ashes series|Second]] and [[Fourth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fourth Tests]] at Lord's and Headingley respectively. Before a record attendance of spectators at Headingley, Australia set a world record by chasing down 404 on the last day for a seven-wicket victory.

The 1948 series ended with one of the most poignant moments in cricket history, as Bradman played his final innings for Australia in the [[Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fifth Test]] at The Oval, needing to score only four runs to end with a career [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of exactly 100. However, Bradman made a second-ball duck, bowled by an [[Eric Hollies]] googly<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 May 2009|title=1948 – Bradman's final innings duck|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8036237.stm|website=BBC Sport|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402185229/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8036237.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> that sent him into retirement with a career average of 99.94.

Bradman was succeeded as Australian captain by [[Lindsay Hassett]], who led the team to a 4–1 series victory in 1950–51. The series was not as one-sided as the number of wins suggest, with several tight matches.

The tide finally turned in 1953 when England won the final Test at The Oval to take the series 1–0, having narrowly avoided defeat in the preceding Test at Headingley. This was the beginning of one of the greatest periods in English cricket history with players such as captain Len Hutton, batsmen [[Denis Compton]], [[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]], [[Tom Graveney]], [[Colin Cowdrey]], bowlers [[Fred Trueman]], [[Brian Statham]], [[Alec Bedser]], [[Jim Laker]], [[Tony Lock]], wicket-keeper [[Godfrey Evans]] and all-rounder [[Trevor Bailey]].

===1954 to 1971===
[[File:Peter May.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]] driving [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill Johnston]] on his way to a century at Sydney.]]
In [[English cricket team in Australia in 1954-55|1954–55]], Australia's batsmen had no answer to the pace of [[Frank Tyson]] and Statham. After winning the First Test by an innings after being controversially sent in by Hutton, Australia lost its way and England took a hat-trick of victories to win the series 3–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 435–437.</ref>

A dramatic series in 1956 saw a record that will probably never be beaten: off-spinner [[Jim Laker]]'s monumental effort at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] when he bowled 68 of 191 overs to take 19 out of 20 possible Australian wickets in the Fourth Test.<ref>Harte, pp. 444–446.</ref> It was Australia's second consecutive innings defeat in a wet summer, and the hosts were in strong positions in the two drawn Tests, in which half the playing time was washed out. Bradman rated the team that won the series 2–1 as England's best ever.

England's dominance was not to last. Australia won 4–0 in 1958–59, having found a high-quality spinner of their own in new skipper [[Richie Benaud]], who took 31 wickets in the five-Test series, and paceman [[Alan Keith Davidson|Alan Davidson]], who took 24 wickets at 19.00. The series was overshadowed by the furore over various Australian bowlers, most notably [[Ian Meckiff]], whom the English management and media accused of [[throwing (cricket)|illegally throwing]] Australia to victory.

In 1961, Australia won a hard-fought series 2–1, their first Ashes series win in England for 13 years. After narrowly winning the Second Test at Lord's, dubbed "The Battle of the Ridge" because of a protrusion on the pitch that caused erratic bounce, Australia mounted a comeback on the final day of the Fourth Test at Old Trafford and sealed the series with [[Richie Benaud]] taking 6-70 during the English runchase.

The tempo of the play changed over the next four series in the 1960s, held in 1962–63, 1964, 1965–66 and 1968. The powerful array of bowlers that both countries boasted in the preceding decade moved into retirement, and their replacements were of lesser quality, making it more difficult to force a result. England failed to win any series during the 1960s, a period dominated by draws as teams found it more prudent to save face than risk losing. Of the 20 Tests played during the four series, Australia won four and England three. As they held the Ashes, Australia's captains [[Bob Simpson (cricketer)|Bob Simpson]] and [[Bill Lawry]] were happy to adopt safety-first tactics and their strategy of sedate batting saw many draws. During this period, spectator attendances dropped and media condemnation increased, but Simpson and Lawry flatly disregarded the public dissatisfaction.

It was in the 1960s that the bipolar dominance of England and Australia in world cricket was seriously challenged for the first time. West Indies defeated England twice in the mid-1960s and South Africa, in two series before they were banned for [[apartheid]], completely outplayed Australia 3–1 and 4–0. Australia had lost 2–1 during a tour of the West Indies in 1964–65, the first time it had lost a series to any team other than England.

In 1970–71, [[Ray Illingworth]] led England to a 2–0 win in Australia, mainly due to [[John Snow (cricketer)|John Snow]]'s fast bowling, and the prolific batting of [[Geoffrey Boycott]] and [[John Edrich]]. It was not until the last session of what was the 7th Test (one match having been abandoned without a ball bowled) that England's success was secured. Lawry was sacked after the Sixth Test after the selectors finally lost patience with Australia's lack of success and dour strategy. Lawry was not informed of the decision privately and heard his fate over the radio.<ref>Harte, pp. 526–530.</ref>

===1972 to 1987===
The 1972 series finished 2–2, with England under Illingworth retaining the Ashes.<ref>Harte, pp. 538–540.</ref>

In the 1974–75 series, with the England team breaking up and their best batsman Geoff Boycott refusing to play, Australian pace bowlers [[Jeff Thomson]] and [[Dennis Lillee]] wreaked havoc. A 4–1 result was a fair reflection as England were left shell shocked.<ref>Harte, pp. 557–559.</ref> England then lost the 1975 series 0–1, but at least restored some pride under new captain [[Tony Greig]].<ref>Harte, pp. 561–563.</ref>

Australia won the 1977 Centenary Test<ref>Harte, pp. 580–581.</ref> which was not an Ashes contest, but then a storm broke as [[Kerry Packer]] announced his intention to form [[World Series Cricket]].<ref>Harte, pp. 579–590</ref> WSC affected all Test-playing nations but it weakened Australia especially as the bulk of its players had signed up with Packer; the Australian Cricket Board (ACB) would not select WSC-contracted players and an almost completely new Test team had to be formed. WSC came after an era during which the duopoly of Australian and English dominance dissipated; the Ashes had long been seen as a cricket world championship but the rise of the West Indies in the late 1970s challenged that view. The West Indies would go on to record resounding Test series wins over Australia and England and dominated world cricket until the 1990s.

With Greig having joined WSC, England appointed [[Mike Brearley]] as its captain and he enjoyed great success against Australia. Largely assisted by the return of Boycott, Brearley's men won the 1977 series 3–0 and then completed an overwhelming 5–1 series win against an Australian side missing its WSC players in 1978–79. [[Allan Border]] made his Test debut for Australia in 1978–79.

Brearley retired from Test cricket in 1980 and was succeeded by [[Ian Botham]], who started the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1981|1981 series]] as England captain, by which time the WSC split had ended. After Australia took a 1–0 lead in the first two Tests, Botham was forced to resign or was sacked (depending on the source). Brearley surprisingly agreed to be reappointed before the Third Test at Headingley. This was a remarkable match in which Australia looked certain to take a 2–0 series lead after it had forced England to follow-on 227 runs behind. England, despite being 135 for 7, produced a second innings total of 356, Botham scoring 149*. Chasing just 130, Australia were sensationally dismissed for 111, [[Bob Willis]] taking 8–43. It was the first time since 1894–95 that a team following on had won a Test match. Under Brearley's leadership, England went on to win the next two matches before a drawn final match at The Oval.<ref>Harte, pp. 627–628.</ref> This series became known as 'Botham's Ashes' for his extraordinary feats with both bat and ball, after being dismissed as captain.

In 1982–83 Australia had [[Greg Chappell]] back from WSC as captain, while the England team was weakened by the enforced omission of their [[South African rebel tours|South African tour rebels]], particularly [[Graham Gooch]] and [[John Emburey]]. Australia went 2–0 up after three Tests, but England won the Fourth Test by 3 runs (after a 70-run last wicket stand) to set up the final decider, which was drawn.<ref>Harte, pp. 636–637.</ref>

In 1985, [[David Gower]]'s England team was strengthened by the return of Gooch and Emburey as well as the emergence at international level of [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] and [[Mike Gatting]]. Australia, now captained by [[Allan Border]], had itself been weakened by a rebel South African tour, the loss of [[Terry Alderman]] being a particular factor. England won 3–1.

Despite suffering heavy defeats against the West Indies during the 1980s, England continued to do well in the Ashes. Mike Gatting was the captain in 1986–87 but his team started badly and attracted some criticism.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/268042.html | title=Can't bat, can't bowl, can't field | publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | last=Miller | first=Andrew | author2=Martin Williamson | date=16 November 2006 | access-date=8 November 2007 | archive-date=15 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015131726/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/268042.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Then [[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]] scored three hundreds in successive Tests and bowling successes from [[Graham Dilley]] and [[Gladstone Small]] meant England won the series 2–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 662–664.</ref>

===1989 to 2003===
[[File:MCG99.jpg|right|thumb|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] [[Boxing Day Test]] 1998]]
The Australian team of 1989 was comparable to the great Australian teams of the past, and resoundingly defeated England 4–0.<ref>Harte, pp. 679–682.</ref> Well led by [[Allan Border]], the team included the young cricketers [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]], [[Merv Hughes]], [[David Boon]], [[Ian Healy]] and [[Steve Waugh]], who were all to prove long-serving and successful Ashes competitors. England, now led once again by [[David Gower]], suffered from injuries and poor form. During the Fourth Test news broke that prominent England players had agreed to take part in a "rebel tour" of South Africa the following winter; three of them ([[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]], [[Neil Foster]] and [[John Emburey]]) were playing in the match, and were subsequently dropped from the England side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/139086.html|title=Rebels take a step too far (English rebel tour to South Africa, 1989)|first=Nick|last=Hoult|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|date=July 2004|access-date=22 October 2007|archive-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120707220351/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/139086.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Australia reached a cricketing peak in the 1990s and early 2000s, coupled with a general decline in England's fortunes. After re-establishing its credibility in 1989, Australia underlined its superiority with victories in the 1990–91, 1993, 1994–95, 1997, 1998–99, 2001 and 2002–03 series, all by convincing margins.

Great Australian players in the early years included batsmen Border, Boon, Taylor and Steve Waugh. The captaincy passed from Border to Taylor in the mid-1990s and then to Steve Waugh before the 2001 series. In the latter part of the 1990s Waugh himself, along with his twin brother [[Mark Waugh|Mark]], scored heavily for Australia and fast bowlers [[Glenn McGrath]] and [[Jason Gillespie]] made a serious impact, especially the former. The wicketkeeper-batsman position was held by [[Ian Healy]] for most of the 1990s and by [[Adam Gilchrist]] from 2001 to 2006–07. In the 2000s, batsmen [[Justin Langer]], [[Damien Martyn]] and [[Matthew Hayden]] became noted players for Australia. But the most dominant Australian player was leg-spinner [[Shane Warne]], whose first delivery in Ashes cricket in 1993, to dismiss Mike Gatting, became known as the [[Ball of the Century]].

Australia's record between 1989 and 2005 had a significant impact on the statistics between the two sides. Before the 1989 series began, the win–loss ratio was almost even, with 87 test wins for Australia to England's 86, 74 tests having been drawn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;spanmax2=1+Apr+1989;spanval2=span;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> By the 2005 series Australia's test wins had increased to 115 whereas England's had increased to only 93 (with 82 draws).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;spanmax2=1+Apr+2005;spanval2=span;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> In the period between 1989 and the beginning of the 2005 series, the two sides had played 43 times; Australia winning 28 times, England 7 times, with 8 draws. Only a single England victory had come in a match in which the Ashes were still at stake, namely the First Test of the 1997 series. All others were consolation victories when the Ashes had been secured by Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=ENG;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2005-03-29;end=2005-03-29;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=series;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Cricinfo – Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Series record |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |date=17 June 2008 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

===2005 to 2015===
[[File:Trent Bridge, Flintoff century, 26 Aug 2005.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andrew Flintoff|Flintoff]] reaches 100 at [[Trent Bridge]] in 2005]]
England were undefeated in Test matches through the 2004 calendar year. This elevated them to second in the [[ICC Test Championship]]. Hopes that the [[2005 Ashes series]] would be closely fought proved well-founded, the series remaining undecided as the closing session of the final Test began. Experienced journalists including Richie Benaud rated the series as the most exciting in living memory. It has been compared with the great series of the distant past, such as 1894–95 and 1902.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sport.y2u.co.uk/Cricket/Cricket_The_Ashes.htm|title=THE ASHES, a battle of wills between English and Australian Cricket|website=sport.y2u.co.uk|access-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104233724/http://sport.y2u.co.uk/Cricket/Cricket_The_Ashes.htm|archive-date=4 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The First Test at [[Lord's]] was convincingly won by Australia, but in the remaining four matches the teams were evenly matched and England fought back to win the Second Test by 2 runs, the smallest winning margin in Ashes history, and the second-smallest in all Tests. The rain-affected Third Test ended with the last two Australian batsmen holding out for a draw; and England won the Fourth Test by three wickets after forcing Australia to [[follow-on]] for the first time in 191 Tests. A draw in the final Test gave England victory in an Ashes series for the first time in 18 years and their first Ashes victory at home since 1985.

Australia regained the Ashes on its home turf in the [[2006–07 Ashes series|2006–07 series]] with a convincing 5–0 victory, only the second time an Ashes series had been won by that margin. [[Glenn McGrath]], [[Shane Warne]] and [[Justin Langer]] retired from Test cricket after that series, while [[Damien Martyn]] retired during the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/6513.html|title=Damien Martyn|publisher=cricinfo|access-date=17 February 2008|archive-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207001217/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/6513.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Ashes 2010-11 Sydney Test final wicket.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chris Tremlett]] bowls [[Michael Beer (cricketer)|Michael Beer]] to complete England's 3–1 Ashes victory on 7 January 2011]]

The [[2009 Ashes series|2009 series]] began with a tense draw in the First Test at [[SWALEC Stadium]] in [[Cardiff]], with England's last-wicket batsmen [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] and [[Monty Panesar]] surviving 69 balls. England then achieved its first Ashes win at Lord's since 1934 to go 1–0 up. After a rain-affected draw at Edgbaston, the fourth match at Headingley was convincingly won by Australia by an innings and 80 runs to level the series. Finally, England won the Fifth Test at [[The Oval]] by a margin of 197 runs to regain the Ashes. [[Andrew Flintoff]] retired from Test cricket soon afterwards.

The [[2010–11 Ashes series|2010–11 series]] was played in Australia. The First Test at Brisbane ended in a draw, but England won the Second Test, at Adelaide, by an innings and 71 runs. Australia came back with a victory at Perth in the Third Test. In the Fourth Test at Melbourne Cricket Ground, England batting second scored 513 to defeat Australia (98 and 258) by an innings and 157 runs. This gave England an unbeatable 2–1 lead in the series and so it retained the Ashes. England went on to win the series 3–1, beating Australia by an innings and 83 runs at Sydney in the Fifth Test, including their highest innings total since 1938 (644). England's series victory was its first on Australian soil for 24 years. The 2010–11 Ashes series was the only one in which a team had won three Tests by innings margins and it was the first time England had scored 500 or more four times in a single series. England opener Cook scored 766 runs at average 127.66 in the series, the most dominant batsman in an Ashes series since Bradman in 1930.

Australia's build-up to the [[2013 Ashes series]] was far from ideal. [[Darren Lehmann]] took over as coach from [[Mickey Arthur]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2013 |title=Ashes 2013: Darren Lehmann replaces Mickey Arthur as Australia coach; Clarke steps down as selector |work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-24/lehmann-named-australian-coach/4777030|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223034811/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-24/lehmann-named-australian-coach/4777030|url-status=live}}</ref> following a string of poor results. A batting line-up weakened by the previous year's retirements of former captain [[Ricky Ponting]] and [[Mike Hussey]] was also shorn of opener [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], who was suspended for the start of the series following an off-field incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashes 2013: David Warner set for southern Africa match practice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23261135 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710225656/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23261135 |url-status=live }}</ref> England won a closely fought First Test by 14 runs, despite 19-year-old debutant [[Ashton Agar]] making a world-record 98 for a number 11 in the first innings. England then won a very one-sided Second Test by 347 runs while the rain-affected Third Test, held at a newly refurbished Old Trafford, was drawn, ensuring that England retained the Ashes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sheringham |first=Sam |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23579840 |title=Ashes 2013: England retain Ashes as rain forces Old Trafford draw |work=BBC Sport |date=5 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812110007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23579840 |url-status=live }}</ref> England won the Fourth Test by 74 runs after Australia lost their last eight second-innings wickets for only 86 runs. The final Test was drawn,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23836394 |title=Ashes 2013: Ashes 2013: England win series 3–0 after bad light ends Oval Test |work=BBC Sport |date=25 August 2013 |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828061619/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23836394 |url-status=live }}</ref> giving England a 3–0 series win.

[[File:Australia won the Ashes 5-0.jpg|thumb|240px|Celebrations at the SCG after Australia won the Ashes 5–0 in 2014]]
In the second of two Ashes series held in [[2013–14 Ashes series|2013 (the series ended in 2014)]], this time hosted by Australia, the home team won the series five test matches to nil. This was the third time Australia has completed a clean sweep (or "whitewash") in Ashes history, a feat never matched by England. All six Australian specialist batsmen scored more runs than any Englishman with 10 centuries among them, with only debutant Ben Stokes scoring a century for England. Mitchell Johnson took 37 English wickets at 13.97 and Ryan Harris 22 wickets at 19.31 in the 5-Test series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/708507.html;type=series|title=The best series for fast bowlers|work=Cricinfo|date=10 January 2014|access-date=3 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109234522/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/708507.html|archive-date=9 November 2015}}</ref> Only Stuart Broad and all-rounder Stokes bowled effectively for England, with their spinner Graeme Swann retiring due to a chronic elbow injury after the decisive Third Test.

Australia came into the [[2015 Ashes series]] in England as favourites to retain the Ashes. Although England won the first Test in Cardiff, Australia won comfortably in the second Test at Lords. In the next two Tests, the Australian batsmen struggled, being bowled out for 136 in the first innings at [[Edgbaston]], with England proceeding to win by eight wickets. This was followed by Australia being bowled out for 60 as [[Stuart Broad]] took five wickets and finished the spell with 8 for 15 in the first innings at Trent Bridge, the quickest – in terms of balls faced – a team has been bowled out in the first innings of a Test match. With victory by an innings and 78 runs on the morning of the third day of the Fourth Test, England regained the Ashes.

===2017 to present===
During the buildup, the [[2017–18 Ashes series]] was regarded as a turning point for both sides. Australia were criticised for being too reliant on captain Steve Smith and vice-captain David Warner, while England was said to have a shoddy middle to lower order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97160/australia-cricket-team-over-reliant-on-steve-smith-david-warner-feels-michael-slater |title=Australia over-reliant on Smith, Warner, feels Slater |website=[[CricBuzz]] |date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813144424/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97160/australia-cricket-team-over-reliant-on-steve-smith-david-warner-feels-michael-slater |url-status=live }}</ref> Off the field, England all-rounder [[Ben Stokes]] was ruled out of the side indefinitely due to a police investigation.

Australia won the first Test match in Brisbane by 10 wickets<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42132855|title=Ashes: Australia beat England by 10 wickets in first Test|work=BBC Sport|date=27 November 2017|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619161907/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42132855|url-status=live}}</ref> and the second Test at Adelaide by 120 runs in the first ever day-night Ashes test match. Australia regained The Ashes with an innings and 41 run win in the third Test at Perth; the final Ashes Test at the WACA Ground.<ref name="reclaim">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/day-five-australia-england-third-magellan-ashes-test-video-highlights-live-scores-stream-waca/2017-12-18 |title=Ruthless Australia regain the Ashes |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=18 December 2017 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126190949/http://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/day-five-australia-england-third-magellan-ashes-test-video-highlights-live-scores-stream-waca/2017-12-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to the [[2019 Ashes series]], both teams were considered to have very strong bowling attacks but struggling batting orders. Australia had its top-order batsmen [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] and [[Cameron Bancroft]] available for international selection after being banned from international cricket for 9–12 months following the [[2018 Australian ball-tampering scandal|ball-tampering scandal]] in South Africa, during which time [[India national cricket team|India]] had won its first ever Test series in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969301 |title=India secure historic series victory |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107232946/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969301 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Australia recovered to win the [[Sri Lanka cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|Test series]] against Sri Lanka 2–0.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1047647 |title=Starc takes ten as Australia sweep series |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204174352/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1047647 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite winning the [[2019 Cricket World Cup Final|Cricket World Cup]] in July 2019 for the first time, England had also been criticised for its fragile top-order in Tests. The retirement of opener [[Alastair Cook]] in August 2018 ensured potential top-order batsmen [[Rory Burns]], [[Joe Denly]] and [[Jason Roy]] were able to secure a place in the side. Despite losing a Test series 2–1 in their [[England cricket team in the West Indies in 2018–19|tour of the West Indies]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47217347 |title=England in West Indies: Tourists claim consolation 232-run victory as hosts win series 2-1 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=12 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212210303/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47217347 |url-status=live }}</ref> England then improved to win the [[Irish cricket team in England in 2019|one-off Test against Ireland]], by 143 runs. The 2019 series was eventually drawn 2–2, with Australia retaining the Ashes.

The [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021 Ashes series]] was played from December 2021 through January 2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/2021-2022-summer-of-cricket-schedule-fixture-season-australia-ashes-dates-venues-england-india/2021-05-19 |title=Fixture confirmed for dual Ashes series, Afghan Test |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518203135/https://www.cricket.com.au/news/2021-2022-summer-of-cricket-schedule-fixture-season-australia-ashes-dates-venues-england-india/2021-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> and featured the first Ashes Test match to be played in Tasmania, at [[Hobart]]'s [[Bellerive Oval]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-14/tasmanians-celebrate-fifth-ashes-test-beginning-in-hobart/100757020|title=Tasmanians gather to watch historic fifth Ashes Test at Bellerive Oval in Hobart|date=14 January 2022|access-date=17 January 2022|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117011141/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-14/tasmanians-celebrate-fifth-ashes-test-beginning-in-hobart/100757020|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia retained the Ashes in the 2021–22 Ashes series, after comfortably beating England 4–0.

England were the hosts of five Test matches of the [[2023 Ashes series]]. The series got off to a good start for Australia as they won the first two Tests to go 0-2 up. The hosts won the third Test to put the series at 1-2 for the visitors. England needed to win the fourth Test in a hope to not only level the series but prevent Australia from retaining the Ashes. The match looked good for England to win, but [[rain]] intervened on the last two days and forced a draw, thus Australia retained the Ashes with the series at 1-2 after four Tests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia retain Ashes after fourth test washout |url=https://supersport.com/cricket/england-v-australia-the-ashes-2023/news/636db311-c468-424b-b952-a6ee74799793/australia-retain-ashes-after-fourth-test-washout |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=SuperSport |language=en}}</ref> The fifth and final Test was played at [[The Oval]]. During the contest [[Stuart Broad]] announced that he would retire from cricket at the end of the match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World reacts to stunning Stuart Broad retirement news |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3610356 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> England went on to win the final Test match to draw the series at 2-2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ashes {{!}} 2023 The Ashes {{!}} Live Score, Schedule, News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/the-ashes-2023-1336037 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World reacts to thrilling drawn Ashes series |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3612212 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Summary of results and statistics==
{{for|a full listing of all the Ashes series since 1882|List of Ashes series}}
In the 140 years since 1883, Australia have held the Ashes for approximately 84.5 years, and England for 55.5 years:
{{Ashes timeline}}

Test results, up to and including 31 July 2023:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=18 October 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612092214/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Australia and England have played an additional 16 Tests: nine prior to the Ashes, and a further 7 where the Ashes were not at stake. Including these Tests, the win–loss record stands at 152 Australian wins, 111 English wins, and 97 draws (up to and including the 4th Test of the 2023 series).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records | Test matches |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;type=team|access-date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223034915/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;type=team|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Overall Test Results
|-
| '''Tests played''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins'''|| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[England national cricket team|England]] wins''' || '''Draws'''
|-
| 361 || 152 || 111 || 98
|-
|}

Series results, up to and including 31 July 2023:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Overall Series Results
|-
| '''Series played''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins'''|| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[England national cricket team|England]] wins''' || '''Draws'''
|-
| 73 || 34 || 32 || 7
|-
|}

A team must win a series to gain the right to hold the Ashes. A drawn series results in the previous holders retaining the Ashes. Ashes series have generally been played over five Test matches, although there have been four-match series (1938 and 1975) and six-match series (1970–71, 1974–75, 1978–79, 1981, 1985, 1989, 1993 and 1997). Australians have made 264 [[century (cricket)|centuries]] in Ashes Tests, of which 23 have been scores over 200, while Englishmen have scored 212 centuries, of which 10 have been over 200. Australians have taken [[10 wickets in a match]] on 41 occasions, Englishmen 38 times.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

==Match venues==
The series alternates between England (and Wales) and Australia, and each match of a series is held at a different ground.

{{location map+|Australia|float=right|width=500|caption=Locations of all Ashes tests within Australia, Manuka Oval is the only current Test Ground in Australia not to hold an Ashes Test. Perth Stadium was due to hold the fifth Test in 2021–22, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was played at Bellerive Oval.|places=
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]]|position=right|lat=-37.82|long=144.9834}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]]|position=right|lat=-33.89151|long=151.22518}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[The Gabba]]/<s>[[Brisbane Exhibition Ground]]</s>|position=left|lat=-27.4858376|long=153.0380853}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Adelaide Oval]]|position=left|lat=-34.9166072|long=138.596565}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=<s>[[WACA Ground|WACA]]</s>|position=left|lat= -31.9530044|long=115.8574693}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Bellerive Oval]]|position=right|lat=-42.877566|long=147.373505}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Perth Stadium]]|position=right|lat= -31.574|long=115.53205}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Manuka Oval]]|position=right|lat= -35.3191676|long=149.1336799}}
}}

{{location map+|England|float=right|width=500|caption=Locations of all Ashes tests within England and Wales, The Rose Bowl is the only current Test Ground in England not to hold an Ashes Test.|places=
{{location map~|England|label=<s>[[Bramall Lane]]</s>|position=right|lat=53.370278|long=-1.470833}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]|position=left|lat=52.455814|long=-1.902489}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]]|position=right|lat=53.816353|long=-1.582172}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[The Oval]]|position=right|lat=51.483719|long=-0.114981}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Lord's]]|position=top|lat=51.5294|long=-0.1727}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]]|position=left|lat=53.456347|long=-2.286761}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]]|position=right|lat=54.849644|long=-1.560706}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]]|position=left|lat=51.487222|long=-3.191389}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Trent Bridge]]|position=right|lat=52.95 |long=-1.133333}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|The Rose Bowl]]|position=bottom|lat=50.924|long=-1.3219}}
}}

===Australia===
In [[Australia]], the grounds currently used are [[The Gabba]] in Brisbane (first staged an England–Australia Test in the 1932–33 season), [[Adelaide Oval]] (1884–85), the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG) (1876–77), and the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] (SCG) (1881–82). A single Test was held at the [[Brisbane Showgrounds|Brisbane Exhibition Ground]] in 1928–29. Traditionally, Melbourne hosts the [[Boxing Day Test]] and Sydney hosts the New Year's Day Test.

Additionally [[WACA Ground|the WACA]] in Perth (1970–71) hosted its [[2017–18 Ashes series#3rd Test|final Ashes Test]] in 2017–18 and was due to be replaced by [[Perth Stadium]] for the [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22 series]]. However, [[Western Australia]]n border restrictions and quarantine requirements during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] led to a change in venue for the final Ashes Test to [[Bellerive Oval]] in Hobart. This was the first Ashes Test match to be held in Tasmania.

Cricket Australia proposed that the 2010–11 series consist of six Tests, with the additional game to be played at Bellerive Oval in Hobart. The England and Wales Cricket Board declined and the series was played over five Tests.

===England===
In [[England]] and [[Wales]], the grounds currently used are: [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] in Manchester (1884), [[The Oval]] in [[Kennington]], [[South London]] (1884); [[Lord's]] in [[St John's Wood]], [[North London]] (1884); [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] in [[Leeds]] (1899) and [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]] in [[Birmingham]] (1902). Additionally [[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]] in [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]] (2009); the [[Riverside Ground]] in [[Chester-le-Street]], [[County Durham]] (2013) and [[Trent Bridge]] at [[West Bridgford]] (1899), have been used and one Test was also held at [[Bramall Lane]] in [[Sheffield]] in 1902. Traditionally the final Test of the series is played at the Oval.

Sophia Gardens and the Riverside were excluded as Test grounds between the years of 2020 and 2031 and therefore will not host an Ashes Test until at least 2035. The ECB announced the 2027 and 2031 Ashes series venues will be held at Lord's (2027 and 2031), The Oval (2027 and 2031), Edgbaston (2027), Trent Bridge (2027 and 2031), The Rose Bowl (2027), Old Trafford (2031) and Headingley (2031). <ref>[https://www.kiaoval.com/england-cricket-major-match-venues-for-2025-31-announced/ Kia Oval]</ref>
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=14|In Australia
|-
! Stadium
! [[States and territories of Australia|State]]
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|Australia}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|England}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]], [[Melbourne]]
| align=left|{{flag|Victoria}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 51
| rowspan=7|
| 25
| 2021
| rowspan=7|
| 7
| rowspan=7|
| 19
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56441.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195116/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56441.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]], [[Sydney]]
| align=left|{{flag|New South Wales}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 52
| 23
| 2018
| 7
| 22
| 2011
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Sydney Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56544.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152929/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56544.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| align=left|{{flag|South Australia}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1884–85|1884–85]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 33
| 19
| 2021
| 5
| 9
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Adelaide Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56293.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195445/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56293.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[Brisbane Showgrounds|Brisbane Exhibition Ground]], [[Brisbane]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Queensland}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|–
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1928
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=Brisbane Exhibition Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56338.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152917/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56338.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| align=left|{{flag|Queensland}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33|1932–33]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 22
| 13
| 2021
| 5
| 4
| 1986
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Gabba|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56336.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152905/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56336.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Western Australia}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1970–71|1970–71]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[2017–18 Ashes series|2017–18]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|13
| bgcolor=LightGrey|9
| bgcolor=LightGrey|2017
| bgcolor=LightGrey|3
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1978
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=WACA Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56490.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209153709/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56490.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]]
| align=left|{{flag|Tasmania}}
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 1
| 1
| 2021
| 0
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Bellerive Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56407.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221165112/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56407.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=14|In England and Wales
|-
! Stadium
! [[Historic counties of England|County]]†
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|England}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|Australia}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]
| align=left|{{flag|Lancashire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#First Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 33
| rowspan=9|
| 7
| 1981
| rowspan=9|
| 18
| rowspan=9|
| 8
| 2019
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Old Trafford|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57160.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209185302/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57160.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Lord's]], [[London]]
| align=left|{{flag|Middlesex}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#Second Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 37
| 7
| 2013
| 14
| 16
| 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57129.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210085152/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57129.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[The Oval]], [[London]]
| align=left|{{flag|Surrey}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#Third Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 37
| 17
| 2023
| 14
| 6
| 2015
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57127.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209185303/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57127.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]
| align=left|{{flag|Nottinghamshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1899#First Test|1899]]
| [[2015 Ashes series|2015]]
| 22
| 6
| 2015
| 9
| 7
| 2001
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Trent Bridge|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57219.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194824/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57219.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]]
| align=left|{{flag|Yorkshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1899#Third Test|1899]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 26
| 9
| 2023
| 8
| 9
| 2009
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Headingley|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57092.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194831/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57092.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| align=left|{{flag|Warwickshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#First Test, 29–31 May: England v Australia|1902]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 16
| 6
| 2015
| 5
| 5
| 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Edgbaston|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56788.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191058/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56788.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[Bramall Lane]], [[Sheffield]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Yorkshire}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#Third Test, 3–5 July: England v Australia|1902]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#Third Test, 3–5 July: England v Australia|1902]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|–
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1902
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bramall Lane|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57296.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194836/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57296.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]], [[Cardiff]]
| align=left|{{flag|Glamorgan}}
| [[2009 Ashes series|2009]]
| [[2015 Ashes series|2015]]
| 2
| 1
| 2015
| 1
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sophia Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56874.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191035/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56874.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]], [[Chester-le-Street]]
| align=left|{{flag|County Durham|name=Durham}}
| [[2013 Ashes series|2013]]
| [[2013 Ashes series|2013]]
| 1
| 1
| 2013
| 0
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Riverside|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56901.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191046/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56901.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

*Including [[Result (cricket)#Abandoned|abandoned]] tests

†County cricket clubs who play at the grounds

‡Former grounds which no longer host Test Matches

==Cultural references==
[[File:The Ashes Urn Replica (2016).jpg|150px|thumb|left|A modern-day replica of [[The Ashes urn]]]]

The popularity and reputation of the cricket series has led to other sports and games using the name "Ashes" for contests between England/Great Britain and Australia. The best-known and longest-running of these events is the [[rugby league]] rivalry between [[Great Britain national rugby league team|Great Britain]] and [[Australia national rugby league team|Australia]] (see [[The Ashes (rugby league)|rugby league "Ashes"]]). Use of the name "Ashes" was suggested by the Australian team when rugby league matches between the two countries commenced in 1908. Other examples included the television game shows ''[[Gladiators (TV series)|Gladiators]]'' and ''[[Sale of the Century (Australian game show)|Sale of the Century]]'', both of which broadcast special editions containing contestants from the Australian and English versions of the shows competing against each other.

The term became further genericised in Australia in the first half of the twentieth century, and was used to describe many sports rivalries or competitions outside the context of Australia vs England. The [[Australian rules football]] [[Interstate matches in Australian rules football|interstate carnival]], and the small silver casket which served as its trophy, were symbolically known as "the Ashes" of Australian football,<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Daily Herald|publication-place=Adelaide, SA|title=Carnival champions – presentation of the Ashes|page=9}}</ref> and was spoken of as such until at least the 1940s.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Barrier Daily Truth|publication-place=Broken Hill, NSW|page=6|title=Victoria's football ashes|date=11 August 1947}}</ref> The soccer rivalry between Australia and New Zealand was described as "the soccer ashes of Australasia" until as late as the 1950s;<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Sporting Globe|publication-place=Melbourne, VIC|title=Kiwis to win the Ashes|author=J. O. Wishaw|page=7|date=25 August 1954}}</ref> ashes from cigars smoked by the two countries' captains were put into a casket in 1923 to make the trophy literal.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Referee|publication-place=Sydney, NSW|page=16|title=The soccer ashes of Australasia|date=16 April 1924}}</ref> The interstate [[rugby league]] [[State of Origin series#Interstate Rugby League before 1980|rivalry between Queensland and New South Wales]] was known for a time as Australia's rugby league ashes, and [[lawn bowls|bowls]] competitions between the two states also regularly used the term.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Brisbane Courier|publication-place=Brisbane, QLD|title=Bowls – N.S.W. "Knuts" retain the "Ashes"|page=3|date=14 July 1920}}</ref> Even some local rivalries, such as southern Western Australia's annual Great Southern Football Carnival, were locally described as "the ashes".<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Great Southern Herald|publication-place=Katanning, WA|page=3|date=21 September 1935|title=Great Southern Football Carnival}}</ref> This genericised usage is no longer common, and "the Ashes" would today be assumed only to apply to a contest between Australia and England.

The Ashes featured in the film ''[[The Final Test]]'', released in 1953, based on a television play by [[Terence Rattigan]]. It stars [[Jack Warner (actor)|Jack Warner]] as an England cricketer playing the last Test of his career, which is the last of an Ashes series; the film includes cameo appearances of English captain [[Len Hutton]] and other players<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045769/|title=The Final Test (1953)|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|access-date=13 July 2013|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104033237/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045769/|url-status=live}}</ref> who were part of England's 1953 triumph.

[[Douglas Adams]]'s 1982 science fiction comedy novel ''[[Life, the Universe and Everything]]'' – the third part of ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' series – features the urn containing the Ashes as a significant element of its plot. The urn is stolen by alien robots, as the burnt stump inside is part of a key needed to unlock the "Wikkit Gate" and release an imprisoned world called Krikkit.

''[[Bodyline (miniseries)|Bodyline]]'', a fictionalised television [[miniseries]] based on the "[[Bodyline]]" Ashes series of 1932–33, was screened in Australia in 1984. The cast included [[Gary Sweet]] as [[Donald Bradman]] and [[Hugo Weaving]] as England captain [[Douglas Jardine]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frith|first1=David|title=Bodyline Autopsy: The full story of the most sensational Test cricket series: Australia v England 1932–33|date=24 June 2013|publisher=Aurum Press|isbn=9781781311936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijnLAgAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref>

In the 1938 film ''[[The Lady Vanishes]]'', [[Charters and Caldicott]], played by [[Basil Radford]] and [[Naunton Wayne]] are two cricket fans who are desperate to get home from Europe in order to see the last day's play in the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1938#Third Test|Third Test at Manchester]]. It is not until they see a newsboy's poster near the end of the film that they discover that the match had been abandoned, due to floods.

==See also==
{{Portal|Cricket}}
* [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883]]
* [[History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889]]
* [[History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900]]
* [[The Women's Ashes]]
* [[Ella-Mobbs Trophy]] (the Rugby Union equivalent of England-Australia matches)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book| last = Berry | first = S. | year = 2006 | title = Cricket's Burning Passion | location = London | publisher=Methuen | isbn = 0-413-77627-1 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Birley | first = D. | year = 2003 | title = A Social History of English Cricket | location = London | publisher = Aurum Press | isbn = 1-85410-941-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofe0000birl }}
* {{Cite book| last = Frith | first = David | year = 1990 | title = Australia versus England: A Pictorial History of Every Test Match Since 1877 | location = Victoria (Australia) | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn = 0-670-90323-X }}
* {{Cite book| last = Frith | first = David | year = 2002 | title = Bodyline Autopsy: The Full Story of the Most Sensational Test Cricket Series - England v Australia 1932-3 | location = London | publisher=Aurum Press | isbn = 978-1-8541-0896-8 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Gibb | first = J. | year = 1979 | title = Test Cricket Records From 1877 | location = London | publisher=Collins | isbn = 0-00-411690-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Gibson | first = A. | year = 1989 | title = Cricket Captains of England | location = London | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn = 1-85145-395-4 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Green | first = B. | year = 1979 | title = Wisden Anthology 1864–1900 | location = London | publisher=M & J/QA Press | isbn = 0-356-10732-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Harte | first = Chris | year = 2003 | title = Penguin History of Australian Cricket | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn = 0-670-04133-5 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Munns | first = J. | year = 1994 | title = Beyond Reasonable Doubt – Rupertswood, Sunbury – The Birthplace of the Ashes | location = Australia | publisher=Joy Munns | isbn = 0-646-22153-1 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Warner | first = P. | year = 1987 | title = Lord's 1787–1945 | location = London | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn = 1-85145-112-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Warner | first = P. | year = 2004 | title = How We Recovered the Ashes: MCC Tour 1903–1904 | location = London | publisher=Methuen | isbn = 0-413-77399-X }}
* Willis, R. [http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php?products_id=486 ''Cricket's Biggest Mystery: The Ashes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514084152/http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php?products_id=486 |date=14 May 2013 }}, The Lutterworth Press (1987), {{ISBN|978-0-7188-2588-1}}.
* {{Cite book| last = Wynne-Thomas | first = P. | year = 1989 | title = The Complete History of Cricket Tours at Home and Abroad |location = London | publisher=Hamlyn | isbn = 0-600-55782-0 }}

===Other===
* ''Wisden's Cricketers Almanack'' (various editions)

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|The Ashes}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toukmRyDuOE Ashes to Ashes] An audio history of the first hundred years of the Ashes, narrated by [[John Arlott]]
* [http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/story/259985.html Cricinfo's Ashes] website
* [http://www.mcc.org.au/News/Club%20Publications/~/media/Files/Origin%20of%20the%20Ashes.ashx The Origin of the Ashes – Rex Harcourt]
* Listen to a young [http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/ Don Bradman speaking] after the 1930 Ashes tour

{{Ashes Test series}}
{{Compton–Miller Medal winners}}
{{Named Test Cricket series}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashes}}
[[Category:The Ashes| ]]
[[Category:Australia in international cricket]]
[[Category:Cricket awards and rankings]]
[[Category:Cricket rivalries]]
[[Category:England in international cricket]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1882]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1882]]
[[Category:Test cricket competitions]]

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2023-08-01T14:50:35Z

Tom dl: /* Creation and numbering of sections */ Add advice for trailing

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{{Wikipedia how-to|WP:SECT|WP:SECTION|WP:SECTIONS}}
{{Article creation}}
A page can and should be divided into '''sections''', using the section heading syntax. For each page with more than three section headings, a table of contents (TOC) is automatically generated. This page explains the syntax of these elements. For information about how to name sections or how to use sections to structure articles, please read the [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Body_sections|Guide to layout]].

== Creation and numbering of sections ==
{{for|details on how to name sections, or about using them properly to structure articles |Wikipedia:Guide to layout}}
'''Sections''' are created by creating their headings, as below.

<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
== Section ==
=== Subsection ===
==== Sub-subsection ====
</syntaxhighlight>
Please ''do not'' use only one equals sign on a side ({{!xt|<nowiki>=Heading=</nowiki>}}). This would cause a section heading to be as large as the page's name (title). The maximum number of equals signs is six.

Heading names of sections (including subsections) should be unique on a page. Using the same heading more than once on a page causes problems:
* An [[Help:Wikilinks|internal link (wikilink)]] to a section, in the form {{xt|<nowiki>[[Article name#Section heading]]</nowiki>}}, will only link to the first section on the page with that name, which may not be the intended target of the link. See [[WP:Linking#Linking to sections of articles|linking to sections of articles]] for further details.
* When a section with a duplicate name is edited, the edit history and summary will be ambiguous as to which section was edited.
* When saving the page after a section edit, the editor's browser may navigate to the wrong section.

=== Numbering ===
Sections are numbered in the table of contents (not applicable in [[Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Vector 2022]]).

=== Sorting order ===
For the ordering of (appendix & footer) sections, see: {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Order of article elements}}.

=== Trailing sections ===
The section and subsection hierarchy in wikitext is mainly determined by the level of the headings, so any text without a new heading is automatically considered part of the preceding section or subsection. This means there is no direct way to indicate that trailing text belongs to the parent section. If making this distinction is important, reordering the text or simply adding another subsection are common approaches.

== {{anchor|TOC}}{{anchor|Table of contents}}Table of contents (TOC) ==
{{Shortcut|H:TOC|WP:TOC}}
{{redirect|Wikipedia:Table of contents|Wikipedia's contents|Wikipedia:Contents}}
[[Image:Wikipedia TOC, Vector 2022.png|thumb|An example Table of Contents as viewed in the default Vector 2022 skin]]
=== Hiding the TOC ===
For each page with at least four headings, a '''table of contents (TOC)''' is automatically generated from the section headings unless the [[Help:Magic words|magic word]] '''<code><nowiki>__NOTOC__</nowiki></code>''' (with two underscores on either side of the word) is added to the article's [[Help:Wiki markup|wikitext]]. <code><nowiki>__NOTOC__</nowiki></code> should ''not'' be used in articles that (a) have fewer than four headings or (b) do not fit on one screen.<ref>Small-screen mobile platforms use an alternative navigation scheme, which is not affected by <code><nowiki>__NOTOC__</nowiki></code>. For rendering of articles on a PC, whether an article fits on one screen is dependent on screen size and display settings.</ref>

Using certain templates, such as {{tl|Compact ToC}}, will ''replace'' the regular Table of Contents functionality.

=== Positioning the TOC ===
When either <code><nowiki>__FORCETOC__</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (with two underscores on either side of the word) is placed in the wikitext, a TOC is generated even if the page has fewer than four headings.

Using <code><nowiki>__FORCETOC__</nowiki></code> places the TOC immediately before the first section heading. Using <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> places the TOC at the same position as this code.

Most articles have introductory text before the TOC, known as the "lead section". Although usually a section heading should immediately follow the TOC, using <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> can prevent you from being forced to insert a meaningless heading just to position the TOC correctly (i.e. not too low). However, if there is any text at all between the TOC and the first heading, this will cause problems with accessibility.

==== Floating the TOC ====
The TOC can, in some instances, be [[Cascading Style Sheets#Float and clear|floated]] either right or left using {{tlx|TOC right}} or {{tlx|TOC left}} when it is beneficial to the layout of the article, or when the default TOC gets in the way of other elements. Before changing the default TOC to a floated TOC, consider the following guidelines:

# If floating the TOC, it should be placed at the end of the lead section of the text, before the first section heading. Users of [[screen reader]]s do not expect any text between the TOC and the first heading, and having no text above the TOC is confusing. ''See the last line in the information about [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Elements|elements of the lead section]].''
# When floating a TOC, check whether the page layout will be harmed if the TOC is hidden by the user.
# Long lists may create very long TOCs. The TOC should not be longer than necessary, whether it is floated or not. {{tlx|TOC limit}} can be used to reduce the length of the TOC by hiding nested subsections, rather than a floating TOC.
# The default TOC is placed before the first headline, but after any introductory text. If the introductory summary is long enough that a typical user has to scroll down to see the top of the TOC, you may float the TOC, so it appears closer to the top of the article. However, the floating TOC should in most cases follow at least the first paragraph of article text.
# Floating a wide TOC will produce a narrow column of readable text for users with low resolutions. If the TOC's width exceeds 30% of the user's visible screen (about twice the size of the Wikipedia navigation bar to the left), then it is not suitable for floating. (Percentages assume a typical user setup.) If text is trapped between a floating TOC and an image, floating can be cancelled at a certain text point, see [[Wikipedia:Picture tutorial#Forcing a break|Forcing a break]].
# If the TOC is placed in the general vicinity of other floated images or boxes, it can be floated as long as the flowing text column does not become narrower than 30% of the average user's visible screen width.
# A left-floated TOC may affect bulleted or numbered lists.

[[Template:TOC right]] was proposed for deletion in early July 2005, but there was no consensus on the matter. The archive of the discussion and voting regarding this may be seen at [[Wikipedia:Templates for deletion/TOCright]]. The Manual of Style discussion can be found [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 17|here]].

===Limiting the TOC's page width===
An extenuating circumstance may require the width of a TOC to be adjusted as a percentage of a page. For example: {{tlx|TOC left|2=width=30%}}

===Limiting the TOC's content depth===
{{Shortcut|H:LIMITTOC}}
By default, the TOC includes all the headings in the page, whatever their level. When an article or project page has a very large number of subsections, it may be appropriate to hide lower-level subsections from the TOC. You can specify a limit for the lowest-level section that should be displayed using {{tlx|TOC limit|<var>n</var>}}, where <code><var>n</var></code> is the number of <code>=</code> signs that are used on each side of the lowest-level section header that should be displayed (e.g. <code>3</code> to show all headings down to <code><nowiki>===sub-sections===</nowiki></code> but hide <code><nowiki>====sub-sub-sections====</nowiki></code> and all headings below that). The <code>limit=<var>n</var></code> parameter can also be given to {{tlnull|TOC left}} or {{tlnull|TOC right}} the same way.

=== Replacing the default TOC ===
{{shortcut|WP:REPLACETOC}}
The auto-generated TOC is not maximally appropriate or useful in all article types, such as long [[WP:SAL|list articles]] and [[WP:MOSGLOSS|glossaries]], so there are [[:Category:Wikipedia table of contents templates|numerous replacement templates]]. To use one, place the replacement TOC template, such as {{tlx|Compact TOC}} (which can be customized for many list styles) where needed. You are encouraged to put <code><nowiki>__NOTOC__</nowiki></code> at the top of the article to ensure correct functionality, but in many cases the regular TOC will be suppressed just by the addition of the replacement TOC template.

=== Horizontal TOC ===
The template {{tl|Horizontal TOC}} lays out the TOC in a horizontal list rather than a vertical one. It can be practical in a TOC with many brief entries. The ability to display a long TOC without scrolling makes it suited for tables where the rows contain section headings.

:''Example: [[Legality of cannabis by country]] – uses a concise but functional A–Z horizontal TOC.''
:''Example: {{oldid2|672148569|Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction}} – uses two TOCs; a short, vertical one, and a long, horizontal one.''

== Section linking ==
{{See also|Help:Link#Section linking (anchors)|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Section links}}
In the HTML code for each section there is an "id" attribute holding the section title. This enables [[w:hyperlink|linking]] directly to sections. These section anchors are automatically used by MediaWiki when it generates a table of contents for the page, and therefore when a section heading in the ToC is clicked, it will jump to the section. Also, the section anchors can be manually linked directly to one section within a page.

The HTML code generated at the beginning of this section, for example, is:
<syntaxhighlight lang="html">
Section linking
</syntaxhighlight>

A link to this section ([[Help:Section#Section linking|Section linking]]) looks like this:
:{{code|[[Help:Section#Section linking|Section linking]]}}

(NB section links are case sensitive, including the first character ([[Help:Link#Section linking (anchors)|Help:Link]]).)

To link to a section in the same page you can use {{code|[[#section name|displayed text]]}}, and to link to a section in another page {{code|[[page name#section name|displayed text]]}}.

The anchors disregard the depth of the section; a link to a subsection or sub-subsection etc. will be {{code|[[#subsection name]]}} and {{code|[[#sub-subsection name]]}} etc.

An underscore and number are appended to duplicate section names. E.g. for three sections named "Example", the names (for section linking) will be "Example", "Example_2" and "Example_3". However, after editing section "Example_2" or "Example_3" (see below), one, confusingly, arrives at section "Example" from the [[Help:edit summary|edit summary]].

If a section has a blank space as heading, it results in a link in the TOC that does not work. For a similar effect see [[Help:Parser function#NS:0|NS:0]].

To create an anchor target without a section heading, you can use the {{tl|anchor}} template or a span: {{tag|span|params=id="anchor_name"|content=}}.

To format a link to a section with a [[section sign]] ("§") rather than with "#" or custom text, use {{tl|Section link}} (or {{tl|slink}}). For example, {{tlx|Section link|Foo|Bar}} is equivalent to a [[Foo#Bar]] link, but is formatted {{Section link|Foo|Bar}}.

'''Notes:'''
* An internal link in a section heading does not cause complications to section linking; however, editors who have their preferences set to edit sections by clicking on the header will not be able to click these links:
** [[#Demo a]]
** [[Help:Section#Demo http://a]]
** http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Section#Demo_http:.2F.2Fa
* The [[Help:Pipe_trick|pipe trick]] does not work for section links:
** {{code|[[#section| ]]}} -> [[#section| ]]
** {{code|[[page#section| ]]}} -> [[page#section| ]]
** {{code|[[namespace:page#section| ]]}} -> [[namespace:page#section| ]]

For linking to an arbitrary position in a page see [[Wikipedia:Section linking|Section linking (anchors)]].

=== Section linking and redirects ===
A link that specifies a section of a redirect page corresponds to a link to that section of the target of the redirect.

A [[Help:redirect|redirect]] to a section of a page will also work, try e.g. the redirect page [[Help:Section linking and redirects|Section linking and redirects]].

A complication is that, unlike renaming a page, renaming a section does not create any redirect from the old section name. Therefore, incoming links to the old section name will have to be fixed. This problem can be fixed by adding a manual anchor link to the old name, using the [[Template:Anchor|Anchor]] template.

However, if you do not want to retain links to the old names, you will need to track them down and fix them. There is no separate [[Help:What links here|What links here]] feature for sections: the list does not distinguish between links to one section or another and links to the entire page. The following possible workarounds will help "future proof" incoming links you make to a section, but they will not help with tracking down simple links to sections during a rename:
* Instead of linking directly to a section, link to a page that redirects to the section; when the name of the section is changed, just change the redirect target. With this method, pages linking to the section can be identified by using ''What links here'' on the redirect page.
* Use a manual anchor when you wish to link to a section, so that you do not have to rely on the section name being stable.
* Put a comment in the wikitext at the start of a section listing pages that link to the section.
* Make the section a separate page/template and either transclude it into, or just link to it from, its parent page; instead of linking to the section one can then link to the separate page.

Redirect pages can be categorized by adding a category tag after the redirect command. In the case that the target of the redirect is a section, this has to some extent the effect of categorizing the section: through the redirect the category page links to the section; however, unless an explicit link is put, the section does not link to the category. On the category page, redirects are displayed with class redirect-in-category, so they can be shown in e.g. italics; this can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]]. See also [[WP:Categorizing redirects]].

== Section editing ==
{{shortcut|WP:EDITLINK|WP:SECTIONEDIT}}
Sections can be separately edited by clicking special edit links labeled "[edit]" by the heading, or by right-clicking on the section heading.

Inserting a section can be done by editing either the section before or after it. An editor can merge one section with the previous section by deleting the heading.

=== Adding a section at the end ===
{{Shortcut|WP:+}}
{{redirect|WP:+|information about good articles, which are marked with small, green plus signs {{nowrap|([[File:Symbol support vote.svg|14 px|alt=]])|Wikipedia:Good articles}}|Wikipedia:Good articles}}
Navigation on pages from "talk" namespaces provides a special link labeled "{{MediaWiki:addsection}}", "+", or "Add topic" used to create a new section to the end of the page.<ref name="Vector">The [[WP:Vector|Vector skin]] can hide the link under the ▾ drop-down menu, although it is not the case for the default Vector appearance in English Wikipedia.</ref> The link can be removed from a page with the [[Help:Magic words|magic word]] <code><nowiki>__NONEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code> or added with <code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code>.

The URL for such an action looks like:

{{canonicalurl:Wikipedia:Sandbox|action=edit&section=new}}.

In this case, a text box having as title "{{MediaWiki:subject}}", will appear and the content you type in it will become the name of the new section heading. There is no input box for the [[Help:edit summary|edit summary]]; it is automatically created.

:See also [[Help:Edit summary#Section editing|linking in an edit summary to a section]], [[Help:Edit summary#"Post a comment" talk page feature|"Post a comment" feature]].

=== Editing before the first section ===
By default, there is no link to edit the lead section of a page, so the entire page must be edited. Lead section editing can be enabled through {{myprefs|9|Appearance → Add an [edit] link for the lead section of a page}}. You can also click "[edit]" at another section and manually change <code>section=''n''</code> in the url to <code>section=0</code>.

=== Removing section edit links ===
Section edit links can be removed, for example in archives, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOEDITSECTION__</nowiki></code>. Some templates automatically add it.

=== Preview ===
The preview in section editing does not always show the same as the corresponding part of the full page, e.g., if on the full page an image in the previous section intrudes into the section concerned. Also, <ref>s usually become hidden; see [[#Editing a footnote]] for a solution.

The edit page shows the list of templates used on the whole page, i.e., also the templates used in other sections.

=== Subsections ===
Subsections are included in the part of the section that is edited. Section numbering is relative to the part that is edited, so on the relative top level there is always just number 1, relative subsections all have numbers starting with 1: 1.1., 1.2, etc.; e.g., when editing subsection 3.2, sub-subsection 3.2.4 is numbered 1.4. However, the heading ''format'' is according to the absolute level.

=== Editing a footnote ===
To edit a footnote rendered in a section containing the code <nowiki><references /></nowiki>, edit the section with the footnote mark referring to it (see [[Help:Footnotes]]). Previewing the section will show a preview of the footnote.

=== Sections within parser functions ===
{{Update|the following section about conditional transclusion}}

When conditionally (using a [[Help:Magic words|parser function]]) transcluding a template with sections, the "edit" links of this and subsequent sections will edit the wrong section or give the error message that the section does not exist (although the page (including TOC) is correctly displayed and the TOC links correctly). This is because for the targets of the "edit" links the content of conditionally included templates is considered part of the page itself, and the sections are counted after expansion.

Thus, the "edit" links of the sections of the included template link to the page itself instead of the template, and the "edit" links after the included template link to the correct page but the wrong section number.

More generally, conditional sections give such a complication.

The problem does not occur when transcluding a template with a conditional name (which has more advantages). Use {{tim|void}} for the template to transclude to produce nothing.

{{Help:Editing sections of included templates}}

=== Sections vs. separate pages vs. transclusion ===
Advantages of separate pages:
# [[help:what links here|what links here]] feature
# separate edit histories
# some template limits apply ''per page''
# automatic redirect on renaming
# loading ''one'' small page is faster than loading ''one'' large page—but are readers more likely to want to use just one section or to browse many of the sections of the topic? – see advantages of combined pages
# can separately be put in categories (however, see also below) 
# with [[Semantic MediaWiki]]: have separate annotations

Advantages of one combined page with sections:
# loading ''one combined'' page is ''faster and more convenient'' than loading ''several divided'' ones
# searching within one large page or its wikitext with a local search function is faster and has advantages over searching several pages using the site search engine or a web search engine
# the TOC provides for convenient navigation.
# more likelihood of editorial cohesion of a concept compared to having several definitions likely to be independently edited
# duplication of items relevant to each section, such as navigation templates and infoboxes is avoided

An alternative is [[Help:Template#Composite pages|composing a page of other pages using the template feature]] (creating a [[compound document]] by [[Wikipedia:transclusion|transclusion]]). This allows easy searching within the combined rendered page, but not in the combined wikitext. As a disadvantage, a title for each page has to be provided. For the pre-expand include size limit, this is disadvantageous even compared with one large page: the pre-expand include size is the sum of the pre-expand include sizes of the components plus the sum of sizes of the wikitexts of the components.

== Section transclusion ==
{{shortcut|Help:TRANSSECTION}}

=== Labeled section transclusion ===
{{main|Help:Labeled section transclusion}}

=== Template-style section transclusion ===
{{shortcut|Help:TST}}
Template-style section transclusion (TST) is an older method of transcluding sections.

==== Section marking ====
Mark off sections in the text using this markup:

<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
<onlyinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{transcludesection|}}}|chapter1|
content
}}</onlyinclude>
</syntaxhighlight>

==== Section transclusion ====
Use a template call to transclude the section. For example, to transclude a section called <code>chapter1</code> from a page called <code>pageX</code>:
<pre>{{:pageX|transcludesection=chapter1}}</pre>

The target page defines the location of the section.

==Image placement ==
{{main|MOS:SECTIONLOC}}

== Sections for demo above ==

=== Demo http://example.com ===
This section is linked to from [[#Section linking]].

== See also ==
* [[Template:Sections]]
* [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Parser_function&oldid=22544628#ANCHORENCODE Meta:Help:Parser function § anchorencode], encoding special characters (e.g. !@#$%^&*()) in the anchor is different from [[percent-encoding]]

'''Manual of style'''
* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (layout)]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (lead section)]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (accessibility)]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (summary style)]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}

{{Help navigation}}
{{Wikipedia technical help|collapsed}}
[[Category:Wikipedia article elements help]]
[[Category:Wikipedia sections| ]]

[[ckb:یارمه‌تی:به‌ش]]

The Ashes

2023-08-01T14:07:25Z

Tom dl: /* England */ add link to abandoned

{{Short description|International cricket series}}
{{about|the Ashes in men's cricket|the women's equivalent|The Women's Ashes|other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = The Ashes
| image = Ashes Urn.jpg
| caption = [[The Ashes urn]], made of [[terracotta]] and about 10.5
cm (4") tall, is reputed to contain the ashes of a burnt [[Bail (cricket)|cricket bail]].
| country = {{cr|AUS}} {{cr|ENG}}
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[Test cricket]]
| first = [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]] ([[Australia]])
| last = [[2023 Ashes series|2023]] ([[England]])
| next = [[2025–26 Ashes series|2025–26]] ([[Australia]])
| tournament format = 5-match series
| participants = 2
| trophyholder = {{cr|AUS}} (Series drawn) (2023)
| most successful = {{cr|AUS}} (34 series wins, six retentions)
| most runs = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Donald Bradman]] (5,028)
| most wickets = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Shane Warne]] (195)
| current = [[2023 Ashes series]]
}}
'''The Ashes''' is a [[Test cricket]] series played between [[England national cricket team|England]] and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. The term originated in a satirical [[obituary]] published in a British newspaper, ''[[The Sporting Times]]'', immediately after Australia's [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Australia win in England 1882|1882 victory]] at [[The Oval]], its first Test win on English soil. The obituary stated that English cricket had died, and that "the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia".<ref>{{cite book | author=Wendy Lewis | author-link=Wendy Lewis | author2=Simon Balderstone | author3=John Bowan | name-list-style=amp | title=Events That Shaped Australia | page=75 | publisher=New Holland | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-74110-492-9 }}</ref> The mythical ashes immediately became associated with the [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Bligh reclaims the Ashes 1882/3|1882–83 series played in Australia]], before which the English captain [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] had vowed to "regain those ashes". The English media therefore dubbed the tour ''the quest to regain the Ashes''.

After England had won two of the three Tests on the tour, a small urn was presented to Bligh by a group of [[Melbourne]] women including [[Florence Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Florence Morphy]], whom Bligh married within a year.<ref name=events>{{Cite news |date=20 February 1884 |title=Summary of Events |newspaper=The Illustrated Australian News |location=Melbourne |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63185850 |page=18}}</ref> The contents of the urn are reputed to be the ashes of a wooden [[bail (cricket)|bail]], and were humorously described as "the ashes of Australian cricket".<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 1908 |title=Cricket |newspaper=The Mercury |location=Hobart |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12673335 |page=8}}</ref> It is not clear whether that "tiny silver urn" is the same as the small terracotta urn given to the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] by Bligh's widow after his death in 1927.

[[The Ashes urn|The urn]] has never been the official trophy of the Ashes series, having been a personal gift to Bligh.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ashes History|url=http://www.lords.org/history/mcc-history/the-ashes|publisher=Lords|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009142619/https://www.lords.org/history/mcc-history/the-ashes/|archive-date=9 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, [[replica]]s of the urn are often held aloft by victorious teams as a symbol of their victory in an Ashes series. Since the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1998–99|1998–99 Ashes series]], a [[Waterford Crystal]] representation of the Ashes urn (called the Ashes Trophy) has been presented to the winners of an Ashes series as the official trophy of that series. Irrespective of which side holds the tournament, the original urn remains in the MCC Museum at [[Lord's]]; it has, however, been taken to Australia to be put on touring display on two occasions: as part of the [[Australian Bicentenary]] celebrations in 1988 and to accompany the [[English cricket team in Australia in 2006–07|Ashes series in 2006–07]].

An Ashes series traditionally consists of five Tests, hosted in turn by England and Australia at least once every two years. The Ashes are regarded as being held by the team that most recently won the series. If the series is drawn, the team that currently holds the Ashes "retains" the trophy.

There have been [[List of Ashes series|73 Ashes series]]. Australia have won 34 and retained six times from draws (40); England have won 32 and retained once (33).

==1882 origins==
{{main|Australian cricket team in England in 1882}}
[[File:Ranji 1897 page 143 F. R. Spofforth, the demon bowler.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fred Spofforth]], "The Demon Bowler", was instrumental in Australia's 1882 victory over England with 14 wickets for 90.]]
The first [[Test cricket|Test match]] between England and Australia was played in [[Melbourne]], Australia, [[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77|in 1877]], though the Ashes legend started later, after the ninth Test, played in 1882. On their [[Australian cricket team in England and the United States in 1882|tour of England]] that year the Australians played just one Test, at [[the Oval]] in London. It was a low-scoring affair on a difficult [[Cricket pitch|wicket]].<ref>Fred Spofforth, however, contended that, the fourth innings aside, it played perfectly well.</ref> Australia made a mere 63 runs in their first [[innings]], and England, led by [[A. N. Hornby]], took a 38-run lead with a total of 101. In their second innings, Australia, boosted by a spectacular 55 runs off 60 deliveries from [[Hugh Massie]], managed 122, which left England only 85 runs to win. The Australians were greatly demoralised by the manner of their second-innings collapse, but fast bowler [[Fred Spofforth]], spurred on by the [[gamesmanship]] of his opponents, in particular [[W. G. Grace]], refused to give in. "This thing can be done," he declared. Spofforth went on to devastate the English batting, taking his final four wickets for only two runs to leave England just eight runs short of victory.

When [[Ted Peate]], England's last batsman, came to the crease, his side needed just ten runs to win, but Peate managed only two before he was bowled by [[Harry Boyle (cricketer)|Harry Boyle]]. An astonished Oval crowd fell silent, struggling to believe that England could possibly have lost on home soil. When it finally sank in, the crowd swarmed onto the field, cheering loudly and chairing Boyle and Spofforth to the pavilion.

When Peate returned to the pavilion he was reprimanded by his captain for not allowing his partner, [[Charles Studd]] (one of the best batsmen in England, having already hit two centuries that season against the colonists), to get the runs. Peate humorously replied, "I had no confidence in Mr Studd, sir, so thought I had better do my best."<ref>
{{cite news
|first=Jack
|last=Worrall
|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83580262
|title=A Great Bowlers' Victory
|page=11
|newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|Daily News]]
|location=Perth, WA |date=23 August 1930
|access-date=25 August 2013
}}
</ref>

The momentous defeat was widely recorded in the British press, which praised the Australians for their plentiful "pluck" and berated the Englishmen for their lack thereof. A celebrated poem appeared in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' on Saturday, 9 September. The first verse, quoted most frequently, reads:

<blockquote>
<poem>
Well done, [[wikt:cornstalk|Cornstalks]]! Whipt us
Fair and square,
Was it luck that tript us?
Was it scare?
Kangaroo Land's 'Demon', or our own
Want of 'devil', coolness, nerve, backbone?
</poem></blockquote>

On 31 August, in the [[C. W. Alcock|Charles Alcock]]-edited magazine ''Cricket: A Weekly Record of The Game'', there appeared a mock obituary:

{{poemquote|
SACRED TO THE MEMORY
OF
ENGLAND'S SUPREMACY IN THE
CRICKET-FIELD
WHICH EXPIRED
ON THE 29TH DAY OF AUGUST, AT THE OVAL
"ITS END WAS PEATE"
}}

[[File:DeathofEnglishCricket.jpg|thumb|The death notice that appeared in ''[[The Sporting Times]]'']]
On 2 September a more celebrated mock obituary, written by [[Reginald Shirley Brooks]], appeared in ''[[The Sporting Times]]''. It read:

{{poemquote|
In Affectionate Remembrance
of
ENGLISH CRICKET,
which died at the Oval
on
29 August 1882,
Deeply lamented by a large circle of sorrowing
friends and acquaintances

R.I.P.

N.B.—The body will be cremated and the
ashes taken to Australia.
}}

[[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] promised that on [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83 tour of Australia]], he would, as England's captain, "recover those Ashes". He spoke of them several times over the course of the tour, and the Australian media quickly caught on. The three-match series resulted in a two-one win to England, notwithstanding a fourth match, won by the Australians, whose status remains a matter of ardent dispute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilton |first=Christopher |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123232899 |title=The birth of the Ashes : the amazing story of the first Ashes test |date=2006 |publisher=Renniks Publications |isbn=978-0-9752245-4-0 |location=Banksmeadow, N.S.W. |oclc=123232899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930079935 |title=Wisden on the Ashes : the authoritative story of cricket's greatest rivalry : updated to include the 2015 series |date=2015 |others=Steven Lynch |isbn=978-1-4729-1353-1 |edition= |location=London |oclc=930079935}}</ref>

In the 20 years following Bligh's campaign the term "the Ashes" largely disappeared from public use. There is no indication that this was the accepted name for the series, at least not in England. The term became popular again in Australia first, when [[George Giffen]], in his memoirs (''With Bat and Ball'', 1899), used the term as if it were well known.<ref>Gibson, A., ''Cricket Captains of England'', p. 26.</ref>

The true and global revitalisation of interest in the concept dates from 1903, when [[Plum Warner|Pelham Warner]] took a team to Australia with the promise that he would regain "the ashes". As had been the case on Bligh's tour 20 years before, the Australian media latched fervently onto the term and, this time, it stuck. Having fulfilled his promise, Warner published a book entitled ''How We Recovered the Ashes''. Although the origins of the term are not referred to in the text, the title served (along with the general hype created in Australia) to revive public interest in the legend. The first mention of "the Ashes" in ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' occurs in 1905, while ''Wisden'''s first account of the legend is in the 1922 edition.

==Urn==
{{Main|The Ashes urn}}
[[File:Ashes Urn 1921.jpg|right|thumb|The earliest published photo of [[the Ashes urn]], from ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'', 1921]]
[[File:Rupertswood mansion side angle shot.jpg|thumb|[[Rupertswood]] outside Melbourne, where the urn was presented to Bligh]]
It took many years before the contests between England and Australia were consistently called "The Ashes", and so there was no concept of either a trophy or a physical representation of the ashes. As late as 1925, the following verse appeared in ''The Cricketers Annual'':

<blockquote>
<poem>
So here's to Chapman, Hendren and Hobbs,
Gilligan, Woolley and Hearne
May they bring back to the Motherland,
The ashes which have no urn!
</poem></blockquote>

Nevertheless, several attempts had been made to embody the Ashes in a physical memorial. Examples include one presented to Warner in 1904, another to Australian captain M. A. Noble in 1909, and another to Australian captain W. M. Woodfull in 1934.

The oldest, and the one to enjoy enduring fame, was the one presented to Bligh, later Lord Darnley, during the 1882–83 tour. The precise nature of the origin of [[The Ashes urn|this urn]] is a matter of dispute. Based on a statement by Darnley in 1894, it was believed that a group of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victorian]] ladies, including Darnley's later wife [[Florence Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Florence Morphy]], made the presentation after the victory in the Third Test in 1883. More recent researchers, in particular Ronald Willis<ref>{{Cite book| first=Ronald | last=Willis | title=Cricket's Biggest Mystery: The Ashes | year=1982 | isbn=0-7270-1768-3}}</ref> and Joy Munns<ref>{{Cite book| first=Joy | last=Munns | title=Beyond Reasonable Doubt: The birthplace of the Ashes | year=1994 | isbn=0-646-22153-1}}</ref> have studied the tour in detail and concluded that the presentation was made after a private cricket match played over Christmas 1882 when the English team were guests of [[Sir William John Clarke|Sir William Clarke]], at his property "[[Rupertswood]]", in [[Sunbury, Victoria]]. This was before the matches had started. The prime evidence for this theory was provided by a descendant of Clarke.

In August 1926 Ivo Bligh (now Lord Darnley) displayed the Ashes urn at the ''[[Morning Post]]'' Decorative Art Exhibition held in the Central Hall, Westminster. He made the following statement about how he was given the urn:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58247421?searchTerm=darnley%20cricket%20ashes&searchLimits= |title=Sunday Times (Perth) 15 August 1926 page 9S. Online Reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=15 August 1926 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|When in the autumn the English Eleven went to Australia it was said that they had come to Australia to "fetch" the ashes. England won two out of the three matches played against Murdoch's Australian Eleven, and after the third match some Melbourne ladies put some ashes into a small urn and gave them to me as captain of the English Eleven.}}

A more detailed account of how the Ashes were given to Ivo Bligh was outlined by his wife, the Countess of Darnley, in 1930 during a speech at a cricket luncheon. Her speech was reported by the ''Times'' as follows:<ref>The Times (London), 27 June 1930. page 7.</ref>

{{Blockquote|In 1882, she said, it was first spoken of when the Sporting Times, after the Australians had thoroughly beaten the English at the Oval, wrote an obituary in affectionate memory of English cricket "whose demise was deeply lamented and the body would be cremated and taken to Australia". Her husband, then Ivo Bligh, took a team to Australia in the following year. Punch had a poem containing the words "When Ivo comes back with the urn" and when Ivo Bligh wiped out the defeat Lady Clarke, wife of Sir W. J. Clarke, who entertained the English so lavishly, found a little wooden urn, burnt a bail, put the ashes in the urn, and wrapping it in a red velvet bag, put it into her husband's (Ivo Bligh's) hands. He had always regarded it as a great treasure.}}

There is another statement which is not totally clear made by Lord Darnley in 1921 about the timing of the presentation of the urn. He was interviewed in his home at Cobham Hall by [[Montague Grover]] and the report of this interview was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66512851?searchTerm=%22cobham%20hall%22%20urn&searchLimits=l-decade=192 |title=Geraldton Guardian 15 February 1921, page 1. Online reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=15 February 1921 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|This urn was presented to Lord Darnley by some ladies of Melbourne after the final defeat of his team, and before he returned with the members to England.}}

He made a similar statement in 1926. The report of this statement in the ''Brisbane Courier'' was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21053463?searchTerm=darnley%20ashes%20urn&searchLimits=l-decade=192|title=Brisbane Courier, 9 June 1926, page 7. Online reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=9 June 1926 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The proudest possession of Lord Darnley is an earthenware urn containing the ashes which were presented to him by Melbourne residents when he captained the Englishmen in 1882. Though the team did not win, the urn containing the ashes was sent to him just before leaving Melbourne.}}

The contents of the urn are also problematic; they were variously reported to be the remains of a stump, bail or the outer casing of a ball, but in 1998 Darnley's 82-year-old daughter-in-law said they were the remains of her mother-in-law's veil, casting a further layer of doubt on the matter. However, during the tour of Australia in 2006/7, the MCC official accompanying the urn said the veil legend had been discounted, and it was now "95% certain" that the urn contains the ashes of a cricket bail. Speaking on Channel Nine TV on 25 November 2006, he said x-rays of the urn had shown the pedestal and handles were cracked, and repair work had to be carried out. The urn is made of [[terracotta]] and is about {{convert|6|in|mm}} tall and may originally have been a perfume jar.

[[File:Ashes song.jpg|thumb|The full version of the song from the ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'', the fourth verse of which is pasted onto the urn]]
A label containing a six-line verse is pasted on the urn. This is the fourth verse of a song-lyric published in the ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'' on 1 February 1883:

<blockquote>
<poem>
When [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo]] goes back with the urn, the urn;
[[Studd brothers|Studds]], [[A G Steel|Steel]], [[Walter Read|Read]] and [[Edward Tylecote|Tylecote]] return, return;
The [[wikt:make the welkin ring|welkin]] will ring loud,
The great crowd will feel proud,
Seeing [[Dick Barlow|Barlow]] and [[Billy Bates|Bates]] with the urn, the urn;
And the rest coming home with the urn.
</poem></blockquote>

In February 1883, just before the disputed Fourth Test, a velvet bag made by Mrs Ann Fletcher, the daughter of Joseph Hines Clarke and Marion Wright, both of [[Dublin]], was given to Bligh to contain the urn. During Darnley's lifetime there was little public knowledge of the urn, and no record of a published photograph exists before 1921. ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'' published this photo in January 1921 (shown above). When Darnley died in 1927 his widow presented the urn to the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] and that was the key event in establishing the urn as the physical embodiment of the legendary ashes. MCC first displayed the urn in the Long Room at [[Lord's]] and since 1953 in the MCC Cricket Museum at the ground. MCC's wish for it to be seen by as wide a range of cricket enthusiasts as possible has led to its being mistaken for an official trophy. It is in fact a private memento, and for this reason it is never awarded to either England or Australia, but is kept permanently in the MCC Cricket Museum where it can be seen together with the specially made red and gold velvet bag and the scorecard of the 1882 match.

Because the urn itself is so delicate, it has been allowed to travel to Australia only twice. The first occasion was in 1988 for a museum tour as part of the [[Australian Bicentenary]] celebrations; the second was for the 2006/7 Ashes series.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6052544.stm | title=Ashes urn heads to Australia | work=BBC Sport | date=15 October 2006 | access-date=8 November 2007 | archive-date=6 November 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106114633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6052544.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> The urn arrived on 17 October 2006, going on display at the [[Museum of Sydney]]. It then toured to other states, with the final appearance at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery on 21 January 2007.

In the 1990s, given Australia's long dominance of the Ashes and the popular acceptance of the Darnley urn as "the Ashes", the idea was mooted that the victorious team should be awarded the urn as a trophy and allowed to retain it until the next series. As its condition is fragile and it is a prized exhibit at the MCC Cricket Museum, the MCC would not agree. Furthermore, in 2002, Bligh's great-great-grandson Lord Clifton, the heir-apparent to the [[Earl of Darnley|Earldom of Darnley]], argued that the Ashes urn should not be returned to Australia because it belonged to his family and was given to the MCC only for safe keeping.

As a compromise, the MCC commissioned a larger replica of the urn in [[Waterford Crystal]], known as the Ashes Trophy, to award to the winning team of each series starting with the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1998–99|1998–99 Ashes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Ashes Trophy? |url=http://www.lords.org/news/our-blogs/the-cricket-history-blog/what-is-the-ashes-trophy/ |first=Rhys |last=Hayward |publisher=Lord's |date=23 August 2013 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910205923/http://www.lords.org/news/our-blogs/the-cricket-history-blog/what-is-the-ashes-trophy}}</ref> This did little to diminish the status of the Darnley urn as the most important icon in cricket, the symbol of this old and keenly fought contest.

==Series and matches==
{{further|List of Ashes series}}
===Quest to "recover those ashes"===
{{See also|History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#The Ashes legend}}
[[File:Ivo Bligh Vanity Fair 7 April 1904.jpg|thumb|upright|The Honourable Ivo Bligh]]
Later in 1882, following the famous Australian victory at The Oval, [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Bligh]] led an England team to Australia, as he said, to "recover those ashes". Publicity surrounding the series was intense, and it was at some time during this series that the Ashes urn was crafted. Australia won the First Test by [[Result (cricket)|nine wickets]], but in the next two England were victorious. At the end of the Third Test, England were generally considered to have "won back the Ashes" 2–1. A fourth match was played, against a "United Australian XI", which was arguably stronger than the Australian sides that had competed in the previous three matches; this game, however, is not generally considered part of the 1882–83 series. It ''is'' counted as a Test, but as a standalone. This match ended in a victory for Australia.

===1884 to 1896===
After Bligh's victory, there was an extended period of English dominance. The tours generally had fewer Tests in the 1880s and 1890s than people have grown accustomed to in more recent years, the first five-Test series taking place only in 1894–95. England lost only four Ashes Tests in the 1880s out of 23 played, and they won all the seven series contested.

There was more chopping and changing in the teams, given that there was no official board of selectors for each country (in 1887–88, two separate English teams were on tour in Australia) and popularity with the fans varied. The 1890s games were more closely fought, Australia taking its first series win since 1882 with a 2–1 victory in 1891–92. But England dominated, winning the next three series to 1896 despite continuing player disputes.

The [[English cricket team in Australia in 1894-95|1894–95]] series began in sensational fashion when England won the First Test at Sydney by just 10 runs having followed on. Australia had scored a massive 586 ([[Syd Gregory]] 201, [[George Giffen]] 161) and then dismissed England for 325. But England responded with 437 and then dramatically dismissed Australia for 166 with [[Bobby Peel]] taking 6 for 67. At the close of the second last day's play, Australia were 113–2, needing only 64 more runs. But heavy rain fell overnight and next morning the two slow left-arm bowlers, Peel and [[Johnny Briggs (cricketer)|Johnny Briggs]], were all but unplayable. England went on to win the series 3–2 after it had been all square before the Final Test, which England won by 6 wickets. The English heroes were Peel, with 27 wickets in the series at an average of 26.70, and [[Tom Richardson (cricketer)|Tom Richardson]], with 32 at 26.53.

In 1896, England under the captaincy of [[W. G. Grace]] won the series 2–1, and this marked the end of England's longest period of Ashes dominance.

===1897 to 1902===
Australia resoundingly won the 1897–98 series by 4–1 under the captaincy of [[Harry Trott]]. His successor [[Joe Darling]] won the next three series in 1899, 1901–02, and the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1902|classic 1902 series]], which became one of the most famous in the history of Test cricket.

Five matches were played in 1902 but the first two were drawn after being hit by bad weather. In the First Test (the first played at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]), after scoring 376 England bowled out Australia for 36 ([[Wilfred Rhodes]] 7/17) and reduced them to 46–2 when they followed on. Australia won the Third and Fourth Tests at [[Bramall Lane]] and [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] respectively. At Old Trafford, Australia won by just 3 runs after [[Victor Trumper]] had scored 104 on a "bad wicket", reaching his hundred before lunch on the first day. England won the last Test at [[The Oval]] by one wicket. Chasing 263 to win, they slumped to 48–5 before [[Gilbert Jessop]]'s 104 gave them a chance. He reached his hundred in just 75 minutes. The last-wicket pair of [[George Herbert Hirst |George Hirst]] and Rhodes were required to score 15 runs for victory. When Rhodes joined him, Hirst reportedly said: "We'll get them in singles, Wilfred." In fact, they scored thirteen singles and a two.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2019 |title=Wisden, 1974 edition – The glorious uncertainty |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152487.html |website=espncricinfo.com |access-date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220123247/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152487.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The period of Darling's captaincy saw the emergence of outstanding Australian players such as Trumper, [[Warwick Armstrong]], [[James Kelly (cricketer)|James Kelly]], [[Monty Noble]], [[Clem Hill]], [[Hugh Trumble]] and [[Ernie Jones (Australian sportsman)|Ernie Jones]].

===Reviving the legend===
After what the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] saw as the problems of the earlier professional and amateur series they decided to take control of organising tours themselves, and this led to the first MCC tour of Australia in 1903–04. England won it against the odds, and [[Plum Warner]], the England captain, wrote up his version of the tour in his book ''How We Recovered The Ashes''.<ref>[[Plum Warner]], ''How We Recovered The Ashes'', Longman, 1905</ref> The title of this book revived the Ashes legend and it was after this that England v Australia series were customarily referred to as "The Ashes".

===1905 to 1912===
England and Australia were evenly matched until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Five more series took place between 1905 and 1912. In 1905, England's captain [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Stanley Jackson]] not only won the series 2–0, but also won the toss in all five matches and headed both the batting and the bowling averages. Monty Noble led Australia to victory in both 1907–08 and 1909. Then England won in 1911–12 by four matches to one. [[Jack Hobbs]] establishing himself as England's first-choice opening batsman with three centuries, while [[Frank Foster (cricketer)|Frank Foster]] (32 wickets at 21.62) and [[Sydney Barnes]] (34 wickets at 22.88) formed a formidable bowling partnership.

England retained the Ashes when it won the [[1912 Triangular Tournament]], which also featured [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]. The Australian touring party had been severely weakened by a [[Big Six cricket dispute of 1912|dispute]] between the board and players that caused [[Clem Hill]], [[Victor Trumper]], Warwick Armstrong, [[Tibby Cotter]], [[Sammy Carter]] and [[Vernon Ransford]] to be omitted.<ref>Harte, pp. 251–256.</ref>

===1920 to 1933===
After the war, Australia took firm control of both the Ashes and world cricket. For the first time, the tactic of using two express bowlers in tandem paid off as [[Jack Gregory (cricketer)|Jack Gregory]] and [[Ted McDonald]] crippled the English batting on a regular basis. Australia recorded overwhelming victories both in England and on home soil. It won the first eight matches in succession including a 5–0 [[whitewash (sport)|whitewash]] in [[English cricket team in Australia in 1920-21|1920–1921]] at the hands of Warwick Armstrong's team.

The ruthless and belligerent Armstrong led his team back to England in 1921 where his men lost only two games late in the tour to narrowly miss out of being the first team to complete a tour of England without defeat.

[[File:Herbert Sutcliffe 1924.jpg|thumb|left|[[Herbert Sutcliffe]] sweeps [[Arthur Mailey]] during the first Ashes Test in Sydney, 1924.]]
England won only one Test out of 15 from the end of the war until 1925.<ref>Harte, pp. 274–276.</ref><ref name=auslist>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Results list |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=21 December 2007 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309063345/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a rain-hit series in 1926, England managed to eke out a 1–0 victory with a win in the final Test at The Oval. Because the series was at stake, the match was to be "timeless", i.e., played to a finish. Australia had a narrow first innings lead of 22. Jack Hobbs and [[Herbert Sutcliffe]] took the score to 49–0 at the end of the second day, a lead of 27. Heavy rain fell overnight, and next day the pitch soon developed into a traditional sticky wicket. England seemed doomed to be bowled out cheaply and to lose the match. In spite of the very difficult batting conditions, however, Hobbs and Sutcliffe took their partnership to 172 before Hobbs was out for exactly 100. Sutcliffe went on to make 161 and England won the game comfortably.<ref>Harte, pp. 298–301.</ref> Australian captain [[Herbie Collins]] was stripped of all captaincy positions down to club level, and some accused him of throwing the match.

Australia's ageing post-war team broke up after 1926, with Collins, [[Charlie Macartney]] and [[Warren Bardsley]] all departing, and Gregory breaking down at the start of the 1928–29 series.

Despite the debut of [[Donald Bradman]], the inexperienced Australians, led by [[Jack Ryder (cricketer)|Jack Ryder]], were heavily defeated, losing 4–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 312–316.</ref> England had a very strong batting side, with [[Wally Hammond]] contributing 905 runs at an average of 113.12, and Hobbs, Sutcliffe and [[Patsy Hendren]] all scoring heavily; the bowling was more than adequate, without being outstanding.

In 1930, [[Bill Woodfull]] led an extremely inexperienced team to England.

Bradman fulfilled his promise in the 1930 series when he scored 974 runs at 139.14, which remains a world record Test series aggregate. A modest Bradman can be heard in a 1930 recording saying "I have always endeavoured to do my best for the side, and the few centuries that have come my way have been achieved in the hope of winning matches. My one idea when going into bat was to make runs for Australia."<ref name="Don Bradman on australianscreen online">{{cite web|url=http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/|title=Don Bradman in 'The 1930 Australian XI: Winners of the Ashes'|website=Aso.gov.au|access-date=23 February 2011|archive-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201123853/http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] Test, he made 334, reaching 309* at the end of the first day, including a century before lunch. Bradman himself thought that his 254 in the preceding match, at [[Lord's]], was a better innings. England managed to stay in contention until the deciding final Test at The Oval, but yet another double hundred by Bradman, and 7/92 by [[Percy Hornibrook]] in England's second innings, enabled Australia to win by an innings and take the series 2–1. [[Clarrie Grimmett]]'s 29 wickets at 31.89 for Australia in this high-scoring series were also important.

Australia had one of the strongest batting line-ups ever in the early 1930s, with Bradman, [[Archie Jackson]], [[Stan McCabe]], [[Bill Woodfull]], [[Bill Ponsford]] and Jack Fingleton. It was the prospect of bowling at this line-up that caused England's 1932–33 captain [[Douglas Jardine]] to adopt the tactic of fast [[leg theory]], better known as [[Bodyline]].

[[File:4th Test Woodfull.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bill Woodfull]] evades a ball from [[Harold Larwood]] with [[Bodyline]] field settings.]]

Jardine instructed his [[fast bowling|fast bowlers]], most notably [[Harold Larwood]] and [[Bill Voce]], to bowl at the bodies of the Australian batsmen, with the goal of forcing them to defend their bodies with their bats, thus providing easy catches to a stacked [[leg side|leg-side]] field. Jardine insisted that the tactic was legitimate and called it "leg theory" but it was widely disparaged by its opponents, who dubbed it "Bodyline" (from "on the line of the body"). Although England decisively won the Ashes 4–1, Bodyline caused such a furore in Australia that diplomats had to intervene to prevent serious harm to Anglo-Australian relations, and the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] eventually changed the [[Laws of cricket]] to curtail the number of leg side fielders.

Jardine's comment was: "I've not travelled 6,000 miles to make friends. I'm here to win the Ashes".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article2387560.ece | location=London | work=The Times | title=Top 50 British achievements | first=Patrick | last=Kidd | date=4 September 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821160249/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article2387560.ece | archive-date=21 August 2008}}</ref>

Some of the Australians wanted to use Bodyline in retaliation, but Woodfull flatly refused. He famously told England manager [[Pelham Warner]], "There are two teams out there. One is playing cricket; the other is making no attempt to do so" after the latter had come into the Australian rooms to express sympathy after a Larwood bouncer had struck the Australian skipper in the heart and felled him.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Cashman| author2 = Franks| author3 = Maxwell| author4 = Sainsbury| author5 = Stoddart| author6 = Weaver| author7 = Webster | date = 1997 | title = The A-Z of Australian cricketers|pages = 322–323}}</ref>

===1934 to 1953===
On the batting-friendly [[cricket pitch|wickets]] that prevailed in the late 1930s, most Tests up to the Second World War still gave results. It should be borne in mind that Tests in Australia prior to the war were all played to a finish, with many batting records set during this period. {{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The 1934 Ashes series began with the notable absence of Larwood, Voce and Jardine. The MCC had made it clear, in light of the revelations of the bodyline series, that these players would not face Australia. The MCC, although it had earlier condoned and encouraged<ref>{{Cite book|last=Frith|first=David|title=Bodyline autopsy: the full story of the most sensational test cricket series: Australia vs England 1932-33|publisher=ABC Books for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation|year=2002|isbn=0733311725|location=Sydney|pages=47}}</ref> bodyline tactics in the 1932–33 series, laid the blame on Larwood when relations turned sour. Larwood was forced by the MCC to either apologise or be removed from the Test side. He went for the latter.

Australia recovered the Ashes in 1934 and held them until 1953, though no Test cricket was played during the Second World War.

As in 1930, the 1934 series was decided in the final Test at The Oval. Australia, batting first, posted a massive 701 in the first innings. Bradman (244) and Ponsford (266) were in record-breaking form with a partnership of 451 for the second wicket. England eventually faced a massive 707-run target for victory and failed, Australia winning the series 2–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 356–357.</ref> This made Woodfull the only captain to regain the Ashes and he retired upon his return to Australia.

In 1936–37 Bradman succeeded Woodfull as Australian captain. He started badly, losing the first two Tests heavily after Australia were caught on [[sticky wicket]]s. However, the Australians fought back and Bradman won his first series in charge 3–2.

The 1938 series was a high-scoring affair with two high-scoring draws, resulting in a 1–1 result, Australia retaining the Ashes. After the first two matches ended in stalemate and the Third Test at Old Trafford never started due to rain, Australia then scraped home by five wickets inside three days in a low-scoring match at Headingley to retain the urn. In the timeless Fifth Test at The Oval, the highlight was [[Len Hutton]]'s then world-record score of 364 as England made 903-7 declared. Bradman and [[Jack Fingleton]] injured themselves during Hutton's marathon effort, and with only nine men, Australia fell to defeat by an innings and 579 runs,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6109836.stm |title=Classic Ashes clashes – 1938, The Oval |website=BBC Sport |date=5 November 2006 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6109836.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the heaviest in Test history.

The Ashes resumed after the war when England toured in 1946–47 and, as in 1920–21, found that Australia had made the better post-war recovery. Still captained by Bradman and now featuring the potent new-ball partnership of [[Ray Lindwall]] and [[Keith Miller]], Australia were convincing 3–0 winners.

Aged 38 and having been unwell during the war, Bradman had been reluctant to play. He batted unconvincingly and reached 28 when he hit a ball to [[Jack Ikin]]; England believed it was a catch, but Bradman stood his ground, believing it to be a bump ball. The umpire ruled in the Australian captain's favour and he appeared to regain his fluency of yesteryear, scoring 187. Australia promptly seized the initiative, won the First Test convincingly and inaugurated a dominant post-war era. The controversy over the Ikin catch was one of the biggest disputes of the era.

In 1948, Australia set new standards, completely outplaying its hosts to win 4–0 with one draw. This [[Australian cricket team in England in 1948|Australian team]], led by Bradman, who turned 40 during his final tour of England, has gone down in history as ''The Invincibles''. Playing 34 matches on tour—three of which were not first-class—and including the five Tests, they remained unbeaten, winning 27 and drawing 7.

Bradman's men were greeted by packed crowds across the country, and records for Test attendances in England were set in the [[Second Test, 1948 Ashes series|Second]] and [[Fourth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fourth Tests]] at Lord's and Headingley respectively. Before a record attendance of spectators at Headingley, Australia set a world record by chasing down 404 on the last day for a seven-wicket victory.

The 1948 series ended with one of the most poignant moments in cricket history, as Bradman played his final innings for Australia in the [[Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fifth Test]] at The Oval, needing to score only four runs to end with a career [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of exactly 100. However, Bradman made a second-ball duck, bowled by an [[Eric Hollies]] googly<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 May 2009|title=1948 – Bradman's final innings duck|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8036237.stm|website=BBC Sport|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402185229/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8036237.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> that sent him into retirement with a career average of 99.94.

Bradman was succeeded as Australian captain by [[Lindsay Hassett]], who led the team to a 4–1 series victory in 1950–51. The series was not as one-sided as the number of wins suggest, with several tight matches.

The tide finally turned in 1953 when England won the final Test at The Oval to take the series 1–0, having narrowly avoided defeat in the preceding Test at Headingley. This was the beginning of one of the greatest periods in English cricket history with players such as captain Len Hutton, batsmen [[Denis Compton]], [[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]], [[Tom Graveney]], [[Colin Cowdrey]], bowlers [[Fred Trueman]], [[Brian Statham]], [[Alec Bedser]], [[Jim Laker]], [[Tony Lock]], wicket-keeper [[Godfrey Evans]] and all-rounder [[Trevor Bailey]].

===1954 to 1971===
[[File:Peter May.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]] driving [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill Johnston]] on his way to a century at Sydney.]]
In [[English cricket team in Australia in 1954-55|1954–55]], Australia's batsmen had no answer to the pace of [[Frank Tyson]] and Statham. After winning the First Test by an innings after being controversially sent in by Hutton, Australia lost its way and England took a hat-trick of victories to win the series 3–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 435–437.</ref>

A dramatic series in 1956 saw a record that will probably never be beaten: off-spinner [[Jim Laker]]'s monumental effort at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] when he bowled 68 of 191 overs to take 19 out of 20 possible Australian wickets in the Fourth Test.<ref>Harte, pp. 444–446.</ref> It was Australia's second consecutive innings defeat in a wet summer, and the hosts were in strong positions in the two drawn Tests, in which half the playing time was washed out. Bradman rated the team that won the series 2–1 as England's best ever.

England's dominance was not to last. Australia won 4–0 in 1958–59, having found a high-quality spinner of their own in new skipper [[Richie Benaud]], who took 31 wickets in the five-Test series, and paceman [[Alan Keith Davidson|Alan Davidson]], who took 24 wickets at 19.00. The series was overshadowed by the furore over various Australian bowlers, most notably [[Ian Meckiff]], whom the English management and media accused of [[throwing (cricket)|illegally throwing]] Australia to victory.

In 1961, Australia won a hard-fought series 2–1, their first Ashes series win in England for 13 years. After narrowly winning the Second Test at Lord's, dubbed "The Battle of the Ridge" because of a protrusion on the pitch that caused erratic bounce, Australia mounted a comeback on the final day of the Fourth Test at Old Trafford and sealed the series with [[Richie Benaud]] taking 6-70 during the English runchase.

The tempo of the play changed over the next four series in the 1960s, held in 1962–63, 1964, 1965–66 and 1968. The powerful array of bowlers that both countries boasted in the preceding decade moved into retirement, and their replacements were of lesser quality, making it more difficult to force a result. England failed to win any series during the 1960s, a period dominated by draws as teams found it more prudent to save face than risk losing. Of the 20 Tests played during the four series, Australia won four and England three. As they held the Ashes, Australia's captains [[Bob Simpson (cricketer)|Bob Simpson]] and [[Bill Lawry]] were happy to adopt safety-first tactics and their strategy of sedate batting saw many draws. During this period, spectator attendances dropped and media condemnation increased, but Simpson and Lawry flatly disregarded the public dissatisfaction.

It was in the 1960s that the bipolar dominance of England and Australia in world cricket was seriously challenged for the first time. West Indies defeated England twice in the mid-1960s and South Africa, in two series before they were banned for [[apartheid]], completely outplayed Australia 3–1 and 4–0. Australia had lost 2–1 during a tour of the West Indies in 1964–65, the first time it had lost a series to any team other than England.

In 1970–71, [[Ray Illingworth]] led England to a 2–0 win in Australia, mainly due to [[John Snow (cricketer)|John Snow]]'s fast bowling, and the prolific batting of [[Geoffrey Boycott]] and [[John Edrich]]. It was not until the last session of what was the 7th Test (one match having been abandoned without a ball bowled) that England's success was secured. Lawry was sacked after the Sixth Test after the selectors finally lost patience with Australia's lack of success and dour strategy. Lawry was not informed of the decision privately and heard his fate over the radio.<ref>Harte, pp. 526–530.</ref>

===1972 to 1987===
The 1972 series finished 2–2, with England under Illingworth retaining the Ashes.<ref>Harte, pp. 538–540.</ref>

In the 1974–75 series, with the England team breaking up and their best batsman Geoff Boycott refusing to play, Australian pace bowlers [[Jeff Thomson]] and [[Dennis Lillee]] wreaked havoc. A 4–1 result was a fair reflection as England were left shell shocked.<ref>Harte, pp. 557–559.</ref> England then lost the 1975 series 0–1, but at least restored some pride under new captain [[Tony Greig]].<ref>Harte, pp. 561–563.</ref>

Australia won the 1977 Centenary Test<ref>Harte, pp. 580–581.</ref> which was not an Ashes contest, but then a storm broke as [[Kerry Packer]] announced his intention to form [[World Series Cricket]].<ref>Harte, pp. 579–590</ref> WSC affected all Test-playing nations but it weakened Australia especially as the bulk of its players had signed up with Packer; the Australian Cricket Board (ACB) would not select WSC-contracted players and an almost completely new Test team had to be formed. WSC came after an era during which the duopoly of Australian and English dominance dissipated; the Ashes had long been seen as a cricket world championship but the rise of the West Indies in the late 1970s challenged that view. The West Indies would go on to record resounding Test series wins over Australia and England and dominated world cricket until the 1990s.

With Greig having joined WSC, England appointed [[Mike Brearley]] as its captain and he enjoyed great success against Australia. Largely assisted by the return of Boycott, Brearley's men won the 1977 series 3–0 and then completed an overwhelming 5–1 series win against an Australian side missing its WSC players in 1978–79. [[Allan Border]] made his Test debut for Australia in 1978–79.

Brearley retired from Test cricket in 1980 and was succeeded by [[Ian Botham]], who started the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1981|1981 series]] as England captain, by which time the WSC split had ended. After Australia took a 1–0 lead in the first two Tests, Botham was forced to resign or was sacked (depending on the source). Brearley surprisingly agreed to be reappointed before the Third Test at Headingley. This was a remarkable match in which Australia looked certain to take a 2–0 series lead after it had forced England to follow-on 227 runs behind. England, despite being 135 for 7, produced a second innings total of 356, Botham scoring 149*. Chasing just 130, Australia were sensationally dismissed for 111, [[Bob Willis]] taking 8–43. It was the first time since 1894–95 that a team following on had won a Test match. Under Brearley's leadership, England went on to win the next two matches before a drawn final match at The Oval.<ref>Harte, pp. 627–628.</ref> This series became known as 'Botham's Ashes' for his extraordinary feats with both bat and ball, after being dismissed as captain.

In 1982–83 Australia had [[Greg Chappell]] back from WSC as captain, while the England team was weakened by the enforced omission of their [[South African rebel tours|South African tour rebels]], particularly [[Graham Gooch]] and [[John Emburey]]. Australia went 2–0 up after three Tests, but England won the Fourth Test by 3 runs (after a 70-run last wicket stand) to set up the final decider, which was drawn.<ref>Harte, pp. 636–637.</ref>

In 1985, [[David Gower]]'s England team was strengthened by the return of Gooch and Emburey as well as the emergence at international level of [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] and [[Mike Gatting]]. Australia, now captained by [[Allan Border]], had itself been weakened by a rebel South African tour, the loss of [[Terry Alderman]] being a particular factor. England won 3–1.

Despite suffering heavy defeats against the West Indies during the 1980s, England continued to do well in the Ashes. Mike Gatting was the captain in 1986–87 but his team started badly and attracted some criticism.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/268042.html | title=Can't bat, can't bowl, can't field | publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | last=Miller | first=Andrew | author2=Martin Williamson | date=16 November 2006 | access-date=8 November 2007 | archive-date=15 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015131726/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/268042.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Then [[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]] scored three hundreds in successive Tests and bowling successes from [[Graham Dilley]] and [[Gladstone Small]] meant England won the series 2–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 662–664.</ref>

===1989 to 2003===
[[File:MCG99.jpg|right|thumb|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] [[Boxing Day Test]] 1998]]
The Australian team of 1989 was comparable to the great Australian teams of the past, and resoundingly defeated England 4–0.<ref>Harte, pp. 679–682.</ref> Well led by [[Allan Border]], the team included the young cricketers [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]], [[Merv Hughes]], [[David Boon]], [[Ian Healy]] and [[Steve Waugh]], who were all to prove long-serving and successful Ashes competitors. England, now led once again by [[David Gower]], suffered from injuries and poor form. During the Fourth Test news broke that prominent England players had agreed to take part in a "rebel tour" of South Africa the following winter; three of them ([[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]], [[Neil Foster]] and [[John Emburey]]) were playing in the match, and were subsequently dropped from the England side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/139086.html|title=Rebels take a step too far (English rebel tour to South Africa, 1989)|first=Nick|last=Hoult|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|date=July 2004|access-date=22 October 2007|archive-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120707220351/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/139086.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Australia reached a cricketing peak in the 1990s and early 2000s, coupled with a general decline in England's fortunes. After re-establishing its credibility in 1989, Australia underlined its superiority with victories in the 1990–91, 1993, 1994–95, 1997, 1998–99, 2001 and 2002–03 series, all by convincing margins.

Great Australian players in the early years included batsmen Border, Boon, Taylor and Steve Waugh. The captaincy passed from Border to Taylor in the mid-1990s and then to Steve Waugh before the 2001 series. In the latter part of the 1990s Waugh himself, along with his twin brother [[Mark Waugh|Mark]], scored heavily for Australia and fast bowlers [[Glenn McGrath]] and [[Jason Gillespie]] made a serious impact, especially the former. The wicketkeeper-batsman position was held by [[Ian Healy]] for most of the 1990s and by [[Adam Gilchrist]] from 2001 to 2006–07. In the 2000s, batsmen [[Justin Langer]], [[Damien Martyn]] and [[Matthew Hayden]] became noted players for Australia. But the most dominant Australian player was leg-spinner [[Shane Warne]], whose first delivery in Ashes cricket in 1993, to dismiss Mike Gatting, became known as the [[Ball of the Century]].

Australia's record between 1989 and 2005 had a significant impact on the statistics between the two sides. Before the 1989 series began, the win–loss ratio was almost even, with 87 test wins for Australia to England's 86, 74 tests having been drawn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;spanmax2=1+Apr+1989;spanval2=span;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> By the 2005 series Australia's test wins had increased to 115 whereas England's had increased to only 93 (with 82 draws).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;spanmax2=1+Apr+2005;spanval2=span;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> In the period between 1989 and the beginning of the 2005 series, the two sides had played 43 times; Australia winning 28 times, England 7 times, with 8 draws. Only a single England victory had come in a match in which the Ashes were still at stake, namely the First Test of the 1997 series. All others were consolation victories when the Ashes had been secured by Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=ENG;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2005-03-29;end=2005-03-29;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=series;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Cricinfo – Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Series record |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |date=17 June 2008 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

===2005 to 2015===
[[File:Trent Bridge, Flintoff century, 26 Aug 2005.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andrew Flintoff|Flintoff]] reaches 100 at [[Trent Bridge]] in 2005]]
England were undefeated in Test matches through the 2004 calendar year. This elevated them to second in the [[ICC Test Championship]]. Hopes that the [[2005 Ashes series]] would be closely fought proved well-founded, the series remaining undecided as the closing session of the final Test began. Experienced journalists including Richie Benaud rated the series as the most exciting in living memory. It has been compared with the great series of the distant past, such as 1894–95 and 1902.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sport.y2u.co.uk/Cricket/Cricket_The_Ashes.htm|title=THE ASHES, a battle of wills between English and Australian Cricket|website=sport.y2u.co.uk|access-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104233724/http://sport.y2u.co.uk/Cricket/Cricket_The_Ashes.htm|archive-date=4 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The First Test at [[Lord's]] was convincingly won by Australia, but in the remaining four matches the teams were evenly matched and England fought back to win the Second Test by 2 runs, the smallest winning margin in Ashes history, and the second-smallest in all Tests. The rain-affected Third Test ended with the last two Australian batsmen holding out for a draw; and England won the Fourth Test by three wickets after forcing Australia to [[follow-on]] for the first time in 191 Tests. A draw in the final Test gave England victory in an Ashes series for the first time in 18 years and their first Ashes victory at home since 1985.

Australia regained the Ashes on its home turf in the [[2006–07 Ashes series|2006–07 series]] with a convincing 5–0 victory, only the second time an Ashes series had been won by that margin. [[Glenn McGrath]], [[Shane Warne]] and [[Justin Langer]] retired from Test cricket after that series, while [[Damien Martyn]] retired during the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/6513.html|title=Damien Martyn|publisher=cricinfo|access-date=17 February 2008|archive-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207001217/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/6513.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Ashes 2010-11 Sydney Test final wicket.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chris Tremlett]] bowls [[Michael Beer (cricketer)|Michael Beer]] to complete England's 3–1 Ashes victory on 7 January 2011]]

The [[2009 Ashes series|2009 series]] began with a tense draw in the First Test at [[SWALEC Stadium]] in [[Cardiff]], with England's last-wicket batsmen [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] and [[Monty Panesar]] surviving 69 balls. England then achieved its first Ashes win at Lord's since 1934 to go 1–0 up. After a rain-affected draw at Edgbaston, the fourth match at Headingley was convincingly won by Australia by an innings and 80 runs to level the series. Finally, England won the Fifth Test at [[The Oval]] by a margin of 197 runs to regain the Ashes. [[Andrew Flintoff]] retired from Test cricket soon afterwards.

The [[2010–11 Ashes series|2010–11 series]] was played in Australia. The First Test at Brisbane ended in a draw, but England won the Second Test, at Adelaide, by an innings and 71 runs. Australia came back with a victory at Perth in the Third Test. In the Fourth Test at Melbourne Cricket Ground, England batting second scored 513 to defeat Australia (98 and 258) by an innings and 157 runs. This gave England an unbeatable 2–1 lead in the series and so it retained the Ashes. England went on to win the series 3–1, beating Australia by an innings and 83 runs at Sydney in the Fifth Test, including their highest innings total since 1938 (644). England's series victory was its first on Australian soil for 24 years. The 2010–11 Ashes series was the only one in which a team had won three Tests by innings margins and it was the first time England had scored 500 or more four times in a single series. England opener Cook scored 766 runs at average 127.66 in the series, the most dominant batsman in an Ashes series since Bradman in 1930.

Australia's build-up to the [[2013 Ashes series]] was far from ideal. [[Darren Lehmann]] took over as coach from [[Mickey Arthur]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2013 |title=Ashes 2013: Darren Lehmann replaces Mickey Arthur as Australia coach; Clarke steps down as selector |work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-24/lehmann-named-australian-coach/4777030|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223034811/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-24/lehmann-named-australian-coach/4777030|url-status=live}}</ref> following a string of poor results. A batting line-up weakened by the previous year's retirements of former captain [[Ricky Ponting]] and [[Mike Hussey]] was also shorn of opener [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], who was suspended for the start of the series following an off-field incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashes 2013: David Warner set for southern Africa match practice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23261135 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710225656/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23261135 |url-status=live }}</ref> England won a closely fought First Test by 14 runs, despite 19-year-old debutant [[Ashton Agar]] making a world-record 98 for a number 11 in the first innings. England then won a very one-sided Second Test by 347 runs while the rain-affected Third Test, held at a newly refurbished Old Trafford, was drawn, ensuring that England retained the Ashes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sheringham |first=Sam |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23579840 |title=Ashes 2013: England retain Ashes as rain forces Old Trafford draw |work=BBC Sport |date=5 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812110007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23579840 |url-status=live }}</ref> England won the Fourth Test by 74 runs after Australia lost their last eight second-innings wickets for only 86 runs. The final Test was drawn,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23836394 |title=Ashes 2013: Ashes 2013: England win series 3–0 after bad light ends Oval Test |work=BBC Sport |date=25 August 2013 |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828061619/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23836394 |url-status=live }}</ref> giving England a 3–0 series win.

[[File:Australia won the Ashes 5-0.jpg|thumb|240px|Celebrations at the SCG after Australia won the Ashes 5–0 in 2014]]
In the second of two Ashes series held in [[2013–14 Ashes series|2013 (the series ended in 2014)]], this time hosted by Australia, the home team won the series five test matches to nil. This was the third time Australia has completed a clean sweep (or "whitewash") in Ashes history, a feat never matched by England. All six Australian specialist batsmen scored more runs than any Englishman with 10 centuries among them, with only debutant Ben Stokes scoring a century for England. Mitchell Johnson took 37 English wickets at 13.97 and Ryan Harris 22 wickets at 19.31 in the 5-Test series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/708507.html;type=series|title=The best series for fast bowlers|work=Cricinfo|date=10 January 2014|access-date=3 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109234522/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/708507.html|archive-date=9 November 2015}}</ref> Only Stuart Broad and all-rounder Stokes bowled effectively for England, with their spinner Graeme Swann retiring due to a chronic elbow injury after the decisive Third Test.

Australia came into the [[2015 Ashes series]] in England as favourites to retain the Ashes. Although England won the first Test in Cardiff, Australia won comfortably in the second Test at Lords. In the next two Tests, the Australian batsmen struggled, being bowled out for 136 in the first innings at [[Edgbaston]], with England proceeding to win by eight wickets. This was followed by Australia being bowled out for 60 as [[Stuart Broad]] took five wickets and finished the spell with 8 for 15 in the first innings at Trent Bridge, the quickest – in terms of balls faced – a team has been bowled out in the first innings of a Test match. With victory by an innings and 78 runs on the morning of the third day of the Fourth Test, England regained the Ashes.

===2017 to present===
During the buildup, the [[2017–18 Ashes series]] was regarded as a turning point for both sides. Australia were criticised for being too reliant on captain Steve Smith and vice-captain David Warner, while England was said to have a shoddy middle to lower order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97160/australia-cricket-team-over-reliant-on-steve-smith-david-warner-feels-michael-slater |title=Australia over-reliant on Smith, Warner, feels Slater |website=[[CricBuzz]] |date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813144424/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97160/australia-cricket-team-over-reliant-on-steve-smith-david-warner-feels-michael-slater |url-status=live }}</ref> Off the field, England all-rounder [[Ben Stokes]] was ruled out of the side indefinitely due to a police investigation.

Australia won the first Test match in Brisbane by 10 wickets<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42132855|title=Ashes: Australia beat England by 10 wickets in first Test|work=BBC Sport|date=27 November 2017|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619161907/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42132855|url-status=live}}</ref> and the second Test at Adelaide by 120 runs in the first ever day-night Ashes test match. Australia regained The Ashes with an innings and 41 run win in the third Test at Perth; the final Ashes Test at the WACA Ground.<ref name="reclaim">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/day-five-australia-england-third-magellan-ashes-test-video-highlights-live-scores-stream-waca/2017-12-18 |title=Ruthless Australia regain the Ashes |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=18 December 2017 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126190949/http://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/day-five-australia-england-third-magellan-ashes-test-video-highlights-live-scores-stream-waca/2017-12-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to the [[2019 Ashes series]], both teams were considered to have very strong bowling attacks but struggling batting orders. Australia had its top-order batsmen [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] and [[Cameron Bancroft]] available for international selection after being banned from international cricket for 9–12 months following the [[2018 Australian ball-tampering scandal|ball-tampering scandal]] in South Africa, during which time [[India national cricket team|India]] had won its first ever Test series in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969301 |title=India secure historic series victory |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107232946/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969301 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Australia recovered to win the [[Sri Lanka cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|Test series]] against Sri Lanka 2–0.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1047647 |title=Starc takes ten as Australia sweep series |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204174352/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1047647 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite winning the [[2019 Cricket World Cup Final|Cricket World Cup]] in July 2019 for the first time, England had also been criticised for its fragile top-order in Tests. The retirement of opener [[Alastair Cook]] in August 2018 ensured potential top-order batsmen [[Rory Burns]], [[Joe Denly]] and [[Jason Roy]] were able to secure a place in the side. Despite losing a Test series 2–1 in their [[England cricket team in the West Indies in 2018–19|tour of the West Indies]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47217347 |title=England in West Indies: Tourists claim consolation 232-run victory as hosts win series 2-1 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=12 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212210303/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47217347 |url-status=live }}</ref> England then improved to win the [[Irish cricket team in England in 2019|one-off Test against Ireland]], by 143 runs. The 2019 series was eventually drawn 2–2, with Australia retaining the Ashes.

The [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021 Ashes series]] was played from December 2021 through January 2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/2021-2022-summer-of-cricket-schedule-fixture-season-australia-ashes-dates-venues-england-india/2021-05-19 |title=Fixture confirmed for dual Ashes series, Afghan Test |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518203135/https://www.cricket.com.au/news/2021-2022-summer-of-cricket-schedule-fixture-season-australia-ashes-dates-venues-england-india/2021-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> and featured the first Ashes Test match to be played in Tasmania, at [[Hobart]]'s [[Bellerive Oval]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-14/tasmanians-celebrate-fifth-ashes-test-beginning-in-hobart/100757020|title=Tasmanians gather to watch historic fifth Ashes Test at Bellerive Oval in Hobart|date=14 January 2022|access-date=17 January 2022|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117011141/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-14/tasmanians-celebrate-fifth-ashes-test-beginning-in-hobart/100757020|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia retained the Ashes in the 2021–22 Ashes series, after comfortably beating England 4–0.

England were the hosts of five Test matches of the [[2023 Ashes series]]. The series got off to a good start for Australia as they won the first two Tests to go 0-2 up. The hosts won the third Test to put the series at 1-2 for the visitors. England needed to win the fourth Test in a hope to not only level the series but prevent Australia from retaining the Ashes. The match looked good for England to win, but [[rain]] intervened on the last two days and forced a draw, thus Australia retained the Ashes with the series at 1-2 after four Tests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia retain Ashes after fourth test washout |url=https://supersport.com/cricket/england-v-australia-the-ashes-2023/news/636db311-c468-424b-b952-a6ee74799793/australia-retain-ashes-after-fourth-test-washout |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=SuperSport |language=en}}</ref> The fifth and final Test was played at [[The Oval]]. During the contest [[Stuart Broad]] announced that he would retire from cricket at the end of the match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World reacts to stunning Stuart Broad retirement news |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3610356 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> England went on to win the final Test match to draw the series at 2-2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ashes {{!}} 2023 The Ashes {{!}} Live Score, Schedule, News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/the-ashes-2023-1336037 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World reacts to thrilling drawn Ashes series |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3612212 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Summary of results and statistics==
{{for|a full listing of all the Ashes series since 1882|List of Ashes series}}
In the 140 years since 1883, Australia have held the Ashes for approximately 84.5 years, and England for 55.5 years:
{{Ashes timeline}}

Test results, up to and including 31 July 2023:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=18 October 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612092214/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Australia and England have played an additional 16 Tests: nine prior to the Ashes, and a further 7 where the Ashes were not at stake. Including these Tests, the win–loss record stands at 152 Australian wins, 111 English wins, and 97 draws (up to and including the 4th Test of the 2023 series).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records | Test matches |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;type=team|access-date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223034915/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;type=team|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Overall Test Results
|-
| '''Tests played''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins'''|| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[England national cricket team|England]] wins''' || '''Draws'''
|-
| 361 || 152 || 111 || 98
|-
|}

Series results, up to and including 31 July 2023:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Overall Series Results
|-
| '''Series played''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins'''|| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[England national cricket team|England]] wins''' || '''Draws'''
|-
| 73 || 34 || 32 || 7
|-
|}

A team must win a series to gain the right to hold the Ashes. A drawn series results in the previous holders retaining the Ashes. Ashes series have generally been played over five Test matches, although there have been four-match series (1938 and 1975) and six-match series (1970–71, 1974–75, 1978–79, 1981, 1985, 1989, 1993 and 1997). Australians have made 264 [[century (cricket)|centuries]] in Ashes Tests, of which 23 have been scores over 200, while Englishmen have scored 212 centuries, of which 10 have been over 200. Australians have taken [[10 wickets in a match]] on 41 occasions, Englishmen 38 times.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

==Match venues==
The series alternates between England (and Wales) and Australia, and each match of a series is held at a different ground.

{{location map+|Australia|float=right|width=500|caption=Locations of all Ashes tests within Australia, Manuka Oval is the only current Test Ground in Australia not to hold an Ashes Test. Perth Stadium was due to hold the fifth Test in 2021–22, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was played at Bellerive Oval.|places=
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]]|position=right|lat=-37.82|long=144.9834}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]]|position=right|lat=-33.89151|long=151.22518}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[The Gabba]]/<s>[[Brisbane Exhibition Ground]]</s>|position=left|lat=-27.4858376|long=153.0380853}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Adelaide Oval]]|position=left|lat=-34.9166072|long=138.596565}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=<s>[[WACA Ground|WACA]]</s>|position=left|lat= -31.9530044|long=115.8574693}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Bellerive Oval]]|position=right|lat=-42.877566|long=147.373505}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Perth Stadium]]|position=right|lat= -31.574|long=115.53205}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Manuka Oval]]|position=right|lat= -35.3191676|long=149.1336799}}
}}

{{location map+|England|float=right|width=500|caption=Locations of all Ashes tests within England and Wales, The Rose Bowl is the only current Test Ground in England not to hold an Ashes Test.|places=
{{location map~|England|label=<s>[[Bramall Lane]]</s>|position=right|lat=53.370278|long=-1.470833}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]|position=left|lat=52.455814|long=-1.902489}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]]|position=right|lat=53.816353|long=-1.582172}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[The Oval]]|position=right|lat=51.483719|long=-0.114981}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Lord's]]|position=top|lat=51.5294|long=-0.1727}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]]|position=left|lat=53.456347|long=-2.286761}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]]|position=right|lat=54.849644|long=-1.560706}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]]|position=left|lat=51.487222|long=-3.191389}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Trent Bridge]]|position=right|lat=52.95 |long=-1.133333}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|The Rose Bowl]]|position=bottom|lat=50.924|long=-1.3219}}
}}

===Australia===
In [[Australia]], the grounds currently used are [[The Gabba]] in Brisbane (first staged an England–Australia Test in the 1932–33 season), [[Adelaide Oval]] (1884–85), the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG) (1876–77), and the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] (SCG) (1881–82). A single Test was held at the [[Brisbane Showgrounds|Brisbane Exhibition Ground]] in 1928–29. Traditionally, Melbourne hosts the [[Boxing Day Test]] and Sydney hosts the New Year's Day Test.

Additionally [[WACA Ground|the WACA]] in Perth (1970–71) hosted its [[2017–18 Ashes series#3rd Test|final Ashes Test]] in 2017–18 and was due to be replaced by [[Perth Stadium]] for the [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22 series]]. However, [[Western Australia]]n border restrictions and quarantine requirements during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] led to a change in venue for the final Ashes Test to [[Bellerive Oval]] in Hobart. This was the first Ashes Test match to be held in Tasmania.

Cricket Australia proposed that the 2010–11 series consist of six Tests, with the additional game to be played at Bellerive Oval in Hobart. The England and Wales Cricket Board declined and the series was played over five Tests.

===England===
In [[England]] and [[Wales]], the grounds currently used are: [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] in Manchester (1884), [[The Oval]] in [[Kennington]], [[South London]] (1884); [[Lord's]] in [[St John's Wood]], [[North London]] (1884); [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] in [[Leeds]] (1899) and [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]] in [[Birmingham]] (1902). Additionally [[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]] in [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]] (2009); the [[Riverside Ground]] in [[Chester-le-Street]], [[County Durham]] (2013) and [[Trent Bridge]] at [[West Bridgford]] (1899), have been used and one Test was also held at [[Bramall Lane]] in [[Sheffield]] in 1902. Traditionally the final Test of the series is played at the Oval.

Sophia Gardens and the Riverside were excluded as Test grounds between the years of 2020 and 2031 and therefore will not host an Ashes Test until at least 2035. The ECB announced the 2027 and 2031 Ashes series venues will be held at Lord's (2027 and 2031), The Oval (2027 and 2031), Edgbaston (2027), Trent Bridge (2027 and 2031), The Rose Bowl (2027), Old Trafford (2031) and Headingley (2031). <ref>[https://www.kiaoval.com/england-cricket-major-match-venues-for-2025-31-announced/ Kia Oval]</ref>
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=14|In Australia
|-
! Stadium
! [[States and territories of Australia|State]]
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|Australia}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|England}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]], [[Melbourne]]
| align=left|{{flag|Victoria}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 51
| rowspan=7|
| 25
| 2021
| rowspan=7|
| 7
| rowspan=7|
| 19
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56441.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195116/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56441.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]], [[Sydney]]
| align=left|{{flag|New South Wales}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 52
| 23
| 2018
| 7
| 22
| 2011
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Sydney Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56544.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152929/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56544.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| align=left|{{flag|South Australia}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1884–85|1884–85]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 33
| 19
| 2021
| 5
| 9
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Adelaide Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56293.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195445/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56293.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[Brisbane Showgrounds|Brisbane Exhibition Ground]], [[Brisbane]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Queensland}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|–
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1928
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=Brisbane Exhibition Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56338.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152917/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56338.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| align=left|{{flag|Queensland}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33|1932–33]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 22
| 13
| 2021
| 5
| 4
| 1986
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Gabba|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56336.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152905/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56336.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Western Australia}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1970–71|1970–71]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[2017–18 Ashes series|2017–18]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|13
| bgcolor=LightGrey|9
| bgcolor=LightGrey|2017
| bgcolor=LightGrey|3
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1978
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=WACA Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56490.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209153709/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56490.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]]
| align=left|{{flag|Tasmania}}
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 1
| 1
| 2021
| 0
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Bellerive Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56407.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221165112/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56407.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=14|In England and Wales
|-
! Stadium
! [[Historic counties of England|County]]†
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|England}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|Australia}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]
| align=left|{{flag|Lancashire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#First Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 32
| rowspan=9|
| 7
| 1981
| rowspan=9|
| 18
| rowspan=9|
| 8
| 2019
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Old Trafford|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57160.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209185302/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57160.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Lord's]], [[London]]
| align=left|{{flag|Middlesex}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#Second Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 38
| 7
| 2013
| 14
| 16
| 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57129.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210085152/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57129.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[The Oval]], [[London]]
| align=left|{{flag|Surrey}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#Third Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 36
| 17
| 2023
| 14
| 6
| 2015
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57127.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209185303/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57127.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]
| align=left|{{flag|Nottinghamshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1899#First Test|1899]]
| [[2015 Ashes series|2015]]
| 22
| 6
| 2015
| 9
| 7
| 2001
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Trent Bridge|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57219.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194824/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57219.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]]
| align=left|{{flag|Yorkshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1899#Third Test|1899]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 26
| 9
| 2023
| 8
| 9
| 2009
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Headingley|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57092.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194831/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57092.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| align=left|{{flag|Warwickshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#First Test, 29–31 May: England v Australia|1902]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 16
| 6
| 2015
| 5
| 5
| 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Edgbaston|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56788.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191058/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56788.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[Bramall Lane]], [[Sheffield]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Yorkshire}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#Third Test, 3–5 July: England v Australia|1902]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#Third Test, 3–5 July: England v Australia|1902]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|–
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1902
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bramall Lane|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57296.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194836/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57296.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]], [[Cardiff]]
| align=left|{{flag|Glamorgan}}
| [[2009 Ashes series|2009]]
| [[2015 Ashes series|2015]]
| 2
| 1
| 2015
| 1
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sophia Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56874.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191035/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56874.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]], [[Chester-le-Street]]
| align=left|{{flag|County Durham|name=Durham}}
| [[2013 Ashes series|2013]]
| [[2013 Ashes series|2013]]
| 1
| 1
| 2013
| 0
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Riverside|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56901.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191046/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56901.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

*Including [[Result (cricket)#Abandoned|abandoned]] tests

†County cricket clubs who play at the grounds

‡Former grounds which no longer host Test Matches

==Cultural references==
[[File:The Ashes Urn Replica (2016).jpg|150px|thumb|left|A modern-day replica of [[The Ashes urn]]]]

The popularity and reputation of the cricket series has led to other sports and games using the name "Ashes" for contests between England/Great Britain and Australia. The best-known and longest-running of these events is the [[rugby league]] rivalry between [[Great Britain national rugby league team|Great Britain]] and [[Australia national rugby league team|Australia]] (see [[The Ashes (rugby league)|rugby league "Ashes"]]). Use of the name "Ashes" was suggested by the Australian team when rugby league matches between the two countries commenced in 1908. Other examples included the television game shows ''[[Gladiators (TV series)|Gladiators]]'' and ''[[Sale of the Century (Australian game show)|Sale of the Century]]'', both of which broadcast special editions containing contestants from the Australian and English versions of the shows competing against each other.

The term became further genericised in Australia in the first half of the twentieth century, and was used to describe many sports rivalries or competitions outside the context of Australia vs England. The [[Australian rules football]] [[Interstate matches in Australian rules football|interstate carnival]], and the small silver casket which served as its trophy, were symbolically known as "the Ashes" of Australian football,<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Daily Herald|publication-place=Adelaide, SA|title=Carnival champions – presentation of the Ashes|page=9}}</ref> and was spoken of as such until at least the 1940s.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Barrier Daily Truth|publication-place=Broken Hill, NSW|page=6|title=Victoria's football ashes|date=11 August 1947}}</ref> The soccer rivalry between Australia and New Zealand was described as "the soccer ashes of Australasia" until as late as the 1950s;<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Sporting Globe|publication-place=Melbourne, VIC|title=Kiwis to win the Ashes|author=J. O. Wishaw|page=7|date=25 August 1954}}</ref> ashes from cigars smoked by the two countries' captains were put into a casket in 1923 to make the trophy literal.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Referee|publication-place=Sydney, NSW|page=16|title=The soccer ashes of Australasia|date=16 April 1924}}</ref> The interstate [[rugby league]] [[State of Origin series#Interstate Rugby League before 1980|rivalry between Queensland and New South Wales]] was known for a time as Australia's rugby league ashes, and [[lawn bowls|bowls]] competitions between the two states also regularly used the term.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Brisbane Courier|publication-place=Brisbane, QLD|title=Bowls – N.S.W. "Knuts" retain the "Ashes"|page=3|date=14 July 1920}}</ref> Even some local rivalries, such as southern Western Australia's annual Great Southern Football Carnival, were locally described as "the ashes".<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Great Southern Herald|publication-place=Katanning, WA|page=3|date=21 September 1935|title=Great Southern Football Carnival}}</ref> This genericised usage is no longer common, and "the Ashes" would today be assumed only to apply to a contest between Australia and England.

The Ashes featured in the film ''[[The Final Test]]'', released in 1953, based on a television play by [[Terence Rattigan]]. It stars [[Jack Warner (actor)|Jack Warner]] as an England cricketer playing the last Test of his career, which is the last of an Ashes series; the film includes cameo appearances of English captain [[Len Hutton]] and other players<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045769/|title=The Final Test (1953)|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|access-date=13 July 2013|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104033237/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045769/|url-status=live}}</ref> who were part of England's 1953 triumph.

[[Douglas Adams]]'s 1982 science fiction comedy novel ''[[Life, the Universe and Everything]]'' – the third part of ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' series – features the urn containing the Ashes as a significant element of its plot. The urn is stolen by alien robots, as the burnt stump inside is part of a key needed to unlock the "Wikkit Gate" and release an imprisoned world called Krikkit.

''[[Bodyline (miniseries)|Bodyline]]'', a fictionalised television [[miniseries]] based on the "[[Bodyline]]" Ashes series of 1932–33, was screened in Australia in 1984. The cast included [[Gary Sweet]] as [[Donald Bradman]] and [[Hugo Weaving]] as England captain [[Douglas Jardine]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frith|first1=David|title=Bodyline Autopsy: The full story of the most sensational Test cricket series: Australia v England 1932–33|date=24 June 2013|publisher=Aurum Press|isbn=9781781311936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijnLAgAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref>

In the 1938 film ''[[The Lady Vanishes]]'', [[Charters and Caldicott]], played by [[Basil Radford]] and [[Naunton Wayne]] are two cricket fans who are desperate to get home from Europe in order to see the last day's play in the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1938#Third Test|Third Test at Manchester]]. It is not until they see a newsboy's poster near the end of the film that they discover that the match had been abandoned, due to floods.

==See also==
{{Portal|Cricket}}
* [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883]]
* [[History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889]]
* [[History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900]]
* [[The Women's Ashes]]
* [[Ella-Mobbs Trophy]] (the Rugby Union equivalent of England-Australia matches)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book| last = Berry | first = S. | year = 2006 | title = Cricket's Burning Passion | location = London | publisher=Methuen | isbn = 0-413-77627-1 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Birley | first = D. | year = 2003 | title = A Social History of English Cricket | location = London | publisher = Aurum Press | isbn = 1-85410-941-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofe0000birl }}
* {{Cite book| last = Frith | first = David | year = 1990 | title = Australia versus England: A Pictorial History of Every Test Match Since 1877 | location = Victoria (Australia) | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn = 0-670-90323-X }}
* {{Cite book| last = Frith | first = David | year = 2002 | title = Bodyline Autopsy: The Full Story of the Most Sensational Test Cricket Series - England v Australia 1932-3 | location = London | publisher=Aurum Press | isbn = 978-1-8541-0896-8 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Gibb | first = J. | year = 1979 | title = Test Cricket Records From 1877 | location = London | publisher=Collins | isbn = 0-00-411690-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Gibson | first = A. | year = 1989 | title = Cricket Captains of England | location = London | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn = 1-85145-395-4 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Green | first = B. | year = 1979 | title = Wisden Anthology 1864–1900 | location = London | publisher=M & J/QA Press | isbn = 0-356-10732-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Harte | first = Chris | year = 2003 | title = Penguin History of Australian Cricket | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn = 0-670-04133-5 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Munns | first = J. | year = 1994 | title = Beyond Reasonable Doubt – Rupertswood, Sunbury – The Birthplace of the Ashes | location = Australia | publisher=Joy Munns | isbn = 0-646-22153-1 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Warner | first = P. | year = 1987 | title = Lord's 1787–1945 | location = London | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn = 1-85145-112-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Warner | first = P. | year = 2004 | title = How We Recovered the Ashes: MCC Tour 1903–1904 | location = London | publisher=Methuen | isbn = 0-413-77399-X }}
* Willis, R. [http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php?products_id=486 ''Cricket's Biggest Mystery: The Ashes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514084152/http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php?products_id=486 |date=14 May 2013 }}, The Lutterworth Press (1987), {{ISBN|978-0-7188-2588-1}}.
* {{Cite book| last = Wynne-Thomas | first = P. | year = 1989 | title = The Complete History of Cricket Tours at Home and Abroad |location = London | publisher=Hamlyn | isbn = 0-600-55782-0 }}

===Other===
* ''Wisden's Cricketers Almanack'' (various editions)

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|The Ashes}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toukmRyDuOE Ashes to Ashes] An audio history of the first hundred years of the Ashes, narrated by [[John Arlott]]
* [http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/story/259985.html Cricinfo's Ashes] website
* [http://www.mcc.org.au/News/Club%20Publications/~/media/Files/Origin%20of%20the%20Ashes.ashx The Origin of the Ashes – Rex Harcourt]
* Listen to a young [http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/ Don Bradman speaking] after the 1930 Ashes tour

{{Ashes Test series}}
{{Compton–Miller Medal winners}}
{{Named Test Cricket series}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashes}}
[[Category:The Ashes| ]]
[[Category:Australia in international cricket]]
[[Category:Cricket awards and rankings]]
[[Category:Cricket rivalries]]
[[Category:England in international cricket]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1882]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1882]]
[[Category:Test cricket competitions]]

The Ashes

2023-08-01T14:01:44Z

Tom dl: /* England */ Correct Australia wins at MCG (was incorrect before, according to source)

{{Short description|International cricket series}}
{{about|the Ashes in men's cricket|the women's equivalent|The Women's Ashes|other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = The Ashes
| image = Ashes Urn.jpg
| caption = [[The Ashes urn]], made of [[terracotta]] and about 10.5
cm (4") tall, is reputed to contain the ashes of a burnt [[Bail (cricket)|cricket bail]].
| country = {{cr|AUS}} {{cr|ENG}}
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[Test cricket]]
| first = [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]] ([[Australia]])
| last = [[2023 Ashes series|2023]] ([[England]])
| next = [[2025–26 Ashes series|2025–26]] ([[Australia]])
| tournament format = 5-match series
| participants = 2
| trophyholder = {{cr|AUS}} (Series drawn) (2023)
| most successful = {{cr|AUS}} (34 series wins, six retentions)
| most runs = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Donald Bradman]] (5,028)
| most wickets = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Shane Warne]] (195)
| current = [[2023 Ashes series]]
}}
'''The Ashes''' is a [[Test cricket]] series played between [[England national cricket team|England]] and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. The term originated in a satirical [[obituary]] published in a British newspaper, ''[[The Sporting Times]]'', immediately after Australia's [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Australia win in England 1882|1882 victory]] at [[The Oval]], its first Test win on English soil. The obituary stated that English cricket had died, and that "the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia".<ref>{{cite book | author=Wendy Lewis | author-link=Wendy Lewis | author2=Simon Balderstone | author3=John Bowan | name-list-style=amp | title=Events That Shaped Australia | page=75 | publisher=New Holland | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-74110-492-9 }}</ref> The mythical ashes immediately became associated with the [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Bligh reclaims the Ashes 1882/3|1882–83 series played in Australia]], before which the English captain [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] had vowed to "regain those ashes". The English media therefore dubbed the tour ''the quest to regain the Ashes''.

After England had won two of the three Tests on the tour, a small urn was presented to Bligh by a group of [[Melbourne]] women including [[Florence Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Florence Morphy]], whom Bligh married within a year.<ref name=events>{{Cite news |date=20 February 1884 |title=Summary of Events |newspaper=The Illustrated Australian News |location=Melbourne |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63185850 |page=18}}</ref> The contents of the urn are reputed to be the ashes of a wooden [[bail (cricket)|bail]], and were humorously described as "the ashes of Australian cricket".<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 1908 |title=Cricket |newspaper=The Mercury |location=Hobart |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12673335 |page=8}}</ref> It is not clear whether that "tiny silver urn" is the same as the small terracotta urn given to the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] by Bligh's widow after his death in 1927.

[[The Ashes urn|The urn]] has never been the official trophy of the Ashes series, having been a personal gift to Bligh.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ashes History|url=http://www.lords.org/history/mcc-history/the-ashes|publisher=Lords|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009142619/https://www.lords.org/history/mcc-history/the-ashes/|archive-date=9 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, [[replica]]s of the urn are often held aloft by victorious teams as a symbol of their victory in an Ashes series. Since the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1998–99|1998–99 Ashes series]], a [[Waterford Crystal]] representation of the Ashes urn (called the Ashes Trophy) has been presented to the winners of an Ashes series as the official trophy of that series. Irrespective of which side holds the tournament, the original urn remains in the MCC Museum at [[Lord's]]; it has, however, been taken to Australia to be put on touring display on two occasions: as part of the [[Australian Bicentenary]] celebrations in 1988 and to accompany the [[English cricket team in Australia in 2006–07|Ashes series in 2006–07]].

An Ashes series traditionally consists of five Tests, hosted in turn by England and Australia at least once every two years. The Ashes are regarded as being held by the team that most recently won the series. If the series is drawn, the team that currently holds the Ashes "retains" the trophy.

There have been [[List of Ashes series|73 Ashes series]]. Australia have won 34 and retained six times from draws (40); England have won 32 and retained once (33).

==1882 origins==
{{main|Australian cricket team in England in 1882}}
[[File:Ranji 1897 page 143 F. R. Spofforth, the demon bowler.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fred Spofforth]], "The Demon Bowler", was instrumental in Australia's 1882 victory over England with 14 wickets for 90.]]
The first [[Test cricket|Test match]] between England and Australia was played in [[Melbourne]], Australia, [[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77|in 1877]], though the Ashes legend started later, after the ninth Test, played in 1882. On their [[Australian cricket team in England and the United States in 1882|tour of England]] that year the Australians played just one Test, at [[the Oval]] in London. It was a low-scoring affair on a difficult [[Cricket pitch|wicket]].<ref>Fred Spofforth, however, contended that, the fourth innings aside, it played perfectly well.</ref> Australia made a mere 63 runs in their first [[innings]], and England, led by [[A. N. Hornby]], took a 38-run lead with a total of 101. In their second innings, Australia, boosted by a spectacular 55 runs off 60 deliveries from [[Hugh Massie]], managed 122, which left England only 85 runs to win. The Australians were greatly demoralised by the manner of their second-innings collapse, but fast bowler [[Fred Spofforth]], spurred on by the [[gamesmanship]] of his opponents, in particular [[W. G. Grace]], refused to give in. "This thing can be done," he declared. Spofforth went on to devastate the English batting, taking his final four wickets for only two runs to leave England just eight runs short of victory.

When [[Ted Peate]], England's last batsman, came to the crease, his side needed just ten runs to win, but Peate managed only two before he was bowled by [[Harry Boyle (cricketer)|Harry Boyle]]. An astonished Oval crowd fell silent, struggling to believe that England could possibly have lost on home soil. When it finally sank in, the crowd swarmed onto the field, cheering loudly and chairing Boyle and Spofforth to the pavilion.

When Peate returned to the pavilion he was reprimanded by his captain for not allowing his partner, [[Charles Studd]] (one of the best batsmen in England, having already hit two centuries that season against the colonists), to get the runs. Peate humorously replied, "I had no confidence in Mr Studd, sir, so thought I had better do my best."<ref>
{{cite news
|first=Jack
|last=Worrall
|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83580262
|title=A Great Bowlers' Victory
|page=11
|newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|Daily News]]
|location=Perth, WA |date=23 August 1930
|access-date=25 August 2013
}}
</ref>

The momentous defeat was widely recorded in the British press, which praised the Australians for their plentiful "pluck" and berated the Englishmen for their lack thereof. A celebrated poem appeared in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' on Saturday, 9 September. The first verse, quoted most frequently, reads:

<blockquote>
<poem>
Well done, [[wikt:cornstalk|Cornstalks]]! Whipt us
Fair and square,
Was it luck that tript us?
Was it scare?
Kangaroo Land's 'Demon', or our own
Want of 'devil', coolness, nerve, backbone?
</poem></blockquote>

On 31 August, in the [[C. W. Alcock|Charles Alcock]]-edited magazine ''Cricket: A Weekly Record of The Game'', there appeared a mock obituary:

{{poemquote|
SACRED TO THE MEMORY
OF
ENGLAND'S SUPREMACY IN THE
CRICKET-FIELD
WHICH EXPIRED
ON THE 29TH DAY OF AUGUST, AT THE OVAL
"ITS END WAS PEATE"
}}

[[File:DeathofEnglishCricket.jpg|thumb|The death notice that appeared in ''[[The Sporting Times]]'']]
On 2 September a more celebrated mock obituary, written by [[Reginald Shirley Brooks]], appeared in ''[[The Sporting Times]]''. It read:

{{poemquote|
In Affectionate Remembrance
of
ENGLISH CRICKET,
which died at the Oval
on
29 August 1882,
Deeply lamented by a large circle of sorrowing
friends and acquaintances

R.I.P.

N.B.—The body will be cremated and the
ashes taken to Australia.
}}

[[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] promised that on [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83 tour of Australia]], he would, as England's captain, "recover those Ashes". He spoke of them several times over the course of the tour, and the Australian media quickly caught on. The three-match series resulted in a two-one win to England, notwithstanding a fourth match, won by the Australians, whose status remains a matter of ardent dispute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilton |first=Christopher |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123232899 |title=The birth of the Ashes : the amazing story of the first Ashes test |date=2006 |publisher=Renniks Publications |isbn=978-0-9752245-4-0 |location=Banksmeadow, N.S.W. |oclc=123232899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930079935 |title=Wisden on the Ashes : the authoritative story of cricket's greatest rivalry : updated to include the 2015 series |date=2015 |others=Steven Lynch |isbn=978-1-4729-1353-1 |edition= |location=London |oclc=930079935}}</ref>

In the 20 years following Bligh's campaign the term "the Ashes" largely disappeared from public use. There is no indication that this was the accepted name for the series, at least not in England. The term became popular again in Australia first, when [[George Giffen]], in his memoirs (''With Bat and Ball'', 1899), used the term as if it were well known.<ref>Gibson, A., ''Cricket Captains of England'', p. 26.</ref>

The true and global revitalisation of interest in the concept dates from 1903, when [[Plum Warner|Pelham Warner]] took a team to Australia with the promise that he would regain "the ashes". As had been the case on Bligh's tour 20 years before, the Australian media latched fervently onto the term and, this time, it stuck. Having fulfilled his promise, Warner published a book entitled ''How We Recovered the Ashes''. Although the origins of the term are not referred to in the text, the title served (along with the general hype created in Australia) to revive public interest in the legend. The first mention of "the Ashes" in ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' occurs in 1905, while ''Wisden'''s first account of the legend is in the 1922 edition.

==Urn==
{{Main|The Ashes urn}}
[[File:Ashes Urn 1921.jpg|right|thumb|The earliest published photo of [[the Ashes urn]], from ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'', 1921]]
[[File:Rupertswood mansion side angle shot.jpg|thumb|[[Rupertswood]] outside Melbourne, where the urn was presented to Bligh]]
It took many years before the contests between England and Australia were consistently called "The Ashes", and so there was no concept of either a trophy or a physical representation of the ashes. As late as 1925, the following verse appeared in ''The Cricketers Annual'':

<blockquote>
<poem>
So here's to Chapman, Hendren and Hobbs,
Gilligan, Woolley and Hearne
May they bring back to the Motherland,
The ashes which have no urn!
</poem></blockquote>

Nevertheless, several attempts had been made to embody the Ashes in a physical memorial. Examples include one presented to Warner in 1904, another to Australian captain M. A. Noble in 1909, and another to Australian captain W. M. Woodfull in 1934.

The oldest, and the one to enjoy enduring fame, was the one presented to Bligh, later Lord Darnley, during the 1882–83 tour. The precise nature of the origin of [[The Ashes urn|this urn]] is a matter of dispute. Based on a statement by Darnley in 1894, it was believed that a group of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victorian]] ladies, including Darnley's later wife [[Florence Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Florence Morphy]], made the presentation after the victory in the Third Test in 1883. More recent researchers, in particular Ronald Willis<ref>{{Cite book| first=Ronald | last=Willis | title=Cricket's Biggest Mystery: The Ashes | year=1982 | isbn=0-7270-1768-3}}</ref> and Joy Munns<ref>{{Cite book| first=Joy | last=Munns | title=Beyond Reasonable Doubt: The birthplace of the Ashes | year=1994 | isbn=0-646-22153-1}}</ref> have studied the tour in detail and concluded that the presentation was made after a private cricket match played over Christmas 1882 when the English team were guests of [[Sir William John Clarke|Sir William Clarke]], at his property "[[Rupertswood]]", in [[Sunbury, Victoria]]. This was before the matches had started. The prime evidence for this theory was provided by a descendant of Clarke.

In August 1926 Ivo Bligh (now Lord Darnley) displayed the Ashes urn at the ''[[Morning Post]]'' Decorative Art Exhibition held in the Central Hall, Westminster. He made the following statement about how he was given the urn:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58247421?searchTerm=darnley%20cricket%20ashes&searchLimits= |title=Sunday Times (Perth) 15 August 1926 page 9S. Online Reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=15 August 1926 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|When in the autumn the English Eleven went to Australia it was said that they had come to Australia to "fetch" the ashes. England won two out of the three matches played against Murdoch's Australian Eleven, and after the third match some Melbourne ladies put some ashes into a small urn and gave them to me as captain of the English Eleven.}}

A more detailed account of how the Ashes were given to Ivo Bligh was outlined by his wife, the Countess of Darnley, in 1930 during a speech at a cricket luncheon. Her speech was reported by the ''Times'' as follows:<ref>The Times (London), 27 June 1930. page 7.</ref>

{{Blockquote|In 1882, she said, it was first spoken of when the Sporting Times, after the Australians had thoroughly beaten the English at the Oval, wrote an obituary in affectionate memory of English cricket "whose demise was deeply lamented and the body would be cremated and taken to Australia". Her husband, then Ivo Bligh, took a team to Australia in the following year. Punch had a poem containing the words "When Ivo comes back with the urn" and when Ivo Bligh wiped out the defeat Lady Clarke, wife of Sir W. J. Clarke, who entertained the English so lavishly, found a little wooden urn, burnt a bail, put the ashes in the urn, and wrapping it in a red velvet bag, put it into her husband's (Ivo Bligh's) hands. He had always regarded it as a great treasure.}}

There is another statement which is not totally clear made by Lord Darnley in 1921 about the timing of the presentation of the urn. He was interviewed in his home at Cobham Hall by [[Montague Grover]] and the report of this interview was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66512851?searchTerm=%22cobham%20hall%22%20urn&searchLimits=l-decade=192 |title=Geraldton Guardian 15 February 1921, page 1. Online reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=15 February 1921 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|This urn was presented to Lord Darnley by some ladies of Melbourne after the final defeat of his team, and before he returned with the members to England.}}

He made a similar statement in 1926. The report of this statement in the ''Brisbane Courier'' was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21053463?searchTerm=darnley%20ashes%20urn&searchLimits=l-decade=192|title=Brisbane Courier, 9 June 1926, page 7. Online reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=9 June 1926 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The proudest possession of Lord Darnley is an earthenware urn containing the ashes which were presented to him by Melbourne residents when he captained the Englishmen in 1882. Though the team did not win, the urn containing the ashes was sent to him just before leaving Melbourne.}}

The contents of the urn are also problematic; they were variously reported to be the remains of a stump, bail or the outer casing of a ball, but in 1998 Darnley's 82-year-old daughter-in-law said they were the remains of her mother-in-law's veil, casting a further layer of doubt on the matter. However, during the tour of Australia in 2006/7, the MCC official accompanying the urn said the veil legend had been discounted, and it was now "95% certain" that the urn contains the ashes of a cricket bail. Speaking on Channel Nine TV on 25 November 2006, he said x-rays of the urn had shown the pedestal and handles were cracked, and repair work had to be carried out. The urn is made of [[terracotta]] and is about {{convert|6|in|mm}} tall and may originally have been a perfume jar.

[[File:Ashes song.jpg|thumb|The full version of the song from the ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'', the fourth verse of which is pasted onto the urn]]
A label containing a six-line verse is pasted on the urn. This is the fourth verse of a song-lyric published in the ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'' on 1 February 1883:

<blockquote>
<poem>
When [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo]] goes back with the urn, the urn;
[[Studd brothers|Studds]], [[A G Steel|Steel]], [[Walter Read|Read]] and [[Edward Tylecote|Tylecote]] return, return;
The [[wikt:make the welkin ring|welkin]] will ring loud,
The great crowd will feel proud,
Seeing [[Dick Barlow|Barlow]] and [[Billy Bates|Bates]] with the urn, the urn;
And the rest coming home with the urn.
</poem></blockquote>

In February 1883, just before the disputed Fourth Test, a velvet bag made by Mrs Ann Fletcher, the daughter of Joseph Hines Clarke and Marion Wright, both of [[Dublin]], was given to Bligh to contain the urn. During Darnley's lifetime there was little public knowledge of the urn, and no record of a published photograph exists before 1921. ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'' published this photo in January 1921 (shown above). When Darnley died in 1927 his widow presented the urn to the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] and that was the key event in establishing the urn as the physical embodiment of the legendary ashes. MCC first displayed the urn in the Long Room at [[Lord's]] and since 1953 in the MCC Cricket Museum at the ground. MCC's wish for it to be seen by as wide a range of cricket enthusiasts as possible has led to its being mistaken for an official trophy. It is in fact a private memento, and for this reason it is never awarded to either England or Australia, but is kept permanently in the MCC Cricket Museum where it can be seen together with the specially made red and gold velvet bag and the scorecard of the 1882 match.

Because the urn itself is so delicate, it has been allowed to travel to Australia only twice. The first occasion was in 1988 for a museum tour as part of the [[Australian Bicentenary]] celebrations; the second was for the 2006/7 Ashes series.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6052544.stm | title=Ashes urn heads to Australia | work=BBC Sport | date=15 October 2006 | access-date=8 November 2007 | archive-date=6 November 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106114633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6052544.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> The urn arrived on 17 October 2006, going on display at the [[Museum of Sydney]]. It then toured to other states, with the final appearance at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery on 21 January 2007.

In the 1990s, given Australia's long dominance of the Ashes and the popular acceptance of the Darnley urn as "the Ashes", the idea was mooted that the victorious team should be awarded the urn as a trophy and allowed to retain it until the next series. As its condition is fragile and it is a prized exhibit at the MCC Cricket Museum, the MCC would not agree. Furthermore, in 2002, Bligh's great-great-grandson Lord Clifton, the heir-apparent to the [[Earl of Darnley|Earldom of Darnley]], argued that the Ashes urn should not be returned to Australia because it belonged to his family and was given to the MCC only for safe keeping.

As a compromise, the MCC commissioned a larger replica of the urn in [[Waterford Crystal]], known as the Ashes Trophy, to award to the winning team of each series starting with the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1998–99|1998–99 Ashes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Ashes Trophy? |url=http://www.lords.org/news/our-blogs/the-cricket-history-blog/what-is-the-ashes-trophy/ |first=Rhys |last=Hayward |publisher=Lord's |date=23 August 2013 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910205923/http://www.lords.org/news/our-blogs/the-cricket-history-blog/what-is-the-ashes-trophy}}</ref> This did little to diminish the status of the Darnley urn as the most important icon in cricket, the symbol of this old and keenly fought contest.

==Series and matches==
{{further|List of Ashes series}}
===Quest to "recover those ashes"===
{{See also|History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#The Ashes legend}}
[[File:Ivo Bligh Vanity Fair 7 April 1904.jpg|thumb|upright|The Honourable Ivo Bligh]]
Later in 1882, following the famous Australian victory at The Oval, [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Bligh]] led an England team to Australia, as he said, to "recover those ashes". Publicity surrounding the series was intense, and it was at some time during this series that the Ashes urn was crafted. Australia won the First Test by [[Result (cricket)|nine wickets]], but in the next two England were victorious. At the end of the Third Test, England were generally considered to have "won back the Ashes" 2–1. A fourth match was played, against a "United Australian XI", which was arguably stronger than the Australian sides that had competed in the previous three matches; this game, however, is not generally considered part of the 1882–83 series. It ''is'' counted as a Test, but as a standalone. This match ended in a victory for Australia.

===1884 to 1896===
After Bligh's victory, there was an extended period of English dominance. The tours generally had fewer Tests in the 1880s and 1890s than people have grown accustomed to in more recent years, the first five-Test series taking place only in 1894–95. England lost only four Ashes Tests in the 1880s out of 23 played, and they won all the seven series contested.

There was more chopping and changing in the teams, given that there was no official board of selectors for each country (in 1887–88, two separate English teams were on tour in Australia) and popularity with the fans varied. The 1890s games were more closely fought, Australia taking its first series win since 1882 with a 2–1 victory in 1891–92. But England dominated, winning the next three series to 1896 despite continuing player disputes.

The [[English cricket team in Australia in 1894-95|1894–95]] series began in sensational fashion when England won the First Test at Sydney by just 10 runs having followed on. Australia had scored a massive 586 ([[Syd Gregory]] 201, [[George Giffen]] 161) and then dismissed England for 325. But England responded with 437 and then dramatically dismissed Australia for 166 with [[Bobby Peel]] taking 6 for 67. At the close of the second last day's play, Australia were 113–2, needing only 64 more runs. But heavy rain fell overnight and next morning the two slow left-arm bowlers, Peel and [[Johnny Briggs (cricketer)|Johnny Briggs]], were all but unplayable. England went on to win the series 3–2 after it had been all square before the Final Test, which England won by 6 wickets. The English heroes were Peel, with 27 wickets in the series at an average of 26.70, and [[Tom Richardson (cricketer)|Tom Richardson]], with 32 at 26.53.

In 1896, England under the captaincy of [[W. G. Grace]] won the series 2–1, and this marked the end of England's longest period of Ashes dominance.

===1897 to 1902===
Australia resoundingly won the 1897–98 series by 4–1 under the captaincy of [[Harry Trott]]. His successor [[Joe Darling]] won the next three series in 1899, 1901–02, and the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1902|classic 1902 series]], which became one of the most famous in the history of Test cricket.

Five matches were played in 1902 but the first two were drawn after being hit by bad weather. In the First Test (the first played at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]), after scoring 376 England bowled out Australia for 36 ([[Wilfred Rhodes]] 7/17) and reduced them to 46–2 when they followed on. Australia won the Third and Fourth Tests at [[Bramall Lane]] and [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] respectively. At Old Trafford, Australia won by just 3 runs after [[Victor Trumper]] had scored 104 on a "bad wicket", reaching his hundred before lunch on the first day. England won the last Test at [[The Oval]] by one wicket. Chasing 263 to win, they slumped to 48–5 before [[Gilbert Jessop]]'s 104 gave them a chance. He reached his hundred in just 75 minutes. The last-wicket pair of [[George Herbert Hirst |George Hirst]] and Rhodes were required to score 15 runs for victory. When Rhodes joined him, Hirst reportedly said: "We'll get them in singles, Wilfred." In fact, they scored thirteen singles and a two.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2019 |title=Wisden, 1974 edition – The glorious uncertainty |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152487.html |website=espncricinfo.com |access-date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220123247/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152487.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The period of Darling's captaincy saw the emergence of outstanding Australian players such as Trumper, [[Warwick Armstrong]], [[James Kelly (cricketer)|James Kelly]], [[Monty Noble]], [[Clem Hill]], [[Hugh Trumble]] and [[Ernie Jones (Australian sportsman)|Ernie Jones]].

===Reviving the legend===
After what the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] saw as the problems of the earlier professional and amateur series they decided to take control of organising tours themselves, and this led to the first MCC tour of Australia in 1903–04. England won it against the odds, and [[Plum Warner]], the England captain, wrote up his version of the tour in his book ''How We Recovered The Ashes''.<ref>[[Plum Warner]], ''How We Recovered The Ashes'', Longman, 1905</ref> The title of this book revived the Ashes legend and it was after this that England v Australia series were customarily referred to as "The Ashes".

===1905 to 1912===
England and Australia were evenly matched until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Five more series took place between 1905 and 1912. In 1905, England's captain [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Stanley Jackson]] not only won the series 2–0, but also won the toss in all five matches and headed both the batting and the bowling averages. Monty Noble led Australia to victory in both 1907–08 and 1909. Then England won in 1911–12 by four matches to one. [[Jack Hobbs]] establishing himself as England's first-choice opening batsman with three centuries, while [[Frank Foster (cricketer)|Frank Foster]] (32 wickets at 21.62) and [[Sydney Barnes]] (34 wickets at 22.88) formed a formidable bowling partnership.

England retained the Ashes when it won the [[1912 Triangular Tournament]], which also featured [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]. The Australian touring party had been severely weakened by a [[Big Six cricket dispute of 1912|dispute]] between the board and players that caused [[Clem Hill]], [[Victor Trumper]], Warwick Armstrong, [[Tibby Cotter]], [[Sammy Carter]] and [[Vernon Ransford]] to be omitted.<ref>Harte, pp. 251–256.</ref>

===1920 to 1933===
After the war, Australia took firm control of both the Ashes and world cricket. For the first time, the tactic of using two express bowlers in tandem paid off as [[Jack Gregory (cricketer)|Jack Gregory]] and [[Ted McDonald]] crippled the English batting on a regular basis. Australia recorded overwhelming victories both in England and on home soil. It won the first eight matches in succession including a 5–0 [[whitewash (sport)|whitewash]] in [[English cricket team in Australia in 1920-21|1920–1921]] at the hands of Warwick Armstrong's team.

The ruthless and belligerent Armstrong led his team back to England in 1921 where his men lost only two games late in the tour to narrowly miss out of being the first team to complete a tour of England without defeat.

[[File:Herbert Sutcliffe 1924.jpg|thumb|left|[[Herbert Sutcliffe]] sweeps [[Arthur Mailey]] during the first Ashes Test in Sydney, 1924.]]
England won only one Test out of 15 from the end of the war until 1925.<ref>Harte, pp. 274–276.</ref><ref name=auslist>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Results list |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=21 December 2007 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309063345/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a rain-hit series in 1926, England managed to eke out a 1–0 victory with a win in the final Test at The Oval. Because the series was at stake, the match was to be "timeless", i.e., played to a finish. Australia had a narrow first innings lead of 22. Jack Hobbs and [[Herbert Sutcliffe]] took the score to 49–0 at the end of the second day, a lead of 27. Heavy rain fell overnight, and next day the pitch soon developed into a traditional sticky wicket. England seemed doomed to be bowled out cheaply and to lose the match. In spite of the very difficult batting conditions, however, Hobbs and Sutcliffe took their partnership to 172 before Hobbs was out for exactly 100. Sutcliffe went on to make 161 and England won the game comfortably.<ref>Harte, pp. 298–301.</ref> Australian captain [[Herbie Collins]] was stripped of all captaincy positions down to club level, and some accused him of throwing the match.

Australia's ageing post-war team broke up after 1926, with Collins, [[Charlie Macartney]] and [[Warren Bardsley]] all departing, and Gregory breaking down at the start of the 1928–29 series.

Despite the debut of [[Donald Bradman]], the inexperienced Australians, led by [[Jack Ryder (cricketer)|Jack Ryder]], were heavily defeated, losing 4–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 312–316.</ref> England had a very strong batting side, with [[Wally Hammond]] contributing 905 runs at an average of 113.12, and Hobbs, Sutcliffe and [[Patsy Hendren]] all scoring heavily; the bowling was more than adequate, without being outstanding.

In 1930, [[Bill Woodfull]] led an extremely inexperienced team to England.

Bradman fulfilled his promise in the 1930 series when he scored 974 runs at 139.14, which remains a world record Test series aggregate. A modest Bradman can be heard in a 1930 recording saying "I have always endeavoured to do my best for the side, and the few centuries that have come my way have been achieved in the hope of winning matches. My one idea when going into bat was to make runs for Australia."<ref name="Don Bradman on australianscreen online">{{cite web|url=http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/|title=Don Bradman in 'The 1930 Australian XI: Winners of the Ashes'|website=Aso.gov.au|access-date=23 February 2011|archive-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201123853/http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] Test, he made 334, reaching 309* at the end of the first day, including a century before lunch. Bradman himself thought that his 254 in the preceding match, at [[Lord's]], was a better innings. England managed to stay in contention until the deciding final Test at The Oval, but yet another double hundred by Bradman, and 7/92 by [[Percy Hornibrook]] in England's second innings, enabled Australia to win by an innings and take the series 2–1. [[Clarrie Grimmett]]'s 29 wickets at 31.89 for Australia in this high-scoring series were also important.

Australia had one of the strongest batting line-ups ever in the early 1930s, with Bradman, [[Archie Jackson]], [[Stan McCabe]], [[Bill Woodfull]], [[Bill Ponsford]] and Jack Fingleton. It was the prospect of bowling at this line-up that caused England's 1932–33 captain [[Douglas Jardine]] to adopt the tactic of fast [[leg theory]], better known as [[Bodyline]].

[[File:4th Test Woodfull.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bill Woodfull]] evades a ball from [[Harold Larwood]] with [[Bodyline]] field settings.]]

Jardine instructed his [[fast bowling|fast bowlers]], most notably [[Harold Larwood]] and [[Bill Voce]], to bowl at the bodies of the Australian batsmen, with the goal of forcing them to defend their bodies with their bats, thus providing easy catches to a stacked [[leg side|leg-side]] field. Jardine insisted that the tactic was legitimate and called it "leg theory" but it was widely disparaged by its opponents, who dubbed it "Bodyline" (from "on the line of the body"). Although England decisively won the Ashes 4–1, Bodyline caused such a furore in Australia that diplomats had to intervene to prevent serious harm to Anglo-Australian relations, and the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] eventually changed the [[Laws of cricket]] to curtail the number of leg side fielders.

Jardine's comment was: "I've not travelled 6,000 miles to make friends. I'm here to win the Ashes".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article2387560.ece | location=London | work=The Times | title=Top 50 British achievements | first=Patrick | last=Kidd | date=4 September 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821160249/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article2387560.ece | archive-date=21 August 2008}}</ref>

Some of the Australians wanted to use Bodyline in retaliation, but Woodfull flatly refused. He famously told England manager [[Pelham Warner]], "There are two teams out there. One is playing cricket; the other is making no attempt to do so" after the latter had come into the Australian rooms to express sympathy after a Larwood bouncer had struck the Australian skipper in the heart and felled him.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Cashman| author2 = Franks| author3 = Maxwell| author4 = Sainsbury| author5 = Stoddart| author6 = Weaver| author7 = Webster | date = 1997 | title = The A-Z of Australian cricketers|pages = 322–323}}</ref>

===1934 to 1953===
On the batting-friendly [[cricket pitch|wickets]] that prevailed in the late 1930s, most Tests up to the Second World War still gave results. It should be borne in mind that Tests in Australia prior to the war were all played to a finish, with many batting records set during this period. {{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The 1934 Ashes series began with the notable absence of Larwood, Voce and Jardine. The MCC had made it clear, in light of the revelations of the bodyline series, that these players would not face Australia. The MCC, although it had earlier condoned and encouraged<ref>{{Cite book|last=Frith|first=David|title=Bodyline autopsy: the full story of the most sensational test cricket series: Australia vs England 1932-33|publisher=ABC Books for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation|year=2002|isbn=0733311725|location=Sydney|pages=47}}</ref> bodyline tactics in the 1932–33 series, laid the blame on Larwood when relations turned sour. Larwood was forced by the MCC to either apologise or be removed from the Test side. He went for the latter.

Australia recovered the Ashes in 1934 and held them until 1953, though no Test cricket was played during the Second World War.

As in 1930, the 1934 series was decided in the final Test at The Oval. Australia, batting first, posted a massive 701 in the first innings. Bradman (244) and Ponsford (266) were in record-breaking form with a partnership of 451 for the second wicket. England eventually faced a massive 707-run target for victory and failed, Australia winning the series 2–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 356–357.</ref> This made Woodfull the only captain to regain the Ashes and he retired upon his return to Australia.

In 1936–37 Bradman succeeded Woodfull as Australian captain. He started badly, losing the first two Tests heavily after Australia were caught on [[sticky wicket]]s. However, the Australians fought back and Bradman won his first series in charge 3–2.

The 1938 series was a high-scoring affair with two high-scoring draws, resulting in a 1–1 result, Australia retaining the Ashes. After the first two matches ended in stalemate and the Third Test at Old Trafford never started due to rain, Australia then scraped home by five wickets inside three days in a low-scoring match at Headingley to retain the urn. In the timeless Fifth Test at The Oval, the highlight was [[Len Hutton]]'s then world-record score of 364 as England made 903-7 declared. Bradman and [[Jack Fingleton]] injured themselves during Hutton's marathon effort, and with only nine men, Australia fell to defeat by an innings and 579 runs,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6109836.stm |title=Classic Ashes clashes – 1938, The Oval |website=BBC Sport |date=5 November 2006 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6109836.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the heaviest in Test history.

The Ashes resumed after the war when England toured in 1946–47 and, as in 1920–21, found that Australia had made the better post-war recovery. Still captained by Bradman and now featuring the potent new-ball partnership of [[Ray Lindwall]] and [[Keith Miller]], Australia were convincing 3–0 winners.

Aged 38 and having been unwell during the war, Bradman had been reluctant to play. He batted unconvincingly and reached 28 when he hit a ball to [[Jack Ikin]]; England believed it was a catch, but Bradman stood his ground, believing it to be a bump ball. The umpire ruled in the Australian captain's favour and he appeared to regain his fluency of yesteryear, scoring 187. Australia promptly seized the initiative, won the First Test convincingly and inaugurated a dominant post-war era. The controversy over the Ikin catch was one of the biggest disputes of the era.

In 1948, Australia set new standards, completely outplaying its hosts to win 4–0 with one draw. This [[Australian cricket team in England in 1948|Australian team]], led by Bradman, who turned 40 during his final tour of England, has gone down in history as ''The Invincibles''. Playing 34 matches on tour—three of which were not first-class—and including the five Tests, they remained unbeaten, winning 27 and drawing 7.

Bradman's men were greeted by packed crowds across the country, and records for Test attendances in England were set in the [[Second Test, 1948 Ashes series|Second]] and [[Fourth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fourth Tests]] at Lord's and Headingley respectively. Before a record attendance of spectators at Headingley, Australia set a world record by chasing down 404 on the last day for a seven-wicket victory.

The 1948 series ended with one of the most poignant moments in cricket history, as Bradman played his final innings for Australia in the [[Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fifth Test]] at The Oval, needing to score only four runs to end with a career [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of exactly 100. However, Bradman made a second-ball duck, bowled by an [[Eric Hollies]] googly<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 May 2009|title=1948 – Bradman's final innings duck|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8036237.stm|website=BBC Sport|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402185229/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8036237.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> that sent him into retirement with a career average of 99.94.

Bradman was succeeded as Australian captain by [[Lindsay Hassett]], who led the team to a 4–1 series victory in 1950–51. The series was not as one-sided as the number of wins suggest, with several tight matches.

The tide finally turned in 1953 when England won the final Test at The Oval to take the series 1–0, having narrowly avoided defeat in the preceding Test at Headingley. This was the beginning of one of the greatest periods in English cricket history with players such as captain Len Hutton, batsmen [[Denis Compton]], [[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]], [[Tom Graveney]], [[Colin Cowdrey]], bowlers [[Fred Trueman]], [[Brian Statham]], [[Alec Bedser]], [[Jim Laker]], [[Tony Lock]], wicket-keeper [[Godfrey Evans]] and all-rounder [[Trevor Bailey]].

===1954 to 1971===
[[File:Peter May.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]] driving [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill Johnston]] on his way to a century at Sydney.]]
In [[English cricket team in Australia in 1954-55|1954–55]], Australia's batsmen had no answer to the pace of [[Frank Tyson]] and Statham. After winning the First Test by an innings after being controversially sent in by Hutton, Australia lost its way and England took a hat-trick of victories to win the series 3–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 435–437.</ref>

A dramatic series in 1956 saw a record that will probably never be beaten: off-spinner [[Jim Laker]]'s monumental effort at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] when he bowled 68 of 191 overs to take 19 out of 20 possible Australian wickets in the Fourth Test.<ref>Harte, pp. 444–446.</ref> It was Australia's second consecutive innings defeat in a wet summer, and the hosts were in strong positions in the two drawn Tests, in which half the playing time was washed out. Bradman rated the team that won the series 2–1 as England's best ever.

England's dominance was not to last. Australia won 4–0 in 1958–59, having found a high-quality spinner of their own in new skipper [[Richie Benaud]], who took 31 wickets in the five-Test series, and paceman [[Alan Keith Davidson|Alan Davidson]], who took 24 wickets at 19.00. The series was overshadowed by the furore over various Australian bowlers, most notably [[Ian Meckiff]], whom the English management and media accused of [[throwing (cricket)|illegally throwing]] Australia to victory.

In 1961, Australia won a hard-fought series 2–1, their first Ashes series win in England for 13 years. After narrowly winning the Second Test at Lord's, dubbed "The Battle of the Ridge" because of a protrusion on the pitch that caused erratic bounce, Australia mounted a comeback on the final day of the Fourth Test at Old Trafford and sealed the series with [[Richie Benaud]] taking 6-70 during the English runchase.

The tempo of the play changed over the next four series in the 1960s, held in 1962–63, 1964, 1965–66 and 1968. The powerful array of bowlers that both countries boasted in the preceding decade moved into retirement, and their replacements were of lesser quality, making it more difficult to force a result. England failed to win any series during the 1960s, a period dominated by draws as teams found it more prudent to save face than risk losing. Of the 20 Tests played during the four series, Australia won four and England three. As they held the Ashes, Australia's captains [[Bob Simpson (cricketer)|Bob Simpson]] and [[Bill Lawry]] were happy to adopt safety-first tactics and their strategy of sedate batting saw many draws. During this period, spectator attendances dropped and media condemnation increased, but Simpson and Lawry flatly disregarded the public dissatisfaction.

It was in the 1960s that the bipolar dominance of England and Australia in world cricket was seriously challenged for the first time. West Indies defeated England twice in the mid-1960s and South Africa, in two series before they were banned for [[apartheid]], completely outplayed Australia 3–1 and 4–0. Australia had lost 2–1 during a tour of the West Indies in 1964–65, the first time it had lost a series to any team other than England.

In 1970–71, [[Ray Illingworth]] led England to a 2–0 win in Australia, mainly due to [[John Snow (cricketer)|John Snow]]'s fast bowling, and the prolific batting of [[Geoffrey Boycott]] and [[John Edrich]]. It was not until the last session of what was the 7th Test (one match having been abandoned without a ball bowled) that England's success was secured. Lawry was sacked after the Sixth Test after the selectors finally lost patience with Australia's lack of success and dour strategy. Lawry was not informed of the decision privately and heard his fate over the radio.<ref>Harte, pp. 526–530.</ref>

===1972 to 1987===
The 1972 series finished 2–2, with England under Illingworth retaining the Ashes.<ref>Harte, pp. 538–540.</ref>

In the 1974–75 series, with the England team breaking up and their best batsman Geoff Boycott refusing to play, Australian pace bowlers [[Jeff Thomson]] and [[Dennis Lillee]] wreaked havoc. A 4–1 result was a fair reflection as England were left shell shocked.<ref>Harte, pp. 557–559.</ref> England then lost the 1975 series 0–1, but at least restored some pride under new captain [[Tony Greig]].<ref>Harte, pp. 561–563.</ref>

Australia won the 1977 Centenary Test<ref>Harte, pp. 580–581.</ref> which was not an Ashes contest, but then a storm broke as [[Kerry Packer]] announced his intention to form [[World Series Cricket]].<ref>Harte, pp. 579–590</ref> WSC affected all Test-playing nations but it weakened Australia especially as the bulk of its players had signed up with Packer; the Australian Cricket Board (ACB) would not select WSC-contracted players and an almost completely new Test team had to be formed. WSC came after an era during which the duopoly of Australian and English dominance dissipated; the Ashes had long been seen as a cricket world championship but the rise of the West Indies in the late 1970s challenged that view. The West Indies would go on to record resounding Test series wins over Australia and England and dominated world cricket until the 1990s.

With Greig having joined WSC, England appointed [[Mike Brearley]] as its captain and he enjoyed great success against Australia. Largely assisted by the return of Boycott, Brearley's men won the 1977 series 3–0 and then completed an overwhelming 5–1 series win against an Australian side missing its WSC players in 1978–79. [[Allan Border]] made his Test debut for Australia in 1978–79.

Brearley retired from Test cricket in 1980 and was succeeded by [[Ian Botham]], who started the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1981|1981 series]] as England captain, by which time the WSC split had ended. After Australia took a 1–0 lead in the first two Tests, Botham was forced to resign or was sacked (depending on the source). Brearley surprisingly agreed to be reappointed before the Third Test at Headingley. This was a remarkable match in which Australia looked certain to take a 2–0 series lead after it had forced England to follow-on 227 runs behind. England, despite being 135 for 7, produced a second innings total of 356, Botham scoring 149*. Chasing just 130, Australia were sensationally dismissed for 111, [[Bob Willis]] taking 8–43. It was the first time since 1894–95 that a team following on had won a Test match. Under Brearley's leadership, England went on to win the next two matches before a drawn final match at The Oval.<ref>Harte, pp. 627–628.</ref> This series became known as 'Botham's Ashes' for his extraordinary feats with both bat and ball, after being dismissed as captain.

In 1982–83 Australia had [[Greg Chappell]] back from WSC as captain, while the England team was weakened by the enforced omission of their [[South African rebel tours|South African tour rebels]], particularly [[Graham Gooch]] and [[John Emburey]]. Australia went 2–0 up after three Tests, but England won the Fourth Test by 3 runs (after a 70-run last wicket stand) to set up the final decider, which was drawn.<ref>Harte, pp. 636–637.</ref>

In 1985, [[David Gower]]'s England team was strengthened by the return of Gooch and Emburey as well as the emergence at international level of [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] and [[Mike Gatting]]. Australia, now captained by [[Allan Border]], had itself been weakened by a rebel South African tour, the loss of [[Terry Alderman]] being a particular factor. England won 3–1.

Despite suffering heavy defeats against the West Indies during the 1980s, England continued to do well in the Ashes. Mike Gatting was the captain in 1986–87 but his team started badly and attracted some criticism.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/268042.html | title=Can't bat, can't bowl, can't field | publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | last=Miller | first=Andrew | author2=Martin Williamson | date=16 November 2006 | access-date=8 November 2007 | archive-date=15 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015131726/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/268042.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Then [[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]] scored three hundreds in successive Tests and bowling successes from [[Graham Dilley]] and [[Gladstone Small]] meant England won the series 2–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 662–664.</ref>

===1989 to 2003===
[[File:MCG99.jpg|right|thumb|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] [[Boxing Day Test]] 1998]]
The Australian team of 1989 was comparable to the great Australian teams of the past, and resoundingly defeated England 4–0.<ref>Harte, pp. 679–682.</ref> Well led by [[Allan Border]], the team included the young cricketers [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]], [[Merv Hughes]], [[David Boon]], [[Ian Healy]] and [[Steve Waugh]], who were all to prove long-serving and successful Ashes competitors. England, now led once again by [[David Gower]], suffered from injuries and poor form. During the Fourth Test news broke that prominent England players had agreed to take part in a "rebel tour" of South Africa the following winter; three of them ([[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]], [[Neil Foster]] and [[John Emburey]]) were playing in the match, and were subsequently dropped from the England side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/139086.html|title=Rebels take a step too far (English rebel tour to South Africa, 1989)|first=Nick|last=Hoult|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|date=July 2004|access-date=22 October 2007|archive-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120707220351/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/139086.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Australia reached a cricketing peak in the 1990s and early 2000s, coupled with a general decline in England's fortunes. After re-establishing its credibility in 1989, Australia underlined its superiority with victories in the 1990–91, 1993, 1994–95, 1997, 1998–99, 2001 and 2002–03 series, all by convincing margins.

Great Australian players in the early years included batsmen Border, Boon, Taylor and Steve Waugh. The captaincy passed from Border to Taylor in the mid-1990s and then to Steve Waugh before the 2001 series. In the latter part of the 1990s Waugh himself, along with his twin brother [[Mark Waugh|Mark]], scored heavily for Australia and fast bowlers [[Glenn McGrath]] and [[Jason Gillespie]] made a serious impact, especially the former. The wicketkeeper-batsman position was held by [[Ian Healy]] for most of the 1990s and by [[Adam Gilchrist]] from 2001 to 2006–07. In the 2000s, batsmen [[Justin Langer]], [[Damien Martyn]] and [[Matthew Hayden]] became noted players for Australia. But the most dominant Australian player was leg-spinner [[Shane Warne]], whose first delivery in Ashes cricket in 1993, to dismiss Mike Gatting, became known as the [[Ball of the Century]].

Australia's record between 1989 and 2005 had a significant impact on the statistics between the two sides. Before the 1989 series began, the win–loss ratio was almost even, with 87 test wins for Australia to England's 86, 74 tests having been drawn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;spanmax2=1+Apr+1989;spanval2=span;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> By the 2005 series Australia's test wins had increased to 115 whereas England's had increased to only 93 (with 82 draws).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;spanmax2=1+Apr+2005;spanval2=span;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> In the period between 1989 and the beginning of the 2005 series, the two sides had played 43 times; Australia winning 28 times, England 7 times, with 8 draws. Only a single England victory had come in a match in which the Ashes were still at stake, namely the First Test of the 1997 series. All others were consolation victories when the Ashes had been secured by Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=ENG;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2005-03-29;end=2005-03-29;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=series;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Cricinfo – Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Series record |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |date=17 June 2008 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

===2005 to 2015===
[[File:Trent Bridge, Flintoff century, 26 Aug 2005.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andrew Flintoff|Flintoff]] reaches 100 at [[Trent Bridge]] in 2005]]
England were undefeated in Test matches through the 2004 calendar year. This elevated them to second in the [[ICC Test Championship]]. Hopes that the [[2005 Ashes series]] would be closely fought proved well-founded, the series remaining undecided as the closing session of the final Test began. Experienced journalists including Richie Benaud rated the series as the most exciting in living memory. It has been compared with the great series of the distant past, such as 1894–95 and 1902.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sport.y2u.co.uk/Cricket/Cricket_The_Ashes.htm|title=THE ASHES, a battle of wills between English and Australian Cricket|website=sport.y2u.co.uk|access-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104233724/http://sport.y2u.co.uk/Cricket/Cricket_The_Ashes.htm|archive-date=4 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The First Test at [[Lord's]] was convincingly won by Australia, but in the remaining four matches the teams were evenly matched and England fought back to win the Second Test by 2 runs, the smallest winning margin in Ashes history, and the second-smallest in all Tests. The rain-affected Third Test ended with the last two Australian batsmen holding out for a draw; and England won the Fourth Test by three wickets after forcing Australia to [[follow-on]] for the first time in 191 Tests. A draw in the final Test gave England victory in an Ashes series for the first time in 18 years and their first Ashes victory at home since 1985.

Australia regained the Ashes on its home turf in the [[2006–07 Ashes series|2006–07 series]] with a convincing 5–0 victory, only the second time an Ashes series had been won by that margin. [[Glenn McGrath]], [[Shane Warne]] and [[Justin Langer]] retired from Test cricket after that series, while [[Damien Martyn]] retired during the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/6513.html|title=Damien Martyn|publisher=cricinfo|access-date=17 February 2008|archive-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207001217/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/6513.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Ashes 2010-11 Sydney Test final wicket.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chris Tremlett]] bowls [[Michael Beer (cricketer)|Michael Beer]] to complete England's 3–1 Ashes victory on 7 January 2011]]

The [[2009 Ashes series|2009 series]] began with a tense draw in the First Test at [[SWALEC Stadium]] in [[Cardiff]], with England's last-wicket batsmen [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] and [[Monty Panesar]] surviving 69 balls. England then achieved its first Ashes win at Lord's since 1934 to go 1–0 up. After a rain-affected draw at Edgbaston, the fourth match at Headingley was convincingly won by Australia by an innings and 80 runs to level the series. Finally, England won the Fifth Test at [[The Oval]] by a margin of 197 runs to regain the Ashes. [[Andrew Flintoff]] retired from Test cricket soon afterwards.

The [[2010–11 Ashes series|2010–11 series]] was played in Australia. The First Test at Brisbane ended in a draw, but England won the Second Test, at Adelaide, by an innings and 71 runs. Australia came back with a victory at Perth in the Third Test. In the Fourth Test at Melbourne Cricket Ground, England batting second scored 513 to defeat Australia (98 and 258) by an innings and 157 runs. This gave England an unbeatable 2–1 lead in the series and so it retained the Ashes. England went on to win the series 3–1, beating Australia by an innings and 83 runs at Sydney in the Fifth Test, including their highest innings total since 1938 (644). England's series victory was its first on Australian soil for 24 years. The 2010–11 Ashes series was the only one in which a team had won three Tests by innings margins and it was the first time England had scored 500 or more four times in a single series. England opener Cook scored 766 runs at average 127.66 in the series, the most dominant batsman in an Ashes series since Bradman in 1930.

Australia's build-up to the [[2013 Ashes series]] was far from ideal. [[Darren Lehmann]] took over as coach from [[Mickey Arthur]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2013 |title=Ashes 2013: Darren Lehmann replaces Mickey Arthur as Australia coach; Clarke steps down as selector |work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-24/lehmann-named-australian-coach/4777030|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223034811/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-24/lehmann-named-australian-coach/4777030|url-status=live}}</ref> following a string of poor results. A batting line-up weakened by the previous year's retirements of former captain [[Ricky Ponting]] and [[Mike Hussey]] was also shorn of opener [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], who was suspended for the start of the series following an off-field incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashes 2013: David Warner set for southern Africa match practice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23261135 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710225656/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23261135 |url-status=live }}</ref> England won a closely fought First Test by 14 runs, despite 19-year-old debutant [[Ashton Agar]] making a world-record 98 for a number 11 in the first innings. England then won a very one-sided Second Test by 347 runs while the rain-affected Third Test, held at a newly refurbished Old Trafford, was drawn, ensuring that England retained the Ashes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sheringham |first=Sam |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23579840 |title=Ashes 2013: England retain Ashes as rain forces Old Trafford draw |work=BBC Sport |date=5 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812110007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23579840 |url-status=live }}</ref> England won the Fourth Test by 74 runs after Australia lost their last eight second-innings wickets for only 86 runs. The final Test was drawn,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23836394 |title=Ashes 2013: Ashes 2013: England win series 3–0 after bad light ends Oval Test |work=BBC Sport |date=25 August 2013 |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828061619/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23836394 |url-status=live }}</ref> giving England a 3–0 series win.

[[File:Australia won the Ashes 5-0.jpg|thumb|240px|Celebrations at the SCG after Australia won the Ashes 5–0 in 2014]]
In the second of two Ashes series held in [[2013–14 Ashes series|2013 (the series ended in 2014)]], this time hosted by Australia, the home team won the series five test matches to nil. This was the third time Australia has completed a clean sweep (or "whitewash") in Ashes history, a feat never matched by England. All six Australian specialist batsmen scored more runs than any Englishman with 10 centuries among them, with only debutant Ben Stokes scoring a century for England. Mitchell Johnson took 37 English wickets at 13.97 and Ryan Harris 22 wickets at 19.31 in the 5-Test series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/708507.html;type=series|title=The best series for fast bowlers|work=Cricinfo|date=10 January 2014|access-date=3 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109234522/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/708507.html|archive-date=9 November 2015}}</ref> Only Stuart Broad and all-rounder Stokes bowled effectively for England, with their spinner Graeme Swann retiring due to a chronic elbow injury after the decisive Third Test.

Australia came into the [[2015 Ashes series]] in England as favourites to retain the Ashes. Although England won the first Test in Cardiff, Australia won comfortably in the second Test at Lords. In the next two Tests, the Australian batsmen struggled, being bowled out for 136 in the first innings at [[Edgbaston]], with England proceeding to win by eight wickets. This was followed by Australia being bowled out for 60 as [[Stuart Broad]] took five wickets and finished the spell with 8 for 15 in the first innings at Trent Bridge, the quickest – in terms of balls faced – a team has been bowled out in the first innings of a Test match. With victory by an innings and 78 runs on the morning of the third day of the Fourth Test, England regained the Ashes.

===2017 to present===
During the buildup, the [[2017–18 Ashes series]] was regarded as a turning point for both sides. Australia were criticised for being too reliant on captain Steve Smith and vice-captain David Warner, while England was said to have a shoddy middle to lower order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97160/australia-cricket-team-over-reliant-on-steve-smith-david-warner-feels-michael-slater |title=Australia over-reliant on Smith, Warner, feels Slater |website=[[CricBuzz]] |date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813144424/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97160/australia-cricket-team-over-reliant-on-steve-smith-david-warner-feels-michael-slater |url-status=live }}</ref> Off the field, England all-rounder [[Ben Stokes]] was ruled out of the side indefinitely due to a police investigation.

Australia won the first Test match in Brisbane by 10 wickets<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42132855|title=Ashes: Australia beat England by 10 wickets in first Test|work=BBC Sport|date=27 November 2017|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619161907/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42132855|url-status=live}}</ref> and the second Test at Adelaide by 120 runs in the first ever day-night Ashes test match. Australia regained The Ashes with an innings and 41 run win in the third Test at Perth; the final Ashes Test at the WACA Ground.<ref name="reclaim">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/day-five-australia-england-third-magellan-ashes-test-video-highlights-live-scores-stream-waca/2017-12-18 |title=Ruthless Australia regain the Ashes |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=18 December 2017 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126190949/http://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/day-five-australia-england-third-magellan-ashes-test-video-highlights-live-scores-stream-waca/2017-12-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to the [[2019 Ashes series]], both teams were considered to have very strong bowling attacks but struggling batting orders. Australia had its top-order batsmen [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] and [[Cameron Bancroft]] available for international selection after being banned from international cricket for 9–12 months following the [[2018 Australian ball-tampering scandal|ball-tampering scandal]] in South Africa, during which time [[India national cricket team|India]] had won its first ever Test series in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969301 |title=India secure historic series victory |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107232946/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969301 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Australia recovered to win the [[Sri Lanka cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|Test series]] against Sri Lanka 2–0.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1047647 |title=Starc takes ten as Australia sweep series |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204174352/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1047647 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite winning the [[2019 Cricket World Cup Final|Cricket World Cup]] in July 2019 for the first time, England had also been criticised for its fragile top-order in Tests. The retirement of opener [[Alastair Cook]] in August 2018 ensured potential top-order batsmen [[Rory Burns]], [[Joe Denly]] and [[Jason Roy]] were able to secure a place in the side. Despite losing a Test series 2–1 in their [[England cricket team in the West Indies in 2018–19|tour of the West Indies]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47217347 |title=England in West Indies: Tourists claim consolation 232-run victory as hosts win series 2-1 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=12 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212210303/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47217347 |url-status=live }}</ref> England then improved to win the [[Irish cricket team in England in 2019|one-off Test against Ireland]], by 143 runs. The 2019 series was eventually drawn 2–2, with Australia retaining the Ashes.

The [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021 Ashes series]] was played from December 2021 through January 2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/2021-2022-summer-of-cricket-schedule-fixture-season-australia-ashes-dates-venues-england-india/2021-05-19 |title=Fixture confirmed for dual Ashes series, Afghan Test |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518203135/https://www.cricket.com.au/news/2021-2022-summer-of-cricket-schedule-fixture-season-australia-ashes-dates-venues-england-india/2021-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> and featured the first Ashes Test match to be played in Tasmania, at [[Hobart]]'s [[Bellerive Oval]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-14/tasmanians-celebrate-fifth-ashes-test-beginning-in-hobart/100757020|title=Tasmanians gather to watch historic fifth Ashes Test at Bellerive Oval in Hobart|date=14 January 2022|access-date=17 January 2022|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117011141/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-14/tasmanians-celebrate-fifth-ashes-test-beginning-in-hobart/100757020|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia retained the Ashes in the 2021–22 Ashes series, after comfortably beating England 4–0.

England were the hosts of five Test matches of the [[2023 Ashes series]]. The series got off to a good start for Australia as they won the first two Tests to go 0-2 up. The hosts won the third Test to put the series at 1-2 for the visitors. England needed to win the fourth Test in a hope to not only level the series but prevent Australia from retaining the Ashes. The match looked good for England to win, but [[rain]] intervened on the last two days and forced a draw, thus Australia retained the Ashes with the series at 1-2 after four Tests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia retain Ashes after fourth test washout |url=https://supersport.com/cricket/england-v-australia-the-ashes-2023/news/636db311-c468-424b-b952-a6ee74799793/australia-retain-ashes-after-fourth-test-washout |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=SuperSport |language=en}}</ref> The fifth and final Test was played at [[The Oval]]. During the contest [[Stuart Broad]] announced that he would retire from cricket at the end of the match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World reacts to stunning Stuart Broad retirement news |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3610356 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> England went on to win the final Test match to draw the series at 2-2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ashes {{!}} 2023 The Ashes {{!}} Live Score, Schedule, News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/the-ashes-2023-1336037 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World reacts to thrilling drawn Ashes series |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3612212 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Summary of results and statistics==
{{for|a full listing of all the Ashes series since 1882|List of Ashes series}}
In the 140 years since 1883, Australia have held the Ashes for approximately 84.5 years, and England for 55.5 years:
{{Ashes timeline}}

Test results, up to and including 31 July 2023:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=18 October 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612092214/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Australia and England have played an additional 16 Tests: nine prior to the Ashes, and a further 7 where the Ashes were not at stake. Including these Tests, the win–loss record stands at 152 Australian wins, 111 English wins, and 97 draws (up to and including the 4th Test of the 2023 series).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records | Test matches |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;type=team|access-date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223034915/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;type=team|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Overall Test Results
|-
| '''Tests played''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins'''|| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[England national cricket team|England]] wins''' || '''Draws'''
|-
| 361 || 152 || 111 || 98
|-
|}

Series results, up to and including 31 July 2023:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Overall Series Results
|-
| '''Series played''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins'''|| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[England national cricket team|England]] wins''' || '''Draws'''
|-
| 73 || 34 || 32 || 7
|-
|}

A team must win a series to gain the right to hold the Ashes. A drawn series results in the previous holders retaining the Ashes. Ashes series have generally been played over five Test matches, although there have been four-match series (1938 and 1975) and six-match series (1970–71, 1974–75, 1978–79, 1981, 1985, 1989, 1993 and 1997). Australians have made 264 [[century (cricket)|centuries]] in Ashes Tests, of which 23 have been scores over 200, while Englishmen have scored 212 centuries, of which 10 have been over 200. Australians have taken [[10 wickets in a match]] on 41 occasions, Englishmen 38 times.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

==Match venues==
The series alternates between England (and Wales) and Australia, and each match of a series is held at a different ground.

{{location map+|Australia|float=right|width=500|caption=Locations of all Ashes tests within Australia, Manuka Oval is the only current Test Ground in Australia not to hold an Ashes Test. Perth Stadium was due to hold the fifth Test in 2021–22, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was played at Bellerive Oval.|places=
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]]|position=right|lat=-37.82|long=144.9834}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]]|position=right|lat=-33.89151|long=151.22518}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[The Gabba]]/<s>[[Brisbane Exhibition Ground]]</s>|position=left|lat=-27.4858376|long=153.0380853}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Adelaide Oval]]|position=left|lat=-34.9166072|long=138.596565}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=<s>[[WACA Ground|WACA]]</s>|position=left|lat= -31.9530044|long=115.8574693}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Bellerive Oval]]|position=right|lat=-42.877566|long=147.373505}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Perth Stadium]]|position=right|lat= -31.574|long=115.53205}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Manuka Oval]]|position=right|lat= -35.3191676|long=149.1336799}}
}}

{{location map+|England|float=right|width=500|caption=Locations of all Ashes tests within England and Wales, The Rose Bowl is the only current Test Ground in England not to hold an Ashes Test.|places=
{{location map~|England|label=<s>[[Bramall Lane]]</s>|position=right|lat=53.370278|long=-1.470833}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]|position=left|lat=52.455814|long=-1.902489}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]]|position=right|lat=53.816353|long=-1.582172}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[The Oval]]|position=right|lat=51.483719|long=-0.114981}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Lord's]]|position=top|lat=51.5294|long=-0.1727}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]]|position=left|lat=53.456347|long=-2.286761}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]]|position=right|lat=54.849644|long=-1.560706}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]]|position=left|lat=51.487222|long=-3.191389}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Trent Bridge]]|position=right|lat=52.95 |long=-1.133333}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|The Rose Bowl]]|position=bottom|lat=50.924|long=-1.3219}}
}}

===Australia===
In [[Australia]], the grounds currently used are [[The Gabba]] in Brisbane (first staged an England–Australia Test in the 1932–33 season), [[Adelaide Oval]] (1884–85), the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG) (1876–77), and the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] (SCG) (1881–82). A single Test was held at the [[Brisbane Showgrounds|Brisbane Exhibition Ground]] in 1928–29. Traditionally, Melbourne hosts the [[Boxing Day Test]] and Sydney hosts the New Year's Day Test.

Additionally [[WACA Ground|the WACA]] in Perth (1970–71) hosted its [[2017–18 Ashes series#3rd Test|final Ashes Test]] in 2017–18 and was due to be replaced by [[Perth Stadium]] for the [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22 series]]. However, [[Western Australia]]n border restrictions and quarantine requirements during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] led to a change in venue for the final Ashes Test to [[Bellerive Oval]] in Hobart. This was the first Ashes Test match to be held in Tasmania.

Cricket Australia proposed that the 2010–11 series consist of six Tests, with the additional game to be played at Bellerive Oval in Hobart. The England and Wales Cricket Board declined and the series was played over five Tests.

===England===
In [[England]] and [[Wales]], the grounds currently used are: [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] in Manchester (1884), [[The Oval]] in [[Kennington]], [[South London]] (1884); [[Lord's]] in [[St John's Wood]], [[North London]] (1884); [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] in [[Leeds]] (1899) and [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]] in [[Birmingham]] (1902). Additionally [[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]] in [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]] (2009); the [[Riverside Ground]] in [[Chester-le-Street]], [[County Durham]] (2013) and [[Trent Bridge]] at [[West Bridgford]] (1899), have been used and one Test was also held at [[Bramall Lane]] in [[Sheffield]] in 1902. Traditionally the final Test of the series is played at the Oval.

Sophia Gardens and the Riverside were excluded as Test grounds between the years of 2020 and 2031 and therefore will not host an Ashes Test until at least 2035. The ECB announced the 2027 and 2031 Ashes series venues will be held at Lord's (2027 and 2031), The Oval (2027 and 2031), Edgbaston (2027), Trent Bridge (2027 and 2031), The Rose Bowl (2027), Old Trafford (2031) and Headingley (2031). <ref>[https://www.kiaoval.com/england-cricket-major-match-venues-for-2025-31-announced/ Kia Oval]</ref>
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=14|In Australia
|-
! Stadium
! [[States and territories of Australia|State]]
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|Australia}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|England}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]], [[Melbourne]]
| align=left|{{flag|Victoria}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 51
| rowspan=7|
| 25
| 2021
| rowspan=7|
| 7
| rowspan=7|
| 19
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56441.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195116/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56441.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]], [[Sydney]]
| align=left|{{flag|New South Wales}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 52
| 23
| 2018
| 7
| 22
| 2011
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Sydney Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56544.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152929/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56544.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| align=left|{{flag|South Australia}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1884–85|1884–85]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 33
| 19
| 2021
| 5
| 9
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Adelaide Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56293.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195445/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56293.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[Brisbane Showgrounds|Brisbane Exhibition Ground]], [[Brisbane]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Queensland}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|–
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1928
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=Brisbane Exhibition Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56338.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152917/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56338.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| align=left|{{flag|Queensland}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33|1932–33]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 22
| 13
| 2021
| 5
| 4
| 1986
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Gabba|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56336.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152905/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56336.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Western Australia}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1970–71|1970–71]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[2017–18 Ashes series|2017–18]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|13
| bgcolor=LightGrey|9
| bgcolor=LightGrey|2017
| bgcolor=LightGrey|3
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1978
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=WACA Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56490.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209153709/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56490.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]]
| align=left|{{flag|Tasmania}}
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 1
| 1
| 2021
| 0
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Bellerive Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56407.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221165112/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56407.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=14|In England and Wales
|-
! Stadium
! [[Historic counties of England|County]]†
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|England}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|Australia}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]
| align=left|{{flag|Lancashire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#First Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 32
| rowspan=9|
| 7
| 1981
| rowspan=9|
| 18
| rowspan=9|
| 8
| 2019
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Old Trafford|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57160.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209185302/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57160.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Lord's]], [[London]]
| align=left|{{flag|Middlesex}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#Second Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 38
| 7
| 2013
| 14
| 16
| 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57129.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210085152/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57129.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[The Oval]], [[London]]
| align=left|{{flag|Surrey}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#Third Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 36
| 17
| 2023
| 14
| 6
| 2015
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57127.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209185303/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57127.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]
| align=left|{{flag|Nottinghamshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1899#First Test|1899]]
| [[2015 Ashes series|2015]]
| 22
| 6
| 2015
| 9
| 7
| 2001
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Trent Bridge|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57219.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194824/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57219.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]]
| align=left|{{flag|Yorkshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1899#Third Test|1899]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 26
| 9
| 2023
| 8
| 9
| 2009
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Headingley|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57092.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194831/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57092.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| align=left|{{flag|Warwickshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#First Test, 29–31 May: England v Australia|1902]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 16
| 6
| 2015
| 5
| 5
| 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Edgbaston|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56788.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191058/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56788.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[Bramall Lane]], [[Sheffield]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Yorkshire}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#Third Test, 3–5 July: England v Australia|1902]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#Third Test, 3–5 July: England v Australia|1902]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|–
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1902
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bramall Lane|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57296.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194836/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57296.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]], [[Cardiff]]
| align=left|{{flag|Glamorgan}}
| [[2009 Ashes series|2009]]
| [[2015 Ashes series|2015]]
| 2
| 1
| 2015
| 1
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sophia Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56874.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191035/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56874.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]], [[Chester-le-Street]]
| align=left|{{flag|County Durham|name=Durham}}
| [[2013 Ashes series|2013]]
| [[2013 Ashes series|2013]]
| 1
| 1
| 2013
| 0
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Riverside|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56901.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191046/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56901.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

*Including abandoned tests

†County cricket clubs who play at the grounds

‡Former grounds which no longer host Test Matches

==Cultural references==
[[File:The Ashes Urn Replica (2016).jpg|150px|thumb|left|A modern-day replica of [[The Ashes urn]]]]

The popularity and reputation of the cricket series has led to other sports and games using the name "Ashes" for contests between England/Great Britain and Australia. The best-known and longest-running of these events is the [[rugby league]] rivalry between [[Great Britain national rugby league team|Great Britain]] and [[Australia national rugby league team|Australia]] (see [[The Ashes (rugby league)|rugby league "Ashes"]]). Use of the name "Ashes" was suggested by the Australian team when rugby league matches between the two countries commenced in 1908. Other examples included the television game shows ''[[Gladiators (TV series)|Gladiators]]'' and ''[[Sale of the Century (Australian game show)|Sale of the Century]]'', both of which broadcast special editions containing contestants from the Australian and English versions of the shows competing against each other.

The term became further genericised in Australia in the first half of the twentieth century, and was used to describe many sports rivalries or competitions outside the context of Australia vs England. The [[Australian rules football]] [[Interstate matches in Australian rules football|interstate carnival]], and the small silver casket which served as its trophy, were symbolically known as "the Ashes" of Australian football,<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Daily Herald|publication-place=Adelaide, SA|title=Carnival champions – presentation of the Ashes|page=9}}</ref> and was spoken of as such until at least the 1940s.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Barrier Daily Truth|publication-place=Broken Hill, NSW|page=6|title=Victoria's football ashes|date=11 August 1947}}</ref> The soccer rivalry between Australia and New Zealand was described as "the soccer ashes of Australasia" until as late as the 1950s;<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Sporting Globe|publication-place=Melbourne, VIC|title=Kiwis to win the Ashes|author=J. O. Wishaw|page=7|date=25 August 1954}}</ref> ashes from cigars smoked by the two countries' captains were put into a casket in 1923 to make the trophy literal.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Referee|publication-place=Sydney, NSW|page=16|title=The soccer ashes of Australasia|date=16 April 1924}}</ref> The interstate [[rugby league]] [[State of Origin series#Interstate Rugby League before 1980|rivalry between Queensland and New South Wales]] was known for a time as Australia's rugby league ashes, and [[lawn bowls|bowls]] competitions between the two states also regularly used the term.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Brisbane Courier|publication-place=Brisbane, QLD|title=Bowls – N.S.W. "Knuts" retain the "Ashes"|page=3|date=14 July 1920}}</ref> Even some local rivalries, such as southern Western Australia's annual Great Southern Football Carnival, were locally described as "the ashes".<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Great Southern Herald|publication-place=Katanning, WA|page=3|date=21 September 1935|title=Great Southern Football Carnival}}</ref> This genericised usage is no longer common, and "the Ashes" would today be assumed only to apply to a contest between Australia and England.

The Ashes featured in the film ''[[The Final Test]]'', released in 1953, based on a television play by [[Terence Rattigan]]. It stars [[Jack Warner (actor)|Jack Warner]] as an England cricketer playing the last Test of his career, which is the last of an Ashes series; the film includes cameo appearances of English captain [[Len Hutton]] and other players<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045769/|title=The Final Test (1953)|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|access-date=13 July 2013|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104033237/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045769/|url-status=live}}</ref> who were part of England's 1953 triumph.

[[Douglas Adams]]'s 1982 science fiction comedy novel ''[[Life, the Universe and Everything]]'' – the third part of ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' series – features the urn containing the Ashes as a significant element of its plot. The urn is stolen by alien robots, as the burnt stump inside is part of a key needed to unlock the "Wikkit Gate" and release an imprisoned world called Krikkit.

''[[Bodyline (miniseries)|Bodyline]]'', a fictionalised television [[miniseries]] based on the "[[Bodyline]]" Ashes series of 1932–33, was screened in Australia in 1984. The cast included [[Gary Sweet]] as [[Donald Bradman]] and [[Hugo Weaving]] as England captain [[Douglas Jardine]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frith|first1=David|title=Bodyline Autopsy: The full story of the most sensational Test cricket series: Australia v England 1932–33|date=24 June 2013|publisher=Aurum Press|isbn=9781781311936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijnLAgAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref>

In the 1938 film ''[[The Lady Vanishes]]'', [[Charters and Caldicott]], played by [[Basil Radford]] and [[Naunton Wayne]] are two cricket fans who are desperate to get home from Europe in order to see the last day's play in the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1938#Third Test|Third Test at Manchester]]. It is not until they see a newsboy's poster near the end of the film that they discover that the match had been abandoned, due to floods.

==See also==
{{Portal|Cricket}}
* [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883]]
* [[History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889]]
* [[History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900]]
* [[The Women's Ashes]]
* [[Ella-Mobbs Trophy]] (the Rugby Union equivalent of England-Australia matches)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book| last = Berry | first = S. | year = 2006 | title = Cricket's Burning Passion | location = London | publisher=Methuen | isbn = 0-413-77627-1 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Birley | first = D. | year = 2003 | title = A Social History of English Cricket | location = London | publisher = Aurum Press | isbn = 1-85410-941-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofe0000birl }}
* {{Cite book| last = Frith | first = David | year = 1990 | title = Australia versus England: A Pictorial History of Every Test Match Since 1877 | location = Victoria (Australia) | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn = 0-670-90323-X }}
* {{Cite book| last = Frith | first = David | year = 2002 | title = Bodyline Autopsy: The Full Story of the Most Sensational Test Cricket Series - England v Australia 1932-3 | location = London | publisher=Aurum Press | isbn = 978-1-8541-0896-8 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Gibb | first = J. | year = 1979 | title = Test Cricket Records From 1877 | location = London | publisher=Collins | isbn = 0-00-411690-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Gibson | first = A. | year = 1989 | title = Cricket Captains of England | location = London | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn = 1-85145-395-4 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Green | first = B. | year = 1979 | title = Wisden Anthology 1864–1900 | location = London | publisher=M & J/QA Press | isbn = 0-356-10732-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Harte | first = Chris | year = 2003 | title = Penguin History of Australian Cricket | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn = 0-670-04133-5 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Munns | first = J. | year = 1994 | title = Beyond Reasonable Doubt – Rupertswood, Sunbury – The Birthplace of the Ashes | location = Australia | publisher=Joy Munns | isbn = 0-646-22153-1 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Warner | first = P. | year = 1987 | title = Lord's 1787–1945 | location = London | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn = 1-85145-112-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Warner | first = P. | year = 2004 | title = How We Recovered the Ashes: MCC Tour 1903–1904 | location = London | publisher=Methuen | isbn = 0-413-77399-X }}
* Willis, R. [http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php?products_id=486 ''Cricket's Biggest Mystery: The Ashes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514084152/http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php?products_id=486 |date=14 May 2013 }}, The Lutterworth Press (1987), {{ISBN|978-0-7188-2588-1}}.
* {{Cite book| last = Wynne-Thomas | first = P. | year = 1989 | title = The Complete History of Cricket Tours at Home and Abroad |location = London | publisher=Hamlyn | isbn = 0-600-55782-0 }}

===Other===
* ''Wisden's Cricketers Almanack'' (various editions)

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|The Ashes}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toukmRyDuOE Ashes to Ashes] An audio history of the first hundred years of the Ashes, narrated by [[John Arlott]]
* [http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/story/259985.html Cricinfo's Ashes] website
* [http://www.mcc.org.au/News/Club%20Publications/~/media/Files/Origin%20of%20the%20Ashes.ashx The Origin of the Ashes – Rex Harcourt]
* Listen to a young [http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/ Don Bradman speaking] after the 1930 Ashes tour

{{Ashes Test series}}
{{Compton–Miller Medal winners}}
{{Named Test Cricket series}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashes}}
[[Category:The Ashes| ]]
[[Category:Australia in international cricket]]
[[Category:Cricket awards and rankings]]
[[Category:Cricket rivalries]]
[[Category:England in international cricket]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1882]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1882]]
[[Category:Test cricket competitions]]

The Ashes

2023-08-01T13:52:11Z

Tom dl: /* England */ Correct England win stats at Oval (incorrect before, according to its source)

{{Short description|International cricket series}}
{{about|the Ashes in men's cricket|the women's equivalent|The Women's Ashes|other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = The Ashes
| image = Ashes Urn.jpg
| caption = [[The Ashes urn]], made of [[terracotta]] and about 10.5
cm (4") tall, is reputed to contain the ashes of a burnt [[Bail (cricket)|cricket bail]].
| country = {{cr|AUS}} {{cr|ENG}}
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[Test cricket]]
| first = [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]] ([[Australia]])
| last = [[2023 Ashes series|2023]] ([[England]])
| next = [[2025–26 Ashes series|2025–26]] ([[Australia]])
| tournament format = 5-match series
| participants = 2
| trophyholder = {{cr|AUS}} (Series drawn) (2023)
| most successful = {{cr|AUS}} (34 series wins, six retentions)
| most runs = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Donald Bradman]] (5,028)
| most wickets = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Shane Warne]] (195)
| current = [[2023 Ashes series]]
}}
'''The Ashes''' is a [[Test cricket]] series played between [[England national cricket team|England]] and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. The term originated in a satirical [[obituary]] published in a British newspaper, ''[[The Sporting Times]]'', immediately after Australia's [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Australia win in England 1882|1882 victory]] at [[The Oval]], its first Test win on English soil. The obituary stated that English cricket had died, and that "the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia".<ref>{{cite book | author=Wendy Lewis | author-link=Wendy Lewis | author2=Simon Balderstone | author3=John Bowan | name-list-style=amp | title=Events That Shaped Australia | page=75 | publisher=New Holland | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-74110-492-9 }}</ref> The mythical ashes immediately became associated with the [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Bligh reclaims the Ashes 1882/3|1882–83 series played in Australia]], before which the English captain [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] had vowed to "regain those ashes". The English media therefore dubbed the tour ''the quest to regain the Ashes''.

After England had won two of the three Tests on the tour, a small urn was presented to Bligh by a group of [[Melbourne]] women including [[Florence Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Florence Morphy]], whom Bligh married within a year.<ref name=events>{{Cite news |date=20 February 1884 |title=Summary of Events |newspaper=The Illustrated Australian News |location=Melbourne |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63185850 |page=18}}</ref> The contents of the urn are reputed to be the ashes of a wooden [[bail (cricket)|bail]], and were humorously described as "the ashes of Australian cricket".<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 1908 |title=Cricket |newspaper=The Mercury |location=Hobart |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12673335 |page=8}}</ref> It is not clear whether that "tiny silver urn" is the same as the small terracotta urn given to the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] by Bligh's widow after his death in 1927.

[[The Ashes urn|The urn]] has never been the official trophy of the Ashes series, having been a personal gift to Bligh.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ashes History|url=http://www.lords.org/history/mcc-history/the-ashes|publisher=Lords|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009142619/https://www.lords.org/history/mcc-history/the-ashes/|archive-date=9 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, [[replica]]s of the urn are often held aloft by victorious teams as a symbol of their victory in an Ashes series. Since the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1998–99|1998–99 Ashes series]], a [[Waterford Crystal]] representation of the Ashes urn (called the Ashes Trophy) has been presented to the winners of an Ashes series as the official trophy of that series. Irrespective of which side holds the tournament, the original urn remains in the MCC Museum at [[Lord's]]; it has, however, been taken to Australia to be put on touring display on two occasions: as part of the [[Australian Bicentenary]] celebrations in 1988 and to accompany the [[English cricket team in Australia in 2006–07|Ashes series in 2006–07]].

An Ashes series traditionally consists of five Tests, hosted in turn by England and Australia at least once every two years. The Ashes are regarded as being held by the team that most recently won the series. If the series is drawn, the team that currently holds the Ashes "retains" the trophy.

There have been [[List of Ashes series|73 Ashes series]]. Australia have won 34 and retained six times from draws (40); England have won 32 and retained once (33).

==1882 origins==
{{main|Australian cricket team in England in 1882}}
[[File:Ranji 1897 page 143 F. R. Spofforth, the demon bowler.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fred Spofforth]], "The Demon Bowler", was instrumental in Australia's 1882 victory over England with 14 wickets for 90.]]
The first [[Test cricket|Test match]] between England and Australia was played in [[Melbourne]], Australia, [[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77|in 1877]], though the Ashes legend started later, after the ninth Test, played in 1882. On their [[Australian cricket team in England and the United States in 1882|tour of England]] that year the Australians played just one Test, at [[the Oval]] in London. It was a low-scoring affair on a difficult [[Cricket pitch|wicket]].<ref>Fred Spofforth, however, contended that, the fourth innings aside, it played perfectly well.</ref> Australia made a mere 63 runs in their first [[innings]], and England, led by [[A. N. Hornby]], took a 38-run lead with a total of 101. In their second innings, Australia, boosted by a spectacular 55 runs off 60 deliveries from [[Hugh Massie]], managed 122, which left England only 85 runs to win. The Australians were greatly demoralised by the manner of their second-innings collapse, but fast bowler [[Fred Spofforth]], spurred on by the [[gamesmanship]] of his opponents, in particular [[W. G. Grace]], refused to give in. "This thing can be done," he declared. Spofforth went on to devastate the English batting, taking his final four wickets for only two runs to leave England just eight runs short of victory.

When [[Ted Peate]], England's last batsman, came to the crease, his side needed just ten runs to win, but Peate managed only two before he was bowled by [[Harry Boyle (cricketer)|Harry Boyle]]. An astonished Oval crowd fell silent, struggling to believe that England could possibly have lost on home soil. When it finally sank in, the crowd swarmed onto the field, cheering loudly and chairing Boyle and Spofforth to the pavilion.

When Peate returned to the pavilion he was reprimanded by his captain for not allowing his partner, [[Charles Studd]] (one of the best batsmen in England, having already hit two centuries that season against the colonists), to get the runs. Peate humorously replied, "I had no confidence in Mr Studd, sir, so thought I had better do my best."<ref>
{{cite news
|first=Jack
|last=Worrall
|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83580262
|title=A Great Bowlers' Victory
|page=11
|newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|Daily News]]
|location=Perth, WA |date=23 August 1930
|access-date=25 August 2013
}}
</ref>

The momentous defeat was widely recorded in the British press, which praised the Australians for their plentiful "pluck" and berated the Englishmen for their lack thereof. A celebrated poem appeared in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' on Saturday, 9 September. The first verse, quoted most frequently, reads:

<blockquote>
<poem>
Well done, [[wikt:cornstalk|Cornstalks]]! Whipt us
Fair and square,
Was it luck that tript us?
Was it scare?
Kangaroo Land's 'Demon', or our own
Want of 'devil', coolness, nerve, backbone?
</poem></blockquote>

On 31 August, in the [[C. W. Alcock|Charles Alcock]]-edited magazine ''Cricket: A Weekly Record of The Game'', there appeared a mock obituary:

{{poemquote|
SACRED TO THE MEMORY
OF
ENGLAND'S SUPREMACY IN THE
CRICKET-FIELD
WHICH EXPIRED
ON THE 29TH DAY OF AUGUST, AT THE OVAL
"ITS END WAS PEATE"
}}

[[File:DeathofEnglishCricket.jpg|thumb|The death notice that appeared in ''[[The Sporting Times]]'']]
On 2 September a more celebrated mock obituary, written by [[Reginald Shirley Brooks]], appeared in ''[[The Sporting Times]]''. It read:

{{poemquote|
In Affectionate Remembrance
of
ENGLISH CRICKET,
which died at the Oval
on
29 August 1882,
Deeply lamented by a large circle of sorrowing
friends and acquaintances

R.I.P.

N.B.—The body will be cremated and the
ashes taken to Australia.
}}

[[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] promised that on [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83 tour of Australia]], he would, as England's captain, "recover those Ashes". He spoke of them several times over the course of the tour, and the Australian media quickly caught on. The three-match series resulted in a two-one win to England, notwithstanding a fourth match, won by the Australians, whose status remains a matter of ardent dispute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilton |first=Christopher |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123232899 |title=The birth of the Ashes : the amazing story of the first Ashes test |date=2006 |publisher=Renniks Publications |isbn=978-0-9752245-4-0 |location=Banksmeadow, N.S.W. |oclc=123232899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930079935 |title=Wisden on the Ashes : the authoritative story of cricket's greatest rivalry : updated to include the 2015 series |date=2015 |others=Steven Lynch |isbn=978-1-4729-1353-1 |edition= |location=London |oclc=930079935}}</ref>

In the 20 years following Bligh's campaign the term "the Ashes" largely disappeared from public use. There is no indication that this was the accepted name for the series, at least not in England. The term became popular again in Australia first, when [[George Giffen]], in his memoirs (''With Bat and Ball'', 1899), used the term as if it were well known.<ref>Gibson, A., ''Cricket Captains of England'', p. 26.</ref>

The true and global revitalisation of interest in the concept dates from 1903, when [[Plum Warner|Pelham Warner]] took a team to Australia with the promise that he would regain "the ashes". As had been the case on Bligh's tour 20 years before, the Australian media latched fervently onto the term and, this time, it stuck. Having fulfilled his promise, Warner published a book entitled ''How We Recovered the Ashes''. Although the origins of the term are not referred to in the text, the title served (along with the general hype created in Australia) to revive public interest in the legend. The first mention of "the Ashes" in ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' occurs in 1905, while ''Wisden'''s first account of the legend is in the 1922 edition.

==Urn==
{{Main|The Ashes urn}}
[[File:Ashes Urn 1921.jpg|right|thumb|The earliest published photo of [[the Ashes urn]], from ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'', 1921]]
[[File:Rupertswood mansion side angle shot.jpg|thumb|[[Rupertswood]] outside Melbourne, where the urn was presented to Bligh]]
It took many years before the contests between England and Australia were consistently called "The Ashes", and so there was no concept of either a trophy or a physical representation of the ashes. As late as 1925, the following verse appeared in ''The Cricketers Annual'':

<blockquote>
<poem>
So here's to Chapman, Hendren and Hobbs,
Gilligan, Woolley and Hearne
May they bring back to the Motherland,
The ashes which have no urn!
</poem></blockquote>

Nevertheless, several attempts had been made to embody the Ashes in a physical memorial. Examples include one presented to Warner in 1904, another to Australian captain M. A. Noble in 1909, and another to Australian captain W. M. Woodfull in 1934.

The oldest, and the one to enjoy enduring fame, was the one presented to Bligh, later Lord Darnley, during the 1882–83 tour. The precise nature of the origin of [[The Ashes urn|this urn]] is a matter of dispute. Based on a statement by Darnley in 1894, it was believed that a group of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victorian]] ladies, including Darnley's later wife [[Florence Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Florence Morphy]], made the presentation after the victory in the Third Test in 1883. More recent researchers, in particular Ronald Willis<ref>{{Cite book| first=Ronald | last=Willis | title=Cricket's Biggest Mystery: The Ashes | year=1982 | isbn=0-7270-1768-3}}</ref> and Joy Munns<ref>{{Cite book| first=Joy | last=Munns | title=Beyond Reasonable Doubt: The birthplace of the Ashes | year=1994 | isbn=0-646-22153-1}}</ref> have studied the tour in detail and concluded that the presentation was made after a private cricket match played over Christmas 1882 when the English team were guests of [[Sir William John Clarke|Sir William Clarke]], at his property "[[Rupertswood]]", in [[Sunbury, Victoria]]. This was before the matches had started. The prime evidence for this theory was provided by a descendant of Clarke.

In August 1926 Ivo Bligh (now Lord Darnley) displayed the Ashes urn at the ''[[Morning Post]]'' Decorative Art Exhibition held in the Central Hall, Westminster. He made the following statement about how he was given the urn:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58247421?searchTerm=darnley%20cricket%20ashes&searchLimits= |title=Sunday Times (Perth) 15 August 1926 page 9S. Online Reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=15 August 1926 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|When in the autumn the English Eleven went to Australia it was said that they had come to Australia to "fetch" the ashes. England won two out of the three matches played against Murdoch's Australian Eleven, and after the third match some Melbourne ladies put some ashes into a small urn and gave them to me as captain of the English Eleven.}}

A more detailed account of how the Ashes were given to Ivo Bligh was outlined by his wife, the Countess of Darnley, in 1930 during a speech at a cricket luncheon. Her speech was reported by the ''Times'' as follows:<ref>The Times (London), 27 June 1930. page 7.</ref>

{{Blockquote|In 1882, she said, it was first spoken of when the Sporting Times, after the Australians had thoroughly beaten the English at the Oval, wrote an obituary in affectionate memory of English cricket "whose demise was deeply lamented and the body would be cremated and taken to Australia". Her husband, then Ivo Bligh, took a team to Australia in the following year. Punch had a poem containing the words "When Ivo comes back with the urn" and when Ivo Bligh wiped out the defeat Lady Clarke, wife of Sir W. J. Clarke, who entertained the English so lavishly, found a little wooden urn, burnt a bail, put the ashes in the urn, and wrapping it in a red velvet bag, put it into her husband's (Ivo Bligh's) hands. He had always regarded it as a great treasure.}}

There is another statement which is not totally clear made by Lord Darnley in 1921 about the timing of the presentation of the urn. He was interviewed in his home at Cobham Hall by [[Montague Grover]] and the report of this interview was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66512851?searchTerm=%22cobham%20hall%22%20urn&searchLimits=l-decade=192 |title=Geraldton Guardian 15 February 1921, page 1. Online reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=15 February 1921 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|This urn was presented to Lord Darnley by some ladies of Melbourne after the final defeat of his team, and before he returned with the members to England.}}

He made a similar statement in 1926. The report of this statement in the ''Brisbane Courier'' was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21053463?searchTerm=darnley%20ashes%20urn&searchLimits=l-decade=192|title=Brisbane Courier, 9 June 1926, page 7. Online reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=9 June 1926 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The proudest possession of Lord Darnley is an earthenware urn containing the ashes which were presented to him by Melbourne residents when he captained the Englishmen in 1882. Though the team did not win, the urn containing the ashes was sent to him just before leaving Melbourne.}}

The contents of the urn are also problematic; they were variously reported to be the remains of a stump, bail or the outer casing of a ball, but in 1998 Darnley's 82-year-old daughter-in-law said they were the remains of her mother-in-law's veil, casting a further layer of doubt on the matter. However, during the tour of Australia in 2006/7, the MCC official accompanying the urn said the veil legend had been discounted, and it was now "95% certain" that the urn contains the ashes of a cricket bail. Speaking on Channel Nine TV on 25 November 2006, he said x-rays of the urn had shown the pedestal and handles were cracked, and repair work had to be carried out. The urn is made of [[terracotta]] and is about {{convert|6|in|mm}} tall and may originally have been a perfume jar.

[[File:Ashes song.jpg|thumb|The full version of the song from the ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'', the fourth verse of which is pasted onto the urn]]
A label containing a six-line verse is pasted on the urn. This is the fourth verse of a song-lyric published in the ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'' on 1 February 1883:

<blockquote>
<poem>
When [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo]] goes back with the urn, the urn;
[[Studd brothers|Studds]], [[A G Steel|Steel]], [[Walter Read|Read]] and [[Edward Tylecote|Tylecote]] return, return;
The [[wikt:make the welkin ring|welkin]] will ring loud,
The great crowd will feel proud,
Seeing [[Dick Barlow|Barlow]] and [[Billy Bates|Bates]] with the urn, the urn;
And the rest coming home with the urn.
</poem></blockquote>

In February 1883, just before the disputed Fourth Test, a velvet bag made by Mrs Ann Fletcher, the daughter of Joseph Hines Clarke and Marion Wright, both of [[Dublin]], was given to Bligh to contain the urn. During Darnley's lifetime there was little public knowledge of the urn, and no record of a published photograph exists before 1921. ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'' published this photo in January 1921 (shown above). When Darnley died in 1927 his widow presented the urn to the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] and that was the key event in establishing the urn as the physical embodiment of the legendary ashes. MCC first displayed the urn in the Long Room at [[Lord's]] and since 1953 in the MCC Cricket Museum at the ground. MCC's wish for it to be seen by as wide a range of cricket enthusiasts as possible has led to its being mistaken for an official trophy. It is in fact a private memento, and for this reason it is never awarded to either England or Australia, but is kept permanently in the MCC Cricket Museum where it can be seen together with the specially made red and gold velvet bag and the scorecard of the 1882 match.

Because the urn itself is so delicate, it has been allowed to travel to Australia only twice. The first occasion was in 1988 for a museum tour as part of the [[Australian Bicentenary]] celebrations; the second was for the 2006/7 Ashes series.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6052544.stm | title=Ashes urn heads to Australia | work=BBC Sport | date=15 October 2006 | access-date=8 November 2007 | archive-date=6 November 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106114633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6052544.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> The urn arrived on 17 October 2006, going on display at the [[Museum of Sydney]]. It then toured to other states, with the final appearance at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery on 21 January 2007.

In the 1990s, given Australia's long dominance of the Ashes and the popular acceptance of the Darnley urn as "the Ashes", the idea was mooted that the victorious team should be awarded the urn as a trophy and allowed to retain it until the next series. As its condition is fragile and it is a prized exhibit at the MCC Cricket Museum, the MCC would not agree. Furthermore, in 2002, Bligh's great-great-grandson Lord Clifton, the heir-apparent to the [[Earl of Darnley|Earldom of Darnley]], argued that the Ashes urn should not be returned to Australia because it belonged to his family and was given to the MCC only for safe keeping.

As a compromise, the MCC commissioned a larger replica of the urn in [[Waterford Crystal]], known as the Ashes Trophy, to award to the winning team of each series starting with the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1998–99|1998–99 Ashes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Ashes Trophy? |url=http://www.lords.org/news/our-blogs/the-cricket-history-blog/what-is-the-ashes-trophy/ |first=Rhys |last=Hayward |publisher=Lord's |date=23 August 2013 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910205923/http://www.lords.org/news/our-blogs/the-cricket-history-blog/what-is-the-ashes-trophy}}</ref> This did little to diminish the status of the Darnley urn as the most important icon in cricket, the symbol of this old and keenly fought contest.

==Series and matches==
{{further|List of Ashes series}}
===Quest to "recover those ashes"===
{{See also|History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#The Ashes legend}}
[[File:Ivo Bligh Vanity Fair 7 April 1904.jpg|thumb|upright|The Honourable Ivo Bligh]]
Later in 1882, following the famous Australian victory at The Oval, [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Bligh]] led an England team to Australia, as he said, to "recover those ashes". Publicity surrounding the series was intense, and it was at some time during this series that the Ashes urn was crafted. Australia won the First Test by [[Result (cricket)|nine wickets]], but in the next two England were victorious. At the end of the Third Test, England were generally considered to have "won back the Ashes" 2–1. A fourth match was played, against a "United Australian XI", which was arguably stronger than the Australian sides that had competed in the previous three matches; this game, however, is not generally considered part of the 1882–83 series. It ''is'' counted as a Test, but as a standalone. This match ended in a victory for Australia.

===1884 to 1896===
After Bligh's victory, there was an extended period of English dominance. The tours generally had fewer Tests in the 1880s and 1890s than people have grown accustomed to in more recent years, the first five-Test series taking place only in 1894–95. England lost only four Ashes Tests in the 1880s out of 23 played, and they won all the seven series contested.

There was more chopping and changing in the teams, given that there was no official board of selectors for each country (in 1887–88, two separate English teams were on tour in Australia) and popularity with the fans varied. The 1890s games were more closely fought, Australia taking its first series win since 1882 with a 2–1 victory in 1891–92. But England dominated, winning the next three series to 1896 despite continuing player disputes.

The [[English cricket team in Australia in 1894-95|1894–95]] series began in sensational fashion when England won the First Test at Sydney by just 10 runs having followed on. Australia had scored a massive 586 ([[Syd Gregory]] 201, [[George Giffen]] 161) and then dismissed England for 325. But England responded with 437 and then dramatically dismissed Australia for 166 with [[Bobby Peel]] taking 6 for 67. At the close of the second last day's play, Australia were 113–2, needing only 64 more runs. But heavy rain fell overnight and next morning the two slow left-arm bowlers, Peel and [[Johnny Briggs (cricketer)|Johnny Briggs]], were all but unplayable. England went on to win the series 3–2 after it had been all square before the Final Test, which England won by 6 wickets. The English heroes were Peel, with 27 wickets in the series at an average of 26.70, and [[Tom Richardson (cricketer)|Tom Richardson]], with 32 at 26.53.

In 1896, England under the captaincy of [[W. G. Grace]] won the series 2–1, and this marked the end of England's longest period of Ashes dominance.

===1897 to 1902===
Australia resoundingly won the 1897–98 series by 4–1 under the captaincy of [[Harry Trott]]. His successor [[Joe Darling]] won the next three series in 1899, 1901–02, and the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1902|classic 1902 series]], which became one of the most famous in the history of Test cricket.

Five matches were played in 1902 but the first two were drawn after being hit by bad weather. In the First Test (the first played at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]), after scoring 376 England bowled out Australia for 36 ([[Wilfred Rhodes]] 7/17) and reduced them to 46–2 when they followed on. Australia won the Third and Fourth Tests at [[Bramall Lane]] and [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] respectively. At Old Trafford, Australia won by just 3 runs after [[Victor Trumper]] had scored 104 on a "bad wicket", reaching his hundred before lunch on the first day. England won the last Test at [[The Oval]] by one wicket. Chasing 263 to win, they slumped to 48–5 before [[Gilbert Jessop]]'s 104 gave them a chance. He reached his hundred in just 75 minutes. The last-wicket pair of [[George Herbert Hirst |George Hirst]] and Rhodes were required to score 15 runs for victory. When Rhodes joined him, Hirst reportedly said: "We'll get them in singles, Wilfred." In fact, they scored thirteen singles and a two.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2019 |title=Wisden, 1974 edition – The glorious uncertainty |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152487.html |website=espncricinfo.com |access-date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220123247/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152487.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The period of Darling's captaincy saw the emergence of outstanding Australian players such as Trumper, [[Warwick Armstrong]], [[James Kelly (cricketer)|James Kelly]], [[Monty Noble]], [[Clem Hill]], [[Hugh Trumble]] and [[Ernie Jones (Australian sportsman)|Ernie Jones]].

===Reviving the legend===
After what the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] saw as the problems of the earlier professional and amateur series they decided to take control of organising tours themselves, and this led to the first MCC tour of Australia in 1903–04. England won it against the odds, and [[Plum Warner]], the England captain, wrote up his version of the tour in his book ''How We Recovered The Ashes''.<ref>[[Plum Warner]], ''How We Recovered The Ashes'', Longman, 1905</ref> The title of this book revived the Ashes legend and it was after this that England v Australia series were customarily referred to as "The Ashes".

===1905 to 1912===
England and Australia were evenly matched until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Five more series took place between 1905 and 1912. In 1905, England's captain [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Stanley Jackson]] not only won the series 2–0, but also won the toss in all five matches and headed both the batting and the bowling averages. Monty Noble led Australia to victory in both 1907–08 and 1909. Then England won in 1911–12 by four matches to one. [[Jack Hobbs]] establishing himself as England's first-choice opening batsman with three centuries, while [[Frank Foster (cricketer)|Frank Foster]] (32 wickets at 21.62) and [[Sydney Barnes]] (34 wickets at 22.88) formed a formidable bowling partnership.

England retained the Ashes when it won the [[1912 Triangular Tournament]], which also featured [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]. The Australian touring party had been severely weakened by a [[Big Six cricket dispute of 1912|dispute]] between the board and players that caused [[Clem Hill]], [[Victor Trumper]], Warwick Armstrong, [[Tibby Cotter]], [[Sammy Carter]] and [[Vernon Ransford]] to be omitted.<ref>Harte, pp. 251–256.</ref>

===1920 to 1933===
After the war, Australia took firm control of both the Ashes and world cricket. For the first time, the tactic of using two express bowlers in tandem paid off as [[Jack Gregory (cricketer)|Jack Gregory]] and [[Ted McDonald]] crippled the English batting on a regular basis. Australia recorded overwhelming victories both in England and on home soil. It won the first eight matches in succession including a 5–0 [[whitewash (sport)|whitewash]] in [[English cricket team in Australia in 1920-21|1920–1921]] at the hands of Warwick Armstrong's team.

The ruthless and belligerent Armstrong led his team back to England in 1921 where his men lost only two games late in the tour to narrowly miss out of being the first team to complete a tour of England without defeat.

[[File:Herbert Sutcliffe 1924.jpg|thumb|left|[[Herbert Sutcliffe]] sweeps [[Arthur Mailey]] during the first Ashes Test in Sydney, 1924.]]
England won only one Test out of 15 from the end of the war until 1925.<ref>Harte, pp. 274–276.</ref><ref name=auslist>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Results list |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=21 December 2007 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309063345/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a rain-hit series in 1926, England managed to eke out a 1–0 victory with a win in the final Test at The Oval. Because the series was at stake, the match was to be "timeless", i.e., played to a finish. Australia had a narrow first innings lead of 22. Jack Hobbs and [[Herbert Sutcliffe]] took the score to 49–0 at the end of the second day, a lead of 27. Heavy rain fell overnight, and next day the pitch soon developed into a traditional sticky wicket. England seemed doomed to be bowled out cheaply and to lose the match. In spite of the very difficult batting conditions, however, Hobbs and Sutcliffe took their partnership to 172 before Hobbs was out for exactly 100. Sutcliffe went on to make 161 and England won the game comfortably.<ref>Harte, pp. 298–301.</ref> Australian captain [[Herbie Collins]] was stripped of all captaincy positions down to club level, and some accused him of throwing the match.

Australia's ageing post-war team broke up after 1926, with Collins, [[Charlie Macartney]] and [[Warren Bardsley]] all departing, and Gregory breaking down at the start of the 1928–29 series.

Despite the debut of [[Donald Bradman]], the inexperienced Australians, led by [[Jack Ryder (cricketer)|Jack Ryder]], were heavily defeated, losing 4–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 312–316.</ref> England had a very strong batting side, with [[Wally Hammond]] contributing 905 runs at an average of 113.12, and Hobbs, Sutcliffe and [[Patsy Hendren]] all scoring heavily; the bowling was more than adequate, without being outstanding.

In 1930, [[Bill Woodfull]] led an extremely inexperienced team to England.

Bradman fulfilled his promise in the 1930 series when he scored 974 runs at 139.14, which remains a world record Test series aggregate. A modest Bradman can be heard in a 1930 recording saying "I have always endeavoured to do my best for the side, and the few centuries that have come my way have been achieved in the hope of winning matches. My one idea when going into bat was to make runs for Australia."<ref name="Don Bradman on australianscreen online">{{cite web|url=http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/|title=Don Bradman in 'The 1930 Australian XI: Winners of the Ashes'|website=Aso.gov.au|access-date=23 February 2011|archive-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201123853/http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] Test, he made 334, reaching 309* at the end of the first day, including a century before lunch. Bradman himself thought that his 254 in the preceding match, at [[Lord's]], was a better innings. England managed to stay in contention until the deciding final Test at The Oval, but yet another double hundred by Bradman, and 7/92 by [[Percy Hornibrook]] in England's second innings, enabled Australia to win by an innings and take the series 2–1. [[Clarrie Grimmett]]'s 29 wickets at 31.89 for Australia in this high-scoring series were also important.

Australia had one of the strongest batting line-ups ever in the early 1930s, with Bradman, [[Archie Jackson]], [[Stan McCabe]], [[Bill Woodfull]], [[Bill Ponsford]] and Jack Fingleton. It was the prospect of bowling at this line-up that caused England's 1932–33 captain [[Douglas Jardine]] to adopt the tactic of fast [[leg theory]], better known as [[Bodyline]].

[[File:4th Test Woodfull.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bill Woodfull]] evades a ball from [[Harold Larwood]] with [[Bodyline]] field settings.]]

Jardine instructed his [[fast bowling|fast bowlers]], most notably [[Harold Larwood]] and [[Bill Voce]], to bowl at the bodies of the Australian batsmen, with the goal of forcing them to defend their bodies with their bats, thus providing easy catches to a stacked [[leg side|leg-side]] field. Jardine insisted that the tactic was legitimate and called it "leg theory" but it was widely disparaged by its opponents, who dubbed it "Bodyline" (from "on the line of the body"). Although England decisively won the Ashes 4–1, Bodyline caused such a furore in Australia that diplomats had to intervene to prevent serious harm to Anglo-Australian relations, and the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] eventually changed the [[Laws of cricket]] to curtail the number of leg side fielders.

Jardine's comment was: "I've not travelled 6,000 miles to make friends. I'm here to win the Ashes".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article2387560.ece | location=London | work=The Times | title=Top 50 British achievements | first=Patrick | last=Kidd | date=4 September 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821160249/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article2387560.ece | archive-date=21 August 2008}}</ref>

Some of the Australians wanted to use Bodyline in retaliation, but Woodfull flatly refused. He famously told England manager [[Pelham Warner]], "There are two teams out there. One is playing cricket; the other is making no attempt to do so" after the latter had come into the Australian rooms to express sympathy after a Larwood bouncer had struck the Australian skipper in the heart and felled him.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Cashman| author2 = Franks| author3 = Maxwell| author4 = Sainsbury| author5 = Stoddart| author6 = Weaver| author7 = Webster | date = 1997 | title = The A-Z of Australian cricketers|pages = 322–323}}</ref>

===1934 to 1953===
On the batting-friendly [[cricket pitch|wickets]] that prevailed in the late 1930s, most Tests up to the Second World War still gave results. It should be borne in mind that Tests in Australia prior to the war were all played to a finish, with many batting records set during this period. {{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The 1934 Ashes series began with the notable absence of Larwood, Voce and Jardine. The MCC had made it clear, in light of the revelations of the bodyline series, that these players would not face Australia. The MCC, although it had earlier condoned and encouraged<ref>{{Cite book|last=Frith|first=David|title=Bodyline autopsy: the full story of the most sensational test cricket series: Australia vs England 1932-33|publisher=ABC Books for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation|year=2002|isbn=0733311725|location=Sydney|pages=47}}</ref> bodyline tactics in the 1932–33 series, laid the blame on Larwood when relations turned sour. Larwood was forced by the MCC to either apologise or be removed from the Test side. He went for the latter.

Australia recovered the Ashes in 1934 and held them until 1953, though no Test cricket was played during the Second World War.

As in 1930, the 1934 series was decided in the final Test at The Oval. Australia, batting first, posted a massive 701 in the first innings. Bradman (244) and Ponsford (266) were in record-breaking form with a partnership of 451 for the second wicket. England eventually faced a massive 707-run target for victory and failed, Australia winning the series 2–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 356–357.</ref> This made Woodfull the only captain to regain the Ashes and he retired upon his return to Australia.

In 1936–37 Bradman succeeded Woodfull as Australian captain. He started badly, losing the first two Tests heavily after Australia were caught on [[sticky wicket]]s. However, the Australians fought back and Bradman won his first series in charge 3–2.

The 1938 series was a high-scoring affair with two high-scoring draws, resulting in a 1–1 result, Australia retaining the Ashes. After the first two matches ended in stalemate and the Third Test at Old Trafford never started due to rain, Australia then scraped home by five wickets inside three days in a low-scoring match at Headingley to retain the urn. In the timeless Fifth Test at The Oval, the highlight was [[Len Hutton]]'s then world-record score of 364 as England made 903-7 declared. Bradman and [[Jack Fingleton]] injured themselves during Hutton's marathon effort, and with only nine men, Australia fell to defeat by an innings and 579 runs,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6109836.stm |title=Classic Ashes clashes – 1938, The Oval |website=BBC Sport |date=5 November 2006 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6109836.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the heaviest in Test history.

The Ashes resumed after the war when England toured in 1946–47 and, as in 1920–21, found that Australia had made the better post-war recovery. Still captained by Bradman and now featuring the potent new-ball partnership of [[Ray Lindwall]] and [[Keith Miller]], Australia were convincing 3–0 winners.

Aged 38 and having been unwell during the war, Bradman had been reluctant to play. He batted unconvincingly and reached 28 when he hit a ball to [[Jack Ikin]]; England believed it was a catch, but Bradman stood his ground, believing it to be a bump ball. The umpire ruled in the Australian captain's favour and he appeared to regain his fluency of yesteryear, scoring 187. Australia promptly seized the initiative, won the First Test convincingly and inaugurated a dominant post-war era. The controversy over the Ikin catch was one of the biggest disputes of the era.

In 1948, Australia set new standards, completely outplaying its hosts to win 4–0 with one draw. This [[Australian cricket team in England in 1948|Australian team]], led by Bradman, who turned 40 during his final tour of England, has gone down in history as ''The Invincibles''. Playing 34 matches on tour—three of which were not first-class—and including the five Tests, they remained unbeaten, winning 27 and drawing 7.

Bradman's men were greeted by packed crowds across the country, and records for Test attendances in England were set in the [[Second Test, 1948 Ashes series|Second]] and [[Fourth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fourth Tests]] at Lord's and Headingley respectively. Before a record attendance of spectators at Headingley, Australia set a world record by chasing down 404 on the last day for a seven-wicket victory.

The 1948 series ended with one of the most poignant moments in cricket history, as Bradman played his final innings for Australia in the [[Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fifth Test]] at The Oval, needing to score only four runs to end with a career [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of exactly 100. However, Bradman made a second-ball duck, bowled by an [[Eric Hollies]] googly<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 May 2009|title=1948 – Bradman's final innings duck|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8036237.stm|website=BBC Sport|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402185229/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8036237.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> that sent him into retirement with a career average of 99.94.

Bradman was succeeded as Australian captain by [[Lindsay Hassett]], who led the team to a 4–1 series victory in 1950–51. The series was not as one-sided as the number of wins suggest, with several tight matches.

The tide finally turned in 1953 when England won the final Test at The Oval to take the series 1–0, having narrowly avoided defeat in the preceding Test at Headingley. This was the beginning of one of the greatest periods in English cricket history with players such as captain Len Hutton, batsmen [[Denis Compton]], [[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]], [[Tom Graveney]], [[Colin Cowdrey]], bowlers [[Fred Trueman]], [[Brian Statham]], [[Alec Bedser]], [[Jim Laker]], [[Tony Lock]], wicket-keeper [[Godfrey Evans]] and all-rounder [[Trevor Bailey]].

===1954 to 1971===
[[File:Peter May.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]] driving [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill Johnston]] on his way to a century at Sydney.]]
In [[English cricket team in Australia in 1954-55|1954–55]], Australia's batsmen had no answer to the pace of [[Frank Tyson]] and Statham. After winning the First Test by an innings after being controversially sent in by Hutton, Australia lost its way and England took a hat-trick of victories to win the series 3–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 435–437.</ref>

A dramatic series in 1956 saw a record that will probably never be beaten: off-spinner [[Jim Laker]]'s monumental effort at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] when he bowled 68 of 191 overs to take 19 out of 20 possible Australian wickets in the Fourth Test.<ref>Harte, pp. 444–446.</ref> It was Australia's second consecutive innings defeat in a wet summer, and the hosts were in strong positions in the two drawn Tests, in which half the playing time was washed out. Bradman rated the team that won the series 2–1 as England's best ever.

England's dominance was not to last. Australia won 4–0 in 1958–59, having found a high-quality spinner of their own in new skipper [[Richie Benaud]], who took 31 wickets in the five-Test series, and paceman [[Alan Keith Davidson|Alan Davidson]], who took 24 wickets at 19.00. The series was overshadowed by the furore over various Australian bowlers, most notably [[Ian Meckiff]], whom the English management and media accused of [[throwing (cricket)|illegally throwing]] Australia to victory.

In 1961, Australia won a hard-fought series 2–1, their first Ashes series win in England for 13 years. After narrowly winning the Second Test at Lord's, dubbed "The Battle of the Ridge" because of a protrusion on the pitch that caused erratic bounce, Australia mounted a comeback on the final day of the Fourth Test at Old Trafford and sealed the series with [[Richie Benaud]] taking 6-70 during the English runchase.

The tempo of the play changed over the next four series in the 1960s, held in 1962–63, 1964, 1965–66 and 1968. The powerful array of bowlers that both countries boasted in the preceding decade moved into retirement, and their replacements were of lesser quality, making it more difficult to force a result. England failed to win any series during the 1960s, a period dominated by draws as teams found it more prudent to save face than risk losing. Of the 20 Tests played during the four series, Australia won four and England three. As they held the Ashes, Australia's captains [[Bob Simpson (cricketer)|Bob Simpson]] and [[Bill Lawry]] were happy to adopt safety-first tactics and their strategy of sedate batting saw many draws. During this period, spectator attendances dropped and media condemnation increased, but Simpson and Lawry flatly disregarded the public dissatisfaction.

It was in the 1960s that the bipolar dominance of England and Australia in world cricket was seriously challenged for the first time. West Indies defeated England twice in the mid-1960s and South Africa, in two series before they were banned for [[apartheid]], completely outplayed Australia 3–1 and 4–0. Australia had lost 2–1 during a tour of the West Indies in 1964–65, the first time it had lost a series to any team other than England.

In 1970–71, [[Ray Illingworth]] led England to a 2–0 win in Australia, mainly due to [[John Snow (cricketer)|John Snow]]'s fast bowling, and the prolific batting of [[Geoffrey Boycott]] and [[John Edrich]]. It was not until the last session of what was the 7th Test (one match having been abandoned without a ball bowled) that England's success was secured. Lawry was sacked after the Sixth Test after the selectors finally lost patience with Australia's lack of success and dour strategy. Lawry was not informed of the decision privately and heard his fate over the radio.<ref>Harte, pp. 526–530.</ref>

===1972 to 1987===
The 1972 series finished 2–2, with England under Illingworth retaining the Ashes.<ref>Harte, pp. 538–540.</ref>

In the 1974–75 series, with the England team breaking up and their best batsman Geoff Boycott refusing to play, Australian pace bowlers [[Jeff Thomson]] and [[Dennis Lillee]] wreaked havoc. A 4–1 result was a fair reflection as England were left shell shocked.<ref>Harte, pp. 557–559.</ref> England then lost the 1975 series 0–1, but at least restored some pride under new captain [[Tony Greig]].<ref>Harte, pp. 561–563.</ref>

Australia won the 1977 Centenary Test<ref>Harte, pp. 580–581.</ref> which was not an Ashes contest, but then a storm broke as [[Kerry Packer]] announced his intention to form [[World Series Cricket]].<ref>Harte, pp. 579–590</ref> WSC affected all Test-playing nations but it weakened Australia especially as the bulk of its players had signed up with Packer; the Australian Cricket Board (ACB) would not select WSC-contracted players and an almost completely new Test team had to be formed. WSC came after an era during which the duopoly of Australian and English dominance dissipated; the Ashes had long been seen as a cricket world championship but the rise of the West Indies in the late 1970s challenged that view. The West Indies would go on to record resounding Test series wins over Australia and England and dominated world cricket until the 1990s.

With Greig having joined WSC, England appointed [[Mike Brearley]] as its captain and he enjoyed great success against Australia. Largely assisted by the return of Boycott, Brearley's men won the 1977 series 3–0 and then completed an overwhelming 5–1 series win against an Australian side missing its WSC players in 1978–79. [[Allan Border]] made his Test debut for Australia in 1978–79.

Brearley retired from Test cricket in 1980 and was succeeded by [[Ian Botham]], who started the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1981|1981 series]] as England captain, by which time the WSC split had ended. After Australia took a 1–0 lead in the first two Tests, Botham was forced to resign or was sacked (depending on the source). Brearley surprisingly agreed to be reappointed before the Third Test at Headingley. This was a remarkable match in which Australia looked certain to take a 2–0 series lead after it had forced England to follow-on 227 runs behind. England, despite being 135 for 7, produced a second innings total of 356, Botham scoring 149*. Chasing just 130, Australia were sensationally dismissed for 111, [[Bob Willis]] taking 8–43. It was the first time since 1894–95 that a team following on had won a Test match. Under Brearley's leadership, England went on to win the next two matches before a drawn final match at The Oval.<ref>Harte, pp. 627–628.</ref> This series became known as 'Botham's Ashes' for his extraordinary feats with both bat and ball, after being dismissed as captain.

In 1982–83 Australia had [[Greg Chappell]] back from WSC as captain, while the England team was weakened by the enforced omission of their [[South African rebel tours|South African tour rebels]], particularly [[Graham Gooch]] and [[John Emburey]]. Australia went 2–0 up after three Tests, but England won the Fourth Test by 3 runs (after a 70-run last wicket stand) to set up the final decider, which was drawn.<ref>Harte, pp. 636–637.</ref>

In 1985, [[David Gower]]'s England team was strengthened by the return of Gooch and Emburey as well as the emergence at international level of [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] and [[Mike Gatting]]. Australia, now captained by [[Allan Border]], had itself been weakened by a rebel South African tour, the loss of [[Terry Alderman]] being a particular factor. England won 3–1.

Despite suffering heavy defeats against the West Indies during the 1980s, England continued to do well in the Ashes. Mike Gatting was the captain in 1986–87 but his team started badly and attracted some criticism.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/268042.html | title=Can't bat, can't bowl, can't field | publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | last=Miller | first=Andrew | author2=Martin Williamson | date=16 November 2006 | access-date=8 November 2007 | archive-date=15 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015131726/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/268042.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Then [[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]] scored three hundreds in successive Tests and bowling successes from [[Graham Dilley]] and [[Gladstone Small]] meant England won the series 2–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 662–664.</ref>

===1989 to 2003===
[[File:MCG99.jpg|right|thumb|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] [[Boxing Day Test]] 1998]]
The Australian team of 1989 was comparable to the great Australian teams of the past, and resoundingly defeated England 4–0.<ref>Harte, pp. 679–682.</ref> Well led by [[Allan Border]], the team included the young cricketers [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]], [[Merv Hughes]], [[David Boon]], [[Ian Healy]] and [[Steve Waugh]], who were all to prove long-serving and successful Ashes competitors. England, now led once again by [[David Gower]], suffered from injuries and poor form. During the Fourth Test news broke that prominent England players had agreed to take part in a "rebel tour" of South Africa the following winter; three of them ([[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]], [[Neil Foster]] and [[John Emburey]]) were playing in the match, and were subsequently dropped from the England side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/139086.html|title=Rebels take a step too far (English rebel tour to South Africa, 1989)|first=Nick|last=Hoult|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|date=July 2004|access-date=22 October 2007|archive-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120707220351/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/139086.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Australia reached a cricketing peak in the 1990s and early 2000s, coupled with a general decline in England's fortunes. After re-establishing its credibility in 1989, Australia underlined its superiority with victories in the 1990–91, 1993, 1994–95, 1997, 1998–99, 2001 and 2002–03 series, all by convincing margins.

Great Australian players in the early years included batsmen Border, Boon, Taylor and Steve Waugh. The captaincy passed from Border to Taylor in the mid-1990s and then to Steve Waugh before the 2001 series. In the latter part of the 1990s Waugh himself, along with his twin brother [[Mark Waugh|Mark]], scored heavily for Australia and fast bowlers [[Glenn McGrath]] and [[Jason Gillespie]] made a serious impact, especially the former. The wicketkeeper-batsman position was held by [[Ian Healy]] for most of the 1990s and by [[Adam Gilchrist]] from 2001 to 2006–07. In the 2000s, batsmen [[Justin Langer]], [[Damien Martyn]] and [[Matthew Hayden]] became noted players for Australia. But the most dominant Australian player was leg-spinner [[Shane Warne]], whose first delivery in Ashes cricket in 1993, to dismiss Mike Gatting, became known as the [[Ball of the Century]].

Australia's record between 1989 and 2005 had a significant impact on the statistics between the two sides. Before the 1989 series began, the win–loss ratio was almost even, with 87 test wins for Australia to England's 86, 74 tests having been drawn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;spanmax2=1+Apr+1989;spanval2=span;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> By the 2005 series Australia's test wins had increased to 115 whereas England's had increased to only 93 (with 82 draws).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;spanmax2=1+Apr+2005;spanval2=span;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> In the period between 1989 and the beginning of the 2005 series, the two sides had played 43 times; Australia winning 28 times, England 7 times, with 8 draws. Only a single England victory had come in a match in which the Ashes were still at stake, namely the First Test of the 1997 series. All others were consolation victories when the Ashes had been secured by Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=ENG;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2005-03-29;end=2005-03-29;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=series;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Cricinfo – Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Series record |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |date=17 June 2008 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

===2005 to 2015===
[[File:Trent Bridge, Flintoff century, 26 Aug 2005.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andrew Flintoff|Flintoff]] reaches 100 at [[Trent Bridge]] in 2005]]
England were undefeated in Test matches through the 2004 calendar year. This elevated them to second in the [[ICC Test Championship]]. Hopes that the [[2005 Ashes series]] would be closely fought proved well-founded, the series remaining undecided as the closing session of the final Test began. Experienced journalists including Richie Benaud rated the series as the most exciting in living memory. It has been compared with the great series of the distant past, such as 1894–95 and 1902.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sport.y2u.co.uk/Cricket/Cricket_The_Ashes.htm|title=THE ASHES, a battle of wills between English and Australian Cricket|website=sport.y2u.co.uk|access-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104233724/http://sport.y2u.co.uk/Cricket/Cricket_The_Ashes.htm|archive-date=4 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The First Test at [[Lord's]] was convincingly won by Australia, but in the remaining four matches the teams were evenly matched and England fought back to win the Second Test by 2 runs, the smallest winning margin in Ashes history, and the second-smallest in all Tests. The rain-affected Third Test ended with the last two Australian batsmen holding out for a draw; and England won the Fourth Test by three wickets after forcing Australia to [[follow-on]] for the first time in 191 Tests. A draw in the final Test gave England victory in an Ashes series for the first time in 18 years and their first Ashes victory at home since 1985.

Australia regained the Ashes on its home turf in the [[2006–07 Ashes series|2006–07 series]] with a convincing 5–0 victory, only the second time an Ashes series had been won by that margin. [[Glenn McGrath]], [[Shane Warne]] and [[Justin Langer]] retired from Test cricket after that series, while [[Damien Martyn]] retired during the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/6513.html|title=Damien Martyn|publisher=cricinfo|access-date=17 February 2008|archive-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207001217/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/6513.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Ashes 2010-11 Sydney Test final wicket.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chris Tremlett]] bowls [[Michael Beer (cricketer)|Michael Beer]] to complete England's 3–1 Ashes victory on 7 January 2011]]

The [[2009 Ashes series|2009 series]] began with a tense draw in the First Test at [[SWALEC Stadium]] in [[Cardiff]], with England's last-wicket batsmen [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] and [[Monty Panesar]] surviving 69 balls. England then achieved its first Ashes win at Lord's since 1934 to go 1–0 up. After a rain-affected draw at Edgbaston, the fourth match at Headingley was convincingly won by Australia by an innings and 80 runs to level the series. Finally, England won the Fifth Test at [[The Oval]] by a margin of 197 runs to regain the Ashes. [[Andrew Flintoff]] retired from Test cricket soon afterwards.

The [[2010–11 Ashes series|2010–11 series]] was played in Australia. The First Test at Brisbane ended in a draw, but England won the Second Test, at Adelaide, by an innings and 71 runs. Australia came back with a victory at Perth in the Third Test. In the Fourth Test at Melbourne Cricket Ground, England batting second scored 513 to defeat Australia (98 and 258) by an innings and 157 runs. This gave England an unbeatable 2–1 lead in the series and so it retained the Ashes. England went on to win the series 3–1, beating Australia by an innings and 83 runs at Sydney in the Fifth Test, including their highest innings total since 1938 (644). England's series victory was its first on Australian soil for 24 years. The 2010–11 Ashes series was the only one in which a team had won three Tests by innings margins and it was the first time England had scored 500 or more four times in a single series. England opener Cook scored 766 runs at average 127.66 in the series, the most dominant batsman in an Ashes series since Bradman in 1930.

Australia's build-up to the [[2013 Ashes series]] was far from ideal. [[Darren Lehmann]] took over as coach from [[Mickey Arthur]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2013 |title=Ashes 2013: Darren Lehmann replaces Mickey Arthur as Australia coach; Clarke steps down as selector |work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-24/lehmann-named-australian-coach/4777030|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223034811/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-24/lehmann-named-australian-coach/4777030|url-status=live}}</ref> following a string of poor results. A batting line-up weakened by the previous year's retirements of former captain [[Ricky Ponting]] and [[Mike Hussey]] was also shorn of opener [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], who was suspended for the start of the series following an off-field incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashes 2013: David Warner set for southern Africa match practice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23261135 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710225656/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23261135 |url-status=live }}</ref> England won a closely fought First Test by 14 runs, despite 19-year-old debutant [[Ashton Agar]] making a world-record 98 for a number 11 in the first innings. England then won a very one-sided Second Test by 347 runs while the rain-affected Third Test, held at a newly refurbished Old Trafford, was drawn, ensuring that England retained the Ashes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sheringham |first=Sam |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23579840 |title=Ashes 2013: England retain Ashes as rain forces Old Trafford draw |work=BBC Sport |date=5 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812110007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23579840 |url-status=live }}</ref> England won the Fourth Test by 74 runs after Australia lost their last eight second-innings wickets for only 86 runs. The final Test was drawn,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23836394 |title=Ashes 2013: Ashes 2013: England win series 3–0 after bad light ends Oval Test |work=BBC Sport |date=25 August 2013 |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828061619/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23836394 |url-status=live }}</ref> giving England a 3–0 series win.

[[File:Australia won the Ashes 5-0.jpg|thumb|240px|Celebrations at the SCG after Australia won the Ashes 5–0 in 2014]]
In the second of two Ashes series held in [[2013–14 Ashes series|2013 (the series ended in 2014)]], this time hosted by Australia, the home team won the series five test matches to nil. This was the third time Australia has completed a clean sweep (or "whitewash") in Ashes history, a feat never matched by England. All six Australian specialist batsmen scored more runs than any Englishman with 10 centuries among them, with only debutant Ben Stokes scoring a century for England. Mitchell Johnson took 37 English wickets at 13.97 and Ryan Harris 22 wickets at 19.31 in the 5-Test series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/708507.html;type=series|title=The best series for fast bowlers|work=Cricinfo|date=10 January 2014|access-date=3 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109234522/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/708507.html|archive-date=9 November 2015}}</ref> Only Stuart Broad and all-rounder Stokes bowled effectively for England, with their spinner Graeme Swann retiring due to a chronic elbow injury after the decisive Third Test.

Australia came into the [[2015 Ashes series]] in England as favourites to retain the Ashes. Although England won the first Test in Cardiff, Australia won comfortably in the second Test at Lords. In the next two Tests, the Australian batsmen struggled, being bowled out for 136 in the first innings at [[Edgbaston]], with England proceeding to win by eight wickets. This was followed by Australia being bowled out for 60 as [[Stuart Broad]] took five wickets and finished the spell with 8 for 15 in the first innings at Trent Bridge, the quickest – in terms of balls faced – a team has been bowled out in the first innings of a Test match. With victory by an innings and 78 runs on the morning of the third day of the Fourth Test, England regained the Ashes.

===2017 to present===
During the buildup, the [[2017–18 Ashes series]] was regarded as a turning point for both sides. Australia were criticised for being too reliant on captain Steve Smith and vice-captain David Warner, while England was said to have a shoddy middle to lower order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97160/australia-cricket-team-over-reliant-on-steve-smith-david-warner-feels-michael-slater |title=Australia over-reliant on Smith, Warner, feels Slater |website=[[CricBuzz]] |date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813144424/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97160/australia-cricket-team-over-reliant-on-steve-smith-david-warner-feels-michael-slater |url-status=live }}</ref> Off the field, England all-rounder [[Ben Stokes]] was ruled out of the side indefinitely due to a police investigation.

Australia won the first Test match in Brisbane by 10 wickets<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42132855|title=Ashes: Australia beat England by 10 wickets in first Test|work=BBC Sport|date=27 November 2017|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619161907/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42132855|url-status=live}}</ref> and the second Test at Adelaide by 120 runs in the first ever day-night Ashes test match. Australia regained The Ashes with an innings and 41 run win in the third Test at Perth; the final Ashes Test at the WACA Ground.<ref name="reclaim">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/day-five-australia-england-third-magellan-ashes-test-video-highlights-live-scores-stream-waca/2017-12-18 |title=Ruthless Australia regain the Ashes |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=18 December 2017 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126190949/http://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/day-five-australia-england-third-magellan-ashes-test-video-highlights-live-scores-stream-waca/2017-12-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to the [[2019 Ashes series]], both teams were considered to have very strong bowling attacks but struggling batting orders. Australia had its top-order batsmen [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] and [[Cameron Bancroft]] available for international selection after being banned from international cricket for 9–12 months following the [[2018 Australian ball-tampering scandal|ball-tampering scandal]] in South Africa, during which time [[India national cricket team|India]] had won its first ever Test series in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969301 |title=India secure historic series victory |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107232946/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969301 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Australia recovered to win the [[Sri Lanka cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|Test series]] against Sri Lanka 2–0.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1047647 |title=Starc takes ten as Australia sweep series |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204174352/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1047647 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite winning the [[2019 Cricket World Cup Final|Cricket World Cup]] in July 2019 for the first time, England had also been criticised for its fragile top-order in Tests. The retirement of opener [[Alastair Cook]] in August 2018 ensured potential top-order batsmen [[Rory Burns]], [[Joe Denly]] and [[Jason Roy]] were able to secure a place in the side. Despite losing a Test series 2–1 in their [[England cricket team in the West Indies in 2018–19|tour of the West Indies]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47217347 |title=England in West Indies: Tourists claim consolation 232-run victory as hosts win series 2-1 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=12 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212210303/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47217347 |url-status=live }}</ref> England then improved to win the [[Irish cricket team in England in 2019|one-off Test against Ireland]], by 143 runs. The 2019 series was eventually drawn 2–2, with Australia retaining the Ashes.

The [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021 Ashes series]] was played from December 2021 through January 2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/2021-2022-summer-of-cricket-schedule-fixture-season-australia-ashes-dates-venues-england-india/2021-05-19 |title=Fixture confirmed for dual Ashes series, Afghan Test |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518203135/https://www.cricket.com.au/news/2021-2022-summer-of-cricket-schedule-fixture-season-australia-ashes-dates-venues-england-india/2021-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> and featured the first Ashes Test match to be played in Tasmania, at [[Hobart]]'s [[Bellerive Oval]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-14/tasmanians-celebrate-fifth-ashes-test-beginning-in-hobart/100757020|title=Tasmanians gather to watch historic fifth Ashes Test at Bellerive Oval in Hobart|date=14 January 2022|access-date=17 January 2022|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117011141/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-14/tasmanians-celebrate-fifth-ashes-test-beginning-in-hobart/100757020|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia retained the Ashes in the 2021–22 Ashes series, after comfortably beating England 4–0.

England were the hosts of five Test matches of the [[2023 Ashes series]]. The series got off to a good start for Australia as they won the first two Tests to go 0-2 up. The hosts won the third Test to put the series at 1-2 for the visitors. England needed to win the fourth Test in a hope to not only level the series but prevent Australia from retaining the Ashes. The match looked good for England to win, but [[rain]] intervened on the last two days and forced a draw, thus Australia retained the Ashes with the series at 1-2 after four Tests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia retain Ashes after fourth test washout |url=https://supersport.com/cricket/england-v-australia-the-ashes-2023/news/636db311-c468-424b-b952-a6ee74799793/australia-retain-ashes-after-fourth-test-washout |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=SuperSport |language=en}}</ref> The fifth and final Test was played at [[The Oval]]. During the contest [[Stuart Broad]] announced that he would retire from cricket at the end of the match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World reacts to stunning Stuart Broad retirement news |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3610356 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> England went on to win the final Test match to draw the series at 2-2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ashes {{!}} 2023 The Ashes {{!}} Live Score, Schedule, News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/the-ashes-2023-1336037 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World reacts to thrilling drawn Ashes series |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3612212 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Summary of results and statistics==
{{for|a full listing of all the Ashes series since 1882|List of Ashes series}}
In the 140 years since 1883, Australia have held the Ashes for approximately 84.5 years, and England for 55.5 years:
{{Ashes timeline}}

Test results, up to and including 31 July 2023:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=18 October 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612092214/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Australia and England have played an additional 16 Tests: nine prior to the Ashes, and a further 7 where the Ashes were not at stake. Including these Tests, the win–loss record stands at 152 Australian wins, 111 English wins, and 97 draws (up to and including the 4th Test of the 2023 series).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records | Test matches |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;type=team|access-date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223034915/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;type=team|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Overall Test Results
|-
| '''Tests played''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins'''|| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[England national cricket team|England]] wins''' || '''Draws'''
|-
| 361 || 152 || 111 || 98
|-
|}

Series results, up to and including 31 July 2023:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Overall Series Results
|-
| '''Series played''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins'''|| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[England national cricket team|England]] wins''' || '''Draws'''
|-
| 73 || 34 || 32 || 7
|-
|}

A team must win a series to gain the right to hold the Ashes. A drawn series results in the previous holders retaining the Ashes. Ashes series have generally been played over five Test matches, although there have been four-match series (1938 and 1975) and six-match series (1970–71, 1974–75, 1978–79, 1981, 1985, 1989, 1993 and 1997). Australians have made 264 [[century (cricket)|centuries]] in Ashes Tests, of which 23 have been scores over 200, while Englishmen have scored 212 centuries, of which 10 have been over 200. Australians have taken [[10 wickets in a match]] on 41 occasions, Englishmen 38 times.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

==Match venues==
The series alternates between England (and Wales) and Australia, and each match of a series is held at a different ground.

{{location map+|Australia|float=right|width=500|caption=Locations of all Ashes tests within Australia, Manuka Oval is the only current Test Ground in Australia not to hold an Ashes Test. Perth Stadium was due to hold the fifth Test in 2021–22, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was played at Bellerive Oval.|places=
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]]|position=right|lat=-37.82|long=144.9834}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]]|position=right|lat=-33.89151|long=151.22518}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[The Gabba]]/<s>[[Brisbane Exhibition Ground]]</s>|position=left|lat=-27.4858376|long=153.0380853}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Adelaide Oval]]|position=left|lat=-34.9166072|long=138.596565}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=<s>[[WACA Ground|WACA]]</s>|position=left|lat= -31.9530044|long=115.8574693}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Bellerive Oval]]|position=right|lat=-42.877566|long=147.373505}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Perth Stadium]]|position=right|lat= -31.574|long=115.53205}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Manuka Oval]]|position=right|lat= -35.3191676|long=149.1336799}}
}}

{{location map+|England|float=right|width=500|caption=Locations of all Ashes tests within England and Wales, The Rose Bowl is the only current Test Ground in England not to hold an Ashes Test.|places=
{{location map~|England|label=<s>[[Bramall Lane]]</s>|position=right|lat=53.370278|long=-1.470833}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]|position=left|lat=52.455814|long=-1.902489}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]]|position=right|lat=53.816353|long=-1.582172}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[The Oval]]|position=right|lat=51.483719|long=-0.114981}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Lord's]]|position=top|lat=51.5294|long=-0.1727}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]]|position=left|lat=53.456347|long=-2.286761}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]]|position=right|lat=54.849644|long=-1.560706}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]]|position=left|lat=51.487222|long=-3.191389}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Trent Bridge]]|position=right|lat=52.95 |long=-1.133333}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|The Rose Bowl]]|position=bottom|lat=50.924|long=-1.3219}}
}}

===Australia===
In [[Australia]], the grounds currently used are [[The Gabba]] in Brisbane (first staged an England–Australia Test in the 1932–33 season), [[Adelaide Oval]] (1884–85), the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG) (1876–77), and the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] (SCG) (1881–82). A single Test was held at the [[Brisbane Showgrounds|Brisbane Exhibition Ground]] in 1928–29. Traditionally, Melbourne hosts the [[Boxing Day Test]] and Sydney hosts the New Year's Day Test.

Additionally [[WACA Ground|the WACA]] in Perth (1970–71) hosted its [[2017–18 Ashes series#3rd Test|final Ashes Test]] in 2017–18 and was due to be replaced by [[Perth Stadium]] for the [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22 series]]. However, [[Western Australia]]n border restrictions and quarantine requirements during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] led to a change in venue for the final Ashes Test to [[Bellerive Oval]] in Hobart. This was the first Ashes Test match to be held in Tasmania.

Cricket Australia proposed that the 2010–11 series consist of six Tests, with the additional game to be played at Bellerive Oval in Hobart. The England and Wales Cricket Board declined and the series was played over five Tests.

===England===
In [[England]] and [[Wales]], the grounds currently used are: [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] in Manchester (1884), [[The Oval]] in [[Kennington]], [[South London]] (1884); [[Lord's]] in [[St John's Wood]], [[North London]] (1884); [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] in [[Leeds]] (1899) and [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]] in [[Birmingham]] (1902). Additionally [[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]] in [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]] (2009); the [[Riverside Ground]] in [[Chester-le-Street]], [[County Durham]] (2013) and [[Trent Bridge]] at [[West Bridgford]] (1899), have been used and one Test was also held at [[Bramall Lane]] in [[Sheffield]] in 1902. Traditionally the final Test of the series is played at the Oval.

Sophia Gardens and the Riverside were excluded as Test grounds between the years of 2020 and 2031 and therefore will not host an Ashes Test until at least 2035. The ECB announced the 2027 and 2031 Ashes series venues will be held at Lord's (2027 and 2031), The Oval (2027 and 2031), Edgbaston (2027), Trent Bridge (2027 and 2031), The Rose Bowl (2027), Old Trafford (2031) and Headingley (2031). <ref>[https://www.kiaoval.com/england-cricket-major-match-venues-for-2025-31-announced/ Kia Oval]</ref>
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=14|In Australia
|-
! Stadium
! [[States and territories of Australia|State]]
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|Australia}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|England}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]], [[Melbourne]]
| align=left|{{flag|Victoria}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 51
| rowspan=7|
| 27
| 2021
| rowspan=7|
| 7
| rowspan=7|
| 19
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56441.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195116/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56441.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]], [[Sydney]]
| align=left|{{flag|New South Wales}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 52
| 23
| 2018
| 7
| 22
| 2011
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Sydney Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56544.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152929/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56544.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| align=left|{{flag|South Australia}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1884–85|1884–85]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 33
| 19
| 2021
| 5
| 9
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Adelaide Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56293.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195445/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56293.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[Brisbane Showgrounds|Brisbane Exhibition Ground]], [[Brisbane]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Queensland}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|–
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1928
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=Brisbane Exhibition Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56338.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152917/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56338.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| align=left|{{flag|Queensland}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33|1932–33]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 22
| 13
| 2021
| 5
| 4
| 1986
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Gabba|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56336.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152905/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56336.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Western Australia}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1970–71|1970–71]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[2017–18 Ashes series|2017–18]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|13
| bgcolor=LightGrey|9
| bgcolor=LightGrey|2017
| bgcolor=LightGrey|3
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1978
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=WACA Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56490.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209153709/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56490.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]]
| align=left|{{flag|Tasmania}}
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 1
| 1
| 2021
| 0
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Bellerive Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56407.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221165112/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56407.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=14|In England and Wales
|-
! Stadium
! [[Historic counties of England|County]]†
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|England}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|Australia}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]
| align=left|{{flag|Lancashire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#First Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 32
| rowspan=9|
| 7
| 1981
| rowspan=9|
| 18
| rowspan=9|
| 8
| 2019
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Old Trafford|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57160.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209185302/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57160.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Lord's]], [[London]]
| align=left|{{flag|Middlesex}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#Second Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 38
| 7
| 2013
| 14
| 16
| 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57129.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210085152/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57129.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[The Oval]], [[London]]
| align=left|{{flag|Surrey}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#Third Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 36
| 17
| 2023
| 14
| 6
| 2015
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57127.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209185303/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57127.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]
| align=left|{{flag|Nottinghamshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1899#First Test|1899]]
| [[2015 Ashes series|2015]]
| 22
| 6
| 2015
| 9
| 7
| 2001
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Trent Bridge|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57219.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194824/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57219.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]]
| align=left|{{flag|Yorkshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1899#Third Test|1899]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 26
| 9
| 2023
| 8
| 9
| 2009
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Headingley|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57092.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194831/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57092.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| align=left|{{flag|Warwickshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#First Test, 29–31 May: England v Australia|1902]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 16
| 6
| 2015
| 5
| 5
| 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Edgbaston|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56788.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191058/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56788.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[Bramall Lane]], [[Sheffield]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Yorkshire}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#Third Test, 3–5 July: England v Australia|1902]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#Third Test, 3–5 July: England v Australia|1902]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|–
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1902
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bramall Lane|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57296.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194836/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57296.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]], [[Cardiff]]
| align=left|{{flag|Glamorgan}}
| [[2009 Ashes series|2009]]
| [[2015 Ashes series|2015]]
| 2
| 1
| 2015
| 1
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sophia Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56874.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191035/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56874.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]], [[Chester-le-Street]]
| align=left|{{flag|County Durham|name=Durham}}
| [[2013 Ashes series|2013]]
| [[2013 Ashes series|2013]]
| 1
| 1
| 2013
| 0
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Riverside|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56901.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191046/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56901.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

*Including abandoned tests

†County cricket clubs who play at the grounds

‡Former grounds which no longer host Test Matches

==Cultural references==
[[File:The Ashes Urn Replica (2016).jpg|150px|thumb|left|A modern-day replica of [[The Ashes urn]]]]

The popularity and reputation of the cricket series has led to other sports and games using the name "Ashes" for contests between England/Great Britain and Australia. The best-known and longest-running of these events is the [[rugby league]] rivalry between [[Great Britain national rugby league team|Great Britain]] and [[Australia national rugby league team|Australia]] (see [[The Ashes (rugby league)|rugby league "Ashes"]]). Use of the name "Ashes" was suggested by the Australian team when rugby league matches between the two countries commenced in 1908. Other examples included the television game shows ''[[Gladiators (TV series)|Gladiators]]'' and ''[[Sale of the Century (Australian game show)|Sale of the Century]]'', both of which broadcast special editions containing contestants from the Australian and English versions of the shows competing against each other.

The term became further genericised in Australia in the first half of the twentieth century, and was used to describe many sports rivalries or competitions outside the context of Australia vs England. The [[Australian rules football]] [[Interstate matches in Australian rules football|interstate carnival]], and the small silver casket which served as its trophy, were symbolically known as "the Ashes" of Australian football,<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Daily Herald|publication-place=Adelaide, SA|title=Carnival champions – presentation of the Ashes|page=9}}</ref> and was spoken of as such until at least the 1940s.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Barrier Daily Truth|publication-place=Broken Hill, NSW|page=6|title=Victoria's football ashes|date=11 August 1947}}</ref> The soccer rivalry between Australia and New Zealand was described as "the soccer ashes of Australasia" until as late as the 1950s;<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Sporting Globe|publication-place=Melbourne, VIC|title=Kiwis to win the Ashes|author=J. O. Wishaw|page=7|date=25 August 1954}}</ref> ashes from cigars smoked by the two countries' captains were put into a casket in 1923 to make the trophy literal.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Referee|publication-place=Sydney, NSW|page=16|title=The soccer ashes of Australasia|date=16 April 1924}}</ref> The interstate [[rugby league]] [[State of Origin series#Interstate Rugby League before 1980|rivalry between Queensland and New South Wales]] was known for a time as Australia's rugby league ashes, and [[lawn bowls|bowls]] competitions between the two states also regularly used the term.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Brisbane Courier|publication-place=Brisbane, QLD|title=Bowls – N.S.W. "Knuts" retain the "Ashes"|page=3|date=14 July 1920}}</ref> Even some local rivalries, such as southern Western Australia's annual Great Southern Football Carnival, were locally described as "the ashes".<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Great Southern Herald|publication-place=Katanning, WA|page=3|date=21 September 1935|title=Great Southern Football Carnival}}</ref> This genericised usage is no longer common, and "the Ashes" would today be assumed only to apply to a contest between Australia and England.

The Ashes featured in the film ''[[The Final Test]]'', released in 1953, based on a television play by [[Terence Rattigan]]. It stars [[Jack Warner (actor)|Jack Warner]] as an England cricketer playing the last Test of his career, which is the last of an Ashes series; the film includes cameo appearances of English captain [[Len Hutton]] and other players<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045769/|title=The Final Test (1953)|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|access-date=13 July 2013|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104033237/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045769/|url-status=live}}</ref> who were part of England's 1953 triumph.

[[Douglas Adams]]'s 1982 science fiction comedy novel ''[[Life, the Universe and Everything]]'' – the third part of ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' series – features the urn containing the Ashes as a significant element of its plot. The urn is stolen by alien robots, as the burnt stump inside is part of a key needed to unlock the "Wikkit Gate" and release an imprisoned world called Krikkit.

''[[Bodyline (miniseries)|Bodyline]]'', a fictionalised television [[miniseries]] based on the "[[Bodyline]]" Ashes series of 1932–33, was screened in Australia in 1984. The cast included [[Gary Sweet]] as [[Donald Bradman]] and [[Hugo Weaving]] as England captain [[Douglas Jardine]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frith|first1=David|title=Bodyline Autopsy: The full story of the most sensational Test cricket series: Australia v England 1932–33|date=24 June 2013|publisher=Aurum Press|isbn=9781781311936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijnLAgAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref>

In the 1938 film ''[[The Lady Vanishes]]'', [[Charters and Caldicott]], played by [[Basil Radford]] and [[Naunton Wayne]] are two cricket fans who are desperate to get home from Europe in order to see the last day's play in the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1938#Third Test|Third Test at Manchester]]. It is not until they see a newsboy's poster near the end of the film that they discover that the match had been abandoned, due to floods.

==See also==
{{Portal|Cricket}}
* [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883]]
* [[History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889]]
* [[History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900]]
* [[The Women's Ashes]]
* [[Ella-Mobbs Trophy]] (the Rugby Union equivalent of England-Australia matches)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book| last = Berry | first = S. | year = 2006 | title = Cricket's Burning Passion | location = London | publisher=Methuen | isbn = 0-413-77627-1 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Birley | first = D. | year = 2003 | title = A Social History of English Cricket | location = London | publisher = Aurum Press | isbn = 1-85410-941-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofe0000birl }}
* {{Cite book| last = Frith | first = David | year = 1990 | title = Australia versus England: A Pictorial History of Every Test Match Since 1877 | location = Victoria (Australia) | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn = 0-670-90323-X }}
* {{Cite book| last = Frith | first = David | year = 2002 | title = Bodyline Autopsy: The Full Story of the Most Sensational Test Cricket Series - England v Australia 1932-3 | location = London | publisher=Aurum Press | isbn = 978-1-8541-0896-8 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Gibb | first = J. | year = 1979 | title = Test Cricket Records From 1877 | location = London | publisher=Collins | isbn = 0-00-411690-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Gibson | first = A. | year = 1989 | title = Cricket Captains of England | location = London | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn = 1-85145-395-4 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Green | first = B. | year = 1979 | title = Wisden Anthology 1864–1900 | location = London | publisher=M & J/QA Press | isbn = 0-356-10732-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Harte | first = Chris | year = 2003 | title = Penguin History of Australian Cricket | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn = 0-670-04133-5 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Munns | first = J. | year = 1994 | title = Beyond Reasonable Doubt – Rupertswood, Sunbury – The Birthplace of the Ashes | location = Australia | publisher=Joy Munns | isbn = 0-646-22153-1 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Warner | first = P. | year = 1987 | title = Lord's 1787–1945 | location = London | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn = 1-85145-112-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Warner | first = P. | year = 2004 | title = How We Recovered the Ashes: MCC Tour 1903–1904 | location = London | publisher=Methuen | isbn = 0-413-77399-X }}
* Willis, R. [http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php?products_id=486 ''Cricket's Biggest Mystery: The Ashes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514084152/http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php?products_id=486 |date=14 May 2013 }}, The Lutterworth Press (1987), {{ISBN|978-0-7188-2588-1}}.
* {{Cite book| last = Wynne-Thomas | first = P. | year = 1989 | title = The Complete History of Cricket Tours at Home and Abroad |location = London | publisher=Hamlyn | isbn = 0-600-55782-0 }}

===Other===
* ''Wisden's Cricketers Almanack'' (various editions)

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|The Ashes}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toukmRyDuOE Ashes to Ashes] An audio history of the first hundred years of the Ashes, narrated by [[John Arlott]]
* [http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/story/259985.html Cricinfo's Ashes] website
* [http://www.mcc.org.au/News/Club%20Publications/~/media/Files/Origin%20of%20the%20Ashes.ashx The Origin of the Ashes – Rex Harcourt]
* Listen to a young [http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/ Don Bradman speaking] after the 1930 Ashes tour

{{Ashes Test series}}
{{Compton–Miller Medal winners}}
{{Named Test Cricket series}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashes}}
[[Category:The Ashes| ]]
[[Category:Australia in international cricket]]
[[Category:Cricket awards and rankings]]
[[Category:Cricket rivalries]]
[[Category:England in international cricket]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1882]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1882]]
[[Category:Test cricket competitions]]

The Ashes

2023-08-01T13:40:47Z

Tom dl: /* England */ Update Lord's draws (was wrong before, according to it's source)

{{Short description|International cricket series}}
{{about|the Ashes in men's cricket|the women's equivalent|The Women's Ashes|other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = The Ashes
| image = Ashes Urn.jpg
| caption = [[The Ashes urn]], made of [[terracotta]] and about 10.5
cm (4") tall, is reputed to contain the ashes of a burnt [[Bail (cricket)|cricket bail]].
| country = {{cr|AUS}} {{cr|ENG}}
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[Test cricket]]
| first = [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]] ([[Australia]])
| last = [[2023 Ashes series|2023]] ([[England]])
| next = [[2025–26 Ashes series|2025–26]] ([[Australia]])
| tournament format = 5-match series
| participants = 2
| trophyholder = {{cr|AUS}} (Series drawn) (2023)
| most successful = {{cr|AUS}} (34 series wins, six retentions)
| most runs = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Donald Bradman]] (5,028)
| most wickets = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Shane Warne]] (195)
| current = [[2023 Ashes series]]
}}
'''The Ashes''' is a [[Test cricket]] series played between [[England national cricket team|England]] and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. The term originated in a satirical [[obituary]] published in a British newspaper, ''[[The Sporting Times]]'', immediately after Australia's [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Australia win in England 1882|1882 victory]] at [[The Oval]], its first Test win on English soil. The obituary stated that English cricket had died, and that "the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia".<ref>{{cite book | author=Wendy Lewis | author-link=Wendy Lewis | author2=Simon Balderstone | author3=John Bowan | name-list-style=amp | title=Events That Shaped Australia | page=75 | publisher=New Holland | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-74110-492-9 }}</ref> The mythical ashes immediately became associated with the [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Bligh reclaims the Ashes 1882/3|1882–83 series played in Australia]], before which the English captain [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] had vowed to "regain those ashes". The English media therefore dubbed the tour ''the quest to regain the Ashes''.

After England had won two of the three Tests on the tour, a small urn was presented to Bligh by a group of [[Melbourne]] women including [[Florence Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Florence Morphy]], whom Bligh married within a year.<ref name=events>{{Cite news |date=20 February 1884 |title=Summary of Events |newspaper=The Illustrated Australian News |location=Melbourne |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63185850 |page=18}}</ref> The contents of the urn are reputed to be the ashes of a wooden [[bail (cricket)|bail]], and were humorously described as "the ashes of Australian cricket".<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 1908 |title=Cricket |newspaper=The Mercury |location=Hobart |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12673335 |page=8}}</ref> It is not clear whether that "tiny silver urn" is the same as the small terracotta urn given to the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] by Bligh's widow after his death in 1927.

[[The Ashes urn|The urn]] has never been the official trophy of the Ashes series, having been a personal gift to Bligh.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ashes History|url=http://www.lords.org/history/mcc-history/the-ashes|publisher=Lords|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009142619/https://www.lords.org/history/mcc-history/the-ashes/|archive-date=9 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, [[replica]]s of the urn are often held aloft by victorious teams as a symbol of their victory in an Ashes series. Since the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1998–99|1998–99 Ashes series]], a [[Waterford Crystal]] representation of the Ashes urn (called the Ashes Trophy) has been presented to the winners of an Ashes series as the official trophy of that series. Irrespective of which side holds the tournament, the original urn remains in the MCC Museum at [[Lord's]]; it has, however, been taken to Australia to be put on touring display on two occasions: as part of the [[Australian Bicentenary]] celebrations in 1988 and to accompany the [[English cricket team in Australia in 2006–07|Ashes series in 2006–07]].

An Ashes series traditionally consists of five Tests, hosted in turn by England and Australia at least once every two years. The Ashes are regarded as being held by the team that most recently won the series. If the series is drawn, the team that currently holds the Ashes "retains" the trophy.

There have been 73 Ashes series (see [[List of Ashes series]]): Australia have won 34 and retained six times from draws ('''40'''); England have won 32 and retained once ('''33''').

==1882 origins==
{{main|Australian cricket team in England in 1882}}
[[File:Ranji 1897 page 143 F. R. Spofforth, the demon bowler.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fred Spofforth]], "The Demon Bowler", was instrumental in Australia's 1882 victory over England with 14 wickets for 90.]]
The first [[Test cricket|Test match]] between England and Australia was played in [[Melbourne]], Australia, [[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77|in 1877]], though the Ashes legend started later, after the ninth Test, played in 1882. On their [[Australian cricket team in England and the United States in 1882|tour of England]] that year the Australians played just one Test, at [[the Oval]] in London. It was a low-scoring affair on a difficult [[Cricket pitch|wicket]].<ref>Fred Spofforth, however, contended that, the fourth innings aside, it played perfectly well.</ref> Australia made a mere 63 runs in their first [[innings]], and England, led by [[A. N. Hornby]], took a 38-run lead with a total of 101. In their second innings, Australia, boosted by a spectacular 55 runs off 60 deliveries from [[Hugh Massie]], managed 122, which left England only 85 runs to win. The Australians were greatly demoralised by the manner of their second-innings collapse, but fast bowler [[Fred Spofforth]], spurred on by the [[gamesmanship]] of his opponents, in particular [[W. G. Grace]], refused to give in. "This thing can be done," he declared. Spofforth went on to devastate the English batting, taking his final four wickets for only two runs to leave England just eight runs short of victory.

When [[Ted Peate]], England's last batsman, came to the crease, his side needed just ten runs to win, but Peate managed only two before he was bowled by [[Harry Boyle (cricketer)|Harry Boyle]]. An astonished Oval crowd fell silent, struggling to believe that England could possibly have lost on home soil. When it finally sank in, the crowd swarmed onto the field, cheering loudly and chairing Boyle and Spofforth to the pavilion.

When Peate returned to the pavilion he was reprimanded by his captain for not allowing his partner, [[Charles Studd]] (one of the best batsmen in England, having already hit two centuries that season against the colonists), to get the runs. Peate humorously replied, "I had no confidence in Mr Studd, sir, so thought I had better do my best."<ref>
{{cite news
|first=Jack
|last=Worrall
|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83580262
|title=A Great Bowlers' Victory
|page=11
|newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|Daily News]]
|location=Perth, WA |date=23 August 1930
|access-date=25 August 2013
}}
</ref>

The momentous defeat was widely recorded in the British press, which praised the Australians for their plentiful "pluck" and berated the Englishmen for their lack thereof. A celebrated poem appeared in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' on Saturday, 9 September. The first verse, quoted most frequently, reads:

<blockquote>
<poem>
Well done, [[wikt:cornstalk|Cornstalks]]! Whipt us
Fair and square,
Was it luck that tript us?
Was it scare?
Kangaroo Land's 'Demon', or our own
Want of 'devil', coolness, nerve, backbone?
</poem></blockquote>

On 31 August, in the [[C. W. Alcock|Charles Alcock]]-edited magazine ''Cricket: A Weekly Record of The Game'', there appeared a mock obituary:

{{poemquote|
SACRED TO THE MEMORY
OF
ENGLAND'S SUPREMACY IN THE
CRICKET-FIELD
WHICH EXPIRED
ON THE 29TH DAY OF AUGUST, AT THE OVAL
"ITS END WAS PEATE"
}}

[[File:DeathofEnglishCricket.jpg|thumb|The death notice that appeared in ''[[The Sporting Times]]'']]
On 2 September a more celebrated mock obituary, written by [[Reginald Shirley Brooks]], appeared in ''[[The Sporting Times]]''. It read:

{{poemquote|
In Affectionate Remembrance
of
ENGLISH CRICKET,
which died at the Oval
on
29 August 1882,
Deeply lamented by a large circle of sorrowing
friends and acquaintances

R.I.P.

N.B.—The body will be cremated and the
ashes taken to Australia.
}}

[[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] promised that on [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83 tour of Australia]], he would, as England's captain, "recover those Ashes". He spoke of them several times over the course of the tour, and the Australian media quickly caught on. The three-match series resulted in a two-one win to England, notwithstanding a fourth match, won by the Australians, whose status remains a matter of ardent dispute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilton |first=Christopher |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123232899 |title=The birth of the Ashes : the amazing story of the first Ashes test |date=2006 |publisher=Renniks Publications |isbn=978-0-9752245-4-0 |location=Banksmeadow, N.S.W. |oclc=123232899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930079935 |title=Wisden on the Ashes : the authoritative story of cricket's greatest rivalry : updated to include the 2015 series |date=2015 |others=Steven Lynch |isbn=978-1-4729-1353-1 |edition= |location=London |oclc=930079935}}</ref>

In the 20 years following Bligh's campaign the term "the Ashes" largely disappeared from public use. There is no indication that this was the accepted name for the series, at least not in England. The term became popular again in Australia first, when [[George Giffen]], in his memoirs (''With Bat and Ball'', 1899), used the term as if it were well known.<ref>Gibson, A., ''Cricket Captains of England'', p. 26.</ref>

The true and global revitalisation of interest in the concept dates from 1903, when [[Plum Warner|Pelham Warner]] took a team to Australia with the promise that he would regain "the ashes". As had been the case on Bligh's tour 20 years before, the Australian media latched fervently onto the term and, this time, it stuck. Having fulfilled his promise, Warner published a book entitled ''How We Recovered the Ashes''. Although the origins of the term are not referred to in the text, the title served (along with the general hype created in Australia) to revive public interest in the legend. The first mention of "the Ashes" in ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' occurs in 1905, while ''Wisden'''s first account of the legend is in the 1922 edition.

==Urn==
{{Main|The Ashes urn}}
[[File:Ashes Urn 1921.jpg|right|thumb|The earliest published photo of [[the Ashes urn]], from ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'', 1921]]
[[File:Rupertswood mansion side angle shot.jpg|thumb|[[Rupertswood]] outside Melbourne, where the urn was presented to Bligh]]
It took many years before the contests between England and Australia were consistently called "The Ashes", and so there was no concept of either a trophy or a physical representation of the ashes. As late as 1925, the following verse appeared in ''The Cricketers Annual'':

<blockquote>
<poem>
So here's to Chapman, Hendren and Hobbs,
Gilligan, Woolley and Hearne
May they bring back to the Motherland,
The ashes which have no urn!
</poem></blockquote>

Nevertheless, several attempts had been made to embody the Ashes in a physical memorial. Examples include one presented to Warner in 1904, another to Australian captain M. A. Noble in 1909, and another to Australian captain W. M. Woodfull in 1934.

The oldest, and the one to enjoy enduring fame, was the one presented to Bligh, later Lord Darnley, during the 1882–83 tour. The precise nature of the origin of [[The Ashes urn|this urn]] is a matter of dispute. Based on a statement by Darnley in 1894, it was believed that a group of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victorian]] ladies, including Darnley's later wife [[Florence Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Florence Morphy]], made the presentation after the victory in the Third Test in 1883. More recent researchers, in particular Ronald Willis<ref>{{Cite book| first=Ronald | last=Willis | title=Cricket's Biggest Mystery: The Ashes | year=1982 | isbn=0-7270-1768-3}}</ref> and Joy Munns<ref>{{Cite book| first=Joy | last=Munns | title=Beyond Reasonable Doubt: The birthplace of the Ashes | year=1994 | isbn=0-646-22153-1}}</ref> have studied the tour in detail and concluded that the presentation was made after a private cricket match played over Christmas 1882 when the English team were guests of [[Sir William John Clarke|Sir William Clarke]], at his property "[[Rupertswood]]", in [[Sunbury, Victoria]]. This was before the matches had started. The prime evidence for this theory was provided by a descendant of Clarke.

In August 1926 Ivo Bligh (now Lord Darnley) displayed the Ashes urn at the ''[[Morning Post]]'' Decorative Art Exhibition held in the Central Hall, Westminster. He made the following statement about how he was given the urn:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58247421?searchTerm=darnley%20cricket%20ashes&searchLimits= |title=Sunday Times (Perth) 15 August 1926 page 9S. Online Reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=15 August 1926 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|When in the autumn the English Eleven went to Australia it was said that they had come to Australia to "fetch" the ashes. England won two out of the three matches played against Murdoch's Australian Eleven, and after the third match some Melbourne ladies put some ashes into a small urn and gave them to me as captain of the English Eleven.}}

A more detailed account of how the Ashes were given to Ivo Bligh was outlined by his wife, the Countess of Darnley, in 1930 during a speech at a cricket luncheon. Her speech was reported by the ''Times'' as follows:<ref>The Times (London), 27 June 1930. page 7.</ref>

{{Blockquote|In 1882, she said, it was first spoken of when the Sporting Times, after the Australians had thoroughly beaten the English at the Oval, wrote an obituary in affectionate memory of English cricket "whose demise was deeply lamented and the body would be cremated and taken to Australia". Her husband, then Ivo Bligh, took a team to Australia in the following year. Punch had a poem containing the words "When Ivo comes back with the urn" and when Ivo Bligh wiped out the defeat Lady Clarke, wife of Sir W. J. Clarke, who entertained the English so lavishly, found a little wooden urn, burnt a bail, put the ashes in the urn, and wrapping it in a red velvet bag, put it into her husband's (Ivo Bligh's) hands. He had always regarded it as a great treasure.}}

There is another statement which is not totally clear made by Lord Darnley in 1921 about the timing of the presentation of the urn. He was interviewed in his home at Cobham Hall by [[Montague Grover]] and the report of this interview was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66512851?searchTerm=%22cobham%20hall%22%20urn&searchLimits=l-decade=192 |title=Geraldton Guardian 15 February 1921, page 1. Online reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=15 February 1921 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|This urn was presented to Lord Darnley by some ladies of Melbourne after the final defeat of his team, and before he returned with the members to England.}}

He made a similar statement in 1926. The report of this statement in the ''Brisbane Courier'' was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21053463?searchTerm=darnley%20ashes%20urn&searchLimits=l-decade=192|title=Brisbane Courier, 9 June 1926, page 7. Online reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=9 June 1926 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The proudest possession of Lord Darnley is an earthenware urn containing the ashes which were presented to him by Melbourne residents when he captained the Englishmen in 1882. Though the team did not win, the urn containing the ashes was sent to him just before leaving Melbourne.}}

The contents of the urn are also problematic; they were variously reported to be the remains of a stump, bail or the outer casing of a ball, but in 1998 Darnley's 82-year-old daughter-in-law said they were the remains of her mother-in-law's veil, casting a further layer of doubt on the matter. However, during the tour of Australia in 2006/7, the MCC official accompanying the urn said the veil legend had been discounted, and it was now "95% certain" that the urn contains the ashes of a cricket bail. Speaking on Channel Nine TV on 25 November 2006, he said x-rays of the urn had shown the pedestal and handles were cracked, and repair work had to be carried out. The urn is made of [[terracotta]] and is about {{convert|6|in|mm}} tall and may originally have been a perfume jar.

[[File:Ashes song.jpg|thumb|The full version of the song from the ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'', the fourth verse of which is pasted onto the urn]]
A label containing a six-line verse is pasted on the urn. This is the fourth verse of a song-lyric published in the ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'' on 1 February 1883:

<blockquote>
<poem>
When [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo]] goes back with the urn, the urn;
[[Studd brothers|Studds]], [[A G Steel|Steel]], [[Walter Read|Read]] and [[Edward Tylecote|Tylecote]] return, return;
The [[wikt:make the welkin ring|welkin]] will ring loud,
The great crowd will feel proud,
Seeing [[Dick Barlow|Barlow]] and [[Billy Bates|Bates]] with the urn, the urn;
And the rest coming home with the urn.
</poem></blockquote>

In February 1883, just before the disputed Fourth Test, a velvet bag made by Mrs Ann Fletcher, the daughter of Joseph Hines Clarke and Marion Wright, both of [[Dublin]], was given to Bligh to contain the urn. During Darnley's lifetime there was little public knowledge of the urn, and no record of a published photograph exists before 1921. ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'' published this photo in January 1921 (shown above). When Darnley died in 1927 his widow presented the urn to the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] and that was the key event in establishing the urn as the physical embodiment of the legendary ashes. MCC first displayed the urn in the Long Room at [[Lord's]] and since 1953 in the MCC Cricket Museum at the ground. MCC's wish for it to be seen by as wide a range of cricket enthusiasts as possible has led to its being mistaken for an official trophy. It is in fact a private memento, and for this reason it is never awarded to either England or Australia, but is kept permanently in the MCC Cricket Museum where it can be seen together with the specially made red and gold velvet bag and the scorecard of the 1882 match.

Because the urn itself is so delicate, it has been allowed to travel to Australia only twice. The first occasion was in 1988 for a museum tour as part of the [[Australian Bicentenary]] celebrations; the second was for the 2006/7 Ashes series.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6052544.stm | title=Ashes urn heads to Australia | work=BBC Sport | date=15 October 2006 | access-date=8 November 2007 | archive-date=6 November 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106114633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6052544.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> The urn arrived on 17 October 2006, going on display at the [[Museum of Sydney]]. It then toured to other states, with the final appearance at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery on 21 January 2007.

In the 1990s, given Australia's long dominance of the Ashes and the popular acceptance of the Darnley urn as "the Ashes", the idea was mooted that the victorious team should be awarded the urn as a trophy and allowed to retain it until the next series. As its condition is fragile and it is a prized exhibit at the MCC Cricket Museum, the MCC would not agree. Furthermore, in 2002, Bligh's great-great-grandson Lord Clifton, the heir-apparent to the [[Earl of Darnley|Earldom of Darnley]], argued that the Ashes urn should not be returned to Australia because it belonged to his family and was given to the MCC only for safe keeping.

As a compromise, the MCC commissioned a larger replica of the urn in [[Waterford Crystal]], known as the Ashes Trophy, to award to the winning team of each series starting with the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1998–99|1998–99 Ashes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Ashes Trophy? |url=http://www.lords.org/news/our-blogs/the-cricket-history-blog/what-is-the-ashes-trophy/ |first=Rhys |last=Hayward |publisher=Lord's |date=23 August 2013 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910205923/http://www.lords.org/news/our-blogs/the-cricket-history-blog/what-is-the-ashes-trophy}}</ref> This did little to diminish the status of the Darnley urn as the most important icon in cricket, the symbol of this old and keenly fought contest.

==Series and matches==
{{further|List of Ashes series}}
===Quest to "recover those ashes"===
{{See also|History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#The Ashes legend}}
[[File:Ivo Bligh Vanity Fair 7 April 1904.jpg|thumb|upright|The Honourable Ivo Bligh]]
Later in 1882, following the famous Australian victory at The Oval, [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Bligh]] led an England team to Australia, as he said, to "recover those ashes". Publicity surrounding the series was intense, and it was at some time during this series that the Ashes urn was crafted. Australia won the First Test by [[Result (cricket)|nine wickets]], but in the next two England were victorious. At the end of the Third Test, England were generally considered to have "won back the Ashes" 2–1. A fourth match was played, against a "United Australian XI", which was arguably stronger than the Australian sides that had competed in the previous three matches; this game, however, is not generally considered part of the 1882–83 series. It ''is'' counted as a Test, but as a standalone. This match ended in a victory for Australia.

===1884 to 1896===
After Bligh's victory, there was an extended period of English dominance. The tours generally had fewer Tests in the 1880s and 1890s than people have grown accustomed to in more recent years, the first five-Test series taking place only in 1894–95. England lost only four Ashes Tests in the 1880s out of 23 played, and they won all the seven series contested.

There was more chopping and changing in the teams, given that there was no official board of selectors for each country (in 1887–88, two separate English teams were on tour in Australia) and popularity with the fans varied. The 1890s games were more closely fought, Australia taking its first series win since 1882 with a 2–1 victory in 1891–92. But England dominated, winning the next three series to 1896 despite continuing player disputes.

The [[English cricket team in Australia in 1894-95|1894–95]] series began in sensational fashion when England won the First Test at Sydney by just 10 runs having followed on. Australia had scored a massive 586 ([[Syd Gregory]] 201, [[George Giffen]] 161) and then dismissed England for 325. But England responded with 437 and then dramatically dismissed Australia for 166 with [[Bobby Peel]] taking 6 for 67. At the close of the second last day's play, Australia were 113–2, needing only 64 more runs. But heavy rain fell overnight and next morning the two slow left-arm bowlers, Peel and [[Johnny Briggs (cricketer)|Johnny Briggs]], were all but unplayable. England went on to win the series 3–2 after it had been all square before the Final Test, which England won by 6 wickets. The English heroes were Peel, with 27 wickets in the series at an average of 26.70, and [[Tom Richardson (cricketer)|Tom Richardson]], with 32 at 26.53.

In 1896, England under the captaincy of [[W. G. Grace]] won the series 2–1, and this marked the end of England's longest period of Ashes dominance.

===1897 to 1902===
Australia resoundingly won the 1897–98 series by 4–1 under the captaincy of [[Harry Trott]]. His successor [[Joe Darling]] won the next three series in 1899, 1901–02, and the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1902|classic 1902 series]], which became one of the most famous in the history of Test cricket.

Five matches were played in 1902 but the first two were drawn after being hit by bad weather. In the First Test (the first played at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]), after scoring 376 England bowled out Australia for 36 ([[Wilfred Rhodes]] 7/17) and reduced them to 46–2 when they followed on. Australia won the Third and Fourth Tests at [[Bramall Lane]] and [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] respectively. At Old Trafford, Australia won by just 3 runs after [[Victor Trumper]] had scored 104 on a "bad wicket", reaching his hundred before lunch on the first day. England won the last Test at [[The Oval]] by one wicket. Chasing 263 to win, they slumped to 48–5 before [[Gilbert Jessop]]'s 104 gave them a chance. He reached his hundred in just 75 minutes. The last-wicket pair of [[George Herbert Hirst |George Hirst]] and Rhodes were required to score 15 runs for victory. When Rhodes joined him, Hirst reportedly said: "We'll get them in singles, Wilfred." In fact, they scored thirteen singles and a two.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2019 |title=Wisden, 1974 edition – The glorious uncertainty |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152487.html |website=espncricinfo.com |access-date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220123247/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152487.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The period of Darling's captaincy saw the emergence of outstanding Australian players such as Trumper, [[Warwick Armstrong]], [[James Kelly (cricketer)|James Kelly]], [[Monty Noble]], [[Clem Hill]], [[Hugh Trumble]] and [[Ernie Jones (Australian sportsman)|Ernie Jones]].

===Reviving the legend===
After what the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] saw as the problems of the earlier professional and amateur series they decided to take control of organising tours themselves, and this led to the first MCC tour of Australia in 1903–04. England won it against the odds, and [[Plum Warner]], the England captain, wrote up his version of the tour in his book ''How We Recovered The Ashes''.<ref>[[Plum Warner]], ''How We Recovered The Ashes'', Longman, 1905</ref> The title of this book revived the Ashes legend and it was after this that England v Australia series were customarily referred to as "The Ashes".

===1905 to 1912===
England and Australia were evenly matched until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Five more series took place between 1905 and 1912. In 1905, England's captain [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Stanley Jackson]] not only won the series 2–0, but also won the toss in all five matches and headed both the batting and the bowling averages. Monty Noble led Australia to victory in both 1907–08 and 1909. Then England won in 1911–12 by four matches to one. [[Jack Hobbs]] establishing himself as England's first-choice opening batsman with three centuries, while [[Frank Foster (cricketer)|Frank Foster]] (32 wickets at 21.62) and [[Sydney Barnes]] (34 wickets at 22.88) formed a formidable bowling partnership.

England retained the Ashes when it won the [[1912 Triangular Tournament]], which also featured [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]. The Australian touring party had been severely weakened by a [[Big Six cricket dispute of 1912|dispute]] between the board and players that caused [[Clem Hill]], [[Victor Trumper]], Warwick Armstrong, [[Tibby Cotter]], [[Sammy Carter]] and [[Vernon Ransford]] to be omitted.<ref>Harte, pp. 251–256.</ref>

===1920 to 1933===
After the war, Australia took firm control of both the Ashes and world cricket. For the first time, the tactic of using two express bowlers in tandem paid off as [[Jack Gregory (cricketer)|Jack Gregory]] and [[Ted McDonald]] crippled the English batting on a regular basis. Australia recorded overwhelming victories both in England and on home soil. It won the first eight matches in succession including a 5–0 [[whitewash (sport)|whitewash]] in [[English cricket team in Australia in 1920-21|1920–1921]] at the hands of Warwick Armstrong's team.

The ruthless and belligerent Armstrong led his team back to England in 1921 where his men lost only two games late in the tour to narrowly miss out of being the first team to complete a tour of England without defeat.

[[File:Herbert Sutcliffe 1924.jpg|thumb|left|[[Herbert Sutcliffe]] sweeps [[Arthur Mailey]] during the first Ashes Test in Sydney, 1924.]]
England won only one Test out of 15 from the end of the war until 1925.<ref>Harte, pp. 274–276.</ref><ref name=auslist>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Results list |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=21 December 2007 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309063345/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a rain-hit series in 1926, England managed to eke out a 1–0 victory with a win in the final Test at The Oval. Because the series was at stake, the match was to be "timeless", i.e., played to a finish. Australia had a narrow first innings lead of 22. Jack Hobbs and [[Herbert Sutcliffe]] took the score to 49–0 at the end of the second day, a lead of 27. Heavy rain fell overnight, and next day the pitch soon developed into a traditional sticky wicket. England seemed doomed to be bowled out cheaply and to lose the match. In spite of the very difficult batting conditions, however, Hobbs and Sutcliffe took their partnership to 172 before Hobbs was out for exactly 100. Sutcliffe went on to make 161 and England won the game comfortably.<ref>Harte, pp. 298–301.</ref> Australian captain [[Herbie Collins]] was stripped of all captaincy positions down to club level, and some accused him of throwing the match.

Australia's ageing post-war team broke up after 1926, with Collins, [[Charlie Macartney]] and [[Warren Bardsley]] all departing, and Gregory breaking down at the start of the 1928–29 series.

Despite the debut of [[Donald Bradman]], the inexperienced Australians, led by [[Jack Ryder (cricketer)|Jack Ryder]], were heavily defeated, losing 4–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 312–316.</ref> England had a very strong batting side, with [[Wally Hammond]] contributing 905 runs at an average of 113.12, and Hobbs, Sutcliffe and [[Patsy Hendren]] all scoring heavily; the bowling was more than adequate, without being outstanding.

In 1930, [[Bill Woodfull]] led an extremely inexperienced team to England.

Bradman fulfilled his promise in the 1930 series when he scored 974 runs at 139.14, which remains a world record Test series aggregate. A modest Bradman can be heard in a 1930 recording saying "I have always endeavoured to do my best for the side, and the few centuries that have come my way have been achieved in the hope of winning matches. My one idea when going into bat was to make runs for Australia."<ref name="Don Bradman on australianscreen online">{{cite web|url=http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/|title=Don Bradman in 'The 1930 Australian XI: Winners of the Ashes'|website=Aso.gov.au|access-date=23 February 2011|archive-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201123853/http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] Test, he made 334, reaching 309* at the end of the first day, including a century before lunch. Bradman himself thought that his 254 in the preceding match, at [[Lord's]], was a better innings. England managed to stay in contention until the deciding final Test at The Oval, but yet another double hundred by Bradman, and 7/92 by [[Percy Hornibrook]] in England's second innings, enabled Australia to win by an innings and take the series 2–1. [[Clarrie Grimmett]]'s 29 wickets at 31.89 for Australia in this high-scoring series were also important.

Australia had one of the strongest batting line-ups ever in the early 1930s, with Bradman, [[Archie Jackson]], [[Stan McCabe]], [[Bill Woodfull]], [[Bill Ponsford]] and Jack Fingleton. It was the prospect of bowling at this line-up that caused England's 1932–33 captain [[Douglas Jardine]] to adopt the tactic of fast [[leg theory]], better known as [[Bodyline]].

[[File:4th Test Woodfull.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bill Woodfull]] evades a ball from [[Harold Larwood]] with [[Bodyline]] field settings.]]

Jardine instructed his [[fast bowling|fast bowlers]], most notably [[Harold Larwood]] and [[Bill Voce]], to bowl at the bodies of the Australian batsmen, with the goal of forcing them to defend their bodies with their bats, thus providing easy catches to a stacked [[leg side|leg-side]] field. Jardine insisted that the tactic was legitimate and called it "leg theory" but it was widely disparaged by its opponents, who dubbed it "Bodyline" (from "on the line of the body"). Although England decisively won the Ashes 4–1, Bodyline caused such a furore in Australia that diplomats had to intervene to prevent serious harm to Anglo-Australian relations, and the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] eventually changed the [[Laws of cricket]] to curtail the number of leg side fielders.

Jardine's comment was: "I've not travelled 6,000 miles to make friends. I'm here to win the Ashes".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article2387560.ece | location=London | work=The Times | title=Top 50 British achievements | first=Patrick | last=Kidd | date=4 September 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821160249/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article2387560.ece | archive-date=21 August 2008}}</ref>

Some of the Australians wanted to use Bodyline in retaliation, but Woodfull flatly refused. He famously told England manager [[Pelham Warner]], "There are two teams out there. One is playing cricket; the other is making no attempt to do so" after the latter had come into the Australian rooms to express sympathy after a Larwood bouncer had struck the Australian skipper in the heart and felled him.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Cashman| author2 = Franks| author3 = Maxwell| author4 = Sainsbury| author5 = Stoddart| author6 = Weaver| author7 = Webster | date = 1997 | title = The A-Z of Australian cricketers|pages = 322–323}}</ref>

===1934 to 1953===
On the batting-friendly [[cricket pitch|wickets]] that prevailed in the late 1930s, most Tests up to the Second World War still gave results. It should be borne in mind that Tests in Australia prior to the war were all played to a finish, with many batting records set during this period. {{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The 1934 Ashes series began with the notable absence of Larwood, Voce and Jardine. The MCC had made it clear, in light of the revelations of the bodyline series, that these players would not face Australia. The MCC, although it had earlier condoned and encouraged<ref>{{Cite book|last=Frith|first=David|title=Bodyline autopsy: the full story of the most sensational test cricket series: Australia vs England 1932-33|publisher=ABC Books for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation|year=2002|isbn=0733311725|location=Sydney|pages=47}}</ref> bodyline tactics in the 1932–33 series, laid the blame on Larwood when relations turned sour. Larwood was forced by the MCC to either apologise or be removed from the Test side. He went for the latter.

Australia recovered the Ashes in 1934 and held them until 1953, though no Test cricket was played during the Second World War.

As in 1930, the 1934 series was decided in the final Test at The Oval. Australia, batting first, posted a massive 701 in the first innings. Bradman (244) and Ponsford (266) were in record-breaking form with a partnership of 451 for the second wicket. England eventually faced a massive 707-run target for victory and failed, Australia winning the series 2–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 356–357.</ref> This made Woodfull the only captain to regain the Ashes and he retired upon his return to Australia.

In 1936–37 Bradman succeeded Woodfull as Australian captain. He started badly, losing the first two Tests heavily after Australia were caught on [[sticky wicket]]s. However, the Australians fought back and Bradman won his first series in charge 3–2.

The 1938 series was a high-scoring affair with two high-scoring draws, resulting in a 1–1 result, Australia retaining the Ashes. After the first two matches ended in stalemate and the Third Test at Old Trafford never started due to rain, Australia then scraped home by five wickets inside three days in a low-scoring match at Headingley to retain the urn. In the timeless Fifth Test at The Oval, the highlight was [[Len Hutton]]'s then world-record score of 364 as England made 903-7 declared. Bradman and [[Jack Fingleton]] injured themselves during Hutton's marathon effort, and with only nine men, Australia fell to defeat by an innings and 579 runs,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6109836.stm |title=Classic Ashes clashes – 1938, The Oval |website=BBC Sport |date=5 November 2006 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6109836.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the heaviest in Test history.

The Ashes resumed after the war when England toured in 1946–47 and, as in 1920–21, found that Australia had made the better post-war recovery. Still captained by Bradman and now featuring the potent new-ball partnership of [[Ray Lindwall]] and [[Keith Miller]], Australia were convincing 3–0 winners.

Aged 38 and having been unwell during the war, Bradman had been reluctant to play. He batted unconvincingly and reached 28 when he hit a ball to [[Jack Ikin]]; England believed it was a catch, but Bradman stood his ground, believing it to be a bump ball. The umpire ruled in the Australian captain's favour and he appeared to regain his fluency of yesteryear, scoring 187. Australia promptly seized the initiative, won the First Test convincingly and inaugurated a dominant post-war era. The controversy over the Ikin catch was one of the biggest disputes of the era.

In 1948, Australia set new standards, completely outplaying its hosts to win 4–0 with one draw. This [[Australian cricket team in England in 1948|Australian team]], led by Bradman, who turned 40 during his final tour of England, has gone down in history as ''The Invincibles''. Playing 34 matches on tour—three of which were not first-class—and including the five Tests, they remained unbeaten, winning 27 and drawing 7.

Bradman's men were greeted by packed crowds across the country, and records for Test attendances in England were set in the [[Second Test, 1948 Ashes series|Second]] and [[Fourth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fourth Tests]] at Lord's and Headingley respectively. Before a record attendance of spectators at Headingley, Australia set a world record by chasing down 404 on the last day for a seven-wicket victory.

The 1948 series ended with one of the most poignant moments in cricket history, as Bradman played his final innings for Australia in the [[Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fifth Test]] at The Oval, needing to score only four runs to end with a career [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of exactly 100. However, Bradman made a second-ball duck, bowled by an [[Eric Hollies]] googly<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 May 2009|title=1948 – Bradman's final innings duck|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8036237.stm|website=BBC Sport|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402185229/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8036237.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> that sent him into retirement with a career average of 99.94.

Bradman was succeeded as Australian captain by [[Lindsay Hassett]], who led the team to a 4–1 series victory in 1950–51. The series was not as one-sided as the number of wins suggest, with several tight matches.

The tide finally turned in 1953 when England won the final Test at The Oval to take the series 1–0, having narrowly avoided defeat in the preceding Test at Headingley. This was the beginning of one of the greatest periods in English cricket history with players such as captain Len Hutton, batsmen [[Denis Compton]], [[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]], [[Tom Graveney]], [[Colin Cowdrey]], bowlers [[Fred Trueman]], [[Brian Statham]], [[Alec Bedser]], [[Jim Laker]], [[Tony Lock]], wicket-keeper [[Godfrey Evans]] and all-rounder [[Trevor Bailey]].

===1954 to 1971===
[[File:Peter May.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]] driving [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill Johnston]] on his way to a century at Sydney.]]
In [[English cricket team in Australia in 1954-55|1954–55]], Australia's batsmen had no answer to the pace of [[Frank Tyson]] and Statham. After winning the First Test by an innings after being controversially sent in by Hutton, Australia lost its way and England took a hat-trick of victories to win the series 3–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 435–437.</ref>

A dramatic series in 1956 saw a record that will probably never be beaten: off-spinner [[Jim Laker]]'s monumental effort at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] when he bowled 68 of 191 overs to take 19 out of 20 possible Australian wickets in the Fourth Test.<ref>Harte, pp. 444–446.</ref> It was Australia's second consecutive innings defeat in a wet summer, and the hosts were in strong positions in the two drawn Tests, in which half the playing time was washed out. Bradman rated the team that won the series 2–1 as England's best ever.

England's dominance was not to last. Australia won 4–0 in 1958–59, having found a high-quality spinner of their own in new skipper [[Richie Benaud]], who took 31 wickets in the five-Test series, and paceman [[Alan Keith Davidson|Alan Davidson]], who took 24 wickets at 19.00. The series was overshadowed by the furore over various Australian bowlers, most notably [[Ian Meckiff]], whom the English management and media accused of [[throwing (cricket)|illegally throwing]] Australia to victory.

In 1961, Australia won a hard-fought series 2–1, their first Ashes series win in England for 13 years. After narrowly winning the Second Test at Lord's, dubbed "The Battle of the Ridge" because of a protrusion on the pitch that caused erratic bounce, Australia mounted a comeback on the final day of the Fourth Test at Old Trafford and sealed the series with [[Richie Benaud]] taking 6-70 during the English runchase.

The tempo of the play changed over the next four series in the 1960s, held in 1962–63, 1964, 1965–66 and 1968. The powerful array of bowlers that both countries boasted in the preceding decade moved into retirement, and their replacements were of lesser quality, making it more difficult to force a result. England failed to win any series during the 1960s, a period dominated by draws as teams found it more prudent to save face than risk losing. Of the 20 Tests played during the four series, Australia won four and England three. As they held the Ashes, Australia's captains [[Bob Simpson (cricketer)|Bob Simpson]] and [[Bill Lawry]] were happy to adopt safety-first tactics and their strategy of sedate batting saw many draws. During this period, spectator attendances dropped and media condemnation increased, but Simpson and Lawry flatly disregarded the public dissatisfaction.

It was in the 1960s that the bipolar dominance of England and Australia in world cricket was seriously challenged for the first time. West Indies defeated England twice in the mid-1960s and South Africa, in two series before they were banned for [[apartheid]], completely outplayed Australia 3–1 and 4–0. Australia had lost 2–1 during a tour of the West Indies in 1964–65, the first time it had lost a series to any team other than England.

In 1970–71, [[Ray Illingworth]] led England to a 2–0 win in Australia, mainly due to [[John Snow (cricketer)|John Snow]]'s fast bowling, and the prolific batting of [[Geoffrey Boycott]] and [[John Edrich]]. It was not until the last session of what was the 7th Test (one match having been abandoned without a ball bowled) that England's success was secured. Lawry was sacked after the Sixth Test after the selectors finally lost patience with Australia's lack of success and dour strategy. Lawry was not informed of the decision privately and heard his fate over the radio.<ref>Harte, pp. 526–530.</ref>

===1972 to 1987===
The 1972 series finished 2–2, with England under Illingworth retaining the Ashes.<ref>Harte, pp. 538–540.</ref>

In the 1974–75 series, with the England team breaking up and their best batsman Geoff Boycott refusing to play, Australian pace bowlers [[Jeff Thomson]] and [[Dennis Lillee]] wreaked havoc. A 4–1 result was a fair reflection as England were left shell shocked.<ref>Harte, pp. 557–559.</ref> England then lost the 1975 series 0–1, but at least restored some pride under new captain [[Tony Greig]].<ref>Harte, pp. 561–563.</ref>

Australia won the 1977 Centenary Test<ref>Harte, pp. 580–581.</ref> which was not an Ashes contest, but then a storm broke as [[Kerry Packer]] announced his intention to form [[World Series Cricket]].<ref>Harte, pp. 579–590</ref> WSC affected all Test-playing nations but it weakened Australia especially as the bulk of its players had signed up with Packer; the Australian Cricket Board (ACB) would not select WSC-contracted players and an almost completely new Test team had to be formed. WSC came after an era during which the duopoly of Australian and English dominance dissipated; the Ashes had long been seen as a cricket world championship but the rise of the West Indies in the late 1970s challenged that view. The West Indies would go on to record resounding Test series wins over Australia and England and dominated world cricket until the 1990s.

With Greig having joined WSC, England appointed [[Mike Brearley]] as its captain and he enjoyed great success against Australia. Largely assisted by the return of Boycott, Brearley's men won the 1977 series 3–0 and then completed an overwhelming 5–1 series win against an Australian side missing its WSC players in 1978–79. [[Allan Border]] made his Test debut for Australia in 1978–79.

Brearley retired from Test cricket in 1980 and was succeeded by [[Ian Botham]], who started the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1981|1981 series]] as England captain, by which time the WSC split had ended. After Australia took a 1–0 lead in the first two Tests, Botham was forced to resign or was sacked (depending on the source). Brearley surprisingly agreed to be reappointed before the Third Test at Headingley. This was a remarkable match in which Australia looked certain to take a 2–0 series lead after it had forced England to follow-on 227 runs behind. England, despite being 135 for 7, produced a second innings total of 356, Botham scoring 149*. Chasing just 130, Australia were sensationally dismissed for 111, [[Bob Willis]] taking 8–43. It was the first time since 1894–95 that a team following on had won a Test match. Under Brearley's leadership, England went on to win the next two matches before a drawn final match at The Oval.<ref>Harte, pp. 627–628.</ref> This series became known as 'Botham's Ashes' for his extraordinary feats with both bat and ball, after being dismissed as captain.

In 1982–83 Australia had [[Greg Chappell]] back from WSC as captain, while the England team was weakened by the enforced omission of their [[South African rebel tours|South African tour rebels]], particularly [[Graham Gooch]] and [[John Emburey]]. Australia went 2–0 up after three Tests, but England won the Fourth Test by 3 runs (after a 70-run last wicket stand) to set up the final decider, which was drawn.<ref>Harte, pp. 636–637.</ref>

In 1985, [[David Gower]]'s England team was strengthened by the return of Gooch and Emburey as well as the emergence at international level of [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] and [[Mike Gatting]]. Australia, now captained by [[Allan Border]], had itself been weakened by a rebel South African tour, the loss of [[Terry Alderman]] being a particular factor. England won 3–1.

Despite suffering heavy defeats against the West Indies during the 1980s, England continued to do well in the Ashes. Mike Gatting was the captain in 1986–87 but his team started badly and attracted some criticism.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/268042.html | title=Can't bat, can't bowl, can't field | publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | last=Miller | first=Andrew | author2=Martin Williamson | date=16 November 2006 | access-date=8 November 2007 | archive-date=15 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015131726/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/268042.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Then [[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]] scored three hundreds in successive Tests and bowling successes from [[Graham Dilley]] and [[Gladstone Small]] meant England won the series 2–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 662–664.</ref>

===1989 to 2003===
[[File:MCG99.jpg|right|thumb|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] [[Boxing Day Test]] 1998]]
The Australian team of 1989 was comparable to the great Australian teams of the past, and resoundingly defeated England 4–0.<ref>Harte, pp. 679–682.</ref> Well led by [[Allan Border]], the team included the young cricketers [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]], [[Merv Hughes]], [[David Boon]], [[Ian Healy]] and [[Steve Waugh]], who were all to prove long-serving and successful Ashes competitors. England, now led once again by [[David Gower]], suffered from injuries and poor form. During the Fourth Test news broke that prominent England players had agreed to take part in a "rebel tour" of South Africa the following winter; three of them ([[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]], [[Neil Foster]] and [[John Emburey]]) were playing in the match, and were subsequently dropped from the England side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/139086.html|title=Rebels take a step too far (English rebel tour to South Africa, 1989)|first=Nick|last=Hoult|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|date=July 2004|access-date=22 October 2007|archive-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120707220351/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/139086.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Australia reached a cricketing peak in the 1990s and early 2000s, coupled with a general decline in England's fortunes. After re-establishing its credibility in 1989, Australia underlined its superiority with victories in the 1990–91, 1993, 1994–95, 1997, 1998–99, 2001 and 2002–03 series, all by convincing margins.

Great Australian players in the early years included batsmen Border, Boon, Taylor and Steve Waugh. The captaincy passed from Border to Taylor in the mid-1990s and then to Steve Waugh before the 2001 series. In the latter part of the 1990s Waugh himself, along with his twin brother [[Mark Waugh|Mark]], scored heavily for Australia and fast bowlers [[Glenn McGrath]] and [[Jason Gillespie]] made a serious impact, especially the former. The wicketkeeper-batsman position was held by [[Ian Healy]] for most of the 1990s and by [[Adam Gilchrist]] from 2001 to 2006–07. In the 2000s, batsmen [[Justin Langer]], [[Damien Martyn]] and [[Matthew Hayden]] became noted players for Australia. But the most dominant Australian player was leg-spinner [[Shane Warne]], whose first delivery in Ashes cricket in 1993, to dismiss Mike Gatting, became known as the [[Ball of the Century]].

Australia's record between 1989 and 2005 had a significant impact on the statistics between the two sides. Before the 1989 series began, the win–loss ratio was almost even, with 87 test wins for Australia to England's 86, 74 tests having been drawn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;spanmax2=1+Apr+1989;spanval2=span;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> By the 2005 series Australia's test wins had increased to 115 whereas England's had increased to only 93 (with 82 draws).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;spanmax2=1+Apr+2005;spanval2=span;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> In the period between 1989 and the beginning of the 2005 series, the two sides had played 43 times; Australia winning 28 times, England 7 times, with 8 draws. Only a single England victory had come in a match in which the Ashes were still at stake, namely the First Test of the 1997 series. All others were consolation victories when the Ashes had been secured by Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=ENG;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2005-03-29;end=2005-03-29;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=series;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Cricinfo – Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Series record |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |date=17 June 2008 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

===2005 to 2015===
[[File:Trent Bridge, Flintoff century, 26 Aug 2005.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andrew Flintoff|Flintoff]] reaches 100 at [[Trent Bridge]] in 2005]]
England were undefeated in Test matches through the 2004 calendar year. This elevated them to second in the [[ICC Test Championship]]. Hopes that the [[2005 Ashes series]] would be closely fought proved well-founded, the series remaining undecided as the closing session of the final Test began. Experienced journalists including Richie Benaud rated the series as the most exciting in living memory. It has been compared with the great series of the distant past, such as 1894–95 and 1902.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sport.y2u.co.uk/Cricket/Cricket_The_Ashes.htm|title=THE ASHES, a battle of wills between English and Australian Cricket|website=sport.y2u.co.uk|access-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104233724/http://sport.y2u.co.uk/Cricket/Cricket_The_Ashes.htm|archive-date=4 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The First Test at [[Lord's]] was convincingly won by Australia, but in the remaining four matches the teams were evenly matched and England fought back to win the Second Test by 2 runs, the smallest winning margin in Ashes history, and the second-smallest in all Tests. The rain-affected Third Test ended with the last two Australian batsmen holding out for a draw; and England won the Fourth Test by three wickets after forcing Australia to [[follow-on]] for the first time in 191 Tests. A draw in the final Test gave England victory in an Ashes series for the first time in 18 years and their first Ashes victory at home since 1985.

Australia regained the Ashes on its home turf in the [[2006–07 Ashes series|2006–07 series]] with a convincing 5–0 victory, only the second time an Ashes series had been won by that margin. [[Glenn McGrath]], [[Shane Warne]] and [[Justin Langer]] retired from Test cricket after that series, while [[Damien Martyn]] retired during the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/6513.html|title=Damien Martyn|publisher=cricinfo|access-date=17 February 2008|archive-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207001217/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/6513.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Ashes 2010-11 Sydney Test final wicket.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chris Tremlett]] bowls [[Michael Beer (cricketer)|Michael Beer]] to complete England's 3–1 Ashes victory on 7 January 2011]]

The [[2009 Ashes series|2009 series]] began with a tense draw in the First Test at [[SWALEC Stadium]] in [[Cardiff]], with England's last-wicket batsmen [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] and [[Monty Panesar]] surviving 69 balls. England then achieved its first Ashes win at Lord's since 1934 to go 1–0 up. After a rain-affected draw at Edgbaston, the fourth match at Headingley was convincingly won by Australia by an innings and 80 runs to level the series. Finally, England won the Fifth Test at [[The Oval]] by a margin of 197 runs to regain the Ashes. [[Andrew Flintoff]] retired from Test cricket soon afterwards.

The [[2010–11 Ashes series|2010–11 series]] was played in Australia. The First Test at Brisbane ended in a draw, but England won the Second Test, at Adelaide, by an innings and 71 runs. Australia came back with a victory at Perth in the Third Test. In the Fourth Test at Melbourne Cricket Ground, England batting second scored 513 to defeat Australia (98 and 258) by an innings and 157 runs. This gave England an unbeatable 2–1 lead in the series and so it retained the Ashes. England went on to win the series 3–1, beating Australia by an innings and 83 runs at Sydney in the Fifth Test, including their highest innings total since 1938 (644). England's series victory was its first on Australian soil for 24 years. The 2010–11 Ashes series was the only one in which a team had won three Tests by innings margins and it was the first time England had scored 500 or more four times in a single series. England opener Cook scored 766 runs at average 127.66 in the series, the most dominant batsman in an Ashes series since Bradman in 1930.

Australia's build-up to the [[2013 Ashes series]] was far from ideal. [[Darren Lehmann]] took over as coach from [[Mickey Arthur]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2013 |title=Ashes 2013: Darren Lehmann replaces Mickey Arthur as Australia coach; Clarke steps down as selector |work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-24/lehmann-named-australian-coach/4777030|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223034811/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-24/lehmann-named-australian-coach/4777030|url-status=live}}</ref> following a string of poor results. A batting line-up weakened by the previous year's retirements of former captain [[Ricky Ponting]] and [[Mike Hussey]] was also shorn of opener [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], who was suspended for the start of the series following an off-field incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashes 2013: David Warner set for southern Africa match practice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23261135 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710225656/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23261135 |url-status=live }}</ref> England won a closely fought First Test by 14 runs, despite 19-year-old debutant [[Ashton Agar]] making a world-record 98 for a number 11 in the first innings. England then won a very one-sided Second Test by 347 runs while the rain-affected Third Test, held at a newly refurbished Old Trafford, was drawn, ensuring that England retained the Ashes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sheringham |first=Sam |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23579840 |title=Ashes 2013: England retain Ashes as rain forces Old Trafford draw |work=BBC Sport |date=5 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812110007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23579840 |url-status=live }}</ref> England won the Fourth Test by 74 runs after Australia lost their last eight second-innings wickets for only 86 runs. The final Test was drawn,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23836394 |title=Ashes 2013: Ashes 2013: England win series 3–0 after bad light ends Oval Test |work=BBC Sport |date=25 August 2013 |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828061619/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23836394 |url-status=live }}</ref> giving England a 3–0 series win.

[[File:Australia won the Ashes 5-0.jpg|thumb|240px|Celebrations at the SCG after Australia won the Ashes 5–0 in 2014]]
In the second of two Ashes series held in [[2013–14 Ashes series|2013 (the series ended in 2014)]], this time hosted by Australia, the home team won the series five test matches to nil. This was the third time Australia has completed a clean sweep (or "whitewash") in Ashes history, a feat never matched by England. All six Australian specialist batsmen scored more runs than any Englishman with 10 centuries among them, with only debutant Ben Stokes scoring a century for England. Mitchell Johnson took 37 English wickets at 13.97 and Ryan Harris 22 wickets at 19.31 in the 5-Test series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/708507.html;type=series|title=The best series for fast bowlers|work=Cricinfo|date=10 January 2014|access-date=3 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109234522/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/708507.html|archive-date=9 November 2015}}</ref> Only Stuart Broad and all-rounder Stokes bowled effectively for England, with their spinner Graeme Swann retiring due to a chronic elbow injury after the decisive Third Test.

Australia came into the [[2015 Ashes series]] in England as favourites to retain the Ashes. Although England won the first Test in Cardiff, Australia won comfortably in the second Test at Lords. In the next two Tests, the Australian batsmen struggled, being bowled out for 136 in the first innings at [[Edgbaston]], with England proceeding to win by eight wickets. This was followed by Australia being bowled out for 60 as [[Stuart Broad]] took five wickets and finished the spell with 8 for 15 in the first innings at Trent Bridge, the quickest – in terms of balls faced – a team has been bowled out in the first innings of a Test match. With victory by an innings and 78 runs on the morning of the third day of the Fourth Test, England regained the Ashes.

===2017 to present===
During the buildup, the [[2017–18 Ashes series]] was regarded as a turning point for both sides. Australia were criticised for being too reliant on captain Steve Smith and vice-captain David Warner, while England was said to have a shoddy middle to lower order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97160/australia-cricket-team-over-reliant-on-steve-smith-david-warner-feels-michael-slater |title=Australia over-reliant on Smith, Warner, feels Slater |website=[[CricBuzz]] |date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813144424/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97160/australia-cricket-team-over-reliant-on-steve-smith-david-warner-feels-michael-slater |url-status=live }}</ref> Off the field, England all-rounder [[Ben Stokes]] was ruled out of the side indefinitely due to a police investigation.

Australia won the first Test match in Brisbane by 10 wickets<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42132855|title=Ashes: Australia beat England by 10 wickets in first Test|work=BBC Sport|date=27 November 2017|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619161907/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42132855|url-status=live}}</ref> and the second Test at Adelaide by 120 runs in the first ever day-night Ashes test match. Australia regained The Ashes with an innings and 41 run win in the third Test at Perth; the final Ashes Test at the WACA Ground.<ref name="reclaim">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/day-five-australia-england-third-magellan-ashes-test-video-highlights-live-scores-stream-waca/2017-12-18 |title=Ruthless Australia regain the Ashes |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=18 December 2017 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126190949/http://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/day-five-australia-england-third-magellan-ashes-test-video-highlights-live-scores-stream-waca/2017-12-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to the [[2019 Ashes series]], both teams were considered to have very strong bowling attacks but struggling batting orders. Australia had its top-order batsmen [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] and [[Cameron Bancroft]] available for international selection after being banned from international cricket for 9–12 months following the [[2018 Australian ball-tampering scandal|ball-tampering scandal]] in South Africa, during which time [[India national cricket team|India]] had won its first ever Test series in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969301 |title=India secure historic series victory |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107232946/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969301 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Australia recovered to win the [[Sri Lanka cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|Test series]] against Sri Lanka 2–0.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1047647 |title=Starc takes ten as Australia sweep series |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204174352/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1047647 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite winning the [[2019 Cricket World Cup Final|Cricket World Cup]] in July 2019 for the first time, England had also been criticised for its fragile top-order in Tests. The retirement of opener [[Alastair Cook]] in August 2018 ensured potential top-order batsmen [[Rory Burns]], [[Joe Denly]] and [[Jason Roy]] were able to secure a place in the side. Despite losing a Test series 2–1 in their [[England cricket team in the West Indies in 2018–19|tour of the West Indies]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47217347 |title=England in West Indies: Tourists claim consolation 232-run victory as hosts win series 2-1 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=12 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212210303/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47217347 |url-status=live }}</ref> England then improved to win the [[Irish cricket team in England in 2019|one-off Test against Ireland]], by 143 runs. The 2019 series was eventually drawn 2–2, with Australia retaining the Ashes.

The [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021 Ashes series]] was played from December 2021 through January 2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/2021-2022-summer-of-cricket-schedule-fixture-season-australia-ashes-dates-venues-england-india/2021-05-19 |title=Fixture confirmed for dual Ashes series, Afghan Test |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518203135/https://www.cricket.com.au/news/2021-2022-summer-of-cricket-schedule-fixture-season-australia-ashes-dates-venues-england-india/2021-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> and featured the first Ashes Test match to be played in Tasmania, at [[Hobart]]'s [[Bellerive Oval]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-14/tasmanians-celebrate-fifth-ashes-test-beginning-in-hobart/100757020|title=Tasmanians gather to watch historic fifth Ashes Test at Bellerive Oval in Hobart|date=14 January 2022|access-date=17 January 2022|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117011141/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-14/tasmanians-celebrate-fifth-ashes-test-beginning-in-hobart/100757020|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia retained the Ashes in the 2021–22 Ashes series, after comfortably beating England 4–0.

England were the hosts of five Test matches of the [[2023 Ashes series]]. The series got off to a good start for Australia as they won the first two Tests to go 0-2 up. The hosts won the third Test to put the series at 1-2 for the visitors. England needed to win the fourth Test in a hope to not only level the series but prevent Australia from retaining the Ashes. The match looked good for England to win, but [[rain]] intervened on the last two days and forced a draw, thus Australia retained the Ashes with the series at 1-2 after four Tests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia retain Ashes after fourth test washout |url=https://supersport.com/cricket/england-v-australia-the-ashes-2023/news/636db311-c468-424b-b952-a6ee74799793/australia-retain-ashes-after-fourth-test-washout |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=SuperSport |language=en}}</ref> The fifth and final Test was played at [[The Oval]]. During the contest [[Stuart Broad]] announced that he would retire from cricket at the end of the match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World reacts to stunning Stuart Broad retirement news |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3610356 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> England went on to win the final Test match to draw the series at 2-2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ashes {{!}} 2023 The Ashes {{!}} Live Score, Schedule, News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/the-ashes-2023-1336037 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World reacts to thrilling drawn Ashes series |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3612212 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Summary of results and statistics==
{{for|a full listing of all the Ashes series since 1882|List of Ashes series}}
In the 140 years since 1883, Australia have held the Ashes for approximately 84.5 years, and England for 55.5 years:
{{Ashes timeline}}

Test results, up to and including 31 July 2023:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=18 October 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612092214/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Australia and England have played an additional 16 Tests: nine prior to the Ashes, and a further 7 where the Ashes were not at stake. Including these Tests, the win–loss record stands at 152 Australian wins, 111 English wins, and 97 draws (up to and including the 4th Test of the 2023 series).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records | Test matches |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;type=team|access-date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223034915/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;type=team|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Overall Test Results
|-
| '''Tests played''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins'''|| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[England national cricket team|England]] wins''' || '''Draws'''
|-
| 361 || 152 || 111 || 98
|-
|}

Series results, up to and including 31 July 2023:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Overall Series Results
|-
| '''Series played''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins'''|| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[England national cricket team|England]] wins''' || '''Draws'''
|-
| 73 || 34 || 32 || 7
|-
|}

A team must win a series to gain the right to hold the Ashes. A drawn series results in the previous holders retaining the Ashes. Ashes series have generally been played over five Test matches, although there have been four-match series (1938 and 1975) and six-match series (1970–71, 1974–75, 1978–79, 1981, 1985, 1989, 1993 and 1997). Australians have made 264 [[century (cricket)|centuries]] in Ashes Tests, of which 23 have been scores over 200, while Englishmen have scored 212 centuries, of which 10 have been over 200. Australians have taken [[10 wickets in a match]] on 41 occasions, Englishmen 38 times.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

==Match venues==
The series alternates between England (and Wales) and Australia, and each match of a series is held at a different ground.

{{location map+|Australia|float=right|width=500|caption=Locations of all Ashes tests within Australia, Manuka Oval is the only current Test Ground in Australia not to hold an Ashes Test. Perth Stadium was due to hold the fifth Test in 2021–22, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was played at Bellerive Oval.|places=
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]]|position=right|lat=-37.82|long=144.9834}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]]|position=right|lat=-33.89151|long=151.22518}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[The Gabba]]/<s>[[Brisbane Exhibition Ground]]</s>|position=left|lat=-27.4858376|long=153.0380853}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Adelaide Oval]]|position=left|lat=-34.9166072|long=138.596565}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=<s>[[WACA Ground|WACA]]</s>|position=left|lat= -31.9530044|long=115.8574693}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Bellerive Oval]]|position=right|lat=-42.877566|long=147.373505}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Perth Stadium]]|position=right|lat= -31.574|long=115.53205}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Manuka Oval]]|position=right|lat= -35.3191676|long=149.1336799}}
}}

{{location map+|England|float=right|width=500|caption=Locations of all Ashes tests within England and Wales, The Rose Bowl is the only current Test Ground in England not to hold an Ashes Test.|places=
{{location map~|England|label=<s>[[Bramall Lane]]</s>|position=right|lat=53.370278|long=-1.470833}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]|position=left|lat=52.455814|long=-1.902489}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]]|position=right|lat=53.816353|long=-1.582172}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[The Oval]]|position=right|lat=51.483719|long=-0.114981}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Lord's]]|position=top|lat=51.5294|long=-0.1727}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]]|position=left|lat=53.456347|long=-2.286761}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]]|position=right|lat=54.849644|long=-1.560706}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]]|position=left|lat=51.487222|long=-3.191389}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Trent Bridge]]|position=right|lat=52.95 |long=-1.133333}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|The Rose Bowl]]|position=bottom|lat=50.924|long=-1.3219}}
}}

===Australia===
In [[Australia]], the grounds currently used are [[The Gabba]] in Brisbane (first staged an England–Australia Test in the 1932–33 season), [[Adelaide Oval]] (1884–85), the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG) (1876–77), and the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] (SCG) (1881–82). A single Test was held at the [[Brisbane Showgrounds|Brisbane Exhibition Ground]] in 1928–29. Traditionally, Melbourne hosts the [[Boxing Day Test]] and Sydney hosts the New Year's Day Test.

Additionally [[WACA Ground|the WACA]] in Perth (1970–71) hosted its [[2017–18 Ashes series#3rd Test|final Ashes Test]] in 2017–18 and was due to be replaced by [[Perth Stadium]] for the [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22 series]]. However, [[Western Australia]]n border restrictions and quarantine requirements during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] led to a change in venue for the final Ashes Test to [[Bellerive Oval]] in Hobart. This was the first Ashes Test match to be held in Tasmania.

Cricket Australia proposed that the 2010–11 series consist of six Tests, with the additional game to be played at Bellerive Oval in Hobart. The England and Wales Cricket Board declined and the series was played over five Tests.

===England===
In [[England]] and [[Wales]], the grounds currently used are: [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] in Manchester (1884), [[The Oval]] in [[Kennington]], [[South London]] (1884); [[Lord's]] in [[St John's Wood]], [[North London]] (1884); [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] in [[Leeds]] (1899) and [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]] in [[Birmingham]] (1902). Additionally [[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]] in [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]] (2009); the [[Riverside Ground]] in [[Chester-le-Street]], [[County Durham]] (2013) and [[Trent Bridge]] at [[West Bridgford]] (1899), have been used and one Test was also held at [[Bramall Lane]] in [[Sheffield]] in 1902. Traditionally the final Test of the series is played at the Oval.

Sophia Gardens and the Riverside were excluded as Test grounds between the years of 2020 and 2031 and therefore will not host an Ashes Test until at least 2035. The ECB announced the 2027 and 2031 Ashes series venues will be held at Lord's (2027 and 2031), The Oval (2027 and 2031), Edgbaston (2027), Trent Bridge (2027 and 2031), The Rose Bowl (2027), Old Trafford (2031) and Headingley (2031). <ref>[https://www.kiaoval.com/england-cricket-major-match-venues-for-2025-31-announced/ Kia Oval]</ref>
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=14|In Australia
|-
! Stadium
! [[States and territories of Australia|State]]
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|Australia}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|England}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]], [[Melbourne]]
| align=left|{{flag|Victoria}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 51
| rowspan=7|
| 27
| 2021
| rowspan=7|
| 7
| rowspan=7|
| 19
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56441.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195116/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56441.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]], [[Sydney]]
| align=left|{{flag|New South Wales}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 52
| 23
| 2018
| 7
| 22
| 2011
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Sydney Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56544.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152929/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56544.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| align=left|{{flag|South Australia}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1884–85|1884–85]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 33
| 19
| 2021
| 5
| 9
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Adelaide Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56293.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195445/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56293.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[Brisbane Showgrounds|Brisbane Exhibition Ground]], [[Brisbane]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Queensland}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|–
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1928
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=Brisbane Exhibition Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56338.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152917/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56338.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| align=left|{{flag|Queensland}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33|1932–33]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 22
| 13
| 2021
| 5
| 4
| 1986
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Gabba|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56336.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152905/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56336.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Western Australia}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1970–71|1970–71]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[2017–18 Ashes series|2017–18]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|13
| bgcolor=LightGrey|9
| bgcolor=LightGrey|2017
| bgcolor=LightGrey|3
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1978
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=WACA Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56490.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209153709/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56490.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]]
| align=left|{{flag|Tasmania}}
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 1
| 1
| 2021
| 0
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Bellerive Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56407.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221165112/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56407.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=14|In England and Wales
|-
! Stadium
! [[Historic counties of England|County]]†
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|England}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|Australia}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]
| align=left|{{flag|Lancashire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#First Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 32
| rowspan=9|
| 7
| 1981
| rowspan=9|
| 18
| rowspan=9|
| 8
| 2019
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Old Trafford|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57160.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209185302/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57160.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Lord's]], [[London]]
| align=left|{{flag|Middlesex}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#Second Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 38
| 7
| 2013
| 14
| 16
| 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57129.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210085152/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57129.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[The Oval]], [[London]]
| align=left|{{flag|Surrey}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#Third Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 36
| 16
| 2023
| 14
| 6
| 2015
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57127.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209185303/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57127.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]
| align=left|{{flag|Nottinghamshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1899#First Test|1899]]
| [[2015 Ashes series|2015]]
| 22
| 6
| 2015
| 9
| 7
| 2001
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Trent Bridge|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57219.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194824/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57219.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]]
| align=left|{{flag|Yorkshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1899#Third Test|1899]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 26
| 9
| 2023
| 8
| 9
| 2009
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Headingley|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57092.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194831/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57092.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| align=left|{{flag|Warwickshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#First Test, 29–31 May: England v Australia|1902]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 16
| 6
| 2015
| 5
| 5
| 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Edgbaston|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56788.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191058/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56788.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[Bramall Lane]], [[Sheffield]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Yorkshire}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#Third Test, 3–5 July: England v Australia|1902]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#Third Test, 3–5 July: England v Australia|1902]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|–
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1902
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bramall Lane|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57296.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194836/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57296.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]], [[Cardiff]]
| align=left|{{flag|Glamorgan}}
| [[2009 Ashes series|2009]]
| [[2015 Ashes series|2015]]
| 2
| 1
| 2015
| 1
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sophia Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56874.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191035/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56874.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]], [[Chester-le-Street]]
| align=left|{{flag|County Durham|name=Durham}}
| [[2013 Ashes series|2013]]
| [[2013 Ashes series|2013]]
| 1
| 1
| 2013
| 0
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Riverside|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56901.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191046/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56901.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

*Including abandoned tests

†County cricket clubs who play at the grounds

‡Former grounds which no longer host Test Matches

==Cultural references==
[[File:The Ashes Urn Replica (2016).jpg|150px|thumb|left|A modern-day replica of [[The Ashes urn]]]]

The popularity and reputation of the cricket series has led to other sports and games using the name "Ashes" for contests between England/Great Britain and Australia. The best-known and longest-running of these events is the [[rugby league]] rivalry between [[Great Britain national rugby league team|Great Britain]] and [[Australia national rugby league team|Australia]] (see [[The Ashes (rugby league)|rugby league "Ashes"]]). Use of the name "Ashes" was suggested by the Australian team when rugby league matches between the two countries commenced in 1908. Other examples included the television game shows ''[[Gladiators (TV series)|Gladiators]]'' and ''[[Sale of the Century (Australian game show)|Sale of the Century]]'', both of which broadcast special editions containing contestants from the Australian and English versions of the shows competing against each other.

The term became further genericised in Australia in the first half of the twentieth century, and was used to describe many sports rivalries or competitions outside the context of Australia vs England. The [[Australian rules football]] [[Interstate matches in Australian rules football|interstate carnival]], and the small silver casket which served as its trophy, were symbolically known as "the Ashes" of Australian football,<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Daily Herald|publication-place=Adelaide, SA|title=Carnival champions – presentation of the Ashes|page=9}}</ref> and was spoken of as such until at least the 1940s.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Barrier Daily Truth|publication-place=Broken Hill, NSW|page=6|title=Victoria's football ashes|date=11 August 1947}}</ref> The soccer rivalry between Australia and New Zealand was described as "the soccer ashes of Australasia" until as late as the 1950s;<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Sporting Globe|publication-place=Melbourne, VIC|title=Kiwis to win the Ashes|author=J. O. Wishaw|page=7|date=25 August 1954}}</ref> ashes from cigars smoked by the two countries' captains were put into a casket in 1923 to make the trophy literal.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Referee|publication-place=Sydney, NSW|page=16|title=The soccer ashes of Australasia|date=16 April 1924}}</ref> The interstate [[rugby league]] [[State of Origin series#Interstate Rugby League before 1980|rivalry between Queensland and New South Wales]] was known for a time as Australia's rugby league ashes, and [[lawn bowls|bowls]] competitions between the two states also regularly used the term.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Brisbane Courier|publication-place=Brisbane, QLD|title=Bowls – N.S.W. "Knuts" retain the "Ashes"|page=3|date=14 July 1920}}</ref> Even some local rivalries, such as southern Western Australia's annual Great Southern Football Carnival, were locally described as "the ashes".<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Great Southern Herald|publication-place=Katanning, WA|page=3|date=21 September 1935|title=Great Southern Football Carnival}}</ref> This genericised usage is no longer common, and "the Ashes" would today be assumed only to apply to a contest between Australia and England.

The Ashes featured in the film ''[[The Final Test]]'', released in 1953, based on a television play by [[Terence Rattigan]]. It stars [[Jack Warner (actor)|Jack Warner]] as an England cricketer playing the last Test of his career, which is the last of an Ashes series; the film includes cameo appearances of English captain [[Len Hutton]] and other players<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045769/|title=The Final Test (1953)|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|access-date=13 July 2013|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104033237/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045769/|url-status=live}}</ref> who were part of England's 1953 triumph.

[[Douglas Adams]]'s 1982 science fiction comedy novel ''[[Life, the Universe and Everything]]'' – the third part of ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' series – features the urn containing the Ashes as a significant element of its plot. The urn is stolen by alien robots, as the burnt stump inside is part of a key needed to unlock the "Wikkit Gate" and release an imprisoned world called Krikkit.

''[[Bodyline (miniseries)|Bodyline]]'', a fictionalised television [[miniseries]] based on the "[[Bodyline]]" Ashes series of 1932–33, was screened in Australia in 1984. The cast included [[Gary Sweet]] as [[Donald Bradman]] and [[Hugo Weaving]] as England captain [[Douglas Jardine]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frith|first1=David|title=Bodyline Autopsy: The full story of the most sensational Test cricket series: Australia v England 1932–33|date=24 June 2013|publisher=Aurum Press|isbn=9781781311936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijnLAgAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref>

In the 1938 film ''[[The Lady Vanishes]]'', [[Charters and Caldicott]], played by [[Basil Radford]] and [[Naunton Wayne]] are two cricket fans who are desperate to get home from Europe in order to see the last day's play in the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1938#Third Test|Third Test at Manchester]]. It is not until they see a newsboy's poster near the end of the film that they discover that the match had been abandoned, due to floods.

==See also==
{{Portal|Cricket}}
* [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883]]
* [[History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889]]
* [[History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900]]
* [[The Women's Ashes]]
* [[Ella-Mobbs Trophy]] (the Rugby Union equivalent of England-Australia matches)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book| last = Berry | first = S. | year = 2006 | title = Cricket's Burning Passion | location = London | publisher=Methuen | isbn = 0-413-77627-1 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Birley | first = D. | year = 2003 | title = A Social History of English Cricket | location = London | publisher = Aurum Press | isbn = 1-85410-941-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofe0000birl }}
* {{Cite book| last = Frith | first = David | year = 1990 | title = Australia versus England: A Pictorial History of Every Test Match Since 1877 | location = Victoria (Australia) | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn = 0-670-90323-X }}
* {{Cite book| last = Frith | first = David | year = 2002 | title = Bodyline Autopsy: The Full Story of the Most Sensational Test Cricket Series - England v Australia 1932-3 | location = London | publisher=Aurum Press | isbn = 978-1-8541-0896-8 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Gibb | first = J. | year = 1979 | title = Test Cricket Records From 1877 | location = London | publisher=Collins | isbn = 0-00-411690-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Gibson | first = A. | year = 1989 | title = Cricket Captains of England | location = London | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn = 1-85145-395-4 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Green | first = B. | year = 1979 | title = Wisden Anthology 1864–1900 | location = London | publisher=M & J/QA Press | isbn = 0-356-10732-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Harte | first = Chris | year = 2003 | title = Penguin History of Australian Cricket | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn = 0-670-04133-5 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Munns | first = J. | year = 1994 | title = Beyond Reasonable Doubt – Rupertswood, Sunbury – The Birthplace of the Ashes | location = Australia | publisher=Joy Munns | isbn = 0-646-22153-1 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Warner | first = P. | year = 1987 | title = Lord's 1787–1945 | location = London | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn = 1-85145-112-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Warner | first = P. | year = 2004 | title = How We Recovered the Ashes: MCC Tour 1903–1904 | location = London | publisher=Methuen | isbn = 0-413-77399-X }}
* Willis, R. [http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php?products_id=486 ''Cricket's Biggest Mystery: The Ashes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514084152/http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php?products_id=486 |date=14 May 2013 }}, The Lutterworth Press (1987), {{ISBN|978-0-7188-2588-1}}.
* {{Cite book| last = Wynne-Thomas | first = P. | year = 1989 | title = The Complete History of Cricket Tours at Home and Abroad |location = London | publisher=Hamlyn | isbn = 0-600-55782-0 }}

===Other===
* ''Wisden's Cricketers Almanack'' (various editions)

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|The Ashes}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toukmRyDuOE Ashes to Ashes] An audio history of the first hundred years of the Ashes, narrated by [[John Arlott]]
* [http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/story/259985.html Cricinfo's Ashes] website
* [http://www.mcc.org.au/News/Club%20Publications/~/media/Files/Origin%20of%20the%20Ashes.ashx The Origin of the Ashes – Rex Harcourt]
* Listen to a young [http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/ Don Bradman speaking] after the 1930 Ashes tour

{{Ashes Test series}}
{{Compton–Miller Medal winners}}
{{Named Test Cricket series}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashes}}
[[Category:The Ashes| ]]
[[Category:Australia in international cricket]]
[[Category:Cricket awards and rankings]]
[[Category:Cricket rivalries]]
[[Category:England in international cricket]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1882]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1882]]
[[Category:Test cricket competitions]]

The Ashes

2023-08-01T13:36:31Z

Tom dl: /* England */ Old trafford draws update

{{Short description|International cricket series}}
{{about|the Ashes in men's cricket|the women's equivalent|The Women's Ashes|other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = The Ashes
| image = Ashes Urn.jpg
| caption = [[The Ashes urn]], made of [[terracotta]] and about 10.5
cm (4") tall, is reputed to contain the ashes of a burnt [[Bail (cricket)|cricket bail]].
| country = {{cr|AUS}} {{cr|ENG}}
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[Test cricket]]
| first = [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]] ([[Australia]])
| last = [[2023 Ashes series|2023]] ([[England]])
| next = [[2025–26 Ashes series|2025–26]] ([[Australia]])
| tournament format = 5-match series
| participants = 2
| trophyholder = {{cr|AUS}} (Series drawn) (2023)
| most successful = {{cr|AUS}} (34 series wins, six retentions)
| most runs = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Donald Bradman]] (5,028)
| most wickets = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Shane Warne]] (195)
| current = [[2023 Ashes series]]
}}
'''The Ashes''' is a [[Test cricket]] series played between [[England national cricket team|England]] and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. The term originated in a satirical [[obituary]] published in a British newspaper, ''[[The Sporting Times]]'', immediately after Australia's [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Australia win in England 1882|1882 victory]] at [[The Oval]], its first Test win on English soil. The obituary stated that English cricket had died, and that "the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia".<ref>{{cite book | author=Wendy Lewis | author-link=Wendy Lewis | author2=Simon Balderstone | author3=John Bowan | name-list-style=amp | title=Events That Shaped Australia | page=75 | publisher=New Holland | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-74110-492-9 }}</ref> The mythical ashes immediately became associated with the [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Bligh reclaims the Ashes 1882/3|1882–83 series played in Australia]], before which the English captain [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] had vowed to "regain those ashes". The English media therefore dubbed the tour ''the quest to regain the Ashes''.

After England had won two of the three Tests on the tour, a small urn was presented to Bligh by a group of [[Melbourne]] women including [[Florence Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Florence Morphy]], whom Bligh married within a year.<ref name=events>{{Cite news |date=20 February 1884 |title=Summary of Events |newspaper=The Illustrated Australian News |location=Melbourne |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63185850 |page=18}}</ref> The contents of the urn are reputed to be the ashes of a wooden [[bail (cricket)|bail]], and were humorously described as "the ashes of Australian cricket".<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 1908 |title=Cricket |newspaper=The Mercury |location=Hobart |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12673335 |page=8}}</ref> It is not clear whether that "tiny silver urn" is the same as the small terracotta urn given to the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] by Bligh's widow after his death in 1927.

[[The Ashes urn|The urn]] has never been the official trophy of the Ashes series, having been a personal gift to Bligh.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ashes History|url=http://www.lords.org/history/mcc-history/the-ashes|publisher=Lords|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009142619/https://www.lords.org/history/mcc-history/the-ashes/|archive-date=9 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, [[replica]]s of the urn are often held aloft by victorious teams as a symbol of their victory in an Ashes series. Since the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1998–99|1998–99 Ashes series]], a [[Waterford Crystal]] representation of the Ashes urn (called the Ashes Trophy) has been presented to the winners of an Ashes series as the official trophy of that series. Irrespective of which side holds the tournament, the original urn remains in the MCC Museum at [[Lord's]]; it has, however, been taken to Australia to be put on touring display on two occasions: as part of the [[Australian Bicentenary]] celebrations in 1988 and to accompany the [[English cricket team in Australia in 2006–07|Ashes series in 2006–07]].

An Ashes series traditionally consists of five Tests, hosted in turn by England and Australia at least once every two years. The Ashes are regarded as being held by the team that most recently won the series. If the series is drawn, the team that currently holds the Ashes "retains" the trophy.

There have been 73 Ashes series (see [[List of Ashes series]]): Australia have won 34 and retained six times from draws ('''40'''); England have won 32 and retained once ('''33''').

==1882 origins==
{{main|Australian cricket team in England in 1882}}
[[File:Ranji 1897 page 143 F. R. Spofforth, the demon bowler.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fred Spofforth]], "The Demon Bowler", was instrumental in Australia's 1882 victory over England with 14 wickets for 90.]]
The first [[Test cricket|Test match]] between England and Australia was played in [[Melbourne]], Australia, [[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77|in 1877]], though the Ashes legend started later, after the ninth Test, played in 1882. On their [[Australian cricket team in England and the United States in 1882|tour of England]] that year the Australians played just one Test, at [[the Oval]] in London. It was a low-scoring affair on a difficult [[Cricket pitch|wicket]].<ref>Fred Spofforth, however, contended that, the fourth innings aside, it played perfectly well.</ref> Australia made a mere 63 runs in their first [[innings]], and England, led by [[A. N. Hornby]], took a 38-run lead with a total of 101. In their second innings, Australia, boosted by a spectacular 55 runs off 60 deliveries from [[Hugh Massie]], managed 122, which left England only 85 runs to win. The Australians were greatly demoralised by the manner of their second-innings collapse, but fast bowler [[Fred Spofforth]], spurred on by the [[gamesmanship]] of his opponents, in particular [[W. G. Grace]], refused to give in. "This thing can be done," he declared. Spofforth went on to devastate the English batting, taking his final four wickets for only two runs to leave England just eight runs short of victory.

When [[Ted Peate]], England's last batsman, came to the crease, his side needed just ten runs to win, but Peate managed only two before he was bowled by [[Harry Boyle (cricketer)|Harry Boyle]]. An astonished Oval crowd fell silent, struggling to believe that England could possibly have lost on home soil. When it finally sank in, the crowd swarmed onto the field, cheering loudly and chairing Boyle and Spofforth to the pavilion.

When Peate returned to the pavilion he was reprimanded by his captain for not allowing his partner, [[Charles Studd]] (one of the best batsmen in England, having already hit two centuries that season against the colonists), to get the runs. Peate humorously replied, "I had no confidence in Mr Studd, sir, so thought I had better do my best."<ref>
{{cite news
|first=Jack
|last=Worrall
|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83580262
|title=A Great Bowlers' Victory
|page=11
|newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|Daily News]]
|location=Perth, WA |date=23 August 1930
|access-date=25 August 2013
}}
</ref>

The momentous defeat was widely recorded in the British press, which praised the Australians for their plentiful "pluck" and berated the Englishmen for their lack thereof. A celebrated poem appeared in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' on Saturday, 9 September. The first verse, quoted most frequently, reads:

<blockquote>
<poem>
Well done, [[wikt:cornstalk|Cornstalks]]! Whipt us
Fair and square,
Was it luck that tript us?
Was it scare?
Kangaroo Land's 'Demon', or our own
Want of 'devil', coolness, nerve, backbone?
</poem></blockquote>

On 31 August, in the [[C. W. Alcock|Charles Alcock]]-edited magazine ''Cricket: A Weekly Record of The Game'', there appeared a mock obituary:

{{poemquote|
SACRED TO THE MEMORY
OF
ENGLAND'S SUPREMACY IN THE
CRICKET-FIELD
WHICH EXPIRED
ON THE 29TH DAY OF AUGUST, AT THE OVAL
"ITS END WAS PEATE"
}}

[[File:DeathofEnglishCricket.jpg|thumb|The death notice that appeared in ''[[The Sporting Times]]'']]
On 2 September a more celebrated mock obituary, written by [[Reginald Shirley Brooks]], appeared in ''[[The Sporting Times]]''. It read:

{{poemquote|
In Affectionate Remembrance
of
ENGLISH CRICKET,
which died at the Oval
on
29 August 1882,
Deeply lamented by a large circle of sorrowing
friends and acquaintances

R.I.P.

N.B.—The body will be cremated and the
ashes taken to Australia.
}}

[[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] promised that on [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83 tour of Australia]], he would, as England's captain, "recover those Ashes". He spoke of them several times over the course of the tour, and the Australian media quickly caught on. The three-match series resulted in a two-one win to England, notwithstanding a fourth match, won by the Australians, whose status remains a matter of ardent dispute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilton |first=Christopher |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123232899 |title=The birth of the Ashes : the amazing story of the first Ashes test |date=2006 |publisher=Renniks Publications |isbn=978-0-9752245-4-0 |location=Banksmeadow, N.S.W. |oclc=123232899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930079935 |title=Wisden on the Ashes : the authoritative story of cricket's greatest rivalry : updated to include the 2015 series |date=2015 |others=Steven Lynch |isbn=978-1-4729-1353-1 |edition= |location=London |oclc=930079935}}</ref>

In the 20 years following Bligh's campaign the term "the Ashes" largely disappeared from public use. There is no indication that this was the accepted name for the series, at least not in England. The term became popular again in Australia first, when [[George Giffen]], in his memoirs (''With Bat and Ball'', 1899), used the term as if it were well known.<ref>Gibson, A., ''Cricket Captains of England'', p. 26.</ref>

The true and global revitalisation of interest in the concept dates from 1903, when [[Plum Warner|Pelham Warner]] took a team to Australia with the promise that he would regain "the ashes". As had been the case on Bligh's tour 20 years before, the Australian media latched fervently onto the term and, this time, it stuck. Having fulfilled his promise, Warner published a book entitled ''How We Recovered the Ashes''. Although the origins of the term are not referred to in the text, the title served (along with the general hype created in Australia) to revive public interest in the legend. The first mention of "the Ashes" in ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' occurs in 1905, while ''Wisden'''s first account of the legend is in the 1922 edition.

==Urn==
{{Main|The Ashes urn}}
[[File:Ashes Urn 1921.jpg|right|thumb|The earliest published photo of [[the Ashes urn]], from ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'', 1921]]
[[File:Rupertswood mansion side angle shot.jpg|thumb|[[Rupertswood]] outside Melbourne, where the urn was presented to Bligh]]
It took many years before the contests between England and Australia were consistently called "The Ashes", and so there was no concept of either a trophy or a physical representation of the ashes. As late as 1925, the following verse appeared in ''The Cricketers Annual'':

<blockquote>
<poem>
So here's to Chapman, Hendren and Hobbs,
Gilligan, Woolley and Hearne
May they bring back to the Motherland,
The ashes which have no urn!
</poem></blockquote>

Nevertheless, several attempts had been made to embody the Ashes in a physical memorial. Examples include one presented to Warner in 1904, another to Australian captain M. A. Noble in 1909, and another to Australian captain W. M. Woodfull in 1934.

The oldest, and the one to enjoy enduring fame, was the one presented to Bligh, later Lord Darnley, during the 1882–83 tour. The precise nature of the origin of [[The Ashes urn|this urn]] is a matter of dispute. Based on a statement by Darnley in 1894, it was believed that a group of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victorian]] ladies, including Darnley's later wife [[Florence Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Florence Morphy]], made the presentation after the victory in the Third Test in 1883. More recent researchers, in particular Ronald Willis<ref>{{Cite book| first=Ronald | last=Willis | title=Cricket's Biggest Mystery: The Ashes | year=1982 | isbn=0-7270-1768-3}}</ref> and Joy Munns<ref>{{Cite book| first=Joy | last=Munns | title=Beyond Reasonable Doubt: The birthplace of the Ashes | year=1994 | isbn=0-646-22153-1}}</ref> have studied the tour in detail and concluded that the presentation was made after a private cricket match played over Christmas 1882 when the English team were guests of [[Sir William John Clarke|Sir William Clarke]], at his property "[[Rupertswood]]", in [[Sunbury, Victoria]]. This was before the matches had started. The prime evidence for this theory was provided by a descendant of Clarke.

In August 1926 Ivo Bligh (now Lord Darnley) displayed the Ashes urn at the ''[[Morning Post]]'' Decorative Art Exhibition held in the Central Hall, Westminster. He made the following statement about how he was given the urn:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58247421?searchTerm=darnley%20cricket%20ashes&searchLimits= |title=Sunday Times (Perth) 15 August 1926 page 9S. Online Reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=15 August 1926 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|When in the autumn the English Eleven went to Australia it was said that they had come to Australia to "fetch" the ashes. England won two out of the three matches played against Murdoch's Australian Eleven, and after the third match some Melbourne ladies put some ashes into a small urn and gave them to me as captain of the English Eleven.}}

A more detailed account of how the Ashes were given to Ivo Bligh was outlined by his wife, the Countess of Darnley, in 1930 during a speech at a cricket luncheon. Her speech was reported by the ''Times'' as follows:<ref>The Times (London), 27 June 1930. page 7.</ref>

{{Blockquote|In 1882, she said, it was first spoken of when the Sporting Times, after the Australians had thoroughly beaten the English at the Oval, wrote an obituary in affectionate memory of English cricket "whose demise was deeply lamented and the body would be cremated and taken to Australia". Her husband, then Ivo Bligh, took a team to Australia in the following year. Punch had a poem containing the words "When Ivo comes back with the urn" and when Ivo Bligh wiped out the defeat Lady Clarke, wife of Sir W. J. Clarke, who entertained the English so lavishly, found a little wooden urn, burnt a bail, put the ashes in the urn, and wrapping it in a red velvet bag, put it into her husband's (Ivo Bligh's) hands. He had always regarded it as a great treasure.}}

There is another statement which is not totally clear made by Lord Darnley in 1921 about the timing of the presentation of the urn. He was interviewed in his home at Cobham Hall by [[Montague Grover]] and the report of this interview was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66512851?searchTerm=%22cobham%20hall%22%20urn&searchLimits=l-decade=192 |title=Geraldton Guardian 15 February 1921, page 1. Online reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=15 February 1921 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|This urn was presented to Lord Darnley by some ladies of Melbourne after the final defeat of his team, and before he returned with the members to England.}}

He made a similar statement in 1926. The report of this statement in the ''Brisbane Courier'' was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21053463?searchTerm=darnley%20ashes%20urn&searchLimits=l-decade=192|title=Brisbane Courier, 9 June 1926, page 7. Online reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=9 June 1926 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The proudest possession of Lord Darnley is an earthenware urn containing the ashes which were presented to him by Melbourne residents when he captained the Englishmen in 1882. Though the team did not win, the urn containing the ashes was sent to him just before leaving Melbourne.}}

The contents of the urn are also problematic; they were variously reported to be the remains of a stump, bail or the outer casing of a ball, but in 1998 Darnley's 82-year-old daughter-in-law said they were the remains of her mother-in-law's veil, casting a further layer of doubt on the matter. However, during the tour of Australia in 2006/7, the MCC official accompanying the urn said the veil legend had been discounted, and it was now "95% certain" that the urn contains the ashes of a cricket bail. Speaking on Channel Nine TV on 25 November 2006, he said x-rays of the urn had shown the pedestal and handles were cracked, and repair work had to be carried out. The urn is made of [[terracotta]] and is about {{convert|6|in|mm}} tall and may originally have been a perfume jar.

[[File:Ashes song.jpg|thumb|The full version of the song from the ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'', the fourth verse of which is pasted onto the urn]]
A label containing a six-line verse is pasted on the urn. This is the fourth verse of a song-lyric published in the ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'' on 1 February 1883:

<blockquote>
<poem>
When [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo]] goes back with the urn, the urn;
[[Studd brothers|Studds]], [[A G Steel|Steel]], [[Walter Read|Read]] and [[Edward Tylecote|Tylecote]] return, return;
The [[wikt:make the welkin ring|welkin]] will ring loud,
The great crowd will feel proud,
Seeing [[Dick Barlow|Barlow]] and [[Billy Bates|Bates]] with the urn, the urn;
And the rest coming home with the urn.
</poem></blockquote>

In February 1883, just before the disputed Fourth Test, a velvet bag made by Mrs Ann Fletcher, the daughter of Joseph Hines Clarke and Marion Wright, both of [[Dublin]], was given to Bligh to contain the urn. During Darnley's lifetime there was little public knowledge of the urn, and no record of a published photograph exists before 1921. ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'' published this photo in January 1921 (shown above). When Darnley died in 1927 his widow presented the urn to the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] and that was the key event in establishing the urn as the physical embodiment of the legendary ashes. MCC first displayed the urn in the Long Room at [[Lord's]] and since 1953 in the MCC Cricket Museum at the ground. MCC's wish for it to be seen by as wide a range of cricket enthusiasts as possible has led to its being mistaken for an official trophy. It is in fact a private memento, and for this reason it is never awarded to either England or Australia, but is kept permanently in the MCC Cricket Museum where it can be seen together with the specially made red and gold velvet bag and the scorecard of the 1882 match.

Because the urn itself is so delicate, it has been allowed to travel to Australia only twice. The first occasion was in 1988 for a museum tour as part of the [[Australian Bicentenary]] celebrations; the second was for the 2006/7 Ashes series.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6052544.stm | title=Ashes urn heads to Australia | work=BBC Sport | date=15 October 2006 | access-date=8 November 2007 | archive-date=6 November 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106114633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6052544.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> The urn arrived on 17 October 2006, going on display at the [[Museum of Sydney]]. It then toured to other states, with the final appearance at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery on 21 January 2007.

In the 1990s, given Australia's long dominance of the Ashes and the popular acceptance of the Darnley urn as "the Ashes", the idea was mooted that the victorious team should be awarded the urn as a trophy and allowed to retain it until the next series. As its condition is fragile and it is a prized exhibit at the MCC Cricket Museum, the MCC would not agree. Furthermore, in 2002, Bligh's great-great-grandson Lord Clifton, the heir-apparent to the [[Earl of Darnley|Earldom of Darnley]], argued that the Ashes urn should not be returned to Australia because it belonged to his family and was given to the MCC only for safe keeping.

As a compromise, the MCC commissioned a larger replica of the urn in [[Waterford Crystal]], known as the Ashes Trophy, to award to the winning team of each series starting with the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1998–99|1998–99 Ashes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Ashes Trophy? |url=http://www.lords.org/news/our-blogs/the-cricket-history-blog/what-is-the-ashes-trophy/ |first=Rhys |last=Hayward |publisher=Lord's |date=23 August 2013 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910205923/http://www.lords.org/news/our-blogs/the-cricket-history-blog/what-is-the-ashes-trophy}}</ref> This did little to diminish the status of the Darnley urn as the most important icon in cricket, the symbol of this old and keenly fought contest.

==Series and matches==
{{further|List of Ashes series}}
===Quest to "recover those ashes"===
{{See also|History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#The Ashes legend}}
[[File:Ivo Bligh Vanity Fair 7 April 1904.jpg|thumb|upright|The Honourable Ivo Bligh]]
Later in 1882, following the famous Australian victory at The Oval, [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Bligh]] led an England team to Australia, as he said, to "recover those ashes". Publicity surrounding the series was intense, and it was at some time during this series that the Ashes urn was crafted. Australia won the First Test by [[Result (cricket)|nine wickets]], but in the next two England were victorious. At the end of the Third Test, England were generally considered to have "won back the Ashes" 2–1. A fourth match was played, against a "United Australian XI", which was arguably stronger than the Australian sides that had competed in the previous three matches; this game, however, is not generally considered part of the 1882–83 series. It ''is'' counted as a Test, but as a standalone. This match ended in a victory for Australia.

===1884 to 1896===
After Bligh's victory, there was an extended period of English dominance. The tours generally had fewer Tests in the 1880s and 1890s than people have grown accustomed to in more recent years, the first five-Test series taking place only in 1894–95. England lost only four Ashes Tests in the 1880s out of 23 played, and they won all the seven series contested.

There was more chopping and changing in the teams, given that there was no official board of selectors for each country (in 1887–88, two separate English teams were on tour in Australia) and popularity with the fans varied. The 1890s games were more closely fought, Australia taking its first series win since 1882 with a 2–1 victory in 1891–92. But England dominated, winning the next three series to 1896 despite continuing player disputes.

The [[English cricket team in Australia in 1894-95|1894–95]] series began in sensational fashion when England won the First Test at Sydney by just 10 runs having followed on. Australia had scored a massive 586 ([[Syd Gregory]] 201, [[George Giffen]] 161) and then dismissed England for 325. But England responded with 437 and then dramatically dismissed Australia for 166 with [[Bobby Peel]] taking 6 for 67. At the close of the second last day's play, Australia were 113–2, needing only 64 more runs. But heavy rain fell overnight and next morning the two slow left-arm bowlers, Peel and [[Johnny Briggs (cricketer)|Johnny Briggs]], were all but unplayable. England went on to win the series 3–2 after it had been all square before the Final Test, which England won by 6 wickets. The English heroes were Peel, with 27 wickets in the series at an average of 26.70, and [[Tom Richardson (cricketer)|Tom Richardson]], with 32 at 26.53.

In 1896, England under the captaincy of [[W. G. Grace]] won the series 2–1, and this marked the end of England's longest period of Ashes dominance.

===1897 to 1902===
Australia resoundingly won the 1897–98 series by 4–1 under the captaincy of [[Harry Trott]]. His successor [[Joe Darling]] won the next three series in 1899, 1901–02, and the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1902|classic 1902 series]], which became one of the most famous in the history of Test cricket.

Five matches were played in 1902 but the first two were drawn after being hit by bad weather. In the First Test (the first played at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]), after scoring 376 England bowled out Australia for 36 ([[Wilfred Rhodes]] 7/17) and reduced them to 46–2 when they followed on. Australia won the Third and Fourth Tests at [[Bramall Lane]] and [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] respectively. At Old Trafford, Australia won by just 3 runs after [[Victor Trumper]] had scored 104 on a "bad wicket", reaching his hundred before lunch on the first day. England won the last Test at [[The Oval]] by one wicket. Chasing 263 to win, they slumped to 48–5 before [[Gilbert Jessop]]'s 104 gave them a chance. He reached his hundred in just 75 minutes. The last-wicket pair of [[George Herbert Hirst |George Hirst]] and Rhodes were required to score 15 runs for victory. When Rhodes joined him, Hirst reportedly said: "We'll get them in singles, Wilfred." In fact, they scored thirteen singles and a two.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2019 |title=Wisden, 1974 edition – The glorious uncertainty |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152487.html |website=espncricinfo.com |access-date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220123247/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152487.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The period of Darling's captaincy saw the emergence of outstanding Australian players such as Trumper, [[Warwick Armstrong]], [[James Kelly (cricketer)|James Kelly]], [[Monty Noble]], [[Clem Hill]], [[Hugh Trumble]] and [[Ernie Jones (Australian sportsman)|Ernie Jones]].

===Reviving the legend===
After what the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] saw as the problems of the earlier professional and amateur series they decided to take control of organising tours themselves, and this led to the first MCC tour of Australia in 1903–04. England won it against the odds, and [[Plum Warner]], the England captain, wrote up his version of the tour in his book ''How We Recovered The Ashes''.<ref>[[Plum Warner]], ''How We Recovered The Ashes'', Longman, 1905</ref> The title of this book revived the Ashes legend and it was after this that England v Australia series were customarily referred to as "The Ashes".

===1905 to 1912===
England and Australia were evenly matched until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Five more series took place between 1905 and 1912. In 1905, England's captain [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Stanley Jackson]] not only won the series 2–0, but also won the toss in all five matches and headed both the batting and the bowling averages. Monty Noble led Australia to victory in both 1907–08 and 1909. Then England won in 1911–12 by four matches to one. [[Jack Hobbs]] establishing himself as England's first-choice opening batsman with three centuries, while [[Frank Foster (cricketer)|Frank Foster]] (32 wickets at 21.62) and [[Sydney Barnes]] (34 wickets at 22.88) formed a formidable bowling partnership.

England retained the Ashes when it won the [[1912 Triangular Tournament]], which also featured [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]. The Australian touring party had been severely weakened by a [[Big Six cricket dispute of 1912|dispute]] between the board and players that caused [[Clem Hill]], [[Victor Trumper]], Warwick Armstrong, [[Tibby Cotter]], [[Sammy Carter]] and [[Vernon Ransford]] to be omitted.<ref>Harte, pp. 251–256.</ref>

===1920 to 1933===
After the war, Australia took firm control of both the Ashes and world cricket. For the first time, the tactic of using two express bowlers in tandem paid off as [[Jack Gregory (cricketer)|Jack Gregory]] and [[Ted McDonald]] crippled the English batting on a regular basis. Australia recorded overwhelming victories both in England and on home soil. It won the first eight matches in succession including a 5–0 [[whitewash (sport)|whitewash]] in [[English cricket team in Australia in 1920-21|1920–1921]] at the hands of Warwick Armstrong's team.

The ruthless and belligerent Armstrong led his team back to England in 1921 where his men lost only two games late in the tour to narrowly miss out of being the first team to complete a tour of England without defeat.

[[File:Herbert Sutcliffe 1924.jpg|thumb|left|[[Herbert Sutcliffe]] sweeps [[Arthur Mailey]] during the first Ashes Test in Sydney, 1924.]]
England won only one Test out of 15 from the end of the war until 1925.<ref>Harte, pp. 274–276.</ref><ref name=auslist>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Results list |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=21 December 2007 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309063345/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a rain-hit series in 1926, England managed to eke out a 1–0 victory with a win in the final Test at The Oval. Because the series was at stake, the match was to be "timeless", i.e., played to a finish. Australia had a narrow first innings lead of 22. Jack Hobbs and [[Herbert Sutcliffe]] took the score to 49–0 at the end of the second day, a lead of 27. Heavy rain fell overnight, and next day the pitch soon developed into a traditional sticky wicket. England seemed doomed to be bowled out cheaply and to lose the match. In spite of the very difficult batting conditions, however, Hobbs and Sutcliffe took their partnership to 172 before Hobbs was out for exactly 100. Sutcliffe went on to make 161 and England won the game comfortably.<ref>Harte, pp. 298–301.</ref> Australian captain [[Herbie Collins]] was stripped of all captaincy positions down to club level, and some accused him of throwing the match.

Australia's ageing post-war team broke up after 1926, with Collins, [[Charlie Macartney]] and [[Warren Bardsley]] all departing, and Gregory breaking down at the start of the 1928–29 series.

Despite the debut of [[Donald Bradman]], the inexperienced Australians, led by [[Jack Ryder (cricketer)|Jack Ryder]], were heavily defeated, losing 4–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 312–316.</ref> England had a very strong batting side, with [[Wally Hammond]] contributing 905 runs at an average of 113.12, and Hobbs, Sutcliffe and [[Patsy Hendren]] all scoring heavily; the bowling was more than adequate, without being outstanding.

In 1930, [[Bill Woodfull]] led an extremely inexperienced team to England.

Bradman fulfilled his promise in the 1930 series when he scored 974 runs at 139.14, which remains a world record Test series aggregate. A modest Bradman can be heard in a 1930 recording saying "I have always endeavoured to do my best for the side, and the few centuries that have come my way have been achieved in the hope of winning matches. My one idea when going into bat was to make runs for Australia."<ref name="Don Bradman on australianscreen online">{{cite web|url=http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/|title=Don Bradman in 'The 1930 Australian XI: Winners of the Ashes'|website=Aso.gov.au|access-date=23 February 2011|archive-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201123853/http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] Test, he made 334, reaching 309* at the end of the first day, including a century before lunch. Bradman himself thought that his 254 in the preceding match, at [[Lord's]], was a better innings. England managed to stay in contention until the deciding final Test at The Oval, but yet another double hundred by Bradman, and 7/92 by [[Percy Hornibrook]] in England's second innings, enabled Australia to win by an innings and take the series 2–1. [[Clarrie Grimmett]]'s 29 wickets at 31.89 for Australia in this high-scoring series were also important.

Australia had one of the strongest batting line-ups ever in the early 1930s, with Bradman, [[Archie Jackson]], [[Stan McCabe]], [[Bill Woodfull]], [[Bill Ponsford]] and Jack Fingleton. It was the prospect of bowling at this line-up that caused England's 1932–33 captain [[Douglas Jardine]] to adopt the tactic of fast [[leg theory]], better known as [[Bodyline]].

[[File:4th Test Woodfull.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bill Woodfull]] evades a ball from [[Harold Larwood]] with [[Bodyline]] field settings.]]

Jardine instructed his [[fast bowling|fast bowlers]], most notably [[Harold Larwood]] and [[Bill Voce]], to bowl at the bodies of the Australian batsmen, with the goal of forcing them to defend their bodies with their bats, thus providing easy catches to a stacked [[leg side|leg-side]] field. Jardine insisted that the tactic was legitimate and called it "leg theory" but it was widely disparaged by its opponents, who dubbed it "Bodyline" (from "on the line of the body"). Although England decisively won the Ashes 4–1, Bodyline caused such a furore in Australia that diplomats had to intervene to prevent serious harm to Anglo-Australian relations, and the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] eventually changed the [[Laws of cricket]] to curtail the number of leg side fielders.

Jardine's comment was: "I've not travelled 6,000 miles to make friends. I'm here to win the Ashes".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article2387560.ece | location=London | work=The Times | title=Top 50 British achievements | first=Patrick | last=Kidd | date=4 September 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821160249/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article2387560.ece | archive-date=21 August 2008}}</ref>

Some of the Australians wanted to use Bodyline in retaliation, but Woodfull flatly refused. He famously told England manager [[Pelham Warner]], "There are two teams out there. One is playing cricket; the other is making no attempt to do so" after the latter had come into the Australian rooms to express sympathy after a Larwood bouncer had struck the Australian skipper in the heart and felled him.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Cashman| author2 = Franks| author3 = Maxwell| author4 = Sainsbury| author5 = Stoddart| author6 = Weaver| author7 = Webster | date = 1997 | title = The A-Z of Australian cricketers|pages = 322–323}}</ref>

===1934 to 1953===
On the batting-friendly [[cricket pitch|wickets]] that prevailed in the late 1930s, most Tests up to the Second World War still gave results. It should be borne in mind that Tests in Australia prior to the war were all played to a finish, with many batting records set during this period. {{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The 1934 Ashes series began with the notable absence of Larwood, Voce and Jardine. The MCC had made it clear, in light of the revelations of the bodyline series, that these players would not face Australia. The MCC, although it had earlier condoned and encouraged<ref>{{Cite book|last=Frith|first=David|title=Bodyline autopsy: the full story of the most sensational test cricket series: Australia vs England 1932-33|publisher=ABC Books for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation|year=2002|isbn=0733311725|location=Sydney|pages=47}}</ref> bodyline tactics in the 1932–33 series, laid the blame on Larwood when relations turned sour. Larwood was forced by the MCC to either apologise or be removed from the Test side. He went for the latter.

Australia recovered the Ashes in 1934 and held them until 1953, though no Test cricket was played during the Second World War.

As in 1930, the 1934 series was decided in the final Test at The Oval. Australia, batting first, posted a massive 701 in the first innings. Bradman (244) and Ponsford (266) were in record-breaking form with a partnership of 451 for the second wicket. England eventually faced a massive 707-run target for victory and failed, Australia winning the series 2–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 356–357.</ref> This made Woodfull the only captain to regain the Ashes and he retired upon his return to Australia.

In 1936–37 Bradman succeeded Woodfull as Australian captain. He started badly, losing the first two Tests heavily after Australia were caught on [[sticky wicket]]s. However, the Australians fought back and Bradman won his first series in charge 3–2.

The 1938 series was a high-scoring affair with two high-scoring draws, resulting in a 1–1 result, Australia retaining the Ashes. After the first two matches ended in stalemate and the Third Test at Old Trafford never started due to rain, Australia then scraped home by five wickets inside three days in a low-scoring match at Headingley to retain the urn. In the timeless Fifth Test at The Oval, the highlight was [[Len Hutton]]'s then world-record score of 364 as England made 903-7 declared. Bradman and [[Jack Fingleton]] injured themselves during Hutton's marathon effort, and with only nine men, Australia fell to defeat by an innings and 579 runs,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6109836.stm |title=Classic Ashes clashes – 1938, The Oval |website=BBC Sport |date=5 November 2006 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6109836.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the heaviest in Test history.

The Ashes resumed after the war when England toured in 1946–47 and, as in 1920–21, found that Australia had made the better post-war recovery. Still captained by Bradman and now featuring the potent new-ball partnership of [[Ray Lindwall]] and [[Keith Miller]], Australia were convincing 3–0 winners.

Aged 38 and having been unwell during the war, Bradman had been reluctant to play. He batted unconvincingly and reached 28 when he hit a ball to [[Jack Ikin]]; England believed it was a catch, but Bradman stood his ground, believing it to be a bump ball. The umpire ruled in the Australian captain's favour and he appeared to regain his fluency of yesteryear, scoring 187. Australia promptly seized the initiative, won the First Test convincingly and inaugurated a dominant post-war era. The controversy over the Ikin catch was one of the biggest disputes of the era.

In 1948, Australia set new standards, completely outplaying its hosts to win 4–0 with one draw. This [[Australian cricket team in England in 1948|Australian team]], led by Bradman, who turned 40 during his final tour of England, has gone down in history as ''The Invincibles''. Playing 34 matches on tour—three of which were not first-class—and including the five Tests, they remained unbeaten, winning 27 and drawing 7.

Bradman's men were greeted by packed crowds across the country, and records for Test attendances in England were set in the [[Second Test, 1948 Ashes series|Second]] and [[Fourth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fourth Tests]] at Lord's and Headingley respectively. Before a record attendance of spectators at Headingley, Australia set a world record by chasing down 404 on the last day for a seven-wicket victory.

The 1948 series ended with one of the most poignant moments in cricket history, as Bradman played his final innings for Australia in the [[Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fifth Test]] at The Oval, needing to score only four runs to end with a career [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of exactly 100. However, Bradman made a second-ball duck, bowled by an [[Eric Hollies]] googly<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 May 2009|title=1948 – Bradman's final innings duck|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8036237.stm|website=BBC Sport|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402185229/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8036237.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> that sent him into retirement with a career average of 99.94.

Bradman was succeeded as Australian captain by [[Lindsay Hassett]], who led the team to a 4–1 series victory in 1950–51. The series was not as one-sided as the number of wins suggest, with several tight matches.

The tide finally turned in 1953 when England won the final Test at The Oval to take the series 1–0, having narrowly avoided defeat in the preceding Test at Headingley. This was the beginning of one of the greatest periods in English cricket history with players such as captain Len Hutton, batsmen [[Denis Compton]], [[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]], [[Tom Graveney]], [[Colin Cowdrey]], bowlers [[Fred Trueman]], [[Brian Statham]], [[Alec Bedser]], [[Jim Laker]], [[Tony Lock]], wicket-keeper [[Godfrey Evans]] and all-rounder [[Trevor Bailey]].

===1954 to 1971===
[[File:Peter May.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]] driving [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill Johnston]] on his way to a century at Sydney.]]
In [[English cricket team in Australia in 1954-55|1954–55]], Australia's batsmen had no answer to the pace of [[Frank Tyson]] and Statham. After winning the First Test by an innings after being controversially sent in by Hutton, Australia lost its way and England took a hat-trick of victories to win the series 3–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 435–437.</ref>

A dramatic series in 1956 saw a record that will probably never be beaten: off-spinner [[Jim Laker]]'s monumental effort at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] when he bowled 68 of 191 overs to take 19 out of 20 possible Australian wickets in the Fourth Test.<ref>Harte, pp. 444–446.</ref> It was Australia's second consecutive innings defeat in a wet summer, and the hosts were in strong positions in the two drawn Tests, in which half the playing time was washed out. Bradman rated the team that won the series 2–1 as England's best ever.

England's dominance was not to last. Australia won 4–0 in 1958–59, having found a high-quality spinner of their own in new skipper [[Richie Benaud]], who took 31 wickets in the five-Test series, and paceman [[Alan Keith Davidson|Alan Davidson]], who took 24 wickets at 19.00. The series was overshadowed by the furore over various Australian bowlers, most notably [[Ian Meckiff]], whom the English management and media accused of [[throwing (cricket)|illegally throwing]] Australia to victory.

In 1961, Australia won a hard-fought series 2–1, their first Ashes series win in England for 13 years. After narrowly winning the Second Test at Lord's, dubbed "The Battle of the Ridge" because of a protrusion on the pitch that caused erratic bounce, Australia mounted a comeback on the final day of the Fourth Test at Old Trafford and sealed the series with [[Richie Benaud]] taking 6-70 during the English runchase.

The tempo of the play changed over the next four series in the 1960s, held in 1962–63, 1964, 1965–66 and 1968. The powerful array of bowlers that both countries boasted in the preceding decade moved into retirement, and their replacements were of lesser quality, making it more difficult to force a result. England failed to win any series during the 1960s, a period dominated by draws as teams found it more prudent to save face than risk losing. Of the 20 Tests played during the four series, Australia won four and England three. As they held the Ashes, Australia's captains [[Bob Simpson (cricketer)|Bob Simpson]] and [[Bill Lawry]] were happy to adopt safety-first tactics and their strategy of sedate batting saw many draws. During this period, spectator attendances dropped and media condemnation increased, but Simpson and Lawry flatly disregarded the public dissatisfaction.

It was in the 1960s that the bipolar dominance of England and Australia in world cricket was seriously challenged for the first time. West Indies defeated England twice in the mid-1960s and South Africa, in two series before they were banned for [[apartheid]], completely outplayed Australia 3–1 and 4–0. Australia had lost 2–1 during a tour of the West Indies in 1964–65, the first time it had lost a series to any team other than England.

In 1970–71, [[Ray Illingworth]] led England to a 2–0 win in Australia, mainly due to [[John Snow (cricketer)|John Snow]]'s fast bowling, and the prolific batting of [[Geoffrey Boycott]] and [[John Edrich]]. It was not until the last session of what was the 7th Test (one match having been abandoned without a ball bowled) that England's success was secured. Lawry was sacked after the Sixth Test after the selectors finally lost patience with Australia's lack of success and dour strategy. Lawry was not informed of the decision privately and heard his fate over the radio.<ref>Harte, pp. 526–530.</ref>

===1972 to 1987===
The 1972 series finished 2–2, with England under Illingworth retaining the Ashes.<ref>Harte, pp. 538–540.</ref>

In the 1974–75 series, with the England team breaking up and their best batsman Geoff Boycott refusing to play, Australian pace bowlers [[Jeff Thomson]] and [[Dennis Lillee]] wreaked havoc. A 4–1 result was a fair reflection as England were left shell shocked.<ref>Harte, pp. 557–559.</ref> England then lost the 1975 series 0–1, but at least restored some pride under new captain [[Tony Greig]].<ref>Harte, pp. 561–563.</ref>

Australia won the 1977 Centenary Test<ref>Harte, pp. 580–581.</ref> which was not an Ashes contest, but then a storm broke as [[Kerry Packer]] announced his intention to form [[World Series Cricket]].<ref>Harte, pp. 579–590</ref> WSC affected all Test-playing nations but it weakened Australia especially as the bulk of its players had signed up with Packer; the Australian Cricket Board (ACB) would not select WSC-contracted players and an almost completely new Test team had to be formed. WSC came after an era during which the duopoly of Australian and English dominance dissipated; the Ashes had long been seen as a cricket world championship but the rise of the West Indies in the late 1970s challenged that view. The West Indies would go on to record resounding Test series wins over Australia and England and dominated world cricket until the 1990s.

With Greig having joined WSC, England appointed [[Mike Brearley]] as its captain and he enjoyed great success against Australia. Largely assisted by the return of Boycott, Brearley's men won the 1977 series 3–0 and then completed an overwhelming 5–1 series win against an Australian side missing its WSC players in 1978–79. [[Allan Border]] made his Test debut for Australia in 1978–79.

Brearley retired from Test cricket in 1980 and was succeeded by [[Ian Botham]], who started the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1981|1981 series]] as England captain, by which time the WSC split had ended. After Australia took a 1–0 lead in the first two Tests, Botham was forced to resign or was sacked (depending on the source). Brearley surprisingly agreed to be reappointed before the Third Test at Headingley. This was a remarkable match in which Australia looked certain to take a 2–0 series lead after it had forced England to follow-on 227 runs behind. England, despite being 135 for 7, produced a second innings total of 356, Botham scoring 149*. Chasing just 130, Australia were sensationally dismissed for 111, [[Bob Willis]] taking 8–43. It was the first time since 1894–95 that a team following on had won a Test match. Under Brearley's leadership, England went on to win the next two matches before a drawn final match at The Oval.<ref>Harte, pp. 627–628.</ref> This series became known as 'Botham's Ashes' for his extraordinary feats with both bat and ball, after being dismissed as captain.

In 1982–83 Australia had [[Greg Chappell]] back from WSC as captain, while the England team was weakened by the enforced omission of their [[South African rebel tours|South African tour rebels]], particularly [[Graham Gooch]] and [[John Emburey]]. Australia went 2–0 up after three Tests, but England won the Fourth Test by 3 runs (after a 70-run last wicket stand) to set up the final decider, which was drawn.<ref>Harte, pp. 636–637.</ref>

In 1985, [[David Gower]]'s England team was strengthened by the return of Gooch and Emburey as well as the emergence at international level of [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] and [[Mike Gatting]]. Australia, now captained by [[Allan Border]], had itself been weakened by a rebel South African tour, the loss of [[Terry Alderman]] being a particular factor. England won 3–1.

Despite suffering heavy defeats against the West Indies during the 1980s, England continued to do well in the Ashes. Mike Gatting was the captain in 1986–87 but his team started badly and attracted some criticism.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/268042.html | title=Can't bat, can't bowl, can't field | publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | last=Miller | first=Andrew | author2=Martin Williamson | date=16 November 2006 | access-date=8 November 2007 | archive-date=15 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015131726/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/268042.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Then [[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]] scored three hundreds in successive Tests and bowling successes from [[Graham Dilley]] and [[Gladstone Small]] meant England won the series 2–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 662–664.</ref>

===1989 to 2003===
[[File:MCG99.jpg|right|thumb|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] [[Boxing Day Test]] 1998]]
The Australian team of 1989 was comparable to the great Australian teams of the past, and resoundingly defeated England 4–0.<ref>Harte, pp. 679–682.</ref> Well led by [[Allan Border]], the team included the young cricketers [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]], [[Merv Hughes]], [[David Boon]], [[Ian Healy]] and [[Steve Waugh]], who were all to prove long-serving and successful Ashes competitors. England, now led once again by [[David Gower]], suffered from injuries and poor form. During the Fourth Test news broke that prominent England players had agreed to take part in a "rebel tour" of South Africa the following winter; three of them ([[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]], [[Neil Foster]] and [[John Emburey]]) were playing in the match, and were subsequently dropped from the England side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/139086.html|title=Rebels take a step too far (English rebel tour to South Africa, 1989)|first=Nick|last=Hoult|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|date=July 2004|access-date=22 October 2007|archive-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120707220351/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/139086.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Australia reached a cricketing peak in the 1990s and early 2000s, coupled with a general decline in England's fortunes. After re-establishing its credibility in 1989, Australia underlined its superiority with victories in the 1990–91, 1993, 1994–95, 1997, 1998–99, 2001 and 2002–03 series, all by convincing margins.

Great Australian players in the early years included batsmen Border, Boon, Taylor and Steve Waugh. The captaincy passed from Border to Taylor in the mid-1990s and then to Steve Waugh before the 2001 series. In the latter part of the 1990s Waugh himself, along with his twin brother [[Mark Waugh|Mark]], scored heavily for Australia and fast bowlers [[Glenn McGrath]] and [[Jason Gillespie]] made a serious impact, especially the former. The wicketkeeper-batsman position was held by [[Ian Healy]] for most of the 1990s and by [[Adam Gilchrist]] from 2001 to 2006–07. In the 2000s, batsmen [[Justin Langer]], [[Damien Martyn]] and [[Matthew Hayden]] became noted players for Australia. But the most dominant Australian player was leg-spinner [[Shane Warne]], whose first delivery in Ashes cricket in 1993, to dismiss Mike Gatting, became known as the [[Ball of the Century]].

Australia's record between 1989 and 2005 had a significant impact on the statistics between the two sides. Before the 1989 series began, the win–loss ratio was almost even, with 87 test wins for Australia to England's 86, 74 tests having been drawn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;spanmax2=1+Apr+1989;spanval2=span;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> By the 2005 series Australia's test wins had increased to 115 whereas England's had increased to only 93 (with 82 draws).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;spanmax2=1+Apr+2005;spanval2=span;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> In the period between 1989 and the beginning of the 2005 series, the two sides had played 43 times; Australia winning 28 times, England 7 times, with 8 draws. Only a single England victory had come in a match in which the Ashes were still at stake, namely the First Test of the 1997 series. All others were consolation victories when the Ashes had been secured by Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=ENG;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2005-03-29;end=2005-03-29;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=series;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Cricinfo – Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Series record |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |date=17 June 2008 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

===2005 to 2015===
[[File:Trent Bridge, Flintoff century, 26 Aug 2005.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andrew Flintoff|Flintoff]] reaches 100 at [[Trent Bridge]] in 2005]]
England were undefeated in Test matches through the 2004 calendar year. This elevated them to second in the [[ICC Test Championship]]. Hopes that the [[2005 Ashes series]] would be closely fought proved well-founded, the series remaining undecided as the closing session of the final Test began. Experienced journalists including Richie Benaud rated the series as the most exciting in living memory. It has been compared with the great series of the distant past, such as 1894–95 and 1902.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sport.y2u.co.uk/Cricket/Cricket_The_Ashes.htm|title=THE ASHES, a battle of wills between English and Australian Cricket|website=sport.y2u.co.uk|access-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104233724/http://sport.y2u.co.uk/Cricket/Cricket_The_Ashes.htm|archive-date=4 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The First Test at [[Lord's]] was convincingly won by Australia, but in the remaining four matches the teams were evenly matched and England fought back to win the Second Test by 2 runs, the smallest winning margin in Ashes history, and the second-smallest in all Tests. The rain-affected Third Test ended with the last two Australian batsmen holding out for a draw; and England won the Fourth Test by three wickets after forcing Australia to [[follow-on]] for the first time in 191 Tests. A draw in the final Test gave England victory in an Ashes series for the first time in 18 years and their first Ashes victory at home since 1985.

Australia regained the Ashes on its home turf in the [[2006–07 Ashes series|2006–07 series]] with a convincing 5–0 victory, only the second time an Ashes series had been won by that margin. [[Glenn McGrath]], [[Shane Warne]] and [[Justin Langer]] retired from Test cricket after that series, while [[Damien Martyn]] retired during the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/6513.html|title=Damien Martyn|publisher=cricinfo|access-date=17 February 2008|archive-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207001217/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/6513.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Ashes 2010-11 Sydney Test final wicket.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chris Tremlett]] bowls [[Michael Beer (cricketer)|Michael Beer]] to complete England's 3–1 Ashes victory on 7 January 2011]]

The [[2009 Ashes series|2009 series]] began with a tense draw in the First Test at [[SWALEC Stadium]] in [[Cardiff]], with England's last-wicket batsmen [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] and [[Monty Panesar]] surviving 69 balls. England then achieved its first Ashes win at Lord's since 1934 to go 1–0 up. After a rain-affected draw at Edgbaston, the fourth match at Headingley was convincingly won by Australia by an innings and 80 runs to level the series. Finally, England won the Fifth Test at [[The Oval]] by a margin of 197 runs to regain the Ashes. [[Andrew Flintoff]] retired from Test cricket soon afterwards.

The [[2010–11 Ashes series|2010–11 series]] was played in Australia. The First Test at Brisbane ended in a draw, but England won the Second Test, at Adelaide, by an innings and 71 runs. Australia came back with a victory at Perth in the Third Test. In the Fourth Test at Melbourne Cricket Ground, England batting second scored 513 to defeat Australia (98 and 258) by an innings and 157 runs. This gave England an unbeatable 2–1 lead in the series and so it retained the Ashes. England went on to win the series 3–1, beating Australia by an innings and 83 runs at Sydney in the Fifth Test, including their highest innings total since 1938 (644). England's series victory was its first on Australian soil for 24 years. The 2010–11 Ashes series was the only one in which a team had won three Tests by innings margins and it was the first time England had scored 500 or more four times in a single series. England opener Cook scored 766 runs at average 127.66 in the series, the most dominant batsman in an Ashes series since Bradman in 1930.

Australia's build-up to the [[2013 Ashes series]] was far from ideal. [[Darren Lehmann]] took over as coach from [[Mickey Arthur]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2013 |title=Ashes 2013: Darren Lehmann replaces Mickey Arthur as Australia coach; Clarke steps down as selector |work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-24/lehmann-named-australian-coach/4777030|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223034811/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-24/lehmann-named-australian-coach/4777030|url-status=live}}</ref> following a string of poor results. A batting line-up weakened by the previous year's retirements of former captain [[Ricky Ponting]] and [[Mike Hussey]] was also shorn of opener [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], who was suspended for the start of the series following an off-field incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashes 2013: David Warner set for southern Africa match practice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23261135 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710225656/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23261135 |url-status=live }}</ref> England won a closely fought First Test by 14 runs, despite 19-year-old debutant [[Ashton Agar]] making a world-record 98 for a number 11 in the first innings. England then won a very one-sided Second Test by 347 runs while the rain-affected Third Test, held at a newly refurbished Old Trafford, was drawn, ensuring that England retained the Ashes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sheringham |first=Sam |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23579840 |title=Ashes 2013: England retain Ashes as rain forces Old Trafford draw |work=BBC Sport |date=5 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812110007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23579840 |url-status=live }}</ref> England won the Fourth Test by 74 runs after Australia lost their last eight second-innings wickets for only 86 runs. The final Test was drawn,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23836394 |title=Ashes 2013: Ashes 2013: England win series 3–0 after bad light ends Oval Test |work=BBC Sport |date=25 August 2013 |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828061619/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23836394 |url-status=live }}</ref> giving England a 3–0 series win.

[[File:Australia won the Ashes 5-0.jpg|thumb|240px|Celebrations at the SCG after Australia won the Ashes 5–0 in 2014]]
In the second of two Ashes series held in [[2013–14 Ashes series|2013 (the series ended in 2014)]], this time hosted by Australia, the home team won the series five test matches to nil. This was the third time Australia has completed a clean sweep (or "whitewash") in Ashes history, a feat never matched by England. All six Australian specialist batsmen scored more runs than any Englishman with 10 centuries among them, with only debutant Ben Stokes scoring a century for England. Mitchell Johnson took 37 English wickets at 13.97 and Ryan Harris 22 wickets at 19.31 in the 5-Test series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/708507.html;type=series|title=The best series for fast bowlers|work=Cricinfo|date=10 January 2014|access-date=3 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109234522/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/708507.html|archive-date=9 November 2015}}</ref> Only Stuart Broad and all-rounder Stokes bowled effectively for England, with their spinner Graeme Swann retiring due to a chronic elbow injury after the decisive Third Test.

Australia came into the [[2015 Ashes series]] in England as favourites to retain the Ashes. Although England won the first Test in Cardiff, Australia won comfortably in the second Test at Lords. In the next two Tests, the Australian batsmen struggled, being bowled out for 136 in the first innings at [[Edgbaston]], with England proceeding to win by eight wickets. This was followed by Australia being bowled out for 60 as [[Stuart Broad]] took five wickets and finished the spell with 8 for 15 in the first innings at Trent Bridge, the quickest – in terms of balls faced – a team has been bowled out in the first innings of a Test match. With victory by an innings and 78 runs on the morning of the third day of the Fourth Test, England regained the Ashes.

===2017 to present===
During the buildup, the [[2017–18 Ashes series]] was regarded as a turning point for both sides. Australia were criticised for being too reliant on captain Steve Smith and vice-captain David Warner, while England was said to have a shoddy middle to lower order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97160/australia-cricket-team-over-reliant-on-steve-smith-david-warner-feels-michael-slater |title=Australia over-reliant on Smith, Warner, feels Slater |website=[[CricBuzz]] |date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813144424/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97160/australia-cricket-team-over-reliant-on-steve-smith-david-warner-feels-michael-slater |url-status=live }}</ref> Off the field, England all-rounder [[Ben Stokes]] was ruled out of the side indefinitely due to a police investigation.

Australia won the first Test match in Brisbane by 10 wickets<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42132855|title=Ashes: Australia beat England by 10 wickets in first Test|work=BBC Sport|date=27 November 2017|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619161907/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42132855|url-status=live}}</ref> and the second Test at Adelaide by 120 runs in the first ever day-night Ashes test match. Australia regained The Ashes with an innings and 41 run win in the third Test at Perth; the final Ashes Test at the WACA Ground.<ref name="reclaim">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/day-five-australia-england-third-magellan-ashes-test-video-highlights-live-scores-stream-waca/2017-12-18 |title=Ruthless Australia regain the Ashes |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=18 December 2017 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126190949/http://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/day-five-australia-england-third-magellan-ashes-test-video-highlights-live-scores-stream-waca/2017-12-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to the [[2019 Ashes series]], both teams were considered to have very strong bowling attacks but struggling batting orders. Australia had its top-order batsmen [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] and [[Cameron Bancroft]] available for international selection after being banned from international cricket for 9–12 months following the [[2018 Australian ball-tampering scandal|ball-tampering scandal]] in South Africa, during which time [[India national cricket team|India]] had won its first ever Test series in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969301 |title=India secure historic series victory |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107232946/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969301 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Australia recovered to win the [[Sri Lanka cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|Test series]] against Sri Lanka 2–0.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1047647 |title=Starc takes ten as Australia sweep series |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204174352/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1047647 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite winning the [[2019 Cricket World Cup Final|Cricket World Cup]] in July 2019 for the first time, England had also been criticised for its fragile top-order in Tests. The retirement of opener [[Alastair Cook]] in August 2018 ensured potential top-order batsmen [[Rory Burns]], [[Joe Denly]] and [[Jason Roy]] were able to secure a place in the side. Despite losing a Test series 2–1 in their [[England cricket team in the West Indies in 2018–19|tour of the West Indies]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47217347 |title=England in West Indies: Tourists claim consolation 232-run victory as hosts win series 2-1 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=12 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212210303/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47217347 |url-status=live }}</ref> England then improved to win the [[Irish cricket team in England in 2019|one-off Test against Ireland]], by 143 runs. The 2019 series was eventually drawn 2–2, with Australia retaining the Ashes.

The [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021 Ashes series]] was played from December 2021 through January 2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/2021-2022-summer-of-cricket-schedule-fixture-season-australia-ashes-dates-venues-england-india/2021-05-19 |title=Fixture confirmed for dual Ashes series, Afghan Test |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518203135/https://www.cricket.com.au/news/2021-2022-summer-of-cricket-schedule-fixture-season-australia-ashes-dates-venues-england-india/2021-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> and featured the first Ashes Test match to be played in Tasmania, at [[Hobart]]'s [[Bellerive Oval]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-14/tasmanians-celebrate-fifth-ashes-test-beginning-in-hobart/100757020|title=Tasmanians gather to watch historic fifth Ashes Test at Bellerive Oval in Hobart|date=14 January 2022|access-date=17 January 2022|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117011141/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-14/tasmanians-celebrate-fifth-ashes-test-beginning-in-hobart/100757020|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia retained the Ashes in the 2021–22 Ashes series, after comfortably beating England 4–0.

England were the hosts of five Test matches of the [[2023 Ashes series]]. The series got off to a good start for Australia as they won the first two Tests to go 0-2 up. The hosts won the third Test to put the series at 1-2 for the visitors. England needed to win the fourth Test in a hope to not only level the series but prevent Australia from retaining the Ashes. The match looked good for England to win, but [[rain]] intervened on the last two days and forced a draw, thus Australia retained the Ashes with the series at 1-2 after four Tests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia retain Ashes after fourth test washout |url=https://supersport.com/cricket/england-v-australia-the-ashes-2023/news/636db311-c468-424b-b952-a6ee74799793/australia-retain-ashes-after-fourth-test-washout |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=SuperSport |language=en}}</ref> The fifth and final Test was played at [[The Oval]]. During the contest [[Stuart Broad]] announced that he would retire from cricket at the end of the match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World reacts to stunning Stuart Broad retirement news |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3610356 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> England went on to win the final Test match to draw the series at 2-2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ashes {{!}} 2023 The Ashes {{!}} Live Score, Schedule, News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/the-ashes-2023-1336037 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World reacts to thrilling drawn Ashes series |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3612212 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Summary of results and statistics==
{{for|a full listing of all the Ashes series since 1882|List of Ashes series}}
In the 140 years since 1883, Australia have held the Ashes for approximately 84.5 years, and England for 55.5 years:
{{Ashes timeline}}

Test results, up to and including 31 July 2023:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=18 October 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612092214/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Australia and England have played an additional 16 Tests: nine prior to the Ashes, and a further 7 where the Ashes were not at stake. Including these Tests, the win–loss record stands at 152 Australian wins, 111 English wins, and 97 draws (up to and including the 4th Test of the 2023 series).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records | Test matches |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;type=team|access-date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223034915/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;type=team|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Overall Test Results
|-
| '''Tests played''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins'''|| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[England national cricket team|England]] wins''' || '''Draws'''
|-
| 361 || 152 || 111 || 98
|-
|}

Series results, up to and including 31 July 2023:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Overall Series Results
|-
| '''Series played''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins'''|| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[England national cricket team|England]] wins''' || '''Draws'''
|-
| 73 || 34 || 32 || 7
|-
|}

A team must win a series to gain the right to hold the Ashes. A drawn series results in the previous holders retaining the Ashes. Ashes series have generally been played over five Test matches, although there have been four-match series (1938 and 1975) and six-match series (1970–71, 1974–75, 1978–79, 1981, 1985, 1989, 1993 and 1997). Australians have made 264 [[century (cricket)|centuries]] in Ashes Tests, of which 23 have been scores over 200, while Englishmen have scored 212 centuries, of which 10 have been over 200. Australians have taken [[10 wickets in a match]] on 41 occasions, Englishmen 38 times.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

==Match venues==
The series alternates between England (and Wales) and Australia, and each match of a series is held at a different ground.

{{location map+|Australia|float=right|width=500|caption=Locations of all Ashes tests within Australia, Manuka Oval is the only current Test Ground in Australia not to hold an Ashes Test. Perth Stadium was due to hold the fifth Test in 2021–22, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was played at Bellerive Oval.|places=
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]]|position=right|lat=-37.82|long=144.9834}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]]|position=right|lat=-33.89151|long=151.22518}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[The Gabba]]/<s>[[Brisbane Exhibition Ground]]</s>|position=left|lat=-27.4858376|long=153.0380853}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Adelaide Oval]]|position=left|lat=-34.9166072|long=138.596565}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=<s>[[WACA Ground|WACA]]</s>|position=left|lat= -31.9530044|long=115.8574693}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Bellerive Oval]]|position=right|lat=-42.877566|long=147.373505}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Perth Stadium]]|position=right|lat= -31.574|long=115.53205}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Manuka Oval]]|position=right|lat= -35.3191676|long=149.1336799}}
}}

{{location map+|England|float=right|width=500|caption=Locations of all Ashes tests within England and Wales, The Rose Bowl is the only current Test Ground in England not to hold an Ashes Test.|places=
{{location map~|England|label=<s>[[Bramall Lane]]</s>|position=right|lat=53.370278|long=-1.470833}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]|position=left|lat=52.455814|long=-1.902489}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]]|position=right|lat=53.816353|long=-1.582172}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[The Oval]]|position=right|lat=51.483719|long=-0.114981}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Lord's]]|position=top|lat=51.5294|long=-0.1727}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]]|position=left|lat=53.456347|long=-2.286761}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]]|position=right|lat=54.849644|long=-1.560706}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]]|position=left|lat=51.487222|long=-3.191389}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Trent Bridge]]|position=right|lat=52.95 |long=-1.133333}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|The Rose Bowl]]|position=bottom|lat=50.924|long=-1.3219}}
}}

===Australia===
In [[Australia]], the grounds currently used are [[The Gabba]] in Brisbane (first staged an England–Australia Test in the 1932–33 season), [[Adelaide Oval]] (1884–85), the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG) (1876–77), and the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] (SCG) (1881–82). A single Test was held at the [[Brisbane Showgrounds|Brisbane Exhibition Ground]] in 1928–29. Traditionally, Melbourne hosts the [[Boxing Day Test]] and Sydney hosts the New Year's Day Test.

Additionally [[WACA Ground|the WACA]] in Perth (1970–71) hosted its [[2017–18 Ashes series#3rd Test|final Ashes Test]] in 2017–18 and was due to be replaced by [[Perth Stadium]] for the [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22 series]]. However, [[Western Australia]]n border restrictions and quarantine requirements during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] led to a change in venue for the final Ashes Test to [[Bellerive Oval]] in Hobart. This was the first Ashes Test match to be held in Tasmania.

Cricket Australia proposed that the 2010–11 series consist of six Tests, with the additional game to be played at Bellerive Oval in Hobart. The England and Wales Cricket Board declined and the series was played over five Tests.

===England===
In [[England]] and [[Wales]], the grounds currently used are: [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] in Manchester (1884), [[The Oval]] in [[Kennington]], [[South London]] (1884); [[Lord's]] in [[St John's Wood]], [[North London]] (1884); [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] in [[Leeds]] (1899) and [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]] in [[Birmingham]] (1902). Additionally [[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]] in [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]] (2009); the [[Riverside Ground]] in [[Chester-le-Street]], [[County Durham]] (2013) and [[Trent Bridge]] at [[West Bridgford]] (1899), have been used and one Test was also held at [[Bramall Lane]] in [[Sheffield]] in 1902. Traditionally the final Test of the series is played at the Oval.

Sophia Gardens and the Riverside were excluded as Test grounds between the years of 2020 and 2031 and therefore will not host an Ashes Test until at least 2035. The ECB announced the 2027 and 2031 Ashes series venues will be held at Lord's (2027 and 2031), The Oval (2027 and 2031), Edgbaston (2027), Trent Bridge (2027 and 2031), The Rose Bowl (2027), Old Trafford (2031) and Headingley (2031). <ref>[https://www.kiaoval.com/england-cricket-major-match-venues-for-2025-31-announced/ Kia Oval]</ref>
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=14|In Australia
|-
! Stadium
! [[States and territories of Australia|State]]
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|Australia}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|England}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]], [[Melbourne]]
| align=left|{{flag|Victoria}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 51
| rowspan=7|
| 27
| 2021
| rowspan=7|
| 7
| rowspan=7|
| 19
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56441.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195116/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56441.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]], [[Sydney]]
| align=left|{{flag|New South Wales}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 52
| 23
| 2018
| 7
| 22
| 2011
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Sydney Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56544.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152929/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56544.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| align=left|{{flag|South Australia}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1884–85|1884–85]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 33
| 19
| 2021
| 5
| 9
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Adelaide Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56293.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195445/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56293.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[Brisbane Showgrounds|Brisbane Exhibition Ground]], [[Brisbane]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Queensland}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|–
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1928
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=Brisbane Exhibition Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56338.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152917/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56338.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| align=left|{{flag|Queensland}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33|1932–33]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 22
| 13
| 2021
| 5
| 4
| 1986
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Gabba|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56336.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152905/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56336.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Western Australia}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1970–71|1970–71]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[2017–18 Ashes series|2017–18]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|13
| bgcolor=LightGrey|9
| bgcolor=LightGrey|2017
| bgcolor=LightGrey|3
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1978
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=WACA Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56490.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209153709/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56490.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]]
| align=left|{{flag|Tasmania}}
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 1
| 1
| 2021
| 0
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Bellerive Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56407.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221165112/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56407.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=14|In England and Wales
|-
! Stadium
! [[Historic counties of England|County]]†
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|England}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|Australia}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]
| align=left|{{flag|Lancashire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#First Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 32
| rowspan=9|
| 7
| 1981
| rowspan=9|
| 18
| rowspan=9|
| 8
| 2019
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Old Trafford|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57160.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209185302/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57160.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Lord's]], [[London]]
| align=left|{{flag|Middlesex}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#Second Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 38
| 7
| 2013
| 15
| 16
| 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57129.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210085152/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57129.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[The Oval]], [[London]]
| align=left|{{flag|Surrey}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#Third Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 36
| 16
| 2023
| 14
| 6
| 2015
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57127.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209185303/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57127.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]
| align=left|{{flag|Nottinghamshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1899#First Test|1899]]
| [[2015 Ashes series|2015]]
| 22
| 6
| 2015
| 9
| 7
| 2001
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Trent Bridge|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57219.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194824/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57219.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]]
| align=left|{{flag|Yorkshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1899#Third Test|1899]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 26
| 9
| 2023
| 8
| 9
| 2009
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Headingley|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57092.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194831/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57092.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| align=left|{{flag|Warwickshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#First Test, 29–31 May: England v Australia|1902]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 16
| 6
| 2015
| 5
| 5
| 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Edgbaston|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56788.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191058/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56788.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[Bramall Lane]], [[Sheffield]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Yorkshire}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#Third Test, 3–5 July: England v Australia|1902]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#Third Test, 3–5 July: England v Australia|1902]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|–
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1902
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bramall Lane|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57296.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194836/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57296.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]], [[Cardiff]]
| align=left|{{flag|Glamorgan}}
| [[2009 Ashes series|2009]]
| [[2015 Ashes series|2015]]
| 2
| 1
| 2015
| 1
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sophia Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56874.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191035/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56874.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]], [[Chester-le-Street]]
| align=left|{{flag|County Durham|name=Durham}}
| [[2013 Ashes series|2013]]
| [[2013 Ashes series|2013]]
| 1
| 1
| 2013
| 0
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Riverside|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56901.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191046/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56901.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

*Including abandoned tests

†County cricket clubs who play at the grounds

‡Former grounds which no longer host Test Matches

==Cultural references==
[[File:The Ashes Urn Replica (2016).jpg|150px|thumb|left|A modern-day replica of [[The Ashes urn]]]]

The popularity and reputation of the cricket series has led to other sports and games using the name "Ashes" for contests between England/Great Britain and Australia. The best-known and longest-running of these events is the [[rugby league]] rivalry between [[Great Britain national rugby league team|Great Britain]] and [[Australia national rugby league team|Australia]] (see [[The Ashes (rugby league)|rugby league "Ashes"]]). Use of the name "Ashes" was suggested by the Australian team when rugby league matches between the two countries commenced in 1908. Other examples included the television game shows ''[[Gladiators (TV series)|Gladiators]]'' and ''[[Sale of the Century (Australian game show)|Sale of the Century]]'', both of which broadcast special editions containing contestants from the Australian and English versions of the shows competing against each other.

The term became further genericised in Australia in the first half of the twentieth century, and was used to describe many sports rivalries or competitions outside the context of Australia vs England. The [[Australian rules football]] [[Interstate matches in Australian rules football|interstate carnival]], and the small silver casket which served as its trophy, were symbolically known as "the Ashes" of Australian football,<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Daily Herald|publication-place=Adelaide, SA|title=Carnival champions – presentation of the Ashes|page=9}}</ref> and was spoken of as such until at least the 1940s.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Barrier Daily Truth|publication-place=Broken Hill, NSW|page=6|title=Victoria's football ashes|date=11 August 1947}}</ref> The soccer rivalry between Australia and New Zealand was described as "the soccer ashes of Australasia" until as late as the 1950s;<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Sporting Globe|publication-place=Melbourne, VIC|title=Kiwis to win the Ashes|author=J. O. Wishaw|page=7|date=25 August 1954}}</ref> ashes from cigars smoked by the two countries' captains were put into a casket in 1923 to make the trophy literal.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Referee|publication-place=Sydney, NSW|page=16|title=The soccer ashes of Australasia|date=16 April 1924}}</ref> The interstate [[rugby league]] [[State of Origin series#Interstate Rugby League before 1980|rivalry between Queensland and New South Wales]] was known for a time as Australia's rugby league ashes, and [[lawn bowls|bowls]] competitions between the two states also regularly used the term.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Brisbane Courier|publication-place=Brisbane, QLD|title=Bowls – N.S.W. "Knuts" retain the "Ashes"|page=3|date=14 July 1920}}</ref> Even some local rivalries, such as southern Western Australia's annual Great Southern Football Carnival, were locally described as "the ashes".<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Great Southern Herald|publication-place=Katanning, WA|page=3|date=21 September 1935|title=Great Southern Football Carnival}}</ref> This genericised usage is no longer common, and "the Ashes" would today be assumed only to apply to a contest between Australia and England.

The Ashes featured in the film ''[[The Final Test]]'', released in 1953, based on a television play by [[Terence Rattigan]]. It stars [[Jack Warner (actor)|Jack Warner]] as an England cricketer playing the last Test of his career, which is the last of an Ashes series; the film includes cameo appearances of English captain [[Len Hutton]] and other players<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045769/|title=The Final Test (1953)|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|access-date=13 July 2013|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104033237/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045769/|url-status=live}}</ref> who were part of England's 1953 triumph.

[[Douglas Adams]]'s 1982 science fiction comedy novel ''[[Life, the Universe and Everything]]'' – the third part of ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' series – features the urn containing the Ashes as a significant element of its plot. The urn is stolen by alien robots, as the burnt stump inside is part of a key needed to unlock the "Wikkit Gate" and release an imprisoned world called Krikkit.

''[[Bodyline (miniseries)|Bodyline]]'', a fictionalised television [[miniseries]] based on the "[[Bodyline]]" Ashes series of 1932–33, was screened in Australia in 1984. The cast included [[Gary Sweet]] as [[Donald Bradman]] and [[Hugo Weaving]] as England captain [[Douglas Jardine]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frith|first1=David|title=Bodyline Autopsy: The full story of the most sensational Test cricket series: Australia v England 1932–33|date=24 June 2013|publisher=Aurum Press|isbn=9781781311936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijnLAgAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref>

In the 1938 film ''[[The Lady Vanishes]]'', [[Charters and Caldicott]], played by [[Basil Radford]] and [[Naunton Wayne]] are two cricket fans who are desperate to get home from Europe in order to see the last day's play in the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1938#Third Test|Third Test at Manchester]]. It is not until they see a newsboy's poster near the end of the film that they discover that the match had been abandoned, due to floods.

==See also==
{{Portal|Cricket}}
* [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883]]
* [[History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889]]
* [[History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900]]
* [[The Women's Ashes]]
* [[Ella-Mobbs Trophy]] (the Rugby Union equivalent of England-Australia matches)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book| last = Berry | first = S. | year = 2006 | title = Cricket's Burning Passion | location = London | publisher=Methuen | isbn = 0-413-77627-1 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Birley | first = D. | year = 2003 | title = A Social History of English Cricket | location = London | publisher = Aurum Press | isbn = 1-85410-941-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofe0000birl }}
* {{Cite book| last = Frith | first = David | year = 1990 | title = Australia versus England: A Pictorial History of Every Test Match Since 1877 | location = Victoria (Australia) | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn = 0-670-90323-X }}
* {{Cite book| last = Frith | first = David | year = 2002 | title = Bodyline Autopsy: The Full Story of the Most Sensational Test Cricket Series - England v Australia 1932-3 | location = London | publisher=Aurum Press | isbn = 978-1-8541-0896-8 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Gibb | first = J. | year = 1979 | title = Test Cricket Records From 1877 | location = London | publisher=Collins | isbn = 0-00-411690-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Gibson | first = A. | year = 1989 | title = Cricket Captains of England | location = London | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn = 1-85145-395-4 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Green | first = B. | year = 1979 | title = Wisden Anthology 1864–1900 | location = London | publisher=M & J/QA Press | isbn = 0-356-10732-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Harte | first = Chris | year = 2003 | title = Penguin History of Australian Cricket | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn = 0-670-04133-5 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Munns | first = J. | year = 1994 | title = Beyond Reasonable Doubt – Rupertswood, Sunbury – The Birthplace of the Ashes | location = Australia | publisher=Joy Munns | isbn = 0-646-22153-1 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Warner | first = P. | year = 1987 | title = Lord's 1787–1945 | location = London | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn = 1-85145-112-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Warner | first = P. | year = 2004 | title = How We Recovered the Ashes: MCC Tour 1903–1904 | location = London | publisher=Methuen | isbn = 0-413-77399-X }}
* Willis, R. [http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php?products_id=486 ''Cricket's Biggest Mystery: The Ashes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514084152/http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php?products_id=486 |date=14 May 2013 }}, The Lutterworth Press (1987), {{ISBN|978-0-7188-2588-1}}.
* {{Cite book| last = Wynne-Thomas | first = P. | year = 1989 | title = The Complete History of Cricket Tours at Home and Abroad |location = London | publisher=Hamlyn | isbn = 0-600-55782-0 }}

===Other===
* ''Wisden's Cricketers Almanack'' (various editions)

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|The Ashes}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toukmRyDuOE Ashes to Ashes] An audio history of the first hundred years of the Ashes, narrated by [[John Arlott]]
* [http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/story/259985.html Cricinfo's Ashes] website
* [http://www.mcc.org.au/News/Club%20Publications/~/media/Files/Origin%20of%20the%20Ashes.ashx The Origin of the Ashes – Rex Harcourt]
* Listen to a young [http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/ Don Bradman speaking] after the 1930 Ashes tour

{{Ashes Test series}}
{{Compton–Miller Medal winners}}
{{Named Test Cricket series}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashes}}
[[Category:The Ashes| ]]
[[Category:Australia in international cricket]]
[[Category:Cricket awards and rankings]]
[[Category:Cricket rivalries]]
[[Category:England in international cricket]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1882]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1882]]
[[Category:Test cricket competitions]]

The Ashes

2023-08-01T13:28:40Z

Tom dl: /* England */ update dates

{{Short description|International cricket series}}
{{about|the Ashes in men's cricket|the women's equivalent|The Women's Ashes|other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = The Ashes
| image = Ashes Urn.jpg
| caption = [[The Ashes urn]], made of [[terracotta]] and about 10.5
cm (4") tall, is reputed to contain the ashes of a burnt [[Bail (cricket)|cricket bail]].
| country = {{cr|AUS}} {{cr|ENG}}
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[Test cricket]]
| first = [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]] ([[Australia]])
| last = [[2023 Ashes series|2023]] ([[England]])
| next = [[2025–26 Ashes series|2025–26]] ([[Australia]])
| tournament format = 5-match series
| participants = 2
| trophyholder = {{cr|AUS}} (Series drawn) (2023)
| most successful = {{cr|AUS}} (34 series wins, six retentions)
| most runs = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Donald Bradman]] (5,028)
| most wickets = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Shane Warne]] (195)
| current = [[2023 Ashes series]]
}}
'''The Ashes''' is a [[Test cricket]] series played between [[England national cricket team|England]] and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. The term originated in a satirical [[obituary]] published in a British newspaper, ''[[The Sporting Times]]'', immediately after Australia's [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Australia win in England 1882|1882 victory]] at [[The Oval]], its first Test win on English soil. The obituary stated that English cricket had died, and that "the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia".<ref>{{cite book | author=Wendy Lewis | author-link=Wendy Lewis | author2=Simon Balderstone | author3=John Bowan | name-list-style=amp | title=Events That Shaped Australia | page=75 | publisher=New Holland | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-74110-492-9 }}</ref> The mythical ashes immediately became associated with the [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Bligh reclaims the Ashes 1882/3|1882–83 series played in Australia]], before which the English captain [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] had vowed to "regain those ashes". The English media therefore dubbed the tour ''the quest to regain the Ashes''.

After England had won two of the three Tests on the tour, a small urn was presented to Bligh by a group of [[Melbourne]] women including [[Florence Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Florence Morphy]], whom Bligh married within a year.<ref name=events>{{Cite news |date=20 February 1884 |title=Summary of Events |newspaper=The Illustrated Australian News |location=Melbourne |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63185850 |page=18}}</ref> The contents of the urn are reputed to be the ashes of a wooden [[bail (cricket)|bail]], and were humorously described as "the ashes of Australian cricket".<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 1908 |title=Cricket |newspaper=The Mercury |location=Hobart |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12673335 |page=8}}</ref> It is not clear whether that "tiny silver urn" is the same as the small terracotta urn given to the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] by Bligh's widow after his death in 1927.

[[The Ashes urn|The urn]] has never been the official trophy of the Ashes series, having been a personal gift to Bligh.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ashes History|url=http://www.lords.org/history/mcc-history/the-ashes|publisher=Lords|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009142619/https://www.lords.org/history/mcc-history/the-ashes/|archive-date=9 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, [[replica]]s of the urn are often held aloft by victorious teams as a symbol of their victory in an Ashes series. Since the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1998–99|1998–99 Ashes series]], a [[Waterford Crystal]] representation of the Ashes urn (called the Ashes Trophy) has been presented to the winners of an Ashes series as the official trophy of that series. Irrespective of which side holds the tournament, the original urn remains in the MCC Museum at [[Lord's]]; it has, however, been taken to Australia to be put on touring display on two occasions: as part of the [[Australian Bicentenary]] celebrations in 1988 and to accompany the [[English cricket team in Australia in 2006–07|Ashes series in 2006–07]].

An Ashes series traditionally consists of five Tests, hosted in turn by England and Australia at least once every two years. The Ashes are regarded as being held by the team that most recently won the series. If the series is drawn, the team that currently holds the Ashes "retains" the trophy.

There have been 73 Ashes series (see [[List of Ashes series]]): Australia have won 34 and retained six times from draws ('''40'''); England have won 32 and retained once ('''33''').

==1882 origins==
{{main|Australian cricket team in England in 1882}}
[[File:Ranji 1897 page 143 F. R. Spofforth, the demon bowler.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fred Spofforth]], "The Demon Bowler", was instrumental in Australia's 1882 victory over England with 14 wickets for 90.]]
The first [[Test cricket|Test match]] between England and Australia was played in [[Melbourne]], Australia, [[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77|in 1877]], though the Ashes legend started later, after the ninth Test, played in 1882. On their [[Australian cricket team in England and the United States in 1882|tour of England]] that year the Australians played just one Test, at [[the Oval]] in London. It was a low-scoring affair on a difficult [[Cricket pitch|wicket]].<ref>Fred Spofforth, however, contended that, the fourth innings aside, it played perfectly well.</ref> Australia made a mere 63 runs in their first [[innings]], and England, led by [[A. N. Hornby]], took a 38-run lead with a total of 101. In their second innings, Australia, boosted by a spectacular 55 runs off 60 deliveries from [[Hugh Massie]], managed 122, which left England only 85 runs to win. The Australians were greatly demoralised by the manner of their second-innings collapse, but fast bowler [[Fred Spofforth]], spurred on by the [[gamesmanship]] of his opponents, in particular [[W. G. Grace]], refused to give in. "This thing can be done," he declared. Spofforth went on to devastate the English batting, taking his final four wickets for only two runs to leave England just eight runs short of victory.

When [[Ted Peate]], England's last batsman, came to the crease, his side needed just ten runs to win, but Peate managed only two before he was bowled by [[Harry Boyle (cricketer)|Harry Boyle]]. An astonished Oval crowd fell silent, struggling to believe that England could possibly have lost on home soil. When it finally sank in, the crowd swarmed onto the field, cheering loudly and chairing Boyle and Spofforth to the pavilion.

When Peate returned to the pavilion he was reprimanded by his captain for not allowing his partner, [[Charles Studd]] (one of the best batsmen in England, having already hit two centuries that season against the colonists), to get the runs. Peate humorously replied, "I had no confidence in Mr Studd, sir, so thought I had better do my best."<ref>
{{cite news
|first=Jack
|last=Worrall
|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83580262
|title=A Great Bowlers' Victory
|page=11
|newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|Daily News]]
|location=Perth, WA |date=23 August 1930
|access-date=25 August 2013
}}
</ref>

The momentous defeat was widely recorded in the British press, which praised the Australians for their plentiful "pluck" and berated the Englishmen for their lack thereof. A celebrated poem appeared in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' on Saturday, 9 September. The first verse, quoted most frequently, reads:

<blockquote>
<poem>
Well done, [[wikt:cornstalk|Cornstalks]]! Whipt us
Fair and square,
Was it luck that tript us?
Was it scare?
Kangaroo Land's 'Demon', or our own
Want of 'devil', coolness, nerve, backbone?
</poem></blockquote>

On 31 August, in the [[C. W. Alcock|Charles Alcock]]-edited magazine ''Cricket: A Weekly Record of The Game'', there appeared a mock obituary:

{{poemquote|
SACRED TO THE MEMORY
OF
ENGLAND'S SUPREMACY IN THE
CRICKET-FIELD
WHICH EXPIRED
ON THE 29TH DAY OF AUGUST, AT THE OVAL
"ITS END WAS PEATE"
}}

[[File:DeathofEnglishCricket.jpg|thumb|The death notice that appeared in ''[[The Sporting Times]]'']]
On 2 September a more celebrated mock obituary, written by [[Reginald Shirley Brooks]], appeared in ''[[The Sporting Times]]''. It read:

{{poemquote|
In Affectionate Remembrance
of
ENGLISH CRICKET,
which died at the Oval
on
29 August 1882,
Deeply lamented by a large circle of sorrowing
friends and acquaintances

R.I.P.

N.B.—The body will be cremated and the
ashes taken to Australia.
}}

[[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] promised that on [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83 tour of Australia]], he would, as England's captain, "recover those Ashes". He spoke of them several times over the course of the tour, and the Australian media quickly caught on. The three-match series resulted in a two-one win to England, notwithstanding a fourth match, won by the Australians, whose status remains a matter of ardent dispute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilton |first=Christopher |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123232899 |title=The birth of the Ashes : the amazing story of the first Ashes test |date=2006 |publisher=Renniks Publications |isbn=978-0-9752245-4-0 |location=Banksmeadow, N.S.W. |oclc=123232899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930079935 |title=Wisden on the Ashes : the authoritative story of cricket's greatest rivalry : updated to include the 2015 series |date=2015 |others=Steven Lynch |isbn=978-1-4729-1353-1 |edition= |location=London |oclc=930079935}}</ref>

In the 20 years following Bligh's campaign the term "the Ashes" largely disappeared from public use. There is no indication that this was the accepted name for the series, at least not in England. The term became popular again in Australia first, when [[George Giffen]], in his memoirs (''With Bat and Ball'', 1899), used the term as if it were well known.<ref>Gibson, A., ''Cricket Captains of England'', p. 26.</ref>

The true and global revitalisation of interest in the concept dates from 1903, when [[Plum Warner|Pelham Warner]] took a team to Australia with the promise that he would regain "the ashes". As had been the case on Bligh's tour 20 years before, the Australian media latched fervently onto the term and, this time, it stuck. Having fulfilled his promise, Warner published a book entitled ''How We Recovered the Ashes''. Although the origins of the term are not referred to in the text, the title served (along with the general hype created in Australia) to revive public interest in the legend. The first mention of "the Ashes" in ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' occurs in 1905, while ''Wisden'''s first account of the legend is in the 1922 edition.

==Urn==
{{Main|The Ashes urn}}
[[File:Ashes Urn 1921.jpg|right|thumb|The earliest published photo of [[the Ashes urn]], from ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'', 1921]]
[[File:Rupertswood mansion side angle shot.jpg|thumb|[[Rupertswood]] outside Melbourne, where the urn was presented to Bligh]]
It took many years before the contests between England and Australia were consistently called "The Ashes", and so there was no concept of either a trophy or a physical representation of the ashes. As late as 1925, the following verse appeared in ''The Cricketers Annual'':

<blockquote>
<poem>
So here's to Chapman, Hendren and Hobbs,
Gilligan, Woolley and Hearne
May they bring back to the Motherland,
The ashes which have no urn!
</poem></blockquote>

Nevertheless, several attempts had been made to embody the Ashes in a physical memorial. Examples include one presented to Warner in 1904, another to Australian captain M. A. Noble in 1909, and another to Australian captain W. M. Woodfull in 1934.

The oldest, and the one to enjoy enduring fame, was the one presented to Bligh, later Lord Darnley, during the 1882–83 tour. The precise nature of the origin of [[The Ashes urn|this urn]] is a matter of dispute. Based on a statement by Darnley in 1894, it was believed that a group of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victorian]] ladies, including Darnley's later wife [[Florence Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Florence Morphy]], made the presentation after the victory in the Third Test in 1883. More recent researchers, in particular Ronald Willis<ref>{{Cite book| first=Ronald | last=Willis | title=Cricket's Biggest Mystery: The Ashes | year=1982 | isbn=0-7270-1768-3}}</ref> and Joy Munns<ref>{{Cite book| first=Joy | last=Munns | title=Beyond Reasonable Doubt: The birthplace of the Ashes | year=1994 | isbn=0-646-22153-1}}</ref> have studied the tour in detail and concluded that the presentation was made after a private cricket match played over Christmas 1882 when the English team were guests of [[Sir William John Clarke|Sir William Clarke]], at his property "[[Rupertswood]]", in [[Sunbury, Victoria]]. This was before the matches had started. The prime evidence for this theory was provided by a descendant of Clarke.

In August 1926 Ivo Bligh (now Lord Darnley) displayed the Ashes urn at the ''[[Morning Post]]'' Decorative Art Exhibition held in the Central Hall, Westminster. He made the following statement about how he was given the urn:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58247421?searchTerm=darnley%20cricket%20ashes&searchLimits= |title=Sunday Times (Perth) 15 August 1926 page 9S. Online Reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=15 August 1926 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|When in the autumn the English Eleven went to Australia it was said that they had come to Australia to "fetch" the ashes. England won two out of the three matches played against Murdoch's Australian Eleven, and after the third match some Melbourne ladies put some ashes into a small urn and gave them to me as captain of the English Eleven.}}

A more detailed account of how the Ashes were given to Ivo Bligh was outlined by his wife, the Countess of Darnley, in 1930 during a speech at a cricket luncheon. Her speech was reported by the ''Times'' as follows:<ref>The Times (London), 27 June 1930. page 7.</ref>

{{Blockquote|In 1882, she said, it was first spoken of when the Sporting Times, after the Australians had thoroughly beaten the English at the Oval, wrote an obituary in affectionate memory of English cricket "whose demise was deeply lamented and the body would be cremated and taken to Australia". Her husband, then Ivo Bligh, took a team to Australia in the following year. Punch had a poem containing the words "When Ivo comes back with the urn" and when Ivo Bligh wiped out the defeat Lady Clarke, wife of Sir W. J. Clarke, who entertained the English so lavishly, found a little wooden urn, burnt a bail, put the ashes in the urn, and wrapping it in a red velvet bag, put it into her husband's (Ivo Bligh's) hands. He had always regarded it as a great treasure.}}

There is another statement which is not totally clear made by Lord Darnley in 1921 about the timing of the presentation of the urn. He was interviewed in his home at Cobham Hall by [[Montague Grover]] and the report of this interview was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66512851?searchTerm=%22cobham%20hall%22%20urn&searchLimits=l-decade=192 |title=Geraldton Guardian 15 February 1921, page 1. Online reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=15 February 1921 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|This urn was presented to Lord Darnley by some ladies of Melbourne after the final defeat of his team, and before he returned with the members to England.}}

He made a similar statement in 1926. The report of this statement in the ''Brisbane Courier'' was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21053463?searchTerm=darnley%20ashes%20urn&searchLimits=l-decade=192|title=Brisbane Courier, 9 June 1926, page 7. Online reference |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=9 June 1926 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The proudest possession of Lord Darnley is an earthenware urn containing the ashes which were presented to him by Melbourne residents when he captained the Englishmen in 1882. Though the team did not win, the urn containing the ashes was sent to him just before leaving Melbourne.}}

The contents of the urn are also problematic; they were variously reported to be the remains of a stump, bail or the outer casing of a ball, but in 1998 Darnley's 82-year-old daughter-in-law said they were the remains of her mother-in-law's veil, casting a further layer of doubt on the matter. However, during the tour of Australia in 2006/7, the MCC official accompanying the urn said the veil legend had been discounted, and it was now "95% certain" that the urn contains the ashes of a cricket bail. Speaking on Channel Nine TV on 25 November 2006, he said x-rays of the urn had shown the pedestal and handles were cracked, and repair work had to be carried out. The urn is made of [[terracotta]] and is about {{convert|6|in|mm}} tall and may originally have been a perfume jar.

[[File:Ashes song.jpg|thumb|The full version of the song from the ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'', the fourth verse of which is pasted onto the urn]]
A label containing a six-line verse is pasted on the urn. This is the fourth verse of a song-lyric published in the ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'' on 1 February 1883:

<blockquote>
<poem>
When [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo]] goes back with the urn, the urn;
[[Studd brothers|Studds]], [[A G Steel|Steel]], [[Walter Read|Read]] and [[Edward Tylecote|Tylecote]] return, return;
The [[wikt:make the welkin ring|welkin]] will ring loud,
The great crowd will feel proud,
Seeing [[Dick Barlow|Barlow]] and [[Billy Bates|Bates]] with the urn, the urn;
And the rest coming home with the urn.
</poem></blockquote>

In February 1883, just before the disputed Fourth Test, a velvet bag made by Mrs Ann Fletcher, the daughter of Joseph Hines Clarke and Marion Wright, both of [[Dublin]], was given to Bligh to contain the urn. During Darnley's lifetime there was little public knowledge of the urn, and no record of a published photograph exists before 1921. ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'' published this photo in January 1921 (shown above). When Darnley died in 1927 his widow presented the urn to the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] and that was the key event in establishing the urn as the physical embodiment of the legendary ashes. MCC first displayed the urn in the Long Room at [[Lord's]] and since 1953 in the MCC Cricket Museum at the ground. MCC's wish for it to be seen by as wide a range of cricket enthusiasts as possible has led to its being mistaken for an official trophy. It is in fact a private memento, and for this reason it is never awarded to either England or Australia, but is kept permanently in the MCC Cricket Museum where it can be seen together with the specially made red and gold velvet bag and the scorecard of the 1882 match.

Because the urn itself is so delicate, it has been allowed to travel to Australia only twice. The first occasion was in 1988 for a museum tour as part of the [[Australian Bicentenary]] celebrations; the second was for the 2006/7 Ashes series.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6052544.stm | title=Ashes urn heads to Australia | work=BBC Sport | date=15 October 2006 | access-date=8 November 2007 | archive-date=6 November 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106114633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6052544.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> The urn arrived on 17 October 2006, going on display at the [[Museum of Sydney]]. It then toured to other states, with the final appearance at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery on 21 January 2007.

In the 1990s, given Australia's long dominance of the Ashes and the popular acceptance of the Darnley urn as "the Ashes", the idea was mooted that the victorious team should be awarded the urn as a trophy and allowed to retain it until the next series. As its condition is fragile and it is a prized exhibit at the MCC Cricket Museum, the MCC would not agree. Furthermore, in 2002, Bligh's great-great-grandson Lord Clifton, the heir-apparent to the [[Earl of Darnley|Earldom of Darnley]], argued that the Ashes urn should not be returned to Australia because it belonged to his family and was given to the MCC only for safe keeping.

As a compromise, the MCC commissioned a larger replica of the urn in [[Waterford Crystal]], known as the Ashes Trophy, to award to the winning team of each series starting with the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1998–99|1998–99 Ashes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Ashes Trophy? |url=http://www.lords.org/news/our-blogs/the-cricket-history-blog/what-is-the-ashes-trophy/ |first=Rhys |last=Hayward |publisher=Lord's |date=23 August 2013 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910205923/http://www.lords.org/news/our-blogs/the-cricket-history-blog/what-is-the-ashes-trophy}}</ref> This did little to diminish the status of the Darnley urn as the most important icon in cricket, the symbol of this old and keenly fought contest.

==Series and matches==
{{further|List of Ashes series}}
===Quest to "recover those ashes"===
{{See also|History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#The Ashes legend}}
[[File:Ivo Bligh Vanity Fair 7 April 1904.jpg|thumb|upright|The Honourable Ivo Bligh]]
Later in 1882, following the famous Australian victory at The Oval, [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Bligh]] led an England team to Australia, as he said, to "recover those ashes". Publicity surrounding the series was intense, and it was at some time during this series that the Ashes urn was crafted. Australia won the First Test by [[Result (cricket)|nine wickets]], but in the next two England were victorious. At the end of the Third Test, England were generally considered to have "won back the Ashes" 2–1. A fourth match was played, against a "United Australian XI", which was arguably stronger than the Australian sides that had competed in the previous three matches; this game, however, is not generally considered part of the 1882–83 series. It ''is'' counted as a Test, but as a standalone. This match ended in a victory for Australia.

===1884 to 1896===
After Bligh's victory, there was an extended period of English dominance. The tours generally had fewer Tests in the 1880s and 1890s than people have grown accustomed to in more recent years, the first five-Test series taking place only in 1894–95. England lost only four Ashes Tests in the 1880s out of 23 played, and they won all the seven series contested.

There was more chopping and changing in the teams, given that there was no official board of selectors for each country (in 1887–88, two separate English teams were on tour in Australia) and popularity with the fans varied. The 1890s games were more closely fought, Australia taking its first series win since 1882 with a 2–1 victory in 1891–92. But England dominated, winning the next three series to 1896 despite continuing player disputes.

The [[English cricket team in Australia in 1894-95|1894–95]] series began in sensational fashion when England won the First Test at Sydney by just 10 runs having followed on. Australia had scored a massive 586 ([[Syd Gregory]] 201, [[George Giffen]] 161) and then dismissed England for 325. But England responded with 437 and then dramatically dismissed Australia for 166 with [[Bobby Peel]] taking 6 for 67. At the close of the second last day's play, Australia were 113–2, needing only 64 more runs. But heavy rain fell overnight and next morning the two slow left-arm bowlers, Peel and [[Johnny Briggs (cricketer)|Johnny Briggs]], were all but unplayable. England went on to win the series 3–2 after it had been all square before the Final Test, which England won by 6 wickets. The English heroes were Peel, with 27 wickets in the series at an average of 26.70, and [[Tom Richardson (cricketer)|Tom Richardson]], with 32 at 26.53.

In 1896, England under the captaincy of [[W. G. Grace]] won the series 2–1, and this marked the end of England's longest period of Ashes dominance.

===1897 to 1902===
Australia resoundingly won the 1897–98 series by 4–1 under the captaincy of [[Harry Trott]]. His successor [[Joe Darling]] won the next three series in 1899, 1901–02, and the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1902|classic 1902 series]], which became one of the most famous in the history of Test cricket.

Five matches were played in 1902 but the first two were drawn after being hit by bad weather. In the First Test (the first played at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]), after scoring 376 England bowled out Australia for 36 ([[Wilfred Rhodes]] 7/17) and reduced them to 46–2 when they followed on. Australia won the Third and Fourth Tests at [[Bramall Lane]] and [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] respectively. At Old Trafford, Australia won by just 3 runs after [[Victor Trumper]] had scored 104 on a "bad wicket", reaching his hundred before lunch on the first day. England won the last Test at [[The Oval]] by one wicket. Chasing 263 to win, they slumped to 48–5 before [[Gilbert Jessop]]'s 104 gave them a chance. He reached his hundred in just 75 minutes. The last-wicket pair of [[George Herbert Hirst |George Hirst]] and Rhodes were required to score 15 runs for victory. When Rhodes joined him, Hirst reportedly said: "We'll get them in singles, Wilfred." In fact, they scored thirteen singles and a two.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2019 |title=Wisden, 1974 edition – The glorious uncertainty |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152487.html |website=espncricinfo.com |access-date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220123247/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152487.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The period of Darling's captaincy saw the emergence of outstanding Australian players such as Trumper, [[Warwick Armstrong]], [[James Kelly (cricketer)|James Kelly]], [[Monty Noble]], [[Clem Hill]], [[Hugh Trumble]] and [[Ernie Jones (Australian sportsman)|Ernie Jones]].

===Reviving the legend===
After what the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] saw as the problems of the earlier professional and amateur series they decided to take control of organising tours themselves, and this led to the first MCC tour of Australia in 1903–04. England won it against the odds, and [[Plum Warner]], the England captain, wrote up his version of the tour in his book ''How We Recovered The Ashes''.<ref>[[Plum Warner]], ''How We Recovered The Ashes'', Longman, 1905</ref> The title of this book revived the Ashes legend and it was after this that England v Australia series were customarily referred to as "The Ashes".

===1905 to 1912===
England and Australia were evenly matched until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Five more series took place between 1905 and 1912. In 1905, England's captain [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Stanley Jackson]] not only won the series 2–0, but also won the toss in all five matches and headed both the batting and the bowling averages. Monty Noble led Australia to victory in both 1907–08 and 1909. Then England won in 1911–12 by four matches to one. [[Jack Hobbs]] establishing himself as England's first-choice opening batsman with three centuries, while [[Frank Foster (cricketer)|Frank Foster]] (32 wickets at 21.62) and [[Sydney Barnes]] (34 wickets at 22.88) formed a formidable bowling partnership.

England retained the Ashes when it won the [[1912 Triangular Tournament]], which also featured [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]. The Australian touring party had been severely weakened by a [[Big Six cricket dispute of 1912|dispute]] between the board and players that caused [[Clem Hill]], [[Victor Trumper]], Warwick Armstrong, [[Tibby Cotter]], [[Sammy Carter]] and [[Vernon Ransford]] to be omitted.<ref>Harte, pp. 251–256.</ref>

===1920 to 1933===
After the war, Australia took firm control of both the Ashes and world cricket. For the first time, the tactic of using two express bowlers in tandem paid off as [[Jack Gregory (cricketer)|Jack Gregory]] and [[Ted McDonald]] crippled the English batting on a regular basis. Australia recorded overwhelming victories both in England and on home soil. It won the first eight matches in succession including a 5–0 [[whitewash (sport)|whitewash]] in [[English cricket team in Australia in 1920-21|1920–1921]] at the hands of Warwick Armstrong's team.

The ruthless and belligerent Armstrong led his team back to England in 1921 where his men lost only two games late in the tour to narrowly miss out of being the first team to complete a tour of England without defeat.

[[File:Herbert Sutcliffe 1924.jpg|thumb|left|[[Herbert Sutcliffe]] sweeps [[Arthur Mailey]] during the first Ashes Test in Sydney, 1924.]]
England won only one Test out of 15 from the end of the war until 1925.<ref>Harte, pp. 274–276.</ref><ref name=auslist>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Results list |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=21 December 2007 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309063345/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a rain-hit series in 1926, England managed to eke out a 1–0 victory with a win in the final Test at The Oval. Because the series was at stake, the match was to be "timeless", i.e., played to a finish. Australia had a narrow first innings lead of 22. Jack Hobbs and [[Herbert Sutcliffe]] took the score to 49–0 at the end of the second day, a lead of 27. Heavy rain fell overnight, and next day the pitch soon developed into a traditional sticky wicket. England seemed doomed to be bowled out cheaply and to lose the match. In spite of the very difficult batting conditions, however, Hobbs and Sutcliffe took their partnership to 172 before Hobbs was out for exactly 100. Sutcliffe went on to make 161 and England won the game comfortably.<ref>Harte, pp. 298–301.</ref> Australian captain [[Herbie Collins]] was stripped of all captaincy positions down to club level, and some accused him of throwing the match.

Australia's ageing post-war team broke up after 1926, with Collins, [[Charlie Macartney]] and [[Warren Bardsley]] all departing, and Gregory breaking down at the start of the 1928–29 series.

Despite the debut of [[Donald Bradman]], the inexperienced Australians, led by [[Jack Ryder (cricketer)|Jack Ryder]], were heavily defeated, losing 4–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 312–316.</ref> England had a very strong batting side, with [[Wally Hammond]] contributing 905 runs at an average of 113.12, and Hobbs, Sutcliffe and [[Patsy Hendren]] all scoring heavily; the bowling was more than adequate, without being outstanding.

In 1930, [[Bill Woodfull]] led an extremely inexperienced team to England.

Bradman fulfilled his promise in the 1930 series when he scored 974 runs at 139.14, which remains a world record Test series aggregate. A modest Bradman can be heard in a 1930 recording saying "I have always endeavoured to do my best for the side, and the few centuries that have come my way have been achieved in the hope of winning matches. My one idea when going into bat was to make runs for Australia."<ref name="Don Bradman on australianscreen online">{{cite web|url=http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/|title=Don Bradman in 'The 1930 Australian XI: Winners of the Ashes'|website=Aso.gov.au|access-date=23 February 2011|archive-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201123853/http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] Test, he made 334, reaching 309* at the end of the first day, including a century before lunch. Bradman himself thought that his 254 in the preceding match, at [[Lord's]], was a better innings. England managed to stay in contention until the deciding final Test at The Oval, but yet another double hundred by Bradman, and 7/92 by [[Percy Hornibrook]] in England's second innings, enabled Australia to win by an innings and take the series 2–1. [[Clarrie Grimmett]]'s 29 wickets at 31.89 for Australia in this high-scoring series were also important.

Australia had one of the strongest batting line-ups ever in the early 1930s, with Bradman, [[Archie Jackson]], [[Stan McCabe]], [[Bill Woodfull]], [[Bill Ponsford]] and Jack Fingleton. It was the prospect of bowling at this line-up that caused England's 1932–33 captain [[Douglas Jardine]] to adopt the tactic of fast [[leg theory]], better known as [[Bodyline]].

[[File:4th Test Woodfull.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bill Woodfull]] evades a ball from [[Harold Larwood]] with [[Bodyline]] field settings.]]

Jardine instructed his [[fast bowling|fast bowlers]], most notably [[Harold Larwood]] and [[Bill Voce]], to bowl at the bodies of the Australian batsmen, with the goal of forcing them to defend their bodies with their bats, thus providing easy catches to a stacked [[leg side|leg-side]] field. Jardine insisted that the tactic was legitimate and called it "leg theory" but it was widely disparaged by its opponents, who dubbed it "Bodyline" (from "on the line of the body"). Although England decisively won the Ashes 4–1, Bodyline caused such a furore in Australia that diplomats had to intervene to prevent serious harm to Anglo-Australian relations, and the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] eventually changed the [[Laws of cricket]] to curtail the number of leg side fielders.

Jardine's comment was: "I've not travelled 6,000 miles to make friends. I'm here to win the Ashes".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article2387560.ece | location=London | work=The Times | title=Top 50 British achievements | first=Patrick | last=Kidd | date=4 September 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821160249/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article2387560.ece | archive-date=21 August 2008}}</ref>

Some of the Australians wanted to use Bodyline in retaliation, but Woodfull flatly refused. He famously told England manager [[Pelham Warner]], "There are two teams out there. One is playing cricket; the other is making no attempt to do so" after the latter had come into the Australian rooms to express sympathy after a Larwood bouncer had struck the Australian skipper in the heart and felled him.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Cashman| author2 = Franks| author3 = Maxwell| author4 = Sainsbury| author5 = Stoddart| author6 = Weaver| author7 = Webster | date = 1997 | title = The A-Z of Australian cricketers|pages = 322–323}}</ref>

===1934 to 1953===
On the batting-friendly [[cricket pitch|wickets]] that prevailed in the late 1930s, most Tests up to the Second World War still gave results. It should be borne in mind that Tests in Australia prior to the war were all played to a finish, with many batting records set during this period. {{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The 1934 Ashes series began with the notable absence of Larwood, Voce and Jardine. The MCC had made it clear, in light of the revelations of the bodyline series, that these players would not face Australia. The MCC, although it had earlier condoned and encouraged<ref>{{Cite book|last=Frith|first=David|title=Bodyline autopsy: the full story of the most sensational test cricket series: Australia vs England 1932-33|publisher=ABC Books for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation|year=2002|isbn=0733311725|location=Sydney|pages=47}}</ref> bodyline tactics in the 1932–33 series, laid the blame on Larwood when relations turned sour. Larwood was forced by the MCC to either apologise or be removed from the Test side. He went for the latter.

Australia recovered the Ashes in 1934 and held them until 1953, though no Test cricket was played during the Second World War.

As in 1930, the 1934 series was decided in the final Test at The Oval. Australia, batting first, posted a massive 701 in the first innings. Bradman (244) and Ponsford (266) were in record-breaking form with a partnership of 451 for the second wicket. England eventually faced a massive 707-run target for victory and failed, Australia winning the series 2–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 356–357.</ref> This made Woodfull the only captain to regain the Ashes and he retired upon his return to Australia.

In 1936–37 Bradman succeeded Woodfull as Australian captain. He started badly, losing the first two Tests heavily after Australia were caught on [[sticky wicket]]s. However, the Australians fought back and Bradman won his first series in charge 3–2.

The 1938 series was a high-scoring affair with two high-scoring draws, resulting in a 1–1 result, Australia retaining the Ashes. After the first two matches ended in stalemate and the Third Test at Old Trafford never started due to rain, Australia then scraped home by five wickets inside three days in a low-scoring match at Headingley to retain the urn. In the timeless Fifth Test at The Oval, the highlight was [[Len Hutton]]'s then world-record score of 364 as England made 903-7 declared. Bradman and [[Jack Fingleton]] injured themselves during Hutton's marathon effort, and with only nine men, Australia fell to defeat by an innings and 579 runs,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6109836.stm |title=Classic Ashes clashes – 1938, The Oval |website=BBC Sport |date=5 November 2006 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6109836.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the heaviest in Test history.

The Ashes resumed after the war when England toured in 1946–47 and, as in 1920–21, found that Australia had made the better post-war recovery. Still captained by Bradman and now featuring the potent new-ball partnership of [[Ray Lindwall]] and [[Keith Miller]], Australia were convincing 3–0 winners.

Aged 38 and having been unwell during the war, Bradman had been reluctant to play. He batted unconvincingly and reached 28 when he hit a ball to [[Jack Ikin]]; England believed it was a catch, but Bradman stood his ground, believing it to be a bump ball. The umpire ruled in the Australian captain's favour and he appeared to regain his fluency of yesteryear, scoring 187. Australia promptly seized the initiative, won the First Test convincingly and inaugurated a dominant post-war era. The controversy over the Ikin catch was one of the biggest disputes of the era.

In 1948, Australia set new standards, completely outplaying its hosts to win 4–0 with one draw. This [[Australian cricket team in England in 1948|Australian team]], led by Bradman, who turned 40 during his final tour of England, has gone down in history as ''The Invincibles''. Playing 34 matches on tour—three of which were not first-class—and including the five Tests, they remained unbeaten, winning 27 and drawing 7.

Bradman's men were greeted by packed crowds across the country, and records for Test attendances in England were set in the [[Second Test, 1948 Ashes series|Second]] and [[Fourth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fourth Tests]] at Lord's and Headingley respectively. Before a record attendance of spectators at Headingley, Australia set a world record by chasing down 404 on the last day for a seven-wicket victory.

The 1948 series ended with one of the most poignant moments in cricket history, as Bradman played his final innings for Australia in the [[Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fifth Test]] at The Oval, needing to score only four runs to end with a career [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of exactly 100. However, Bradman made a second-ball duck, bowled by an [[Eric Hollies]] googly<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 May 2009|title=1948 – Bradman's final innings duck|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8036237.stm|website=BBC Sport|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402185229/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8036237.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> that sent him into retirement with a career average of 99.94.

Bradman was succeeded as Australian captain by [[Lindsay Hassett]], who led the team to a 4–1 series victory in 1950–51. The series was not as one-sided as the number of wins suggest, with several tight matches.

The tide finally turned in 1953 when England won the final Test at The Oval to take the series 1–0, having narrowly avoided defeat in the preceding Test at Headingley. This was the beginning of one of the greatest periods in English cricket history with players such as captain Len Hutton, batsmen [[Denis Compton]], [[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]], [[Tom Graveney]], [[Colin Cowdrey]], bowlers [[Fred Trueman]], [[Brian Statham]], [[Alec Bedser]], [[Jim Laker]], [[Tony Lock]], wicket-keeper [[Godfrey Evans]] and all-rounder [[Trevor Bailey]].

===1954 to 1971===
[[File:Peter May.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]] driving [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill Johnston]] on his way to a century at Sydney.]]
In [[English cricket team in Australia in 1954-55|1954–55]], Australia's batsmen had no answer to the pace of [[Frank Tyson]] and Statham. After winning the First Test by an innings after being controversially sent in by Hutton, Australia lost its way and England took a hat-trick of victories to win the series 3–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 435–437.</ref>

A dramatic series in 1956 saw a record that will probably never be beaten: off-spinner [[Jim Laker]]'s monumental effort at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] when he bowled 68 of 191 overs to take 19 out of 20 possible Australian wickets in the Fourth Test.<ref>Harte, pp. 444–446.</ref> It was Australia's second consecutive innings defeat in a wet summer, and the hosts were in strong positions in the two drawn Tests, in which half the playing time was washed out. Bradman rated the team that won the series 2–1 as England's best ever.

England's dominance was not to last. Australia won 4–0 in 1958–59, having found a high-quality spinner of their own in new skipper [[Richie Benaud]], who took 31 wickets in the five-Test series, and paceman [[Alan Keith Davidson|Alan Davidson]], who took 24 wickets at 19.00. The series was overshadowed by the furore over various Australian bowlers, most notably [[Ian Meckiff]], whom the English management and media accused of [[throwing (cricket)|illegally throwing]] Australia to victory.

In 1961, Australia won a hard-fought series 2–1, their first Ashes series win in England for 13 years. After narrowly winning the Second Test at Lord's, dubbed "The Battle of the Ridge" because of a protrusion on the pitch that caused erratic bounce, Australia mounted a comeback on the final day of the Fourth Test at Old Trafford and sealed the series with [[Richie Benaud]] taking 6-70 during the English runchase.

The tempo of the play changed over the next four series in the 1960s, held in 1962–63, 1964, 1965–66 and 1968. The powerful array of bowlers that both countries boasted in the preceding decade moved into retirement, and their replacements were of lesser quality, making it more difficult to force a result. England failed to win any series during the 1960s, a period dominated by draws as teams found it more prudent to save face than risk losing. Of the 20 Tests played during the four series, Australia won four and England three. As they held the Ashes, Australia's captains [[Bob Simpson (cricketer)|Bob Simpson]] and [[Bill Lawry]] were happy to adopt safety-first tactics and their strategy of sedate batting saw many draws. During this period, spectator attendances dropped and media condemnation increased, but Simpson and Lawry flatly disregarded the public dissatisfaction.

It was in the 1960s that the bipolar dominance of England and Australia in world cricket was seriously challenged for the first time. West Indies defeated England twice in the mid-1960s and South Africa, in two series before they were banned for [[apartheid]], completely outplayed Australia 3–1 and 4–0. Australia had lost 2–1 during a tour of the West Indies in 1964–65, the first time it had lost a series to any team other than England.

In 1970–71, [[Ray Illingworth]] led England to a 2–0 win in Australia, mainly due to [[John Snow (cricketer)|John Snow]]'s fast bowling, and the prolific batting of [[Geoffrey Boycott]] and [[John Edrich]]. It was not until the last session of what was the 7th Test (one match having been abandoned without a ball bowled) that England's success was secured. Lawry was sacked after the Sixth Test after the selectors finally lost patience with Australia's lack of success and dour strategy. Lawry was not informed of the decision privately and heard his fate over the radio.<ref>Harte, pp. 526–530.</ref>

===1972 to 1987===
The 1972 series finished 2–2, with England under Illingworth retaining the Ashes.<ref>Harte, pp. 538–540.</ref>

In the 1974–75 series, with the England team breaking up and their best batsman Geoff Boycott refusing to play, Australian pace bowlers [[Jeff Thomson]] and [[Dennis Lillee]] wreaked havoc. A 4–1 result was a fair reflection as England were left shell shocked.<ref>Harte, pp. 557–559.</ref> England then lost the 1975 series 0–1, but at least restored some pride under new captain [[Tony Greig]].<ref>Harte, pp. 561–563.</ref>

Australia won the 1977 Centenary Test<ref>Harte, pp. 580–581.</ref> which was not an Ashes contest, but then a storm broke as [[Kerry Packer]] announced his intention to form [[World Series Cricket]].<ref>Harte, pp. 579–590</ref> WSC affected all Test-playing nations but it weakened Australia especially as the bulk of its players had signed up with Packer; the Australian Cricket Board (ACB) would not select WSC-contracted players and an almost completely new Test team had to be formed. WSC came after an era during which the duopoly of Australian and English dominance dissipated; the Ashes had long been seen as a cricket world championship but the rise of the West Indies in the late 1970s challenged that view. The West Indies would go on to record resounding Test series wins over Australia and England and dominated world cricket until the 1990s.

With Greig having joined WSC, England appointed [[Mike Brearley]] as its captain and he enjoyed great success against Australia. Largely assisted by the return of Boycott, Brearley's men won the 1977 series 3–0 and then completed an overwhelming 5–1 series win against an Australian side missing its WSC players in 1978–79. [[Allan Border]] made his Test debut for Australia in 1978–79.

Brearley retired from Test cricket in 1980 and was succeeded by [[Ian Botham]], who started the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1981|1981 series]] as England captain, by which time the WSC split had ended. After Australia took a 1–0 lead in the first two Tests, Botham was forced to resign or was sacked (depending on the source). Brearley surprisingly agreed to be reappointed before the Third Test at Headingley. This was a remarkable match in which Australia looked certain to take a 2–0 series lead after it had forced England to follow-on 227 runs behind. England, despite being 135 for 7, produced a second innings total of 356, Botham scoring 149*. Chasing just 130, Australia were sensationally dismissed for 111, [[Bob Willis]] taking 8–43. It was the first time since 1894–95 that a team following on had won a Test match. Under Brearley's leadership, England went on to win the next two matches before a drawn final match at The Oval.<ref>Harte, pp. 627–628.</ref> This series became known as 'Botham's Ashes' for his extraordinary feats with both bat and ball, after being dismissed as captain.

In 1982–83 Australia had [[Greg Chappell]] back from WSC as captain, while the England team was weakened by the enforced omission of their [[South African rebel tours|South African tour rebels]], particularly [[Graham Gooch]] and [[John Emburey]]. Australia went 2–0 up after three Tests, but England won the Fourth Test by 3 runs (after a 70-run last wicket stand) to set up the final decider, which was drawn.<ref>Harte, pp. 636–637.</ref>

In 1985, [[David Gower]]'s England team was strengthened by the return of Gooch and Emburey as well as the emergence at international level of [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] and [[Mike Gatting]]. Australia, now captained by [[Allan Border]], had itself been weakened by a rebel South African tour, the loss of [[Terry Alderman]] being a particular factor. England won 3–1.

Despite suffering heavy defeats against the West Indies during the 1980s, England continued to do well in the Ashes. Mike Gatting was the captain in 1986–87 but his team started badly and attracted some criticism.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/268042.html | title=Can't bat, can't bowl, can't field | publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | last=Miller | first=Andrew | author2=Martin Williamson | date=16 November 2006 | access-date=8 November 2007 | archive-date=15 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015131726/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/268042.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Then [[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]] scored three hundreds in successive Tests and bowling successes from [[Graham Dilley]] and [[Gladstone Small]] meant England won the series 2–1.<ref>Harte, pp. 662–664.</ref>

===1989 to 2003===
[[File:MCG99.jpg|right|thumb|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] [[Boxing Day Test]] 1998]]
The Australian team of 1989 was comparable to the great Australian teams of the past, and resoundingly defeated England 4–0.<ref>Harte, pp. 679–682.</ref> Well led by [[Allan Border]], the team included the young cricketers [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]], [[Merv Hughes]], [[David Boon]], [[Ian Healy]] and [[Steve Waugh]], who were all to prove long-serving and successful Ashes competitors. England, now led once again by [[David Gower]], suffered from injuries and poor form. During the Fourth Test news broke that prominent England players had agreed to take part in a "rebel tour" of South Africa the following winter; three of them ([[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]], [[Neil Foster]] and [[John Emburey]]) were playing in the match, and were subsequently dropped from the England side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/139086.html|title=Rebels take a step too far (English rebel tour to South Africa, 1989)|first=Nick|last=Hoult|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|date=July 2004|access-date=22 October 2007|archive-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120707220351/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/139086.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Australia reached a cricketing peak in the 1990s and early 2000s, coupled with a general decline in England's fortunes. After re-establishing its credibility in 1989, Australia underlined its superiority with victories in the 1990–91, 1993, 1994–95, 1997, 1998–99, 2001 and 2002–03 series, all by convincing margins.

Great Australian players in the early years included batsmen Border, Boon, Taylor and Steve Waugh. The captaincy passed from Border to Taylor in the mid-1990s and then to Steve Waugh before the 2001 series. In the latter part of the 1990s Waugh himself, along with his twin brother [[Mark Waugh|Mark]], scored heavily for Australia and fast bowlers [[Glenn McGrath]] and [[Jason Gillespie]] made a serious impact, especially the former. The wicketkeeper-batsman position was held by [[Ian Healy]] for most of the 1990s and by [[Adam Gilchrist]] from 2001 to 2006–07. In the 2000s, batsmen [[Justin Langer]], [[Damien Martyn]] and [[Matthew Hayden]] became noted players for Australia. But the most dominant Australian player was leg-spinner [[Shane Warne]], whose first delivery in Ashes cricket in 1993, to dismiss Mike Gatting, became known as the [[Ball of the Century]].

Australia's record between 1989 and 2005 had a significant impact on the statistics between the two sides. Before the 1989 series began, the win–loss ratio was almost even, with 87 test wins for Australia to England's 86, 74 tests having been drawn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;spanmax2=1+Apr+1989;spanval2=span;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> By the 2005 series Australia's test wins had increased to 115 whereas England's had increased to only 93 (with 82 draws).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;spanmax2=1+Apr+2005;spanval2=span;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> In the period between 1989 and the beginning of the 2005 series, the two sides had played 43 times; Australia winning 28 times, England 7 times, with 8 draws. Only a single England victory had come in a match in which the Ashes were still at stake, namely the First Test of the 1997 series. All others were consolation victories when the Ashes had been secured by Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=ENG;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2005-03-29;end=2005-03-29;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=series;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Cricinfo – Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Series record |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |date=17 June 2008 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

===2005 to 2015===
[[File:Trent Bridge, Flintoff century, 26 Aug 2005.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andrew Flintoff|Flintoff]] reaches 100 at [[Trent Bridge]] in 2005]]
England were undefeated in Test matches through the 2004 calendar year. This elevated them to second in the [[ICC Test Championship]]. Hopes that the [[2005 Ashes series]] would be closely fought proved well-founded, the series remaining undecided as the closing session of the final Test began. Experienced journalists including Richie Benaud rated the series as the most exciting in living memory. It has been compared with the great series of the distant past, such as 1894–95 and 1902.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sport.y2u.co.uk/Cricket/Cricket_The_Ashes.htm|title=THE ASHES, a battle of wills between English and Australian Cricket|website=sport.y2u.co.uk|access-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104233724/http://sport.y2u.co.uk/Cricket/Cricket_The_Ashes.htm|archive-date=4 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The First Test at [[Lord's]] was convincingly won by Australia, but in the remaining four matches the teams were evenly matched and England fought back to win the Second Test by 2 runs, the smallest winning margin in Ashes history, and the second-smallest in all Tests. The rain-affected Third Test ended with the last two Australian batsmen holding out for a draw; and England won the Fourth Test by three wickets after forcing Australia to [[follow-on]] for the first time in 191 Tests. A draw in the final Test gave England victory in an Ashes series for the first time in 18 years and their first Ashes victory at home since 1985.

Australia regained the Ashes on its home turf in the [[2006–07 Ashes series|2006–07 series]] with a convincing 5–0 victory, only the second time an Ashes series had been won by that margin. [[Glenn McGrath]], [[Shane Warne]] and [[Justin Langer]] retired from Test cricket after that series, while [[Damien Martyn]] retired during the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/6513.html|title=Damien Martyn|publisher=cricinfo|access-date=17 February 2008|archive-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207001217/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/6513.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Ashes 2010-11 Sydney Test final wicket.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chris Tremlett]] bowls [[Michael Beer (cricketer)|Michael Beer]] to complete England's 3–1 Ashes victory on 7 January 2011]]

The [[2009 Ashes series|2009 series]] began with a tense draw in the First Test at [[SWALEC Stadium]] in [[Cardiff]], with England's last-wicket batsmen [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] and [[Monty Panesar]] surviving 69 balls. England then achieved its first Ashes win at Lord's since 1934 to go 1–0 up. After a rain-affected draw at Edgbaston, the fourth match at Headingley was convincingly won by Australia by an innings and 80 runs to level the series. Finally, England won the Fifth Test at [[The Oval]] by a margin of 197 runs to regain the Ashes. [[Andrew Flintoff]] retired from Test cricket soon afterwards.

The [[2010–11 Ashes series|2010–11 series]] was played in Australia. The First Test at Brisbane ended in a draw, but England won the Second Test, at Adelaide, by an innings and 71 runs. Australia came back with a victory at Perth in the Third Test. In the Fourth Test at Melbourne Cricket Ground, England batting second scored 513 to defeat Australia (98 and 258) by an innings and 157 runs. This gave England an unbeatable 2–1 lead in the series and so it retained the Ashes. England went on to win the series 3–1, beating Australia by an innings and 83 runs at Sydney in the Fifth Test, including their highest innings total since 1938 (644). England's series victory was its first on Australian soil for 24 years. The 2010–11 Ashes series was the only one in which a team had won three Tests by innings margins and it was the first time England had scored 500 or more four times in a single series. England opener Cook scored 766 runs at average 127.66 in the series, the most dominant batsman in an Ashes series since Bradman in 1930.

Australia's build-up to the [[2013 Ashes series]] was far from ideal. [[Darren Lehmann]] took over as coach from [[Mickey Arthur]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2013 |title=Ashes 2013: Darren Lehmann replaces Mickey Arthur as Australia coach; Clarke steps down as selector |work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-24/lehmann-named-australian-coach/4777030|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223034811/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-24/lehmann-named-australian-coach/4777030|url-status=live}}</ref> following a string of poor results. A batting line-up weakened by the previous year's retirements of former captain [[Ricky Ponting]] and [[Mike Hussey]] was also shorn of opener [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], who was suspended for the start of the series following an off-field incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashes 2013: David Warner set for southern Africa match practice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23261135 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710225656/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23261135 |url-status=live }}</ref> England won a closely fought First Test by 14 runs, despite 19-year-old debutant [[Ashton Agar]] making a world-record 98 for a number 11 in the first innings. England then won a very one-sided Second Test by 347 runs while the rain-affected Third Test, held at a newly refurbished Old Trafford, was drawn, ensuring that England retained the Ashes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sheringham |first=Sam |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23579840 |title=Ashes 2013: England retain Ashes as rain forces Old Trafford draw |work=BBC Sport |date=5 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812110007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23579840 |url-status=live }}</ref> England won the Fourth Test by 74 runs after Australia lost their last eight second-innings wickets for only 86 runs. The final Test was drawn,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23836394 |title=Ashes 2013: Ashes 2013: England win series 3–0 after bad light ends Oval Test |work=BBC Sport |date=25 August 2013 |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828061619/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23836394 |url-status=live }}</ref> giving England a 3–0 series win.

[[File:Australia won the Ashes 5-0.jpg|thumb|240px|Celebrations at the SCG after Australia won the Ashes 5–0 in 2014]]
In the second of two Ashes series held in [[2013–14 Ashes series|2013 (the series ended in 2014)]], this time hosted by Australia, the home team won the series five test matches to nil. This was the third time Australia has completed a clean sweep (or "whitewash") in Ashes history, a feat never matched by England. All six Australian specialist batsmen scored more runs than any Englishman with 10 centuries among them, with only debutant Ben Stokes scoring a century for England. Mitchell Johnson took 37 English wickets at 13.97 and Ryan Harris 22 wickets at 19.31 in the 5-Test series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/708507.html;type=series|title=The best series for fast bowlers|work=Cricinfo|date=10 January 2014|access-date=3 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109234522/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/708507.html|archive-date=9 November 2015}}</ref> Only Stuart Broad and all-rounder Stokes bowled effectively for England, with their spinner Graeme Swann retiring due to a chronic elbow injury after the decisive Third Test.

Australia came into the [[2015 Ashes series]] in England as favourites to retain the Ashes. Although England won the first Test in Cardiff, Australia won comfortably in the second Test at Lords. In the next two Tests, the Australian batsmen struggled, being bowled out for 136 in the first innings at [[Edgbaston]], with England proceeding to win by eight wickets. This was followed by Australia being bowled out for 60 as [[Stuart Broad]] took five wickets and finished the spell with 8 for 15 in the first innings at Trent Bridge, the quickest – in terms of balls faced – a team has been bowled out in the first innings of a Test match. With victory by an innings and 78 runs on the morning of the third day of the Fourth Test, England regained the Ashes.

===2017 to present===
During the buildup, the [[2017–18 Ashes series]] was regarded as a turning point for both sides. Australia were criticised for being too reliant on captain Steve Smith and vice-captain David Warner, while England was said to have a shoddy middle to lower order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97160/australia-cricket-team-over-reliant-on-steve-smith-david-warner-feels-michael-slater |title=Australia over-reliant on Smith, Warner, feels Slater |website=[[CricBuzz]] |date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813144424/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97160/australia-cricket-team-over-reliant-on-steve-smith-david-warner-feels-michael-slater |url-status=live }}</ref> Off the field, England all-rounder [[Ben Stokes]] was ruled out of the side indefinitely due to a police investigation.

Australia won the first Test match in Brisbane by 10 wickets<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42132855|title=Ashes: Australia beat England by 10 wickets in first Test|work=BBC Sport|date=27 November 2017|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619161907/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42132855|url-status=live}}</ref> and the second Test at Adelaide by 120 runs in the first ever day-night Ashes test match. Australia regained The Ashes with an innings and 41 run win in the third Test at Perth; the final Ashes Test at the WACA Ground.<ref name="reclaim">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/day-five-australia-england-third-magellan-ashes-test-video-highlights-live-scores-stream-waca/2017-12-18 |title=Ruthless Australia regain the Ashes |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=18 December 2017 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126190949/http://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/day-five-australia-england-third-magellan-ashes-test-video-highlights-live-scores-stream-waca/2017-12-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to the [[2019 Ashes series]], both teams were considered to have very strong bowling attacks but struggling batting orders. Australia had its top-order batsmen [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] and [[Cameron Bancroft]] available for international selection after being banned from international cricket for 9–12 months following the [[2018 Australian ball-tampering scandal|ball-tampering scandal]] in South Africa, during which time [[India national cricket team|India]] had won its first ever Test series in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969301 |title=India secure historic series victory |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107232946/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969301 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Australia recovered to win the [[Sri Lanka cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|Test series]] against Sri Lanka 2–0.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1047647 |title=Starc takes ten as Australia sweep series |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204174352/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1047647 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite winning the [[2019 Cricket World Cup Final|Cricket World Cup]] in July 2019 for the first time, England had also been criticised for its fragile top-order in Tests. The retirement of opener [[Alastair Cook]] in August 2018 ensured potential top-order batsmen [[Rory Burns]], [[Joe Denly]] and [[Jason Roy]] were able to secure a place in the side. Despite losing a Test series 2–1 in their [[England cricket team in the West Indies in 2018–19|tour of the West Indies]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47217347 |title=England in West Indies: Tourists claim consolation 232-run victory as hosts win series 2-1 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=12 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212210303/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47217347 |url-status=live }}</ref> England then improved to win the [[Irish cricket team in England in 2019|one-off Test against Ireland]], by 143 runs. The 2019 series was eventually drawn 2–2, with Australia retaining the Ashes.

The [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021 Ashes series]] was played from December 2021 through January 2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/2021-2022-summer-of-cricket-schedule-fixture-season-australia-ashes-dates-venues-england-india/2021-05-19 |title=Fixture confirmed for dual Ashes series, Afghan Test |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518203135/https://www.cricket.com.au/news/2021-2022-summer-of-cricket-schedule-fixture-season-australia-ashes-dates-venues-england-india/2021-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> and featured the first Ashes Test match to be played in Tasmania, at [[Hobart]]'s [[Bellerive Oval]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-14/tasmanians-celebrate-fifth-ashes-test-beginning-in-hobart/100757020|title=Tasmanians gather to watch historic fifth Ashes Test at Bellerive Oval in Hobart|date=14 January 2022|access-date=17 January 2022|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117011141/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-14/tasmanians-celebrate-fifth-ashes-test-beginning-in-hobart/100757020|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia retained the Ashes in the 2021–22 Ashes series, after comfortably beating England 4–0.

England were the hosts of five Test matches of the [[2023 Ashes series]]. The series got off to a good start for Australia as they won the first two Tests to go 0-2 up. The hosts won the third Test to put the series at 1-2 for the visitors. England needed to win the fourth Test in a hope to not only level the series but prevent Australia from retaining the Ashes. The match looked good for England to win, but [[rain]] intervened on the last two days and forced a draw, thus Australia retained the Ashes with the series at 1-2 after four Tests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia retain Ashes after fourth test washout |url=https://supersport.com/cricket/england-v-australia-the-ashes-2023/news/636db311-c468-424b-b952-a6ee74799793/australia-retain-ashes-after-fourth-test-washout |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=SuperSport |language=en}}</ref> The fifth and final Test was played at [[The Oval]]. During the contest [[Stuart Broad]] announced that he would retire from cricket at the end of the match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World reacts to stunning Stuart Broad retirement news |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3610356 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> England went on to win the final Test match to draw the series at 2-2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ashes {{!}} 2023 The Ashes {{!}} Live Score, Schedule, News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/the-ashes-2023-1336037 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World reacts to thrilling drawn Ashes series |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3612212 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Summary of results and statistics==
{{for|a full listing of all the Ashes series since 1882|List of Ashes series}}
In the 140 years since 1883, Australia have held the Ashes for approximately 84.5 years, and England for 55.5 years:
{{Ashes timeline}}

Test results, up to and including 31 July 2023:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team |title=Team records | Test matches |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=18 October 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612092214/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;trophy=1;type=team}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Australia and England have played an additional 16 Tests: nine prior to the Ashes, and a further 7 where the Ashes were not at stake. Including these Tests, the win–loss record stands at 152 Australian wins, 111 English wins, and 97 draws (up to and including the 4th Test of the 2023 series).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records | Test matches |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;type=team|access-date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223034915/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=won;team=2;template=results;type=team|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Overall Test Results
|-
| '''Tests played''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins'''|| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[England national cricket team|England]] wins''' || '''Draws'''
|-
| 361 || 152 || 111 || 98
|-
|}

Series results, up to and including 31 July 2023:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Overall Series Results
|-
| '''Series played''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins'''|| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[England national cricket team|England]] wins''' || '''Draws'''
|-
| 73 || 34 || 32 || 7
|-
|}

A team must win a series to gain the right to hold the Ashes. A drawn series results in the previous holders retaining the Ashes. Ashes series have generally been played over five Test matches, although there have been four-match series (1938 and 1975) and six-match series (1970–71, 1974–75, 1978–79, 1981, 1985, 1989, 1993 and 1997). Australians have made 264 [[century (cricket)|centuries]] in Ashes Tests, of which 23 have been scores over 200, while Englishmen have scored 212 centuries, of which 10 have been over 200. Australians have taken [[10 wickets in a match]] on 41 occasions, Englishmen 38 times.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

==Match venues==
The series alternates between England (and Wales) and Australia, and each match of a series is held at a different ground.

{{location map+|Australia|float=right|width=500|caption=Locations of all Ashes tests within Australia, Manuka Oval is the only current Test Ground in Australia not to hold an Ashes Test. Perth Stadium was due to hold the fifth Test in 2021–22, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was played at Bellerive Oval.|places=
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]]|position=right|lat=-37.82|long=144.9834}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]]|position=right|lat=-33.89151|long=151.22518}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[The Gabba]]/<s>[[Brisbane Exhibition Ground]]</s>|position=left|lat=-27.4858376|long=153.0380853}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Adelaide Oval]]|position=left|lat=-34.9166072|long=138.596565}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=<s>[[WACA Ground|WACA]]</s>|position=left|lat= -31.9530044|long=115.8574693}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Bellerive Oval]]|position=right|lat=-42.877566|long=147.373505}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Perth Stadium]]|position=right|lat= -31.574|long=115.53205}}
{{location map~|Australia|label=[[Manuka Oval]]|position=right|lat= -35.3191676|long=149.1336799}}
}}

{{location map+|England|float=right|width=500|caption=Locations of all Ashes tests within England and Wales, The Rose Bowl is the only current Test Ground in England not to hold an Ashes Test.|places=
{{location map~|England|label=<s>[[Bramall Lane]]</s>|position=right|lat=53.370278|long=-1.470833}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]|position=left|lat=52.455814|long=-1.902489}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]]|position=right|lat=53.816353|long=-1.582172}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[The Oval]]|position=right|lat=51.483719|long=-0.114981}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Lord's]]|position=top|lat=51.5294|long=-0.1727}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]]|position=left|lat=53.456347|long=-2.286761}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]]|position=right|lat=54.849644|long=-1.560706}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]]|position=left|lat=51.487222|long=-3.191389}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Trent Bridge]]|position=right|lat=52.95 |long=-1.133333}}
{{location map~|England|label=[[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|The Rose Bowl]]|position=bottom|lat=50.924|long=-1.3219}}
}}

===Australia===
In [[Australia]], the grounds currently used are [[The Gabba]] in Brisbane (first staged an England–Australia Test in the 1932–33 season), [[Adelaide Oval]] (1884–85), the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG) (1876–77), and the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] (SCG) (1881–82). A single Test was held at the [[Brisbane Showgrounds|Brisbane Exhibition Ground]] in 1928–29. Traditionally, Melbourne hosts the [[Boxing Day Test]] and Sydney hosts the New Year's Day Test.

Additionally [[WACA Ground|the WACA]] in Perth (1970–71) hosted its [[2017–18 Ashes series#3rd Test|final Ashes Test]] in 2017–18 and was due to be replaced by [[Perth Stadium]] for the [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22 series]]. However, [[Western Australia]]n border restrictions and quarantine requirements during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] led to a change in venue for the final Ashes Test to [[Bellerive Oval]] in Hobart. This was the first Ashes Test match to be held in Tasmania.

Cricket Australia proposed that the 2010–11 series consist of six Tests, with the additional game to be played at Bellerive Oval in Hobart. The England and Wales Cricket Board declined and the series was played over five Tests.

===England===
In [[England]] and [[Wales]], the grounds currently used are: [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] in Manchester (1884), [[The Oval]] in [[Kennington]], [[South London]] (1884); [[Lord's]] in [[St John's Wood]], [[North London]] (1884); [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] in [[Leeds]] (1899) and [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]] in [[Birmingham]] (1902). Additionally [[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]] in [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]] (2009); the [[Riverside Ground]] in [[Chester-le-Street]], [[County Durham]] (2013) and [[Trent Bridge]] at [[West Bridgford]] (1899), have been used and one Test was also held at [[Bramall Lane]] in [[Sheffield]] in 1902. Traditionally the final Test of the series is played at the Oval.

Sophia Gardens and the Riverside were excluded as Test grounds between the years of 2020 and 2031 and therefore will not host an Ashes Test until at least 2035. The ECB announced the 2027 and 2031 Ashes series venues will be held at Lord's (2027 and 2031), The Oval (2027 and 2031), Edgbaston (2027), Trent Bridge (2027 and 2031), The Rose Bowl (2027), Old Trafford (2031) and Headingley (2031). <ref>[https://www.kiaoval.com/england-cricket-major-match-venues-for-2025-31-announced/ Kia Oval]</ref>
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=14|In Australia
|-
! Stadium
! [[States and territories of Australia|State]]
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|Australia}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|England}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]], [[Melbourne]]
| align=left|{{flag|Victoria}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 51
| rowspan=7|
| 27
| 2021
| rowspan=7|
| 7
| rowspan=7|
| 19
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56441.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195116/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56441.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]], [[Sydney]]
| align=left|{{flag|New South Wales}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 52
| 23
| 2018
| 7
| 22
| 2011
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Sydney Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56544.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152929/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56544.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| align=left|{{flag|South Australia}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1884–85|1884–85]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 33
| 19
| 2021
| 5
| 9
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Adelaide Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56293.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195445/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56293.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[Brisbane Showgrounds|Brisbane Exhibition Ground]], [[Brisbane]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Queensland}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|–
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1928
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=Brisbane Exhibition Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56338.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152917/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56338.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| align=left|{{flag|Queensland}}
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33|1932–33]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 22
| 13
| 2021
| 5
| 4
| 1986
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Gabba|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56336.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152905/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56336.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Western Australia}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1970–71|1970–71]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[2017–18 Ashes series|2017–18]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|13
| bgcolor=LightGrey|9
| bgcolor=LightGrey|2017
| bgcolor=LightGrey|3
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1978
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=WACA Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56490.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209153709/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56490.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]]
| align=left|{{flag|Tasmania}}
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22]]
| 1
| 1
| 2021
| 0
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Bellerive Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56407.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221165112/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56407.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=14|In England and Wales
|-
! Stadium
! [[Historic counties of England|County]]†
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|England}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! colspan=2|{{cr|Australia}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]
| align=left|{{flag|Lancashire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#First Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 32
| rowspan=9|
| 7
| 1981
| rowspan=9|
| 17
| rowspan=9|
| 8
| 2019
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Old Trafford|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57160.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209185302/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57160.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Lord's]], [[London]]
| align=left|{{flag|Middlesex}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#Second Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 38
| 7
| 2013
| 15
| 16
| 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57129.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210085152/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57129.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[The Oval]], [[London]]
| align=left|{{flag|Surrey}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884#Third Test|1884]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 36
| 16
| 2023
| 14
| 6
| 2015
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Oval|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57127.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209185303/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57127.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]
| align=left|{{flag|Nottinghamshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1899#First Test|1899]]
| [[2015 Ashes series|2015]]
| 22
| 6
| 2015
| 9
| 7
| 2001
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Trent Bridge|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57219.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194824/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57219.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]]
| align=left|{{flag|Yorkshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1899#Third Test|1899]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 26
| 9
| 2023
| 8
| 9
| 2009
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Headingley|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57092.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194831/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57092.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| align=left|{{flag|Warwickshire}}
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#First Test, 29–31 May: England v Australia|1902]]
| [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
| 16
| 6
| 2015
| 5
| 5
| 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Edgbaston|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56788.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191058/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56788.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|[[Bramall Lane]], [[Sheffield]]‡
| bgcolor=LightGrey align=left|{{flag|Yorkshire}}
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#Third Test, 3–5 July: England v Australia|1902]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1902#Third Test, 3–5 July: England v Australia|1902]]
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|–
| bgcolor=LightGrey|0
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1
| bgcolor=LightGrey|1902
| bgcolor=LightGrey|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bramall Lane|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57296.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194836/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57296.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]], [[Cardiff]]
| align=left|{{flag|Glamorgan}}
| [[2009 Ashes series|2009]]
| [[2015 Ashes series|2015]]
| 2
| 1
| 2015
| 1
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sophia Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56874.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191035/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56874.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]], [[Chester-le-Street]]
| align=left|{{flag|County Durham|name=Durham}}
| [[2013 Ashes series|2013]]
| [[2013 Ashes series|2013]]
| 1
| 1
| 2013
| 0
| 0
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Riverside|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56901.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191046/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/56901.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=1;type=aggregate;view=results|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

*Including abandoned tests

†County cricket clubs who play at the grounds

‡Former grounds which no longer host Test Matches

==Cultural references==
[[File:The Ashes Urn Replica (2016).jpg|150px|thumb|left|A modern-day replica of [[The Ashes urn]]]]

The popularity and reputation of the cricket series has led to other sports and games using the name "Ashes" for contests between England/Great Britain and Australia. The best-known and longest-running of these events is the [[rugby league]] rivalry between [[Great Britain national rugby league team|Great Britain]] and [[Australia national rugby league team|Australia]] (see [[The Ashes (rugby league)|rugby league "Ashes"]]). Use of the name "Ashes" was suggested by the Australian team when rugby league matches between the two countries commenced in 1908. Other examples included the television game shows ''[[Gladiators (TV series)|Gladiators]]'' and ''[[Sale of the Century (Australian game show)|Sale of the Century]]'', both of which broadcast special editions containing contestants from the Australian and English versions of the shows competing against each other.

The term became further genericised in Australia in the first half of the twentieth century, and was used to describe many sports rivalries or competitions outside the context of Australia vs England. The [[Australian rules football]] [[Interstate matches in Australian rules football|interstate carnival]], and the small silver casket which served as its trophy, were symbolically known as "the Ashes" of Australian football,<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Daily Herald|publication-place=Adelaide, SA|title=Carnival champions – presentation of the Ashes|page=9}}</ref> and was spoken of as such until at least the 1940s.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Barrier Daily Truth|publication-place=Broken Hill, NSW|page=6|title=Victoria's football ashes|date=11 August 1947}}</ref> The soccer rivalry between Australia and New Zealand was described as "the soccer ashes of Australasia" until as late as the 1950s;<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Sporting Globe|publication-place=Melbourne, VIC|title=Kiwis to win the Ashes|author=J. O. Wishaw|page=7|date=25 August 1954}}</ref> ashes from cigars smoked by the two countries' captains were put into a casket in 1923 to make the trophy literal.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Referee|publication-place=Sydney, NSW|page=16|title=The soccer ashes of Australasia|date=16 April 1924}}</ref> The interstate [[rugby league]] [[State of Origin series#Interstate Rugby League before 1980|rivalry between Queensland and New South Wales]] was known for a time as Australia's rugby league ashes, and [[lawn bowls|bowls]] competitions between the two states also regularly used the term.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Brisbane Courier|publication-place=Brisbane, QLD|title=Bowls – N.S.W. "Knuts" retain the "Ashes"|page=3|date=14 July 1920}}</ref> Even some local rivalries, such as southern Western Australia's annual Great Southern Football Carnival, were locally described as "the ashes".<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Great Southern Herald|publication-place=Katanning, WA|page=3|date=21 September 1935|title=Great Southern Football Carnival}}</ref> This genericised usage is no longer common, and "the Ashes" would today be assumed only to apply to a contest between Australia and England.

The Ashes featured in the film ''[[The Final Test]]'', released in 1953, based on a television play by [[Terence Rattigan]]. It stars [[Jack Warner (actor)|Jack Warner]] as an England cricketer playing the last Test of his career, which is the last of an Ashes series; the film includes cameo appearances of English captain [[Len Hutton]] and other players<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045769/|title=The Final Test (1953)|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|access-date=13 July 2013|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104033237/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045769/|url-status=live}}</ref> who were part of England's 1953 triumph.

[[Douglas Adams]]'s 1982 science fiction comedy novel ''[[Life, the Universe and Everything]]'' – the third part of ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' series – features the urn containing the Ashes as a significant element of its plot. The urn is stolen by alien robots, as the burnt stump inside is part of a key needed to unlock the "Wikkit Gate" and release an imprisoned world called Krikkit.

''[[Bodyline (miniseries)|Bodyline]]'', a fictionalised television [[miniseries]] based on the "[[Bodyline]]" Ashes series of 1932–33, was screened in Australia in 1984. The cast included [[Gary Sweet]] as [[Donald Bradman]] and [[Hugo Weaving]] as England captain [[Douglas Jardine]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frith|first1=David|title=Bodyline Autopsy: The full story of the most sensational Test cricket series: Australia v England 1932–33|date=24 June 2013|publisher=Aurum Press|isbn=9781781311936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijnLAgAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref>

In the 1938 film ''[[The Lady Vanishes]]'', [[Charters and Caldicott]], played by [[Basil Radford]] and [[Naunton Wayne]] are two cricket fans who are desperate to get home from Europe in order to see the last day's play in the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1938#Third Test|Third Test at Manchester]]. It is not until they see a newsboy's poster near the end of the film that they discover that the match had been abandoned, due to floods.

==See also==
{{Portal|Cricket}}
* [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883]]
* [[History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889]]
* [[History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900]]
* [[The Women's Ashes]]
* [[Ella-Mobbs Trophy]] (the Rugby Union equivalent of England-Australia matches)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book| last = Berry | first = S. | year = 2006 | title = Cricket's Burning Passion | location = London | publisher=Methuen | isbn = 0-413-77627-1 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Birley | first = D. | year = 2003 | title = A Social History of English Cricket | location = London | publisher = Aurum Press | isbn = 1-85410-941-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofe0000birl }}
* {{Cite book| last = Frith | first = David | year = 1990 | title = Australia versus England: A Pictorial History of Every Test Match Since 1877 | location = Victoria (Australia) | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn = 0-670-90323-X }}
* {{Cite book| last = Frith | first = David | year = 2002 | title = Bodyline Autopsy: The Full Story of the Most Sensational Test Cricket Series - England v Australia 1932-3 | location = London | publisher=Aurum Press | isbn = 978-1-8541-0896-8 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Gibb | first = J. | year = 1979 | title = Test Cricket Records From 1877 | location = London | publisher=Collins | isbn = 0-00-411690-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Gibson | first = A. | year = 1989 | title = Cricket Captains of England | location = London | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn = 1-85145-395-4 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Green | first = B. | year = 1979 | title = Wisden Anthology 1864–1900 | location = London | publisher=M & J/QA Press | isbn = 0-356-10732-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Harte | first = Chris | year = 2003 | title = Penguin History of Australian Cricket | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn = 0-670-04133-5 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Munns | first = J. | year = 1994 | title = Beyond Reasonable Doubt – Rupertswood, Sunbury – The Birthplace of the Ashes | location = Australia | publisher=Joy Munns | isbn = 0-646-22153-1 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Warner | first = P. | year = 1987 | title = Lord's 1787–1945 | location = London | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn = 1-85145-112-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Warner | first = P. | year = 2004 | title = How We Recovered the Ashes: MCC Tour 1903–1904 | location = London | publisher=Methuen | isbn = 0-413-77399-X }}
* Willis, R. [http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php?products_id=486 ''Cricket's Biggest Mystery: The Ashes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514084152/http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php?products_id=486 |date=14 May 2013 }}, The Lutterworth Press (1987), {{ISBN|978-0-7188-2588-1}}.
* {{Cite book| last = Wynne-Thomas | first = P. | year = 1989 | title = The Complete History of Cricket Tours at Home and Abroad |location = London | publisher=Hamlyn | isbn = 0-600-55782-0 }}

===Other===
* ''Wisden's Cricketers Almanack'' (various editions)

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|The Ashes}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toukmRyDuOE Ashes to Ashes] An audio history of the first hundred years of the Ashes, narrated by [[John Arlott]]
* [http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/story/259985.html Cricinfo's Ashes] website
* [http://www.mcc.org.au/News/Club%20Publications/~/media/Files/Origin%20of%20the%20Ashes.ashx The Origin of the Ashes – Rex Harcourt]
* Listen to a young [http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/ Don Bradman speaking] after the 1930 Ashes tour

{{Ashes Test series}}
{{Compton–Miller Medal winners}}
{{Named Test Cricket series}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashes}}
[[Category:The Ashes| ]]
[[Category:Australia in international cricket]]
[[Category:Cricket awards and rankings]]
[[Category:Cricket rivalries]]
[[Category:England in international cricket]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1882]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1882]]
[[Category:Test cricket competitions]]

List of boat types

2023-05-02T16:04:56Z

Tom dl:

{{Short description|none}}
This is a '''list of boat types'''. For [[sailing ship]]s, see: [[List of sailing boat types]].

{{dynamic list}}

{{compact toc |seealso=yes |refs=yes}}

==A==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Airboat]]
* [[Ark (river boat)|Ark]]
* [[Auxiliary ship]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==B==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Banana boat (ship)|Banana boat]] (merchant)
* [[Banana boat (boat)|Banana boat]] (recreational)
* [[Barge]]
* [[Bass boat]]
* [[Boita]]
* [[Bow rider]]
* [[Bracera]]
* [[Brig]]
* [[Brigantine]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==C==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Cabin cruiser]]
* [[Cruise ship]]
* [[Cable ferry]]
* [[Canoe]]
* [[Cape Islander]]
* [[Captain's gig]]
* [[Car-boat]]
* [[Car float]]
* [[Catamaran]]
* [[Center console (boat)|Center console]]
* [[Chundan vallam]]
* [[Coble]]
* [[Cog (ship)|Cog]]
* [[Coracle]]
* [[Cornish pilot gig]]
* [[Crash rescue boat]]
* [[Cuddy (cabin)|Cuddy boat]]
* [[Cutter (boat)|Cutter]]
* [[Currach|Currach (sp. to West of Ireland and Scotland)]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==D==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Deck Boat]]
* [[Dhow]]
* [[Dhoni_(fishing_vessel)|Dhoni]]
* [[Dinghy]]
* [[Dorna (boat)|Dorna]]
* [[Dory]]
* [[Dragon boat]]
* [[McKenzie River dory|Drift boat]]
* [[Drifter (fishing boat)|Drifter (fishing)]]
* [[Naval drifter|Drifter (naval)]]
* [[Dugout (boat)|Dugout]]
* [[Durham boat]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==E==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Electric boat]]
* [[Express cruiser]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==F==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Faering]]
* [[Felucca]]
* [[Ferry]]
* [[Fireboat]]
* [[Fishing vessel|Fishing boat]] (contemporary)
* [[Traditional fishing boat|Fishing boat]] (traditional)
* [[Float tube]]
* [[Fly (dinghy)|Fly]]
* [[Fishing tug]]
* [[Frigate]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==G==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Galley]]
* [[Galleon]]
* [[Galway hooker]]
* [[Garbage scow]]
* [[Gig (boat)]]
* [[Go-fast boat]]
* [[Gondola]]
* [[Gundalow]]
* [[Lake freighter|Great Lakes freighter]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==H==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[LCVP (United States)|Higgins]]
* [[Houario]]
* [[Houseboat]]
* [[Hovercraft]]
* [[Hydrofoil]]
* [[Hydroplane (boat)|Hydroplane]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==I==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Ice boat]]
* [[Inflatable boat]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==J==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Jetboat]]
* [[Jet ski]]
* [[Jon boat]]
* [[Jukung]]
* [[Junk (ship)|Junk]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==K==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Kayak]] and [[Sea kayak]]
* [[Ketch]]
* [[Kettuvallam]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==L==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Lafitte skiff]]
* [[Launch (boat)|Launch]]
* [[Landing craft]]
* [[Lifeboat (rescue)|Lifeboat]]
* [[Lighter (barge)|Lighter]]
* [[Ocean liner|Liner]]
* [[LNG carrier]]
* [[Dugout (boat)|Log boat]]
* [[Langschiff]]
* [[Longboat]]
* [[Longship]]
* [[Longtail boat|Longtail]]
* [[Lugger]]
* [[Luxury yacht]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==M==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Mackinaw boat]]
* [[Masoola boat|Masula boat]]
* [[Missile boat]]
* [[Monitor (warship)|Monitor]]
* [[Motorboat]]
* [[Motor Launch|Motor Launch (naval)]]
* Mini Gascogna
{{div col end}}

[[#top|Top of page]]

==N==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Narrowboat]]
* [[Naval ship]]
* [[Nordland (boat)|Nordland]]
* [[Norfolk wherry]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==O==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Oiler (ship)]]
* [[Optimist (dinghy)|Optimist]]
* [[Origami boat]]
* [[Outrigger canoe]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==P==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Padded V-hull]]
* [[Paddle steamer]]
* [[Patrol boat]]
* [[Pedalo]] (paddle boat)
* [[Personal water craft]] (PWC)
* [[Pinnace (ship's boat)]]
* [[Pink (ship)]]
* [[Pirogue]]
* [[Pleasure barge]]
* [[Pleasure craft]]
* [[Police watercraft]]
* [[Pontoon (boat)|Pontoon]]
* [[Motorboat|Powerboat]]
* [[Pram (boat)]]
* [[Pram (ship)]]
* [[Proa]]
* [[Pump boat]]
* [[Punt (boat)|Punt]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==Q==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Q-Ship]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]] 

==R==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Raft]]
* [[Reaction ferry]]
* [[Recreational trawler]]
* [[Reed boat]]
* [[Replenishment oiler]]
* [[Rigid-hulled inflatable boat|Rigid-hulled inflatable]]
* [[Riverboat]]
* [[Rodney boat]]
* [[Roll-on/roll-off]] ship
* [[Watercraft rowing|Rowboat]]
* [[Runabout (boat)|Runabout]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==S==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Sailboat]]
* [[Sampan]]
* [[Schooner]]
* [[Scow]]
* [[Sea kayak]] and [[Kayak]]
* [[Shad boat]]
* [[Shallop]]
* [[Sharpie (boat)|Sharpie]]
* [[Shikara]]
* [[Ship's tender]]
* [[Ski boat]]
* [[Skiff]]
* [[Skipjack (boat)|Skipjack]]
* [[Small-craft sailing]]
* [[Slipper Launch]]
* [[Sloop]]
* [[Speed boat]]
* [[Special Operations Craft – Riverine (SOC-R)]]
* [[Steam boat]]
* [[Submarine]]
* [[Surfboat|Surf boat]]
* [[Surfboard]]
* [[Fast Patrol Craft|Swift boat]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==T==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Tanker (ship)|Tanker]]
* [[Tarai Bune]]
* [[Tartane]]
* [[Tjotter]]
* [[Torpedo boat]]
* [[Tour boat]]
* [[Towboat]]
* [[Trailer sailor]]
* [[Train ferry]]
* [[Trimaran]]
* [[Commercial trawler|Trawler (fishing)]]
* [[Naval trawler|Trawler (naval)]]
* [[Recreational trawler|Trawler (recreational)]]
* [[Tugboat]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==U==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[U-boat]]
* [[Umiak]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==V==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Very Slender Vessel]]
* [[Harbour launch|Vlet]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==W==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Waka (canoe)|Waka]]
* [[Wakeboard boat]]
* [[Walkaround (boat)|Walkaround]]
* [[Water ambulance]]
* [[Water taxi]]
* [[Weidling (boat)|Weidling]]
* [[Whaleboat]]
* [[Wherry]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==X==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Xebec]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]] Watercraft

==Y==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Yacht]]
* [[Yawl]]
* [[Yoal]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==Z==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Zille (boat)|Zille]]
{{div col end}}
[[#top|Top of page]]

==See also==
*[[Lists of watercraft types]]

[[Category:Lists of watercraft types|Boat Types]]
[[Category:Boat types| ]]

Introsort

2023-01-17T10:26:13Z

Tom dl: /* pdqsort */

{{Short description|Hybrid sorting algorithm}}
{{Infobox Algorithm
|class=[[Sorting algorithm]]
|image=
|caption=
|data=[[Array data structure|Array]]
|time=O(''n'' log ''n'')
|average-time=O(''n'' log ''n'')
|space=
|optimal=yes
}}

'''Introsort''' or '''introspective sort''' is a [[hybrid algorithm|hybrid]] [[sorting algorithm]] that provides both fast average performance and (asymptotically) optimal worst-case performance. It begins with [[quicksort]], it switches to [[heapsort]] when the recursion depth exceeds a level based on (the [[logarithm]] of) the number of elements being sorted and it switches to [[insertion sort]] when the number of elements is below some threshold. This combines the good parts of the three algorithms, with practical performance comparable to quicksort on typical data sets and worst-case [[Big-O notation|O]](''n'' log ''n'') runtime due to the heap sort. Since the three algorithms it uses are [[comparison sort]]s, it is also a comparison sort.

Introsort was invented by [[David Musser]] in {{harvtxt|Musser|1997}}, in which he also introduced [[introselect]], a hybrid [[selection algorithm]] based on [[quickselect]] (a variant of quicksort), which falls back to [[median of medians]] and thus provides worst-case linear complexity, which is optimal. Both algorithms were introduced with the purpose of providing [[generic algorithm]]s for the [[C++ Standard Library]] which had both fast average performance and optimal worst-case performance, thus allowing the performance requirements to be tightened.<ref>"[http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~musser/gp/algorithms.html Generic Algorithms]", [[David Musser]]</ref> Introsort is [[In-place_algorithm|in place]] and not [[Sorting_algorithm#Stability|stable]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/know-your-sorting-algorithm-set-2-introsort-cs-sorting-weapon/|title = Know Your Sorting Algorithm | Set 2 (Introsort- C++'s Sorting Weapon)|date = 26 June 2016}}</ref>

==Pseudocode==
If a heapsort implementation and partitioning functions of the type discussed in the [[quicksort]] article are available, the introsort can be described succinctly as

'''procedure''' sort(A : array):
maxdepth ← ⌊log2(length(A))⌋ × 2
introsort(A, maxdepth)

'''procedure''' introsort(A, maxdepth):
n ← length(A)
'''if''' n < 16:
insertionsort(A)
'''else if''' maxdepth = 0:
heapsort(A)
'''else''':
p ← partition(A) ''// assume this function does pivot selection, p is the final position of the pivot''
introsort(A[1:p-1], maxdepth - 1)
introsort(A[p+1:n], maxdepth - 1)

The factor 2 in the maximum depth is arbitrary; it can be tuned for practical performance. {{math|''A''[''i'':''j'']}} denotes the [[array slicing|array slice]] of items {{mvar|i}} to {{mvar|j}} including both {{math|''A''[''i'']}} and {{math|''A''[''j'']}}. The indices are assumed to start with 1 (the first element of the {{mono|A}} array is {{mono|A[1]}}).

==Analysis==
In quicksort, one of the critical operations is choosing the pivot: the element around which the list is partitioned. The simplest pivot selection algorithm is to take the first or the last element of the list as the pivot, causing poor behavior for the case of sorted or nearly sorted input. [[Niklaus Wirth]]'s variant uses the middle element to prevent these occurrences, degenerating to O(''n''2) for contrived sequences. The median-of-3 pivot selection algorithm takes the median of the first, middle, and last elements of the list; however, even though this performs well on many real-world inputs, it is still possible to contrive a ''median-of-3 killer'' list that will cause dramatic slowdown of a quicksort based on this pivot selection technique.

Musser reported that on a median-of-3 killer sequence of 100,000 elements, introsort's running time was 1/200 that of median-of-3 quicksort. Musser also considered the effect on [[CPU cache|caches]] of [[Robert Sedgewick (computer scientist)|Sedgewick]]'s delayed small sorting, where small ranges are sorted at the end in a single pass of [[insertion sort]]. He reported that it could double the number of cache misses, but that its performance with [[double-ended queue]]s was significantly better and should be retained for template libraries, in part because the gain in other cases from doing the sorts immediately was not great.

==Implementations==
Introsort or some variant is used in a number of [[standard library]] sort functions, including some [[sort (C++)|C++ sort]] implementations.

The June 2000 [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] C++ [[Standard Template Library]] [http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/stl_algo.h stl_algo.h] implementation of [[unstable sort]] uses the Musser introsort approach with the recursion depth to switch to heapsort passed as a parameter, median-of-3 pivot selection and the Knuth final insertion sort pass for partitions smaller than 16.

The [[GNU Standard C++ library]] is similar: uses introsort with a maximum depth of 2×log2 ''n'', followed by an [[insertion sort]] on partitions smaller than 16.<ref>[https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/libstdc++-html-USERS-4.4/a01027.html libstdc++ Documentation: Sorting Algorithms]</ref>

[[LLVM#C++_Standard_Library|LLVM libc++]] also uses introsort with a maximum depth of 2×log2 ''n'', however the size limit for [[insertion sort]] is different for different data types (30 if swaps are trivial, 6 otherwise). Also, arrays with sizes up to 5 are handled separately.<ref>[https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/368faacac7525e538fa6680aea74e19a75e3458d/libcxx/include/__algorithm/sort.h#L272 libc++ source code: sort]</ref> Kutenin (2022) provides an overview for some changes made by LLVM, with a focus on the 2022 fix for quadraticness.<ref name="Kutenin-LLVM">{{cite web |last1=Kutenin |first1=Danila |title=Changing std::sort at Google’s Scale and Beyond |url=https://danlark.org/2022/04/20/changing-stdsort-at-googles-scale-and-beyond/comment-page-1 |website=Experimental chill |language=en |date=20 April 2022}}</ref>

The [[Microsoft .NET Framework]] [[Base Class Library|Class Library]], starting from version 4.5 (2012), uses introsort instead of simple quicksort.<ref>[http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/6tf1f0bc(v=vs.110).aspx Array.Sort Method (Array)]</ref>

[[Go (programming language)|Go]] uses introsort with small modification: for slices of 12 or less elements it uses [[Shellsort]] instead of [[insertion sort]], and more advanced median of three medians of three pivot selection for quicksort.

[[Java (programming language)|Java]], starting from version 14 (2020), uses a hybrid sorting algorithm that uses merge sort for highly structured arrays (arrays that are composed of a small number of sorted subarrays) and introsort otherwise to sort arrays of ints, longs, floats and doubles.<ref>[https://github.com/openjdk/jdk/blob/jdk-14-ga/src/java.base/share/classes/java/util/DualPivotQuicksort.java#L178 Java 14 source code]</ref>

== Variants ==

=== pdqsort ===
Pattern-defeating quicksort (pdqsort) is a variant of introsort incorporating the following improvements:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peters|first1=Orson R. L. |title=orlp/pdqsort: Pattern-defeating quicksort. |url=https://github.com/orlp/pdqsort |website=GitHub |year=2021 |language=en |arxiv=2106.05123}}</ref>
* Median-of-three pivoting,
* "BlockQuicksort" partitioning technique to mitigate branch misprediction penalities,
* Linear time performance for certain input patterns ([[adaptive sort]]),
* Use element shuffling on bad cases before trying the slower heapsort.

pdqsort is used by [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[GAP (computer algebra system)|GAP]],<ref>{{cite web |title=slice.sort_unstable(&mut self) |url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.slice.html#method.sort_unstable |website=Rust |quote=The current algorithm is based on pattern-defeating quicksort by Orson Peters, which combines the fast average case of randomized quicksort with the fast worst case of heapsort, while achieving linear time on slices with certain patterns. It uses some randomization to avoid degenerate cases, but with a fixed seed to always provide deterministic behavior.}}</ref> and the C++ library [[Boost (C++ libraries)|Boost]].<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Lammich |first1=Peter |title=Efficient Verified Implementation of Introsort and Pdqsort |doi-access=free |conference=IJCAR 2020: Automated Reasoning |date=2020 |volume=12167 |pages=307–323 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-51054-1_18}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===General===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Musser | first = David R. | author-link = David Musser | title = Introspective Sorting and Selection Algorithms | url = http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~musser/gp/introsort.ps| doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1097-024X(199708)27:8<983::AID-SPE117>3.0.CO;2-# | journal = Software: Practice and Experience | volume = 27 | issue = 8 | pages = 983–993 | year = 1997 }}
* Niklaus Wirth. ''Algorithms and Data Structures''. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985. {{ISBN|0-13-022005-1}}.
{{refend}}

{{sorting}}

[[Category:Comparison sorts]]
[[Category:Articles with example pseudocode]]

Cláudio Taffarel

2022-11-30T08:11:28Z

Tom dl: Fix typo

{{short description|Brazilian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Portuguese name|Mergen|Taffarel}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Cláudio Taffarel
| image = Taffarel 2018.png
| caption = Taffarel with [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] in 2018
| fullname = Cláudio André Mergen Taffarel<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cláudio Taffarel: Profile |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/taffarel/ |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=worldfootball.net |publisher=HEIM:SPIEL}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|5|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Santa Rosa, Rio Grande do Sul|Santa Rosa]], Brazil
| height = 1.80 m<ref>{{cite web |title=Cláudio Taffarel |url=http://parma.soccerage.com/ITA_giocatore408.asp |publisher=Parma F.C. |access-date=19 August 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030207164415/http://parma.soccerage.com/ITA_giocatore408.asp |archive-date=7 February 2003}}</ref>
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| currentclub = [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] (Goalkeeper coach)
| youthyears1 = 1984–1985
| youthclubs1 = [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]]
| years1 = 1985–1990
| clubs1 = [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]]
| caps1 = 50
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 1990–1993
| clubs2 = [[Parma F.C.|Parma]]
| caps2 = 74
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 1993–1994
| clubs3 = [[A.C. Reggiana 1919|Reggiana]]
| caps3 = 31
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 1995–1998
| clubs4 = [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]]
| caps4 = 73
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 1998–2001
| clubs5 = [[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]]
| caps5 = 89
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2001–2003
| clubs6 = [[Parma F.C.|Parma]]
| caps6 = 6
| goals6 = 0
| totalcaps = 323
| totalgoals = 0
| nationalyears1 = 1988–1998
| nationalteam1 = [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]
| nationalcaps1 = 101
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| manageryears1 = 2014
| managerclubs1 = [[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]] (interim)
| manageryears2 = 2015
| managerclubs2 = [[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]] (interim)
| medaltemplates-expand = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|Football]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{fb|BRA}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994 USA]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998 France]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Copa América]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[1989 Copa América|1989 Brazil]]|}}
{{Medal|W|[[1997 Copa América|1997 Bolivia]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[1991 Copa América|1991 Chile]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[1995 Copa América|1995 Uruguay]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[CONCACAF Gold Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Third|[[1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup|1998 USA]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul]]|[[Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA U-20 World Cup|FIFA U–20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[1985 FIFA World Youth Championship|1985 USSR]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South American Youth Football Championship|South American U-20 Championship]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[1985 South American U-20 Championship|1985 Paraguay]]|}}
}}

'''Cláudio André Mergen Taffarel''' ({{IPA-pt|ˈklawdʒu tafaˈɾɛw|br}}; born 8 May 1966) is a Brazilian retired [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]], and is the goalkeeping coach of [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] and the [[Brazil national football team|Brazil national team]]. During an 18-year career he played professionally for five different clubs in both Brazil and Europe. He began his senior career in 1985 with Brazilian side [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]], whereas his latter clubs were [[Parma F.C.|Parma]], [[A.C. Reggiana|Reggiana]], [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]], and [[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]]; he ended his career in 2003, after a second spell with Italian team Parma.

The recipient of more than 100 [[Cap (sport)|caps]] for [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]], Taffarel helped the national team win the [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994 World Cup]], also appearing in eight other major international tournaments over the course of one full decade, most notably helping Brazil to a second place in the [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998 World Cup]], and two [[Copa América]] titles in [[1989 Copa América|1989]] and [[1997 Copa América|1997]]; he also won a silver medal at the [[Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Summer Olympic Games]].

==Club career==
Born in [[Santa Rosa, Rio Grande do Sul]], Taffarel began his career playing for [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]] but only appeared in 14 [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]] games during his five-year spell, being however awarded the [[Bola de Ouro|Golden Ball]] award for the [[1988 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1988 season]]. In 1990, he moved abroad and joined [[Parma F.C.|Parma]] in Italy, a club which had been [[1989–90 Serie B|freshly promoted]] to [[Serie A]] for the first time in its history; according to a 2003 article by Andrea Schianchi of ''[[La Gazzetta dello Sport]]'', Taffarel's move to Parma was also carried out for commercial reasons, as at the time, [[Calisto Tanzi]], the then–owner of [[Parmalat]] – the company that owned the club –, was looking to have the Brazilian goalkeeper become the face of the corporation's new advertising campaign following its recent expansion into Brazil. Taffarel became the first non–Italian goalkeeper to play in Serie A, and proceeded to appear in all 34 league games in [[1990–91 Serie A|the following campaign]] under manager [[Nevio Scala]], as the [[Emilia-Romagna]] side finished in sixth position and [[1991–92 UEFA Cup|qualified]] to the [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]. He won the [[Coppa Italia]] in [[1992 Coppa Italia Final|1992]] and the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|Cup Winners' Cup]] in [[1993 European Cup Winners' Cup Final|1993]] during his first spell with the club, although following a series of unconvincing performances, and the regulations at the time that only allowed three non–Italian players in the team's starting XI (with [[Faustino Asprilla]], [[Tomas Brolin]], and [[Georges Grün]] usually being selected to start by Scala), he was relegated to the bench over the course of the next two seasons, initially behind [[Marco Ballotta]] and later [[Luca Bucci]].<ref name="mano di Dio">{{cite news |url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1998/luglio/09/Taffarel_mano_Dio_che_para_co_0_9807093979.shtml |title=Taffarel, la mano di Dio che para i rigori |work=Il Corriere della Sera |page=43 |language=it |last1=Franco |first1=Melli |date=9 July 1998 |access-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110513/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1998/luglio/09/Taffarel_mano_Dio_che_para_co_0_9807093979.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="docet">{{cite news |url=https://forza-parma.blogautore.repubblica.it/2011/01/20/taffarel-docete-te-lo-do-io-il-portiere-brasiliano/ |title=Taffarel docet, te lo do' io il portiere brasiliano |trans-title=Taffarel docet, I'll give you the Brazilian goalkeeper |work=La Repubblica |date=20 January 2011 |access-date=8 May 2020 }}</ref><ref name="hands up">{{cite news |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1994/07/17/taffarel-in-alto-le-mani.html |title=TAFFAREL, IN ALTO LE MANI |trans-title=Taffarel, Hands Up |access-date=8 May 2020 |language=it |work=La Repubblica |date=17 July 1994 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2003/dicembre/29/Cosi_prese_Taffarel_per_vendere_ga_0_0312297366.shtml |title=Così prese Taffarel per vendere il latte |trans-title=And so he acquired Taffarel to sell milk |work=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it |last1=Schianchi |first1=Andrea |date=29 December 2003 |access-date=8 May 2020 }}</ref><ref name="non solo Nakata">{{cite news |url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2001/luglio/06/Parma_non_solo_Nakata_ga_0_0107062000.shtml |title=Parma, non solo Nakata |trans-title=Parma, not only Nakata |work=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it |last1=Schianchi |first1=Andrea |last2=Cecchini |first2=Massimo |last3=Curino |first3=Luca |last4=Agus |first4=Giampietro |last5=Ghisleni |first5=Sergio |last6=Stella |first6=Silvano |date=6 July 2001 |access-date=9 May 2020 }}</ref><ref name="One mistake"/>

In 1993, Taffarel, now only a back-up at Parma, signed for fellow Serie A team [[A.C. Reggiana 1919|Reggiana]], where he was first-choice throughout the following season in a [[1993–94 Serie A|narrow escape from relegation]]. However, he was subsequently dropped from the first team in 1994, and remained without a professional club in the run up to and following that year's World Cup in the United States, playing instead at amateur level with his local church team, and even featuring as a [[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|centre-forward]] on occasion. Afterwards, he returned to his home country in 1995 and played three years with [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]].<ref name="mano di Dio"/><ref name="docet"/><ref name="hands up"/><ref name="One mistake"/><ref name="A letter from... Parma">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/observer/osm/story/0,,1072696,00.html |title=Highway to heaven |work=The Guardian |last1=Eve |first1=James |date=2 November 2003 |access-date=6 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1993/07/04/stoichkov-libero-un-obiettivo-samp.html |title=Stoichkov è libero, un obiettivo Samp |trans-title=Stoichkov is free, a Samp target |work=La Repubblica |language=it |last1=Ferrara |first1=Benedetto |date=4 July 1993 |access-date=8 May 2020 }}</ref>

On 24 June 1998, when still appearing for ''Seleçao'' at [[1998 FIFA World Cup]] tournament in France, Taffarel signed a two-year deal with [[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]] at [[Disneyland Paris]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Taffarel imzayı attı |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/taffarel-imzayi-atti-39025663 |website=Hürriyet.com.tr |publisher=Hürriyet |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Les histoires secrètes du Mondial |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/informations/les-histoires-secretes-du-mondial_629628.html |website=Lexpress.fr |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref> Galatasaray paid a transfer fee of around $1.5 million to his former club [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]]. At Galatasaray, he has won six major trophies during his three-year stint, most notably two [[Süper Lig]] titles and the [[1999–2000 UEFA Cup]] and [[2000 UEFA Super Cup]]; in the [[2000 UEFA Cup Final|final]] of the latter competition – a 4–1 [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shootout]] victory over [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] following a 0–0 draw after 120 minutes – he was chosen as [[Man of the match]].<ref>[http://www.galatasaray.org/tarih/pages/tarih_unut_tafi.php Andre Claudio Taffarel (1966–)]; at Galatasaray S.K. {{in lang|tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/752751.stm|title=Penalty heartbreak for Arsenal|publisher=BBC Sport|date=17 May 2000|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref> He closed out his career with former club Parma, joining the team in 2001;<ref name="non solo Nakata"/> he mainly featured as a second-choice keeper behind [[Sébastien Frey]] during his second spell with the club,<ref name="passato">{{cite news |url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2001/luglio/07/Riecco_Taffarel_tuffo_nel_passato_ga_0_0107072030.shtml |title=Riecco Taffarel, un tuffo nel passato Risuona la filastrocca della memoria |trans-title=Here comes Taffarel again, a dive into the past The memory's nursery rhyme resounds |work=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it |date=7 July 2001 |access-date=8 May 2020 }}</ref> but started in both legs of the [[2002 Coppa Italia Final]], which saw Parma triumph over the newly crowned [[2001–02 Serie A|Serie A champions]], [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.repubblica.it/online/calcio/coppaitalia/coppaitalia/coppaitalia.html |title=La Juventus non fa il bis la Coppa Italia al Parma |trans-title=Juveneuts does not make it two the Coppa Italia goes to Parma |work=La Repubblica |language=it |date=10 May 2002 |access-date=8 May 2020 }}</ref> He retired in 2003, after one-and-a-half seasons with the club, at the age of 37, and after having refused an offer from [[Empoli F.C.|Empoli]]: his car broke while he was going to sign the contract, which he later described as a "sign of God".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2003/settembre/25/Taffarel_dice_all_Empoli_Colpa_co_0_030925086.shtml|title=Taffarel dice no all' Empoli Colpa di un guasto all' auto|trans-title=Taffarel says no to Empoli due to car malfunction|newspaper=[[Corriere della Sera]]|language=it|date=25 September 2003|access-date=29 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="GOD">{{cite news|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Football:+God+gave+Taff+a+sign:+The+big+interview%3B+%60You+need+to+hit...-a0108382287|title=Football: God gave Taff a sign: The big interview; 'You need to hit the darkest point to be able to appreciate the.|publisher=The Free Library|date=1 October 2003|access-date=29 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/SPORT/football/09/26/taffarel.quits.reut/index.html |title=World Cup winner Taffarel retires |work=CNN |date=26 September 2003 |access-date=9 May 2020 }}</ref>

==International career==
Taffarel made his debut for [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] on 7 July 1988 in the [[Australia Bicentenary Gold Cup]], playing all four games and conceding two goals as his team won the tournament. He was also in goal for [[1989 Copa América|the following year's Copa América]], which Brazil also won (during his ten-year international career, he appeared in five editions of the latter tournament, winning the title for a second time in [[1997 Copa América Final|1997]], and collecting runners-up medals in [[1991 Copa América|1991]] and [[1995 Copa América Final|1995]]). At the [[Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Summer Olympics]] in Seoul, he won a silver medal, saving three penalties against [[Germany Olympic football team#Olympiaauswahl (1984–1988)|West Germany]] in the semi-finals of the tournament: one in regulation time, and two in [[Brazil national under-23 football team|Brazil]]'s successful shoot-out.<ref name="mano di Dio"/><ref name="One mistake">{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2000/m=8/news=claudio-taffarel-one-mistake-and-get-all-the-blame-74374.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528022431/http://www.fifa.com/news/y=2000/m=8/news=claudio-taffarel-one-mistake-and-get-all-the-blame-74374.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 May 2015|title=Claudio Taffarel: "One mistake and I get all the blame"|publisher=FIFA|last1=Setyon|first1=Ricardo|date=1 August 2000|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> He was also a member of the Brazilian team that took part at the [[1990 FIFA World Cup]] in Italy, where Brazil were eliminated in the round of 16 following a 1–0 defeat to [[Argentina–Brazil football rivalry|rivals]] and defending champions [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]], with Taffarel conceding only two goals in total throughout the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/why-world-cup-1990-was-tournament-great-goalkeeper |title=Why World Cup 1990 was the tournament of the great goalkeeper |publisher=FourFourTwo |last1=Moore |first1=Nick |date=4 June 2014 |access-date=10 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theworldgame.sbs.com.au/watch-1990-world-cup-flashback-replay-brazil-v-argentina |title=WATCH: 1990 World Cup flashback replay - Brazil v Argentina |publisher=The World Game |date=9 April 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 }}</ref>

Taffarel was the starter for the nation during the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]] in the United States, only allowing one goal in the first round and two in the knock-out phases, excluding two [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty kicks]] in [[1994 FIFA World Cup Final|the final]] shootout victory against [[Italy national football team|Italy]].<ref name="mano di Dio"/><ref name="docet"/><ref name="A letter from... Parma"/> [[1998 FIFA World Cup|Four years later]], in France, he helped his national team to a second consecutive [[1998 FIFA World Cup Final|World Cup final]], which proved to be his final international appearance; on this occasion, however, Brazil lost out 3–0 to the [[France national football team|hosts]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world_cup_98/results_and_reports/newsid_107000/107581.stm |title=France Triumph |work=BBC Sport |date=13 July 1998 |access-date=19 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991110184909/http://www.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world_cup_98/results_and_reports/newsid_107000/107581.stm |archive-date=10 November 1999 }}</ref> In the run-up to the final, Taffarel had notably saved two penalties in the team's 4–2 shootout victory over the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]] in the semi-finals.<ref name="mano di Dio"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesefootballtimes.co/2016/11/25/greatness-without-glory-the-holland-at-france-98/|title=Greatness without glory: the story of Holland at France 98|work=These Football Times|date=25 November 2016|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.repubblica.it/online/sport/braola/braola/braola.html?ref=search |title=Strepitoso Taffarel Il Brasile è in finale |trans-title=Exceptional Taffarel Brazil are in the final |work=La Repubblica |language=it |date=7 July 1998 |access-date=10 May 2020 }}</ref> He was also a member of the Brazilian side that finished in third place at the [[1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup]].

In total, Taffarel played 101 times with the ''Seleção'', making him Brazil's most capped goalkeeper of all time, and one of the few Brazilian players to have made at least 100 caps for the national side.<ref name="A letter from... Parma"/><ref name="RSSSF">[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/taffarel-intl.html Claudio André Mergen Taffarel – Century of International Appearances]; at [[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]]</ref><ref name="RSSSF-Brazil">{{cite web |url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/braz-recintlp.html#app |title=Brazil - Record International Players: Appearances for Brazil National Team |publisher=RSSSF.com |last1=Mamrud |first1=Roberto |date=30 December 2019 |access-date=10 May 2020 }}</ref> Upon his retirement in 2003, coach [[Carlos Alberto Parreira]] offered to arrange a farewell match but the player refused, stating that he was not interested in such fanfare; he did return to play alongside [[Romário]] in late 2004 against [[Mexico national football team|Mexico]], to commemorate the 1994 World Cup victory at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]].

==Style of play==
Regarded as one of the greatest Brazilian goalkeepers of all time,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/18621/6120885/brazils-greatest-goalkeepers|title=Brazil's greatest goalkeepers|publisher=Sky Sports|date=2 July 2010|access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Brazil's 10 Best Goalkeepers">{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1478781-ranking-brazils-10-best-goalkeepers-of-all-time |title=Ranking Brazil's 10 Best Goalkeepers of All Time |publisher=Bleacher Report |last1=Atkins |first1=Christopher |date=10 January 2013 |access-date=21 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.90min.com/it/posts/2782669-i-10-migliori-portieri-brasiliani-della-storia |title=I 10 migliori portieri brasiliani della storia |trans-title=The 10 greatest Brazilian goalkeepers in history |publisher=90min.com |language=it |last1=Martini |first1=Davide |date=9 December 2015 |access-date=20 March 2022 }}</ref> Taffarel was known to be a rational, effective, and generally consistent keeper, with good fundamental goalkeeping technique, who favoured an efficient rather than spectacular playing style.<ref name="treccani">{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/claudio-andre-taffarel_%28Enciclopedia-dello-Sport%29/|title=TAFFAREL, Cláudio André|work=Treccani: Enciclopedia dello Sport|date=2002|language=it|last1=Pastorin|first1=Darwin|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="90min">{{cite web|url=http://www.90min.com/it/posts/2782669-i-10-migliori-portieri-brasiliani-della-storia|title=I 10 migliori portieri brasiliani della storia|trans-title=The 10 greatest goalkeepers of all time|publisher=www.90min.com|language=it|last1=Martini|first1=Davide|date=9 December 2015|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Portieri stranieri">{{cite web|url=http://www.corriere.it/sport/cards/portieri-stranieri-ma-perche-quei-campioni-che-italia-hanno-fallito-90-ad-oggi/taffarel-disoccupato-che-vinse-mondiale-ai-rigori.shtml|title=Portieri stranieri, ma perché? Quei campioni che in Italia hanno fallito dal '90 ad oggi – 2: Taffarel, il disoccupato che vinse un Mondiale (ai rigori)|trans-title=Foreign goalkeepers, but why? Those champions who failed in Italy from 1990 until today – 2: Taffarel, the unemployed who won a World Cup (on penalties)|work=Il Corriere della Sera|language=it|last1=Radogna|first1=Fiorenzo|date=2 November 2016|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> His main attributes were his explosive reflexes, positional sense, and calm composure in goal, as well as his penalty-stopping abilities; due to the muscle power in his legs that he developed while playing [[beach volleyball]] in his youth, he was known for his surprising spring and elevation from a standstill position, despite his modest stature, which gave him significant hang time and aided him in stopping penalties.<ref name="mano di Dio"/><ref name="docet"/><ref name="treccani"/><ref name="90min"/><ref name="Portieri stranieri"/> Furthermore, he was known to be [[Goalkeeper (association football)#Sweeper-keeper|quick when coming off his line]], and was also highly regarded for his flair and skill with the ball at his feet, having played as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] in his youth.<ref name="mano di Dio"/><ref name="docet"/><ref name="hands up"/><ref name="One mistake"/><ref name="90min"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/nato-oggi/claudio-taffarel-dal-mondiale-col-brasile-alle-esperienze-con-parma-e-reggiana-968026|title=Claudio Taffarel, dal Mondiale col Brasile alle esperienze con Parma e Reggiana|trans-title=Claudio Taffarel, from the World Cup with Brazil to his spells with Parma and Reggiana|publisher=www.tuttomercatoweb.com|language=it|last1=Bernabei|first1=Simone|date=8 May 2017|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> Due to his lack of height, however, as well as his poor handling and decision-making, he struggled at times when dealing with crosses, and was not particularly confident or decisive when coming off his line to catch high balls;<ref name="hands up"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/13/sports/13iht-sweden_2.html|title=Chance of a Lifetime Is in Their Hands|work=The New York Times|last1=Hughes|first1=Rob|date=13 July 1994|access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref> as such, critical reception of Taffarel was often divided throughout his career. While he drew praise from the Brazilian fans and media for his decisive performances with the Brazilian national team, which even earned him the nickname "Saint Taffarel" in the Brazilian media, he also drew criticism at times from Italian pundits over the mental aspect of his game, and his lack of development during his time in Serie A, which made him unreliable and prone to technical errors on occasion, despite his shot-stopping ability and generally high-quality gameplay, as well as his capacity to produce excellent saves. Moreover, his struggles to cope with his nerves are thought to have impeded him from succeeding consistently at the highest level with top European clubs throughout his career, despite his success and reputation. Ahead of the [[1998 FIFA World Cup Final]], Mike Penner of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' speculated that Taffarel, and the goalkeeping position more broadly, was the "weak link" of an otherwise world class Brazilian national side, due to the lack of top goalkeepers in Brazilian football at the time; indeed, prior to the tournament, ''Reuters'' had dismissed Taffarel as: "One of around a dozen goalkeepers in Brazil of roughly the same standard."<ref name="mano di Dio"/><ref name="docet"/><ref name="A letter from... Parma"/><ref name="One mistake"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jul-10-sp-2516-story.html |title=Keeping the Faith |work=The Los Angeles Times |last1=Penner |first1=Mike |date=10 July 1998 |access-date=6 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Primo_Piano/2007/04_Aprile/30/PORTIERI.shtml |title=Brasiliani, portieri d'Italia |trans-title=Brazilians, goalkeepers of Italy |work=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it |last1=Pratesi |first1=Riccardo |date=30 April 2007 |access-date=8 May 2020 }}</ref>

==Post-retirement ==
[[File:ClaudioTaffarel.JPG|180px|thumb|Taffarel with [[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]] in 2012]]

Taffarel and his former Atlético Mineiro teammate [[Paulo Roberto Curtis Costa|Paulo Roberto]] started up a player agency, with the focus mainly on promising youngsters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/news/newsid=825983.html|title=Fledgling careers in safe hands|publisher=FIFA|date=16 July 2008|access-date=16 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916160806/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/news/newsid%3D825983.html|archive-date=16 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

During the 1998 World Cup, when the Brazilian national team was training at Trois-Sapins stadium in [[Ozoir-la-Ferrière]], a suburb southeast of Paris, the town's [[mayor]] proposed renaming the stadium after him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/1998/07/10/1998-07-10_coach_certain_brazil_will_ru.html|title=Coach certain Brazil will rule|newspaper=[[New York Daily News]]|date=10 July 1998|access-date=12 April 2010}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 2004, Taffarel rejoined Galatasaray as goalkeeper coach – under former teammate [[Gheorghe Hagi]] – returning to the club for the [[2011–12 Süper Lig|2011–12 season]], again with [[Fatih Terim]] as manager.<ref name="Taffarel leads Galatasaray to victory">{{cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/brasilglobaltour/en/news/5457/brasil-global-tour/2014/12/01/6676851/taffarel-leads-galatasaray-to-victory |title=Taffarel leads Galatasaray to victory |publisher=Goal.com |date=1 December 2014 |access-date=9 May 2020 }}</ref> Taffarel had two short spells as interim manager before leaving the Turkish side in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/liverpool-brazil-legend-taffarel-goalkeeping-coach-alisson/blt057aabd08c1d167d|title= Liverpool appoint Brazil legend Taffarel as goalkeeping coach to work alongside Alisson |website=www.goal.com|access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref>

He currently works as a goalkeeper coach for both [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], having joined in 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/liverpool-brazil-legend-taffarel-goalkeeping-coach-alisson/blt057aabd08c1d167d|title= Liverpool appoint Brazil legend Taffarel as goalkeeping coach to work alongside Alisson |website=www.goal.com|access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> and the Brazilian national team, having taken up the role in 2014.<ref name="Taffarel leads Galatasaray to victory"/>

==Personal life==
Born in Santa Rosa, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Taffarel is of [[German Brazilians|German]] and [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]] descent.<ref name="One mistake"/>

Taffarel is a [[Born again (Christianity)|born-again Christian]] who has actively shared his faith in numerous venues. He was a member of the [[Fellowship of Christian Athletes]] since 1988,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/08/sports/world-cup-98-goalie-has-answers-for-brazil-fans.html?pagewanted=1|title=World Cup '98; Goalie has answers for Brazil fans|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Christopher|last=Clarey|date=8 July 1998|access-date=11 April 2010}}</ref> and has 17 children, 15 of them [[Adoption|adopted]].<ref name="GOD"/>

==Career statistics==

===Club===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan=2|Club
!rowspan=2|Season
!colspan=3|League
!colspan=2|National Cup
!colspan=2|Continental
!colspan=2|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|League
!colspan=2|National Cup
!colspan=2|Continental
!colspan=2|Total
|-
|rowspan=7|[[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]]||[[1985 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1985]]||rowspan=7|[[Série A]]||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||1||0
|-
|[[1986 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1986]]||2||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||2||0
|-
|[[1987 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1987]]||10||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||10||0
|-
|[[1988 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1988]]||14||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||14||0
|-
|[[1989 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1989]]||12||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||12||0
|-
|[[1990 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1990]]||11||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||11||0
|-
!colspan=1|Total
!50||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||50||0
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]]||[[1990–91 Serie A|1990–91]]||rowspan=4|[[Serie A]]||34||0||2||0||colspan=2|—||36||0
|-
|[[1991–92 Serie A|1991–92]]||34||0||3||0||1||0||38||0
|-
|[[1992–93 Serie A|1992–93]]||6||0||1||0||1||0||8||0
|-
!colspan=1|Total
!74||0||6||0||2||0||82||0
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Reggio Audace F.C.|Reggiana]]||[[1993–94 Serie A|1993–94]]||rowspan=2|[[Série A]]||31||0||2||0||colspan=2|—||33||0
|-
!colspan=1|Total
!31||0||2||0||colspan=2|—||33||0
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]]||[[1995 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1995]]||rowspan=5|[[Série A]]||22||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||22||0
|-
|[[1996 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1996]]||27||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||27||0
|-
|[[1997 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1997]]||24||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||24||0
|-
|[[1998 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1998]]||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||24||0
|-
!colspan=1|Total
!73||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||73||0
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Galatasaray S.K.|Galatasaray]]||[[1998–99 1.Lig|1998–99]]||rowspan=4|[[Süper Lig|1.Lig]]||32||0||8||0||8||0||48||0
|-
|[[1999–2000 1.Lig|1999–00]]||30||0||3||0||16||0||49||0
|-
|[[2000–01 1.Lig|2000–01]]||27||0||3||0||14||0||44||0
|-
!colspan=1|Total
!89||0||14||0||38||0||141||0
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]]||[[2001–02 Serie A|2001–02]]||rowspan=3|[[Serie A]]||6||0||8||0||colspan=2|—||14||0
|-
|[[2002–03 Serie A|2002–03]]||0||0||2||0||colspan=2|—||2||0
|-
!colspan=1|Total
!6||0||10||0||colspan=2|—||16||0
|-
!colspan=3|Career total
!323||0||32||0||40||0||395||0
|}

===International===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=3 | [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]<ref name="RSSSF" />
|-
! Year !! Apps !! Goals
|-
| 1988 || 7 || 0
|-
| 1989 || 16 || 0
|-
| 1990 || 7 || 0
|-
| 1991 || 10 || 0
|-
| 1992 || 2 || 0
|-
| 1993 || 15 || 0
|-
| 1994 || 9 || 0
|-
| 1995 || 5 || 0
|-
| 1996 || 0 || 0
|-
| 1997 || 15 || 0
|-
| 1998 || 15 || 0
|-
! Total || 101 || 0
|}

==Honours==
===Club===
;Parma<ref>{{cite book|author=The Greatest Ever|title=Greatest Ever Footballers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pWWBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Headline|isbn=978-1-4722-2705-8|pages=2058–2059}}</ref>
* [[Coppa Italia]]: [[1991–92 Coppa Italia|1991–92]],<ref name="Portieri stranieri"/> [[2001–02 Coppa Italia|2001–02]]<ref name="treccani"/>
* [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]: [[1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup|1992–93]]<ref name="Portieri stranieri"/>

;Atlético Mineiro
* [[Campeonato Mineiro]]: 1995<ref name="treccani"/>
* [[Copa CONMEBOL]]: [[1997 Copa CONMEBOL|1997]]<ref name="treccani"/>

;Galatasaray
* [[Süper Lig]]: [[1998–99 1.Lig|1998–99]], [[1999–2000 1.Lig|1999–2000]]<ref name="treccani"/>
* [[Turkish Cup]]: 1998–99,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/682582/Galatasaray-Besiktas|title=Galatasaray 0–0 Beşiktaş|publisher=Mackolik|language=tr|date=14 April 1999|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609055235/http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/682582/Galatasaray-Besiktas|archive-date=9 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[1999–2000 Turkish Cup|1999–2000]]<ref name="treccani"/>
* [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]: [[1999–2000 UEFA Cup|1999–2000]]<ref name="treccani"/>
* [[UEFA Super Cup]]: [[2000 UEFA Super Cup|2000]]<ref name="treccani"/>

===International===
;Brazil
* [[FIFA World Cup]]: [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]];<ref name="treccani"/> Runner-up [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]]
* [[Copa América]]: [[1989 Copa América|1989]], [[1997 Copa América|1997]];<ref name="treccani"/> Runner-up [[1991 Copa América|1991]], [[1995 Copa América|1995]]
* [[Summer Olympic Games]]: [[Silver medal]] [[Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988]]
* [[FIFA World Youth Championship]]: [[1985 FIFA World Youth Championship|1985]]

===Individual===
* [[Toulon Tournament]] Best Goalkeeper: [[1987 Toulon Tournament|1987]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/toulon.html|title=Tournoi Espoirs de Toulon: Official Player Awards|publisher=rsssf.or|date=12 October 2022|accessdate=12 October 2022}}</ref>
* [[Bola de Ouro]]: 1988
* [[Bola de Prata (Brazil)|Bola de Prata]]: 1988
* [[IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper]] 1989: 7th Place <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-gkoy89.html|title=IFFHS' World's Best Goalkeeper of the Year 1989|date=3 Aug 2001}}</ref>
* [[IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper]] 1990: 5th Place <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-gkoy90.html|title=IFFHS' World's Best Goalkeeper of the Year 1990|date=3 Aug 2001}}</ref>
* [[IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper]] 1991: Bronze ball (3rd Place) <ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-gkoy91.html IFFHS' World's Best Goalkeeper of the Year 1991]; at RSSSF</ref>
* [[IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper]] 1994: Bronze ball (3rd Place) <ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-gkoy94.html IFFHS' World's Best Goalkeeper of the Year 1994]; at RSSSF</ref>
* [[IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper]] 1997: 9th Place <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-gkoy97.html|title=IFFHS' World's Best Goalkeeper of the Year 1997|date=25 Jan 2000}}</ref>
* [[IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper]] 1998: 7th Place <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-gkoy98.html|title=IFFHS' World's Best Goalkeeper of the Year 1998|date=25 Jan 2000}}</ref>
* [[IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper]] 2000: 7th Place <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-gkoy00.html|title=IFFHS' World's Best Goalkeeper of the Year 2000|date=11 Apr 2001}}</ref>
* [[FIFA XI]]: 1998<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/fifa-xi.html FIFA XI´s Matches – Full Info] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033752/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/fifa-xi.html|date=17 November 2015}}; at RSSSF</ref>
* [[Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame]]
* Man of the Match: [[2000 UEFA Cup Final]]

==See also==
* [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps|List of footballers with 100 or more caps]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cláudio Taffarel}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/craques_copas.php?j=234 |title=CBF data |language=pt |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218114829/http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/craques_copas.php?j=234 |archive-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
* {{TuttoCalciatori|Taffarel_Claudio}}
* {{TFF player|29479}}
* {{NFT player|13639}}
* {{FIFA player|63514}}

{{navboxes
| title=Brazil squads
| bg = #FEDF00
| fg = #009B3A
| bordercolor = #002776
| list1=
{{Brazil football squad 1988 Summer Olympics}}
{{Brazil squad 1989 Copa América}}
{{Brazil squad 1990 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1991 Copa América}}
{{Brazil squad 1993 Copa América}}
{{Brazil squad 1994 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1995 Copa América}}
{{Brazil squad 1997 Copa América}}
{{Brazil squad 1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1998 FIFA World Cup}}
}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards
| bg = gold
| fg = navy
| bordercolor = blue
| list =
{{Bola de Ouro}}
{{1987 Bola de Prata}}
{{1988 Bola de Prata}}
{{Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame}}
}}
{{Galatasaray SK managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taffarel, Claudio}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Brazilian Pentecostals]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of German descent]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:People from Santa Rosa, Rio Grande do Sul]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Rio Grande do Sul]]
[[Category:Brazilian footballers]]
[[Category:Association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Sport Club Internacional players]]
[[Category:Parma Calcio 1913 players]]
[[Category:A.C. Reggiana 1919 players]]
[[Category:Galatasaray S.K. footballers]]
[[Category:Clube Atlético Mineiro players]]
[[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players]]
[[Category:Serie A players]]
[[Category:Süper Lig players]]
[[Category:UEFA Cup winning players]]
[[Category:Brazil under-20 international footballers]]
[[Category:Olympic footballers of Brazil]]
[[Category:Brazil international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1987 Pan American Games]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:1989 Copa América players]]
[[Category:1990 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:1991 Copa América players]]
[[Category:1993 Copa América players]]
[[Category:1994 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:1995 Copa América players]]
[[Category:1997 Copa América players]]
[[Category:1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup players]]
[[Category:1998 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games]]
[[Category:Pan American Games gold medalists for Brazil]]
[[Category:Pan American Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Brazil]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in football]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Copa América-winning players]]
[[Category:FIFA World Cup-winning players]]
[[Category:FIFA Century Club]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Italy]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Turkey]]
[[Category:Brazilian football managers]]
[[Category:Association football goalkeeping coaches]]
[[Category:Galatasaray S.K. (football) non-playing staff]]
[[Category:Galatasaray S.K. (football) managers]]
[[Category:Süper Lig managers]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriate football managers]]
[[Category:Expatriate football managers in Turkey]]
[[Category:Liverpool F.C. non-playing staff]]

Watten (card game)

2022-08-04T09:25:37Z

Tom dl:

{{About|the card game|other meanings|Watten (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox card game
| title = Watten
| subtitle =
| image_link = File:Watten-Karten.JPG
| image_caption =The three Criticals: ''Maxi'', ''Belli'' and ''Spitz''
| alt_names =
| type = [[Plain-trick]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 32 or 33 (+ {{Suit of Bells}}6)
| deck = German (Schafkopf or William Tell pattern)
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = Trumps: {{Suit of Hearts}}K {{Suit of Bells}}7 {{Suit of Acorns}}7 CS 3xS A K O U 10–7 
Plain suits: A K O U 10–7
| origin = [[Bavaria]]
| related = [[Karnöffel]]{{*}}[[Kaiserjass]]{{*}}[[Bieten (card game)|Bieten]]{{*}}[[Perlaggen]]
| playing_time = 10 min. +{{sfn|Kastner|Folkvord|2005|page=51}}
| random_chance = 4/10{{sfn|Kastner|Folkvord|2005|page=51}}
| skills = Bluffing{{sfn|Kastner|Folkvord|2005|page=51}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Watten''', regionally also called ''Watteln'' or ''Wattlung'', is a [[card game]] that is mainly played in [[Bavaria]], [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]] and [[South Tyrol]]. There are several main variants: Bavarian, Bohemian, South Tyrolean (''Stichwatten''), (Austrian) Tyrolean, Kritisch and Blind Watten. It is usually a 4-player game, which is "by far the most interesting",{{sfn|Kastner|Folkvord|2005|p=51}} but it may also be played by 2 or 3 players. According to [[David Parlett|Parlett]], Watten is "hard to describe" but "fun to play and easy to learn."{{sfn|Parlett|2008|page=340}}

== Origin ==
According to tradition the game emerged in its present form in the [[Kingdom of Bavaria]] during the time of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. At that time, allied French and Bavarian troops spent their spare time together in their military encampments. The name came from the French phrase, '''va tout''', which meant "last trump". However, Tyrolean historian, Hans Fink, believes the game originated in formerly Austrian South Tyrol and came from the Italian word ''battere'', "beating" or "thumping".<ref name=Wattn-Hist>[http://www.wattn.com/English/history_.htm ''The History''] at www.wattn.com. Retrieved 2 Jun 2018.</ref>

== Rules of the game ==
In the following section, the rules of the variant common in Bavaria are explained first. Game variations from other countries or regions are explained subsequently.

Watten is a game for four players, with the partnered pairs of players sitting opposite one another across the card table. It is usually played with a [[German deck]] or one of its regional variants (such as a [[Bavarian deck]], etc.), each player being dealt five cards. The aim for each pair is to win three tricks per game.

The [[card suit|suits]] of the German deck:
{| class="wikitable"
! [[Eichel (card suit)|Acorns (''Eichel'')]]
! [[Gras (card suit)|Leaves (''Gras'')]]
! [[Hearts (card suit)|Hearts (''Herz'')]]
! [[Bells (card suit)|Bells (''Schellen'')]]
|-
| align="center" style="font-size:275%;" | [[File:Bay eichel.svg|28px]]
| align="center" style="font-size:275%;" | [[File:Bay gras.svg|33px]]
| align="center" style="font-size:275%;" | [[File:Bay herz.svg|32px]]
| align="center" style="font-size:275%;" | [[File:Bay schellen.svg|35px]]
|}

=== Criticals ===
The three highest trick-winning cards are the three "Criticals" (''Kritische'' or ''Kritten''), also called "Greeks" (''Griechische'' or ''Griechen'') regionally:

* {{Suit of Hearts}}K is ''Maxi'', the highest card in the game, named after [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria|King Maximilian I]] of [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]. Other nicknames include ''Max'', ''Mäxle'', ''Maxl'', ''Mattl'', ''Papa'', ''Maler'' ("Artist"), ''Machtl'', ''Erdbeer-Schorsch'' ("Strawberry George")
* {{Suit of Bells}}7 or {{Suit of Bells}}6 is ''Belli'', the second highest card, the ''[[Weli]]'' (also called ''Benno'', ''Bello'', ''Belle'', ''Bölle''). In Austria and South Tyrol, the {{Suit of Bells}}6 is used.
* {{Suit of Acorns}}7 is ''Spitz'' ("Point"), also called ''Spitze'', ''Seuchl'', ''Soacher'', ''Soach'', ''Bsoachter'', ''Sächer'', ''Bisi'', ''Bise'', ''Gspeitz''.

=== Strikers ===
Then follow the four Strikers (''Schläge''; singular ''Schlag''), four cards of a specified number or rank. The Chief Striker (CS) is the highest; the remaining 3 Strikers (3xS) are equal in rank.

=== Trump suit ===
The next lowest category after the Strikers are the cards in the [[trump suit]]. Trumps beat all the remaining cards that are not Criticals or Strikers. The trumps rank in the following order as far as tricks are concerned:

* Sow (''Sau''), sometimes called the Deuce (''Daus'') or, less often, the Ace (''Ass'')
* King (''König'', ''Sesseldrucker'' = "armchair potato")
* Ober (''Saalflitzer'' or ''Speisenträger'' = "waiter")
* Unter (''Bochramma'')
* 10 (''Eisenbahner'' or ''Bahner'' = "railwayman", ''Bahnschwellenhupfer'')
* 9 (''Brotzeit'' = "snack")
* 8 (''Fenstersteck'' = "window frame")
* 7 (''Notschrei'' = "cry for help")

=== Ranking and use ===

The card which is both a Striker and a Trump is called a Chief Striker (''Hauptschlag''), Captain (''Hauptmann'') or Right One (''Rechter''). In German it also goes under various other names including ''Haubi'', ''Hauwe'', ''Haube'', ''Haut'' or ''Hawe''. It is the fourth highest card after the Criticals. The three remaining Strikers, also called Left Ones (''Linke'') do not have a particular order of precedence; instead the first one played always wins.

Unlike many other card games, there is no compulsion in Watten to follow suit or win the trick. An exception is the playing of the Chief Striker as the first card of a game. In this case, the opponents must comply with the call "Trump or Critical!" (''Trumpf oder Kritisch!''; colloquially ''Kirch oda Kapejn'') and either play a Critical or a card of the trump suit (the other Strikers are exempt from this rule). The partner has to play a trump, but does not have to play a Critical. If the Chief Striker is beaten by a Critical, the remaining players no longer have to play a trump. Prior to leading with the Chief Striker, the player may ask their partner "will it cause damage?" (''schadet er?'') to check whether it will weaken the partner's hand.

If a player has all three Criticals in their hand or (regionally different) another card combination which, regardless of the order in which it is played, inevitably leads to winning at least three tricks, a so-called Machine or Engine (''Maschine''), that player must reveal their cards before the game begins and automatically wins the game with 2 points. Another rule variant provides for the player to reveal the cards and automatically receive 3 points, but continue to play if they hope to achieve 4 points by a bluffing technique.

== Playing ==
=== Shuffle and cut ===
Before the cards are dealt, they are [[shuffled]] by the dealer and [[cut (cards)|cut]] by the player to their right, the "cutter". If the bottom card of the cut stack is a Critical, the cutter may keep it (so called ''Schlecken''; "licking"). The dealer then has the right to view and take the next card if it is Critical. In the rare case of a third underlying Critical, the cutter may take that too. If the cutter waives their right to draw the card, the dealer may not draw it either. The cutter may also take a card that is not Critical as a bluff. However, if all five moves of the game are executed without the cutter playing a Critical, the team are penalized 2 points.

=== Deal ===
The dealer now deals five cards to each player, usually in packets of three and two in succession. If the cutter, or cutter and dealer, have taken a Critical, they get fewer cards at this point in order to get a hand of five cards.<ref name=pagat>[https://www.pagat.com/trumps/watten.html ''Watten''] at www.pagat.com. Retrieved 2 Jun 2018.</ref>

=== Strikers and Trumps ===
The dealer and the player to their left, the ''[[Forehand (skat)|forehand]]'', look at their cards and the forehand declares the Strikers (from one of the following: Sow (A), K, O, U, 10, 9 8 or 7. The dealer then selects the trump suit. Before these announcements, either of the two declarers can ask the other to deal the cards again in the hope of getting better cards by asking for "better ones please!" (''Schönere!''). The other may then deal again, in which case the cards of the two declarers are discarded and dealt again, or the other can refuse and play must continue with the cards already dealt.

It is common to offer the dealer the option of a "striker swap?" (''Schlagwechsel'' or ''Schlagtausch''), i.e. to exchange who announces Strikers, a request that the dealer may accept or reject. If the dealer accepts, they then announce the Strikers and forehand announces the trump suit; forehand continuing to play first. If the request is refused, everything stays as it was.

=== Play ===
After the announcement, the player to the left of the dealer, the forehand, is the first to play a card, followed by the other players in a clockwise direction. The player who has dealt the highest card in the round wins this trick and takes it. This player then leads to the next trick and the remaining players follow in a clockwise direction. If a trick is won without a Critical, Trump or Striker, i.e. only with a higher-quality card in the suit played, it is described as being ''dant gestochen'' ("won effortlessly").

=== Winning the hand ===
The pair that is first to win three tricks wins the game. Winning a game simply scores two game points.

=== Challenges ===
If a player or team feels in a strong position, they can bet, i.e. raise by one the number of points played for during the game.{{efn|[[John McLeod (card game researcher)|McLeod]] uses the terms "bet"; [[David Parlett]] talks about "raising".}} Their opponents may either give up without a fight whereupon the challengers immediately win the game with two points, or accept the challenge and continue playing for the higher score. The challenge may be repeated as often as desired, but only alternately by the two teams. As in poker, this gives an opportunity to [[bluff (poker)|bluff]]. Challenging is done by asking "[are you] going?" (''Gehst?'' or ''Geht?''). The response may be "we'll see!" (''Schauen!'') or "No!" (''Nein'') if the challenge is accepted, or "okay" (''Ja'') and the cards thrown in face down if they choose to give up. Alternatively the opponents may reveal a card in order to accept the challenge.

=== Winning the game ===
A game is usually won by scoring 11 (or 15) points. At 9 or 10 (13 or 14) points you are 'tight' (''gespannt''), which means you cannot raise the score. The tight party marks this by crossing out its previous points on the score sheet, so it is also called "struck out" (''gestrichen''). Each hand is then played for three points, but the tight team, if it feels it will lose, may 'go' after the announcement of trumps and Strikers, conceding just 2 points to their opponents.

In one variant, both parties may no longer 'eliminate' in this situation; the tight team receives 2 points for a win, the trailing team automatically receives 3 points for a win (even if their opponents give up). But it may be raised to a 4-point game.

At the end of a hand, either the winning or losing team receives a black blob ({{colorbull|black|round}}), the so-called ''Bummerl'' or a ''Bohne'', on the scoresheet.

A penalty of 3 points is often imposed for game infringements, for example if a 'tight' player bets.

The surreptitious removal of so-called 'trick-winning cards' is often referred to as ''Packeln'' or packing.
In some regions packing is not only allowed, but is an integral part of the game.

== ''Deuten'' ==
Because the partners in a team do not know the cards that each has, signalling to one another (known as ''deuten'', ''funken'' or ''mucken'') using facial expressions and gestures is not only allowed, but a full part of the game. To that end, partners agree secret signals beforehand. Typical signals are:
* ''Max'' or ''Mattl'' - purse lips
* ''Weli'' - wink right eye
* ''Spitz'' - wink left eye
* Captain / Chief Striker - shrug right shoulder
* Striker - shrug left shoulder
* Trump 7-10 - move little finger
* Trump Unter - move ring finger
* Trump Ober - move middle finger
* Trump King - move index finger
* Trump Sow - move thumb or fist
* No trumps ([[void (cards)|void]]) - look upwards

Other signals may be sent, e.g. to suggest who should (attempt to) beat which of the opponents' cards or what card the player will play. No signalling is allowed before the Strikers and Trumps are decided; up to that point only the dealer and forehand may look at their cards.

Usually one of the two partners in a team takes the lead (for one or more rounds).
It is important to leave one's opponents unclear about one's own cards and, at the same time, to learn as much as possible about their cards by observation and deduction.

In South Tyrol, by contrast, ''deuten'' is forbidden.

== Variants for two, three and six players ==
There are variants for two players (forehand decides the ''Strikers''; dealer chooses ''Trumps''), three players (forehand cuts, chooses ''Strikers'' and ''trumps'' and plays against two defenders, who form a team) and six players (in [[South Tyrol]] 2 teams of 3 players).

== Regional differences ==
There are regional variations of Watten, so it is advisable for players new to the area to enquire about any differences.

The way cards are dealt varies from region to regions. They may be dealt individually, or in two packets of 3 + 2 (Bavaria) or 2 + 3 (South Tyrol) cards.

=== Bavaria ===
In [[Bavaria]] they usually play Watten with 32 cards and the ''Criticals'' are: {{Suit of Hearts}}K, {{Suit of Bells}}7 and {{Suit of Acorns}}7.

In several parts of Bavaria, the demand "Trump or Critical" (''Trumpf oder Kritisch'') or "Trump or Fool" (''Trumpf oder Narrisch'') may be announced. This means that the Striker is also regarded as a trump if the first player to follow the leading player has no trumps. The Striker must then be played ("Pepper" variant). Although not all cards are dealt in Watten, in Bavaria for traditional reasons it was not considered as illegal [[gambling]] even when betting for money. On the contrary, Watten prize competitions are very popular and strongly promoted by the organizers. This assessment of Watten is, however, no longer undisputed. At least one criminal complaint of unauthorized gambling has been made.<ref>{{citation|surname1=Hans Kratzer|periodical=sueddeutsche.de|title=Karteln mit dem Staatsanwalt|issn=0174-4917|date=2018|language=German|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/tradition-in-bayern-karteln-mit-dem-staatsanwalt-1.3896237|access-date=2018-03-08
}}</ref>

In [[Franconia (region)|Franconia]], they usually play the Bavarian variant described above, but with some variations. Thus, the first time the Chief Striker is played, all other players with a trump card must declare the fact, even if the Chief Striker is beaten by a Critical. Here a player is "officially" allowed to ask their partner ''schadd er'' ([[East Franconian]] for ''schadet er'') to find out whether this move takes an important trump out of the player's hand and thus endangers the success of the pair (e.g. if the partner only has a single, relatively high trump in their hand). Also terms like ''Ausschaffen'' (to "expel" i.e. to raise or bet) and ''Schub?'' ("push?" i.e. "are you going?") are used instead of the more usual ones.

=== Austria ===
In [[Austria]], especially in North Tyrol, Salzburg and Upper Austria the main difference is that the second highest ''Critical'' is the {{Suit of Bells}}6 or ''[[Weli]]''. In certain parts of Carinthia a fourth Critical is added: the {{Suit of Bells}}U (''Bugl''), which is then the highest Critical card. Typically, they play for up to 11 points in Carinthia. From 9 points you are ''gsponnt'' ("taut") or ''kronk'' ("unwell") and may no longer make a bet, since 2 points (the minimum bet in a game) ensures victory. If this happens, the opposing team records. In many places in Carinthia, so-called "Watter Tournaments" are played, where the valley communities play different variants, mostly however critical or non-critical - four-player Watten. There is usually an entry fee and prizes. It is often also possible to ''nachkaufen''. Mostly, however, as in regional and national tournaments, a 'non-critical' variant is played, in which only Strikers and trump cards have greater trick-taking power. Practically unbeatable cards are called the ''Rechters'' (e.g.: ''Chief Striker'' + another Striker: two ''Rechters'') and cards that can only be beaten by the ''Chief Striker'' are called the ''Linken'' (e.g.: three Strikers + Sow of Trumps: four ''Linke''; two Strikers + Sow of Trumps: three false ''Linken'').

In North Tyrol, as in South Tyrol, they often play with a ''Guaten'' as the highest card and less often with a ''Beasn'' (the card just below the ''Rechter'') as the second highest card. Furthermore, in North Tyrol the four-player ''Ladinern'', also called ''Ladinisch Watten'' or ''Blind Watten'', is very popular.

== Related card games ==
=== Bohemian Watten ===
An unusual variant is Bohemian Watten (''Böhmisch Watten'', ''Kuddeln''<ref name=Sauspiel>[https://www.sauspiel.de/forum/diskussionen/3565-wallachen/kommentare ''Tratsch:Wallachen''] at sauspiel.de. Retrieved 23 April 2021.</ref> or ''Hudln'') or Bohemian Ramsen.<ref>Fink, Hans (1983). "Zum Kartenspiel in Südtirol" in ''[[Der Schlern]]'', Bozen: Athesia. pp. 195ff.</ref> The number of players is not restricted because there are no teams and everyone plays for themself. The biggest differences compared with standard Watten are ''[[Farbzwang]]'', the requirement to follow suit (i.e. even if you have a higher card with which you could head the trick, you may not play it, if you have cards in the leading suit) and ''[[Stichzwang]]'', the obligation to head (i.e. if you have a higher card, you must play it). The trump suit and trump striker are not determined by ''announcements'', but by revealing a card when dealing, which the dealer then takes. This card is revealed between dealing the two packets of three and two cards, respectively.

Once dealt, each player may exchange up to three cards, but the dealer may only exchange two, as the dealer has the right to exchange with the trump card that was initially dealt face up.

Each player starts with a tally of 20 points, the aim of the game is to reach zero. For each trick taken, one point is deducted from the tally; if no trick is taken in a game, 5 penalty points are added. If Hearts are declared as the trump suit, the points count double, i.e. -2 points per trick or +10 points for no trick, and you may not go out, which is possible with other suits. If a player has made more tricks in a game than they have points left, the difference is added to the original score. In some regions, however, the score does not have to be reached exactly and the game can be ended with minus points.

Bohemian Watten is similar to [[Zwanzig ab]], Schnellen and [[Schnalzen]].

=== Blind Watten ===
[[File:Wattkarten des Egon Moroder Rusina.jpg|thumb|Cards by artist, [[Egon Rusina Moroder]], with famous South Tyrolese figures: [[Reinhold Messner]], [[Eva Klotz]] and [[Luis Durnwalder]].]]
In the South Tyrolean variant, Blind Watten (also ''Blindwatten'', ''[[Ladin people|Ladinish]] Watten'', ''Latinern'') neither ''Deuten'' nor discussing tactics are allowed. This considerably increases the difficulty of the game because the two partners who have not bet must either guess or find out by observation what was bet.

Another different in the South Tyrolean variant is that, for those players who have bet, ''Farbzwang'' applies, so that should a trump card, the ''Rechte'' or the ''Guate'' be played, they must follow suit with a trump if they have one (the ''Rechte'' and the ''Guate'' do not have to be played). Alternatively they can take the trick with a better card.

In Blind Watten, trumps and Strikers are determined as follows: after the deal, the dealer and the player to their left show each other their lowest card. Unlike Blind Watten, in Latinern the cards need not be sorted beforehand in order to prevent manipulation of the lowest card. The suit of the dealer's lowest card determines the trump suit for this hand. The value of the lowest card of the player to the dealer's left determines the Striker. After the cards are revealed to each other, one player from each team knows the trump suit and the Striker, the other two have to guess this information during the course of the game. Only after the end of the hand - if necessary - is the trump suit made known.

To make it a little easier for the two players who are initially playing 'blind', it is useful to reveal the last trick played after the winner of the trick has been announced. This makes it easier to work out the trump suit and Strikers by a process of elimination. After the next trick is finished, the old trick is then turned over and can no longer be examined.

A team immediately loses the current hand if one of the two players makes statements or gives clues that give away the trump suit or Strikers.

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Literature ==
* [[Hubert Auer (card game researcher)|Auer, Hubert]] (2015). ''Watten, Bieten und Perlaggen''. Perlen-Reihe Vol. 659. [[Perlen-Reihe Verlag]], Vienna. {{ISBN|3852234336}}
* Förderkreis Perlaggen Südtirol (2014). ''Perlåggen in Südtirol: mit Watten & Bieten''. Raetia, Bozen. {{ISBN|978-88-7283-523-4}}
* Hafele, Max and Meinhard Eiter (1999). ''Das Tiroler Watterbuch''. Löwenzahn. {{ISBN|3-7066-2211-4}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Kastner |first1=Hugo |last2=Folkvord |first2=Gerald Kador |title=Die große Humboldt-Enzyklopädie der Kartenspiele die ersten 500 Jahre |date=2005 |location=Baden-Baden |publisher=Humboldt |isbn=3-89994-058-X |edition=Orig.-Ausg}}
* {{cite book |last1=Parlett |first1=David |author-link=David Parlett |title=The Penguin book of card games |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=978-0-141-03787-5}}
* Sirch, Walter (2008). ''Vom Alten zum Zwanzger – Bayerische Kartenspiele for Kinder and Erwachsene – neu entdeckt.'' Bayerischer Trachtenverband.

== External links ==
* [https://www.pagat.com/trumps/watten.html#scoring ''Watten''] rules at [[pagat.com]] (in English)
* [https://blog.innsbruck.info/de/events/watten-tirols-liebstes-kartenspiel/ ''Watten: Tirols liebstes Kartenspiel''] ("Watten - Tyrol's most popular card game" - in German)
* [https://www.br.de/radio/bayern2/sendungen/zeit-fuer-bayern/watten100.html ''Ein bayerischer Exportschlager erklärt vom Profi''] ("A Bavarian export hit explained by a professional" - in German)
* [http://wattturnier.de/6.html ''Tournament Watten rules''] at wattturnier.de (in German)
* [http://www.kartenspiele-regeln.de/watten.html ''Watten rules''] at www.kartenspiele-regeln.de (in German)
* [http://www.ultra-watten.com ''Online Watten''] at www.ultra-watten.com (in German) - Play the card game online or with an app

{{Trick-taking card games}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:German traditions]]
[[Category:Austrian card games]]
[[Category:German deck card games]]
[[Category:Trump group]]
[[Category:Bavarian card games]]
[[Category:Two-player card games]]
[[Category:Three-player card games]]
[[Category:Four-player card games]]
[[Category:Swiss card games]]
[[Category:William Tell deck card games]]
[[Category:Card games involving signalling]]

User talk:Bermicourt

2022-08-04T09:19:47Z

Tom dl: /* Pronouns */

{{tmbox|text=This user tries to [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|assume good faith]] and hopes you will as well.}}
{{Usertalkback}}
{{archive box|[[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 1|Archive 1]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 2|Archive 2]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 3|Archive 3]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 4|Archive 4]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 5|Archive 5]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 6|Archive 6]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 7|Archive 7]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 8|Archive 8]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 9|Archive 9]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 10|Archive 10]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 11|Archive 11]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 12|Archive 12]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 13|Archive 13]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 14|Archive 14]]}}
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==DYK for Nain Jaune==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#18 August 2019|18 August 2019]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Nain Jaune]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the classic French card game of '''[[Nain Jaune]]''' is named after the seven of diamonds, which is depicted as a yellow dwarf on the game board ''(pictured)''{{-?}}'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Nain Jaune]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2019-08-08&end=2019-08-28&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Nain_Jaune Nain Jaune]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Maile66|— Maile ]] ([[User talk:Maile66|talk]]) 12:01, 18 August 2019 (UTC)

== DYK for Spitzeln ==

{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#23 August 2019|23 August 2019]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Spitzeln]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that although '''[[Spitzeln]]''' was also called German [[Ombre|l'Hombre]], it had little more in common with the most successful [[card game]] ever invented than the fact that it was played by three players{{-?}}'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Spitzeln]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2019-08-13&end=2019-09-02&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Spitzeln Spitzeln]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 13:35, 23 August 2019 (UTC)
== A barnstar for you! ==
{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Vielen Dank für Ihre vielen Übersetzungen im Laufe der Jahre! ♦ [[User:Dr. Blofeld|''Dr. Blofeld'']] 11:16, 26 August 2019 (UTC)
|}

==Portal moves to WikiProjects==
Hello B, do you plan to move the other regional portals that you maintain to the corresponding WikiProject, like you did with [[Portal:Palatine Forest]], and if so, could you give me a sense of timing and let me know if I can help with the moves in any way? [[User:UnitedStatesian|UnitedStatesian]] ([[User talk:UnitedStatesian|talk]]) 15:19, 27 August 2019 (UTC)
:Hi {{u|UnitedStatesian}}, that's kind. To be honest I'm not sure what to do. I suppose my view is that we should call a halt to all portal creation and deletion activity and engage seriously to reach consensus on the purpose of portals, where they should be located, how they ought to be maintained and to what standards. But there seems to be no appetite for that while those who are driving for portal deletion continue to press home their advantage based on a one-sided view of their purpose. I suppose I'd rather move a portal to project space than see it deleted entirely, so that it can continue to be useful as a project tool. If that happens, I'd welcome your help. But in general I am rather reluctant to waste too much time on them while the rampage continues. It's the kind of behaviour that makes me want to quit Wikipedia. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 17:00, 27 August 2019 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Elfern]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[Elfern]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]] -- [[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]] ([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]]) 11:01, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

The article [[Elfern]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has failed [[Image:Symbol oppose vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Elfern]] for reasons why the nomination failed. If or when these points have been taken care of, you may apply for a new nomination of the article.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]] -- [[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]] ([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]]) 11:22, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

==Assistance on German translation?==
I'm currently attempting to improve the article, [[Trip World]] and there are only scanned images for the german reviews of the game. Here are the links to the scanned images: [https://www.ninretro.de/v3plus/game-3-514.html#reviews], [https://www.ninretro.de/v3plus/game-3-514.html#reviews], [https://www.kultboy.com/index.php?site=t&id=2899]. It would be a great help if I can get these translations to expand the article.[[User:Blue Pumpkin Pie|Blue Pumpkin Pie]] ([[User talk:Blue Pumpkin Pie|talk]]) 05:18, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

== Where to sort section "References", or, what about later Refs ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persilschein&type=revision&diff=921544786&oldid=921544212 Here on Persilschein] you reverted me. Ok, got it. But now, the reference within the final section "Literature" looks ugly... which was the reason why I changed the sorting.
That has to be solved without a "ref", right? Can you do that? Thanks so far!
 --[[User:H.Marxen|H.Marxen]] ([[User talk:H.Marxen|talk]]) 10:55, 16 October 2019 (UTC)
:{{ping|H.Marxen}} I see what you mean. I've turned it into a direct link to the archive, but am not 100% sure if that's the way we're meant to do it. It might be better to link it from a suitable place within the text and just have the book, unlinked, in the Literature section. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 11:03, 16 October 2019 (UTC)
::Thanks for taking care of it. --[[User:H.Marxen|H.Marxen]] ([[User talk:H.Marxen|talk]]) 11:11, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

== Deutscher Eintrag zu Englisch[[User:Matthiasvon|Matthiasvon]] ([[User talk:Matthiasvon|talk]]) 12:27, 18 October 2019 (UTC)<ref>https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_TV_Award</ref> ==
Hallo,
es wäre schön, wenn du vielleicht behilflich sein kannst den Eintrag über den Venice TV Award im englischsprachigen Wikipedia Portal sprachgerecht einzustellen?
Vielen vielen Dank.
Liebe Grüße Matthiasvon

:Hallo Matthiasvon, hab' einen kurzen Artikel gemacht. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:10, 22 October 2019 (UTC)
{{talkref}}

== Playing card rules ==

Thanks for the note. All I was doing here today was scrubbing out playingcarddecks.com, which [[User:TWJohn]] had been adding to articles in the form of references. I hope that's uncontroversial. All of these sources were quick how-to-play blog entries written that same day, apparently by John himself (they are all credited to "John Taylor" who is "a content writer and freelancer through the company Upwork.com") with no context for where those rules came from. I assume they're cribbed from Pagat or Wikipedia itself, which he links to in the blog entries.

I noticed and removed one cardgamesplanet.com link in passing: it was a reference stuck needlessly after the name of the card game in the opening line, and is just a blog covered in poker ads. --[[User:Lord Belbury|Lord Belbury]] ([[User talk:Lord Belbury|talk]]) 16:58, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

:From the profile links these look to be the same person, but even if it is some cosmic coincidence, would you agree that rules posted on this retailer's blog don't have the weight of rules published by Piatnik? On closer inspection the site does put out some original content ([https://playingcarddecks.com/blogs/all-in/card-magic-magician-harry-lorayne] is an original interview written by a boardgamegeek.com user who says on BGG that they "first published" the interview with playingcarddecks.com), but these card game rules seem questionable, with no suggestion that they aren't just repeating Pagat, Wikipedia or the writer's own recollections. --[[User:Lord Belbury|Lord Belbury]] ([[User talk:Lord Belbury|talk]]) 18:51, 22 October 2019 (UTC)
==Workshop for the creation of new Portal Guidelines==
Hello Bermicourt. There is currently a workshop going on about the creation of a new Portal Guideline: [[User talk:Scottywong/Portal guideline workspace]]. Your insights and ideas would be appreciated. --[[User:Hecato|Hecato]] ([[User talk:Hecato|talk]]) 16:27, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

== Regions of Germany ==

Hello and thanks for all the good work with German regional portals. I see that there are a few more near the bottom of the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/massviews/?platform=all-access&agent=user&source=category&target=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3AAll_portals&range=latest-20&subjectpage=0&subcategories=0&sort=views&direction=1&view=list portals by pageviews list]. Is there anything that should be done to maintain or move these pages? [[User:Certes|Certes]] ([[User talk:Certes|talk]]) 18:08, 15 November 2019 (UTC)
:Good work maybe, but now largely wasted. As you know, I think pageviews are a poor way to assess portals since a) they're not articles yet that's how we're treating them and b) they are not searchable and badly linked from mainspace, both of which could be fixed. But as it's clear there's no appetite to retain them in portal space, I'm in the process of moving them to project space where they can still be used to view and expand topics without irritating anti-portal editors. This will take time since the remaining one's have numerous subpages designed to enhance their appeal to readers, something which is now redundant. So I can't promise to do this quickly. But I wouldn't worry, they'll get deleted anyway. And those that are not "near the bottom" will fall into that category as deletionists make their way up the list. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 19:28, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

== Please review ==

Hi, and thanks for all your work on WP. Could you please check [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treba_%28river%29&type=revision&diff=926482338&oldid=885715092 this edit] I made on the page you started? It seems to have been missing a noun which I couldn't guess. Thank you. --[[User:LilHelpa|LilHelpa]] ([[User talk:LilHelpa|talk]]) 18:21, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
:No problems; I've checked the original and clarified the meaning. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 19:04, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

== Nertz ==

Apologies for overlapping edits, and thanks for getting the sources down! I know alternate names for card games can be a real unsourced mess on here - I was trying to be careful in my edits and don't think I lost anything through a revert, I was just trying to avoid having two separate lists of names on the go. The infobox should be using "alt_name" instead of "subtitle", I think? --[[User:Lord Belbury|Lord Belbury]] ([[User talk:Lord Belbury|talk]]) 19:48, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

And hats off for the "Nerts" move, I was just wondering about that myself... --[[User:Lord Belbury|Lord Belbury]] ([[User talk:Lord Belbury|talk]]) 19:48, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

:{{ping|Lord Belbury}}, no worries. I was just trying to tidy it up and source it properly and I guess you were doing something similar, by coincidence, at the same time. At some point I plan to compare the "official rules" (usually with card games there's no such thing) of the NNA - an organisation which doesn't seem have any official status and seems to be just self-proclaimed - with those on John McLeod's www.pagat.com website which is widely acknowledged in the literature as a reliable source. Some of the stuff about the electronic games may also be non-notable or bordering on advertising. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 19:55, 27 December 2019 (UTC)
::PS in fact I suspect the National Nertz Association is a front for a commercial organisation as its official site is a [http://national-nertz-association.blogspot.com/ blogspot] advertising the electronic games and its NNA link goes to Facebook where we see around 650 followers (very small for a national association). [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:03, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

==DYK for Kaschlan==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#3 January 2020|3 January 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Kaschlan]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the card game of '''[[Kaschlan]]''', named after its top [[Trump (card games)|trump]], became so popular that it was used in the [[Prussia]]n idiom "my stomach's playing Kaschlan with my bowels"?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Kaschlan]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2019-12-24&end=2020-01-13&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Kaschlan Kaschlan]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 00:01, 3 January 2020 (UTC)

== Precious anniversary ==
{{User QAIbox/auto|years=Eight}} --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:58, 10 March 2020 (UTC)

Would [[:de:Burg Tecklenburg]] be something you'd like to translate? ... partly? --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 14:40, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|Gerda Arendt}} warum nicht? Ist mir ein Vergnügen. So missing Germany, haven't been since March when I researched curious north German card games lol. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 06:52, 17 October 2020 (UTC)
:: Thank you, - will be helpful for [[Bruder Martin]], - perhaps one line also about the festival held there, with a redirect or two ;) --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:44, 17 October 2020 (UTC)

== Hills of Wiltshire ==

Hello! Thanks very much for compiling this useful article. I am wondering whether the table included in the article is exhaustive of the criteria that you give? As in, are all of the hills in Wiltshire that fall into the categories included in the table? The reason I ask is that I am looking to make an endurance hiking/running challenge that covers all significant hills in Wiltshire and I thought your list could be a good starting point - or even the finished item if it covers everything!
Thanks,
George — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Manofwessex|Manofwessex]] ([[User talk:Manofwessex#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Manofwessex|contribs]]) 16:21, 21 March 2020 (UTC) 

:{{ping|Manofwessex}} The list is based on the Database of British and Irish Hills at [http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/index.php www.hillbagging.co.uk] and currently reflects their highest hills down to Castle Ditches, with the exception of Scratchbury (197 m) which should immediately precede it. The last two in the list are included because, although there are higher hills, they are considered more notable. Hope that helps. :) [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:56, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

==Wörschachklamm==

Hello Bermicourt, concerning [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spechtensee&diff=next&oldid=948230894 this] edit:

First of all, my apologies: I didn't realize my edit was already the second reversion, because the previous edit summary was "m" – instead I thought my reversion was the first one in [[WP:BRD]]... I also didn't checked the de-4 babel on your userpage.

Recently I revised a larger number of articles loosely based on a version in the German Wikipedia. Often there were names like {{lang|de|...tal, ...berg, ...bach, ...schlucht}} where it's obvious to German readers what kind of object that is. To give this information in the English Wikipedia, too, I added valley, mountain, river, gorge etc., although this is somewhat tautologous for someone who speaks German.

Do you really think that the "of" is appropriate here? I thought this phrase is not the case of "[[Queen of England (disambiguation)|Queen of England]]", "[[Mull of Kintyre]] etc., but the case of "[[River Rhine]]", "[[Mount Kilimanjaro]]" and so on, therefore without the "of".

--[[User:Cyfal|Cyfal]] ([[User talk:Cyfal|talk]]) 17:10, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|Cyfal}} it's a good question. As a native English speaker, I feel I instinctively 'know' when to use "of" and when not to. I've tried to capture usage for these geographical terms under [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Germany)|conventions]] as part of the Germany WikiProject. These are based on common usage. In some cases there are two options e.g. "[[Eckernförde Bay]] for ''Eckenförder Bucht'' and [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] for ''Mecklenburgische Bucht'' (use whichever is the widely accepted English form; if there is no English usage, prefer XX Bay.)" For many, less well known geographical features there is little or no mention in English sources, so we follow the pattern of the more well known examples. In the case in point the following would seem reasonable to me:
* The lake is drained by the Wörschachbach which flows through the Wörschach Gorge...
* The lake is drained by the Wörschachbach stream which flows through the Wörschachklamm gorge...
* The lake is drained by the Wörschachbach which flows through the gorge of [the] Wörschachklamm...
: Points to note: Streams ending in -''bach'' are not usually split i.e. Wörschach stream is an unlikely translation. Rivers and streams are usually just called "the X". Rivers are almost always called "River X" or "the X river" in British English, but "X River" in American English. If we don't translate the generic part of the German name, we can add its English equivalent even though (we translators know) it's a tautology. I expanded the convention, partly to help me with consistency in the articles I created and also to try and establish consistency among editors translating from German. I did a lot of research of English-language sources in doing this. HTH. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 21:30, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

::Thank you very much for your enlightening explanations. Although I've read [[WP:GERCON]], it seems I haven't understand it fully before. Now it seems to me the best option is: "The lake is drained by the Wörschachbach which flows through the Wörschach Gorge...", because within the context its clear that the Wörschachbach is a river, and the {{lang|de|Wörschachklamm}} can be subsumed under group B of WP:GERCON. I will change it accordingly in the near future. Thank you again --[[User:Cyfal|Cyfal]] ([[User talk:Cyfal|talk]]) 23:14, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

== A goat for you! ==

[[File:Házikecske portré.JPG|left|100px]]
This goat approves of your gaming articles! Thanks for your hard work!

[[User:Piotrus|Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus]]|[[User talk:Piotrus| reply here]] 09:40, 8 April 2020 (UTC)
 

== re: Help with 19th century Polish ==

I can try :) But since they are 19th century, you don't have to email them, you can just post them on wiki in a sandbox or such, they are public domain. --[[User:Piotrus|Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus]]|[[User talk:Piotrus| reply here]] 08:51, 9 April 2020 (UTC)
:PS. See [https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Strona:PL_Gloger-Encyklopedja_staropolska_ilustrowana_T.2_056.jpg], there's a picture of some grid related to the game. Also [https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Strona:PL_Gloger-Encyklopedja_staropolska_ilustrowana_T.2_007.jpg] bout the German origin of the name. --[[User:Piotrus|Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus]]|[[User talk:Piotrus| reply here]] 08:58, 9 April 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Bräus==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#23 April 2020|23 April 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Bräus]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Bräus]]''', from the Swedish island of [[Gotland]], differs from all other [[card game]]s in that not all cards are playable?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Bräus]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-13&end=2020-05-03&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Br%C3%A4us Bräus]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Maile66|— Maile ]] ([[User talk:Maile66|talk]]) 12:02, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Dreeg==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#5 May 2020|5 May 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Dreeg]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Dreeg]]''' is a [[card game]] played with [[German playing cards|German-suited cards]] that is described as "a special [[Franconia]]n form of [[Sixty-Six (card game)|Sixty-Six]]"?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Dreeg]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-15&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Dreeg Dreeg]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Gatoclass|Gatoclass]] ([[User talk:Gatoclass|talk]]) 00:01, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

== Wiese ==

Please undo the move from Wiese to Wiese (Norwegian DJ). As a reason for doing this move, you state that there are "many people with the last name Wiese". That is correct. However, is is only one who is know for just Wiese and has that as his stage name. This artist has many millions plays on Spotify and several articles and reviews on Google that justify this. I don't blame you for doing your job but in this case the decision was not right, so please undo as this is the right thing to do here:) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Tangatarzan|Tangatarzan]] ([[User talk:Tangatarzan#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tangatarzan|contribs]]) 21:37, 10 May 2020 (UTC) 
:Well that's interesting and you are very welcome to propose a move request on the talk page and seek consensus that a Norwegian DJ is the primary topic on English Wikipedia; which is what you should have done in the first place. Cheers. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:14, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

== Lordship ==

Did you know there is already a disambiguation page at [[Lordship (disambiguation)]]? --[[User:R'n'B|R'n'B]] ([[User talk:R'n'B|call me]] Russ) 01:59, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
:Aha. Then it would make sense to combine them. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:24, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Brus (card game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#21 May 2020|21 May 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Brus (card game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that in the Danish card game of '''[[Brus (card game)|Brus]]''', if a seven is led, the player risks it being beaten by the [[Stodderkonge|beggar king]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Brus (card game)]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-11&end=2020-05-31&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Brus_(card_game) Brus (card game)]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 07:42, 19 May 2020 (UTC) 12:14, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Translation request ==

Hi. I'm trying to improve the ''[[Nicrophorus vespilloides]]'' article (currently working on a [[User:Acather96/vespdraft|userspace draft]]). ''N. vespilloides'' is a burying beetle: a curious type of insect that buries dead mice and birds below the ground before converting the carcass into an edible nest in which it raises its young. It's also becoming an important model organism in evolutionary biology. I've found the original formal [[species description]] and would love to discuss this in the article, but it's a paragraph of German published in 1783 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44317#page/234/mode/1up). I saw you [[Wikipedia:Translators available|listed here]] and wondered if you might be willing to translate this? Whilst less vital, it would also be fantastic if you'd be able to translate the first page of the document (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44317#page/197/mode/1up) which introduces the manuscript. [[User:Acather96|Acather96]] ([[User talk:Acather96#top|click here to contact me]]) 18:10, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

The section entitled "Nicrophorus" reads: "It is certainly very similar to N. Vespillo, but not the same however. The difference is as follows: it is barely half as big. the club of the feelers is not brown, but black. Head and thorax (“breast shield”) are not covered in yellow hairs; the latter is not smooth, but has four smooth bumps at the front and 3 at the rear; when its elytra are lowered, there is a small yellow spot at the base, on Vespillo this runs into the yellow band; the lowest yellow band does not reach the side, but is only an oval spot. The abdomen is not covered with yellow hair, but is smooth and black. These distinctive signs are always the same." HTH. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 06:55, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Drużbart==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#10 June 2020|10 June 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Drużbart]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Drużbart]]''', named after its second-highest card ''(shown)'', was the favourite [[card game]] of Polish novelist Count [[Henryk Rzewuski]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Drużbart]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-31&end=2020-06-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Dru%C5%BCbart Drużbart]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Casliber|Cas Liber]] ([[User talk:Casliber|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Casliber|contribs]]) 12:01, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Thank you for another good one. I remember your mountain articles, - could you perhaps expand [[Altkönig]] a bit? --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 22:37, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

== Matzlfangen ==

Hi! I am interested in card games and have been in mail contact with Austrian player Christian Daglinger about this fascinating game. I have been careful not to bombard him with questions, but I think I have managed to sort out all question marks now. Regards [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 19:13, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

I was a member of the ICPS until recently. I am now involved in a patient's organisation and I am following the scientific literature in that area. I am afraid that means that I currently don't have time to write any texts or artciles for Wikipedia, although it of course would be nice to have a German text on Matzlfangen and to involve Christian Daglinger. It sure would be nice to know what German card games you recently wrote about, and if possible also to read the articles. [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 05:48, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

Thanks for info. I have also been working with John McLeod. I helped him with his article on the Swedish card game vira 20 years ago. [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 06:46, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

I'll take a closer look at the articles about various forms of "knack" later, but I alread have one comment. You use a translation as the title for Norrlandsknack, "Norseman's Knock", but you keep the original Swedish names for the other versions ("svängknack" etc.). I would recommend a consistent terminology, and I think it is best to keep the original Swedish names in this case. "Norseman's Knock" doesn't sound good. As you correctly point out in the text, Norrland is actually a geographical region. So, strictly speaking, Norseman is not a correct translation.

By the way, it interesting to note that "Norrland" has been used in other card games to denote variants that contain strong elements of gambling. There was for example a version of vira called "Norrlandsvira", which contained some contracts with larger payments and larger element of chance than previous versions. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Feynman~svwiki|contribs]]) 21:23, 5 July 2020 (UTC) 

OK, I understand. If an English terminology already has been established, it makes sense to follow it. It is always nice with references to the Vikings, but I must point out that we have become much more mild-mannered during the last thousand years. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Feynman~svwiki|contribs]]) 11:53, 6 July 2020 (UTC) 

I will try to contact Christian Daglinger again. I don't know if he is familiar with Wikipedia and has an account. Perhaps it is better if we communicate by email. Do you have an address where I can reach you? My address is sten.helmfrid@bredband.net. [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 18:03, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

Concerning the rules for trick taking. My understanding from my conversation with Daglinger is that you must follow suit if possible. If you cannot follow suit, you must play trump. Subject to these rules, you must head the trick if possible. That means that if you cannot follow suit and you cannot head the trick, you must still undertrump if possible. I never asked if you must head the trick even if your partner is in the lead. I just presumed that you always have to head the trick, no matter who is in the lead.

By the way, how did you find out about Neid-spiel? [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 18:10, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Taroc l'Hombre==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#11 July 2020|11 July 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Taroc l'Hombre]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Taroc l'Hombre]]''' imported bidding from the world's most successful card game, [[Ombre]], a feature that was crucial to the future of [[Tarot card games|Tarot games]] outside Italy?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Taroc l'Hombre]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-07-01&end=2020-07-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Taroc_l%27Hombre Taroc l'Hombre]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 12:03, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Husarln==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#14 July 2020|14 July 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Husarln]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the [[card game]] of '''[[Husarln]]''' ("Hussar") is dominated by the distribution of [[tarot]] cards, giving it "that brisk and energetic feel" which is reflected in its name?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Husarln]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-07-04&end=2020-07-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Husarln Husarln]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 12:01, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

== Robert Sedlaczek ==
: Would you consider translating the German article about [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sedlaczek Robert Sedlaczek]? The DYK led me to [[Illustrated Tarock]] which mentions "Mayr and Sedlaczek" without explanation of who they are. Mayr also has an article, but it looks mostly like a stub. Thanks! [[User:Psu256|Psu256]] ([[User talk:Psu256|talk]]) 14:47, 14 July 2020 (UTC)
::Done. See [[Robert Sedlaczek]] and [[Wolfgang Mayr]] - [[Tarock card game]] experts. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 10:08, 18 July 2020 (UTC)
== Request of translation of a German page ==
Hi Bermicourt,
there is a german page which could be translated into English for the english Wikipedia. The page is ModuleWorks, it seems to be a company in Germany but it is operating internationally.
What do you think? Or how can I request this?
Thanks a ton in advance,
Elvira[[User:Elvira Just|Elvira Just]] ([[User talk:Elvira Just|talk]]) 09:57, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

:Hi Elvira. You've already created this yourself, but your submission was declined on grounds of notability, so I'm reluctant to put my head in the same noose. Sorry. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:39, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Bruus==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#13 August 2020|13 August 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Bruus]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Bruus]]''', once the national [[card game]] of [[Hamburg]], rewards players for "daring and tormenting" certain top trumps, and that such tactics lend the game "a certain charm"?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Bruus]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2020-08-03&end=2020-08-23&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Bruus Bruus]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} — [[User:Wugapodes|Wug·]][[User talk:Wugapodes|a·po·des]] 00:33, 10 August 2020 (UTC) 00:02, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
== Kukurtlu ==
Hi. Have you a source to support [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&diff=prev&oldid=705928766&diffmode=source this edit] to [[Mont Blanc]] you made back in 2016, by any chance? It seems odd to have a redlinked summit so prominently listed over all this time, without supporting evidence. I've managed to add an illm link to ru-wiki, but feel a source is needed for this obscure point. Thanks, [[User:Nick Moyes|Nick Moyes]] ([[User talk:Nick Moyes|talk]]) 00:52, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
:Sure, I've just added it. I'm happy to create the article for the red link by translating the German Wiki one. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:14, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

== Translation request ==
Hello, since you were on the list of translators from German to English, I was wondering if you would be interested in translating [[:de:Gerhard Schramm (Biochemiker)]]. Regards, [[Special:Contributions/70.172.136.61|70.172.136.61]] ([[User talk:70.172.136.61|talk]]) 03:09, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

:Not really my subject area, I'm afraid. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 16:55, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

== Helleberg ==

Thank you for writing [[Helleberg (ridge)]]. I fixed incoming links to [[Helleberg]] yesterday and all seven were for the Leine ridge, but I lacked the courage to change it to a dab as I know some editors are keen to keep a surname page at the base name. I think you've done the right thing: it has no information about the surname and it clearly collects links intended for another topic. [[User:Certes|Certes]] ([[User talk:Certes|talk]]) 10:50, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

== Czechia and Names of Things ==

Hello. I have no dog in this fight, not even a very small one. I just read up on it a bit because I saw someone change CR to Czechia without comment ... which is, I think, what you do if you are very sure you are right, or are maybe hoping just to get away with it ... or something. So I had a look at the CR wikiproject, where I think there is nothing current, and then back through the archives, where I found you arguing for a guideline. This seemed to be to be very reasonable, but did you ever get anywhere with it?

I can't emphasize too strongly that I am not trying to reopen a debate, start a crusade or anything. I need a dispute like this like a hole in the head. I have enough difficulty trying to keep [[Middlesbrough]] spelt right! (or, like, people changing England to UK and UK to England and Scotland to whatever.) I am just interested, I suppose, in the wiki-processes and wiki-thinking that went on, and would love to know if it did ever get closer to resolved. I'm certainly, absolutely, I promise you, ''not'' planning on reverting the edit that I saw! Cheers [[User:DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered|DBaK]] ([[User talk:DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered|talk]]) 09:22, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered}} I have raised this several times on the project talk pages because every time I was given the reasonable response that Czechia is just an acceptable short (and indeed officially approved) form of CR, I found my edits in practice being changed to CR. The final time I raised the topic, it flushed out some different views clearly opposed to the short version. So there is no consensus. That should mean ''both'' are acceptable, but on Wikipedia if there is a small band of editors determined to spell something one way, regardless of the sources, it's almost impossible for reason to prevail. In your case, there are two options. If this is the first edit, then you can revert it under [[WP:BRD]] and invite discussion on the talk page. The second option is to leave it - it won't be long before other editors swoop in to revert it whether BRD applies or not. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:27, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

== Saxon Switzerland Climbing Region ==

Hi Bermicourt,
I would like to expand/improve the article on the Saxon Switzerland Climbing Region in the course of the next weeks. My impression is, that the translation from the German page might not be entirely suitable within the English Wikipedia and within the scope of articles relevant to rock climbing. I would like to add a section on the history, climbing style, and maybe a list of notable climbers. Would you like to collaborate? I'm not an English native speaker but I am a rock climber from that region. Since I'm relatively new to Wikipedia, I would appreciate some guidance as to where I could first create a draft version of proposed changes. Or maybe we can discuss the changes first on the Talk page of the article? Would appreciate any help. [[User:Bohnenkraut11|Bohnenkraut11]] ([[User talk:Bohnenkraut11|talk]]) 10:21, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|Bohnenkraut11}} That's great. I generally translate articles on German topics from German to English Wiki which is how this one got started. I'm happy to collaborate on improving this one. If you want to create a draft either of the entire article or of a section the best thing to do is create a page called something like [[User:Bohnenkraut11/Saxon Switzerland climbing region draft]]. Then it's in your own workspace and no-one is going to fuss while you work on it. I often do this for articles and, when I'm happy, I move the page to mainspace or copy the content into an existing article. Obviously whatever we do must conform to Wiki guidance e.g. no marketing, be properly sourced etc. Hope that helps, Gruß. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:07, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

::Great! Thank you for the advice! I will do that and let you know when I'm ready for some feedback and language editing. [[User:Bohnenkraut11|Bohnenkraut11]] ([[User talk:Bohnenkraut11|talk]]) 12:35, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

::: Hi Bermicourt! I've partly finished my edit on [[User:Bohnenkraut11/Saxon Switzerland climbing region draft]]. I would welcome your input. Ignore the section on the history for now. This will take a bit longer but I thought I could first finish the other sections and start adding them to the main page. I've also created a draft on the German climber Bernd Arnold: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Bernd_Arnold. If you have time and this is of interest to you, I would be very happy about a review. Thank you so much and viele Grüße!

==Missing cite in [[The Compleat Gamester]]==
The article cites "Cotton 1674" but no such source is listed in bibliography. Can you please add? Also, suggest installing a script (explained at [[:Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors]]) to highlight such errors in the future. Thanks, [[User:Renata3|Renata]] ([[User talk:Renata3|talk]]) 06:36, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|Renata3}} it's the first entry in his list of works and there's even a link to an online copy. Do I really need to repeat it in the Bibliography? [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:11, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

== Game of Tarot ==

While much of Dummett's ''The Game of Tarot'' still stands up, parts have become outdated and Dummett abandoned many theories stated in them. One such example was the French-origin theory of Spanish suits. If you read his article in volume 18 of the IPCS journal, you can see that had rejected it by 1988. The biggest change was the Ferrara hypothesis which formed the subtitle for the book. At the time, he proposed Ferrara as the most likely place for its invention among the first four tarot centers with Florence being the least likely. Since the mid-2000s, the prevailing theory is now the complete opposite. Also gone are his hypotheses on the Piedmontese game of Sedici and its relationship with Ferrara. In fact, most of the history of Piedmontese tarot games (the French reintroduction theory) was replaced by his later research as well as the research of McLeod and others.--[[User:Countakeshi|Countakeshi]] ([[User talk:Countakeshi|talk]]) 14:41, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

:
{{ping|Countakeshi}} thank you, that is helpful. The great advantage of ''The Game of Tarot'' is that it pulled together the history of cards (especially Tarot obviously) comprehensively in one place. It's big disadvantage is that it's now 40 years out of date. What would be brilliant would be an updated edition. McLeod and Dummett updated the actual games themselves in 2004 in their double-volume set which I now have, but it doesn't go over the general history of card sin the same way.
:Apart from the above article, can you recommend any others that bring Dummett's historical analysis up to date? We may not have a new edition of ''The Game of Tarot'', but it would be good to have an equivalent body of material, at least covering what's changed. I do have access to back issues of ''The Playing Card''.
:Should I revert all my recent changes or would you prefer to bring them up to date? [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 15:43, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Penneech==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2020/December#5 December 2020|5 December 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Penneech]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that in the 17th-century [[card game]] of '''[[Penneech]]''', named after its highest card, the seven of diamonds, the [[Trump (card games)|trump suit]] changes with each [[Trick-taking game|trick]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Penneech]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2020-11-25&end=2020-12-15&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Penneech Penneech]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if it received over 400 views per hour. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Casliber|Cas Liber]] ([[User talk:Casliber|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Casliber|contribs]]) 12:02, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

== Translation help ==

Please help and translate this article [[https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierung_von_Aschanti|Government of the Ashanti Empire]] from German into English. The English translation at the moment is just a sub section of the [[Ashanti Empire]]. Please help translate the article into an English article. Notice the German title when translated into English will sound wrong as well. [[User:Kwesi Yema|Kwesi Yema]] ([[User talk:Kwesi Yema|talk]]) 14:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Sorry for the mistake. The German article to be translated is [[Regierung von Aschanti]]. The English translation is just a subsection of [[Ashanti Empire]]. Can you please translate the article into a new English article? [[User:Kwesi Yema|Kwesi Yema]] ([[User talk:Kwesi Yema|talk]]) 14:24, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

== Dominoes ==
I don't really care about your recent edits to [[domino]], but you are [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/domino certainly wrong] in your view that the word "domino" cannot be used for the tiles themselves. --[[User:JayBeeEll|JBL]] ([[User_talk:JayBeeEll|talk]]) 16:26, 26 December 2020 (UTC)
:{{ping|JayBeeEll}} In this case, I can also quote a reliable source: at [[John McLeod (card game researcher)|John McLeod]]'s [https://www.pagat.com/domino/terms.html ''Glossary of Domino Terms''] it says "Dominoes: This is the name of the game. Contrary to popular usage, it is not the name of the tiles." As he is a games expert, I took my lead from him. However, it's always worth asking the question "why?" when we come across a different point of view, so in the light of your comment I plan to research this myself. I suspect McLeod is right from a purist's point of view, but once the masses have adopted a word to mean something, however incorrectly, dictionaries and encyclopaedias are bound to follow these days. In the meantime, I'm happy for my edits to be reverted; otherwise I'll tidy them up when I've done a bit more digging. I'll certainly represent both views. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 16:38, 26 December 2020 (UTC)
:: Hi Bermicourt, well, as I said, I don't really care about it (by which I mean: your edits didn't make the article worse and in particular left things perfectly understandable) and it certainly doesn't seem worth reverting over. From what little I have read about this, the origin of the word "domino" for the game is old and very obscure, which makes it hard for me to believe one could confidently sort out whether it originally referred to the game or the pieces. I did go check the OED, which has quotes for the cloak going back to 1719, and for the game going back to 1801. It endorses the view that the word is used for both the game and the pieces. There are numerous other uses (apparently at some point "dominoes" was slang for "teeth", and also for piano keys) that wouldn't make sense if it was not understood that the dominoes were the pieces. Happy editing, [[User:JayBeeEll|JBL]] ([[User_talk:JayBeeEll|talk]]) 19:11, 29 December 2020 (UTC)
:::{{ping|JayBeeEll}}. I'll be amending the article to make this clear as I'm coming to a similar conclusion as I wade through domino rules, old and new. When the game first appeared in Europe, domino was the name of the game (going out was also called "going-" or "making domino"); and various other words were used for the tiles. In English they used 'pieces' to begin with, but by the mid-19th century American and British sources were using 'domino' to refer to the tiles and that use seems to be commonplace now, alongside "bones" and "tiles". Thanks for being forbearing. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 22:37, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

== Oh Hell game ==

Here are some references for the Turkish version of Oh Hell: [https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohel Ohel], [https://www.iskambilci.com/ohel-nasil-oynanir Ohel], [https://benimleoyna.wordpress.com/2016/09/05/ohel-nasil-oynanir Ohel]

You can google "Ohel Kuralları" for much more. I wouldn't think of adding a new version, but I was suprised that no version in the current page has the "10 + square of bid" scoring system. It does add interesting twists in late game where more tricks are available. I did come across a few web pages in English where squared scoring is mentioned. One sample: [https://www.pagat.com/exact/ohhell.html#scoring-vars Vars]— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:CemEgri|CemEgri]] ([[User talk:CemEgri#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/CemEgri|contribs]]) 20:37, 10 January 2021 (UTC) 

== King Card Game ==
Hey, I was just on the [[King_(card_game)|King (Card Game)]] page to review the point distribution for the four player game and to my surprise, the rules for the entire game were gone and replaced with another game. I was just wondering why you did that and if you would be willing to add the rules to the four player game back on top of what ever version you added.

:Hi [[User:Adambombzz|Adambombzz]]. You can also access the old rules from the history of the article, for example, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_(card_game)&oldid=999910045 here]. The reason they were deleted was that the article was nominated for deletion due to lack of sources and apparent overlap with [[Barbu (card game)|Barbu]]. The consensus was to 'keep' on the proviso that it was sourced. The only reliable source I could find for the game was [[David Parlett|Parlett's]] description of the three-hand game. He doesn't give rules for a four-hand variant, nor does [[John McLeod (card game researcher)|McLeod]] who was cited in the original article. However, McLeod points to descriptions of two similarly named four-hand games: [[Turkish King]], which I have created, and a French variant, [https://www.jeuxdecartes.net/jeux-cartes/jeu-du-roi/ Jeu du Roi], which doesn't look like a reliable source. HTH. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 08:15, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
== Apologies ==

Hi and sorry for changing something on your personal page, the other day. Of course I shouldn't have done what I did : I was like a [[TGV]] full speed on its track and by dint of habit, I made this sorry mistake. [[User:LouisAlain|LouisAlain]] ([[User talk:LouisAlain|talk]]) 20:21, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

:Don't worries, that's entirely understandable. Keep up the good work. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 21:18, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

== German castle terminology can NOT be translated ''ad litteram'' into English! ==

English has its own, centuries-old terminology regarding fortifications. You've been translating German articles into English like there's no tomorrow ([[fortified gateway]], [[bridge castle]], God knows what else), without paying attention to the correct, well-established English terminology. Some German terms simply don't exist in English, some mean something else altogether if translated literally. These "articles" are misleading, mainly to non-native speakers, who take them to represent something real in English, which they don't. Please, do some research before doing any more of this! Eine wortwörtliche Übersetzung ohne vorherige Recherche ist ''immer'' ein grundsätzlicher Fehler, der kaum noch korrigiert werden kann, Ihre Arbeit und jene aller, die nach Ihnen etwas beitragen, ist für die Katz, verschwendet, umsonst, oder noch schlimmer: Sie ist irreführend. Übersetzer ist ein Beruf und muss durch harte Arbeit erlernt werden, Google Translate ist dagegen nur ein schnelle Hilfe für unterwegs. Thank you. Danke für Ihr Verständnis. [[User:Arminden|Arminden]] ([[User talk:Arminden|talk]]) 19:01, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

:You need to learn some manners and to avoid making sweeping, over-the-top accusations that aren't true. I'm well aware of the terminology of English 'castellology' and German ''Burgenkunde'' and the fact that some terms don't have an English equivalent, hence my work on ''[[bergfried]], [[palas]]'' and ''[[angstloch]]''. But translation is an art, not a science. And please don't lecture me about so-called 'professional translators' - I've seen them make some real howlers in specialist literature. I've responded to your other comments at the talk pages concerned. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 16:15, 10 March 2021 (UTC)

== Precious anniversary ==
{{User QAIbox/auto|years=Nine}} --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 06:23, 10 March 2021 (UTC)

== Water castle ==

I've reverted your changes because, in the contentious area of the title, we should be following [[WP:BRD]] and discussing any changes on the talk page. I agree with some of the other areas, so I think we can make some improvements. But you need to provide evidence to show that ''Wasserburg'' is the accepted English word in sources before changing that bit again. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:56, 12 March 2021 (UTC)
== Translation of Trenton Joel Tollakson Wikipedia Page ==

Hello, could you help me translate my personal wikipedia page: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TJ_Tollakson from German to English? Cheers, TJ Tollakson — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.206.79.34|66.206.79.34]] ([[User talk:66.206.79.34#top|talk]]) 19:58, 17 May 2021 (UTC) 

:That's done. It probably needs some tweaking by an editor familiar with the sport. You should not edit your own bio though. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:41, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

== [[Weser Renaissance]] ==

The revert included an edit summary explaining my edit and your friend didn't supply an edit summary so your revert was unhelpful. [[User:Catchpoke|Catchpoke]] ([[User talk:Catchpoke|talk]]) 17:45, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
:It's good to include a comment with edits, but you didn't follow the right process after being reverted, which iaw [[WP:BRD]] is to go to the talk page and explain your 'bold' edit there. Otherwise we just end up with edit wars which is pointless. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 17:49, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
::I posted this before finding out that you agreed with me. [[User:Catchpoke|Catchpoke]] ([[User talk:Catchpoke|talk]]) 17:53, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
:::No worries. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 18:03, 12 July 2021 (UTC)

== Need help to get an article translated ==

Dear Bermicourt, hopefully you can help: I'm looking for someone translating this article from German into English: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Bonhoeffer
To be honest: for me it's very complicated to find out how to do that. I tried but failed. It would be really great if you can help or if you know someone who possibly can do the translation.
Many thanks and best wishes from Zurich, Andrea

:That's done, Andrea, although there are one or two loose ends to tidy up which I'll leave to the experts. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:32, 26 July 2021 (UTC)

== Eder river ==

Hi Bermicourt, regarding [[Eder (Fulda)]], I chose to move it to [[Eder (river)]] so that it follows [[WP:NCRIVER]], as Lennart97 mentions. I am aware there is another river with the same name, but this river would be the clear primary topic for a river. As mentioned in NCRIVER: {{tq|The primary topic can stay at the [[WP:undisambiguated|undisambiguated]] title while lesser-known ones add a qualifier, e.g., [[Jordan River]] (in the Middle East), [[Jordan River (disambiguation)]], [[Jordan River (Utah)]]"}}. Do you think you can move it back to [[Eder (river)]]? [[User:Vpab15|Vpab15]] ([[User talk:Vpab15|talk]]) 17:20, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
:Done.[[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:33, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
::Thank you! [[User:Vpab15|Vpab15]] ([[User talk:Vpab15|talk]]) 20:38, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
:::NCRIVER says "If different rivers with the same name exist, disambiguate with parentheses using either the parent river, country or (if both in the same country) the largest geographical entity that distinguishes them" so I don't think that was appropriate and it appears to have simply been that Lennart97 didn't notice the other river. The proposal fits in with that while the alternative doesn't. While partial disambiguation is occasionally used it has been controversial so I don't think it should have been done without more consensus at least. The primary topic example of [[Jordan River]] is a base title not a qualified title namely one with brackets anyway. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 17:12, 28 July 2021 (UTC)
::::I'll move this discussion to the talk page. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 18:25, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

== [[Ace-Ten games]] ==

Hi Bermicourt, really appreciate the effort you put into the article [[Ace-Ten games]]! Unfortunately there are some dangling references to sources. Could let us know the source for Dummett? And which of the Parlett books did you reference? I've temporarily [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ace-Ten_games&type=revision&diff=1036867235&oldid=1024878622 hidden] the citations. Hope you can help us retrieve these sources! - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 05:18, 3 August 2021 (UTC)
:{{ping|Aussie Article Writer}} That's done. Thanks for alerting me. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:24, 3 August 2021 (UTC)
::No probs :-) I converted it to the citation template. - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 08:10, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

== [[Animal Tarot]] ==

Hi Bermicourt, with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_tarot&diff=next&oldid=1037136977 this edit], you added a reference to Birlinger & Pfaff 1916... but there isn't any source... do you still have that so we can add it to the article? - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 09:18, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 10:37, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
::Thanks! - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 12:45, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
::Sorry to be a pain Bermicourt, but I've found another dangling ref - see [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_tarot&diff=1037352079&oldid=1037351421 this edit] where I hid it. Would you know the source? - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 01:32, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Dreierles==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/August#13 August 2021|13 August 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Dreierles]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that German soldiers fighting with [[Napoleon]] brought home a Spanish modification to the [[Tarot card games|Tarot game]] of '''[[Dreierles]]''' ''(pictured)'' that resulted in [[Baden]]'s national game of [[Cego]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Dreierles]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-08-03&end=2021-08-23&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Dreierles Dreierles]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 00:02, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

== Sfn errors ==

Hi. Thanks for sorting out the Polish translation issues.

I would like to compare notes with you one what drew my attention to [[Bettelmann]] in the first place. I was working my way through [https://bambots.brucemyers.com/cwb/bycat/Board_and_table_games.html#Harv%20and%20Sfn%20no-target%20errors Sfn errors] and using [[Template:Sfn]] as a guide. I found it worked quite well, so long as the sources were fundamentally correct. It meant that if you click on the link in the References section it highlights the corresponding link in the Literature section. That's quite nice I think.

As far as I can tell you have resolved all the Sfn errors in the [[Bettelmann]] article using a different approach. So I would appreciate hearing your views. [[User:Slimy asparagus|Slimy asparagus]] ([[User talk:Slimy asparagus|talk]]) 15:15, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

:{{ping|Slimy asparagus}} sure. I started using [[Template:Sfn]] a long while ago because it gave a consistent way of displaying references. What I didn't appreciate was that, unless it was linked to a full citation template in the bibliography, it generated error messages, even if the full reference was correctly entered manually. Basically you have to use one system or the other; you can't mix and match. Personally I prefer to enter the full references manually - it's quicker - so when I come across places where I've generated error messages by using [[Template:Sfn]], I just revert my edits to the non-template system. HTH. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 16:27, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
::Okay. You haven't convinced me that Template:Sfn used in conjunction with Template:Cite book is a bad idea. However I no intention of telling you how to edit pages that you have more interest in than I. And you have more experience than I do, so maybe you're right. In any case it only makes sense to me when a Wikipedia page is mostly making page-specific references to offline sources.
::From your user page your board game interests seem to be card games. Anything else? I shall be extremely cautious in touching those pages and I shall certainly defer to you. I have put my interests on my user page. More generally I want to look at whatever metrics we have or can construct and trying to improve them.
::Speaking of which, are you going to work on fixing errors on pages in your area of interest, using this page: [https://bambots.brucemyers.com/cwb/bycat/Board_and_table_games.html]? [[User:Slimy asparagus|Slimy asparagus]] ([[User talk:Slimy asparagus|talk]]) 16:53, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
:::I don't think the template combination is a bad idea; I just prefer not to use it. Probably because when importing references from de.wiki, converting them to use the template takes up valuable time that I'd rather spend on translation itself.
:::Yes, my focus is on researching and playing card games, especially traditional Austrian and German ones, although I have also forayed into other European and Anglo-American games and have researched a number of domino games too. I have close links with a number of experts in the field which helps. I and my family play board games, but am no expert and wouldn't have the time to expand into that area.
:::Re the error log - yes, I've only just come across that and will certainly take a look at doing some fixes. Probably not in the next week or two as I'm on holiday with family. Cheers. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 17:30, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
::::So the report came out today.We have two new pages: [[Brelan]] and [[Culbas]]. Also I was thought I might look at "CS1 errors: extra text: volume" today, but I will leave [[Zwickern]] and the above to you. [[User:Slimy asparagus|Slimy asparagus]] ([[User talk:Slimy asparagus|talk]]) 14:41, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
:::::Thanks, those three are fixed. I will continue to do this as I come across them anyway, but don't mind you flagging others up periodically. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 15:05, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::I am still seeing an error in [[Zwickern]]. By the way I followed the advice in [[Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display]] and it enables me to find the errors quickly. [[User:Slimy asparagus|Slimy asparagus]] ([[User talk:Slimy asparagus|talk]]) 15:59, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
==DYK for Comet (card game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/August#29 August 2021|29 August 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Comet (card game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the [[card game]] '''[[Comet (card game)|Comet]]''', originally called ''Manille'', was renamed in 1682 after the appearance of [[Halley's Comet]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Comet (card game)]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-08-19&end=2021-09-08&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Comet_(card_game) Comet (card game)]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 12:02, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

== [[WP:V]] ==

I really don't want to come down as condescending on this, but really, you've been here long enough that I shouldn't be having to revert edits like [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German-suited_playing_cards&type=revision&diff=1042244864&oldid=1042162069 this] because they fail to provide a reliable source. [[User:RandomCanadian|RandomCanadian]] ([[User talk:RandomCanadian|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/RandomCanadian|contribs]]) 23:31, 3 September 2021 (UTC)
:... condescending and perhaps a little hasty. Wikipedia doesn't require a source per sentence and it's usually helpful to request a source for a good faith edit from an editor before reverting and causing both of us unnecessary work. And none of your changes were cited either BTW. I've largely reinstated my edit at [[German-suited playing cards]], adding the relevant sources, so that should now be fine. Your comment at [[passenger railroad car]] wrongly assumes I didn't read the background. In fact I did read the sorry saga of the move request, which went ahead despite a split vote and which has only made a poor situation worse. "Passenger railroad car" is the least universal and least common of the discussed options. Meanwhile, given the resulting horlicks, I was simply trying to clarify who uses which terms in order to begin addressing its multiple issues. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:49, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

== Again? ==

"Tyrolese" is an outdated 18th/19th century English term. Please stop insisting on using an outdated term. National Geographic uses [https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/2017/09/italy-tyroleans-do-it-better Tyroleans], as does South Tyrol's marketing agency: [https://www.suedtirol.info/en/this-is-south-tyrol/people South Tyroleans]. As does the province itself: [https://www.provinz.bz.it/this-is-south-tyrol/separation-from-austria.asp itself] and so on and on. Tyrolean is the correct name nowadays, so please stop reverting to an outdated tern. [[User:Noclador|noclador]] ([[User talk:Noclador|talk]]) 18:43, 11 September 2021 (UTC)
:Please follow [[WP:BRD]] and discuss this on the [[Talk:Tyrolean Unterland|talk page]], not here. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 21:22, 11 September 2021 (UTC)

== Missing language links for flat wagon ==

{{ping|User:Bermicourt}} Still '''missing''' language links (other languages) for [[flat wagon]]: [[:es:Vagón plataforma]], [[:cs:Plošinový vůz]], [[:ja:長物車]] and perhaps [[:nl:Containerwagen]] [[User:Peter Horn|Peter Horn]] [[User talk:Peter Horn|User talk]] 03:04, 25 September 2021 (UTC)
:Correction, [[:nl:Containerwagen]] should be linked to [[flat car]] as should also be [[:ja:コンテナ車]] [[User:Peter Horn|Peter Horn]] [[User talk:Peter Horn|User talk]] 03:40, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

== Reverting "entered into service" versus "taken into service" ==

Hi there, About your [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuland_Lighthouse&diff=1049002084&oldid=1048972358 reverting my change] of "taken into service" to "entered into service". Not disputing your change at all, but I do want to comment on it. In nearly five decades as a native English speaker I'd never seen the term "taken into service" until I read this article, whereas I see "entered into service" quite frequently.

Google shows nearly twice as many hits for "taken into service" than "entered into service", so I don't doubt that it's a common phrase. I'm guessing it may be more commonly used in Europe (where you're from) than in North America (where I'm from), which would explain the different perspectives. Given that context, I'm surprised you resorted to a revert, which [[WP:ROWN|"tends to be hostile"]]. Given that mine was a good-faith edit, and our disagreement appears to be one of British versus American English, I was surprised that you chose to rebuke me in a way that will live in my stats forever.

I'm not offended, but maybe be a bit less aggressive with reverting in the future? [[User:Stephen Hui|Stephen Hui]] ([[User talk:Stephen Hui|talk]]) 17:35, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

:I've copied this to the talk page and responded there iaw [[WP:BRD]]. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 18:35, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

== Discussion at Frisians ==

With respect, I don't know that there is a "discussion about this at the talk page", so I would appreciate you don't make that assumption. There was a discussion at the [[Talk:English people|English talkpage]], but given the fact that it has been quiet for well over 2months, I would assume it's concluded and not on the side that you advocated. [[User:Alssa1|Alssa1]] ([[User talk:Alssa1|talk]]) 13:06, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

:I've responded on the relevant talk pages. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 13:36, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

== In other languages ==

The "in other languages" for [[:de:pfannenwagen]] still throws me to [[tank car]]. [[User:Peter Horn|Peter Horn]] [[User talk:Peter Horn|User talk]] 23:40, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
:I've changed it to point to [[ladle transfer car]], but I can see the problem is that the German article also includes torpedo wagon as a sub-section, so they may change it back. Often, different wikis are at different stages of development, so there isn't always a one-to-one match. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 09:10, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
==DYK for Trictrac==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/November#20 November 2021|20 November 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Trictrac]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Trictrac]]''' ''(board pictured)'' was the classic [[tables game]] of France, just as [[backgammon]] is of the English-speaking world today?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Trictrac]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-11-10&end=2021-11-30&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Trictrac Trictrac]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 12:02, 20 November 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Jacquet (game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/November#22 November 2021|22 November 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Jacquet (game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the classic [[board game]] '''[[Jacquet (game)|Jacquet]]''' was the benchmark for all [[tables game]]s in France during the 19th century?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Jacquet (game)]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-11-12&end=2021-12-02&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Jacquet_(game) Jacquet (game)]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 00:02, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Irish (game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/December#11 December 2021|11 December 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Irish (game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that [[backgammon]] was derived from the esteemed 16th-century Scottish and English [[tables game]] of '''[[Irish (game)|Irish]]''' and eventually surpassed it in popularity?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Irish (game)]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-12-01&end=2021-12-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Irish_(game) Irish (game)]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 13:19, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

== Revert of Altes Schloss (Bad Berneck) ==

I understand why you reverted my recent edits to [[Altes Schloss (Bad Berneck)]], citing [[H:MARKUP]]. However, Wikipedia has been using unspaced headings (example: <nowiki>==Heading2==</nowiki>) for years, and many articles contain headings using the non-spaced formats. Further, such non-spaced heading formats are used as examples in [[MOS:HEADINGS]], where spaces are described as being ''optional''. Using [[WP:BOLD]], I have added text to [[H:MARKUP]] below the Markup / Renders as box as follows:
:"Heading formats may contain spaces (as shown in the example above) or not. The key point is that they should be consistent throughout an article, all headings should contain a single space to the left and right of the "=" sign(s) or no spaces, the formats should not be intermingled in the same article. See further examples in [[MOS:HEADINGS]]."
[[User:Truthanado|Truthanado]] ([[User talk:Truthanado|talk]]) 00:55, 17 December 2021 (UTC)
::{{ping|Truthanado}} I'm aware that both spaced and unspaced are acceptable provided they are consistent within the article. Personally, I find spaced headings easier to read, but given that the choice is left to editors, it would make sense to stay with the format of the original editor as we do with [[WP:ENGVAR]] to avoid edit conflict. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 09:39, 17 December 2021 (UTC)
:::I agree wholeheartedly with you. Consistency within an article is desirable. I'm not suggesting that editors go on a campaign to check all articles, but if other edits are being made in the article, why not make sure other things (like heading formats) in the article are consistent. Editors already do that for dmy or mdy date formats. FYI, [[User:Redrose64]] has reverted my edits to [[H:MARKUP]]. feel free to comment if you wish. [[User:Truthanado|Truthanado]] ([[User talk:Truthanado|talk]]) 12:53, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Ticktack==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/December#17 December 2021|17 December 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Ticktack]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the mediaeval English [[tables game]] of '''[[Ticktack]]''' has several ways of winning, including ''Toots'' and ''Rovers''?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Ticktack]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-12-07&end=2021-12-27&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Ticktack Ticktack]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 12:03, 17 December 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Ludus Anglicorum==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/December#18 December 2021|18 December 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Ludus Anglicorum]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the "English Game", '''[[Ludus Anglicorum]]''', was the most popular [[tables game]] in the [[Middle Ages|mediaeval]] England of [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]]'s time?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Ludus Anglicorum]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-12-08&end=2021-12-28&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Ludus_Anglicorum Ludus Anglicorum]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 12:02, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Doublets (tables game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/December#19 December 2021|19 December 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Doublets (tables game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the historical English [[tables game]] of '''[[Doublets (tables game)|Doublets]]''' was mentioned in 1549 in a sermon by [[Hugh Latimer|Latimer]] to King [[Edward VI]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Doublets (tables game)]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-12-09&end=2021-12-29&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Doublets_(tables_game) Doublets (tables game)]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 00:03, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

== Lower case names ==

Hi Bermicourt. In general, Wikipedia avoids unnecessary capitalization, which is used almost exclusively for proper nouns, acronyms/initialisms, and to begin sentences. The capitalization section of the [[WP:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Sports, games, and other activities|MoS]] states that the names of games are not capitalized. While the MoS is a guideline, I believe it's in agreement with common English usage not just in North America, but in general. I also don't believe that use in specialized literature is necessarily relevant to the issue. I further don't see how capitalization of a game name would aid in clarity and avoid confusion; if anything, it's likely to cause confusion because capitals are understood to mean proper nouns.

You've noted that the names of common games like [[chess]] and [[backgammon]] are usually not capitalized, and you will find that they're not capitalized in those articles. However, the popularity of a game is no basis for a policy on whether or not its name should be capitalized. Would we need to be constantly evaluating the popularity of games and moving them from one list to the other as it waxes and wanes? The simple and elegant solution is capitalization in accordance with standard English practice.

I won't get into a revert war with you over this, but I'd ask that you consider the issue of whether usage in gaming literature should trump common English capitalization rules, the Wikipedia MoS, and the goal of a simple and consistent policy. Exceptions for specialized fields should not be made unless there's a very compelling argument for them. I don't think we have one here. [[User:Lexicon|Lexicon]] [[User talk:Lexicon|(talk)]] 06:53, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

:I had never in my life heard of a particular North American tendency to follow the normal accepted use of capitalization as opposed to a lax British one, and I'm not sure such a thing is actually real. Nor do I suspect that there's anything at all behind your ascribing American imperialist intentions to the writers of the MoS. As for the number of sources using certain spellings, I'm sure you can appreciate that when you're talking about games so obscure that you've only now added them to Wikipedia, the sources are of a specialized nature the use in which is possibly not indicative of the way an average English speaker would use those terms. Specialized literature of all types tends to do things like emphasize its terminology with capitals against common use, which an average speaker would not do. Additionally, many of your sources for these games are also kind of ancient, no doubt employing deprecated pre-20th century language conventions. Both of these (but especially the first), I think, are sound arguments against taking the conventions of the table games community regarding capitalization and applying them to this specific segment of Wikipedia against standard English conventions for capitalization. [[User:Lexicon|Lexicon]] [[User talk:Lexicon|(talk)]] 14:38, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

::I'm not advocating for "the average English reader's level of knowledge", though. I'm advocating for common English practice. I don't see this as an informal vs. formal issue. It's instead a specialized vs. common issue. I wouldn't call capitalizing industry terms "formal", and using [[WP:RS]] when the only easily identifiable written sources (because of obscurity) are specialized publications might follow the letter of the law while breaking its spirit. And again, I argue that capitalizing in this one corner of Wikipedia would cause more confusion than it prevents (even though I think both are pretty negligible), even if in the specialized gaming literature it might arguably enhance clarity. Also, you must realize that saying "let's stop here" after you've made your point—instead of in place of making it—is just a wee bit rich. [[User:Lexicon|Lexicon]] [[User talk:Lexicon|(talk)]] 16:03, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

:::I don't believe this discussion was fruitless at all. I heard your reasoning, and you heard mine. I also hoped that it was not a case of "neither of us is going to convince the other", as I go into these things with an open mind, able to be swayed by salient arguments. It's unfortunate if you don't do the same. Personally I think my argument should have been enough to sway you, as I do believe it is a good one, and I think that if you'd take a step back from the issue and try to see it as something other than a conflict with someone ruining your good work with their lowly common Americanisms (I'm a Canadian and a Brit, btw, although that's neither here nor there), you might be able to be convinced. Either way, I don't think my being an admin plays (or should play) into the appropriate resolution of this matter at all. I'm open to [[WP:3O]] or [[WP:DRN]] to start, if you feel my position as an administrator is unfairly affecting the outcome. [[User:Lexicon|Lexicon]] [[User talk:Lexicon|(talk)]] 22:02, 20 December 2021 (UTC)
== Opole: relevance ==

Hi Bermicourt
I see you have just undone my deleted section on "Opole". Can we discuss this please? I am on the committee of the Rundlingsverein e V.,have lived for 16 years in a rundling village, and am probably the only native english speaking expert on Rundling villages. Most of the article is mine. I am in regular personal contact with Professor Wolfgang Meibeyer, who is without argument the greatest living expert on Rundlinge.

There is an academic debate that has been going on since the days of Anneliese Krenzlin and Willi Schulz about the origins of the Rundling form. One by now widely discredited argument is that Rundlinge, because their original occupiers were indeed Slavic farmers, came in some way from the Slavic tribes further East (Poles, Czechs, Russians, etc). No evidence whatsoever has been cited to show any such link.

Wolfgang Meibeyer's argument has always been that the half-moon shape was created by Germanic overlords for their Slavic farmers, who cleared the forests in the 12th/13th century following the Wendenkreuzzug of 1147. This is pictured in the Sachsenspiegel, a near contemporary account of the "Ostkolonisation ". There is no known connection to the Opole of Poland. Of course circular villages have existed the world over, and The University of Cottbus' Institute of Heritage Management has catalogised them all very recently. However to put in an article on German Rundlinge, a prominent link to Opole is factually false, and can only come from a lay view. Sadly antique2020 who wrote this addition falls into this category. It is deeply misleading to have this unedited under "Rundlinge". cheers. Adrian Greenwood. agwendland

adrian.greenwood@t-online.de — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/217.80.39.5|217.80.39.5]] ([[User talk:217.80.39.5#top|talk]]) 19:06, 1 January 2022 (UTC) 

== Translation request ==
Hello Bermicourt! I was wondering if you would like to translate a paragraph for me from German to English. (I found your name [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Translators_available#German-to-English here].) I use Google Translate to obtain basic facts from articles written in foreign languages; however, I do not trust it to translate complex information well. Here is the paragraph, which is in [https://www.bzbasel.ch/basel/basel-stadt/der-euro-aiport-sagt-aadje-swiss-willkommen-skywork-ld.1696348 this article]:

"Zwischen Ende 1998 und 2000 flog Swissair die einzige Langstrecke ab Basel: New York/Newark. Doch die für die Basler Pharma gedachte tägliche Verbindung war im Prinzip nur eine Reaktion auf ein Projekt eines potenziellen Konkurrenten, der eine Full-Businessclass-Boeing auf dieser Strecke einsetzen wollte. Die Strecke wurde aber nur halbherzig beworben. Auf dem Swissair-Werbeflyer für Passagiere aus den USA wurde das Angebot nach Basel schlicht nicht erwähnt."

Please let me know if you would be available to do this. Thank you, — [[User:Sunnya343|''Sunnya343✈'']] ([[User talk:Sunnya343|háblame]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sunnya343|my work]]) 01:02, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

:Done - on your talk page. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 09:46, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

== in friendship ==
{{User QAIbox
| title = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2022#24 Jan|January songs]]
| image = Forest in snow, Engenhahn.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
| bold = [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#2022 · in friendship|in friendship]]
}}
Thank you for being around! - [[User:Gerda Arendt/Images 2022|Happy new year, in friendship]]! - Today I show yesterday's snow and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1064624973 today's music, Schon gewusst?] in memory of Jerome Kohl, a friend --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 11:57, 9 January 2022 (UTC)
{{User QAIbox
| title = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2022#25 Feb|February songs]]
| image = Creek frozen.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
| bold = [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#RexxS|frozen]]
}}
[[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2022 February 7|my joy]] - more [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1070459492 on my talk] --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 17:38, 7 February 2022 (UTC)

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1071802461 Valentine's Day edition], with spring flowers and plenty of music --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 17:51, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1074005793 stand and sing] --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 22:17, 25 February 2022 (UTC)

I took the pic in 2009. It was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1075521687 on the German MP] yesterday, with the song from 1885, in English [[Prayer for Ukraine]]. --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 10:40, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

== Kamienna Góra ==

Bermicourt, what are you doing? I'm not sure you understand the what [[Wikipedia:BOLD, revert, discuss cycle]] entails. This is the edit [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamienna_G%C3%B3ra&type=revision&diff=1067403351&oldid=1057412151] where user Tino Cannst added new information, while at the same time removing an old long standing statement. I reverted that, so why are you restoring it? Also, I started a talk page discussion [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AKamienna_G%C3%B3ra&type=revision&diff=1069094344&oldid=352311056] because this new item added by Tino Cannst is a minor fact and creates a bit of an imbalance, yet you did not even bother to comment on it, you just restored the new text that was added. Please follow Wikipedia rules instead of restoring NEW text which is disputed. New text can be reverted and it's up to the user to convince others for it's inclusion not the other way around. --[[User:E-960|E-960]] ([[User talk:E-960|talk]]) 19:41, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

==DYK nomination of Rosamund's Bower==
[[File:Symbol question.svg|25px]] Hello! Your submission of [[Rosamund's Bower]] at the [[Template talk:DYK|Did You Know nominations page]] has been reviewed, and some issues with it may need to be clarified. Please review the comment(s) at '''[[Template:Did you know nominations/Rosamund's Bower|your nomination's entry]]''' and respond there as soon as possible. Thank you for contributing to Did You Know!  [[User:Morgan695|Morgan695]] ([[User talk:Morgan695|talk]]) 01:17, 24 February 2022 (UTC)
:Bermicourt, final call for you to provide the QPQ and address the issues raised in the above review. Hope to see you there. [[User:BlueMoonset|BlueMoonset]] ([[User talk:BlueMoonset|talk]]) 23:12, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

== Always precious ==
[[File:Yogo2783 Close crop.JPG|frameless|right|upright=0.5]]
Ten years ago, [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Quality Article Improvement/Precious#{{BASEPAGENAME}}|you]] were found precious. That's what you are, always. I cherish working with you! --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:51, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

:You are precious too - bless you. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 08:53, 10 March 2022 (UTC)
:: Thank you, - and yes, 3 people said so ;) - Listening to the charity concert [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1076348542 mentioned here]. I created the articles of the composer and the soprano. --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 20:04, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

== Solitaire articles and WP:RS ==

Thanks for all the work you've been doing on improving the solitaire articles. And thank you also for jumping in the discussion on my Talk page with your comments.

What other editors popping in might not realize is that many of the articles in question have had zero citations for over ten years or more. So the kinds of references we've been supplying improves things, being from reliable contributors, even if the site they're hosted on is not ideal. I appreciate the case you made about seeing them as arguably interim in nature, even if they don't quite tick all the WP:RS boxes. Removing them entirely will arguably only result in some instances where Wikipedia articles on solitaire games are absent of references for another next ten years, even though these are subjects that clearly deserve to be covered in Wikipedia.

Part of the problem is that it's a specialty area of study with few contributors, so over-vigilance and over-policing based on a cursory visit to those pages or the sources in question isn't helpful. And in some instances it wasn't just the citation that was removed, but also other content changes, resulting in an overall regress of quality. But let's keep plugging away, and hopefully our efforts will lead to improvements in the long run. Thanks again for your contributions, involvement, and engagement. [[User:Gregorytopov|Gregorytopov]] ([[User talk:Gregorytopov|talk]]) 09:22, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

== Category:Nazi personnel who resisted the Holocaust ==

You may be interested in the discussion at [[Category talk:Nazi personnel who resisted the Holocaust#Correct title?]]. Sincerely, [[User:HopsonRoad|HopsonRoad]] ([[User talk:HopsonRoad|talk]]) 14:44, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==DYK for Rosamund's Bower==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2022/April#14 April 2022|14 April 2022]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Rosamund's Bower]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that in '''[[Rosamund's Bower]]''' ''(setup pictured)'', the aim is to reunite [[Rosamund Clifford|Fair Rosamund]] with [[Henry II of England|King Henry]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Rosamund's Bower]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2022-04-04&end=2022-04-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Rosamund%27s_Bower Rosamund's Bower]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Maile66|— Maile ]] ([[User talk:Maile66|talk]]) 00:02, 14 April 2022 (UTC)
{{DYK views|10,807|900.6|April 2022}} [[User:Theleekycauldron|theleekycauldron]] ([[User talk:Theleekycauldron|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Theleekycauldron|contribs]]) (she/[[Singular they|they]]) 02:03, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

== I have sent you a note about a page you started ==

Hello, Bermicourt, Thank you for creating [[Augustusburg Castle]].
[[User:North8000]], while examining this page as a part of our [[WP:NPP|page curation process]], had the following comments:

{{Bq|1=Thanks for your work}}

To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{code|<nowiki>{{Re|</nowiki>North8000<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}. Please remember to sign your reply with {{code|<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}} .

(Message delivered via the [[Wikipedia:Page Curation/Help|Page Curation]] tool, on behalf of the reviewer.)

''North8000'' ([[User talk:North8000#top|talk]]) 12:49, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

==DYK for German Tarok==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2022/May#20 May 2022|20 May 2022]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[German Tarok]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that it is purportedly hard to find a more interesting [[card game]] played with [[German-suited playing cards|German-suited cards]] than Sansprendre, a variant of '''[[German Tarok]]'''?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/German Tarok]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2022-05-10&end=2022-05-30&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=German_Tarok German Tarok]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Casliber|Cas Liber]] ([[User talk:Casliber|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Casliber|contribs]]) 00:02, 20 May 2022 (UTC)
{{User QAIbox
| title = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2022#29 May|May songs]]
| image = Rapsfeld, Gnadenthal.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
}}
Thank you for making DYK Germany richer! --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 06:16, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

== Translation request ==
Hallo Bermicourt! Wir würden gerne eine Übersetzung von der deutschen Wikipedia Seite "Edith Hlawati" anfordern.
Viele Grüße!
[[User:Österreichische Beteiligungs AG|Österreichische Beteiligungs AG]] ([[User talk:Österreichische Beteiligungs AG|talk]]) 08:47, 14 June 2022 (UTC)
:Leider ist das nicht mein Themenkreis. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 11:02, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

==DYK nomination of Six-Bid Solo==
[[File:Symbol question.svg|25px]] Hello! Your submission of [[Six-Bid Solo]] at the [[Template talk:DYK|Did You Know nominations page]] has been reviewed, and some issues with it may need to be clarified. Please review the comment(s) at '''[[Template:Did you know nominations/Six-Bid Solo|your nomination's entry]]''' and respond there at your earliest convenience. Thank you for contributing to Did You Know!  [[User:Narutolovehinata5|Narutolovehinata5]] ([[User talk:Narutolovehinata5|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Narutolovehinata5|contributions]]) 07:50, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
== Nomination for deletion of [[:Template:Infobox natural region of Germany]] ==
[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|30px|link=]][[:Template:Infobox natural region of Germany]] has been [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion|nominated for deletion]]. You are invited to comment on the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 29#Template:Infobox natural region of Germany|the entry on the Templates for discussion page]]. [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] ([[User talk:Gonnym|talk]]) 12:40, 29 June 2022 (UTC)
== Nomination for deletion of [[:Template:S-Bahn-Karlsruhe]] ==
[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|30px|link=]][[:Template:S-Bahn-Karlsruhe]] has been [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion|nominated for deletion]]. You are invited to comment on the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 July 7#Template:S-Bahn-Karlsruhe|the entry on the Templates for discussion page]]. [[User:Frietjes|Frietjes]] ([[User talk:Frietjes|talk]]) 22:25, 7 July 2022 (UTC)
== Nomination for deletion of [[:Template:Dresden S-Bahn]] ==
[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|30px|link=]][[:Template:Dresden S-Bahn]] has been [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion|nominated for deletion]]. You are invited to comment on the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 July 11#Template:Dresden S-Bahn|the entry on the Templates for discussion page]]. [[User:Frietjes|Frietjes]] ([[User talk:Frietjes|talk]]) 17:29, 11 July 2022 (UTC)
== "Template:Dokumentation" listed at [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|Redirects for discussion]] ==
[[File:Information.svg|30px]]
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect [[:Template:Dokumentation]] and has thus listed it [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|for discussion]]. This discussion will occur at [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 July 15#Template:Dokumentation]] until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion.  <big>[[user:q28|Q]][[user talk:q28|𝟤]][[special:contribs/q28|𝟪]]</big> 09:42, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

== [[Template:Did you know nominations/Corner chair|Corner chair]] ==

Wanted to courtesy ping you that there's been a reply on the above DYK nomination you reviewed. [[User:Sammi Brie|Sammi Brie]] (she/her • [[User talk:Sammi Brie|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sammi Brie|c]]) 20:51, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

==DYK for Six-Bid Solo==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2022/July#18 July 2022|18 July 2022]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Six-Bid Solo]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the American [[card game]] of '''[[Six-Bid Solo]]''' originated in southern Germany?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Six-Bid Solo]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2022-07-08&end=2022-07-28&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Six-Bid_Solo Six-Bid Solo]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 00:02, 18 July 2022 (UTC)

== Sources ==

Hi, Bermicourt. A couple of editors have begun a campaign to evaluate sources over at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Board and table games/Sources]] and its talk. Mostly they're sifting through potential sources for the welter of new games coming out every day, a difficult task that I'm not really interested in. However, I've floated a few online sources for historical games, which were also welcomed. Just mentioning in case you know of additional quality sources that might be worth listing. Cheers. [[User:Phil wink|Phil wink]] ([[User talk:Phil wink|talk]]) 21:44, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

== Pronouns ==

Hi @[[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] I'm making a list of card games articles where the pronouns are too ambiguous, hoping you'll find time to take a look. I still may change part of the article where there is less ambiguity, but in which case I'll identify the ambiguous section:

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_(card_game) - second paragraph of Strategy section
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarocchini - Variations > Game play section
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truc_y_flou - Rules section
[[User:Tom dl|Tom dl]] ([[User talk:Tom dl|talk]]) 08:30, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

Truc y Flou

2022-08-04T09:19:29Z

Tom dl:

{{Infobox card game
|title = Truc y flou
|image_link = File:Spanish National pattern.png
|image_size = 220px
|image_caption = Spanish National pattern cards for ''Truc y flou''
|type = plain trick taking
|family =
|players = 6
|ages =
|num_cards = 40
|deck = [[Spanish National pattern|Spanish National]] or [[Modern Spanish Catalan pattern]]
|play =
|random_chance =
|playing_time =
|skills =
|related =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Truc y flou''' (also ''Truc et fleur'') is a card game from [[Aragon]] in Spain, which is played in the French [[Pyrenees]] in the [[Vallée d'Aure|Aure]] and Louron valleys in [[Hautes-Pyrénées]] and the Oueil valley near Luchonnais.<ref name=Aure>[http://www.cadeilhan-trachere.com/spip.php?rubrique22 ''La confrérie du Truc Y Flou en Vallée d’Aure''] at www.cadeilhan-trachere.com. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</ref> It may be compared to the games of [[Aluette]], [[Brisca]] and [[Mus (card game)|Mus]]. A significant and enjoyable part of the game is the communication and bluffing that is allowed between partners.

== History ==
Playing cards were probably introduced to France via the routes through the [[Pyrenees]] as well as through ports on the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea]]. In 1825, Catalan-pattern cards appeared, being manufactured by Dessouris and bore a strange resemblance to [[Truc]] cards. Catalan Truc resisted competition from other games such as [[Belote]], [[Rummy]], [[Contract bridge|Bridge]], [[Tarot card games|Tarot]] and [[Poker]]. Truc y Flou itself originated in [[Spain]] where it had been practised since at least the 19th century.<ref name=CT>[http://www.cadeilhan-trachere.com/spip.php?rubrique22 ''Jeux de Cartes''] at cadeilhan-trachere.com. Retrieved 17 May 2020.</ref>

== Distribution ==
The game, which uses Spanish cards, is played in the Central [[Pyrenees]] in the [[département]] of [[Hautes-Pyrénées]] up to the slopes of the [[Haute-Garonne]]. In Haute-Pyrénées, it is played only in the valley of the Aure and in the valley of the Oueil near Luchonnais. The same cards are used in the [[Upper Aragon]] in Spain to play Guignoté and the Basques play [[Mus (card game)|Mus]] with them.<ref name=CT/>

== Players ==
It is played by six players, divided into two teams of three. Each team has a captain who sits in the middle, collects information from their team mates and directs the tactics.<ref name=Aure/>

== Equipment ==
=== Cards ===
The game uses a pack of 48 [[Spanish National pattern|Spanish National]] or [[Modern Spanish Catalan pattern]] cards from which the Eights and Nines are removed, leaving 40 cards, divided into 4 suits: [[Swords (suit)|Swords]] (''Epée'' or ''Aspade''); [[Batons (suit)|Batons]] (''Bâton'' or ''Bastou''); [[Coins (suit)|Coins]] (''Soleil'' or ''Aurous''); and [[Cups (suit)|Cups]] (''Coupe'' or ''Copas'').<ref name=CT/>

=== Card ranking and values ===
From the highest to lowest:
* Swords - 2 points
* Batons - 1 point
* ''Manille'' or 7 of Swords ;
* ''Manille'' or 7 of Coins ;
* Treys (3s) ;
* Deuces (2s) ;
* ''Pouts'': Coins and Cups - 0 points

=== Counters ===
There are 25 points in the game, which are tallied using counters, typically dried Tarbais beans, and a [[jeton]], called an ''espintou'', which is worth 13 points to mark roughly the half-way stage and facilitate counting.<ref name=CT/>

== Rules ==
Each player must quickly identify the stronger cards (trick-taking cards) and communicate them discreetly to captain of each team, who will decide on the strategy to follow. He will then make a discreet announcement using signals e.g. ''an embit'' (''embide'' = "you may go")

== Signals ==
During the game, players use coded signals to communicate information to their team mates about their cards. The following signals are used:<ref name=Aure/>

* 2 points - raise your eyebrows
* 1 point - wink an eye
* 7 of Swords - twitch lips to the right
* 7 of Coins - twitch lips to the left
* Treys - lower lip under upper
* Deuces - puff of breath

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.cadeilhan-trachere.com/IMG/pdf/A3truc.pdf Official rules]

[[Category:French card games]]
[[Category:Spanish deck card games]]
[[Category:Plain-trick games]]
[[Category:Six-player card games]]
[[Category:Occitania]]
[[Category:Card games involving signalling]]

Truc

2022-08-04T09:17:51Z

Tom dl:

{{short description|Card game}}
{{Infobox card game
| title = Truc
| subtitle =
| image_link = Spanish deck printed in Valencia, in 1778.jpg
| image_caption = ''Replica of a 1778 Spanish deck printed in Valencia.''{{efn|Original in the Fournier Museum, Alava, Spain.}}
| image size=240px
| Family = [[Trick-taking]]
| alt_names = Truque, Trut
| type =
| players = 2–6
| play = Counter-clockwise
| num_cards = 40
| deck = [[Spanish playing cards|Spanish]]
| origin = [[Spain]]
| related = [[Aluette]]{{*}}[[Put (card game)|Put]]{{*}}[[Truco]]
| playing_time = 25 min.
| random_chance = Easy
| skills = Bluffing
| footnotes =
}}
'''Truc''', pronounced {{IPA-fr|tʁy(k)|}} in France and {{IPA-es|tɾuk|}} in Spain, is a 15th-century bluff and counter-bluff [[trick-taking]] card game which has been likened to [[poker]] for two. It is played in [[Occitania]],<ref>Frederic Mistral, ''Lou Tresor dóu Felibrige, G-Z'', (1878-1886), p. 1058: '''''Truc''' (esp. ''trucco'', angl. ''trick'') s.m. Jeu de cartes usité en Languedoc.''</ref> [[Sarthe]] (where it is known as ''trut''), [[Poitou]] (''tru'') and the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] (''truka''), and is still very popular in the [[Valencia (province)|Valencia]] region (''joc del truc''). More elaborate versions are widely played in Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela, Paraguay and Brazil under such names as [[Truco]], Truque and Truquiflor. The French version ''Le Truc'' has become more widely known in the English-speaking world and among hobbyist gamers after [[Sid Sackson]] included it in his popular book ''[[A Gamut of Games]]'' (1969),<ref name=Sackson>Sackson (1969), pp. 14–17.</ref> it being a translation of E. Lanes' 1912 book, ''Nouveau Manuel Complet des Jeux de Cartes''.<ref>Lanes (1912).</ref>

==History==
The game of Truc probably originates from the end of the Middle Ages in Spain, regarding the etymology of the word, which means "trick" (or to trick into false announcements) in Catalan, later migrating to France.

The ''Diccionari de Pompeu Fabra'' (1968) states that Truc is a game of cards usually played by four players, each receiving three cards and scoring points for winning two of the three tricks, and whose bluffing objective is to trick the opponent into conceding the number of points summed by the point value of two cards of the same suit under a vie, and in some variants of Truquiflor, by having Flor or a winning Flor (a group of three consecutive cards of the same suit) whose point value is higher than another.<ref>FABRA I POCH, Pompeu: ''Diccionari General de la Llengua Catalana''. Barcelona, Antoni López Llausàs, 1968, 5ª edición. ''Truc: "joc de cartes que es juga ordinàriament entre quatre persones que van dues contra les altres dues, cadascuna de les quals rep tres cartes i cada bandol guanya punts guanyant dues bases (guanyar el truc), les cartes matantse le unes a les altres segons un ordre establert, y fent objecte d'envit el guanyar el truc (trucar) o el nombre de punts que sumen els valor de dues cartes del mateix [mismo] coll [palo] acoblades [emparejadas] en una mà (envidar), i, en algunes variants del joc (truquiFlor), pel fet de tenir Flor o una Flor guanyadora d'una altra".''</ref>

[[Francesc de Borja i Moll]], in his ''Diccionari Català'' (1993), offers a similar definition, recalling the hierarchy of the cards as: 3 2 A K Q J 9 8 7 6, and a brief entry on the Matarrata variant, a similar game in which the 7 {{Diamonds}} ranks higher than 7 {{Spades}}, A {{Clubs}} and A {{Spades}}.<ref>''Diccionari Català''. FRANCESC DE B. MOLL, Valencià, Balear. Palma de Mallorca, Moll, 1993, Tomo X, pág. 540. ''Matarrata… '''truc d’espaseta''': joc semblant al truc, del qual es diferencia perquè el set és guanyat pel set d’oros, aquest pel d’espases, aquest per l’as de bastos i aquest per l’as d’espases.''</ref>

Truc is closely related to the old English game of [[Put (card game)|Put]], which was first described by Cotton in ''[[The Compleat Gamester]]'' (1674).<ref>Parlett (1992), p. 319.</ref>

== Cards ==
In France it is played with a [[French-suited]] [[Piquet pack]], the cards ranking 7 8 A R D V 10 9 in each suit, whereby R is the ''Roi'' (King), D the ''Dame'' (Queen) and V the ''Valet'' (Jack). The 8 is called the ''six''. Sackson says that in some areas the Ace replaces the 8, the order then being 7 A R D V 10 9 8. The hierarchy applies across all 4 suits e.g. any Queen beats a Jack of any suit.<ref name=Sackson/>

In Catalonia in Spain, Truc is played with a [[Spanish-suited]] pack of 40 cards ranking 3 2 1 R C S 7 6 5 4, whereby R is the ''Rei'' (King), C is the ''Cavall'' (Cavalier) and S the ''Sota'' (Jack).<ref name=pagat>[https://www.pagat.com/put/truc.htm ''Truc''] at [[pagat.com]]. Retrieved 6 July 2022.</ref>

== French Truc ==
The French game is played as follows:

Two players use a 32-card pack ranking A game is won when one player reaches 12 points, which may require several rounds. A rubber is the best of three games.

Players deal in turn with the first dealer being chosen by any agreed upon means. Each round, players are dealt 3 cards one at a time. The non-dealer may propose a redeal if the dealer agrees. The hands are put aside and each receives 3 new cards. Only one redeal may be made, and only if both players agree. To win a round, a player must win two of the three tricks, or the first trick if both players win one and the third is tied by making the opponent fold to a raise.

=== Play ===

The non-dealer leads the first trick and the winner of each trick leads the next. As Truc is a no-trump game, any card may be played by either player and tricks are taken by the highest card led regardless of suit. If both cards played are of equal ranks, the trick is then considered "spoilt", belonging to none of the players (but during scoring is effectively awarded to the player who captured the first trick of that hand), and the same leader leads the next. A round finishes when one player concedes or when three tricks have been completed. Whoever took two tricks, or whoever took the first if each took one, scores 1 point or whatever the value of the round may have been increased to. If all three tricks were spoilt, neither player scores points.

=== Score ===

By default, the winner of a round scores one point. However, before playing a trick, either player may offer to increase the value of a round by asking: "Two more?". The first such increase raises the value of the round from 1 point to 2, and subsequent increases add 2 more each, raising the value of the round from 2 to 4 to 6, and so on. If the other says: "Yes", play continues, if not that other throws their hand in, play ceases and the challenger scores whatever the round was worth before the challenger offered to raise. It is possible for both players to raise in the same trick (the leader before leading a trick, and, if accepted, the follower before replying). It is also legal to concede at any time, whether the other player has offered to increase or not.

'''Mon reste'''

An even more drastic raise may be made if either player on their turn declares: "My remainder" (Mon reste), thus jump-raising the value of the round to whatever they need to make 12. The opponent may either concede, in which case the increase does not take effect and the player that offered it scores the number of points the round was set at, or may themself announce "My remainder", in which case the player that wins the round wins the game.

=== Variations ===

A common way of playing allows a player to propose any increase in the value of a round. In a variation suggested by Sid Sackson in his book ''[[A Gamut of Games]]'', raises are increased by player proposing to double the current value of the round (i.e. from 1 to 2 to 4 to 8, and so on), and a full game goes to 16 rather than 12 points.<ref name = Sackson/>

==Partnership Truc==

Four players sit crosswise in partnerships. The turn to deal and play is counter-clockwise. The dealer acts as governor for their partnership and [[eldest hand]] as governor for the dealer's own. Only eldest may propose an exchange, and only dealer may accept or refuse it. Eldest leads to the first trick, and each subsequent trick is led by the winner of the last, or by the previous leader if the trick is spoilt. Similarly, only the governor may accept or concede when an increase is proposed.

Throughout play, the governor's partner may indicate what card or cards they hold by means of conventional code or gestural signals, and the governor for their part may tell their partner what to play. Players may not reverse these roles. The holding of a Seven is indicated by a grin, an Eight by a wink, an Ace by a shrug. Naturally, the signaller will attempt to signal when their governor is looking and their opponents are not. An instruction may take the form: "Play the Seven", "Play low", "Leave it to me", and so on. Signals must be truthfully made, and instructions obeyed.

A trick is spoilt if the highest card played by one side is matched in rank by the highest card played by one of the other. In case of a tie-winning trick played by two partners, whichever of them led to it first, leads two the next, and if neither of them two led, the trick is then spoilt just as if one of the tied cards were played by the other side.

==See also==

*[[Truco]]
*[[Mus (card game)|Mus]]
*[[Put (card game)|Put]]
*[[Calabresella]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Lanes, E. (1912) ''Nouveau Manuel Complet des Jeux de Cartes''. Paris.
* [[Parlett, David]] (1992). ''Dictionary of Card Games''. {{ISBN|0-19-869173-4}}
* [[Sackson, Sid]] (1969). ''A Gamut of Games''. {{ISBN|0-486-27347-4}}

==Further reading==

*El Truco: Historia de una Tradicíón, Francisco José Fuentes Pereira [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027184423/http://ar.geocities.com/trucoargentino/el_truco.pdf ], in Spanish

==External links==
*[http://www.pagat.com/put/truc.html Truc rules] at [[Pagat.com]]

{{Trick-taking card games}}
[[Category:15th-century card games]]
[[Category:Put group]]
[[Category:Spanish card games]]
[[Category:French card games]]
[[Category:Spanish deck card games]]
[[Category:Card games involving signalling]]
[[Category:Two-player card games]]

Troccas

2022-08-04T09:12:07Z

Tom dl:

{{Short description|Tarot card game}}
{{Expand German|Troccas|date=March 2009}}
[[File:1JJ Tarot - Trump 21 - French - Le Monde.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|The World, the highest trump in a French captioned 1JJ deck]]
'''Troccas''' is a member of the [[Tarot card games|Tarot family of card games]].
It is played in the [[Romansh language|Romansh]] speaking part of the canton [[Graubünden|Grisons]] of [[Switzerland]].
It is not known exactly how this game entered Switzerland but it is generally thought to have arrived from [[Italy]] during the 17th century.

Troccas decks are sometimes called "[[Swiss 1JJ Tarot|1JJ]]" or "Jupiter and Juno" decks because they substitute ''Jupiter'' and ''Juno'' for the Pope and Papess of the [[Tarot of Marseilles]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dummett|first=Michael|title=The Game of Tarot|year=1980|publisher=Duckworth|isbn=0 7156 1014 7|page=218}}</ref> The deck's captions are usually in French or German, but a version with English captions has been published.

== The cards ==

The 78-card [[Swiss 1JJ Tarot]] is traditionally used but it can be substituted by a [[Tarot Nouveau]] deck. Swiss 1JJ uses [[Italian playing cards|Italian suits]] (swords, sticks, cups, and coins) while Tarot Nouveau uses [[French playing cards|French suits]]. Cards use traditional ranking, where red (or round) suits rank in reverse: K, Q, C, V, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

1JJ cards are referred to in the game by their [[Romansh language|Romansh]] (Rhæto-Romanic) names, but bear legends in French or German. Troccas players prefer the French version as opposed to [[Troggu]] players who use the German version.

== Card points ==

At the end of the game, cards are counted in groups of four, subtracting three points for each group. The dealer (in [[Romansh language|Romansh]], ''scartist'') will have two odd cards, counting for combined value, minus one point. The full deck totals 72 points, and cards are worth the following: kings and honours (1 and 21 of trump, and the [[The Fool (Tarot card)|Fool]]) five, queens four, cavaliers three, jacks two, everything else one.

== The deal ==

Before the game starts, each player cuts for trump. The two highest and the two lowest form partnerships. The dealing and play are counterclockwise. Traditionally, the deck is cut and not shuffled.

Each player is given nineteen cards; Dealer takes the last two, giving them a hand of twenty-two cards. The last card dealt to each player is traditionally turned up. Usually, the cards are dealt in packets of six, six, and seven, with dealer taking the last nine.

A team that is losing by at least nine points may request that the deal be in packets of nine and ten, with dealer taking twelve; a team losing by at least eighteen points may request that the deal be in a single packet each (nineteen cards and twenty-one for the dealer).

After the dealing of each packet, players can give coded statements known as ''tschintschar'' to their partner to decide whether or not to have the cards redealt. All players must give consent to cancel the deal. These are the ones allowed in tournaments:<ref>[http://www.troccas.ch/reglas-da-dar-troccas/ Reglas per dar troccas at Troccas.ch] Retrieved 9 April 2019.</ref>

After being dealt six or twelve cards, one may say:
{| class="wikitable float-left" style="width:800px;"
|-
! style="width:500px;"|''tschintschar''
! style="width:500px;"|Translation
! style="width:800px;"|Meaning
|-
|''strusch in''
|just one
|Only one honour (5 point card)
|-
|''in''
|one
|Two honour cards
|-
|''tric e trac''
|this and that
|Half of my hand are trumps
|-
|''jeu mirel'' or ''aunc sis''
|I see it or another six
|Continue dealing because my hand is good
|-
|''autras''
|other cards
|My hand is bad and we should abandon the deal
|-
|''nuot'' or ''lavadas''
|nothing or washout
|My cards are worthless
|-
|''il narr''
|the Fool
|I have the Fool with some trumps
|-
|''il narr blut''
|the naked Fool
|I have the Fool but no trumps
|-
|''jeu lasch liber''
|I'll let you choose
|Choose to continue or redeal
|}

After all cards have been dealt, one may say:
{| class="wikitable float-left" style="width:800px;"
|-
! style="width:500px;"|''tschintschar''
! style="width:500px;"|Translation
! style="width:800px;"|Meaning
|-
|''in trochetg''
|
|I have five or six trumps
|-
|''ina trocca''
|
|I have seven or eight trumps
|-
|''in pèr tunnels''
|
|I have four or five small trumps
|-
|''da Medel''
|from the [[Medel (Lucmagn)|Medel]]
|I have eight to ten high trumps
|-
|''da Tujetsch''
|from [[Tujetsch]]
|I have many face cards
|-
|''ina cuort'' or ''ina famiglia''
|one court or one family
|I have all the face cards of one suit
|-
|''in pass''
|one step
|I have two honours with six or seven trumps
|-
|''jeu gidel''
|I help
|I have a good hand
|-
|''pli bugen autras''
|I prefer other cards
|My hand is mediocre
|-
|''jeu sun buc cheu''
|I am not here
|I have nothing
|-
|''fai scart'' or ''nus dein''
|Go discard or we play
|Start the game
|}
After all cards are dealt, the dealer has the privilege of forcing a new hand to be dealt if the dealer's hand is void of trumps.

== Play ==

The dealer discards two cards, which may not include Kings or Honours (the I or XXI of trump, as well as the Fool [''il narr'']). Other trumps may be discarded, though this is inadvisable. A good strategy is to eliminate a suit in which one is short, to allow trumping when this suit comes up in play; if this is impossible, it is advisable to discard the lowest two cards of a suit in which one is long.

The dealer leads the first trick with any card; each player in turn, moving to the right, must follow suit. If this is impossible, they '''must''' trump, and if this is impossible as well, they can play any card but can not win. The winner of the trick leads the next one.

The Fool can be played in any trick. It excuses the player from following suit. If the side that wins the trick did not play the Fool, they must return it to their opponents, in exchange for a one-point card. If the Fool leads a trick, the next player's card determines the trick's suit. The Fool can only be lost if the player's side fails to win any tricks.

The most distinguishing aspect of Troccas which separates it from other tarot games is a rule involving the king and jack of each suit. When a suit is led for the first time and that suit's king is played in it, whoever wins that trick can demand that the jack of that suit be surrendered (if it hasn't already been played). The jack's owner takes back their original card and exchanges it with the jack unless they had played the queen, cavalier, or the Fool. If the player who played the king also held the jack, they can play both cards together. After the trick, they can demand a card of the same suit from the other players. This rule has no effect if the jack was one of the two cards discarded by the dealer.

In some regions, a player with the highest unplayed trump can let their partner know by knocking on the table.

== Scoring ==

Players win or lose game points equal to the card points over or below thirty-six; in practice, each point generally corresponds to a small stake.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.troccas.ch Romansch language website on Troccas]
*[http://www.pagat.com/tarot/troccas.html Rules of the game]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OM4vfoSD8gM&watch_response Romansch YouTube]

{{Tarot, tarock and tarocchi games}}
[[Category:Tarot card games]]
[[Category:Card games involving signalling]]
[[Category:Grisons]]
[[Category:Four-player card games]]

Trischettn

2022-08-04T09:09:51Z

Tom dl:

{{Infobox card game
| title = Trischettn
| subtitle =
| image_link = File:Salzburg pack-highest ranking Leaves in Trischettn.jpg
| image_caption =The highest ranking Leaves in Trischettn
| image size=
| alt_names = Treschetten
| type = [[Point-trick]]
| players = 2
| ages =
| family = Tresette group
| num_cards = 32 cards
| deck = [[German-suited]] [[Salzburg pattern]]
| play = Counter-clockwise
| card_rank = 10 9 A K O U 8 7
| origin = [[South Tyrol]], Italy
| related = [[Tresette]]{{*}}[[Pollack (card game)|Pollack]]{{*}}Quatre Septs
| playing_time = 25 min
| random_chance = Medium
| skills = Tactics
| footnotes =
}}
'''Trischettn''' or '''Treschetten''' is an historical [[card game]] from the [[South Tyrol]] for two players. The game is clearly an Austrian variant of [[Tresette]], the major differences being that it is played with a 32-card, [[German-suited pack]] rather than a 40-card [[Italian pack]], resulting in a different card ranking, the Tens and Nines becoming the highest rankers in each suit. It also features points for declaring certain combinations such as four Nines. The game is played for 31 points. It used to be one of the three most common card games in South Tyrol, along with [[Watten (card game)|Stichwatten]] and [[Labbieten]], but is threatened with extinction today.<ref name=ZH>[https://zumhirschen.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDFs/Historische_Gastbetrieb_2019_-_Albergo_Storico_2019.pdf ''Der Historische Gastbetrieb des Jahres in Südtirol''], 2019, p. 28</ref><ref name=DW>[https://www.diewanderer.it/page/15/ "Überetscher Hütte" in ''Wandern Südtirol bei Gardasee''] at www.diewanderer.it. Retrieved 15 Feb 2019</ref>

== Overview ==
Having been one of the three most common card games in South Tyrol, together with [[Watten (card game)|Stichwatten]] and [[Labbieten]], Trischettn is nowadays under threat of dying out.<ref name=ZH/><ref name=DW/> Nevertheless there are moves to revive it by teaching Trischettn alongside other traditional South Tyrolean card games.<ref>Mühlbacher Marktblatt 076 - Year 20, Edition 3, October 2006, Marktgemeinde Mühlbach. p. 23.</ref><ref>[https://www.juze-naturns.it/event/1853/ ''Kartenspielabend''] at www.juze-naturns.it. Retrieved 15 Feb 2019.</ref> It is closely related to the Italian game of [[Tresette]], albeit played with different packs and a different card ranking, ''treschetten'' being South Tyrolese for 'playing tresette'.<ref>Ammon, Ulrich et al. (2016). ''Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen: Die Standardsprache in Österreich, der Schweiz und Deutschland sowie in Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Ostbelgien und Südtirol. de Gruyter, Berlin/New York, pp. 800/801.</ref>

== Cards ==
Trischettn is played with 32 cards from a [[Salzburg pattern pack]], the Sixes being removed. If an Italian Salzburg (''Salisburghesi'') pack is used, the Fives are also removed. There are no [[trump (card games)|trump]]s. Cards rank and score as follows:<ref name=DS>[https://www.diesuedtiroler.it/trischettn-suedtiroler-kartenspiel/ ''Trischettn: Ein Südtiroler Kartenspiel''] at www.diesuedtiroler.it. Retrieved 15 Feb 2019.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" align="float left" style="background-color:white"
|- style="background-color:#B3B7FF"
| colspan="9" | '''Ranks and card-point values of cards'''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''Rank'''
! 10 || 9 || A || K || O || U || 8 || 7
|- align="center"
| style="background:#efefef;" | '''Value'''
| ⅓ || ⅓ || 1 || ⅓ || ⅓ || ⅓ || colspan=2 | –
|}

Points are scored by collecting the face cards – the [[King (playing card)|Kings]], [[Ober (playing card)|Obers]] and [[Unter (playing card)|Unters]] – as well as the Tens and Nines; each of which scores one third of a point. An Ace scores one full point. Fractional scores are rounded down. Thus there are 10 (strictly 10⅔ but fractions do not count) points in a pack; with the point for the last trick that makes a total of 11 points available, excluding [[#declarations|declarations]].<ref name=DS/>

== Playing ==
Eight cards are dealt to each player and the rest are placed face down as a [[talon (cards)|talon]]. Players must follow suit and a trick is won by the higher card of the led suit. If a player cannot follow suit they may discard any card. The winner of a trick draws another card from the talon. The opponent then does likewise, before the trick winner leads to the next trick. Once the talon is exhausted, players continue to play tricks from their hands. A variant rule is that players must reveal their drawn cards each time.<ref name=DS/>

== Declarations ==
During the game, players may also score bonus points for declaring certain card combinations in their hand as follows:<ref name=DS/>

* Three Tens, Nines or Aces: 3 points
* Four Tens, Nines or Aces: 4 points
* ''Nappele'' or ''Napoli'' (Ten, Nine and Ace) of Hearts, Bells, Leaves or Acorns: 3 points

Players may use cards in more than one declaration e.g. a player may announce three Tens for 3 points and, later, four Tens for an additional point. Declarations may only be made after a player has taken one trick and is 'on lead' to the next trick.<ref name=DS/>

== Scoring ==
Once the last trick has been decided, players tot up their card points and any points won for declarations or taking the last trick. Any fractions are ignored, hence there are 11 points per deal, excluding any bonuses. Game is usually 31 points; occasionally 41 points. Sometimes the first two games are played for 31 and, if a decider is needed, the 3rd game is played for 41. Sometimes games are played for 31, except the last game of the evening which is played to 41.<ref name=DS/>

== Three players ==
When three play, 10 cards are dealt to each player and the remaining two are discarded face-down. Discarding face-up is also allowed, but makes the tactics easier. Otherwise the game is the same as for 2 players.<ref name=DS/>

== Four players ==
When four play, eight cards are dealt to each player. Declarations are only allowed during the first trick and when it is a player’s turn. Otherwise the game is same as for 2 players apart from the use of signalling. The following examples assume you are referring to the suit of Bells:<ref name=DS/>
* "I have a Ten": play a Bell in a high arc to the trick
* "I have a Nine": slide a Bell sideways before playing to the trick
* "I have an Ace": tap a Bell on the table, then play it to the trick
* "I'm void": throw your last Bell into the trick; or tap it on the table as you play it to the trick
* "I have 3 or more": pretend to 'sharpen' a Bell against the rest of the cards; or play a 10 then tap the table with your knuckles
* "Play your Ten and follow with another Bell because I have more": play a low Bell and rap the table with your knuckles
* "Throw your Nine on my Ten because I have more Bells": play the Ten and rap the table as before

If your partner signals a high card e.g. a Nine and you want to indicate that you have a low card that you can lead later on for your partner to win the trick, you signal back immediately by playing a card in a large curve across the table (like an exaggerated sign for the Nine).<ref name=DS/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Trick-taking card games}}

[[Category:South Tyrolean card games]]
[[Category:German deck card games]]
[[Category:Two-player card games]]
[[Category:Tresette group]]
[[Category:Point-trick games]]
[[Category:Card games involving signalling]]

Tressette

2022-08-04T09:07:53Z

Tom dl:

{{short description|Card game}}
{{for|the film|Tressette: A Story of an Island}}
{{Infobox card game
| title = Tressette
| subtitle =
| image_link = Italian Playing Cards.jpg
| image_caption = Italian playing cards from a deck of ''"Bergamasche"'' by [[Dal Negro]]
| image size=250px
| alt_names = terziglio, trešeta
| type = [[Trick taking]]
| players = 2–4
| ages =
| family = Tresette group
| num_cards = 40 cards
| deck = Italian
| play = Counter-clockwise
| card_rank = 3 2 A R C F 7 6 5 4
| origin = [[Italy]]
| related = [[Calabresella]], [[Pollack (card game)|Pollack]], [[Marafon]], [[Trischettn]]
| playing_time = 25 min
| random_chance = Medium
| skills = Tactics
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tressette''' or '''Tresette''' (''trešeta'' in [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]) is a 40-card, [[trick-taking]] [[card game]]. It is one of [[Italy]]'s major national card games, together with [[Scopa]] and [[Briscola]]. It is also popular in the regions that were once controlled by the Italian predecessor states, such as [[Albania]], [[Montenegro]], coastal [[Slovenia]] ([[Slovene Littoral]]) and coastal [[Croatia]] ([[Istria]] and [[Dalmatia]]). The [[Austria]]n game [[Trischettn]] as historically played in [[South Tyrol]] is also a derivative, albeit played with a 32-card German-suited deck.

It is recorded only from the early 18th century, though greater antiquity is suggested by its lack of trump. The name of the game, literally "three seven," may refer to seven sets of three or four point possibilities when a minimum of three each (three, two, ace or all of those together in a matching suit) are dealt, or to the fact that it is played up to twenty-one.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} According to Cäsar (1800), the name is derived from "''Tre Sett''" (three sevens) because, at that time, a player holding three sevens could declare them immediately and win the game (''Partie'').{{sfn|Cäsar|1800|p=18}} There are many variants depending on the region of Italy where the game is played.<ref>Oxford Dictionary of Card Games, David Parlett, pg. 311–312 – Oxford University Press 1996 {{ISBN|0-19-869173-4}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
Tressette is played with a standard [[Playing_Cards#Italian|Italian 40-card deck]] and the cards are ranked as follows from highest to lowest: 3-2-Ace-King-Knight-Knave and then all the remaining cards in numerical order from 7 down to 4. The game may be played with four players playing in two partnerships, or in heads-up play. In either case, ten cards are dealt to each player. In one-on-one play, the remaining twenty cards are placed face down in front of both players. The object of the game is to score as many points as possible until a score of 21 is achieved. Players must follow suit unless that suit does not remain in their hand, and players must show the card they pick up off the card pile to their opponent.

==Scoring==
Points are scored by collecting the face cards (King, Knight, Knave), threes, and twos; each of these cards scores one third of a point. An ace scores one point on its own. Each player can only score an integer number of points; the thirds of point "in excess" go to the player who scored the last trick. There are 10⅔ points in a deck; with the point for the last trick that makes a total of 11⅔ points available. The match continues until a score of 21 is achieved.

==Strategy==
===Basic strategy===
Basic strategy in tressette revolves around gathering as many Aces as possible because they are worth three times the value of any one face card. As such, players typically attempt to "strip" their opponent of the Three and Two in the suit in which they themselves hold an Ace; at that time, the ace may be played safely and a point scored in their favour. Hence, when holding several lower ranked cards in a suit plus the ace you may play the lower ranked cards in the hope your opponent is forced to play the three or two of the suit allowing you to play the ace. Obviously, holding Ace, Three and Two of a suit (called a "Napolitana", "Napoletana" or a "Napoli") is a particularly powerful holding as it allows you to play the Ace with impunity, careful not to surrender it to an off-suit card. As picking up the last hand garners a point, players try to organize their card play for this purpose near the end of a round.

===Partner interaction===
When playing in partnerships, any verbal communication between partners regarding the game is considered cheating, unlike in [[briscola]] (oral tradition has it that "tressette was invented by four [[muteness|mutes]], briscola was invented by four [[deception|liars]]"). There are, however, three conventional signs that can be exchanged between partners:

''Busso'' ("Knocking"): The player knocks or raps on the table. This sign can be used only by the first player of the trick. It instructs that player's partner to play the highest-ranked card of the suit being played, in an attempt to win the trick. If the partner does win the trick, that partner is supposed to play any card of the same suit. This strategy allows a player who has a strong card in a suit (i.e. a 2 or 3) to check whether their partner has the other one, without risking to play both cards on the same trick (thus squandering one high-rank card) and keeping the flow of the game under their control.

''Volo'' ("Flying"): The player lets the card drop or "fly down" from a few centimeters above the table. This sign signifies that the player has just played their last card of this particular suit.

''Striscio'' or ''Liscio'' ("Sliding"): The player slides the card across the table before playing it. This sign signifies that the player has many cards of that suit (where the exact implications of "many" depend on the context, e.g. the number of cards of that suit still in play or the number of cards each player still has). In some regional variants the use of this sign is deprecated and considered as illegitimate as speaking openly.

==Variations==
===Napolitana===
Also called ''Tresette con l'accuso'', it is one variation scored up to 31, which uses [[:wikt:bonuses|bonuses]] during game play. When you gather three aces, three twos, three threes or any Napolitana (a same suit grouping of an ace, three and two) and decide to play one of the group of cards, you declare that you have such a grouping (called a ''buon gioco'') in your hand and score three points. A group of four (four threes, twos, aces) also scores three points. As well, the bonus may be repeated if having played one of the grouping, you happen to pick up a card that makes the grouping in your hand yet again. To keep track of all this, players traditionally turn one card in their collected cards face up, as it is done in [[scopa]].

===Ciapanò===
''Ciapanò'' (meaning "don't collect", or more literally "take not", in several northern Italian dialects), also known as ''traversone'' in Central Italy and as ''ko manje'' or ''chi fa meno'' (literally "who makes the fewest [points]") in Croatia and Montenegro, is a variation where the goal is to score the ''fewest'' points. The game ends when a player has 21 or more points, and the player with the fewest points wins. It is possible to do ''"cappotto"'', i.e. collecting all the 11 points, in which case the player scores 0 points and everybody else scores 11.

Ciapanò can be played by more than two players: if the players are 4 or 5 each one plays on their own, and they receive 10 or 8 cards respectively. If the players are 2, the normal rules apply. If the players are 3, two players receive 13 cards and the one at the right of the dealer is dealt one more card. Before starting to play, the player chooses one of their cards and passes it to the player at their right, who takes it and then passes one of their cards to the last player. The last player puts then one of their cards aside, to be taken by the player who wins the last trick.

One of the regional variants to Ciapanò involves a special score for one of the cards (usually the ace of clubs) of ''eleven'' points, that is more than all the other scoring cards combined. The game ends when a player reaches 101 points, and the other rules are unchanged.

===Trešeta===
'''Trešeta''' is a variant very popular on [[Croatia]]n [[Adriatic]] [[coast]], particularly in [[Dalmatia]], as well as on the [[Montenegrin Littoral|Coast of Montenegro]], particularly in the [[Bay of Kotor]]. It is played using the standard Italian 40-card deck. It can be played one-on-one but most commonly it is played by two pairs of players where partners are seated opposite of each other.

The main difference from the Italian version is that it is usually played until a player or two partnered players reach 41 points, opposed to the 21 points usually required in Tressette.
Also, the player that scores the last trick is rewarded with a full point and not ⅓ of a point. Otherwise, point value of card are identical to Italian version. The cards that score ⅓ point (Kings, Horses, Knights, Threes and Twos) are most commonly referred to as ''bele''.
Having three threes, twos or aces, or three highest ranked cards (Ace, Two, Three) of the same suit in hand is known as ''akuža''. When a player gets an akuža, three points (or four if they have all four threes, twos or aces) are immediately added to their total score. However, akuža must be announced before the player has played their first card.

The Croatian variant is played in a clockwise order, while in Montenegro the counter-clockwise order is used.

==See also==
* [[Briscola]]
* [[Piquet]]
* [[Trappola]]
* [[Trischettn]]
* [[Truc]]

==References==
{{refimprove|date=June 2009}}
{{Reflist}}

== Literature ==
* Cäsar, Julius (1800). ''Neuester Spielalmanach''. Berlin.

==External links==
* [http://www.pagat.com/tresset/tresset.html Tressette] page on [http://www.pagat.com/ Pagat card games site]
* [http://www.ludopoli.it/tressette_gratuito_online.aspx Tressette] online version of Italian Tresette
* [http://free-zd.t-com.hr/drazen Tressette] game BTM Pro (Net+), Windows version of Briscola, Tressette and Madrasso
* [https://www.tressettepiu.it/ Tressette Più: Play Tressette online free on your PC and smartphone]

[[Category:18th-century card games]]
[[Category:Tresette group| ]]
[[Category:Italian card games]]
[[Category:Card games involving signalling]]

User talk:Bermicourt

2022-08-04T09:03:56Z

Tom dl: /* Pronouns */

{{tmbox|text=This user tries to [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|assume good faith]] and hopes you will as well.}}
{{Usertalkback}}
{{archive box|[[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 1|Archive 1]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 2|Archive 2]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 3|Archive 3]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 4|Archive 4]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 5|Archive 5]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 6|Archive 6]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 7|Archive 7]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 8|Archive 8]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 9|Archive 9]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 10|Archive 10]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 11|Archive 11]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 12|Archive 12]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 13|Archive 13]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 14|Archive 14]]}}
{{clear}}



==DYK for Nain Jaune==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#18 August 2019|18 August 2019]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Nain Jaune]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the classic French card game of '''[[Nain Jaune]]''' is named after the seven of diamonds, which is depicted as a yellow dwarf on the game board ''(pictured)''{{-?}}'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Nain Jaune]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2019-08-08&end=2019-08-28&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Nain_Jaune Nain Jaune]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Maile66|— Maile ]] ([[User talk:Maile66|talk]]) 12:01, 18 August 2019 (UTC)

== DYK for Spitzeln ==

{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#23 August 2019|23 August 2019]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Spitzeln]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that although '''[[Spitzeln]]''' was also called German [[Ombre|l'Hombre]], it had little more in common with the most successful [[card game]] ever invented than the fact that it was played by three players{{-?}}'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Spitzeln]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2019-08-13&end=2019-09-02&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Spitzeln Spitzeln]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 13:35, 23 August 2019 (UTC)
== A barnstar for you! ==
{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Vielen Dank für Ihre vielen Übersetzungen im Laufe der Jahre! ♦ [[User:Dr. Blofeld|''Dr. Blofeld'']] 11:16, 26 August 2019 (UTC)
|}

==Portal moves to WikiProjects==
Hello B, do you plan to move the other regional portals that you maintain to the corresponding WikiProject, like you did with [[Portal:Palatine Forest]], and if so, could you give me a sense of timing and let me know if I can help with the moves in any way? [[User:UnitedStatesian|UnitedStatesian]] ([[User talk:UnitedStatesian|talk]]) 15:19, 27 August 2019 (UTC)
:Hi {{u|UnitedStatesian}}, that's kind. To be honest I'm not sure what to do. I suppose my view is that we should call a halt to all portal creation and deletion activity and engage seriously to reach consensus on the purpose of portals, where they should be located, how they ought to be maintained and to what standards. But there seems to be no appetite for that while those who are driving for portal deletion continue to press home their advantage based on a one-sided view of their purpose. I suppose I'd rather move a portal to project space than see it deleted entirely, so that it can continue to be useful as a project tool. If that happens, I'd welcome your help. But in general I am rather reluctant to waste too much time on them while the rampage continues. It's the kind of behaviour that makes me want to quit Wikipedia. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 17:00, 27 August 2019 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Elfern]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[Elfern]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]] -- [[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]] ([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]]) 11:01, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

The article [[Elfern]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has failed [[Image:Symbol oppose vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Elfern]] for reasons why the nomination failed. If or when these points have been taken care of, you may apply for a new nomination of the article.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]] -- [[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]] ([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]]) 11:22, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

==Assistance on German translation?==
I'm currently attempting to improve the article, [[Trip World]] and there are only scanned images for the german reviews of the game. Here are the links to the scanned images: [https://www.ninretro.de/v3plus/game-3-514.html#reviews], [https://www.ninretro.de/v3plus/game-3-514.html#reviews], [https://www.kultboy.com/index.php?site=t&id=2899]. It would be a great help if I can get these translations to expand the article.[[User:Blue Pumpkin Pie|Blue Pumpkin Pie]] ([[User talk:Blue Pumpkin Pie|talk]]) 05:18, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

== Where to sort section "References", or, what about later Refs ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persilschein&type=revision&diff=921544786&oldid=921544212 Here on Persilschein] you reverted me. Ok, got it. But now, the reference within the final section "Literature" looks ugly... which was the reason why I changed the sorting.
That has to be solved without a "ref", right? Can you do that? Thanks so far!
 --[[User:H.Marxen|H.Marxen]] ([[User talk:H.Marxen|talk]]) 10:55, 16 October 2019 (UTC)
:{{ping|H.Marxen}} I see what you mean. I've turned it into a direct link to the archive, but am not 100% sure if that's the way we're meant to do it. It might be better to link it from a suitable place within the text and just have the book, unlinked, in the Literature section. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 11:03, 16 October 2019 (UTC)
::Thanks for taking care of it. --[[User:H.Marxen|H.Marxen]] ([[User talk:H.Marxen|talk]]) 11:11, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

== Deutscher Eintrag zu Englisch[[User:Matthiasvon|Matthiasvon]] ([[User talk:Matthiasvon|talk]]) 12:27, 18 October 2019 (UTC)<ref>https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_TV_Award</ref> ==
Hallo,
es wäre schön, wenn du vielleicht behilflich sein kannst den Eintrag über den Venice TV Award im englischsprachigen Wikipedia Portal sprachgerecht einzustellen?
Vielen vielen Dank.
Liebe Grüße Matthiasvon

:Hallo Matthiasvon, hab' einen kurzen Artikel gemacht. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:10, 22 October 2019 (UTC)
{{talkref}}

== Playing card rules ==

Thanks for the note. All I was doing here today was scrubbing out playingcarddecks.com, which [[User:TWJohn]] had been adding to articles in the form of references. I hope that's uncontroversial. All of these sources were quick how-to-play blog entries written that same day, apparently by John himself (they are all credited to "John Taylor" who is "a content writer and freelancer through the company Upwork.com") with no context for where those rules came from. I assume they're cribbed from Pagat or Wikipedia itself, which he links to in the blog entries.

I noticed and removed one cardgamesplanet.com link in passing: it was a reference stuck needlessly after the name of the card game in the opening line, and is just a blog covered in poker ads. --[[User:Lord Belbury|Lord Belbury]] ([[User talk:Lord Belbury|talk]]) 16:58, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

:From the profile links these look to be the same person, but even if it is some cosmic coincidence, would you agree that rules posted on this retailer's blog don't have the weight of rules published by Piatnik? On closer inspection the site does put out some original content ([https://playingcarddecks.com/blogs/all-in/card-magic-magician-harry-lorayne] is an original interview written by a boardgamegeek.com user who says on BGG that they "first published" the interview with playingcarddecks.com), but these card game rules seem questionable, with no suggestion that they aren't just repeating Pagat, Wikipedia or the writer's own recollections. --[[User:Lord Belbury|Lord Belbury]] ([[User talk:Lord Belbury|talk]]) 18:51, 22 October 2019 (UTC)
==Workshop for the creation of new Portal Guidelines==
Hello Bermicourt. There is currently a workshop going on about the creation of a new Portal Guideline: [[User talk:Scottywong/Portal guideline workspace]]. Your insights and ideas would be appreciated. --[[User:Hecato|Hecato]] ([[User talk:Hecato|talk]]) 16:27, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

== Regions of Germany ==

Hello and thanks for all the good work with German regional portals. I see that there are a few more near the bottom of the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/massviews/?platform=all-access&agent=user&source=category&target=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3AAll_portals&range=latest-20&subjectpage=0&subcategories=0&sort=views&direction=1&view=list portals by pageviews list]. Is there anything that should be done to maintain or move these pages? [[User:Certes|Certes]] ([[User talk:Certes|talk]]) 18:08, 15 November 2019 (UTC)
:Good work maybe, but now largely wasted. As you know, I think pageviews are a poor way to assess portals since a) they're not articles yet that's how we're treating them and b) they are not searchable and badly linked from mainspace, both of which could be fixed. But as it's clear there's no appetite to retain them in portal space, I'm in the process of moving them to project space where they can still be used to view and expand topics without irritating anti-portal editors. This will take time since the remaining one's have numerous subpages designed to enhance their appeal to readers, something which is now redundant. So I can't promise to do this quickly. But I wouldn't worry, they'll get deleted anyway. And those that are not "near the bottom" will fall into that category as deletionists make their way up the list. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 19:28, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

== Please review ==

Hi, and thanks for all your work on WP. Could you please check [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treba_%28river%29&type=revision&diff=926482338&oldid=885715092 this edit] I made on the page you started? It seems to have been missing a noun which I couldn't guess. Thank you. --[[User:LilHelpa|LilHelpa]] ([[User talk:LilHelpa|talk]]) 18:21, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
:No problems; I've checked the original and clarified the meaning. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 19:04, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

== Nertz ==

Apologies for overlapping edits, and thanks for getting the sources down! I know alternate names for card games can be a real unsourced mess on here - I was trying to be careful in my edits and don't think I lost anything through a revert, I was just trying to avoid having two separate lists of names on the go. The infobox should be using "alt_name" instead of "subtitle", I think? --[[User:Lord Belbury|Lord Belbury]] ([[User talk:Lord Belbury|talk]]) 19:48, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

And hats off for the "Nerts" move, I was just wondering about that myself... --[[User:Lord Belbury|Lord Belbury]] ([[User talk:Lord Belbury|talk]]) 19:48, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

:{{ping|Lord Belbury}}, no worries. I was just trying to tidy it up and source it properly and I guess you were doing something similar, by coincidence, at the same time. At some point I plan to compare the "official rules" (usually with card games there's no such thing) of the NNA - an organisation which doesn't seem have any official status and seems to be just self-proclaimed - with those on John McLeod's www.pagat.com website which is widely acknowledged in the literature as a reliable source. Some of the stuff about the electronic games may also be non-notable or bordering on advertising. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 19:55, 27 December 2019 (UTC)
::PS in fact I suspect the National Nertz Association is a front for a commercial organisation as its official site is a [http://national-nertz-association.blogspot.com/ blogspot] advertising the electronic games and its NNA link goes to Facebook where we see around 650 followers (very small for a national association). [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:03, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

==DYK for Kaschlan==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#3 January 2020|3 January 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Kaschlan]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the card game of '''[[Kaschlan]]''', named after its top [[Trump (card games)|trump]], became so popular that it was used in the [[Prussia]]n idiom "my stomach's playing Kaschlan with my bowels"?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Kaschlan]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2019-12-24&end=2020-01-13&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Kaschlan Kaschlan]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 00:01, 3 January 2020 (UTC)

== Precious anniversary ==
{{User QAIbox/auto|years=Eight}} --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:58, 10 March 2020 (UTC)

Would [[:de:Burg Tecklenburg]] be something you'd like to translate? ... partly? --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 14:40, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|Gerda Arendt}} warum nicht? Ist mir ein Vergnügen. So missing Germany, haven't been since March when I researched curious north German card games lol. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 06:52, 17 October 2020 (UTC)
:: Thank you, - will be helpful for [[Bruder Martin]], - perhaps one line also about the festival held there, with a redirect or two ;) --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:44, 17 October 2020 (UTC)

== Hills of Wiltshire ==

Hello! Thanks very much for compiling this useful article. I am wondering whether the table included in the article is exhaustive of the criteria that you give? As in, are all of the hills in Wiltshire that fall into the categories included in the table? The reason I ask is that I am looking to make an endurance hiking/running challenge that covers all significant hills in Wiltshire and I thought your list could be a good starting point - or even the finished item if it covers everything!
Thanks,
George — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Manofwessex|Manofwessex]] ([[User talk:Manofwessex#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Manofwessex|contribs]]) 16:21, 21 March 2020 (UTC) 

:{{ping|Manofwessex}} The list is based on the Database of British and Irish Hills at [http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/index.php www.hillbagging.co.uk] and currently reflects their highest hills down to Castle Ditches, with the exception of Scratchbury (197 m) which should immediately precede it. The last two in the list are included because, although there are higher hills, they are considered more notable. Hope that helps. :) [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:56, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

==Wörschachklamm==

Hello Bermicourt, concerning [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spechtensee&diff=next&oldid=948230894 this] edit:

First of all, my apologies: I didn't realize my edit was already the second reversion, because the previous edit summary was "m" – instead I thought my reversion was the first one in [[WP:BRD]]... I also didn't checked the de-4 babel on your userpage.

Recently I revised a larger number of articles loosely based on a version in the German Wikipedia. Often there were names like {{lang|de|...tal, ...berg, ...bach, ...schlucht}} where it's obvious to German readers what kind of object that is. To give this information in the English Wikipedia, too, I added valley, mountain, river, gorge etc., although this is somewhat tautologous for someone who speaks German.

Do you really think that the "of" is appropriate here? I thought this phrase is not the case of "[[Queen of England (disambiguation)|Queen of England]]", "[[Mull of Kintyre]] etc., but the case of "[[River Rhine]]", "[[Mount Kilimanjaro]]" and so on, therefore without the "of".

--[[User:Cyfal|Cyfal]] ([[User talk:Cyfal|talk]]) 17:10, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|Cyfal}} it's a good question. As a native English speaker, I feel I instinctively 'know' when to use "of" and when not to. I've tried to capture usage for these geographical terms under [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Germany)|conventions]] as part of the Germany WikiProject. These are based on common usage. In some cases there are two options e.g. "[[Eckernförde Bay]] for ''Eckenförder Bucht'' and [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] for ''Mecklenburgische Bucht'' (use whichever is the widely accepted English form; if there is no English usage, prefer XX Bay.)" For many, less well known geographical features there is little or no mention in English sources, so we follow the pattern of the more well known examples. In the case in point the following would seem reasonable to me:
* The lake is drained by the Wörschachbach which flows through the Wörschach Gorge...
* The lake is drained by the Wörschachbach stream which flows through the Wörschachklamm gorge...
* The lake is drained by the Wörschachbach which flows through the gorge of [the] Wörschachklamm...
: Points to note: Streams ending in -''bach'' are not usually split i.e. Wörschach stream is an unlikely translation. Rivers and streams are usually just called "the X". Rivers are almost always called "River X" or "the X river" in British English, but "X River" in American English. If we don't translate the generic part of the German name, we can add its English equivalent even though (we translators know) it's a tautology. I expanded the convention, partly to help me with consistency in the articles I created and also to try and establish consistency among editors translating from German. I did a lot of research of English-language sources in doing this. HTH. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 21:30, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

::Thank you very much for your enlightening explanations. Although I've read [[WP:GERCON]], it seems I haven't understand it fully before. Now it seems to me the best option is: "The lake is drained by the Wörschachbach which flows through the Wörschach Gorge...", because within the context its clear that the Wörschachbach is a river, and the {{lang|de|Wörschachklamm}} can be subsumed under group B of WP:GERCON. I will change it accordingly in the near future. Thank you again --[[User:Cyfal|Cyfal]] ([[User talk:Cyfal|talk]]) 23:14, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

== A goat for you! ==

[[File:Házikecske portré.JPG|left|100px]]
This goat approves of your gaming articles! Thanks for your hard work!

[[User:Piotrus|Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus]]|[[User talk:Piotrus| reply here]] 09:40, 8 April 2020 (UTC)
 

== re: Help with 19th century Polish ==

I can try :) But since they are 19th century, you don't have to email them, you can just post them on wiki in a sandbox or such, they are public domain. --[[User:Piotrus|Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus]]|[[User talk:Piotrus| reply here]] 08:51, 9 April 2020 (UTC)
:PS. See [https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Strona:PL_Gloger-Encyklopedja_staropolska_ilustrowana_T.2_056.jpg], there's a picture of some grid related to the game. Also [https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Strona:PL_Gloger-Encyklopedja_staropolska_ilustrowana_T.2_007.jpg] bout the German origin of the name. --[[User:Piotrus|Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus]]|[[User talk:Piotrus| reply here]] 08:58, 9 April 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Bräus==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#23 April 2020|23 April 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Bräus]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Bräus]]''', from the Swedish island of [[Gotland]], differs from all other [[card game]]s in that not all cards are playable?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Bräus]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-13&end=2020-05-03&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Br%C3%A4us Bräus]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Maile66|— Maile ]] ([[User talk:Maile66|talk]]) 12:02, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Dreeg==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#5 May 2020|5 May 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Dreeg]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Dreeg]]''' is a [[card game]] played with [[German playing cards|German-suited cards]] that is described as "a special [[Franconia]]n form of [[Sixty-Six (card game)|Sixty-Six]]"?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Dreeg]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-15&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Dreeg Dreeg]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Gatoclass|Gatoclass]] ([[User talk:Gatoclass|talk]]) 00:01, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

== Wiese ==

Please undo the move from Wiese to Wiese (Norwegian DJ). As a reason for doing this move, you state that there are "many people with the last name Wiese". That is correct. However, is is only one who is know for just Wiese and has that as his stage name. This artist has many millions plays on Spotify and several articles and reviews on Google that justify this. I don't blame you for doing your job but in this case the decision was not right, so please undo as this is the right thing to do here:) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Tangatarzan|Tangatarzan]] ([[User talk:Tangatarzan#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tangatarzan|contribs]]) 21:37, 10 May 2020 (UTC) 
:Well that's interesting and you are very welcome to propose a move request on the talk page and seek consensus that a Norwegian DJ is the primary topic on English Wikipedia; which is what you should have done in the first place. Cheers. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:14, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

== Lordship ==

Did you know there is already a disambiguation page at [[Lordship (disambiguation)]]? --[[User:R'n'B|R'n'B]] ([[User talk:R'n'B|call me]] Russ) 01:59, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
:Aha. Then it would make sense to combine them. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:24, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Brus (card game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#21 May 2020|21 May 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Brus (card game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that in the Danish card game of '''[[Brus (card game)|Brus]]''', if a seven is led, the player risks it being beaten by the [[Stodderkonge|beggar king]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Brus (card game)]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-11&end=2020-05-31&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Brus_(card_game) Brus (card game)]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 07:42, 19 May 2020 (UTC) 12:14, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Translation request ==

Hi. I'm trying to improve the ''[[Nicrophorus vespilloides]]'' article (currently working on a [[User:Acather96/vespdraft|userspace draft]]). ''N. vespilloides'' is a burying beetle: a curious type of insect that buries dead mice and birds below the ground before converting the carcass into an edible nest in which it raises its young. It's also becoming an important model organism in evolutionary biology. I've found the original formal [[species description]] and would love to discuss this in the article, but it's a paragraph of German published in 1783 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44317#page/234/mode/1up). I saw you [[Wikipedia:Translators available|listed here]] and wondered if you might be willing to translate this? Whilst less vital, it would also be fantastic if you'd be able to translate the first page of the document (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44317#page/197/mode/1up) which introduces the manuscript. [[User:Acather96|Acather96]] ([[User talk:Acather96#top|click here to contact me]]) 18:10, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

The section entitled "Nicrophorus" reads: "It is certainly very similar to N. Vespillo, but not the same however. The difference is as follows: it is barely half as big. the club of the feelers is not brown, but black. Head and thorax (“breast shield”) are not covered in yellow hairs; the latter is not smooth, but has four smooth bumps at the front and 3 at the rear; when its elytra are lowered, there is a small yellow spot at the base, on Vespillo this runs into the yellow band; the lowest yellow band does not reach the side, but is only an oval spot. The abdomen is not covered with yellow hair, but is smooth and black. These distinctive signs are always the same." HTH. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 06:55, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Drużbart==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#10 June 2020|10 June 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Drużbart]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Drużbart]]''', named after its second-highest card ''(shown)'', was the favourite [[card game]] of Polish novelist Count [[Henryk Rzewuski]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Drużbart]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-31&end=2020-06-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Dru%C5%BCbart Drużbart]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Casliber|Cas Liber]] ([[User talk:Casliber|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Casliber|contribs]]) 12:01, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Thank you for another good one. I remember your mountain articles, - could you perhaps expand [[Altkönig]] a bit? --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 22:37, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

== Matzlfangen ==

Hi! I am interested in card games and have been in mail contact with Austrian player Christian Daglinger about this fascinating game. I have been careful not to bombard him with questions, but I think I have managed to sort out all question marks now. Regards [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 19:13, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

I was a member of the ICPS until recently. I am now involved in a patient's organisation and I am following the scientific literature in that area. I am afraid that means that I currently don't have time to write any texts or artciles for Wikipedia, although it of course would be nice to have a German text on Matzlfangen and to involve Christian Daglinger. It sure would be nice to know what German card games you recently wrote about, and if possible also to read the articles. [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 05:48, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

Thanks for info. I have also been working with John McLeod. I helped him with his article on the Swedish card game vira 20 years ago. [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 06:46, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

I'll take a closer look at the articles about various forms of "knack" later, but I alread have one comment. You use a translation as the title for Norrlandsknack, "Norseman's Knock", but you keep the original Swedish names for the other versions ("svängknack" etc.). I would recommend a consistent terminology, and I think it is best to keep the original Swedish names in this case. "Norseman's Knock" doesn't sound good. As you correctly point out in the text, Norrland is actually a geographical region. So, strictly speaking, Norseman is not a correct translation.

By the way, it interesting to note that "Norrland" has been used in other card games to denote variants that contain strong elements of gambling. There was for example a version of vira called "Norrlandsvira", which contained some contracts with larger payments and larger element of chance than previous versions. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Feynman~svwiki|contribs]]) 21:23, 5 July 2020 (UTC) 

OK, I understand. If an English terminology already has been established, it makes sense to follow it. It is always nice with references to the Vikings, but I must point out that we have become much more mild-mannered during the last thousand years. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Feynman~svwiki|contribs]]) 11:53, 6 July 2020 (UTC) 

I will try to contact Christian Daglinger again. I don't know if he is familiar with Wikipedia and has an account. Perhaps it is better if we communicate by email. Do you have an address where I can reach you? My address is sten.helmfrid@bredband.net. [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 18:03, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

Concerning the rules for trick taking. My understanding from my conversation with Daglinger is that you must follow suit if possible. If you cannot follow suit, you must play trump. Subject to these rules, you must head the trick if possible. That means that if you cannot follow suit and you cannot head the trick, you must still undertrump if possible. I never asked if you must head the trick even if your partner is in the lead. I just presumed that you always have to head the trick, no matter who is in the lead.

By the way, how did you find out about Neid-spiel? [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 18:10, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Taroc l'Hombre==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#11 July 2020|11 July 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Taroc l'Hombre]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Taroc l'Hombre]]''' imported bidding from the world's most successful card game, [[Ombre]], a feature that was crucial to the future of [[Tarot card games|Tarot games]] outside Italy?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Taroc l'Hombre]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-07-01&end=2020-07-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Taroc_l%27Hombre Taroc l'Hombre]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 12:03, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Husarln==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#14 July 2020|14 July 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Husarln]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the [[card game]] of '''[[Husarln]]''' ("Hussar") is dominated by the distribution of [[tarot]] cards, giving it "that brisk and energetic feel" which is reflected in its name?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Husarln]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-07-04&end=2020-07-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Husarln Husarln]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 12:01, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

== Robert Sedlaczek ==
: Would you consider translating the German article about [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sedlaczek Robert Sedlaczek]? The DYK led me to [[Illustrated Tarock]] which mentions "Mayr and Sedlaczek" without explanation of who they are. Mayr also has an article, but it looks mostly like a stub. Thanks! [[User:Psu256|Psu256]] ([[User talk:Psu256|talk]]) 14:47, 14 July 2020 (UTC)
::Done. See [[Robert Sedlaczek]] and [[Wolfgang Mayr]] - [[Tarock card game]] experts. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 10:08, 18 July 2020 (UTC)
== Request of translation of a German page ==
Hi Bermicourt,
there is a german page which could be translated into English for the english Wikipedia. The page is ModuleWorks, it seems to be a company in Germany but it is operating internationally.
What do you think? Or how can I request this?
Thanks a ton in advance,
Elvira[[User:Elvira Just|Elvira Just]] ([[User talk:Elvira Just|talk]]) 09:57, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

:Hi Elvira. You've already created this yourself, but your submission was declined on grounds of notability, so I'm reluctant to put my head in the same noose. Sorry. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:39, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Bruus==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#13 August 2020|13 August 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Bruus]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Bruus]]''', once the national [[card game]] of [[Hamburg]], rewards players for "daring and tormenting" certain top trumps, and that such tactics lend the game "a certain charm"?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Bruus]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2020-08-03&end=2020-08-23&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Bruus Bruus]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} — [[User:Wugapodes|Wug·]][[User talk:Wugapodes|a·po·des]] 00:33, 10 August 2020 (UTC) 00:02, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
== Kukurtlu ==
Hi. Have you a source to support [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&diff=prev&oldid=705928766&diffmode=source this edit] to [[Mont Blanc]] you made back in 2016, by any chance? It seems odd to have a redlinked summit so prominently listed over all this time, without supporting evidence. I've managed to add an illm link to ru-wiki, but feel a source is needed for this obscure point. Thanks, [[User:Nick Moyes|Nick Moyes]] ([[User talk:Nick Moyes|talk]]) 00:52, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
:Sure, I've just added it. I'm happy to create the article for the red link by translating the German Wiki one. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:14, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

== Translation request ==
Hello, since you were on the list of translators from German to English, I was wondering if you would be interested in translating [[:de:Gerhard Schramm (Biochemiker)]]. Regards, [[Special:Contributions/70.172.136.61|70.172.136.61]] ([[User talk:70.172.136.61|talk]]) 03:09, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

:Not really my subject area, I'm afraid. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 16:55, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

== Helleberg ==

Thank you for writing [[Helleberg (ridge)]]. I fixed incoming links to [[Helleberg]] yesterday and all seven were for the Leine ridge, but I lacked the courage to change it to a dab as I know some editors are keen to keep a surname page at the base name. I think you've done the right thing: it has no information about the surname and it clearly collects links intended for another topic. [[User:Certes|Certes]] ([[User talk:Certes|talk]]) 10:50, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

== Czechia and Names of Things ==

Hello. I have no dog in this fight, not even a very small one. I just read up on it a bit because I saw someone change CR to Czechia without comment ... which is, I think, what you do if you are very sure you are right, or are maybe hoping just to get away with it ... or something. So I had a look at the CR wikiproject, where I think there is nothing current, and then back through the archives, where I found you arguing for a guideline. This seemed to be to be very reasonable, but did you ever get anywhere with it?

I can't emphasize too strongly that I am not trying to reopen a debate, start a crusade or anything. I need a dispute like this like a hole in the head. I have enough difficulty trying to keep [[Middlesbrough]] spelt right! (or, like, people changing England to UK and UK to England and Scotland to whatever.) I am just interested, I suppose, in the wiki-processes and wiki-thinking that went on, and would love to know if it did ever get closer to resolved. I'm certainly, absolutely, I promise you, ''not'' planning on reverting the edit that I saw! Cheers [[User:DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered|DBaK]] ([[User talk:DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered|talk]]) 09:22, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered}} I have raised this several times on the project talk pages because every time I was given the reasonable response that Czechia is just an acceptable short (and indeed officially approved) form of CR, I found my edits in practice being changed to CR. The final time I raised the topic, it flushed out some different views clearly opposed to the short version. So there is no consensus. That should mean ''both'' are acceptable, but on Wikipedia if there is a small band of editors determined to spell something one way, regardless of the sources, it's almost impossible for reason to prevail. In your case, there are two options. If this is the first edit, then you can revert it under [[WP:BRD]] and invite discussion on the talk page. The second option is to leave it - it won't be long before other editors swoop in to revert it whether BRD applies or not. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:27, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

== Saxon Switzerland Climbing Region ==

Hi Bermicourt,
I would like to expand/improve the article on the Saxon Switzerland Climbing Region in the course of the next weeks. My impression is, that the translation from the German page might not be entirely suitable within the English Wikipedia and within the scope of articles relevant to rock climbing. I would like to add a section on the history, climbing style, and maybe a list of notable climbers. Would you like to collaborate? I'm not an English native speaker but I am a rock climber from that region. Since I'm relatively new to Wikipedia, I would appreciate some guidance as to where I could first create a draft version of proposed changes. Or maybe we can discuss the changes first on the Talk page of the article? Would appreciate any help. [[User:Bohnenkraut11|Bohnenkraut11]] ([[User talk:Bohnenkraut11|talk]]) 10:21, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|Bohnenkraut11}} That's great. I generally translate articles on German topics from German to English Wiki which is how this one got started. I'm happy to collaborate on improving this one. If you want to create a draft either of the entire article or of a section the best thing to do is create a page called something like [[User:Bohnenkraut11/Saxon Switzerland climbing region draft]]. Then it's in your own workspace and no-one is going to fuss while you work on it. I often do this for articles and, when I'm happy, I move the page to mainspace or copy the content into an existing article. Obviously whatever we do must conform to Wiki guidance e.g. no marketing, be properly sourced etc. Hope that helps, Gruß. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:07, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

::Great! Thank you for the advice! I will do that and let you know when I'm ready for some feedback and language editing. [[User:Bohnenkraut11|Bohnenkraut11]] ([[User talk:Bohnenkraut11|talk]]) 12:35, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

::: Hi Bermicourt! I've partly finished my edit on [[User:Bohnenkraut11/Saxon Switzerland climbing region draft]]. I would welcome your input. Ignore the section on the history for now. This will take a bit longer but I thought I could first finish the other sections and start adding them to the main page. I've also created a draft on the German climber Bernd Arnold: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Bernd_Arnold. If you have time and this is of interest to you, I would be very happy about a review. Thank you so much and viele Grüße!

==Missing cite in [[The Compleat Gamester]]==
The article cites "Cotton 1674" but no such source is listed in bibliography. Can you please add? Also, suggest installing a script (explained at [[:Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors]]) to highlight such errors in the future. Thanks, [[User:Renata3|Renata]] ([[User talk:Renata3|talk]]) 06:36, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|Renata3}} it's the first entry in his list of works and there's even a link to an online copy. Do I really need to repeat it in the Bibliography? [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:11, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

== Game of Tarot ==

While much of Dummett's ''The Game of Tarot'' still stands up, parts have become outdated and Dummett abandoned many theories stated in them. One such example was the French-origin theory of Spanish suits. If you read his article in volume 18 of the IPCS journal, you can see that had rejected it by 1988. The biggest change was the Ferrara hypothesis which formed the subtitle for the book. At the time, he proposed Ferrara as the most likely place for its invention among the first four tarot centers with Florence being the least likely. Since the mid-2000s, the prevailing theory is now the complete opposite. Also gone are his hypotheses on the Piedmontese game of Sedici and its relationship with Ferrara. In fact, most of the history of Piedmontese tarot games (the French reintroduction theory) was replaced by his later research as well as the research of McLeod and others.--[[User:Countakeshi|Countakeshi]] ([[User talk:Countakeshi|talk]]) 14:41, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

:
{{ping|Countakeshi}} thank you, that is helpful. The great advantage of ''The Game of Tarot'' is that it pulled together the history of cards (especially Tarot obviously) comprehensively in one place. It's big disadvantage is that it's now 40 years out of date. What would be brilliant would be an updated edition. McLeod and Dummett updated the actual games themselves in 2004 in their double-volume set which I now have, but it doesn't go over the general history of card sin the same way.
:Apart from the above article, can you recommend any others that bring Dummett's historical analysis up to date? We may not have a new edition of ''The Game of Tarot'', but it would be good to have an equivalent body of material, at least covering what's changed. I do have access to back issues of ''The Playing Card''.
:Should I revert all my recent changes or would you prefer to bring them up to date? [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 15:43, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Penneech==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2020/December#5 December 2020|5 December 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Penneech]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that in the 17th-century [[card game]] of '''[[Penneech]]''', named after its highest card, the seven of diamonds, the [[Trump (card games)|trump suit]] changes with each [[Trick-taking game|trick]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Penneech]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2020-11-25&end=2020-12-15&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Penneech Penneech]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if it received over 400 views per hour. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Casliber|Cas Liber]] ([[User talk:Casliber|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Casliber|contribs]]) 12:02, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

== Translation help ==

Please help and translate this article [[https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierung_von_Aschanti|Government of the Ashanti Empire]] from German into English. The English translation at the moment is just a sub section of the [[Ashanti Empire]]. Please help translate the article into an English article. Notice the German title when translated into English will sound wrong as well. [[User:Kwesi Yema|Kwesi Yema]] ([[User talk:Kwesi Yema|talk]]) 14:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Sorry for the mistake. The German article to be translated is [[Regierung von Aschanti]]. The English translation is just a subsection of [[Ashanti Empire]]. Can you please translate the article into a new English article? [[User:Kwesi Yema|Kwesi Yema]] ([[User talk:Kwesi Yema|talk]]) 14:24, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

== Dominoes ==
I don't really care about your recent edits to [[domino]], but you are [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/domino certainly wrong] in your view that the word "domino" cannot be used for the tiles themselves. --[[User:JayBeeEll|JBL]] ([[User_talk:JayBeeEll|talk]]) 16:26, 26 December 2020 (UTC)
:{{ping|JayBeeEll}} In this case, I can also quote a reliable source: at [[John McLeod (card game researcher)|John McLeod]]'s [https://www.pagat.com/domino/terms.html ''Glossary of Domino Terms''] it says "Dominoes: This is the name of the game. Contrary to popular usage, it is not the name of the tiles." As he is a games expert, I took my lead from him. However, it's always worth asking the question "why?" when we come across a different point of view, so in the light of your comment I plan to research this myself. I suspect McLeod is right from a purist's point of view, but once the masses have adopted a word to mean something, however incorrectly, dictionaries and encyclopaedias are bound to follow these days. In the meantime, I'm happy for my edits to be reverted; otherwise I'll tidy them up when I've done a bit more digging. I'll certainly represent both views. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 16:38, 26 December 2020 (UTC)
:: Hi Bermicourt, well, as I said, I don't really care about it (by which I mean: your edits didn't make the article worse and in particular left things perfectly understandable) and it certainly doesn't seem worth reverting over. From what little I have read about this, the origin of the word "domino" for the game is old and very obscure, which makes it hard for me to believe one could confidently sort out whether it originally referred to the game or the pieces. I did go check the OED, which has quotes for the cloak going back to 1719, and for the game going back to 1801. It endorses the view that the word is used for both the game and the pieces. There are numerous other uses (apparently at some point "dominoes" was slang for "teeth", and also for piano keys) that wouldn't make sense if it was not understood that the dominoes were the pieces. Happy editing, [[User:JayBeeEll|JBL]] ([[User_talk:JayBeeEll|talk]]) 19:11, 29 December 2020 (UTC)
:::{{ping|JayBeeEll}}. I'll be amending the article to make this clear as I'm coming to a similar conclusion as I wade through domino rules, old and new. When the game first appeared in Europe, domino was the name of the game (going out was also called "going-" or "making domino"); and various other words were used for the tiles. In English they used 'pieces' to begin with, but by the mid-19th century American and British sources were using 'domino' to refer to the tiles and that use seems to be commonplace now, alongside "bones" and "tiles". Thanks for being forbearing. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 22:37, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

== Oh Hell game ==

Here are some references for the Turkish version of Oh Hell: [https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohel Ohel], [https://www.iskambilci.com/ohel-nasil-oynanir Ohel], [https://benimleoyna.wordpress.com/2016/09/05/ohel-nasil-oynanir Ohel]

You can google "Ohel Kuralları" for much more. I wouldn't think of adding a new version, but I was suprised that no version in the current page has the "10 + square of bid" scoring system. It does add interesting twists in late game where more tricks are available. I did come across a few web pages in English where squared scoring is mentioned. One sample: [https://www.pagat.com/exact/ohhell.html#scoring-vars Vars]— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:CemEgri|CemEgri]] ([[User talk:CemEgri#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/CemEgri|contribs]]) 20:37, 10 January 2021 (UTC) 

== King Card Game ==
Hey, I was just on the [[King_(card_game)|King (Card Game)]] page to review the point distribution for the four player game and to my surprise, the rules for the entire game were gone and replaced with another game. I was just wondering why you did that and if you would be willing to add the rules to the four player game back on top of what ever version you added.

:Hi [[User:Adambombzz|Adambombzz]]. You can also access the old rules from the history of the article, for example, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_(card_game)&oldid=999910045 here]. The reason they were deleted was that the article was nominated for deletion due to lack of sources and apparent overlap with [[Barbu (card game)|Barbu]]. The consensus was to 'keep' on the proviso that it was sourced. The only reliable source I could find for the game was [[David Parlett|Parlett's]] description of the three-hand game. He doesn't give rules for a four-hand variant, nor does [[John McLeod (card game researcher)|McLeod]] who was cited in the original article. However, McLeod points to descriptions of two similarly named four-hand games: [[Turkish King]], which I have created, and a French variant, [https://www.jeuxdecartes.net/jeux-cartes/jeu-du-roi/ Jeu du Roi], which doesn't look like a reliable source. HTH. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 08:15, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
== Apologies ==

Hi and sorry for changing something on your personal page, the other day. Of course I shouldn't have done what I did : I was like a [[TGV]] full speed on its track and by dint of habit, I made this sorry mistake. [[User:LouisAlain|LouisAlain]] ([[User talk:LouisAlain|talk]]) 20:21, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

:Don't worries, that's entirely understandable. Keep up the good work. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 21:18, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

== German castle terminology can NOT be translated ''ad litteram'' into English! ==

English has its own, centuries-old terminology regarding fortifications. You've been translating German articles into English like there's no tomorrow ([[fortified gateway]], [[bridge castle]], God knows what else), without paying attention to the correct, well-established English terminology. Some German terms simply don't exist in English, some mean something else altogether if translated literally. These "articles" are misleading, mainly to non-native speakers, who take them to represent something real in English, which they don't. Please, do some research before doing any more of this! Eine wortwörtliche Übersetzung ohne vorherige Recherche ist ''immer'' ein grundsätzlicher Fehler, der kaum noch korrigiert werden kann, Ihre Arbeit und jene aller, die nach Ihnen etwas beitragen, ist für die Katz, verschwendet, umsonst, oder noch schlimmer: Sie ist irreführend. Übersetzer ist ein Beruf und muss durch harte Arbeit erlernt werden, Google Translate ist dagegen nur ein schnelle Hilfe für unterwegs. Thank you. Danke für Ihr Verständnis. [[User:Arminden|Arminden]] ([[User talk:Arminden|talk]]) 19:01, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

:You need to learn some manners and to avoid making sweeping, over-the-top accusations that aren't true. I'm well aware of the terminology of English 'castellology' and German ''Burgenkunde'' and the fact that some terms don't have an English equivalent, hence my work on ''[[bergfried]], [[palas]]'' and ''[[angstloch]]''. But translation is an art, not a science. And please don't lecture me about so-called 'professional translators' - I've seen them make some real howlers in specialist literature. I've responded to your other comments at the talk pages concerned. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 16:15, 10 March 2021 (UTC)

== Precious anniversary ==
{{User QAIbox/auto|years=Nine}} --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 06:23, 10 March 2021 (UTC)

== Water castle ==

I've reverted your changes because, in the contentious area of the title, we should be following [[WP:BRD]] and discussing any changes on the talk page. I agree with some of the other areas, so I think we can make some improvements. But you need to provide evidence to show that ''Wasserburg'' is the accepted English word in sources before changing that bit again. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:56, 12 March 2021 (UTC)
== Translation of Trenton Joel Tollakson Wikipedia Page ==

Hello, could you help me translate my personal wikipedia page: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TJ_Tollakson from German to English? Cheers, TJ Tollakson — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.206.79.34|66.206.79.34]] ([[User talk:66.206.79.34#top|talk]]) 19:58, 17 May 2021 (UTC) 

:That's done. It probably needs some tweaking by an editor familiar with the sport. You should not edit your own bio though. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:41, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

== [[Weser Renaissance]] ==

The revert included an edit summary explaining my edit and your friend didn't supply an edit summary so your revert was unhelpful. [[User:Catchpoke|Catchpoke]] ([[User talk:Catchpoke|talk]]) 17:45, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
:It's good to include a comment with edits, but you didn't follow the right process after being reverted, which iaw [[WP:BRD]] is to go to the talk page and explain your 'bold' edit there. Otherwise we just end up with edit wars which is pointless. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 17:49, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
::I posted this before finding out that you agreed with me. [[User:Catchpoke|Catchpoke]] ([[User talk:Catchpoke|talk]]) 17:53, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
:::No worries. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 18:03, 12 July 2021 (UTC)

== Need help to get an article translated ==

Dear Bermicourt, hopefully you can help: I'm looking for someone translating this article from German into English: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Bonhoeffer
To be honest: for me it's very complicated to find out how to do that. I tried but failed. It would be really great if you can help or if you know someone who possibly can do the translation.
Many thanks and best wishes from Zurich, Andrea

:That's done, Andrea, although there are one or two loose ends to tidy up which I'll leave to the experts. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:32, 26 July 2021 (UTC)

== Eder river ==

Hi Bermicourt, regarding [[Eder (Fulda)]], I chose to move it to [[Eder (river)]] so that it follows [[WP:NCRIVER]], as Lennart97 mentions. I am aware there is another river with the same name, but this river would be the clear primary topic for a river. As mentioned in NCRIVER: {{tq|The primary topic can stay at the [[WP:undisambiguated|undisambiguated]] title while lesser-known ones add a qualifier, e.g., [[Jordan River]] (in the Middle East), [[Jordan River (disambiguation)]], [[Jordan River (Utah)]]"}}. Do you think you can move it back to [[Eder (river)]]? [[User:Vpab15|Vpab15]] ([[User talk:Vpab15|talk]]) 17:20, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
:Done.[[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:33, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
::Thank you! [[User:Vpab15|Vpab15]] ([[User talk:Vpab15|talk]]) 20:38, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
:::NCRIVER says "If different rivers with the same name exist, disambiguate with parentheses using either the parent river, country or (if both in the same country) the largest geographical entity that distinguishes them" so I don't think that was appropriate and it appears to have simply been that Lennart97 didn't notice the other river. The proposal fits in with that while the alternative doesn't. While partial disambiguation is occasionally used it has been controversial so I don't think it should have been done without more consensus at least. The primary topic example of [[Jordan River]] is a base title not a qualified title namely one with brackets anyway. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 17:12, 28 July 2021 (UTC)
::::I'll move this discussion to the talk page. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 18:25, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

== [[Ace-Ten games]] ==

Hi Bermicourt, really appreciate the effort you put into the article [[Ace-Ten games]]! Unfortunately there are some dangling references to sources. Could let us know the source for Dummett? And which of the Parlett books did you reference? I've temporarily [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ace-Ten_games&type=revision&diff=1036867235&oldid=1024878622 hidden] the citations. Hope you can help us retrieve these sources! - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 05:18, 3 August 2021 (UTC)
:{{ping|Aussie Article Writer}} That's done. Thanks for alerting me. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:24, 3 August 2021 (UTC)
::No probs :-) I converted it to the citation template. - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 08:10, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

== [[Animal Tarot]] ==

Hi Bermicourt, with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_tarot&diff=next&oldid=1037136977 this edit], you added a reference to Birlinger & Pfaff 1916... but there isn't any source... do you still have that so we can add it to the article? - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 09:18, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 10:37, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
::Thanks! - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 12:45, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
::Sorry to be a pain Bermicourt, but I've found another dangling ref - see [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_tarot&diff=1037352079&oldid=1037351421 this edit] where I hid it. Would you know the source? - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 01:32, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Dreierles==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/August#13 August 2021|13 August 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Dreierles]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that German soldiers fighting with [[Napoleon]] brought home a Spanish modification to the [[Tarot card games|Tarot game]] of '''[[Dreierles]]''' ''(pictured)'' that resulted in [[Baden]]'s national game of [[Cego]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Dreierles]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-08-03&end=2021-08-23&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Dreierles Dreierles]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 00:02, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

== Sfn errors ==

Hi. Thanks for sorting out the Polish translation issues.

I would like to compare notes with you one what drew my attention to [[Bettelmann]] in the first place. I was working my way through [https://bambots.brucemyers.com/cwb/bycat/Board_and_table_games.html#Harv%20and%20Sfn%20no-target%20errors Sfn errors] and using [[Template:Sfn]] as a guide. I found it worked quite well, so long as the sources were fundamentally correct. It meant that if you click on the link in the References section it highlights the corresponding link in the Literature section. That's quite nice I think.

As far as I can tell you have resolved all the Sfn errors in the [[Bettelmann]] article using a different approach. So I would appreciate hearing your views. [[User:Slimy asparagus|Slimy asparagus]] ([[User talk:Slimy asparagus|talk]]) 15:15, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

:{{ping|Slimy asparagus}} sure. I started using [[Template:Sfn]] a long while ago because it gave a consistent way of displaying references. What I didn't appreciate was that, unless it was linked to a full citation template in the bibliography, it generated error messages, even if the full reference was correctly entered manually. Basically you have to use one system or the other; you can't mix and match. Personally I prefer to enter the full references manually - it's quicker - so when I come across places where I've generated error messages by using [[Template:Sfn]], I just revert my edits to the non-template system. HTH. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 16:27, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
::Okay. You haven't convinced me that Template:Sfn used in conjunction with Template:Cite book is a bad idea. However I no intention of telling you how to edit pages that you have more interest in than I. And you have more experience than I do, so maybe you're right. In any case it only makes sense to me when a Wikipedia page is mostly making page-specific references to offline sources.
::From your user page your board game interests seem to be card games. Anything else? I shall be extremely cautious in touching those pages and I shall certainly defer to you. I have put my interests on my user page. More generally I want to look at whatever metrics we have or can construct and trying to improve them.
::Speaking of which, are you going to work on fixing errors on pages in your area of interest, using this page: [https://bambots.brucemyers.com/cwb/bycat/Board_and_table_games.html]? [[User:Slimy asparagus|Slimy asparagus]] ([[User talk:Slimy asparagus|talk]]) 16:53, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
:::I don't think the template combination is a bad idea; I just prefer not to use it. Probably because when importing references from de.wiki, converting them to use the template takes up valuable time that I'd rather spend on translation itself.
:::Yes, my focus is on researching and playing card games, especially traditional Austrian and German ones, although I have also forayed into other European and Anglo-American games and have researched a number of domino games too. I have close links with a number of experts in the field which helps. I and my family play board games, but am no expert and wouldn't have the time to expand into that area.
:::Re the error log - yes, I've only just come across that and will certainly take a look at doing some fixes. Probably not in the next week or two as I'm on holiday with family. Cheers. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 17:30, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
::::So the report came out today.We have two new pages: [[Brelan]] and [[Culbas]]. Also I was thought I might look at "CS1 errors: extra text: volume" today, but I will leave [[Zwickern]] and the above to you. [[User:Slimy asparagus|Slimy asparagus]] ([[User talk:Slimy asparagus|talk]]) 14:41, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
:::::Thanks, those three are fixed. I will continue to do this as I come across them anyway, but don't mind you flagging others up periodically. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 15:05, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::I am still seeing an error in [[Zwickern]]. By the way I followed the advice in [[Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display]] and it enables me to find the errors quickly. [[User:Slimy asparagus|Slimy asparagus]] ([[User talk:Slimy asparagus|talk]]) 15:59, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
==DYK for Comet (card game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/August#29 August 2021|29 August 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Comet (card game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the [[card game]] '''[[Comet (card game)|Comet]]''', originally called ''Manille'', was renamed in 1682 after the appearance of [[Halley's Comet]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Comet (card game)]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-08-19&end=2021-09-08&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Comet_(card_game) Comet (card game)]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 12:02, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

== [[WP:V]] ==

I really don't want to come down as condescending on this, but really, you've been here long enough that I shouldn't be having to revert edits like [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German-suited_playing_cards&type=revision&diff=1042244864&oldid=1042162069 this] because they fail to provide a reliable source. [[User:RandomCanadian|RandomCanadian]] ([[User talk:RandomCanadian|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/RandomCanadian|contribs]]) 23:31, 3 September 2021 (UTC)
:... condescending and perhaps a little hasty. Wikipedia doesn't require a source per sentence and it's usually helpful to request a source for a good faith edit from an editor before reverting and causing both of us unnecessary work. And none of your changes were cited either BTW. I've largely reinstated my edit at [[German-suited playing cards]], adding the relevant sources, so that should now be fine. Your comment at [[passenger railroad car]] wrongly assumes I didn't read the background. In fact I did read the sorry saga of the move request, which went ahead despite a split vote and which has only made a poor situation worse. "Passenger railroad car" is the least universal and least common of the discussed options. Meanwhile, given the resulting horlicks, I was simply trying to clarify who uses which terms in order to begin addressing its multiple issues. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:49, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

== Again? ==

"Tyrolese" is an outdated 18th/19th century English term. Please stop insisting on using an outdated term. National Geographic uses [https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/2017/09/italy-tyroleans-do-it-better Tyroleans], as does South Tyrol's marketing agency: [https://www.suedtirol.info/en/this-is-south-tyrol/people South Tyroleans]. As does the province itself: [https://www.provinz.bz.it/this-is-south-tyrol/separation-from-austria.asp itself] and so on and on. Tyrolean is the correct name nowadays, so please stop reverting to an outdated tern. [[User:Noclador|noclador]] ([[User talk:Noclador|talk]]) 18:43, 11 September 2021 (UTC)
:Please follow [[WP:BRD]] and discuss this on the [[Talk:Tyrolean Unterland|talk page]], not here. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 21:22, 11 September 2021 (UTC)

== Missing language links for flat wagon ==

{{ping|User:Bermicourt}} Still '''missing''' language links (other languages) for [[flat wagon]]: [[:es:Vagón plataforma]], [[:cs:Plošinový vůz]], [[:ja:長物車]] and perhaps [[:nl:Containerwagen]] [[User:Peter Horn|Peter Horn]] [[User talk:Peter Horn|User talk]] 03:04, 25 September 2021 (UTC)
:Correction, [[:nl:Containerwagen]] should be linked to [[flat car]] as should also be [[:ja:コンテナ車]] [[User:Peter Horn|Peter Horn]] [[User talk:Peter Horn|User talk]] 03:40, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

== Reverting "entered into service" versus "taken into service" ==

Hi there, About your [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuland_Lighthouse&diff=1049002084&oldid=1048972358 reverting my change] of "taken into service" to "entered into service". Not disputing your change at all, but I do want to comment on it. In nearly five decades as a native English speaker I'd never seen the term "taken into service" until I read this article, whereas I see "entered into service" quite frequently.

Google shows nearly twice as many hits for "taken into service" than "entered into service", so I don't doubt that it's a common phrase. I'm guessing it may be more commonly used in Europe (where you're from) than in North America (where I'm from), which would explain the different perspectives. Given that context, I'm surprised you resorted to a revert, which [[WP:ROWN|"tends to be hostile"]]. Given that mine was a good-faith edit, and our disagreement appears to be one of British versus American English, I was surprised that you chose to rebuke me in a way that will live in my stats forever.

I'm not offended, but maybe be a bit less aggressive with reverting in the future? [[User:Stephen Hui|Stephen Hui]] ([[User talk:Stephen Hui|talk]]) 17:35, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

:I've copied this to the talk page and responded there iaw [[WP:BRD]]. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 18:35, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

== Discussion at Frisians ==

With respect, I don't know that there is a "discussion about this at the talk page", so I would appreciate you don't make that assumption. There was a discussion at the [[Talk:English people|English talkpage]], but given the fact that it has been quiet for well over 2months, I would assume it's concluded and not on the side that you advocated. [[User:Alssa1|Alssa1]] ([[User talk:Alssa1|talk]]) 13:06, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

:I've responded on the relevant talk pages. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 13:36, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

== In other languages ==

The "in other languages" for [[:de:pfannenwagen]] still throws me to [[tank car]]. [[User:Peter Horn|Peter Horn]] [[User talk:Peter Horn|User talk]] 23:40, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
:I've changed it to point to [[ladle transfer car]], but I can see the problem is that the German article also includes torpedo wagon as a sub-section, so they may change it back. Often, different wikis are at different stages of development, so there isn't always a one-to-one match. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 09:10, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
==DYK for Trictrac==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/November#20 November 2021|20 November 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Trictrac]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Trictrac]]''' ''(board pictured)'' was the classic [[tables game]] of France, just as [[backgammon]] is of the English-speaking world today?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Trictrac]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-11-10&end=2021-11-30&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Trictrac Trictrac]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 12:02, 20 November 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Jacquet (game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/November#22 November 2021|22 November 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Jacquet (game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the classic [[board game]] '''[[Jacquet (game)|Jacquet]]''' was the benchmark for all [[tables game]]s in France during the 19th century?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Jacquet (game)]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-11-12&end=2021-12-02&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Jacquet_(game) Jacquet (game)]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 00:02, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Irish (game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/December#11 December 2021|11 December 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Irish (game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that [[backgammon]] was derived from the esteemed 16th-century Scottish and English [[tables game]] of '''[[Irish (game)|Irish]]''' and eventually surpassed it in popularity?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Irish (game)]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-12-01&end=2021-12-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Irish_(game) Irish (game)]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 13:19, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

== Revert of Altes Schloss (Bad Berneck) ==

I understand why you reverted my recent edits to [[Altes Schloss (Bad Berneck)]], citing [[H:MARKUP]]. However, Wikipedia has been using unspaced headings (example: <nowiki>==Heading2==</nowiki>) for years, and many articles contain headings using the non-spaced formats. Further, such non-spaced heading formats are used as examples in [[MOS:HEADINGS]], where spaces are described as being ''optional''. Using [[WP:BOLD]], I have added text to [[H:MARKUP]] below the Markup / Renders as box as follows:
:"Heading formats may contain spaces (as shown in the example above) or not. The key point is that they should be consistent throughout an article, all headings should contain a single space to the left and right of the "=" sign(s) or no spaces, the formats should not be intermingled in the same article. See further examples in [[MOS:HEADINGS]]."
[[User:Truthanado|Truthanado]] ([[User talk:Truthanado|talk]]) 00:55, 17 December 2021 (UTC)
::{{ping|Truthanado}} I'm aware that both spaced and unspaced are acceptable provided they are consistent within the article. Personally, I find spaced headings easier to read, but given that the choice is left to editors, it would make sense to stay with the format of the original editor as we do with [[WP:ENGVAR]] to avoid edit conflict. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 09:39, 17 December 2021 (UTC)
:::I agree wholeheartedly with you. Consistency within an article is desirable. I'm not suggesting that editors go on a campaign to check all articles, but if other edits are being made in the article, why not make sure other things (like heading formats) in the article are consistent. Editors already do that for dmy or mdy date formats. FYI, [[User:Redrose64]] has reverted my edits to [[H:MARKUP]]. feel free to comment if you wish. [[User:Truthanado|Truthanado]] ([[User talk:Truthanado|talk]]) 12:53, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Ticktack==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/December#17 December 2021|17 December 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Ticktack]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the mediaeval English [[tables game]] of '''[[Ticktack]]''' has several ways of winning, including ''Toots'' and ''Rovers''?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Ticktack]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-12-07&end=2021-12-27&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Ticktack Ticktack]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 12:03, 17 December 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Ludus Anglicorum==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/December#18 December 2021|18 December 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Ludus Anglicorum]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the "English Game", '''[[Ludus Anglicorum]]''', was the most popular [[tables game]] in the [[Middle Ages|mediaeval]] England of [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]]'s time?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Ludus Anglicorum]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-12-08&end=2021-12-28&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Ludus_Anglicorum Ludus Anglicorum]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 12:02, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Doublets (tables game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/December#19 December 2021|19 December 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Doublets (tables game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the historical English [[tables game]] of '''[[Doublets (tables game)|Doublets]]''' was mentioned in 1549 in a sermon by [[Hugh Latimer|Latimer]] to King [[Edward VI]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Doublets (tables game)]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-12-09&end=2021-12-29&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Doublets_(tables_game) Doublets (tables game)]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 00:03, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

== Lower case names ==

Hi Bermicourt. In general, Wikipedia avoids unnecessary capitalization, which is used almost exclusively for proper nouns, acronyms/initialisms, and to begin sentences. The capitalization section of the [[WP:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Sports, games, and other activities|MoS]] states that the names of games are not capitalized. While the MoS is a guideline, I believe it's in agreement with common English usage not just in North America, but in general. I also don't believe that use in specialized literature is necessarily relevant to the issue. I further don't see how capitalization of a game name would aid in clarity and avoid confusion; if anything, it's likely to cause confusion because capitals are understood to mean proper nouns.

You've noted that the names of common games like [[chess]] and [[backgammon]] are usually not capitalized, and you will find that they're not capitalized in those articles. However, the popularity of a game is no basis for a policy on whether or not its name should be capitalized. Would we need to be constantly evaluating the popularity of games and moving them from one list to the other as it waxes and wanes? The simple and elegant solution is capitalization in accordance with standard English practice.

I won't get into a revert war with you over this, but I'd ask that you consider the issue of whether usage in gaming literature should trump common English capitalization rules, the Wikipedia MoS, and the goal of a simple and consistent policy. Exceptions for specialized fields should not be made unless there's a very compelling argument for them. I don't think we have one here. [[User:Lexicon|Lexicon]] [[User talk:Lexicon|(talk)]] 06:53, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

:I had never in my life heard of a particular North American tendency to follow the normal accepted use of capitalization as opposed to a lax British one, and I'm not sure such a thing is actually real. Nor do I suspect that there's anything at all behind your ascribing American imperialist intentions to the writers of the MoS. As for the number of sources using certain spellings, I'm sure you can appreciate that when you're talking about games so obscure that you've only now added them to Wikipedia, the sources are of a specialized nature the use in which is possibly not indicative of the way an average English speaker would use those terms. Specialized literature of all types tends to do things like emphasize its terminology with capitals against common use, which an average speaker would not do. Additionally, many of your sources for these games are also kind of ancient, no doubt employing deprecated pre-20th century language conventions. Both of these (but especially the first), I think, are sound arguments against taking the conventions of the table games community regarding capitalization and applying them to this specific segment of Wikipedia against standard English conventions for capitalization. [[User:Lexicon|Lexicon]] [[User talk:Lexicon|(talk)]] 14:38, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

::I'm not advocating for "the average English reader's level of knowledge", though. I'm advocating for common English practice. I don't see this as an informal vs. formal issue. It's instead a specialized vs. common issue. I wouldn't call capitalizing industry terms "formal", and using [[WP:RS]] when the only easily identifiable written sources (because of obscurity) are specialized publications might follow the letter of the law while breaking its spirit. And again, I argue that capitalizing in this one corner of Wikipedia would cause more confusion than it prevents (even though I think both are pretty negligible), even if in the specialized gaming literature it might arguably enhance clarity. Also, you must realize that saying "let's stop here" after you've made your point—instead of in place of making it—is just a wee bit rich. [[User:Lexicon|Lexicon]] [[User talk:Lexicon|(talk)]] 16:03, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

:::I don't believe this discussion was fruitless at all. I heard your reasoning, and you heard mine. I also hoped that it was not a case of "neither of us is going to convince the other", as I go into these things with an open mind, able to be swayed by salient arguments. It's unfortunate if you don't do the same. Personally I think my argument should have been enough to sway you, as I do believe it is a good one, and I think that if you'd take a step back from the issue and try to see it as something other than a conflict with someone ruining your good work with their lowly common Americanisms (I'm a Canadian and a Brit, btw, although that's neither here nor there), you might be able to be convinced. Either way, I don't think my being an admin plays (or should play) into the appropriate resolution of this matter at all. I'm open to [[WP:3O]] or [[WP:DRN]] to start, if you feel my position as an administrator is unfairly affecting the outcome. [[User:Lexicon|Lexicon]] [[User talk:Lexicon|(talk)]] 22:02, 20 December 2021 (UTC)
== Opole: relevance ==

Hi Bermicourt
I see you have just undone my deleted section on "Opole". Can we discuss this please? I am on the committee of the Rundlingsverein e V.,have lived for 16 years in a rundling village, and am probably the only native english speaking expert on Rundling villages. Most of the article is mine. I am in regular personal contact with Professor Wolfgang Meibeyer, who is without argument the greatest living expert on Rundlinge.

There is an academic debate that has been going on since the days of Anneliese Krenzlin and Willi Schulz about the origins of the Rundling form. One by now widely discredited argument is that Rundlinge, because their original occupiers were indeed Slavic farmers, came in some way from the Slavic tribes further East (Poles, Czechs, Russians, etc). No evidence whatsoever has been cited to show any such link.

Wolfgang Meibeyer's argument has always been that the half-moon shape was created by Germanic overlords for their Slavic farmers, who cleared the forests in the 12th/13th century following the Wendenkreuzzug of 1147. This is pictured in the Sachsenspiegel, a near contemporary account of the "Ostkolonisation ". There is no known connection to the Opole of Poland. Of course circular villages have existed the world over, and The University of Cottbus' Institute of Heritage Management has catalogised them all very recently. However to put in an article on German Rundlinge, a prominent link to Opole is factually false, and can only come from a lay view. Sadly antique2020 who wrote this addition falls into this category. It is deeply misleading to have this unedited under "Rundlinge". cheers. Adrian Greenwood. agwendland

adrian.greenwood@t-online.de — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/217.80.39.5|217.80.39.5]] ([[User talk:217.80.39.5#top|talk]]) 19:06, 1 January 2022 (UTC) 

== Translation request ==
Hello Bermicourt! I was wondering if you would like to translate a paragraph for me from German to English. (I found your name [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Translators_available#German-to-English here].) I use Google Translate to obtain basic facts from articles written in foreign languages; however, I do not trust it to translate complex information well. Here is the paragraph, which is in [https://www.bzbasel.ch/basel/basel-stadt/der-euro-aiport-sagt-aadje-swiss-willkommen-skywork-ld.1696348 this article]:

"Zwischen Ende 1998 und 2000 flog Swissair die einzige Langstrecke ab Basel: New York/Newark. Doch die für die Basler Pharma gedachte tägliche Verbindung war im Prinzip nur eine Reaktion auf ein Projekt eines potenziellen Konkurrenten, der eine Full-Businessclass-Boeing auf dieser Strecke einsetzen wollte. Die Strecke wurde aber nur halbherzig beworben. Auf dem Swissair-Werbeflyer für Passagiere aus den USA wurde das Angebot nach Basel schlicht nicht erwähnt."

Please let me know if you would be available to do this. Thank you, — [[User:Sunnya343|''Sunnya343✈'']] ([[User talk:Sunnya343|háblame]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sunnya343|my work]]) 01:02, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

:Done - on your talk page. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 09:46, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

== in friendship ==
{{User QAIbox
| title = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2022#24 Jan|January songs]]
| image = Forest in snow, Engenhahn.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
| bold = [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#2022 · in friendship|in friendship]]
}}
Thank you for being around! - [[User:Gerda Arendt/Images 2022|Happy new year, in friendship]]! - Today I show yesterday's snow and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1064624973 today's music, Schon gewusst?] in memory of Jerome Kohl, a friend --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 11:57, 9 January 2022 (UTC)
{{User QAIbox
| title = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2022#25 Feb|February songs]]
| image = Creek frozen.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
| bold = [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#RexxS|frozen]]
}}
[[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2022 February 7|my joy]] - more [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1070459492 on my talk] --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 17:38, 7 February 2022 (UTC)

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1071802461 Valentine's Day edition], with spring flowers and plenty of music --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 17:51, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1074005793 stand and sing] --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 22:17, 25 February 2022 (UTC)

I took the pic in 2009. It was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1075521687 on the German MP] yesterday, with the song from 1885, in English [[Prayer for Ukraine]]. --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 10:40, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

== Kamienna Góra ==

Bermicourt, what are you doing? I'm not sure you understand the what [[Wikipedia:BOLD, revert, discuss cycle]] entails. This is the edit [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamienna_G%C3%B3ra&type=revision&diff=1067403351&oldid=1057412151] where user Tino Cannst added new information, while at the same time removing an old long standing statement. I reverted that, so why are you restoring it? Also, I started a talk page discussion [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AKamienna_G%C3%B3ra&type=revision&diff=1069094344&oldid=352311056] because this new item added by Tino Cannst is a minor fact and creates a bit of an imbalance, yet you did not even bother to comment on it, you just restored the new text that was added. Please follow Wikipedia rules instead of restoring NEW text which is disputed. New text can be reverted and it's up to the user to convince others for it's inclusion not the other way around. --[[User:E-960|E-960]] ([[User talk:E-960|talk]]) 19:41, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

==DYK nomination of Rosamund's Bower==
[[File:Symbol question.svg|25px]] Hello! Your submission of [[Rosamund's Bower]] at the [[Template talk:DYK|Did You Know nominations page]] has been reviewed, and some issues with it may need to be clarified. Please review the comment(s) at '''[[Template:Did you know nominations/Rosamund's Bower|your nomination's entry]]''' and respond there as soon as possible. Thank you for contributing to Did You Know!  [[User:Morgan695|Morgan695]] ([[User talk:Morgan695|talk]]) 01:17, 24 February 2022 (UTC)
:Bermicourt, final call for you to provide the QPQ and address the issues raised in the above review. Hope to see you there. [[User:BlueMoonset|BlueMoonset]] ([[User talk:BlueMoonset|talk]]) 23:12, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

== Always precious ==
[[File:Yogo2783 Close crop.JPG|frameless|right|upright=0.5]]
Ten years ago, [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Quality Article Improvement/Precious#{{BASEPAGENAME}}|you]] were found precious. That's what you are, always. I cherish working with you! --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:51, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

:You are precious too - bless you. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 08:53, 10 March 2022 (UTC)
:: Thank you, - and yes, 3 people said so ;) - Listening to the charity concert [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1076348542 mentioned here]. I created the articles of the composer and the soprano. --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 20:04, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

== Solitaire articles and WP:RS ==

Thanks for all the work you've been doing on improving the solitaire articles. And thank you also for jumping in the discussion on my Talk page with your comments.

What other editors popping in might not realize is that many of the articles in question have had zero citations for over ten years or more. So the kinds of references we've been supplying improves things, being from reliable contributors, even if the site they're hosted on is not ideal. I appreciate the case you made about seeing them as arguably interim in nature, even if they don't quite tick all the WP:RS boxes. Removing them entirely will arguably only result in some instances where Wikipedia articles on solitaire games are absent of references for another next ten years, even though these are subjects that clearly deserve to be covered in Wikipedia.

Part of the problem is that it's a specialty area of study with few contributors, so over-vigilance and over-policing based on a cursory visit to those pages or the sources in question isn't helpful. And in some instances it wasn't just the citation that was removed, but also other content changes, resulting in an overall regress of quality. But let's keep plugging away, and hopefully our efforts will lead to improvements in the long run. Thanks again for your contributions, involvement, and engagement. [[User:Gregorytopov|Gregorytopov]] ([[User talk:Gregorytopov|talk]]) 09:22, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

== Category:Nazi personnel who resisted the Holocaust ==

You may be interested in the discussion at [[Category talk:Nazi personnel who resisted the Holocaust#Correct title?]]. Sincerely, [[User:HopsonRoad|HopsonRoad]] ([[User talk:HopsonRoad|talk]]) 14:44, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==DYK for Rosamund's Bower==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2022/April#14 April 2022|14 April 2022]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Rosamund's Bower]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that in '''[[Rosamund's Bower]]''' ''(setup pictured)'', the aim is to reunite [[Rosamund Clifford|Fair Rosamund]] with [[Henry II of England|King Henry]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Rosamund's Bower]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2022-04-04&end=2022-04-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Rosamund%27s_Bower Rosamund's Bower]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Maile66|— Maile ]] ([[User talk:Maile66|talk]]) 00:02, 14 April 2022 (UTC)
{{DYK views|10,807|900.6|April 2022}} [[User:Theleekycauldron|theleekycauldron]] ([[User talk:Theleekycauldron|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Theleekycauldron|contribs]]) (she/[[Singular they|they]]) 02:03, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

== I have sent you a note about a page you started ==

Hello, Bermicourt, Thank you for creating [[Augustusburg Castle]].
[[User:North8000]], while examining this page as a part of our [[WP:NPP|page curation process]], had the following comments:

{{Bq|1=Thanks for your work}}

To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{code|<nowiki>{{Re|</nowiki>North8000<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}. Please remember to sign your reply with {{code|<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}} .

(Message delivered via the [[Wikipedia:Page Curation/Help|Page Curation]] tool, on behalf of the reviewer.)

''North8000'' ([[User talk:North8000#top|talk]]) 12:49, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

==DYK for German Tarok==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2022/May#20 May 2022|20 May 2022]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[German Tarok]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that it is purportedly hard to find a more interesting [[card game]] played with [[German-suited playing cards|German-suited cards]] than Sansprendre, a variant of '''[[German Tarok]]'''?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/German Tarok]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2022-05-10&end=2022-05-30&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=German_Tarok German Tarok]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Casliber|Cas Liber]] ([[User talk:Casliber|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Casliber|contribs]]) 00:02, 20 May 2022 (UTC)
{{User QAIbox
| title = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2022#29 May|May songs]]
| image = Rapsfeld, Gnadenthal.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
}}
Thank you for making DYK Germany richer! --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 06:16, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

== Translation request ==
Hallo Bermicourt! Wir würden gerne eine Übersetzung von der deutschen Wikipedia Seite "Edith Hlawati" anfordern.
Viele Grüße!
[[User:Österreichische Beteiligungs AG|Österreichische Beteiligungs AG]] ([[User talk:Österreichische Beteiligungs AG|talk]]) 08:47, 14 June 2022 (UTC)
:Leider ist das nicht mein Themenkreis. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 11:02, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

==DYK nomination of Six-Bid Solo==
[[File:Symbol question.svg|25px]] Hello! Your submission of [[Six-Bid Solo]] at the [[Template talk:DYK|Did You Know nominations page]] has been reviewed, and some issues with it may need to be clarified. Please review the comment(s) at '''[[Template:Did you know nominations/Six-Bid Solo|your nomination's entry]]''' and respond there at your earliest convenience. Thank you for contributing to Did You Know!  [[User:Narutolovehinata5|Narutolovehinata5]] ([[User talk:Narutolovehinata5|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Narutolovehinata5|contributions]]) 07:50, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
== Nomination for deletion of [[:Template:Infobox natural region of Germany]] ==
[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|30px|link=]][[:Template:Infobox natural region of Germany]] has been [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion|nominated for deletion]]. You are invited to comment on the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 29#Template:Infobox natural region of Germany|the entry on the Templates for discussion page]]. [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] ([[User talk:Gonnym|talk]]) 12:40, 29 June 2022 (UTC)
== Nomination for deletion of [[:Template:S-Bahn-Karlsruhe]] ==
[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|30px|link=]][[:Template:S-Bahn-Karlsruhe]] has been [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion|nominated for deletion]]. You are invited to comment on the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 July 7#Template:S-Bahn-Karlsruhe|the entry on the Templates for discussion page]]. [[User:Frietjes|Frietjes]] ([[User talk:Frietjes|talk]]) 22:25, 7 July 2022 (UTC)
== Nomination for deletion of [[:Template:Dresden S-Bahn]] ==
[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|30px|link=]][[:Template:Dresden S-Bahn]] has been [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion|nominated for deletion]]. You are invited to comment on the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 July 11#Template:Dresden S-Bahn|the entry on the Templates for discussion page]]. [[User:Frietjes|Frietjes]] ([[User talk:Frietjes|talk]]) 17:29, 11 July 2022 (UTC)
== "Template:Dokumentation" listed at [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|Redirects for discussion]] ==
[[File:Information.svg|30px]]
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect [[:Template:Dokumentation]] and has thus listed it [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|for discussion]]. This discussion will occur at [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 July 15#Template:Dokumentation]] until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion.  <big>[[user:q28|Q]][[user talk:q28|𝟤]][[special:contribs/q28|𝟪]]</big> 09:42, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

== [[Template:Did you know nominations/Corner chair|Corner chair]] ==

Wanted to courtesy ping you that there's been a reply on the above DYK nomination you reviewed. [[User:Sammi Brie|Sammi Brie]] (she/her • [[User talk:Sammi Brie|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sammi Brie|c]]) 20:51, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

==DYK for Six-Bid Solo==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2022/July#18 July 2022|18 July 2022]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Six-Bid Solo]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the American [[card game]] of '''[[Six-Bid Solo]]''' originated in southern Germany?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Six-Bid Solo]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2022-07-08&end=2022-07-28&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Six-Bid_Solo Six-Bid Solo]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 00:02, 18 July 2022 (UTC)

== Sources ==

Hi, Bermicourt. A couple of editors have begun a campaign to evaluate sources over at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Board and table games/Sources]] and its talk. Mostly they're sifting through potential sources for the welter of new games coming out every day, a difficult task that I'm not really interested in. However, I've floated a few online sources for historical games, which were also welcomed. Just mentioning in case you know of additional quality sources that might be worth listing. Cheers. [[User:Phil wink|Phil wink]] ([[User talk:Phil wink|talk]]) 21:44, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

== Pronouns ==

Hi @[[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] I'm making a list of card games articles where the pronouns are too ambiguous, hoping you'll find time to take a look. I still may change part of the article where there is less ambiguity, but in which case I'll identify the ambiguous section:

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_(card_game) - second paragraph of Strategy section
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarocchini - Variations > Game play section
[[User:Tom dl|Tom dl]] ([[User talk:Tom dl|talk]]) 08:30, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

Tarocchini

2022-08-04T09:03:50Z

Tom dl:

{{Short description|Tarot card games popular in northeast Italy}}
{{Infobox card game
| title = Tarocchini
| subtitle =
| image_link = [[Image:Tarocco Bolognese.png|220px]]
| image_caption =
| alt_names =
| type = [[Trick-taking]]
| players = 2-7
| ages =
| num_cards = 62
| deck = [[Tarocco Bolognese]]
| play = Counter-clockwise
| card_rank = Trump suit 20-0 Long suits: K Q C J 10 9 8 7 6 A Round suits: K Q C J A 6 7 8 9 10<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dummett|first1=Michael|title=The Game of Tarot|date=1980|publisher=Duckworth|isbn=0-7156-1014-7|page=318l}}</ref>
| origin = [[Italy]]
| related = [[Minchiate]]
| playing_time = 30 min.
| random_chance = Moderate
| skills = Tactics, Strategy
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tarocchini''' (plural for ''tarocchino'') are point [[trick-taking]] [[tarot card games]] popular in [[Bologna]], capital city of the [[Emilia-Romagna]] region of [[Italy]] and has been confined mostly to this area. They are the diminutive form of ''tarocchi'' (plural for ''tarocco''), referring to the reduction of the [[Tarocco Bolognese|Bolognese pack]] from 78 to 62 cards, which probably occurred in the early 16th century.

The games of Tarocchini are very complex, yet the rules have changed little over the years.

==Deck description==
{|class="wikitable floatright"
!'''Rank'''!!'''Name of the card'''!!'''Card Points'''
|-
|(20)||Angel (Angelo)||5
|-
|(19)||World (Mondo)||5
|-
|(18)||Sun (Sole)||1
|-
|(17)||Moon (Luna)||1
|-
|5-16||Numbered trumps (Numeri di scavezzo)||1
|-
|(1=4)||Moors (Moretti)||1
|-
|(0)||Magician (Begato)||5
|-
|Suit||Kings||5
|-
|Suit||Queens||4
|-
|Suit||Cavaliers||3
|-
|Suit||Jacks||2
|-
|Suit||Pip cards||1
|-
|•||Fool (Matto)||5
|}

Tarocchini can be played with a 78-card Tarot deck (where the 2–5 [[pip cards]] in each suit have been removed), though normally, a special Tarot deck, the [[Tarocco Bolognese]] is used. The [[Trump (card games)|trump]] cards have a unique ordering where the second to fifth trumps are known collectively as the '''''Moretti''''' (Moors) and are of equal rank (the last one played is the highest, in regards to taking a trick). In the Tarocco Bolognese, these cards are depicted with four Moors, two of which are identical.<ref name="History">{{cite book|last1=Dummett|first1=Michael|last2=McLeod|first2=John|title=A History of Games Played with the Tarot Pack|date=2004|publisher=The Edwin Mellen Press|location=Lewiston|pages=257–314|ref=History}}</ref>

[[The Fool (Tarot card)|The Fool]] is not a trump, it can't beat any cards and is played as an excuse from [[Follow suit|following suit]]. The [[The Magician (Tarot card)|Magician]] is the lowest trump. However, both the Fool and the Magician may be used as '''''contatori''''' (counters or [[Wild card (card games)|wild cards]]) to assist in making sequences. The ''contatori'' are very valuable, because they can be used as wild cards in multiple locations. The four highest trumps, which are unnumbered, are Angel, World, Sun, and Moon and they are collectively known as '''''grande''''' (big). Angel, World, Magician, and the Fool are collectively known as '''''tarocchi'''''.<ref>McLeod, John. [https://www.pagat.com/tarot/ottocen.html Ottocento] at [[pagat.com]]. Retrieved 1 February 2018.</ref>

The ''grande'', ''Moretti'', and ''contatori'' are not numbered in the Tarocco Bolognese.

In the modern game, the cards won by each side are counted in pairs, with 1 being subtracted from the total for each pair. There are also six points for winning the final trick, giving a total of 93 points.<ref name="History" />
{{clear}}

==Common rules==
In tarocchini, card points are not as important as bonus or meld points gained from combinations. Combinations can either be associative or sequential. Associative combinations or ''cricche'' (formerly as ''pariglie'') consist of three or four of a kind sets.<ref name="History" />

{|class=wikitable
!'''Associative combination'''!!'''Three of a kind points'''!!Four of a kind points'''
|-
|Tarocchi||18||36
|-
|Kings||17||34
|-
|Queens||14||28
|-
|Cavaliers||13||26
|-
|Jacks||12||24
|}

There are four types of sequential combinations although two of them are more like associative combinations. Each sequence needs at least three cards for 10 points and every extra card is worth 5 points. What separates the sequences from the ''cricche'' is the use of the ''contatori''. The ''contatori'' may not be used to substitute Angel or a King. For trumps, the sequence ends if the ''contatori'' are used consecutively with one exception: if the two cards replaced are trump 16 and a ''grande''.<ref name="History" />
{|class=wikitable
!'''Sequence'''!!'''Minimum requirement'''!!'''Extra cards'''
|-
|Trumps||Angel and at least two of the next three ''grande'' (one of which mustn't be a wild card)||Consecutive numbered trumps
|-
|Suits||King and at least two face cards of the same suit (one of which mustn't be a wild card)||Ace of the same suit
|-
|Moors||Two Moors plus a third Moor which can be a wild card||Up to six Moors with wild cards
|-
|Aces||Two Aces plus a third Ace which can be a wild card||Up to six Aces with wild cards
|}

Multiplicative bonuses occur when three or more cricche or three or more sequences are made at one time. This doubles the points.

==Variations==

===Ottocento===
Ottocento, is the most popular version. It is played by 4 players in two partnerships sitting opposite each other. The middle part of the game is very similar to the basic tarot game. It adds a round of point-counting before and after the game based on sets and runs of the cards. An unusual feature is that the partners are allowed to make certain limited signals to each other during play.<ref name="History" />

As usual for Tarot card games, dealing and card play are counter-clockwise. The dealer gives 15 cards to each player, in 3 rounds of five cards apiece. The dealer takes the last two cards into their hand. The dealer has to discard two cards, which can not be "5 point" cards (such as kings, or the trumps worth 5 points). The cards that the dealer discards are counted as points to their side, unless they and their partner capture no tricks at all during the card play in which case the discarded cards must be surrendered to the opponents.

After the first 5 cards have been dealt, if all players agree the game may ''andare a monte''. If this happens, all the cards are thrown in, and the deal passes to the next player. The first player speaks first, declaring a monte if they wish to restart the game. This continues with each player until it reaches the dealer. If all have declared a monte, then the game will be restarted.

The game consists of three parts. Just after the [[Hand (card games)|hand]] has been dealt, all players may score their hands according to the meld points contained within. Next, normal card play occurs. Finally, the partners score any [[Meld (cards)|meld points]] that they have in their captured tricks. The scoring of meld points after card play is unique to Tarocchini and [[Minchiate]].

====Declarations====
After the cards have been dealt, each player may declare certain combinations of cards that they hold in their hand to collect meld points. They do not have to declare anything, and may optionally declare a smaller set or run than they actually have. Anything that is declared must be placed face-up on the table. The decision of what to declare is an interesting strategic choice.

====Game play====
Once the first declaration of points is finished, normal card play ensues. Note that some information has been disclosed by the declarations, so players will have more clues than usual as to the contents of the other players' hands. As in all tarocchi games, there is the rule that a player that can't [[follow suit]] must trump if possible. If lacking trumps, then any card can be discarded. The Fool excuses the player from following suit: it is played to the trick instead of following suit, and then retrieved to its player's pile of won tricks. The Fool's player gives a low valued card to the trick's winner (only if it is an opponent) at the end of the hand. If the Fool's team failed to win any trick, the Fool is surrendered to the opponents but this is very rare. One of the most important strategies is to capture or protect the Begato as it is very useful in scoring. The last trick has a bonus of 6 points.

During the actual card play, the eldest is permitted to make certain signals to his partner. The current game allows only three signals:
*Eldest can throw their card up to let their partner know that they are now void of this suit. Originally, the signal was opening a hand.
*Player draws back the card towards himself to let his partner know that she should lead with trumps.
*Eldest knocks the table with a fist to let his partner know that she should win with her highest card and lead the next trick with the same suit.

These are some of the formerly allowed signals:
*When a player has the lead, he may instruct his partner to lead his highest trump by saying ''sminchiate''.
*If the player strikes the centre of the table, that indicates they have the highest card of the suit (including trumps). Striking the table's edge means holding the second highest.
*If leading, the player may draw back the card slightly toward himself before laying it down, signaling that the partner should not play her highest card of the suit.

====Scoring====
Once all tricks have been completed, the captured cards are examined for meld points. Combine these meld points with the meld points from declarations at the beginning of the hand. Next, count card points in pairs with one point subtracted from each pair. Then add the last trick bonus. After adding the meld points with the card points and last trick bonus, the first team to reach 800 wins. It is actually possible to win at the declarations if one team can reach 800 points. If both teams can do it, the team with the higher points win.<ref name="History" />

===Terziglio===
Terziglio is for three players and the only version to include bidding. Each player is dealt 18 or 19 cards with 8 or 5 going to the stock. During bidding, players can pass, bid ''gioco'', or bid ''solo'' which is the highest bid. In ''gioco'', the declarer can exchange cards with the stock but cannot discard 5-point cards. The stock counts towards the declarer if they can win at least one trick otherwise it would be surrendered to their opponents. In ''solo'', the declarer plays without exchanging with the stock which remains hidden and is awarded to the winner of the last trick. All other rules are the same as Ottocento but some players restrict signalling until the highest card of the trick's suit has been played (Kings or the Angel).

====Scoring====
Each side adds up all their points as in Ottocento. The declarer must have more points than their opponents to win the hand, a tie is counted as a loss. The winning side's points are rounded down to the nearest multiple of 50 (except if it fell short of a multiple of 50 by less than 5 points it will be rounded up). The score is then divided by 50 to arrive at the game points. If it was a ''solo'' game, the game points are doubled. Score calculation is unnecessary if one side won all the tricks; they are automatically awarded 40 game points.<ref name="History" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://pagat.com/tarot/ottocen.html Tarocco Bolognese: Ottocento] at [[Pagat.com]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070930/http://www.tarocchino.com/page45.html Common tarocchini rules] at Tarocchino.com (archived)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100210072258/http://www.tarocchino.com/page46.html Ottocento rules] at Tarocchino.com (archived)
*[http://a.trionfi.eu/WWPCM/decks06/d04910/d04910.htm Tarocco Bolognese] at Trionfi.eu
*[http://www.tarocchinobolognese.it/ Accademia del Tarocchino Bolognese]: Organizer of official tarocchini tournaments

{{Tarot and Tarock card games}}
[[Category:Tarot card games]]
[[Category:Card games involving signalling]]
[[Category:Dedicated deck card games]]
[[Category:Italian card games]]
[[Category:Multi-player card games]]

Mus (card game)

2022-08-04T08:53:40Z

Tom dl:

{{Infobox card game
| title = Mus
| subtitle =
| image_link = Partida de Mus 02.jpg
| image_caption =
| alt_names =
| type = Comparing
| players = 4
| ages =
| num_cards = 40
| deck = [[Spanish playing cards|Spanish]]
| play = Counter-clockwise
| card_rank = (K or 3) Q J 7 6 5 4 (2 or A)
| origin = [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque country]]
| related =
| playing_time = 20 min.
| random_chance = Low
| skills = Attention
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mus''' is a [[card game]] widely played in [[Spain]], [[France]] and [[Hispanic America]]. Originated in the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Basque card game |url=http://www.nabasque.org/NABO/mus.htm |publisher=North American Basque Organizations |accessdate=26 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001154739/http://www.nabasque.org/NABO/mus.htm |archivedate=1 October 2013 }}</ref> it is a [[Card game#Comparing games|vying]] game. The first reference to this game goes back to 1745, when [[Manuel Larramendi]], [[philologist]] and [[Jesuit]] [[Basque people|Basque]], quoted it the trilingual [[dictionary]] ([[Basque language|Basque]]-[[Spanish language|Spanish]]-[[Latin]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Mus, 4 kings|url=http://www.ludoteka.com/mus4-en.html|accessdate=28 September 2013}}</ref>

In Spain it is the most played card game, spawning several Mus clubs or "''peñas''" and becoming a staple game among college students. It is not uncommon to hear the Basque terms, such as "''órdago''" (from Basque "''hor dago''", "there it is"<ref>[http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=%C3%B3rdago Real Academia de la Lengua Española]</ref>) used by Spanish speakers, often without them being aware of the literal meanings of the terms and phrases.

The origin of the word Mus is uncertain. It could come from the [[Basque language]], where "''musu''" means "''kiss''", the established signal of the better possible card combination (3 Kings and one Ace).<ref name=Mus-History>{{cite web|title=Historia del Mus|url=http://www.casino.es/mus/historia-mus/|accessdate=26 September 2013}}</ref> Larramendi wrote about the word mus or "musu" meaning lips or face and suggests that the name of the game could have derived from the facial gestures used while playing.<ref name=Ontario/>

According to another theory, the word ''mus'' comes from the [[Latin]] "''musso''", that means "''keep silent''". It is conjugated as "''mus''" ("I keep silent"), in opposition to "talk", that is the word used to open the game.<ref name=Mus-History />

A third hypothesis is that the word may have come from the French "''mouche''" ("''fly''"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcbasqueclub.com/culture/mus/index.htm|title=Mus card game|publisher=Kern County Basque Club|accessdate=14 September 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060905043850/http://www.kcbasqueclub.com/culture/mus/index.htm  |archivedate = 5 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=mus|title=Diccionario de la lengua española|publisher=Real Academia Española|accessdate=1 June 2008}}</ref> from Latin ''mussula'',<ref>''Larousse Dictionnaire d' Étymologie'' Larousse:2001</ref> although the concept "fly" has no relevance to any part of the game.<ref name=Ontario/>

==History==
Basque emigrants carried the game to other countries such as the US and Australia, where it is played in Basque clubs.<ref>[http://www.nabasque.org/NABO/mus.htm North American Basque Organization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001154739/http://www.nabasque.org/NABO/mus.htm |date=2013-10-01 }}</ref> Nowadays there is an international Mus tournament, in addition to many national and regional competitions.

==Description==
The game is played between two opposing pairs of players <ref name=Ontario>{{cite web |title=How to play Mus |url=http://www.ontariobasqueclub.dantzariak.net/mus.htm |publisher=Ontario Basque Club |accessdate=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927221409/http://www.ontariobasqueclub.dantzariak.net/mus.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with the [[Baraja (playing cards)|Spanish]] deck<ref name=Ontario/> which is a deck of 40 cards, without eights, nines, or tens and no jokers,<ref name=Ontario/> and it has a variety of different rules in the different regions of [[Spain]]. The game has four rounds:<ref name=Ontario/>
* '''Grande''' (''Biggest''): playing for the highest combination of cards.
* '''Chica''' (''Smallest''): playing for the lowest combination of cards.
* '''Pares''' (''Pairs''): playing for the best matching card combination.
* '''Juego''' (''Game''): playing for cards total values of 31 or more. Sometimes replaced by a '''Punto''' (''Point'') special round.

In each of these four rounds players take by order a call each,<ref name=Ontario/> verbalizing (usually after discussing it with their partner) whether the partnership will bid ("envido") or pass ("paso") which only results in skipping call turn to next player. After all four players have spoken each round, the bids ("''apostua''") made are left hanging until the scoring round at the end. If no bet was made and all four players passed to bid, the round is "in pass" and will be decided at the end of the hand for a reduced value of just one point.<ref name=Ontario/>

It has a distinctive feature in that passing some established signals (''keinuak'') between players is perfectly allowed during the game.<ref name=Ontario/>

One other special feature of Mus is that it is a mostly verbal game, with little card-involving action, limited to deal and discard (if any).<ref name=Ontario/>
After cards are dealt and Mus (discard) is stopped, all rounds are played verbally, bets are called, passed, accepted or rejected but cards are not shown, dealt or touched in any further way, and the player is only obliged to show them in the end of the round if needed in order to resolve any accepted bet. This makes Mus more difficult to learn simply by watching others play than most other card games, as it can be difficult to follow simply by watching.

==Gameplay==

Mus is played by four players working as two teams. Partners sit opposite each other and play moves in a counter-clockwise direction.<ref name=Ontario/>

Every hand consists of four rounds: ''Grande'' ('Biggest'), ''Chica'' ('Smallest'), ''Pares'' ('Pairs') and ''Juego'' ('Game').<ref name=Ontario/> If the 'Game' round cannot be played because nobody has a hand total value of 31 or more, the whole round is replaced by ''Punto'' ('Point').<ref name=Ontario/>
After the fourth round, there is a scoring round, when all scores are calculated.<ref name=Ontario/> The game is played with a pool of 30 points in the middle of the table. The points are usually represented by beans, coins or sometimes any other object,<ref name=Ontario/> which are called ''hamarreko'' (oddly, from Basque "unit of ten", although it is worth five tanto) when playing the game. When a point is scored by a couple, one of this couple players takes a bean and puts it on their team's side.<ref name=Ontario/> To decrease the need for many beans, one player's side counts as one-point beans and the other side as five-point beans. This makes it possible to play with only 16 beans in the table.

A match (''partida'') is divided into games (''juego'').<ref name=Ontario/> Each game is won by the first team to reach 30 points. In Spain, three games count as one ''vaca'' and three ''vacas'' win the match, although there are many other scoring variations, for example, in some places the game is played to five games and five ''vacas''. However, in the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] and northern Spain [[La Rioja (autonomous community)|La Rioja]], Mus may played with four Kings and at 40 points instead of the standard 30. This variation has to be played with 22 beans in the pool instead of 16. In the rest of Spain, the regular rules are eight Kings and 30 points.<ref>However, it is becoming increasingly common to play at 40 points. See Algarin, M. A., Ruiz, R. & Vazquez, B. (2010), ''Locos por el mus. Reglamento y manual para llegar a ser un campeón de mus'' (''Crazy about Mus. Regulation and Manual to Become a Champion of Mus''), [http://www.bubok.es Bubok Editorial]. {{ISBN|978-84-614-2185-5}}.</ref> When played with eight Kings, threes count as Kings and twos count as Aces. With eight Kings, it is much easier to get good hands and riskier to bet high.

===Starting the game<ref name=Ontario/>===
In the first game, the dealer is selected randomly. After that, the dealer will be the last game's first player. In this way, the speaking order changes in each game and all the players get to be the first one to speak at some point. The dealer shuffles the cards and their left hand player cuts the deck. After this, they deal four cards, one card at a time, to each player starting with the player to their right and finishing with themself.  Once the cards have been dealt, they put the deck aside and the game begins. The first player to speak will be the player at the right hand side of the dealer. Being the dealer is disadvantageous because ties are solved by speaking order: in case of a tie the person who spoke first wins.

==="Mus" or "No mus"<ref name=Ontario/>===
Starting with the player to the right hand side of the dealer (known as ''Mano''), each player declares whether or not they want to have a discard phase. By turns they say either "''Mus''" (to agree on discard) or "''No mus''". The turn to speak is as follows:
1 Mano.
2 His or her partner.
3 Second player (the one after "Mano").
4 Fourth player, which is the dealer in the round and partner of the last. This position is commonly known as "postre" (last) as it comes last in the playing order, so that player has a somehow handicapped ability in that hand.
This way the team that speak first can seem to render themselves vulnerable (being true or fake) letting the opposition know that their cards are not good enough, since they want to discard. The opposition team can then decide whether or not there will be mus.

Only if all four players agree, there is a discard phase (Mus), where they can discard up to all four cards or none at all. The dealer feeds to each player the requested cards one by one. After discard, the players repeat the process of discussing a new discard phase (Mus or not Mus) until at least one of them finally disagrees. If needed, the discarded pile can be reshuffled and dealt again as many times as needed. After a player refuses to have a new discard phase, the playing rounds begin.
Of course, having one or more discard rounds will make the player and their partner get better cards, but the same applies for the opposing couple so this is the point to be considered regarding Mus.

===The rounds<ref name=Ontario/>===

====''Grande''====
The first round is called ''Grande''. The two teams compete for the highest combination of cards. The highest cards in the Spanish deck are the Kings, followed by Knights and Jacks. In the variant game with eight kings, the threes work as the regular Kings and are therefore as high. For example, a hand like 'King-King-Knight-7' would be better for this round than 'King-Knight-Knight-7'. As it is a bidding game, if one team does not accept the bid then they may not win the hand even though they have higher cards.

====''Chica''====
The second round is the ''Chica''. The two teams compete for the lowest combination of cards. The lowest cards in the Spanish deck are the Aces. In the variant game with eight Kings, there are also eight aces, with the twos being the second set of aces. For example, a hand like 'Ace-Ace-5-Knight' would be better for this round than 'Ace-Ace-5-King'.

The Chica is a round that is overtly despised by most players, since bidding to it reveals (or at least suggests, which can be used) that the player has quite low cards, thus putting the player in a weakened position in the remaining rounds (their Pair should be low, if any, and probably has no Game).
Further to this, since all players probably have quite high cards, the chances of getting the bid accepted are scarce.

====''Pares''====
Before the third and fourth are played, players run a pre-round, declaring whether they have matching cards (Pares). In this pre-round, the players announce by turns 'Pares sí' (they have matching cards) or 'Pares no' (they don't have matching cards). Having matching cards means that two or more of the cards in their hands have the same face value. If none of the players in a team can play, the whole round is skipped and the other team will score the round in the scoring phase. If none of the four players has Pares, the whole round is skipped altogether.

The lowest combination of matching cards for this round is a single pair ('pares'), followed by three-of-a-kind ('medias') and the highest Two-pair ('duples'). There is no special denomination for four-of-a-kind; it is considered as a Two-pair. Unlike in poker, in mus, Two-pair is a better combination than three-of-a-kind. This accounts for the fact that it is usually played with eight kings and eight aces, which makes three-of-a-kind easier to attain. In case of a tie, the combination with the highest value wins. A 'Knight-Knight-Knight-5' hand would beat 'Ace-Ace-Ace-King'. If two players had exactly the same ''pares'' combination, the tie is solved by speaking order: the player who spoke first wins. In the variant game with eight Kings, threes are Kings and twos are Aces for all purposes. This means that a hand such as 'King-3-2-Ace' is effectively a Two-pair of Kings and Aces.

====''Juego''====
The fourth and last round is the ''Juego'' (Game). As in the Pares round, players run a pre-round before the actual round, declaring whether they are able to play or not. Being able to play the Juego round means that the total value of the cards in the player's hand is 31 or higher. Players announce by turns 'Juego sí' (I have 'Game') or 'Juego no' (I don't have 'Game'). In order to be able to play this round, players have to sum up the face values of their cards, except for face cards, which all count 10. In the variant game of eight Kings, threes count as Kings and twos count as Aces, and therefore they add 10 and 1 respectively to the total hand value. For example, a hand like 'King-3-3-2' will add up to 31 points. The highest total card value for this round is 31, followed by 32, then 40, 37, 36, 35, 34 and the lowest is 33. 38 and 39 are impossible combinations, because in the Spanish deck there are no 8s and 9s. Take into account that 31 is a very easy combination to have in the eight Kings variant, since there are so many 10-value cards and Aces. If none of the players of a team can play, the round is finished and the other team will score the round in the scoring phase. In the situation where none of the four players can play the 'Juego' round, it will be replaced by 'Punto'. The players compete for the highest total card value, being 30 the highest possible total. As usual, in case of a tie, the speaking order rule will solve it.

Good hands for the fourth round involve having at least two ten-point cards (King, Knight, Jack). The only combination of cards that has only one ten-point card is 'King/Knight/Jack-7-7-7'. This is clearly difficult to get and some variants have special rules for this hand and reward it by letting it win against other 31-point combinations regardless of speaking order. Some other regions restrict this special rule to the combination 'Jack-7-7-7' and some others restrict it further by requiring Jack and sevens to be of specific suits. This is called '31 real' ('Royal 31') or simply 'la real' ('The Royal').

===Playing<ref name=Ontario/>===
After the cards have been dealt, the players start playing the rounds, starting by the first one. By speaking order, they have the option of bidding or passing. If a player bids, an opposing player may pass or counterbid. An accepted bid will be left pending until the scoring round. The minimum bid is two points. Once a bid is accepted, the players move on to the next round. If a counterbid is not accepted, the original bidder scores the number of points of the original bid. If the first bid is not accepted, the bidder scores one point straight away. In the scoring round, winners of pending bids will receive the points. There is an exceptional kind of bid called 'hor dago' (in [[Basque language|Basque]], "there it is"), which, if accepted, ends the whole game in favor of the winning team. Bids are made and accepted by a single player, but the scoring is made by the team. It is therefore possible to accept a bid which the player knows they are going to lose so their teammate will win. If all the players pass in the first or second round, the winning team of each of these rounds will get one single point in the scoring phase once the cards are revealed. This is often the case for the second round, which teams sometimes refuse to bid on but then later claim the single point if they have the lowest combination of cards, even if it's only with one ace.

===Envido===
"'Envido'" (I bid) is the commonest expression used to bid, it specifically means a two-point bid, which is the lowest possible bid. Then the rival could reply with "'beste bi'" or "'Envido más'" (I bid more), which means they want the 2-bid and even raises the bid two more. However, in every round and turn to call players can bet or raise the existing bet as many points as they wish or even all of them (''Ordago'') with no limitations. In parts of Spain it is common to play the ''Ordago'' by taking a big stone (''The Ordago's stone'') with the left hand and raising it up. If the opponent accepts the bid, he or she has to take a bigger stone and raise it, too.

===Scoring===
After the four rounds have been played and bids have been accepted, there is a scoring round, where the players show their cards and winning bid players claim their bets. In addition to that, the third and fourth rounds give additional scores to the winners depending on how good their hand was. The winning team of the third round scores 1 additional point for each single-pair they have, two points for every three-of-a-kind and three points for every Two-pair. The winning team of the fourth round scores two additional points for each player who could play the round or three points if that player had a total card value of exactly 31. If they played a 'Puntua' round instead, the winning team of the round scores only a single additional point. Scoring is done in sequence and stopped as soon as a team reaches a winning score (even if the opposing team would get a higher score if all the rounds are accounted for). The or dago changes the scoring sequence. The or dago is evaluated immediately and scoring of all other rounds is discarded.

===Strategy===
It is impossible to have a hand that wins all the rounds so the best winning hands are usually very good in some rounds, but not all. for example, a hand such as 'King-King-King-King' is very good in the first and third round, but exceptionally bad in the second and mediocre in the fourth. Similarly, a hand such as 'King-King-Knight-Ace' is very good in the fourth round, mediocre in first and third rounds and very bad in the second one. Players usually take into account the cards their teammate might have in order to score in rounds they initially had no good cards for. Also, winning third and fourth rounds always gives additional points and a good strategy is to break the discard phase when both team members can play third and fourth rounds, even with mediocre cards, in order to score those bonuses.

===Signs===
In Mus, passing gesture signs indicating which cards a player has to their teammate is perfectly legal, being a decisive strategic factor. However, these signals can only be the ones specified in the rules as explained below, any non-standard signal is not allowed and would result in disqualification if proved.

Sharing knowledge of cards with a partner results in more effective play and allows a more accurate evaluation of the team's chances to win each bet; however, rival players may see the partners passing a signal and get to know their cards. If a rival's signal is detected without their realizing it, a weak spot may be found in their cards which can be used to counter-attack, reversing the hunter-prey role or at least avoiding their strong-point beads.

There are many commonly accepted signals (''señas'') allowed in the game.<ref name=Ontario/> Any can be used at any time to indicate the hand a player is holding (while trying to hide the transmission of the signal from opponents). The signals have a fixed meaning and it is against the rules to use other signals or use false signals (by signalling a hand which is not held). The ''señas'' are:
[[File:Lip biting anticipation.jpg|thumb|Biting the bottom lip signifies that the player holds a pair of kings]]
:*'''Two Kings''': biting the centre of the bottom lip
:*'''Three Kings''': biting one side of the bottom lip
:*'''Two Aces''': poking out the tongue
:*'''Three Aces''': poking out the tongue to one side
:*'''Single Pair''' (pares): tilting the head to one side
:*'''''Three-of-a-kind''''' (Medias): pursing lips to one side of the mouth
:*'''''Two-pairs''''' (Duples): raising the eyebrows
:*'''''31''''' (La una, i.e. 31-point Juego): winking
:*'''''30''''' (30 puntos): lifting both shoulders
:*'''29''': (29 puntos): lifting the right shoulder
:*'''28''': (28 puntos): lifting the left shoulder
:*'''''I have nothing''''' (Ciego, blind). This indicates a bad hand: closing the eyes
:*'''''Royal 31''''' (31 real, see above): touching the earlobe

Not all of these signals are accepted in all variations and there might be other signals in use. It is always good to clarify the signals in use when playing for the first time.

Players have a wide variety of approaches to signal use, some players make a great number of signals, as soon as they have the chance, some players seldom or never make signals. On the other hand, some players show a honed skill in catching the rival's signals whereas other players do not even make too much an effort to disrupt the opposing couple's signals; some would stare continuously and overtly to the rivals' faces for intercepting signals and others would pretend to get distracted or to be not too interested in catching rival's signals in order to make them overconfident and thus catch subsequent signals.

===Named hands in Spain===
In Spain, some arrangements have particular names:

:* '''''Duples gallegos''''' ("[[Galicia (Spain)|Galician]] duples") : King-King-Ace-Ace
:*'''''Duples castellanos''''' ("[[Castilian Spanish|Castilian]] duples") also called "Duples polacos" ("[[Polish language|Polish]] duples") and "Duples alemanes" ("[[German language|German]] duples"): King-King-Knight-Knight.
:* '''''Duples vascos''''' ("[[Basque language|Basque]] duples") : King-King-Jack-Jack
:* '''''Duples palentinos''''' ("[[Palencia|Palentian]] duples") : King-Knight-Ace-Ace. Actually not duples, as can be seen.
:* '''''31 Real''''' ("Royal 31"): Also, ''La real'' ("The Royal"): Jack-7-7-7. It is the only combination of cards that adds up to 31 for the fourth round with only one figure card (King/Knight/Jack). Different house rules consider this hand to beat any other 31-hand with varying requirements. Some people would allow King-7-7-7, while others would require the original Jack-7-7-7 only when the Jack is of a specific suit. Some people restrict it further by requiring that the sevens be of different suit than the Jack. As an example, the rules of a particular tournament might declare that the only hand considered 'Royal 31' is the Jack of coins together with the 7s of swords, clubs and cups.
:*'''''La Jugada del tío Perete''''' ("Uncle Perete's hand"): 4-5-6-7. It is simply the worst hand possible. It is weak in all four rounds. Certain house rules allow a single point to be awarded to a player that openly declares this hand before starting to play. Some other places might call it differently: ''Tanganete'' in [[La Rioja (autonomous community)|La Rioja]] or ''Peterete'' in [[Castile and León]].
:*'''''Solomillo''''' ("Tenderloin") or '''''la bonita''''' ("The Pretty one"): King-King-King-Ace. Some rule sets reserve the name of "solomillo" for ''pure'' hands, that is, three Kings and an Ace without 3s or 2s. Unlike the '31 erreala' hand, this distinction has no effect at all on gameplay.
:*'''''Ley del Mus''''' ("Law of Mus"): King-King-Knight-Jack. This hand is seen as the minimum a player has to have in order to accept risky bets, at least in first, third and fourth rounds.
:*'''''La Josito''''' ("The Josito"): King-Knight-Ace-Ace.

<gallery class="center">
31real.png| 31 Real
lapiara.png| Four Kings
31almus.png| ''El solomillo'', or tenderloin
eltioperete.png|''El tío Perete'', or 4,5,6 and 7
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Truc]]
*[[Ombre]]
*[[Calabresella]]
*[[Conquian]]
*[[Botifarra (card game)|Botifarra]]

==References==
Some of the content of this article is translated from the equivalent [[:es:Mus|Spanish Wikipedia article]].
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.pagat.com/vying/mus.html Rules of Card Games: Mus] (by John McLeod)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130927221409/http://www.ontariobasqueclub.dantzariak.net/mus.htm Ontario Basque Club: Mus] (rules, vocabulary, etc.)
*[http://www.duples.de DUPLES e.V.: Mus] (German mus club; rules etc.)
*[[Image:Symbole-es.png|30px]] [http://www.elmus.org elmus.org] (internet portal devoted to mus)
*[[Image:Symbole-es.png|30px]] [http://www.terra.es/personal3/janubi/jokemus/home.htm IRCMUS] (a program that allows to play mus over an IRC channel)
* [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=donnaipe.mus El Mus] (mus game for Android)
* [https://itunes.apple.com/es/app/mus-don-naipe/id954161061?mt=8 Mus Don Naipe] (mus game for iOS)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mus (Card Game)}}
{{Non trick-taking card games}}
[[Category:18th-century card games]]
[[Category:Spanish card games]]
[[Category:Vying games]]
[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Spanish deck card games]]
[[Category:Card games involving signalling]]

[[it:Mus (genere)]]

User talk:Tom dl

2022-08-04T08:46:34Z

Tom dl: /* Pronouns they etc */ Reply

== Paolo ==

Did your picture of paolo have the correct spelling, because no image exists with that name. '''[[User:Maurauth|Maurauth]]''' ([[User talk:Maurauth|...]]) 08:05, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

==Orphaned non-free media (File:3 vallees.jpg)==
[[Image:Ambox warning blue.svg|25px]] Thanks for uploading '''[[:File:3 vallees.jpg]]'''. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a [[WP:FU|claim of fair use]]. However, it is currently [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Orphanage|orphaned]], meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. [[WP:BOLD|You may add it back]] if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Policy|our policy for non-free media]]).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "[[Special:Contributions/{{PAGENAME}}|my contributions]]" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described on [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you. [[User:BJBot|BJBot]] ([[User talk:BJBot|talk]]) 05:07, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

== Consensus?? ==

Thats not a consensus. Those are suggested ideas from JULY OF 2009 for the nickname and the intro which did'nt get voted on nor did anything much change. Similiar suggstion for the article are here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Michael_Jackson#This_article_is_in_a_sad_state. We are now in closing NOVEMBER 2009. If you feel like King of Pop should'nt be in the first paragraph due to it being "inapropriate" then it has to be changed in every article with a similiar first paragraph make ups as well not just Michael Jackson.

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Acuff
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Knight
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Summer
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Turner

and so many others [[User:A Star Is Here|A Star Is Here]] ([[User talk:A Star Is Here#top|talk]]) 20:44, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

==[[Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Temple Square, Salt Lake City, 1899]]==

{| align=center border=0 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=4 style="border: 1px solid #CC9; background-color: #cfc"
|-
|[[File:Temple Square, Salt Lake City, 1899 retouched.jpg|75px|center|]]
|<center>'''An image created by you has been promoted to [[Wikipedia:Featured picture|featured picture]] status'''</center> Your image, '''[[:File:Temple Square, Salt Lake City, 1899 retouched.jpg]]''', was nominated on [[Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates]], gained a consensus of support, and has been promoted. If you would like to nominate an image, please do so at [[Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates]]. Thank you for your contribution! [[User:Makeemlighter|Makeemlighter]] ([[User talk:Makeemlighter|talk]]) 01:42, 11 February 2012 (UTC)
|}

== POTD notification ==

[[File:Temple Square, Salt Lake City, 1899 retouched.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Wikipedia:Picture of the day/June 2013#June 09 - Sun|POTD]]]]
Hi Tom,

Just to let you know that the Featured Picture [[:File:Temple Square, Salt Lake City, 1899 retouched.jpg]] is due to make an appearance as [[Wikipedia:Picture of the day|Picture of the Day]] on June 9, 2013. If you get a chance, you can check and improve the caption at [[Template:POTD/2013-06-09]]. — [[User:Crisco 1492|Crisco 1492]] ([[User talk:Crisco 1492|talk]]) 22:39, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
== June 2013 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:BracketBot|BracketBot]]. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=561123048 your edit] to [[Cecil]] may have broken the [[syntax]] by modifying 1 "()"s. If you have, don't worry, just [{{fullurl:Cecil|action=edit&minor=minor&summary=Fixing+typo+raised+by+%5B%5BUser%3ABracketBot%7CBracketBot%5D%5D}} edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20-%20{{subst</noinclude>:REVISIONUSER}}&section=new my operator's talk page].
:List of unpaired brackets remaining on the page:
*<nowiki>*[[Lord David Cecil]] </nowiki>{{red|'''('''}}<nowiki>born 1902, British biographer, historian and academic</nowiki>
Thanks, [[User:BracketBot|BracketBot]] ([[User talk:BracketBot|talk]]) 22:40, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

== [[WP:ACE2015|ArbCom elections are now open!]] ==

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== [[WP:ACE2016|ArbCom Elections 2016]]: Voting now open! ==

{{Ivmbox|Hello, Tom dl. Voting in the '''[[WP:ACE2016|2016 Arbitration Committee elections]]''' is open from Monday, 00:00, 21 November through Sunday, 23:59, 4 December to all unblocked users who have registered an account before Wednesday, 00:00, 28 October 2016 and have made at least 150 mainspace edits before Sunday, 00:00, 1 November 2016.

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== ArbCom 2017 election voter message ==

{{Ivmbox|Hello, Tom dl. Voting in the '''[[WP:ACE2017|2017 Arbitration Committee elections]]''' is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 10 December. All users who registered an account before Saturday, 28 October 2017, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Wednesday, 1 November 2017 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The [[WP:ARBCOM|Arbitration Committee]] is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration|Wikipedia arbitration process]]. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose [[WP:BAN|site bans]], [[WP:TBAN|topic bans]], editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy|arbitration policy]] describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

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== [[MOS:GNL]] ==

Tom dl, [[MOS:GNL]] (which is [[WP:Policies and guidelines|a guideline, not a policy]]) does not mean that phrasing like "his or her" cannot or should not be used. As the [[Gender-neutral language]] article states, wording like "he or she" is considered gender-neutral language as well. And as the [[Singular they]] article states, use of singular they is debated. Some style guides discourage it. Furthermore, as MOS:GNL states, there are valid cases where gendered language should be used, such as if the topic is mainly or always described with gendered language by the literature. That stated, from what I've seen of your changes so far, your application of MOS:GNL has been fine. Yes, statistics do show that males commit significantly more murder and sexual assault than females do, but we generally shouldn't be stating "he" or "she" (meaning just one or the other) in place of "person." Not unless we are adhering to how a specific topic is usually defined/described. I do want to state that a case such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rape&diff=prev&oldid=854178116 this one] was undoubtedly a him. The history of rape is clear. [[User:Flyer22 Reborn|Flyer22 Reborn]] ([[User talk:Flyer22 Reborn|talk]]) 17:49, 9 August 2018 (UTC)

Oh, and regarding [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexual_assault&diff=854209116&oldid=854179149 this], make sure not to tamper with quotes. MOS:GNL also states to leave quotes alone. [[User:Flyer22 Reborn|Flyer22 Reborn]] ([[User talk:Flyer22 Reborn|talk]]) 17:59, 9 August 2018 (UTC)

== ArbCom 2018 election voter message ==

{{Ivmbox|Hello, Tom dl. Voting in the '''[[WP:ACE2018|2018 Arbitration Committee elections]]''' is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 3 December. All users who registered an account before Sunday, 28 October 2018, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Thursday, 1 November 2018 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

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==[[Wikipedia:BLPPROD|Proposed deletion]] of [[François-Xavier Poizat]]==
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The article [[François-Xavier Poizat]] has been [[WP:BLPPROD|proposed for deletion]] because it appears to have no references. Under [[Wikipedia:BLPPROD#Objecting|Wikipedia policy]], this '''[[WP:BLP|biography of a living person]]''' will be deleted after seven days unless it has at least one reference to a [[WP:V#Sources|reliable source]] that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see [[Wikipedia:Referencing for beginners|Referencing for beginners]], or ask at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. Once you have provided at least one [[WP:V#Sources|reliable source]], you may remove the {{tl|prod blp/dated}} tag. '''Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced.''' If you cannot provide such a source within seven days, the article may be deleted, but you can {{#ifexist:François-Xavier Poizat|request that it be undeleted|[[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion|request that it be undeleted]]}} when you are ready to add one. [[User:Snowycats|Snowycats]] ([[User talk:Snowycats|talk]]) 02:38, 28 December 2019 (UTC)
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== Pronouns they etc ==

Hi, thank you for your work on Wikipedia. However, please be careful about automatically replacing pronouns like "he" and "him" with "they" and "their" without checking the context. Often it can introduce confusion when several people are involved. Wikipedia does not deprecate single pronouns nor advocate plural ones and, in any case, understandability is the key. And there are often other ways of avoiding gender completely by recasting the sentence. Cheers. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt|talk]]) 21:40, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

:Hi, thank you too for your work on Wikipedia. I'm sorry you think I haven't been careful about replacing pronouns like "he" and "him" with "they" and "their". I did check the context in all cases, and had to balance carefulness with speed. There are 1000s of articles which assume that men are default humans, and I would make very little progress if I spent as much time "recasting the sentence" as you may be suggesting. With regard to your claim that "Wikipedia does not deprecate single pronouns or advocate plural ones..." it appears you're making the common mistake of assuming that "they" and "their" etc are strictly plural. These words are the closest common thing we have in English to gender-neutral pronouns, and I share your disappointment that it can sometimes be misconstrued that they are used in the plural form. Where I have thought it easy to mitigate this confusion, I have tried to restate the subject of the sentence (e.g. "the person"). I will try to do better, but the line in the sand between speed and accuracy that I deem to be acceptable may be different to yours, and in these circumstances, I can only suggest that you follow my contributions and "recast" any sentences as you deem appropriate. The MOS does support gender-neutral language where it can be used with clarity and precision, as seen here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:GNL and I suppose it is up to all of us to find an acceptable level of clarity and precision. Cheers. [[User:Tom dl|Tom dl]] ([[User talk:Tom dl#top|talk]]) 23:06, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
:@[[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] I wasn't familiar with the reply button, but assuming this has a better chance of reaching you. [[User:Tom dl|Tom dl]] ([[User talk:Tom dl#top|talk]]) 07:58, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

:p.s. on a more constructive note, please let me know of any particularly egregious places where you think I increased confusion, and I will take a look. I wouldn't want what I consider to be a worthwhile endeavour to be reverted because I were too disagreeable ;-)

::You've definitely created confusion in some cases because I've had to refer to the original text to work out what's going on. In card games there are several players. If we say e.g. "the dealer deals 5 cards each and 5 to the table. They then pick up their cards and may exchange one with the table cards." Who does "they" refer to? The dealer or everyone? I am already steadily going through card articles recasting the text to avoid pronouns altogether, because editors keep mass-changing "he" or even "he or she" (which Wikipedia supports) to "they" without any understanding of the game rules. It's really not helpful. I'm not under some misapprehension that "they" is always plural - the point is, it's ambiguous. That doesn't matter in some sentences where it's clear who's being referred to, but it very much matters in others. If an editor changes everything to they/them, I have to go back to the original to see what it meant before amending the text to get rid of pronouns altogether. Please at least leave the card game articles alone until I get round to them. In the meantime I'm happy for you to point out ones that need attention. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt|talk]]) 08:02, 4 August 2022 (UTC)
::Thanks for the feedback. I agree that some of my edits have increased confusion, so I appreciate you pointing that out. I am continuing to work through card game articles for now, with a new focus on clarity. I'll make sure that if I feel the text requires domain knowledge, I'll leave it as is and drop you a note. Usually if I can't tell from the text, it implies it was ambiguous even ''with'' the gendered pronouns, so hopefully this will be rare. Cheers [[User:Tom dl|Tom dl]] ([[User talk:Tom dl#top|talk]]) 08:15, 4 August 2022 (UTC)
::Also, could you point me to some examples of recasting without pronouns? I'd be happy to follow suit (no pun intended) if it's reasonably quick to do. [[User:Tom dl|Tom dl]] ([[User talk:Tom dl#top|talk]]) 08:20, 4 August 2022 (UTC)
:::A common way is to change e.g. "If a player has a King, he must lead it to the first trick" to "A player who has a King, must lead it to the first trick". But I'd be grateful if you'd leave this to me and work on another field. I'm a card game researcher and am spending a lot of time already on getting rid of singular pronouns, not because they're bad - they are the clearest and succintest way of expressing the rules, that's why all card game books use them - but because editors keep substituting them without regard for whether the rules now make any sense to the reader. My topmost priority is to ensure readers can actually play the games properly from the Wikipedia article. Many great games are easy to play, but hard to describe accurately (e.g. Watten). [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt|talk]]) 08:32, 4 August 2022 (UTC)
::::Ah great example, thanks. I'll try to do that if possible. I appreciate your topmost priority is to ensure readers can actually play the games properly, but [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, textbook, or scientific journal|Wikipedia is not a guidebook]] so I'd argue that things like not making non-male readers feel excluded can legitimately be my top priority instead. I think that difference in part explains why card game books use them - they're aiming for different things. As I said, I'll let you know whenever I'm in doubt, but please do let me know if you feel I'm ''still'' adding confusion - I ''will'' yield and "move on" if you really think so. [[User:Tom dl|Tom dl]] ([[User talk:Tom dl#top|talk]]) 08:46, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

Bruus

2022-08-04T08:37:06Z

Tom dl:

{{Infobox card game
| title = Bruus
| image_link = File:Król Kier z Wzoru Berlińskiego.png
| image_caption = The eponymous ''Bruus''
| image_size = 150px
| alt_names =
| type = [[Plain-trick]] game
| family = [[Karnöffel]] group
| players = 4 or 6 (4 best)
| ages =
| num_cards = 32 or 36
| deck = [[French pack]]
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = {{Clubs}}J {{Hearts}}K {{Spades}}8 9 A J 
7s & 'duds' (K Q 10)
| origin = North [[Germany]]
| related = [[Bräus]]{{*}}[[Brus (card game)|Brus]]{{*}}[[Brús]]{{*}}[[Drużbart]]{{*}}[[Voormsi]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes = Features 'daring' and 'tormenting'; double and triple tricks; Sevens with special powers.
}}
'''Bruus''', formerly '''Brausebart''' or '''Brusbart''', is a very old north German [[card game]] for four players in two teams of two. It was once highly popular but has since died out except for a few pockets in the state of [[Schleswig-Holstein]]. As Brusbart, it was the ancestor of a family of similar games in northern Europe, including Swedish [[Bräus]] and Danish [[Brus (card game)|Brus]] which are still played today. Bruus features 'daring and tormenting' which has been said to give the game a certain charm. Once considered the national game of [[Hamburg]], Bruus is a descendant of [[Karnöffel]], the oldest identifiable European card game in the history of playing cards with a continuous tradition of play down to the present day. The game is named after the ''Bruus'' or ''Brusbart'', once its top card, but now its second-highest trump.

== History ==
[[File:KH from 48 German Cards.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|The bearded Brusbart]]
The game of Brusbart or Brausebart goes back at least to the first half of the 18th century, Amelung even suggesting that this "old German game" may have emerged as early as 1650.<ref>Amelung (1906), p. 181.</ref> By the mid-18th century it had spread to most of northern mainland Europe, including Poland, Livonia and Russia. Earliest references to the game,<ref>_ (1907), p. 24.</ref> appear in the 1770s, by when it was familiar enough for a character in a north German stage play to announce that "''my leevtes Spill is Bruusbaart”'' ("my favourite game is Brusbart").<ref>Gaederk (2011), p. 227.</ref> The game contains a number of features that clearly point to its being a descendant of [[Karnöffel]], Europe's oldest card game with a continuous tradition of play down to the present day.<ref>Dummett (1978), p. 130.</ref> These include its wild card ranking, the unusual powers of the Sevens and, historically, the use of signalling between partners using gestures, known as ''winken''.<ref name=Frischbier>Frischbier (1865), p. 38.</ref>

Around 1800, "Bruus'baart" was the best known card game in the north German city port of [[Hamburg]], so much so that it was described in 1804 as "Hamburg's national game"<ref>_ (1804), p. 310.</ref> and a song was written in honour of it that conveys something of the rowdy atmosphere of the game and confirms that signalling was an integral part of it.<ref>_ (1800).</ref>

The game faded quickly, being described in 1865 as a "formerly" very popular game among the lower classes,<ref name=Frischbier/> and, by 1900, it was virtually forgotten in Hamburg.<ref>_ (1961), p. 91.</ref> Nevertheless, it clung on in the north, being recorded in 1911 in the [[Anglia (peninsula)|Anglian peninsula]], at [[Wallsbüll]] near [[Flensburg]] and also in central [[Schleswig]] along the Danish-German language boundary.<ref name=Schnack>Schnack (1911), pp. 266/267.</ref> By 1927, it was thought to be extinct having once been "very popular through Schleswig (specifically in Anglia)" and also played in Holstein in Dithmarschen, Hademarschen and Hohenwestedt. It had been especially popular with women.<ref name=Mensing>Mensing (1927), pp. 542–543.</ref>

[[File:Eight of Leaves - Feine Schwerterkarte.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|An Eight of Leaves depicting a dog. From a ''[[Schwerterkarte]]'' c. 1830.]]
The name of the game appears to have come from the nickname for the King of Hearts (illustrated) which was top card until the 19th century when it was gradually overtaken by the ''Spitz'', the Jack of Clubs. The name 'Brusbart' means "shaggy beard" and may be derived from early German-suited playing cards where the King of Hearts was the only King with a bushy beard. The ''Spitz'' was also called ''Spitzkopf''. The ''Toller Hund'' means "mad dog" and may likewise be derived from the depiction of a dog on the Eight of Leaves in early German-suited playing cards. The Low German word ''bruusen'' meant 'to play Brusbart' and appears as early as 1800 both as a verb and as a noun (''se speelt bruusen'').<ref>Schütze (1800), pp. 176/177.</ref> Nevertheless, the name Brusbart, variously spelt, continued to hold sway until the second decade of the 20th century when it was finally superseded by the term Bruus.<ref name=Schnack/>

Today the game is still played are in Schleswig in the region east of the port of [[Husum]], in the villages of [[Schwesing]], [[Treia, Germany|Treia]] and nearby [[Oster-Ohrstedt]].<ref name=MF>[http://www.treia.de/verzeichnis/mandat.php?mandat=72507&kategorie=91 ''Männergesangverein "Frohsinn" von 1881 e.V.''] at www.treia.de. Retrieved 17 May 2019</ref><ref name=AV>''Amt Viöl aktuell'' – Issue 2, 2015 (15 Mar – 1 May 2015), p. 24. Retrieved 17 May 2019.</ref> Regular Bruus tournaments are held during the winter months in Schwesing and Oster-Ohrstedt.<ref name=AV/> In March 2020, an 'International Open' tournament was held in Schwesing, in which an English player was placed second.<ref>[https://schwesing.de/aktuelles-aus-schwesing-2/2365-1-schwesinger-bruus-international-open ''1. Schwesinger "Bruus International Open"''] at schwesing.de. Retrieved 19 Dec 2020.</ref>

== Related games ==
The original game of Brusbart developed into a family of closely related games as it spread across Europe. These include the historical games of [[Estonian Brus]], [[Livonia]]n Brusbart, [[Russia]]n Bruzbart or Dulya and Polish [[Drużbart]], as well as the games of [[Danish Brus]], Swedish [[Bräus]], Icelandic [[Brús]], Greenlandic [[Voormsi]] and Bruus itself, which have survived into the 21st century. More distant cousins include Faroese [[Stýrivolt]] and Schleswig [[Knüffeln]].<ref>Smith (1997). pp. 45-51.</ref>

== Rules ==
The rules have changed over the years with new features being added, such as double and triple tricks, but the old signalling scheme and lively communication between partners, including bluffing and blustering, has gone. The latter very much feature in the Brausebart song of 1800, which is the earliest description of play and was interpreted by Feit in 1907.<ref>Feit (1907), pp. 58-61.</ref>

The following gives an outline of the earliest known rules from 1885, followed by early 20th century and modern rules as played in Schwesing and Treia.

== Brusbart (1885) ==

The earliest actual rule set is recorded by Zahn in 1885 in the ''Korrespondenzblatt des Vereins für niederdeutsche Sprachforschung'' (Magazine of the Society for Low German Language Research). We are told that "Brusbart" was a game played among four players in two teams of two with the partners sitting opposite one another. Signalling, known as ''winken'' (the same term used in the game of [[Gaigel]]) is recorded as late as 1865, but appears to have dropped out by this point and there is no mention, yet, of double and triple tricks. The King of Hearts, ''Brusbart'', reported as being the highest card as late as 1860,<ref>Grimm (1860), p. 328.</ref> has now fallen to second place.<ref name=Zahn>Zahn (1885), pp. 69/70.</ref><ref>Frischbier (1865), p. 483.</ref>

=== Cards ===

[[File:Bruus-Top Trumps.jpg|thumb|The three top trumps in ''Bruus'']]

A French-suited pack of 36 cards is employed. The aim is to win the majority of the nine tricks. There are three [[matador (cards)|matadors]]{{efn|Matador is shorthand for 'permanent top trump'. The sources do not use this term.}} which are (highest first):<ref name=Zahn/>

: {{Clubs}}J, known as ''Spitzkopf'' or ''Spitze'' ("rascal" or "point")
: {{Hearts}}K known as ''Brusbart'' or ''Brus'' ("shaggy beard" or "old grumpy")
: {{Spades}}8 known as ''Toller Hund'' ("mad dog")

Next come the remaining counters (''Wertkarten'') which beat each other in rank and then suit order as follows:
: {{Clubs}}9 {{Spades}}9 {{Hearts}}9 {{Diamonds}}9
: {{Clubs}}A {{Spades}}A {{Hearts}}A {{Diamonds}}A
: {{Clubs}}6 {{Spades}}6 {{Hearts}}6 {{Diamonds}}6

Thus the {{Hearts}}A beats the {{Diamonds}}A and any Sixes, but is beaten by any Nine and by the {{Clubs}}A and {{Spades}}A. With the exception of the matadors, the remaining cards (Eights, Tens, Jacks, Queens and Kings) are duds (''wertlose Karten'') and have no power except among cards of the same rank, where they beat each other in suit order. So, for example, a led {{Diamonds}}8 may be beaten by the {{Clubs}}8 or {{Hearts}}8, but not by any other dud.<ref name=Zahn/>

Sevens are [[Free card (cards)|free card]]s when led, i.e. they are unbeatable by any other card, even another Seven. Otherwise they are duds i.e. a Seven played by second, third or fourth hand is worthless.<ref name=Zahn/>

=== Play ===
Players are dealt three cards each and the rest are placed face down to form the ''Haufen'' (stock). It is likely that play is clockwise and that [[forehand (card player)|forehand]] leads to the first trick, but Zahn is silent on these points. He does confirm that the trick winner leads to the next, and that players replenish their hand after each trick, the trick winner taking the top card from the stock and the others following in turn.<ref name=Zahn/>

;Daring and whacking
A player who has the ''Toller Hund'', may say "I dare" (''ich wage'') as they play it and their team earn a bonus if the dare is successful i.e. it is not beaten by ''Brusbart'', but concede a bonus if it is 'whacked' (''gekloppt'') by ''Brusbart''. Likewise ''Brusbart'' may be dared and is successful if not whacked by ''Spitzkopf''. Daring is only legal if a) the next higher card has not already been played, b) the darer does not hold it, c) the darer is not fourth hand (i.e. last to play to the trick) and d) the ''Haufen'' is not exhausted.<ref name=Zahn/>

=== Scoring ===
Scoring is recorded in the traditional way by chalking lines or strokes (''Striche'') on a slate. A team that takes at least five tricks chalks up 1 line. If they win the first five in a row, this is a ''[[jann (cards)|jann]]'' and their opponents are 'licked' or 'thrashed' (''gejaunt'' or ''gejannt'') and the winners score 2 lines. A successful dare of the ''Toller Hund'' is worth 1 line and of ''Brusbart'' is worth 2 lines. If a dare fails, Zahn merely says that the points "naturally fall to the other team". Game is eight lines and the first to record that collects the winnings, either in money, ''Boltjes'' ("sweets") or the like.<ref name=Zahn/>

== Bruus (1911) ==
In 1911, a certain E. Schnack from the [[Anglia (peninsula)|Anglian]] region of north Germany published an account of the game, now called Bruus for the first time. Apart from some different terminology, the main changes are that the Jacks replace the Sixes as counters and that double and triple tricks are introduced for the first time. In his account, he describes the culture surrounding the game in rural Anglia. The villagers in the local dairy cooperative gather at their local pub where the "dairy money" is paid out. They stay on and chat and then eventually turn to playing Bruus. The landlord hands out a pack of cards, a slate and chalk.<ref name=Schnack/>

=== Cards ===
Schnack gives the nicknames of the matadors as ''Spitz'' ("top"), ''Bruus'' ("grumbler") and ''Duller Hund'' ("mad dog").{{efn|''Duller'' or ''Doller'' are the Low German equivalent of ''Toller'', which means "mad" in this context.}} The remaining counters are the same as before, except that the Jacks now rank immediately below the Aces and the Sixes are not mentioned at all. So either the Sixes are duds or there are only 32 cards in the pack.{{efn|The fact that a team winning 5–0 scores double suggests there are nine tricks and thus 36 cards, but Schnack also says the first team to take 4 tricks wins which implies only eight tricks and 32 cards.}} The duds are known as '[[Fosi]]' (''Fosen'', an historical Germanic tribe in the area of Lower Saxony) and now have no trick-taking power whatsoever, even among cards of the same rank. Meanwhile, the Sevens retain their unbeatability when led, but may now beat one another in the usual suit order: [[Clubs (suit)|Clubs]], [[Spades (suit)|Spades]], [[Hearts (suit)|Hearts]] and [[Diamonds (suit)|Diamonds]].<ref name=Schnack/>

=== Preliminaries ===
[[File:Bruus scoring slate.png|thumb|Bruus scoring slate]]
Players decide who will partner whom and the partners (''Magger'') in each team sit opposite one another. One player is nominated as the scribe and chalks up a 'ladder'<ref name=Mensing/> on a slate consisting of six horizontal lines or strokes (''Striche'') divided in half by a vertical line. Each half represents the six lines that a team aims to erase first. The dealer now deals 3 cards, one by one, to each player and places the rest down as a ''Block'' (stock) in the middle of the table.<ref name=Schnack/>

=== Play ===
Any card may be led to a trick and players may also follow with any card. The highest card wins the trick and the trick winner leads to the next. Beginning with the trick winner, players replenish their cards by drawing from the stock as many as they played to the trick.<ref name=Schnack/>

;Double and triple tricks
For the first time, a player may also lead two or three cards to a trick provided they are of the same rank e.g. two Aces or three Kings.<ref name=Schnack/>

;Daring and tormenting
As before, the three matadors have a special role in daring and 'tormenting', as it is now called: ''Bruus'' and ''Duller Hund'' may be 'dared' (''gewagt''), while ''Spitz'' and ''Bruus'' may 'torment' (''plagen''). Teams erase one line for a successful dare; two lines for a successful torment. Schnack says that up to four lines may be erased if the three cards are suitably distributed.{{efn|This suggest a 'daring and striking' scoring scheme very much like the modern day game.}} Schnack tells us that "it is this 'daring and tormenting' in particular that... gives the game a certain charm."<ref name=Schnack/>

=== Scoring ===
Players combine their scores. The first team to take five tricks{{efn|Schnack actually says "four tricks" but then talks about a team winning 5–0. That suggests he meant to say "five tricks".}} wins the deal and erases a line. If they take five tricks before their opponents get one, they may erase two lines. The first team to erase six lines wins the round and their opponents score a blob (''Null'') on the slate. Once a team has four blobs, the slate is wiped clean, the losers pay for the next round and scoring starts again.<ref name=Schnack/>

== Mensing (1927) ==
Mensing's [[Schleswig-Holstein]] dictionary of 1927 gives a passable description of Bruus. The usual matadors are called the ''Spitz'', ''Bruus'' or ''Bruusbart'' and the ''Doll Hund''. The game is normally played with 36 cards, but an option with 32 cards is mentioned. The beaters rank 9–A–J–6, Jacks being implied, and presumably the 32-card game lacked any 6s. The Sevens are as in Schnack. The stock is the ''barg'' and the four suits are called, in the Low German dialect, ''Klewer'', ''Piek'', ''Harten'' and ''Ruten''.<ref name=Mensing/>

The game was mostly played for fun, not money. Scoring used a ladder with eight rungs or comb with 8 prongs and chalked on the table; a line (prong or rung) being erased for each point. In Eiderstedt, they drew a cat's head, line-by-line, on the table. Daring was announced with e.g. "Bruus dares" (''Bruus waag!'') or "I'll dare him" (''ik waag em'') and striking with e.g. "Spitz strikes!" (''Spitz slaag!'') or "I'll strike him" (''ik slaag em''). The team that had been struck had "a pair of spectacles" (''de Brill'') and the opponent erased two lines. A successful dare entitled one line to be erased. Daring the ''Dullhund'' [sic] was not universal, but permitted in "some areas".<ref name=Mensing/>

If one team was 'licked' (''gejannt'') by losing 5–0 in tricks, this entitled three lines to be erased (as opposed to the usual two). If, when playing with 32 cards, a draw (''bock'') resulted (4 tricks apiece), a point was carried forward to the next game.<ref name=Mensing/>

== Bruus (2020) ==
Schwesing, a small village near the North Sea fishing port of [[Husum]], holds regular Bruus tournaments during the winter months. The game is usually played by four, but the rules mention the possibility of six players without, however, clarifying the changes needed to accommodate the extra players. There are always two teams and 36 cards are used (from Ace down to Six). Players agree who is to shuffle and deal first.<ref name=Schoon>Schoon (2020), pp. 1/2.</ref>

=== Cards ===
The matadors are as before, but this time the counters include both Jacks and Sixes as well as Nines and Aces. Thus the cards rank as follows:<ref name=Schoon/>

{| cellpadding="3" style="float: left; background: #C0C0C0; margin-left: 1em; border-spacing: 1px;"
|- align="center"
| style="background: #c0c8f8; float:left" colspan="3" width="480" |Card ranking in '''Bruus'''
|- align="center"
| colspan="3" | Matadors
|- align="center"
| colspan="4" style="background: #e3e3e3;" | {{Clubs|J}} {{Hearts|K}} {{Spades|8}}
|- align="center"
| colspan="3" | Beaters
|- align="center"
| colspan="4" style="background: #e3e3e3;" | {{Clubs|9}} {{Spades|9}} {{Hearts|9}} {{Diamonds|9}} {{Clubs|A}} {{Spades|A}} {{Hearts|A}} {{Diamonds|A}} {{Spades|J}} {{Hearts|J}} {{Diamonds|J}} {{Clubs|6}} {{Spades|6}} {{Hearts|6}} {{Diamonds|6}}
|- align="center"
| colspan="3" | Free cards
|- align="center"
| colspan="4" style="background: #e3e3e3;" | {{Clubs|7}} {{Spades|7}} {{Hearts|7}} {{Diamonds|7}}
|- align="center"
| colspan="3" | Duds
|- align="center"
| colspan="4" style="background: #e3e3e3;" |{{Clubs|K}} {{Spades|K}} {{Diamonds|K}} {{Clubs|Q}} {{Spades|Q}} {{Hearts|Q}} {{Diamonds|Q}} {{Clubs|10}} {{Spades|10}} {{Hearts|10}} {{Diamonds|10}} {{Clubs|8}} {{Hearts|8}} {{Diamonds|8}}
|}

{{clear}}

The duds (''Luschen'') are worthless and have no ranking among themselves. Thus a dud which is led to a trick can only be beaten by a counter (i.e. at least {{Diamonds}}6), not by any other dud. The Sevens follow the 1885 rules, being unbeatable when led, except by a Seven of a higher suit, but otherwise worthless.<ref name=Schoon/>

=== Play ===
Deal and play are clockwise. Each player is dealt three cards, either individually or ''en bloc'', the dealer receiving their cards last. The cutter must examine the cut card and show it to the dealer; the dealer must complete the cut and examine the bottom card, showing it likewise to the cutter. If either card is a matador, the cards are reshuffled. Forehand (left of dealer) leads any card and subsequent players may, in turn, also play a card of their choice. Suit does not have to be followed. The highest card wins the trick and the trick winner draws a new card from the ''Stapel'' (stock), the other players replenishing their cards likewise and in turn. The trick winner leads to the next trick.<ref name=Schoon/>

;Double and triple tricks
If a player has two cards of the same value (2 x A, 2 x Q, etc.) they may be simultaneously led. A subsequent player must beat both in order to win the double trick, albeit not necessarily with cards of the same rank. If only one card can be beaten, it does not count. If a player has three equal-ranking cards, all three may be led even if the player is not on lead. In other words, if player A wins a trick and is on lead, but player B now has three 9s, B takes over the right to lead to the trick and plays their three cards. Unless another player can beat each 9 separately (which can only be done with the three matadors), B wins the triple trick. Beginning with the trick winner, players replenish their hands as many cards as were played i.e. the winner of a double trick draws the top 2 cards from the stock, followed by the others in turn. If there are not enough cards to do this, the players only take their share of the remaining stock.<ref name=Schoon/>

;Daring and striking
The feature of 'daring and tormenting' has been retained, but is now called 'daring and striking'. Only the ''Toller Hund'' and the ''Bruus'' may be dared (''wagt''). The ''Toller'' can be only be 'struck' (''geschlagen'') by ''Bruus'' and ''Bruus'' can only be struck by ''Spitz''. Of course, if the ''Toller'' is dared, the trick can be won ''Spitz'', but this is not considered a strike and so the dare stands. If the ''Toller'' is struck by ''Bruus'', ''Bruus'' may be dared at the same time; this is known as ''schlagen und weiter wagen'' ("strike and dare onwards"). If ''Bruus'' is dared onwards and struck by ''Spitz'', this is a 'counterstrike' (''Generalschlag''). Daring and striking are valid even if a Seven is led, but of course the trick is won by the Seven. Daring and striking are also possible in a double or triple trick and are scored regardless of who wins the trick.<ref name=Schoon/>

=== Scoring ===
Each team aims to be first to take five tricks, each trick always comprising four cards. One player on each team collects the tricks for that team. Matchsticks are used for points, each team receiving one matchstick per point. Scoring is as follows:<ref name=Schoon/>

* Winning with five tricks – 1
* Winning with five tricks to nil – 2
* Successful dare of {{Spades}}8 or {{Hearts}}K – 1
* Successful strike of {{Spades}}8 by {{Hearts}}K or of {{Hearts}}K by {{Clubs}}J – 2
* Successful strike of {{Spades}}8 by {{Hearts}}K and onward dare of {{Hearts}}K – 3
* Successful counterstrike of {{Hearts}}K by {{Clubs}}J after {{Hearts}}K has been dared onwards – 4

Game is 12 matchsticks, even if this is achieved in the middle of a game by daring or striking.<ref name=Schoon/>

== Bruus (2020) - Treia variant ==
[[File:Bruus Evening at Treia - 20200302 213043.jpg|thumb|300px|Men of the male voice choir playing Bruus after choir practice (March 2020).]]
The ''Männergesangverein "Frohsinn" von 1881'', a male voice choir in [[Treia]] in German Schleswig, who have played Bruus after choir practice since their formation in 1881,<ref name=MF/> use slightly different rules from those employed in Schwesing. A 32-card [[Skat pack]] is used which means that there are no Sixes and only eight tricks per deal. The duds are known as ''Schiet'' or ''Schietkarten'' (worthless or 'rubbish' cards) and the stock is called the ''Bunk''. Cards are always dealt in one packet of three. If both teams take four tricks, it is a ''Bock'' and the point is carried forward to the next deal. Matchsticks are used to keep score; teams start with ten and one is discarded for each point won.<ref name=Detlefsen>Detlefsen (2020), pp=1/2.</ref>

There are certain rituals, the infringement of which incurs a penalty. For example, the cutter must examine the bottom card of the cut and show it to an opponent; the dealer must look at the bottom of the pack and show it to an opponent. If either card is a matador, the pack is reshuffled. If either player forgets to check, that player is fined a round of [[schnaps]] and the cards are reshuffled. If a team win 10 points while their opponents score nil or their score is only made up of bonuses for daring and striking, the winning team win double.<ref name=Detlefsen/>

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Literature ==
* _ (1800). ''Neues gesellschafliches Liederbuch''. 4 volumes. Hamburg: H. C. Zimmer.
* _ (1804). "Mosje Christians Briefe über Hamburg", 2nd letter, in ''Hamburg und Altona'', Vol. III-1.
* _ (1907). ''Korrespondenzblatt des Vereins für niederdeutsche Sprachforschung'', Volumes 28–33. Hamburg.
* _ (1961). ''Jahrbuch des Vereins für niederdeutsche Sprachforschung'', Volumes 84–87. Verein für niederdeutsche Sprachforschung, Hamburg.
* [[Friedrich Amelung|Amelung, F.]] (1906). "Karten" in ''Düna-Zeitung'' No. 131, 19th Year, 1906. 10 (23) June.
* Detlefsen, U. (2020). ''Die Bruus-Spielregeln''. Rules of the game for the ''Männergesangverein "Frohsinn" von 1881 e.V.'' as at 2020.
* [[Michael Dummett|Dummett, Michael]] (1978). Reviews of "Der Nidwaldener Kaiserjass Und Seine Geschichte" and "Der Kaiserjass, Wie Er Heute in Nidwalden Gespielt Wird" in The Playing Card, Vol. 9, No. 4, May 1981.
* Eaton, Paul (2019). "Bruus: the Karnöffel of Schleswig. Part 1" in ''[[The Playing-Card]]'', the Journal of the [[International Playing-Card Society]], Vol. 48, No. 2, Oct–Dec 2019, pp. 61–67.
* Eaton, Paul (2020). "Bruus: the Karnöffel of Schleswig. Part 2" in ''[[The Playing-Card]]'', the Journal of the [[International Playing-Card Society]], Vol. 48, No. 4, Apr–Jun 2020, pp. 126–133.
* Feit, P. (1907). "Erklärung des Brausbartlieds (XXVIII, 23)." In ''Korrespondenzblatt des Vereins für Niederdeutsche Sprachforschung''. Vol. 28. Soltau, Hamburg, Norden and Leipzig: Diedr.
* [[Hermann Frischbier|Frischbier, Hermann]] (1865). ''Preußische Sprichwörter und volksthümliche Redensarten'', Volume 1. Adolph Enslin, Berlin.
* Gaederk, Karl Theodor (2011). ''Das niederdeutsche Schauspiel''. Vol. 1: Drama. Europäischer Literatur.
* [[Jacob Grimm|Grimm, Jacob]] (1860). ''Deutsches Wörterbuch''. Vol 2. Leipzig: Hirzel.
* Mensing, Prof. Otto (1927). "Bruus" in ''Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wörterbuch.'' Vol. 1 (A–E). Neumünster: Wachholtz. [1973 reprint] pp. 542–543.
* Schnack, E (1911). "Bruus, ein Kartenspiel" in ''Die Heimat'' (Monthly magazine of the Society for Natural History and Regional Culture in Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Lübeck and the Principality of Lübeck. 21st Year, No. 11. November 1911. AF Jensen, Kiel.
* Schoon, Dietrich (2020). ''Bruus''. Rules of the 1st International Open Schwesing Bruus Tournament, 4 Mar 2020.
* [[Johann Friedrich Schütze|Schütze, Johann Friedrich]] (1800). ''Holsteinisches Idiotikon.'' Vol 1. Hamburg: Heinrich Ludwig Villaume.
* Zahn, W. (1885). "Niederdeutsche Namen der Spielkarten" in ''Korrespondenzblatt des Vereins für niederdeutsche Sprachforschung'', Vol 10, pp. 69–70.

{{Trick-taking card games}}
{{Historical card games}}
[[Category:Culture of Schleswig-Holstein]]
[[Category:Culture of Lower Saxony]]
[[Category:Culture in Hamburg]]
[[Category:German card games]]
[[Category:French deck card games]]
[[Category:Karnöffel group]]
[[Category:18th-century card games]]
[[Category:Card games of Schleswig-Holstein]]

Aluette

2022-08-04T08:33:56Z

Tom dl: /* Play */

{{Infobox card game
| title = Aluette
| subtitle =
| image_link = [[Image:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Two of Cups.jpg|120px]]
| image_caption = 2 of Cups (the cow) from a 19th-century deck
| alt_names = Luettes, La Vache
| type = [[Trick-taking]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 48
| deck = [[Spanish playing cards|Spanish]] (modified)
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank =
| origin = [[France]]
| related = [[Put (card game)|Put]]{{*}}[[Truc]]{{*}}[[Truco]]
| playing_time = 45 min.
| random_chance = Moderate
| skills = Tactics, Strategy
| footnotes =
}}

'''Aluette''' or '''Vache''' ("Cow") is an old, plain [[trick-taking card game]] that is played on the west coast of France. It is played by two teams, usually of four people, but sometimes also of six. It is unusual in using a unique pack of 48 [[Spanish playing cards]] and a system of signalling between playing partners. The French colloquial names for the game, ''jeu de la Vache'' or ''Vache'', refer to the cow depicted on one of the cards.

== History ==
This game is apparently very old with references to the game of "luettes" by [[François Rabelais]] in the early 16th century. As the cards use [[Spanish playing cards|Spanish suits]], Aluette may even predate the invention of [[French playing cards]] around 1480. "''La luette''" means [[uvula]] in French and may refer to the fact that it is played with codified signs that allow team members to provide information on their cards during the game.<ref>Pollett, Andrea.[https://web.archive.org/web/20061209080812/http://playingcards.freewebpages.org/cards80.htm Aluette] at Andy's Playing Cards (archived). Retrieved 19 April 2016.</ref> The game is also called "''la vache''" (the cow) because of the illustration on the 2 of cups card. Due to similarities it has with the game of [[truc]], aluette may have been imported by Spanish merchants.

== Distribution ==
Aluette was traditionally played in rural and coastal areas in France between the estuaries of the [[Gironde estuary|Gironde]] and the [[Loire]], that is to say, in the western part of the language area of the [[Saintongeais dialect|Saintongeais]] and [[Poitevin dialect]]s, especially in its centre, in the department of the [[Vendée]] and in the [[Pays de Retz]] as far as [[Saint-Nazaire]], as well as in [[Brittany]]. It was also played on the overseas islands of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] near [[Canada]].

Aluette was played as a family game, in tournaments, in clubs and very commonly in cafés until the 1960s. At that time, it was still played around the [[Brière]] and in the [[Guérande]] peninsula. It was also played a lot in the ports of Cotentin, where it has now died out.

==Cards==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Aluette cards, early 19th century
|[[Image:Carte 3 coupe débutXIX.jpg|thumb|center|180px|3 of cups (''Madame'')]]
|[[Image:Carte 2 denier débutXIX.jpg|thumb|center|180px|2 of coins (''le Borgne'')]]
|-
|[[Image:Carte as épée débutXIX.jpg|thumb|center|180px|Ace of swords]]
|[[Image:Carte 5 denier débutXIX.jpg|thumb|center|180px|5 of coins (''Bise-dur'')]]
|}
Aluette uses a unique deck of 48 Spanish playing cards where certain pip cards depict figures to show that they outrank their face value. The modern cards are based on those made in [[Thiers, Puy-de-Dôme|Thiers]] in the [[Auvergne]] until the 17th century for the Spanish market. The Spanish suit signs are [[Coins (suit)|Coins]], [[Cups (suit)|Cups]], [[Batons (suit)|Batons]] and [[Swords (suit)|Swords]]. These cards are attested in Frances in the 17th and 18th centuries, when French cardmarkers, especially from Thiers, exported them to Spain via [[Nantes]]. After 1700, cardmakers also set up manufacturing in Nantes.

There are 48 cards numbered from 1 (Ace) to 9, Valet, Cavalier (Queen), and King. The design of the cards had a long evolution that was not fixed until the beginning of the 19th century. The strongest cards in the game (the Luettes, Deuces and Aces) as well as a few low cards have characteristic portraits and symbols, which mean that the pack is specific to the rules of the game and is therefore sold under this name. However, nothing prohibits playing a Spanish game if the cards are sufficiently well known to the players. And, at a pinch, one could play with a pack of French-suited cards by removing the 10s and agreeing on a correspondence between suits.

The figures on the cards give rise to their nicknames and are associated with certain gestures players pass to their teammate. The card ranks are as follows:

The "Luettes":
*1: Three of Coins (''Monsieur''/Mister) - look upwards
*2: Three of Cups (''Madame''/Mistress) - tilt head to the side
*3: Two of Coins (''Le borgne''/the Blind) - wink
*4: Two of Cups (''La vache''/the Cow) - pout a "moo"

The "Doubles":
*5: Nine of Cups (''Grand Neuf''/Great Nine) - show the thumb
*6: Nine of Coins (''Petit Neuf''/Small Nine) - show the little finger
*7: Two of Clubs (''Deux de chêne''/Two of Oaks) - show the index and middle finger
*8: Two of Swords (''Deux d'écrit''/Two of Writing) - mime writing

The "Figures":
*9: Aces - open your mouth
*10: Kings
*11: Knights
*12: Knaves

The ''Bigailles'': The remaining pip cards from the Nines of Swords and Clubs to the Threes of Swords and Clubs. The Five of Coins also includes a depiction of a couple kissing (believed to represent the [[Catholic Monarchs]]) and the traditional signal is to "kiss hard" but it has no special value.

Many of the illustrations on Aluette decks appeared in other early Spanish packs but have since disappeared like the six-pointed stars on the Four of Coins.<ref>Pollett, Andrea.[http://a_pollett.tripod.com/cards6.htm Spanish-suited cards] at Andy's Playing Cards. Retrieved 19 April 2016.</ref>

[[Grimaud (company)|Grimaud]], a subsidiary of [[Cartamundi]]'s [[France Cartes]], is the only producer of Aluette decks at present. Since 1998, cards have included the nicknames, hinting gestures, and game ranking indices on their cards.<ref>[http://aluette.net/ Aluette.net]</ref>

== Rules ==
The origin of the rules of the Aluette remains unknown. There are two different hypotheses:
* Aluette came from Spain and was introduced into France by Spanish sailors in the French ports of the west. Curiously, however, it has never been recorded in the south-west of France and, if true, the game has disappeared from Spain without leave a trace.
* Aluette originated in west France using the only pack of cards existing in the 16th century and it resisted the general conversion to French cards which took place in the 18th century.

Aluette's rules have evolved over the centuries. The most basic feature is that it is a [[plain trick game]] without trumps, similar therefore to [[Battle (card game)|Battle]]. The use of facial expressions is the most visible feature of the game, but is not unique to Aluette. Card games with very different rules use signalling:
* [[Mus (card game)|''Mus'']], a Basque game known since the 18th century, is played with a Spanish deck of forty cards;
* ''[[Brisca]]'', a Spanish game adapted from the French [[Brisque]], is played with a Spanish pack of forty cards;
* ''[[Watten (card game)|Watten]]'', a Bavarian and Austrian game, is played with 36 German-suited cards;
* ''[[Perlaggen]]'', a Tyrolean game played with 33 German-suited cards;
* ''[[Truc y flou]]'', a card game of [[Aragon]]ese origin.

However, [[Truc|Trut]] or Truc, a signalling game reported in the west of France from the 16th century,<ref>"Ol ée la respondation de Talebot" in ''La Gente poitevinrie tout again racoutrie ou Tabelot bain, et bea'' (1572), cf. Jacques Pignon, éd., ''La Gente poitevinrie'', a collection of texts in Poitevin patois of the 16th century, '' Paris, 1960, reprint. The Crèche, 2002, IV. [[Étienne Tabourot]] also mentions play in his "Amphibological Sonnet" (1570), cf. ''Bigarrures'' (1583), I, 6.</ref> also known in Catalonia and South America (as ''Truco''), shares the same mechanism and the same rule structure as Aluette, so these two games may have a common ancestor.

== Play ==
[[File:Concarneau Abri du marin Partie de vaches.jpg|thumb|Aluette players]]
The cards are dealt clockwise with each player receiving nine cards and twelve cards should be left over. Alternatively, if all players agree, the remaining 12 cards can be dealt to the dealer and the player to the dealer's left. Each would then discard the six lowest cards in their hand. This is known as ''chanter'' (singing).

Each deal consists of nine tricks. The tricks taken are counted per person and not per team. At the end of the deal, the player who has taken the most tricks earns a point for their team. If two players have won the same number of tricks, the first to have reached the winning number of tricks wins the deal. The player to the dealer's left becomes the next dealer and starts the next deal. A game comprises five deals.

The player to the dealer's left leads to the first trick. Any card can be played but only the highest will win. If there is a tie, then the trick is 'spoiled' (''pourri'') and no one wins that trick. The player that wins or spoils the trick will lead to the next.{{efn|According to [[John McLeod (card game researcher)|John McLeod]], the player who led the spoiled trick leads again.}} Players may only communicate to their partner using signals and gestures as described above.

A special rule is that any player who wins the last three tricks without having won the previous six, will win the deal and score 2 points. This is making ''mordienne''. Players can signal their intention to make mordienne to their partner by biting their lips. Players who feel that they may have a bad hand can raise their shoulders signalling to their partner that they should give up. Surrendering is an option as it will award only one point to the opposition rather than two if mordienne was achieved.

== Example of an Aluette pack ==
{|class="wikitable"
|+ '''Suits Aluette'''
|-
| height="100px" | '''Suit'''
| align="center" bgcolor="honeydew" | [[File:Seme spade carte aluette.svg|50x100px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="honeydew" | [[File:Seme coppe carte aluette.svg|50x90px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="honeydew" | [[File:Seme denari carte aluette.svg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="honeydew" | [[File:Seme bastoni carte aluette.svg|50x100px]]
|-
| width="100px" | English
!align="center" width="100px" | Swords
!align="center" width="100px" | Cups
!align="center" width="100px" | Coins
!align="center" width="100px" | Clubs
|-
|| Spanish
!align="center"| Espadas
!align="center"| Copas
!align="center"| Oros
!align="center"| Bastos
|-
|| French
!align="center"| Épée
!align="center"| Coupe
!align="center"| Denier
!align="center"| Bâton
|}
The images below come from an Aluette pack published in the second half of the 19th century by cardmakers, Grimaud:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Aluette card deck- Grimaud - 1858-1890<ref name="gallica">{{Gallica|id=btv1b10526041t|t=Jeu d'aluette}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" |
! scope="col" | Ace
! scope="col" | 2
! scope="col" | 3
! scope="col" | 4
! scope="col" | 5
! scope="col" | 6
! scope="col" | 7
! scope="col" | 8
! scope="col" | 9
! scope="col" | Valet
! scope="col" | Cavalier
! scope="col" | King
|-
! scope="row" | Batons
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Ace of Clubs.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Two of Clubs.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Three of Clubs.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Four of Clubs.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Five of Clubs.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Six of Clubs.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Seven of Clubs.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Eight of Clubs.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Nine of Clubs.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Jack of Clubs.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Knight of Clubs.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - King of Clubs.jpg|100px]]
|-
! scope="row" | Coins
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Ace of Coins.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Two of Coins.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Three of Coins.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Four of Coins.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Five of Coins.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Six of Coins.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Seven of Coins.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Eight of Coins.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Nine of Coins.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Jack of Coins.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Knight of Coins.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - King of Coins.jpg|100px]]
|-
! scope="row" | Swords
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Ace of Swords.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Two of Swords.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Three of Swords.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Four of Swords.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Five of Swords.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Six of Swords.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Seven of Swords.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Eight of Swords.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Nine of Swords.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Jack of Swords.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Knight of Swords.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - King of Swords.jpg|100px]]
|-
! scope="row" | Cups
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Ace of Cups.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Two of Cups.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Three of Cups.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Four of Cups.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Five of Cups.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Six of Cups.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Seven of Cups.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Eight of Cups.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Nine of Cups.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Jack of Cups.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - Knight of Cups.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aluette card deck - Grimaud - 1858-1890 - King of Cups.jpg|100px]]
|}

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Literature ==
* Borvo, Alain (1997). [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3337359z/f9.image.texteImage ''Anatomie d'un Jeu de Cartes: L'Aluette ou le Jeu de Vache'']. Nantes: Yves Vachon
* Linden, Gérard (2007). ''La boule de fort par noms et par mots'', Cheminement, pp. 12–15. {{ISBN|978-2-84478-546-6}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.pagat.com/put/aluette.html Aluette rules] at [[pagat.com]]
* [http://www.renfesthq.com/renaissance-games/aluette/ Aluette rules] at Ren Fest HQ
* [http://www.altacarta.com/overview/aluette.html Modern aluette cards] at Alta Carta
* [http://a.trionfi.eu/WWPCM/decks03/d01299/d01299.htm Pre-1998 Grimaud editions] at World Web Playing Card Museum
* [http://www.aluette.net/ Cards from earlier manufacturers] at aluette.net
* [http://www.autrefoischallans.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Règle-du-Jeu-dAluette.pdf ''Règle du Jeu d'Aluette'']

{{List of trick-taking games}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dedicated deck card games]]
[[Category:French card games]]
[[Category:Put group]]
[[Category:Card games involving signalling]]

User talk:Bermicourt

2022-08-04T08:30:48Z

Tom dl: /* Pronouns */ new section

{{tmbox|text=This user tries to [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|assume good faith]] and hopes you will as well.}}
{{Usertalkback}}
{{archive box|[[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 1|Archive 1]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 2|Archive 2]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 3|Archive 3]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 4|Archive 4]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 5|Archive 5]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 6|Archive 6]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 7|Archive 7]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 8|Archive 8]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 9|Archive 9]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 10|Archive 10]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 11|Archive 11]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 12|Archive 12]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 13|Archive 13]], [[User talk:Bermicourt/Archive 14|Archive 14]]}}
{{clear}}



==DYK for Nain Jaune==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#18 August 2019|18 August 2019]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Nain Jaune]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the classic French card game of '''[[Nain Jaune]]''' is named after the seven of diamonds, which is depicted as a yellow dwarf on the game board ''(pictured)''{{-?}}'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Nain Jaune]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2019-08-08&end=2019-08-28&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Nain_Jaune Nain Jaune]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Maile66|— Maile ]] ([[User talk:Maile66|talk]]) 12:01, 18 August 2019 (UTC)

== DYK for Spitzeln ==

{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#23 August 2019|23 August 2019]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Spitzeln]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that although '''[[Spitzeln]]''' was also called German [[Ombre|l'Hombre]], it had little more in common with the most successful [[card game]] ever invented than the fact that it was played by three players{{-?}}'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Spitzeln]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2019-08-13&end=2019-09-02&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Spitzeln Spitzeln]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 13:35, 23 August 2019 (UTC)
== A barnstar for you! ==
{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Vielen Dank für Ihre vielen Übersetzungen im Laufe der Jahre! ♦ [[User:Dr. Blofeld|''Dr. Blofeld'']] 11:16, 26 August 2019 (UTC)
|}

==Portal moves to WikiProjects==
Hello B, do you plan to move the other regional portals that you maintain to the corresponding WikiProject, like you did with [[Portal:Palatine Forest]], and if so, could you give me a sense of timing and let me know if I can help with the moves in any way? [[User:UnitedStatesian|UnitedStatesian]] ([[User talk:UnitedStatesian|talk]]) 15:19, 27 August 2019 (UTC)
:Hi {{u|UnitedStatesian}}, that's kind. To be honest I'm not sure what to do. I suppose my view is that we should call a halt to all portal creation and deletion activity and engage seriously to reach consensus on the purpose of portals, where they should be located, how they ought to be maintained and to what standards. But there seems to be no appetite for that while those who are driving for portal deletion continue to press home their advantage based on a one-sided view of their purpose. I suppose I'd rather move a portal to project space than see it deleted entirely, so that it can continue to be useful as a project tool. If that happens, I'd welcome your help. But in general I am rather reluctant to waste too much time on them while the rampage continues. It's the kind of behaviour that makes me want to quit Wikipedia. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 17:00, 27 August 2019 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Elfern]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[Elfern]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]] -- [[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]] ([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]]) 11:01, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

The article [[Elfern]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has failed [[Image:Symbol oppose vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Elfern]] for reasons why the nomination failed. If or when these points have been taken care of, you may apply for a new nomination of the article.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]] -- [[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]] ([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]]) 11:22, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

==Assistance on German translation?==
I'm currently attempting to improve the article, [[Trip World]] and there are only scanned images for the german reviews of the game. Here are the links to the scanned images: [https://www.ninretro.de/v3plus/game-3-514.html#reviews], [https://www.ninretro.de/v3plus/game-3-514.html#reviews], [https://www.kultboy.com/index.php?site=t&id=2899]. It would be a great help if I can get these translations to expand the article.[[User:Blue Pumpkin Pie|Blue Pumpkin Pie]] ([[User talk:Blue Pumpkin Pie|talk]]) 05:18, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

== Where to sort section "References", or, what about later Refs ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persilschein&type=revision&diff=921544786&oldid=921544212 Here on Persilschein] you reverted me. Ok, got it. But now, the reference within the final section "Literature" looks ugly... which was the reason why I changed the sorting.
That has to be solved without a "ref", right? Can you do that? Thanks so far!
 --[[User:H.Marxen|H.Marxen]] ([[User talk:H.Marxen|talk]]) 10:55, 16 October 2019 (UTC)
:{{ping|H.Marxen}} I see what you mean. I've turned it into a direct link to the archive, but am not 100% sure if that's the way we're meant to do it. It might be better to link it from a suitable place within the text and just have the book, unlinked, in the Literature section. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 11:03, 16 October 2019 (UTC)
::Thanks for taking care of it. --[[User:H.Marxen|H.Marxen]] ([[User talk:H.Marxen|talk]]) 11:11, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

== Deutscher Eintrag zu Englisch[[User:Matthiasvon|Matthiasvon]] ([[User talk:Matthiasvon|talk]]) 12:27, 18 October 2019 (UTC)<ref>https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_TV_Award</ref> ==
Hallo,
es wäre schön, wenn du vielleicht behilflich sein kannst den Eintrag über den Venice TV Award im englischsprachigen Wikipedia Portal sprachgerecht einzustellen?
Vielen vielen Dank.
Liebe Grüße Matthiasvon

:Hallo Matthiasvon, hab' einen kurzen Artikel gemacht. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:10, 22 October 2019 (UTC)
{{talkref}}

== Playing card rules ==

Thanks for the note. All I was doing here today was scrubbing out playingcarddecks.com, which [[User:TWJohn]] had been adding to articles in the form of references. I hope that's uncontroversial. All of these sources were quick how-to-play blog entries written that same day, apparently by John himself (they are all credited to "John Taylor" who is "a content writer and freelancer through the company Upwork.com") with no context for where those rules came from. I assume they're cribbed from Pagat or Wikipedia itself, which he links to in the blog entries.

I noticed and removed one cardgamesplanet.com link in passing: it was a reference stuck needlessly after the name of the card game in the opening line, and is just a blog covered in poker ads. --[[User:Lord Belbury|Lord Belbury]] ([[User talk:Lord Belbury|talk]]) 16:58, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

:From the profile links these look to be the same person, but even if it is some cosmic coincidence, would you agree that rules posted on this retailer's blog don't have the weight of rules published by Piatnik? On closer inspection the site does put out some original content ([https://playingcarddecks.com/blogs/all-in/card-magic-magician-harry-lorayne] is an original interview written by a boardgamegeek.com user who says on BGG that they "first published" the interview with playingcarddecks.com), but these card game rules seem questionable, with no suggestion that they aren't just repeating Pagat, Wikipedia or the writer's own recollections. --[[User:Lord Belbury|Lord Belbury]] ([[User talk:Lord Belbury|talk]]) 18:51, 22 October 2019 (UTC)
==Workshop for the creation of new Portal Guidelines==
Hello Bermicourt. There is currently a workshop going on about the creation of a new Portal Guideline: [[User talk:Scottywong/Portal guideline workspace]]. Your insights and ideas would be appreciated. --[[User:Hecato|Hecato]] ([[User talk:Hecato|talk]]) 16:27, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

== Regions of Germany ==

Hello and thanks for all the good work with German regional portals. I see that there are a few more near the bottom of the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/massviews/?platform=all-access&agent=user&source=category&target=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3AAll_portals&range=latest-20&subjectpage=0&subcategories=0&sort=views&direction=1&view=list portals by pageviews list]. Is there anything that should be done to maintain or move these pages? [[User:Certes|Certes]] ([[User talk:Certes|talk]]) 18:08, 15 November 2019 (UTC)
:Good work maybe, but now largely wasted. As you know, I think pageviews are a poor way to assess portals since a) they're not articles yet that's how we're treating them and b) they are not searchable and badly linked from mainspace, both of which could be fixed. But as it's clear there's no appetite to retain them in portal space, I'm in the process of moving them to project space where they can still be used to view and expand topics without irritating anti-portal editors. This will take time since the remaining one's have numerous subpages designed to enhance their appeal to readers, something which is now redundant. So I can't promise to do this quickly. But I wouldn't worry, they'll get deleted anyway. And those that are not "near the bottom" will fall into that category as deletionists make their way up the list. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 19:28, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

== Please review ==

Hi, and thanks for all your work on WP. Could you please check [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treba_%28river%29&type=revision&diff=926482338&oldid=885715092 this edit] I made on the page you started? It seems to have been missing a noun which I couldn't guess. Thank you. --[[User:LilHelpa|LilHelpa]] ([[User talk:LilHelpa|talk]]) 18:21, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
:No problems; I've checked the original and clarified the meaning. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 19:04, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

== Nertz ==

Apologies for overlapping edits, and thanks for getting the sources down! I know alternate names for card games can be a real unsourced mess on here - I was trying to be careful in my edits and don't think I lost anything through a revert, I was just trying to avoid having two separate lists of names on the go. The infobox should be using "alt_name" instead of "subtitle", I think? --[[User:Lord Belbury|Lord Belbury]] ([[User talk:Lord Belbury|talk]]) 19:48, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

And hats off for the "Nerts" move, I was just wondering about that myself... --[[User:Lord Belbury|Lord Belbury]] ([[User talk:Lord Belbury|talk]]) 19:48, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

:{{ping|Lord Belbury}}, no worries. I was just trying to tidy it up and source it properly and I guess you were doing something similar, by coincidence, at the same time. At some point I plan to compare the "official rules" (usually with card games there's no such thing) of the NNA - an organisation which doesn't seem have any official status and seems to be just self-proclaimed - with those on John McLeod's www.pagat.com website which is widely acknowledged in the literature as a reliable source. Some of the stuff about the electronic games may also be non-notable or bordering on advertising. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 19:55, 27 December 2019 (UTC)
::PS in fact I suspect the National Nertz Association is a front for a commercial organisation as its official site is a [http://national-nertz-association.blogspot.com/ blogspot] advertising the electronic games and its NNA link goes to Facebook where we see around 650 followers (very small for a national association). [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:03, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

==DYK for Kaschlan==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#3 January 2020|3 January 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Kaschlan]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the card game of '''[[Kaschlan]]''', named after its top [[Trump (card games)|trump]], became so popular that it was used in the [[Prussia]]n idiom "my stomach's playing Kaschlan with my bowels"?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Kaschlan]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2019-12-24&end=2020-01-13&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Kaschlan Kaschlan]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 00:01, 3 January 2020 (UTC)

== Precious anniversary ==
{{User QAIbox/auto|years=Eight}} --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:58, 10 March 2020 (UTC)

Would [[:de:Burg Tecklenburg]] be something you'd like to translate? ... partly? --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 14:40, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|Gerda Arendt}} warum nicht? Ist mir ein Vergnügen. So missing Germany, haven't been since March when I researched curious north German card games lol. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 06:52, 17 October 2020 (UTC)
:: Thank you, - will be helpful for [[Bruder Martin]], - perhaps one line also about the festival held there, with a redirect or two ;) --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:44, 17 October 2020 (UTC)

== Hills of Wiltshire ==

Hello! Thanks very much for compiling this useful article. I am wondering whether the table included in the article is exhaustive of the criteria that you give? As in, are all of the hills in Wiltshire that fall into the categories included in the table? The reason I ask is that I am looking to make an endurance hiking/running challenge that covers all significant hills in Wiltshire and I thought your list could be a good starting point - or even the finished item if it covers everything!
Thanks,
George — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Manofwessex|Manofwessex]] ([[User talk:Manofwessex#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Manofwessex|contribs]]) 16:21, 21 March 2020 (UTC) 

:{{ping|Manofwessex}} The list is based on the Database of British and Irish Hills at [http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/index.php www.hillbagging.co.uk] and currently reflects their highest hills down to Castle Ditches, with the exception of Scratchbury (197 m) which should immediately precede it. The last two in the list are included because, although there are higher hills, they are considered more notable. Hope that helps. :) [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:56, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

==Wörschachklamm==

Hello Bermicourt, concerning [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spechtensee&diff=next&oldid=948230894 this] edit:

First of all, my apologies: I didn't realize my edit was already the second reversion, because the previous edit summary was "m" – instead I thought my reversion was the first one in [[WP:BRD]]... I also didn't checked the de-4 babel on your userpage.

Recently I revised a larger number of articles loosely based on a version in the German Wikipedia. Often there were names like {{lang|de|...tal, ...berg, ...bach, ...schlucht}} where it's obvious to German readers what kind of object that is. To give this information in the English Wikipedia, too, I added valley, mountain, river, gorge etc., although this is somewhat tautologous for someone who speaks German.

Do you really think that the "of" is appropriate here? I thought this phrase is not the case of "[[Queen of England (disambiguation)|Queen of England]]", "[[Mull of Kintyre]] etc., but the case of "[[River Rhine]]", "[[Mount Kilimanjaro]]" and so on, therefore without the "of".

--[[User:Cyfal|Cyfal]] ([[User talk:Cyfal|talk]]) 17:10, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|Cyfal}} it's a good question. As a native English speaker, I feel I instinctively 'know' when to use "of" and when not to. I've tried to capture usage for these geographical terms under [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Germany)|conventions]] as part of the Germany WikiProject. These are based on common usage. In some cases there are two options e.g. "[[Eckernförde Bay]] for ''Eckenförder Bucht'' and [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] for ''Mecklenburgische Bucht'' (use whichever is the widely accepted English form; if there is no English usage, prefer XX Bay.)" For many, less well known geographical features there is little or no mention in English sources, so we follow the pattern of the more well known examples. In the case in point the following would seem reasonable to me:
* The lake is drained by the Wörschachbach which flows through the Wörschach Gorge...
* The lake is drained by the Wörschachbach stream which flows through the Wörschachklamm gorge...
* The lake is drained by the Wörschachbach which flows through the gorge of [the] Wörschachklamm...
: Points to note: Streams ending in -''bach'' are not usually split i.e. Wörschach stream is an unlikely translation. Rivers and streams are usually just called "the X". Rivers are almost always called "River X" or "the X river" in British English, but "X River" in American English. If we don't translate the generic part of the German name, we can add its English equivalent even though (we translators know) it's a tautology. I expanded the convention, partly to help me with consistency in the articles I created and also to try and establish consistency among editors translating from German. I did a lot of research of English-language sources in doing this. HTH. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 21:30, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

::Thank you very much for your enlightening explanations. Although I've read [[WP:GERCON]], it seems I haven't understand it fully before. Now it seems to me the best option is: "The lake is drained by the Wörschachbach which flows through the Wörschach Gorge...", because within the context its clear that the Wörschachbach is a river, and the {{lang|de|Wörschachklamm}} can be subsumed under group B of WP:GERCON. I will change it accordingly in the near future. Thank you again --[[User:Cyfal|Cyfal]] ([[User talk:Cyfal|talk]]) 23:14, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

== A goat for you! ==

[[File:Házikecske portré.JPG|left|100px]]
This goat approves of your gaming articles! Thanks for your hard work!

[[User:Piotrus|Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus]]|[[User talk:Piotrus| reply here]] 09:40, 8 April 2020 (UTC)
 

== re: Help with 19th century Polish ==

I can try :) But since they are 19th century, you don't have to email them, you can just post them on wiki in a sandbox or such, they are public domain. --[[User:Piotrus|Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus]]|[[User talk:Piotrus| reply here]] 08:51, 9 April 2020 (UTC)
:PS. See [https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Strona:PL_Gloger-Encyklopedja_staropolska_ilustrowana_T.2_056.jpg], there's a picture of some grid related to the game. Also [https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Strona:PL_Gloger-Encyklopedja_staropolska_ilustrowana_T.2_007.jpg] bout the German origin of the name. --[[User:Piotrus|Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus]]|[[User talk:Piotrus| reply here]] 08:58, 9 April 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Bräus==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#23 April 2020|23 April 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Bräus]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Bräus]]''', from the Swedish island of [[Gotland]], differs from all other [[card game]]s in that not all cards are playable?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Bräus]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-13&end=2020-05-03&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Br%C3%A4us Bräus]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Maile66|— Maile ]] ([[User talk:Maile66|talk]]) 12:02, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Dreeg==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#5 May 2020|5 May 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Dreeg]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Dreeg]]''' is a [[card game]] played with [[German playing cards|German-suited cards]] that is described as "a special [[Franconia]]n form of [[Sixty-Six (card game)|Sixty-Six]]"?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Dreeg]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-15&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Dreeg Dreeg]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Gatoclass|Gatoclass]] ([[User talk:Gatoclass|talk]]) 00:01, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

== Wiese ==

Please undo the move from Wiese to Wiese (Norwegian DJ). As a reason for doing this move, you state that there are "many people with the last name Wiese". That is correct. However, is is only one who is know for just Wiese and has that as his stage name. This artist has many millions plays on Spotify and several articles and reviews on Google that justify this. I don't blame you for doing your job but in this case the decision was not right, so please undo as this is the right thing to do here:) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Tangatarzan|Tangatarzan]] ([[User talk:Tangatarzan#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tangatarzan|contribs]]) 21:37, 10 May 2020 (UTC) 
:Well that's interesting and you are very welcome to propose a move request on the talk page and seek consensus that a Norwegian DJ is the primary topic on English Wikipedia; which is what you should have done in the first place. Cheers. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:14, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

== Lordship ==

Did you know there is already a disambiguation page at [[Lordship (disambiguation)]]? --[[User:R'n'B|R'n'B]] ([[User talk:R'n'B|call me]] Russ) 01:59, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
:Aha. Then it would make sense to combine them. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:24, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Brus (card game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#21 May 2020|21 May 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Brus (card game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that in the Danish card game of '''[[Brus (card game)|Brus]]''', if a seven is led, the player risks it being beaten by the [[Stodderkonge|beggar king]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Brus (card game)]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-11&end=2020-05-31&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Brus_(card_game) Brus (card game)]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 07:42, 19 May 2020 (UTC) 12:14, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Translation request ==

Hi. I'm trying to improve the ''[[Nicrophorus vespilloides]]'' article (currently working on a [[User:Acather96/vespdraft|userspace draft]]). ''N. vespilloides'' is a burying beetle: a curious type of insect that buries dead mice and birds below the ground before converting the carcass into an edible nest in which it raises its young. It's also becoming an important model organism in evolutionary biology. I've found the original formal [[species description]] and would love to discuss this in the article, but it's a paragraph of German published in 1783 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44317#page/234/mode/1up). I saw you [[Wikipedia:Translators available|listed here]] and wondered if you might be willing to translate this? Whilst less vital, it would also be fantastic if you'd be able to translate the first page of the document (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44317#page/197/mode/1up) which introduces the manuscript. [[User:Acather96|Acather96]] ([[User talk:Acather96#top|click here to contact me]]) 18:10, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

The section entitled "Nicrophorus" reads: "It is certainly very similar to N. Vespillo, but not the same however. The difference is as follows: it is barely half as big. the club of the feelers is not brown, but black. Head and thorax (“breast shield”) are not covered in yellow hairs; the latter is not smooth, but has four smooth bumps at the front and 3 at the rear; when its elytra are lowered, there is a small yellow spot at the base, on Vespillo this runs into the yellow band; the lowest yellow band does not reach the side, but is only an oval spot. The abdomen is not covered with yellow hair, but is smooth and black. These distinctive signs are always the same." HTH. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 06:55, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Drużbart==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#10 June 2020|10 June 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Drużbart]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Drużbart]]''', named after its second-highest card ''(shown)'', was the favourite [[card game]] of Polish novelist Count [[Henryk Rzewuski]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Drużbart]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-31&end=2020-06-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Dru%C5%BCbart Drużbart]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Casliber|Cas Liber]] ([[User talk:Casliber|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Casliber|contribs]]) 12:01, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Thank you for another good one. I remember your mountain articles, - could you perhaps expand [[Altkönig]] a bit? --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 22:37, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

== Matzlfangen ==

Hi! I am interested in card games and have been in mail contact with Austrian player Christian Daglinger about this fascinating game. I have been careful not to bombard him with questions, but I think I have managed to sort out all question marks now. Regards [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 19:13, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

I was a member of the ICPS until recently. I am now involved in a patient's organisation and I am following the scientific literature in that area. I am afraid that means that I currently don't have time to write any texts or artciles for Wikipedia, although it of course would be nice to have a German text on Matzlfangen and to involve Christian Daglinger. It sure would be nice to know what German card games you recently wrote about, and if possible also to read the articles. [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 05:48, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

Thanks for info. I have also been working with John McLeod. I helped him with his article on the Swedish card game vira 20 years ago. [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 06:46, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

I'll take a closer look at the articles about various forms of "knack" later, but I alread have one comment. You use a translation as the title for Norrlandsknack, "Norseman's Knock", but you keep the original Swedish names for the other versions ("svängknack" etc.). I would recommend a consistent terminology, and I think it is best to keep the original Swedish names in this case. "Norseman's Knock" doesn't sound good. As you correctly point out in the text, Norrland is actually a geographical region. So, strictly speaking, Norseman is not a correct translation.

By the way, it interesting to note that "Norrland" has been used in other card games to denote variants that contain strong elements of gambling. There was for example a version of vira called "Norrlandsvira", which contained some contracts with larger payments and larger element of chance than previous versions. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Feynman~svwiki|contribs]]) 21:23, 5 July 2020 (UTC) 

OK, I understand. If an English terminology already has been established, it makes sense to follow it. It is always nice with references to the Vikings, but I must point out that we have become much more mild-mannered during the last thousand years. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Feynman~svwiki|contribs]]) 11:53, 6 July 2020 (UTC) 

I will try to contact Christian Daglinger again. I don't know if he is familiar with Wikipedia and has an account. Perhaps it is better if we communicate by email. Do you have an address where I can reach you? My address is sten.helmfrid@bredband.net. [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 18:03, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

Concerning the rules for trick taking. My understanding from my conversation with Daglinger is that you must follow suit if possible. If you cannot follow suit, you must play trump. Subject to these rules, you must head the trick if possible. That means that if you cannot follow suit and you cannot head the trick, you must still undertrump if possible. I never asked if you must head the trick even if your partner is in the lead. I just presumed that you always have to head the trick, no matter who is in the lead.

By the way, how did you find out about Neid-spiel? [[User:Feynman~svwiki|Feynman~svwiki]] ([[User talk:Feynman~svwiki|talk]]) 18:10, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Taroc l'Hombre==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#11 July 2020|11 July 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Taroc l'Hombre]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Taroc l'Hombre]]''' imported bidding from the world's most successful card game, [[Ombre]], a feature that was crucial to the future of [[Tarot card games|Tarot games]] outside Italy?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Taroc l'Hombre]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-07-01&end=2020-07-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Taroc_l%27Hombre Taroc l'Hombre]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 12:03, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Husarln==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#14 July 2020|14 July 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Husarln]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the [[card game]] of '''[[Husarln]]''' ("Hussar") is dominated by the distribution of [[tarot]] cards, giving it "that brisk and energetic feel" which is reflected in its name?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Husarln]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-07-04&end=2020-07-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Husarln Husarln]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 12:01, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

== Robert Sedlaczek ==
: Would you consider translating the German article about [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sedlaczek Robert Sedlaczek]? The DYK led me to [[Illustrated Tarock]] which mentions "Mayr and Sedlaczek" without explanation of who they are. Mayr also has an article, but it looks mostly like a stub. Thanks! [[User:Psu256|Psu256]] ([[User talk:Psu256|talk]]) 14:47, 14 July 2020 (UTC)
::Done. See [[Robert Sedlaczek]] and [[Wolfgang Mayr]] - [[Tarock card game]] experts. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 10:08, 18 July 2020 (UTC)
== Request of translation of a German page ==
Hi Bermicourt,
there is a german page which could be translated into English for the english Wikipedia. The page is ModuleWorks, it seems to be a company in Germany but it is operating internationally.
What do you think? Or how can I request this?
Thanks a ton in advance,
Elvira[[User:Elvira Just|Elvira Just]] ([[User talk:Elvira Just|talk]]) 09:57, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

:Hi Elvira. You've already created this yourself, but your submission was declined on grounds of notability, so I'm reluctant to put my head in the same noose. Sorry. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:39, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Bruus==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#13 August 2020|13 August 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Bruus]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Bruus]]''', once the national [[card game]] of [[Hamburg]], rewards players for "daring and tormenting" certain top trumps, and that such tactics lend the game "a certain charm"?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Bruus]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2020-08-03&end=2020-08-23&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Bruus Bruus]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} — [[User:Wugapodes|Wug·]][[User talk:Wugapodes|a·po·des]] 00:33, 10 August 2020 (UTC) 00:02, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
== Kukurtlu ==
Hi. Have you a source to support [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&diff=prev&oldid=705928766&diffmode=source this edit] to [[Mont Blanc]] you made back in 2016, by any chance? It seems odd to have a redlinked summit so prominently listed over all this time, without supporting evidence. I've managed to add an illm link to ru-wiki, but feel a source is needed for this obscure point. Thanks, [[User:Nick Moyes|Nick Moyes]] ([[User talk:Nick Moyes|talk]]) 00:52, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
:Sure, I've just added it. I'm happy to create the article for the red link by translating the German Wiki one. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:14, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

== Translation request ==
Hello, since you were on the list of translators from German to English, I was wondering if you would be interested in translating [[:de:Gerhard Schramm (Biochemiker)]]. Regards, [[Special:Contributions/70.172.136.61|70.172.136.61]] ([[User talk:70.172.136.61|talk]]) 03:09, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

:Not really my subject area, I'm afraid. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 16:55, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

== Helleberg ==

Thank you for writing [[Helleberg (ridge)]]. I fixed incoming links to [[Helleberg]] yesterday and all seven were for the Leine ridge, but I lacked the courage to change it to a dab as I know some editors are keen to keep a surname page at the base name. I think you've done the right thing: it has no information about the surname and it clearly collects links intended for another topic. [[User:Certes|Certes]] ([[User talk:Certes|talk]]) 10:50, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

== Czechia and Names of Things ==

Hello. I have no dog in this fight, not even a very small one. I just read up on it a bit because I saw someone change CR to Czechia without comment ... which is, I think, what you do if you are very sure you are right, or are maybe hoping just to get away with it ... or something. So I had a look at the CR wikiproject, where I think there is nothing current, and then back through the archives, where I found you arguing for a guideline. This seemed to be to be very reasonable, but did you ever get anywhere with it?

I can't emphasize too strongly that I am not trying to reopen a debate, start a crusade or anything. I need a dispute like this like a hole in the head. I have enough difficulty trying to keep [[Middlesbrough]] spelt right! (or, like, people changing England to UK and UK to England and Scotland to whatever.) I am just interested, I suppose, in the wiki-processes and wiki-thinking that went on, and would love to know if it did ever get closer to resolved. I'm certainly, absolutely, I promise you, ''not'' planning on reverting the edit that I saw! Cheers [[User:DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered|DBaK]] ([[User talk:DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered|talk]]) 09:22, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered}} I have raised this several times on the project talk pages because every time I was given the reasonable response that Czechia is just an acceptable short (and indeed officially approved) form of CR, I found my edits in practice being changed to CR. The final time I raised the topic, it flushed out some different views clearly opposed to the short version. So there is no consensus. That should mean ''both'' are acceptable, but on Wikipedia if there is a small band of editors determined to spell something one way, regardless of the sources, it's almost impossible for reason to prevail. In your case, there are two options. If this is the first edit, then you can revert it under [[WP:BRD]] and invite discussion on the talk page. The second option is to leave it - it won't be long before other editors swoop in to revert it whether BRD applies or not. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:27, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

== Saxon Switzerland Climbing Region ==

Hi Bermicourt,
I would like to expand/improve the article on the Saxon Switzerland Climbing Region in the course of the next weeks. My impression is, that the translation from the German page might not be entirely suitable within the English Wikipedia and within the scope of articles relevant to rock climbing. I would like to add a section on the history, climbing style, and maybe a list of notable climbers. Would you like to collaborate? I'm not an English native speaker but I am a rock climber from that region. Since I'm relatively new to Wikipedia, I would appreciate some guidance as to where I could first create a draft version of proposed changes. Or maybe we can discuss the changes first on the Talk page of the article? Would appreciate any help. [[User:Bohnenkraut11|Bohnenkraut11]] ([[User talk:Bohnenkraut11|talk]]) 10:21, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|Bohnenkraut11}} That's great. I generally translate articles on German topics from German to English Wiki which is how this one got started. I'm happy to collaborate on improving this one. If you want to create a draft either of the entire article or of a section the best thing to do is create a page called something like [[User:Bohnenkraut11/Saxon Switzerland climbing region draft]]. Then it's in your own workspace and no-one is going to fuss while you work on it. I often do this for articles and, when I'm happy, I move the page to mainspace or copy the content into an existing article. Obviously whatever we do must conform to Wiki guidance e.g. no marketing, be properly sourced etc. Hope that helps, Gruß. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:07, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

::Great! Thank you for the advice! I will do that and let you know when I'm ready for some feedback and language editing. [[User:Bohnenkraut11|Bohnenkraut11]] ([[User talk:Bohnenkraut11|talk]]) 12:35, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

::: Hi Bermicourt! I've partly finished my edit on [[User:Bohnenkraut11/Saxon Switzerland climbing region draft]]. I would welcome your input. Ignore the section on the history for now. This will take a bit longer but I thought I could first finish the other sections and start adding them to the main page. I've also created a draft on the German climber Bernd Arnold: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Bernd_Arnold. If you have time and this is of interest to you, I would be very happy about a review. Thank you so much and viele Grüße!

==Missing cite in [[The Compleat Gamester]]==
The article cites "Cotton 1674" but no such source is listed in bibliography. Can you please add? Also, suggest installing a script (explained at [[:Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors]]) to highlight such errors in the future. Thanks, [[User:Renata3|Renata]] ([[User talk:Renata3|talk]]) 06:36, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|Renata3}} it's the first entry in his list of works and there's even a link to an online copy. Do I really need to repeat it in the Bibliography? [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:11, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

== Game of Tarot ==

While much of Dummett's ''The Game of Tarot'' still stands up, parts have become outdated and Dummett abandoned many theories stated in them. One such example was the French-origin theory of Spanish suits. If you read his article in volume 18 of the IPCS journal, you can see that had rejected it by 1988. The biggest change was the Ferrara hypothesis which formed the subtitle for the book. At the time, he proposed Ferrara as the most likely place for its invention among the first four tarot centers with Florence being the least likely. Since the mid-2000s, the prevailing theory is now the complete opposite. Also gone are his hypotheses on the Piedmontese game of Sedici and its relationship with Ferrara. In fact, most of the history of Piedmontese tarot games (the French reintroduction theory) was replaced by his later research as well as the research of McLeod and others.--[[User:Countakeshi|Countakeshi]] ([[User talk:Countakeshi|talk]]) 14:41, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

:
{{ping|Countakeshi}} thank you, that is helpful. The great advantage of ''The Game of Tarot'' is that it pulled together the history of cards (especially Tarot obviously) comprehensively in one place. It's big disadvantage is that it's now 40 years out of date. What would be brilliant would be an updated edition. McLeod and Dummett updated the actual games themselves in 2004 in their double-volume set which I now have, but it doesn't go over the general history of card sin the same way.
:Apart from the above article, can you recommend any others that bring Dummett's historical analysis up to date? We may not have a new edition of ''The Game of Tarot'', but it would be good to have an equivalent body of material, at least covering what's changed. I do have access to back issues of ''The Playing Card''.
:Should I revert all my recent changes or would you prefer to bring them up to date? [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 15:43, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Penneech==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2020/December#5 December 2020|5 December 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Penneech]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that in the 17th-century [[card game]] of '''[[Penneech]]''', named after its highest card, the seven of diamonds, the [[Trump (card games)|trump suit]] changes with each [[Trick-taking game|trick]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Penneech]]. You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2020-11-25&end=2020-12-15&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Penneech Penneech]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if it received over 400 views per hour. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Casliber|Cas Liber]] ([[User talk:Casliber|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Casliber|contribs]]) 12:02, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

== Translation help ==

Please help and translate this article [[https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierung_von_Aschanti|Government of the Ashanti Empire]] from German into English. The English translation at the moment is just a sub section of the [[Ashanti Empire]]. Please help translate the article into an English article. Notice the German title when translated into English will sound wrong as well. [[User:Kwesi Yema|Kwesi Yema]] ([[User talk:Kwesi Yema|talk]]) 14:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Sorry for the mistake. The German article to be translated is [[Regierung von Aschanti]]. The English translation is just a subsection of [[Ashanti Empire]]. Can you please translate the article into a new English article? [[User:Kwesi Yema|Kwesi Yema]] ([[User talk:Kwesi Yema|talk]]) 14:24, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

== Dominoes ==
I don't really care about your recent edits to [[domino]], but you are [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/domino certainly wrong] in your view that the word "domino" cannot be used for the tiles themselves. --[[User:JayBeeEll|JBL]] ([[User_talk:JayBeeEll|talk]]) 16:26, 26 December 2020 (UTC)
:{{ping|JayBeeEll}} In this case, I can also quote a reliable source: at [[John McLeod (card game researcher)|John McLeod]]'s [https://www.pagat.com/domino/terms.html ''Glossary of Domino Terms''] it says "Dominoes: This is the name of the game. Contrary to popular usage, it is not the name of the tiles." As he is a games expert, I took my lead from him. However, it's always worth asking the question "why?" when we come across a different point of view, so in the light of your comment I plan to research this myself. I suspect McLeod is right from a purist's point of view, but once the masses have adopted a word to mean something, however incorrectly, dictionaries and encyclopaedias are bound to follow these days. In the meantime, I'm happy for my edits to be reverted; otherwise I'll tidy them up when I've done a bit more digging. I'll certainly represent both views. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 16:38, 26 December 2020 (UTC)
:: Hi Bermicourt, well, as I said, I don't really care about it (by which I mean: your edits didn't make the article worse and in particular left things perfectly understandable) and it certainly doesn't seem worth reverting over. From what little I have read about this, the origin of the word "domino" for the game is old and very obscure, which makes it hard for me to believe one could confidently sort out whether it originally referred to the game or the pieces. I did go check the OED, which has quotes for the cloak going back to 1719, and for the game going back to 1801. It endorses the view that the word is used for both the game and the pieces. There are numerous other uses (apparently at some point "dominoes" was slang for "teeth", and also for piano keys) that wouldn't make sense if it was not understood that the dominoes were the pieces. Happy editing, [[User:JayBeeEll|JBL]] ([[User_talk:JayBeeEll|talk]]) 19:11, 29 December 2020 (UTC)
:::{{ping|JayBeeEll}}. I'll be amending the article to make this clear as I'm coming to a similar conclusion as I wade through domino rules, old and new. When the game first appeared in Europe, domino was the name of the game (going out was also called "going-" or "making domino"); and various other words were used for the tiles. In English they used 'pieces' to begin with, but by the mid-19th century American and British sources were using 'domino' to refer to the tiles and that use seems to be commonplace now, alongside "bones" and "tiles". Thanks for being forbearing. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 22:37, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

== Oh Hell game ==

Here are some references for the Turkish version of Oh Hell: [https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohel Ohel], [https://www.iskambilci.com/ohel-nasil-oynanir Ohel], [https://benimleoyna.wordpress.com/2016/09/05/ohel-nasil-oynanir Ohel]

You can google "Ohel Kuralları" for much more. I wouldn't think of adding a new version, but I was suprised that no version in the current page has the "10 + square of bid" scoring system. It does add interesting twists in late game where more tricks are available. I did come across a few web pages in English where squared scoring is mentioned. One sample: [https://www.pagat.com/exact/ohhell.html#scoring-vars Vars]— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:CemEgri|CemEgri]] ([[User talk:CemEgri#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/CemEgri|contribs]]) 20:37, 10 January 2021 (UTC) 

== King Card Game ==
Hey, I was just on the [[King_(card_game)|King (Card Game)]] page to review the point distribution for the four player game and to my surprise, the rules for the entire game were gone and replaced with another game. I was just wondering why you did that and if you would be willing to add the rules to the four player game back on top of what ever version you added.

:Hi [[User:Adambombzz|Adambombzz]]. You can also access the old rules from the history of the article, for example, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_(card_game)&oldid=999910045 here]. The reason they were deleted was that the article was nominated for deletion due to lack of sources and apparent overlap with [[Barbu (card game)|Barbu]]. The consensus was to 'keep' on the proviso that it was sourced. The only reliable source I could find for the game was [[David Parlett|Parlett's]] description of the three-hand game. He doesn't give rules for a four-hand variant, nor does [[John McLeod (card game researcher)|McLeod]] who was cited in the original article. However, McLeod points to descriptions of two similarly named four-hand games: [[Turkish King]], which I have created, and a French variant, [https://www.jeuxdecartes.net/jeux-cartes/jeu-du-roi/ Jeu du Roi], which doesn't look like a reliable source. HTH. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 08:15, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
== Apologies ==

Hi and sorry for changing something on your personal page, the other day. Of course I shouldn't have done what I did : I was like a [[TGV]] full speed on its track and by dint of habit, I made this sorry mistake. [[User:LouisAlain|LouisAlain]] ([[User talk:LouisAlain|talk]]) 20:21, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

:Don't worries, that's entirely understandable. Keep up the good work. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 21:18, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

== German castle terminology can NOT be translated ''ad litteram'' into English! ==

English has its own, centuries-old terminology regarding fortifications. You've been translating German articles into English like there's no tomorrow ([[fortified gateway]], [[bridge castle]], God knows what else), without paying attention to the correct, well-established English terminology. Some German terms simply don't exist in English, some mean something else altogether if translated literally. These "articles" are misleading, mainly to non-native speakers, who take them to represent something real in English, which they don't. Please, do some research before doing any more of this! Eine wortwörtliche Übersetzung ohne vorherige Recherche ist ''immer'' ein grundsätzlicher Fehler, der kaum noch korrigiert werden kann, Ihre Arbeit und jene aller, die nach Ihnen etwas beitragen, ist für die Katz, verschwendet, umsonst, oder noch schlimmer: Sie ist irreführend. Übersetzer ist ein Beruf und muss durch harte Arbeit erlernt werden, Google Translate ist dagegen nur ein schnelle Hilfe für unterwegs. Thank you. Danke für Ihr Verständnis. [[User:Arminden|Arminden]] ([[User talk:Arminden|talk]]) 19:01, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

:You need to learn some manners and to avoid making sweeping, over-the-top accusations that aren't true. I'm well aware of the terminology of English 'castellology' and German ''Burgenkunde'' and the fact that some terms don't have an English equivalent, hence my work on ''[[bergfried]], [[palas]]'' and ''[[angstloch]]''. But translation is an art, not a science. And please don't lecture me about so-called 'professional translators' - I've seen them make some real howlers in specialist literature. I've responded to your other comments at the talk pages concerned. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 16:15, 10 March 2021 (UTC)

== Precious anniversary ==
{{User QAIbox/auto|years=Nine}} --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 06:23, 10 March 2021 (UTC)

== Water castle ==

I've reverted your changes because, in the contentious area of the title, we should be following [[WP:BRD]] and discussing any changes on the talk page. I agree with some of the other areas, so I think we can make some improvements. But you need to provide evidence to show that ''Wasserburg'' is the accepted English word in sources before changing that bit again. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 12:56, 12 March 2021 (UTC)
== Translation of Trenton Joel Tollakson Wikipedia Page ==

Hello, could you help me translate my personal wikipedia page: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TJ_Tollakson from German to English? Cheers, TJ Tollakson — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.206.79.34|66.206.79.34]] ([[User talk:66.206.79.34#top|talk]]) 19:58, 17 May 2021 (UTC) 

:That's done. It probably needs some tweaking by an editor familiar with the sport. You should not edit your own bio though. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:41, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

== [[Weser Renaissance]] ==

The revert included an edit summary explaining my edit and your friend didn't supply an edit summary so your revert was unhelpful. [[User:Catchpoke|Catchpoke]] ([[User talk:Catchpoke|talk]]) 17:45, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
:It's good to include a comment with edits, but you didn't follow the right process after being reverted, which iaw [[WP:BRD]] is to go to the talk page and explain your 'bold' edit there. Otherwise we just end up with edit wars which is pointless. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 17:49, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
::I posted this before finding out that you agreed with me. [[User:Catchpoke|Catchpoke]] ([[User talk:Catchpoke|talk]]) 17:53, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
:::No worries. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 18:03, 12 July 2021 (UTC)

== Need help to get an article translated ==

Dear Bermicourt, hopefully you can help: I'm looking for someone translating this article from German into English: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Bonhoeffer
To be honest: for me it's very complicated to find out how to do that. I tried but failed. It would be really great if you can help or if you know someone who possibly can do the translation.
Many thanks and best wishes from Zurich, Andrea

:That's done, Andrea, although there are one or two loose ends to tidy up which I'll leave to the experts. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:32, 26 July 2021 (UTC)

== Eder river ==

Hi Bermicourt, regarding [[Eder (Fulda)]], I chose to move it to [[Eder (river)]] so that it follows [[WP:NCRIVER]], as Lennart97 mentions. I am aware there is another river with the same name, but this river would be the clear primary topic for a river. As mentioned in NCRIVER: {{tq|The primary topic can stay at the [[WP:undisambiguated|undisambiguated]] title while lesser-known ones add a qualifier, e.g., [[Jordan River]] (in the Middle East), [[Jordan River (disambiguation)]], [[Jordan River (Utah)]]"}}. Do you think you can move it back to [[Eder (river)]]? [[User:Vpab15|Vpab15]] ([[User talk:Vpab15|talk]]) 17:20, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
:Done.[[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 20:33, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
::Thank you! [[User:Vpab15|Vpab15]] ([[User talk:Vpab15|talk]]) 20:38, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
:::NCRIVER says "If different rivers with the same name exist, disambiguate with parentheses using either the parent river, country or (if both in the same country) the largest geographical entity that distinguishes them" so I don't think that was appropriate and it appears to have simply been that Lennart97 didn't notice the other river. The proposal fits in with that while the alternative doesn't. While partial disambiguation is occasionally used it has been controversial so I don't think it should have been done without more consensus at least. The primary topic example of [[Jordan River]] is a base title not a qualified title namely one with brackets anyway. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 17:12, 28 July 2021 (UTC)
::::I'll move this discussion to the talk page. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 18:25, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

== [[Ace-Ten games]] ==

Hi Bermicourt, really appreciate the effort you put into the article [[Ace-Ten games]]! Unfortunately there are some dangling references to sources. Could let us know the source for Dummett? And which of the Parlett books did you reference? I've temporarily [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ace-Ten_games&type=revision&diff=1036867235&oldid=1024878622 hidden] the citations. Hope you can help us retrieve these sources! - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 05:18, 3 August 2021 (UTC)
:{{ping|Aussie Article Writer}} That's done. Thanks for alerting me. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:24, 3 August 2021 (UTC)
::No probs :-) I converted it to the citation template. - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 08:10, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

== [[Animal Tarot]] ==

Hi Bermicourt, with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_tarot&diff=next&oldid=1037136977 this edit], you added a reference to Birlinger & Pfaff 1916... but there isn't any source... do you still have that so we can add it to the article? - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 09:18, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 10:37, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
::Thanks! - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 12:45, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
::Sorry to be a pain Bermicourt, but I've found another dangling ref - see [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_tarot&diff=1037352079&oldid=1037351421 this edit] where I hid it. Would you know the source? - [[User:Aussie Article Writer|Aussie Article Writer]] ([[User talk:Aussie Article Writer|talk]]) 01:32, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Dreierles==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/August#13 August 2021|13 August 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Dreierles]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that German soldiers fighting with [[Napoleon]] brought home a Spanish modification to the [[Tarot card games|Tarot game]] of '''[[Dreierles]]''' ''(pictured)'' that resulted in [[Baden]]'s national game of [[Cego]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Dreierles]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-08-03&end=2021-08-23&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Dreierles Dreierles]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 00:02, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

== Sfn errors ==

Hi. Thanks for sorting out the Polish translation issues.

I would like to compare notes with you one what drew my attention to [[Bettelmann]] in the first place. I was working my way through [https://bambots.brucemyers.com/cwb/bycat/Board_and_table_games.html#Harv%20and%20Sfn%20no-target%20errors Sfn errors] and using [[Template:Sfn]] as a guide. I found it worked quite well, so long as the sources were fundamentally correct. It meant that if you click on the link in the References section it highlights the corresponding link in the Literature section. That's quite nice I think.

As far as I can tell you have resolved all the Sfn errors in the [[Bettelmann]] article using a different approach. So I would appreciate hearing your views. [[User:Slimy asparagus|Slimy asparagus]] ([[User talk:Slimy asparagus|talk]]) 15:15, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

:{{ping|Slimy asparagus}} sure. I started using [[Template:Sfn]] a long while ago because it gave a consistent way of displaying references. What I didn't appreciate was that, unless it was linked to a full citation template in the bibliography, it generated error messages, even if the full reference was correctly entered manually. Basically you have to use one system or the other; you can't mix and match. Personally I prefer to enter the full references manually - it's quicker - so when I come across places where I've generated error messages by using [[Template:Sfn]], I just revert my edits to the non-template system. HTH. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 16:27, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
::Okay. You haven't convinced me that Template:Sfn used in conjunction with Template:Cite book is a bad idea. However I no intention of telling you how to edit pages that you have more interest in than I. And you have more experience than I do, so maybe you're right. In any case it only makes sense to me when a Wikipedia page is mostly making page-specific references to offline sources.
::From your user page your board game interests seem to be card games. Anything else? I shall be extremely cautious in touching those pages and I shall certainly defer to you. I have put my interests on my user page. More generally I want to look at whatever metrics we have or can construct and trying to improve them.
::Speaking of which, are you going to work on fixing errors on pages in your area of interest, using this page: [https://bambots.brucemyers.com/cwb/bycat/Board_and_table_games.html]? [[User:Slimy asparagus|Slimy asparagus]] ([[User talk:Slimy asparagus|talk]]) 16:53, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
:::I don't think the template combination is a bad idea; I just prefer not to use it. Probably because when importing references from de.wiki, converting them to use the template takes up valuable time that I'd rather spend on translation itself.
:::Yes, my focus is on researching and playing card games, especially traditional Austrian and German ones, although I have also forayed into other European and Anglo-American games and have researched a number of domino games too. I have close links with a number of experts in the field which helps. I and my family play board games, but am no expert and wouldn't have the time to expand into that area.
:::Re the error log - yes, I've only just come across that and will certainly take a look at doing some fixes. Probably not in the next week or two as I'm on holiday with family. Cheers. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 17:30, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
::::So the report came out today.We have two new pages: [[Brelan]] and [[Culbas]]. Also I was thought I might look at "CS1 errors: extra text: volume" today, but I will leave [[Zwickern]] and the above to you. [[User:Slimy asparagus|Slimy asparagus]] ([[User talk:Slimy asparagus|talk]]) 14:41, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
:::::Thanks, those three are fixed. I will continue to do this as I come across them anyway, but don't mind you flagging others up periodically. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 15:05, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::I am still seeing an error in [[Zwickern]]. By the way I followed the advice in [[Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display]] and it enables me to find the errors quickly. [[User:Slimy asparagus|Slimy asparagus]] ([[User talk:Slimy asparagus|talk]]) 15:59, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
==DYK for Comet (card game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/August#29 August 2021|29 August 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Comet (card game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the [[card game]] '''[[Comet (card game)|Comet]]''', originally called ''Manille'', was renamed in 1682 after the appearance of [[Halley's Comet]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Comet (card game)]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-08-19&end=2021-09-08&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Comet_(card_game) Comet (card game)]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 12:02, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

== [[WP:V]] ==

I really don't want to come down as condescending on this, but really, you've been here long enough that I shouldn't be having to revert edits like [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German-suited_playing_cards&type=revision&diff=1042244864&oldid=1042162069 this] because they fail to provide a reliable source. [[User:RandomCanadian|RandomCanadian]] ([[User talk:RandomCanadian|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/RandomCanadian|contribs]]) 23:31, 3 September 2021 (UTC)
:... condescending and perhaps a little hasty. Wikipedia doesn't require a source per sentence and it's usually helpful to request a source for a good faith edit from an editor before reverting and causing both of us unnecessary work. And none of your changes were cited either BTW. I've largely reinstated my edit at [[German-suited playing cards]], adding the relevant sources, so that should now be fine. Your comment at [[passenger railroad car]] wrongly assumes I didn't read the background. In fact I did read the sorry saga of the move request, which went ahead despite a split vote and which has only made a poor situation worse. "Passenger railroad car" is the least universal and least common of the discussed options. Meanwhile, given the resulting horlicks, I was simply trying to clarify who uses which terms in order to begin addressing its multiple issues. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 07:49, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

== Again? ==

"Tyrolese" is an outdated 18th/19th century English term. Please stop insisting on using an outdated term. National Geographic uses [https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/2017/09/italy-tyroleans-do-it-better Tyroleans], as does South Tyrol's marketing agency: [https://www.suedtirol.info/en/this-is-south-tyrol/people South Tyroleans]. As does the province itself: [https://www.provinz.bz.it/this-is-south-tyrol/separation-from-austria.asp itself] and so on and on. Tyrolean is the correct name nowadays, so please stop reverting to an outdated tern. [[User:Noclador|noclador]] ([[User talk:Noclador|talk]]) 18:43, 11 September 2021 (UTC)
:Please follow [[WP:BRD]] and discuss this on the [[Talk:Tyrolean Unterland|talk page]], not here. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 21:22, 11 September 2021 (UTC)

== Missing language links for flat wagon ==

{{ping|User:Bermicourt}} Still '''missing''' language links (other languages) for [[flat wagon]]: [[:es:Vagón plataforma]], [[:cs:Plošinový vůz]], [[:ja:長物車]] and perhaps [[:nl:Containerwagen]] [[User:Peter Horn|Peter Horn]] [[User talk:Peter Horn|User talk]] 03:04, 25 September 2021 (UTC)
:Correction, [[:nl:Containerwagen]] should be linked to [[flat car]] as should also be [[:ja:コンテナ車]] [[User:Peter Horn|Peter Horn]] [[User talk:Peter Horn|User talk]] 03:40, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

== Reverting "entered into service" versus "taken into service" ==

Hi there, About your [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuland_Lighthouse&diff=1049002084&oldid=1048972358 reverting my change] of "taken into service" to "entered into service". Not disputing your change at all, but I do want to comment on it. In nearly five decades as a native English speaker I'd never seen the term "taken into service" until I read this article, whereas I see "entered into service" quite frequently.

Google shows nearly twice as many hits for "taken into service" than "entered into service", so I don't doubt that it's a common phrase. I'm guessing it may be more commonly used in Europe (where you're from) than in North America (where I'm from), which would explain the different perspectives. Given that context, I'm surprised you resorted to a revert, which [[WP:ROWN|"tends to be hostile"]]. Given that mine was a good-faith edit, and our disagreement appears to be one of British versus American English, I was surprised that you chose to rebuke me in a way that will live in my stats forever.

I'm not offended, but maybe be a bit less aggressive with reverting in the future? [[User:Stephen Hui|Stephen Hui]] ([[User talk:Stephen Hui|talk]]) 17:35, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

:I've copied this to the talk page and responded there iaw [[WP:BRD]]. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 18:35, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

== Discussion at Frisians ==

With respect, I don't know that there is a "discussion about this at the talk page", so I would appreciate you don't make that assumption. There was a discussion at the [[Talk:English people|English talkpage]], but given the fact that it has been quiet for well over 2months, I would assume it's concluded and not on the side that you advocated. [[User:Alssa1|Alssa1]] ([[User talk:Alssa1|talk]]) 13:06, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

:I've responded on the relevant talk pages. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 13:36, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

== In other languages ==

The "in other languages" for [[:de:pfannenwagen]] still throws me to [[tank car]]. [[User:Peter Horn|Peter Horn]] [[User talk:Peter Horn|User talk]] 23:40, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
:I've changed it to point to [[ladle transfer car]], but I can see the problem is that the German article also includes torpedo wagon as a sub-section, so they may change it back. Often, different wikis are at different stages of development, so there isn't always a one-to-one match. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 09:10, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
==DYK for Trictrac==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/November#20 November 2021|20 November 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Trictrac]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Trictrac]]''' ''(board pictured)'' was the classic [[tables game]] of France, just as [[backgammon]] is of the English-speaking world today?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Trictrac]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-11-10&end=2021-11-30&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Trictrac Trictrac]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 12:02, 20 November 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Jacquet (game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/November#22 November 2021|22 November 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Jacquet (game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the classic [[board game]] '''[[Jacquet (game)|Jacquet]]''' was the benchmark for all [[tables game]]s in France during the 19th century?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Jacquet (game)]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-11-12&end=2021-12-02&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Jacquet_(game) Jacquet (game)]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 00:02, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Irish (game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/December#11 December 2021|11 December 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Irish (game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that [[backgammon]] was derived from the esteemed 16th-century Scottish and English [[tables game]] of '''[[Irish (game)|Irish]]''' and eventually surpassed it in popularity?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Irish (game)]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-12-01&end=2021-12-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Irish_(game) Irish (game)]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 13:19, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

== Revert of Altes Schloss (Bad Berneck) ==

I understand why you reverted my recent edits to [[Altes Schloss (Bad Berneck)]], citing [[H:MARKUP]]. However, Wikipedia has been using unspaced headings (example: <nowiki>==Heading2==</nowiki>) for years, and many articles contain headings using the non-spaced formats. Further, such non-spaced heading formats are used as examples in [[MOS:HEADINGS]], where spaces are described as being ''optional''. Using [[WP:BOLD]], I have added text to [[H:MARKUP]] below the Markup / Renders as box as follows:
:"Heading formats may contain spaces (as shown in the example above) or not. The key point is that they should be consistent throughout an article, all headings should contain a single space to the left and right of the "=" sign(s) or no spaces, the formats should not be intermingled in the same article. See further examples in [[MOS:HEADINGS]]."
[[User:Truthanado|Truthanado]] ([[User talk:Truthanado|talk]]) 00:55, 17 December 2021 (UTC)
::{{ping|Truthanado}} I'm aware that both spaced and unspaced are acceptable provided they are consistent within the article. Personally, I find spaced headings easier to read, but given that the choice is left to editors, it would make sense to stay with the format of the original editor as we do with [[WP:ENGVAR]] to avoid edit conflict. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 09:39, 17 December 2021 (UTC)
:::I agree wholeheartedly with you. Consistency within an article is desirable. I'm not suggesting that editors go on a campaign to check all articles, but if other edits are being made in the article, why not make sure other things (like heading formats) in the article are consistent. Editors already do that for dmy or mdy date formats. FYI, [[User:Redrose64]] has reverted my edits to [[H:MARKUP]]. feel free to comment if you wish. [[User:Truthanado|Truthanado]] ([[User talk:Truthanado|talk]]) 12:53, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Ticktack==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/December#17 December 2021|17 December 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Ticktack]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the mediaeval English [[tables game]] of '''[[Ticktack]]''' has several ways of winning, including ''Toots'' and ''Rovers''?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Ticktack]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-12-07&end=2021-12-27&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Ticktack Ticktack]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 12:03, 17 December 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Ludus Anglicorum==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/December#18 December 2021|18 December 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Ludus Anglicorum]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the "English Game", '''[[Ludus Anglicorum]]''', was the most popular [[tables game]] in the [[Middle Ages|mediaeval]] England of [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]]'s time?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Ludus Anglicorum]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-12-08&end=2021-12-28&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Ludus_Anglicorum Ludus Anglicorum]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 12:02, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

==DYK for Doublets (tables game)==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/December#19 December 2021|19 December 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Doublets (tables game)]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the historical English [[tables game]] of '''[[Doublets (tables game)|Doublets]]''' was mentioned in 1549 in a sermon by [[Hugh Latimer|Latimer]] to King [[Edward VI]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Doublets (tables game)]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2021-12-09&end=2021-12-29&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Doublets_(tables_game) Doublets (tables game)]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}}  — [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] ([[User talk:Amakuru|talk]]) 00:03, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

== Lower case names ==

Hi Bermicourt. In general, Wikipedia avoids unnecessary capitalization, which is used almost exclusively for proper nouns, acronyms/initialisms, and to begin sentences. The capitalization section of the [[WP:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Sports, games, and other activities|MoS]] states that the names of games are not capitalized. While the MoS is a guideline, I believe it's in agreement with common English usage not just in North America, but in general. I also don't believe that use in specialized literature is necessarily relevant to the issue. I further don't see how capitalization of a game name would aid in clarity and avoid confusion; if anything, it's likely to cause confusion because capitals are understood to mean proper nouns.

You've noted that the names of common games like [[chess]] and [[backgammon]] are usually not capitalized, and you will find that they're not capitalized in those articles. However, the popularity of a game is no basis for a policy on whether or not its name should be capitalized. Would we need to be constantly evaluating the popularity of games and moving them from one list to the other as it waxes and wanes? The simple and elegant solution is capitalization in accordance with standard English practice.

I won't get into a revert war with you over this, but I'd ask that you consider the issue of whether usage in gaming literature should trump common English capitalization rules, the Wikipedia MoS, and the goal of a simple and consistent policy. Exceptions for specialized fields should not be made unless there's a very compelling argument for them. I don't think we have one here. [[User:Lexicon|Lexicon]] [[User talk:Lexicon|(talk)]] 06:53, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

:I had never in my life heard of a particular North American tendency to follow the normal accepted use of capitalization as opposed to a lax British one, and I'm not sure such a thing is actually real. Nor do I suspect that there's anything at all behind your ascribing American imperialist intentions to the writers of the MoS. As for the number of sources using certain spellings, I'm sure you can appreciate that when you're talking about games so obscure that you've only now added them to Wikipedia, the sources are of a specialized nature the use in which is possibly not indicative of the way an average English speaker would use those terms. Specialized literature of all types tends to do things like emphasize its terminology with capitals against common use, which an average speaker would not do. Additionally, many of your sources for these games are also kind of ancient, no doubt employing deprecated pre-20th century language conventions. Both of these (but especially the first), I think, are sound arguments against taking the conventions of the table games community regarding capitalization and applying them to this specific segment of Wikipedia against standard English conventions for capitalization. [[User:Lexicon|Lexicon]] [[User talk:Lexicon|(talk)]] 14:38, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

::I'm not advocating for "the average English reader's level of knowledge", though. I'm advocating for common English practice. I don't see this as an informal vs. formal issue. It's instead a specialized vs. common issue. I wouldn't call capitalizing industry terms "formal", and using [[WP:RS]] when the only easily identifiable written sources (because of obscurity) are specialized publications might follow the letter of the law while breaking its spirit. And again, I argue that capitalizing in this one corner of Wikipedia would cause more confusion than it prevents (even though I think both are pretty negligible), even if in the specialized gaming literature it might arguably enhance clarity. Also, you must realize that saying "let's stop here" after you've made your point—instead of in place of making it—is just a wee bit rich. [[User:Lexicon|Lexicon]] [[User talk:Lexicon|(talk)]] 16:03, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

:::I don't believe this discussion was fruitless at all. I heard your reasoning, and you heard mine. I also hoped that it was not a case of "neither of us is going to convince the other", as I go into these things with an open mind, able to be swayed by salient arguments. It's unfortunate if you don't do the same. Personally I think my argument should have been enough to sway you, as I do believe it is a good one, and I think that if you'd take a step back from the issue and try to see it as something other than a conflict with someone ruining your good work with their lowly common Americanisms (I'm a Canadian and a Brit, btw, although that's neither here nor there), you might be able to be convinced. Either way, I don't think my being an admin plays (or should play) into the appropriate resolution of this matter at all. I'm open to [[WP:3O]] or [[WP:DRN]] to start, if you feel my position as an administrator is unfairly affecting the outcome. [[User:Lexicon|Lexicon]] [[User talk:Lexicon|(talk)]] 22:02, 20 December 2021 (UTC)
== Opole: relevance ==

Hi Bermicourt
I see you have just undone my deleted section on "Opole". Can we discuss this please? I am on the committee of the Rundlingsverein e V.,have lived for 16 years in a rundling village, and am probably the only native english speaking expert on Rundling villages. Most of the article is mine. I am in regular personal contact with Professor Wolfgang Meibeyer, who is without argument the greatest living expert on Rundlinge.

There is an academic debate that has been going on since the days of Anneliese Krenzlin and Willi Schulz about the origins of the Rundling form. One by now widely discredited argument is that Rundlinge, because their original occupiers were indeed Slavic farmers, came in some way from the Slavic tribes further East (Poles, Czechs, Russians, etc). No evidence whatsoever has been cited to show any such link.

Wolfgang Meibeyer's argument has always been that the half-moon shape was created by Germanic overlords for their Slavic farmers, who cleared the forests in the 12th/13th century following the Wendenkreuzzug of 1147. This is pictured in the Sachsenspiegel, a near contemporary account of the "Ostkolonisation ". There is no known connection to the Opole of Poland. Of course circular villages have existed the world over, and The University of Cottbus' Institute of Heritage Management has catalogised them all very recently. However to put in an article on German Rundlinge, a prominent link to Opole is factually false, and can only come from a lay view. Sadly antique2020 who wrote this addition falls into this category. It is deeply misleading to have this unedited under "Rundlinge". cheers. Adrian Greenwood. agwendland

adrian.greenwood@t-online.de — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/217.80.39.5|217.80.39.5]] ([[User talk:217.80.39.5#top|talk]]) 19:06, 1 January 2022 (UTC) 

== Translation request ==
Hello Bermicourt! I was wondering if you would like to translate a paragraph for me from German to English. (I found your name [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Translators_available#German-to-English here].) I use Google Translate to obtain basic facts from articles written in foreign languages; however, I do not trust it to translate complex information well. Here is the paragraph, which is in [https://www.bzbasel.ch/basel/basel-stadt/der-euro-aiport-sagt-aadje-swiss-willkommen-skywork-ld.1696348 this article]:

"Zwischen Ende 1998 und 2000 flog Swissair die einzige Langstrecke ab Basel: New York/Newark. Doch die für die Basler Pharma gedachte tägliche Verbindung war im Prinzip nur eine Reaktion auf ein Projekt eines potenziellen Konkurrenten, der eine Full-Businessclass-Boeing auf dieser Strecke einsetzen wollte. Die Strecke wurde aber nur halbherzig beworben. Auf dem Swissair-Werbeflyer für Passagiere aus den USA wurde das Angebot nach Basel schlicht nicht erwähnt."

Please let me know if you would be available to do this. Thank you, — [[User:Sunnya343|''Sunnya343✈'']] ([[User talk:Sunnya343|háblame]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sunnya343|my work]]) 01:02, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

:Done - on your talk page. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 09:46, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

== in friendship ==
{{User QAIbox
| title = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2022#24 Jan|January songs]]
| image = Forest in snow, Engenhahn.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
| bold = [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#2022 · in friendship|in friendship]]
}}
Thank you for being around! - [[User:Gerda Arendt/Images 2022|Happy new year, in friendship]]! - Today I show yesterday's snow and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1064624973 today's music, Schon gewusst?] in memory of Jerome Kohl, a friend --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 11:57, 9 January 2022 (UTC)
{{User QAIbox
| title = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2022#25 Feb|February songs]]
| image = Creek frozen.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
| bold = [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#RexxS|frozen]]
}}
[[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2022 February 7|my joy]] - more [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1070459492 on my talk] --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 17:38, 7 February 2022 (UTC)

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1071802461 Valentine's Day edition], with spring flowers and plenty of music --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 17:51, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1074005793 stand and sing] --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 22:17, 25 February 2022 (UTC)

I took the pic in 2009. It was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1075521687 on the German MP] yesterday, with the song from 1885, in English [[Prayer for Ukraine]]. --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 10:40, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

== Kamienna Góra ==

Bermicourt, what are you doing? I'm not sure you understand the what [[Wikipedia:BOLD, revert, discuss cycle]] entails. This is the edit [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamienna_G%C3%B3ra&type=revision&diff=1067403351&oldid=1057412151] where user Tino Cannst added new information, while at the same time removing an old long standing statement. I reverted that, so why are you restoring it? Also, I started a talk page discussion [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AKamienna_G%C3%B3ra&type=revision&diff=1069094344&oldid=352311056] because this new item added by Tino Cannst is a minor fact and creates a bit of an imbalance, yet you did not even bother to comment on it, you just restored the new text that was added. Please follow Wikipedia rules instead of restoring NEW text which is disputed. New text can be reverted and it's up to the user to convince others for it's inclusion not the other way around. --[[User:E-960|E-960]] ([[User talk:E-960|talk]]) 19:41, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

==DYK nomination of Rosamund's Bower==
[[File:Symbol question.svg|25px]] Hello! Your submission of [[Rosamund's Bower]] at the [[Template talk:DYK|Did You Know nominations page]] has been reviewed, and some issues with it may need to be clarified. Please review the comment(s) at '''[[Template:Did you know nominations/Rosamund's Bower|your nomination's entry]]''' and respond there as soon as possible. Thank you for contributing to Did You Know!  [[User:Morgan695|Morgan695]] ([[User talk:Morgan695|talk]]) 01:17, 24 February 2022 (UTC)
:Bermicourt, final call for you to provide the QPQ and address the issues raised in the above review. Hope to see you there. [[User:BlueMoonset|BlueMoonset]] ([[User talk:BlueMoonset|talk]]) 23:12, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

== Always precious ==
[[File:Yogo2783 Close crop.JPG|frameless|right|upright=0.5]]
Ten years ago, [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Quality Article Improvement/Precious#{{BASEPAGENAME}}|you]] were found precious. That's what you are, always. I cherish working with you! --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:51, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

:You are precious too - bless you. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 08:53, 10 March 2022 (UTC)
:: Thank you, - and yes, 3 people said so ;) - Listening to the charity concert [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gerda_Arendt&oldid=1076348542 mentioned here]. I created the articles of the composer and the soprano. --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 20:04, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

== Solitaire articles and WP:RS ==

Thanks for all the work you've been doing on improving the solitaire articles. And thank you also for jumping in the discussion on my Talk page with your comments.

What other editors popping in might not realize is that many of the articles in question have had zero citations for over ten years or more. So the kinds of references we've been supplying improves things, being from reliable contributors, even if the site they're hosted on is not ideal. I appreciate the case you made about seeing them as arguably interim in nature, even if they don't quite tick all the WP:RS boxes. Removing them entirely will arguably only result in some instances where Wikipedia articles on solitaire games are absent of references for another next ten years, even though these are subjects that clearly deserve to be covered in Wikipedia.

Part of the problem is that it's a specialty area of study with few contributors, so over-vigilance and over-policing based on a cursory visit to those pages or the sources in question isn't helpful. And in some instances it wasn't just the citation that was removed, but also other content changes, resulting in an overall regress of quality. But let's keep plugging away, and hopefully our efforts will lead to improvements in the long run. Thanks again for your contributions, involvement, and engagement. [[User:Gregorytopov|Gregorytopov]] ([[User talk:Gregorytopov|talk]]) 09:22, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

== Category:Nazi personnel who resisted the Holocaust ==

You may be interested in the discussion at [[Category talk:Nazi personnel who resisted the Holocaust#Correct title?]]. Sincerely, [[User:HopsonRoad|HopsonRoad]] ([[User talk:HopsonRoad|talk]]) 14:44, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==DYK for Rosamund's Bower==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2022/April#14 April 2022|14 April 2022]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Rosamund's Bower]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that in '''[[Rosamund's Bower]]''' ''(setup pictured)'', the aim is to reunite [[Rosamund Clifford|Fair Rosamund]] with [[Henry II of England|King Henry]]?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Rosamund's Bower]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2022-04-04&end=2022-04-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Rosamund%27s_Bower Rosamund's Bower]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Maile66|— Maile ]] ([[User talk:Maile66|talk]]) 00:02, 14 April 2022 (UTC)
{{DYK views|10,807|900.6|April 2022}} [[User:Theleekycauldron|theleekycauldron]] ([[User talk:Theleekycauldron|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Theleekycauldron|contribs]]) (she/[[Singular they|they]]) 02:03, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

== I have sent you a note about a page you started ==

Hello, Bermicourt, Thank you for creating [[Augustusburg Castle]].
[[User:North8000]], while examining this page as a part of our [[WP:NPP|page curation process]], had the following comments:

{{Bq|1=Thanks for your work}}

To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{code|<nowiki>{{Re|</nowiki>North8000<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}. Please remember to sign your reply with {{code|<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}} .

(Message delivered via the [[Wikipedia:Page Curation/Help|Page Curation]] tool, on behalf of the reviewer.)

''North8000'' ([[User talk:North8000#top|talk]]) 12:49, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

==DYK for German Tarok==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2022/May#20 May 2022|20 May 2022]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[German Tarok]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that it is purportedly hard to find a more interesting [[card game]] played with [[German-suited playing cards|German-suited cards]] than Sansprendre, a variant of '''[[German Tarok]]'''?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/German Tarok]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2022-05-10&end=2022-05-30&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=German_Tarok German Tarok]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Casliber|Cas Liber]] ([[User talk:Casliber|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Casliber|contribs]]) 00:02, 20 May 2022 (UTC)
{{User QAIbox
| title = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2022#29 May|May songs]]
| image = Rapsfeld, Gnadenthal.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
}}
Thank you for making DYK Germany richer! --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 06:16, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

== Translation request ==
Hallo Bermicourt! Wir würden gerne eine Übersetzung von der deutschen Wikipedia Seite "Edith Hlawati" anfordern.
Viele Grüße!
[[User:Österreichische Beteiligungs AG|Österreichische Beteiligungs AG]] ([[User talk:Österreichische Beteiligungs AG|talk]]) 08:47, 14 June 2022 (UTC)
:Leider ist das nicht mein Themenkreis. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt#top|talk]]) 11:02, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

==DYK nomination of Six-Bid Solo==
[[File:Symbol question.svg|25px]] Hello! Your submission of [[Six-Bid Solo]] at the [[Template talk:DYK|Did You Know nominations page]] has been reviewed, and some issues with it may need to be clarified. Please review the comment(s) at '''[[Template:Did you know nominations/Six-Bid Solo|your nomination's entry]]''' and respond there at your earliest convenience. Thank you for contributing to Did You Know!  [[User:Narutolovehinata5|Narutolovehinata5]] ([[User talk:Narutolovehinata5|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Narutolovehinata5|contributions]]) 07:50, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
== Nomination for deletion of [[:Template:Infobox natural region of Germany]] ==
[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|30px|link=]][[:Template:Infobox natural region of Germany]] has been [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion|nominated for deletion]]. You are invited to comment on the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 29#Template:Infobox natural region of Germany|the entry on the Templates for discussion page]]. [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] ([[User talk:Gonnym|talk]]) 12:40, 29 June 2022 (UTC)
== Nomination for deletion of [[:Template:S-Bahn-Karlsruhe]] ==
[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|30px|link=]][[:Template:S-Bahn-Karlsruhe]] has been [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion|nominated for deletion]]. You are invited to comment on the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 July 7#Template:S-Bahn-Karlsruhe|the entry on the Templates for discussion page]]. [[User:Frietjes|Frietjes]] ([[User talk:Frietjes|talk]]) 22:25, 7 July 2022 (UTC)
== Nomination for deletion of [[:Template:Dresden S-Bahn]] ==
[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|30px|link=]][[:Template:Dresden S-Bahn]] has been [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion|nominated for deletion]]. You are invited to comment on the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 July 11#Template:Dresden S-Bahn|the entry on the Templates for discussion page]]. [[User:Frietjes|Frietjes]] ([[User talk:Frietjes|talk]]) 17:29, 11 July 2022 (UTC)
== "Template:Dokumentation" listed at [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|Redirects for discussion]] ==
[[File:Information.svg|30px]]
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect [[:Template:Dokumentation]] and has thus listed it [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|for discussion]]. This discussion will occur at [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 July 15#Template:Dokumentation]] until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion.  <big>[[user:q28|Q]][[user talk:q28|𝟤]][[special:contribs/q28|𝟪]]</big> 09:42, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

== [[Template:Did you know nominations/Corner chair|Corner chair]] ==

Wanted to courtesy ping you that there's been a reply on the above DYK nomination you reviewed. [[User:Sammi Brie|Sammi Brie]] (she/her • [[User talk:Sammi Brie|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sammi Brie|c]]) 20:51, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

==DYK for Six-Bid Solo==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2022/July#18 July 2022|18 July 2022]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Six-Bid Solo]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that the American [[card game]] of '''[[Six-Bid Solo]]''' originated in southern Germany?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Six-Bid Solo]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2022-07-08&end=2022-07-28&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Six-Bid_Solo Six-Bid Solo]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (i.e., 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 00:02, 18 July 2022 (UTC)

== Sources ==

Hi, Bermicourt. A couple of editors have begun a campaign to evaluate sources over at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Board and table games/Sources]] and its talk. Mostly they're sifting through potential sources for the welter of new games coming out every day, a difficult task that I'm not really interested in. However, I've floated a few online sources for historical games, which were also welcomed. Just mentioning in case you know of additional quality sources that might be worth listing. Cheers. [[User:Phil wink|Phil wink]] ([[User talk:Phil wink|talk]]) 21:44, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

== Pronouns ==

Hi @[[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] I'm making a list of card games articles where the pronouns are too ambiguous, hoping you'll find time to take a look. I still may change part of the article where there is less ambiguity, but in which case I'll identify the ambiguous section:

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_(card_game) - second paragraph of Strategy section
[[User:Tom dl|Tom dl]] ([[User talk:Tom dl|talk]]) 08:30, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

Literature (card game)

2022-08-04T08:28:06Z

Tom dl:

{{Short description|Card game}}
{{redirect|Canadian Fish|fishes of Canada|List of fishes in Canada}}
{{inline citations|date=January 2011}}
'''Literature''' is a [[card game]] for 4 to 12 players, most commonly played with 6 or 8 players in two teams. It uses a modified version of the Western 52-[[playing card]] deck; four cards with the same face value (typically 2's or 8's) are removed, leaving 48 cards. The game is sometimes called '''Fish''' or '''Canadian Fish''', after the similar [[Go Fish]], or '''Recollection'''.

== Rules ==
The players are divided into two teams seated in alternating order. The 48 cards are dealt out to the players. Conceptually the 48 cards are divided into 8 half-suits, such as "low spades" or "high hearts"; see the [[Literature (card game)#Variations|Variations]] section below for specifics. The objective is to win more half-suits than the other team.

Play proceeds with a player requesting a card from a player on the other team. Players may only request cards in half-suits that they already partly have, and players may not request cards that they already have. For example, to ask someone for the 3 of hearts, the player must have at least one card in low hearts and must not have the 3 of hearts itself. If the second player has the card requested, they transfer the card to the first player, who gets another turn. If the second player does not have the card requested, the turn goes to the second player.

When a player has collected all the cards in a half-suit by themselves, they can lay it down face-up and win it for their team. If a half-suit is scattered among the player's own team members, a player can ''declare'' a set on their turn by announcing correctly who has what card in the half-suit, by saying something like:

:''Low spades, I have the 4 and 8, Mary has the 3, and Joseph has the 5, 6, and 7.''

If the player was not entirely correct in saying who had what card, but the entire half-suit was owned by their own team, then the half-suit is forfeit and neither side can win it. If the player was incorrect and one or more of the cards were owned by the other team, then the half-suit is awarded to the other team.

Play continues until all half-suits have been accounted for. The team with more half-suits wins.

==Strategy==
Since players can only ask for cards they do not possess, using the questions asked to others in the game, a player can deduce the card or set of cards a player has. The best strategy for a player is to emit as much information as possible to their team-mates while simultaneously emitting as little information as possible to their opponents. Thus good strategy consists not only of asking for some cards that one needs, but not prematurely divulging the existence of all the half-suits that one has. Players need both strategy and memory skills to win the game.

Another common strategy adopted is the ''stalemate-breaker''. If the members of a team come to the conclusion that all the cards in a set are all held by their own team and they can correctly attribute them, they don't declare the set immediately. This set is kept as a stalemate-breaker. If at a later point in the game a player in the team is at the verge of finishing a set (i.e., he knows which opponent has which card) but is unable to do so because he does not get a turn, the stalemate-breaker is used. One of his team-members can declare the stalemate-breaker set when he gets the turn and pass the turn to him.

==Variations==
Several variations exist, based on how cards are grouped into half-suits:
* The 2s can be eliminated from the deck, using 3-8 as low and 9-A as high.
* The 7s can be eliminated, using A-6 as low and 8-K as high.
* The 8s can be eliminated, using 2-7 as low and 9-A as high. This variant is common in [[India]].
* The game can be played with 54 cards by adding the 2 jokers. The two jokers plus the four cards that are normally removed would form their own half-suit. Thus having nine half-suits makes it impossible for the two teams to tie; unless one of the sets is lost as a null set (depending on house rules; see below). The final amount would only consist of 8 sets.
* One variant uses sets of four cards with matching numbers rather than lows and highs of suits. This would result in 13 sets each having the same face value.

In addition, several house rules may be enforced, depending on the players:
* Players may be required to declare a set as soon as they possess all the cards for that set.
* Players may be required to announce when they have one card remaining, or announce and retire if they have no cards remaining.
* Incorrect declarations may result either in the half-suit being forfeit, or in the half-suit awarded by default to the other team. This rule is sometimes enforced to penalize random guesses from players.
* In some house rules the high set scores twice as many points as the low set.
* A variant played by some advanced players is to allow people to ask for cards they already possess, in order to confuse opponents. This variant is not very common among most players, because it can make the game very complicated and confusing.
* When a set is declared, the team gets to choose who gets to ask next. It is used to transfer the chance to a teammate, if needed.

==References==
*[http://www.pagat.com/quartet/literature.html Literature rules]
*[http://www.bantha.org/~develin/cardgames.html#ch9 Canadian Fish rules]
*[https://playfish.herokuapp.com/ Play Fish]
*[https://www.playlit.in Playlit.in - Play Literature online]
*[https://play-litaf.herokuapp.com Litaf (Literature Online)]
*[http://www.ducksmash.com Ducksmash (Literature Online)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Literature (Card Game)}}
[[Category:Quartet group]]
[[Category:Canadian card games]]
[[Category:Indian card games]]

Kille (card game)

2022-08-04T08:22:46Z

Tom dl:

{{Infobox card game
| title = Kille
| subtitle = Enkortskille
| image_link = File:Hallwylska museet 2012 03.jpg
| image_caption = Kille cards manufactured in 1897 in Stockholm by A Boman. From the collection of the [[Hallwyl Museum]]
| alt_names =
| type = Cuckoo group
| players = 3 – 13
| num_cards = 42 cards
| deck = Kille cards
| play =
| card_rank =
| origin = Sweden
| related = [[Chase the Ace (card game)|Chase the Ace]]{{*}}[[Coucou]]{{*}}[[Cuccú]]{{*}}[[Gnav]]{{*}}[[Hexenspiel]]{{*}}[[Ranter-Go-Round]]
| playing_time = 5 min/deal
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kille''' (pronounced {{IPA|/ɕɪlːɛ/}} or {{IPA|/kɪlːɛ/}}{{efn|The pronunciations with "k" is more common in southern Sweden.}}), also called '''Cambio, Campio, Kambio''' or '''Kamfio,'''<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=kille|url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/kille|work=ne.se|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref> is a game played with special [[playing cards]], dating from a [[mediaeval]] French [[gambling game]]. In Sweden, the game had its heyday during the 1750s, but it is one of the oldest card games still played.<ref name = OFFASON>Insert sheet in Killelek from Offason. ''Regler för Killespelet – Historik''. [[Dan Glimne]].</ref>

== History ==
The French gambling game of [[Coucou]] was invented in France around 1500 and spread across Central Europe. In the late 17th century, an Italian manufacturer produced a deck of cards adapted for the game. The game was named [[Cuccú]] after its highest card. Cuccú had 38 cards and two cards of each denomination (thus 19 unique denominations). Eleven of the cards in each suite were numeral cards, numbered 0-10. The other cards were picture cards, two of which – the Bucket and the Masque – ranked lower than the numerals. Five of the cards were ranked higher: the Inn, Cat, Horse, Guard, and Cuckoo (highest). The nineteenth card, the [[Harlequin]], was outside the rankings and its value was determined by the game played and could vary in the same game.<ref name=OFFASON/>

Cuccú spread north across Europe and became known in southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland by the names of ''Hexenspiel'' and ''Vogelkarten'', which roughly means "Witch game" and "Bird cards".<ref name=OFFASON/>

The card game changed somewhat on its journey through [[Europe]] and was mentioned in [[Sweden]] as Campio for the first time in 1741 in a court record. Campio was a distortion of ''cambio'' or ''camfio'', which was the name that began to be used in Sweden. The name Kille is first documented in 1833 (found in private correspondence from 1826) and was widely used from the 1850s. Kille is probably a corruption of Harlequin which was now the highest ranked card, but still had a special position in some games<ref name=OFFASON/>

The card game's numeral and picture cards changed so that the pack consisted of 42 cards (again in pairs, so there were only 21 denominations). The number of numerals had increased to twelve and were numbered 1-12. There were three cards with lower values than the number cards; the ''Noll'' (Zero) numeral card became the Wreath, the Bucket became the Flowerpot and the Mask became the Fool, often depicted with a mask. The cards with higher values than the numerals were, in ascending order: the Inn, Cavalier, Pig, Hussar, Cuckoo and Harlequin.<ref name=OFFASON/>

== Culture ==
The game of Kille has left its mark on the Swedish language. For example, the phrases "''Svinhugg går igen''" ("the pig bites back"), referring to a rudeness that rebounds on the performer, and "''gå värdshus förbi''" ("go past the inn"), a lost opportunity, both come from the game of One-Card Kille.

Kille has also found its way into Swedish literature. [[Carl Michael Bellman]]'s ''Fredman's Testament'' number 181, ''The Game of Cambio'', is about a player's despair during a game:<ref>[http://books.google.se/books?hl=sv&id=kEIRAQAAMAAJ&q=kambiospelet#v=snippet&q=kambiospelet&f=false Fredmans Testamente nummer 181, ''Kambiospelet'']. Carl Michael Bellman. Läst 2012-06-17</ref>
{{poemquote|1=
''Hej, gutår, och kambio! ''
''Granne, marsch ur potten! ''
''Blaren, den hundsvotten — ''
''Kambio . . . och kuku står. ''
''Jag ser skorsten ryka: ''
''Värdshus måste stryka...''
}}

[[Falstaff, fakir]] rhymed in an [[alphabet book|ABC]] for the letter P:<ref>[http://art-bin.com/art/oenvar1.html Envar sin egen professor, på Artbin]. Falstaff, fakir.</ref>

{{poemquote|1=
''Proletären gärna ville''
''dricka punsch och spela kille''
}}

== Cards ==
[[File:Killekort-Harlekin-IMG 7677.jpg|upright=0.75|thumb|The Harlequin from a traditional Swedish Killekort pack]]
A Kille pack consists of 42 cards. There are no suits in Kille, just two cards of each denomination. The denominations, from highest to lowest, are:
* Harlequin (''Harlekin'' or ''Kille'').{{efn|Although ''Kille'' can mean "boy" or "guy", it is not pronounced with a hard "k", but a softer "ch", so it may be a nickname for Harlequin.}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Kille|url=http://spraktidningen.se/artiklar/2009/04/kille|newspaper=Språktidningen|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>
* Cuckoo (''Kuku, Kucku, Gök'').<ref>[http://www.saob.se/artikel/?show=kucku&unik=K_2877-0386.YofE&pz=3 "Kucku".] SAOB. Läst 2012-01-29.</ref>
* Hussar (''Husar''), also called the Master (''Husse'').
* Pig (''Husu'' or ''Gris'') or the Swine (''Svin'').
* Cavalier (''Kavall'').
* Inn or Tavern (''Värdshus'').
* Numerals, with a [[fleur-de-lys]] as their symbol in the denominations: 12, 11, 10...3, 2 ,1.
* Wreath (''Kransen'').
* Flowerpot (''Blompottan'' or ''Blomkrukan'') or Potty (''Pottan'').
* Fool (''Blaren'' or ''Blarre'').

Kille packs are still available. Two Swedish manufacturers, Öberg (Carta Mundi) and Offason, make them today. The images are in a sepia colour. A coloured pack was produced in 1975 but is no longer available.

== One-Card Kille (Swap Kille) ==
One-Card Kille (''Enkortskille''), also Swap Kille (''Byteskille''), is the traditional game of chance played with Kille cards and may be played by 3 to 13 participants.

Dealer gives one card to each player. The objective is not to have the lowest ranking card after all players have had the opportunity to exchange cards. The one with the lowest card is knocked out, but there are other ways to be knocked out before the cards are finally exposed.

The turn to act is clockwise starting with the player to the left of the dealer. Players may exchange their card with the person sitting to their left, and in that case say "switch" (''byte'') and push the card forward. If a player does not want no exchange cards, the player declares that they are "satisfied" (''nöjd'') and slaps the table. With a few exceptions, the exchange is made with the cards face down. The exchange is not always carried out. If the player to the left has one of the cards below, they expose the card and quote a phrase:
* Cuckoo: If the player has a Cuckoo, the deal is over and everyone must reveal their cards. The person with the Cuckoo says "No one swaps with the Cuckoo!", "Cuckoo stands!" or "The pigeon's taken off!".
* Hussar: When exchanging with a Hussar, the cardholder answers "the Hussar strikes". The player who tries to make an exchange is knocked out, "dead".
* Pig: the holder of a Pig says "the Pig bites back". The attempted exchange is cancelled, but on top of that all previous exchanges are reversed until the Pig has returned to the player who received that card from the dealer. That player is then knocked out (but not the one who tried to make the exchange, unless that player was the one who was dealt the Pig).
* Cavalier and Inn: the holder of a Cavalier or Inn says "pass the Cavalier" or "pass the Inn" and the exchanger must bypass the holder and try to make an exchange with the next person.

Other rules:
* Exchanging with the stock. The dealer is the last one to act. If the dealer wants to exchange, they must do so with the stock. Likewise a player who wanted to exchange with the dealer, but the dealer had the Cavalier or Inn, must exchange with the stock. If the Cavalier or Inn is drawn from the pack, it is not exchanged, but the player instead continues and draws the next card from the stock.
* Cards that are exposed during an exchange remain exposed for the remainder of the deal.
* Harlequins are exchanged face up. If a Harlequin is dealt or drawn from the pack, it is the highest card. If it is exchanged, it becomes the lowest card.

When there is a showdown, either because all players had the opportunity to make an exchange or because a player has encountered a Cuckoo, the player with the lowest card is out along with those who were knocked out for other reasons during the deal. It is possible to re-enter the game for another stake, but only three times: the first time for a single stake, the second time for half the [[pot (cards)|pot]], and the last time for a full pot.

When two players remain, the cards are re-dealt if one of them has received the Harlequin, and there is an immediate showdown if one of them has received the Cuckoo. A player who tries to exchange with the Pig or Hussar has immediately lost.<ref name=OFFASON2>Insticksblad i Killelek från Offason. ''Regler för Killespelet''. Ali Jerrimalm.</ref>

== Other games with Kille cards ==
*[[Femkortskille]] (knackkille) ''(with the variants Auction Kille or Poker Kille)''
*[[Krypkille]] ''(with the variants Sneaky Kille or Åland Kille)''

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references/>

== Bibliography ==
*{{citation |last =Glimne |first =Dan |title=Kortspelshandboken |edition=3rd, expanded |location =Stockholm |publisher =Känguru |year=2016 |pages=405-426 |isbn=978-91-7663-115-7 }}
*{{citation |last =Torgny |first =Ove |title=Tio spel med spader kung |location =Stockholm |publisher =Bilda |year=2003 |pages=90-100 |isbn=91-574-7484-2}}
*{{citation |last1 = Werner |first1 = Einar |last2=Sandgren |first2 = Tore |title=Kortoxen |edition =9th, rev. |location =Stockholm |publisher =Forum |year=1975 |pages=103-111 |isbn=91-37-05798-7 }}

== External links ==
* [http://user.it.uu.se/~joachim/kille.html ''Kille''] - description and variant rules in English.
* [http://www.spraktidningen.se/artiklar/2009/04/kille Om Kille i Språktidningen]

{{Non trick-taking card games}}
[[Category:Swedish card games]]
[[Category:Cuckoo group]]
[[Category:Multi-player card games]]

User talk:Tom dl

2022-08-04T08:20:02Z

Tom dl: /* Pronouns they etc */ Reply

User talk:Tom dl

2022-08-04T08:15:32Z

Tom dl: /* Pronouns they etc */ Reply

Schwimmen

2022-08-04T08:09:44Z

Tom dl:

{{short description|Gambling card game}}
'''Schwimmen''' or '''Einunddreißig''' (in Germany also '''Knack''', '''Schnauz''', '''Wutz''' and '''Bull'''; in Austria as '''Hosen runter''', '''Hosn obe''', '''Hosn obi''' and '''Hosn owi'''; in Switzerland as '''Hosenabe''') is a social [[card game]] for two to nine players, played with a 32-card [[Piquet pack]], that is popular in [[Austria]] and [[Germany]]. Although it is also called ''Einunddreißig'' ([[Thirty-one (card game)|Thirty-one]] or {{lang-fr|Trente-et-un}}), this should not be confused with a predecessor of [[Siebzehn und Vier]] ([[Twenty-One (card game)|Twenty-One]]), also called ''Einunddreißig''. ''Schwimmen'' is German for "swimming" which refers to the last chance that a player gets before they drop out.

Variants or similar games in the United States and Great Britain go under the names of [[Thirty-One (card game)|Thirty-One, Blitz and Scat]], but are played with a 52-card pack. Schwimmen is also played in [[tournament]] form.

== History ==
According to Kastner, the game is not well recorded in the literature, but appears to go back to a French ancestor, [[Commerce (card game)|Commerce]], that was first mentioned in 1718 in the ''Academie des Jeux''.{{sfn|Kastner|2010|p=39}}

The game was included in the [[list of games prohibited in Austria-Hungary]] by the Ministry of Justice under the names ''Trente-un'' and ''Feuer'' – but whilst the former name can also refer to the aforementioned ''Siebzehn und vier'' ancestor, the name '''Feuer''' clearly refers to this game, because in the most common variation a hand of three Aces (''Feuer'') has special significance (see below).

== Rules ==
=== General ===
Schwimmen is played in clockwise order with a pack of 32 [[French playing cards|French]], [[Double German playing cards|Double German]] or [[German playing cards]] ([[Skat pack]]). A second pack may be used if there are more than 6 players. When on lead, each player aims to form a certain combination of cards in their hand by exchanging. The aim of the game is to avoid having the combination with the lowest point value.

{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="float:right; border-collapse:collapse"
! Examples of scoring
|-
|
{{Multiple image
| align = center
| background color = #ddd
| footer = This combination scores 10 + 10 = 20 points, because only the Queen and Ten belong to the same suit
| footer_background = #fff
| width = 65
| image1 = Poker-sm-223-Qh.png
| caption1 = Queen of Hearts
| image2 = Poker-sm-225-Th.png
| caption2 = Ten of Hearts
| image3 = Poker-sm-234-Jd.png
| caption3 = Jack of Diamonds
}}
|-
|
{{Multiple image
| align = center
| background color = #ddd
| footer = This combination scores 11 + 10 + 9 = 30 points
| footer_background = #fff
| width = 65
| image1 = Poker-sm-241-Ac.png
| caption1 = Ace of Clubs
| image2 = Poker-sm-242-Kc.png
| caption2 = King of Clubs
| image3 = Poker-sm-246-9c.png
| caption3 = 9 of Clubs
}}
|-
|
{{Multiple image
| align = center
| background color = #ddd
| footer = This combination scores 30½ points (if two have 30½ the higher ranking hand wins)
| footer_background = #fff
| width = 65
| image1 = Poker-sm-238-7d.png
| caption1 = 7 of Diamonds
| image2 = Poker-sm-228-7h.png
| caption2 = 7 of Hearts
| image3 = Poker-sm-218-7s.png
| caption3 = 7 of Spades
}}
|-
|
{{Multiple image
| align = center
| background color = #ddd
| footer = This combination scores 31 points
| footer_background = #fff
| width = 65
| image1 = Poker-sm-231-Ad.png
| caption1 = Ace of Diamonds
| image2 = Poker-sm-232-Kd.png
| caption2 = King of Diamonds
| image3 = Poker-sm-235-Td.png
| caption3 = 10 of Diamonds
}}
|}

=== Aim ===
There are two ways in which combinations can be formed. The first is where a player either collects cards of the same [[card suit|suit]] and adds their point values (c.f. the game of [[Einundvierzig]]), whereby:
* An Ace scores 11 points,
* the [[court card]]s – King, Queen and Jack – each score 10 points and
* the [[pip cards]] – 10, 9, 8 and 7 – score their respective face values.
The highest possible number of points is thus thirty-one (''Einunddreißig''): a hand consisting of an Ace and 2 courts or an Ace, a court and a Ten of the same suit.

The second option is for a player to collect cards of the same rank, e.g. three 7s, three Queens, etc. (obviously of different suits). This combination always scores 30 ½ points.

=== Playing ===
In an 'open game' (''offenes Spiel'') the dealer deals three cards, face down and individually, to each player and then 2 packets of three cards to themself. The dealer looks at the cards from one packet and decides whether or not to play with them. If the dealer is happy to play with the cards from this first packet, they must lay the second packet face up in the middle of the table. If the dealer does not want to play with the first packet, they lay these three cards face up in the middle of the table and must play with the cards in the second packet. The remaining cards are put to one side.

The player left of the dealer begins. This player may either swap one card or all three from their hand with the cards in the middle – but not two cards. If the player doesn't want to exchange, they may either say "I'll shove" (''"Ich schiebe"'') or close the game by 'knocking', usually by rapping their knuckles on the table. In some areas players may say "I'm closing" (''"Ich mache zu."'') instead of knocking.

=== End of the deal ===
A deal may be ended in two ways:
* If a player knocks or says "I'll close", all the others may swap or shove one last time and then the game ends. To close, a player needs at least 20 points in hand.
* If a player holds 31 points (known variously as "Einunddreißig", "Schnauz", "Knack", "Hosn obi" etc.) or, in the case of the variant known as ''Feuer'' (c.f. below), if a player holds 3 Aces in their hand - they lay their cards face up on the table and the deal ends there and then. This can happen immediately after dealing. If, as is usual, there are several rounds of exchanging, the loser is determined at the end. A loser or losers are the player or players who have the card combinations with the fewest points.

=== Scoring ===
Players only score for pairs or prials of the same suit or for 3 of a kind (see illustration examples).

=== Swimming ===
If several deals are played, each player is symbolically given three 'lives'. These may be indicated by counters such as chips, matches or coins. Players have to give up a 'life' each time they lose, by placing one of the counters in the middle of the table.

If a player loses all three lives, they may continue to play but they are now 'swimming' (''schwimmt'') or a 'cow rider' (''Kuhreiter''), hence the name of the game. If the player loses again, they 'go under' (''geht er unter'') and drop out. So 'swimming' is effectively a fourth life and the player's last chance to avoid dropping out.

In this way, there is a form of tournament in which the individual players drop out one by one and eventually only one player is left, the overall winner. If the game is played for stakes, the winner wins the stakes of the losers (or their lives).

== Variants and special rules ==
Schwimmen or Einunddreißig are played in many variations which differ in detail from the basic rules above. The rules given here are in no wise binding like the rules of [[chess]], for example – before the start of a session, players should ascertain which rules are being used. The most important variations relate to:

* '''Cards:''' for larger numbers of players the game may be played with a pack of 52 [[whist]] cards. In Switzerland, [[Jass]] packs of 36 cards are used and play is anti-clockwise.

{{Mehrere Bilder
| background color = #ddd
| footer = Example of a ''Feuer'' or ''Blitz''
| footer_background = #fff
| width = 65
| image1 = Poker-sm-241-Ac.png
| caption1 = Ace of Clubs
| image2 = Poker-sm-231-Ad.png
| caption2 = Ace of Diamonds
| image3 = Poker-sm-221-Ah.png
| caption3 = Aces of Hearts
}}
* '''Feuer''' or '''Blitz:''' a hand consisting of 3 cards of the same rank usually scores 30 ½ points. Often a hand of three Aces is counted as the highest combination and is called ''Feuer'' ("fire") or ''Blitz'' ("lightning"). If a player holds 3 Aces, they reveal their cards and the game ends immediately. In this case all the other players lose a life.

* '''Losing:''' among many players the rule is that at the end of a round all players with 20 points or fewer ''and'' the player who has the lowest score over 20 points must pay. The winner of a round never has to pay, though, even if they are the only player with a score over 20. This rule not only accelerates the game, but offers additional finesses: if a player has 21 points and cannot significantly improve their hand by exchanging, they have to pay in any case. It is therefore to the player's advantage to worsen their hand by exchanging so that at least another player loses a life. This tactic is known as 'ripping' (''reißen'').

* '''Shoving''' (''schieben''): if all players 'shove' in succession, the three cards in the middle of the table are placed to one side and replaced by three new cards from the stock. The player who started the shoving, then leads.

* '''Passing''' is not always allowed, reducing a players options to exchanging or knocking.

* '''Handeln''': players may either add the point value from cards of the same suit or of the same rank (c.f. a bit like the game of [[Einundvierzig]]).

* '''Closed Game''' (''verdecktes Spiel''): the player to the left of the dealer is dealt five cards in packets of 3 + 2. This player retains three cards and gives the remaining two, face down, to the player on their left, who does likewise.

== Literature ==
* Claus D. Grupp: ''Glücksspiele mit Kugel, Würfel und Karten'', Falken Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1976 (enthält das Spiel ''Handeln'')
* Sven Pieper, Bärbel Schmidt ''Kartenspiele'', Reclams Universalbibliothek Band 4216, Stuttgart 1994
* Peter Arnold, Editor: ''The Complete Book of Card Games'', Chancellor Press, London 2002
* Kastner, Hugo. "Hosen Runter" in ''Spielejournal'', 2008.
* Lawrence H. Dawson, Editor: ''The Complete Hoyle's Games'', Wordsworth reference, London 1950, reprinted 1994
* [[Albert H. Morehead]], [[Geoffrey Mott-Smith]]: ''Hoyle’s Rules of Games'', 2nd revised edition. A Signet Book, 1983
* The United States Playing Card Company, Joli Quentin Kansil, Editor: ''Official Rules of Card Games'', 90th Edition, 2004
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Non trick-taking card games}}
{{Children's card games}}
[[Category:French deck card games]]
[[Category:German deck card games]]
[[Category:Gambling games]]
[[Category:German card games]]
[[Category:Card games for children]]
[[Category:Commerce group]]

User talk:Tom dl

2022-08-04T07:58:06Z

Tom dl: /* Pronouns they etc */ Reply

User talk:Tom dl

2022-08-04T00:17:01Z

Tom dl: /* Pronouns they etc */

== Paolo ==

Did your picture of paolo have the correct spelling, because no image exists with that name. '''[[User:Maurauth|Maurauth]]''' ([[User talk:Maurauth|...]]) 08:05, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

==Orphaned non-free media (File:3 vallees.jpg)==
[[Image:Ambox warning blue.svg|25px]] Thanks for uploading '''[[:File:3 vallees.jpg]]'''. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a [[WP:FU|claim of fair use]]. However, it is currently [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Orphanage|orphaned]], meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. [[WP:BOLD|You may add it back]] if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Policy|our policy for non-free media]]).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "[[Special:Contributions/{{PAGENAME}}|my contributions]]" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described on [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you. [[User:BJBot|BJBot]] ([[User talk:BJBot|talk]]) 05:07, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

== Consensus?? ==

Thats not a consensus. Those are suggested ideas from JULY OF 2009 for the nickname and the intro which did'nt get voted on nor did anything much change. Similiar suggstion for the article are here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Michael_Jackson#This_article_is_in_a_sad_state. We are now in closing NOVEMBER 2009. If you feel like King of Pop should'nt be in the first paragraph due to it being "inapropriate" then it has to be changed in every article with a similiar first paragraph make ups as well not just Michael Jackson.

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Acuff
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Knight
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Summer
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Turner

and so many others [[User:A Star Is Here|A Star Is Here]] ([[User talk:A Star Is Here#top|talk]]) 20:44, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

==[[Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Temple Square, Salt Lake City, 1899]]==

{| align=center border=0 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=4 style="border: 1px solid #CC9; background-color: #cfc"
|-
|[[File:Temple Square, Salt Lake City, 1899 retouched.jpg|75px|center|]]
|<center>'''An image created by you has been promoted to [[Wikipedia:Featured picture|featured picture]] status'''</center> Your image, '''[[:File:Temple Square, Salt Lake City, 1899 retouched.jpg]]''', was nominated on [[Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates]], gained a consensus of support, and has been promoted. If you would like to nominate an image, please do so at [[Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates]]. Thank you for your contribution! [[User:Makeemlighter|Makeemlighter]] ([[User talk:Makeemlighter|talk]]) 01:42, 11 February 2012 (UTC)
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== POTD notification ==

[[File:Temple Square, Salt Lake City, 1899 retouched.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Wikipedia:Picture of the day/June 2013#June 09 - Sun|POTD]]]]
Hi Tom,

Just to let you know that the Featured Picture [[:File:Temple Square, Salt Lake City, 1899 retouched.jpg]] is due to make an appearance as [[Wikipedia:Picture of the day|Picture of the Day]] on June 9, 2013. If you get a chance, you can check and improve the caption at [[Template:POTD/2013-06-09]]. — [[User:Crisco 1492|Crisco 1492]] ([[User talk:Crisco 1492|talk]]) 22:39, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
== June 2013 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:BracketBot|BracketBot]]. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=561123048 your edit] to [[Cecil]] may have broken the [[syntax]] by modifying 1 "()"s. If you have, don't worry, just [{{fullurl:Cecil|action=edit&minor=minor&summary=Fixing+typo+raised+by+%5B%5BUser%3ABracketBot%7CBracketBot%5D%5D}} edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20-%20{{subst</noinclude>:REVISIONUSER}}&section=new my operator's talk page].
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{{Ivmbox|Hello, Tom dl. Voting in the '''[[WP:ACE2017|2017 Arbitration Committee elections]]''' is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 10 December. All users who registered an account before Saturday, 28 October 2017, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Wednesday, 1 November 2017 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

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== [[MOS:GNL]] ==

Tom dl, [[MOS:GNL]] (which is [[WP:Policies and guidelines|a guideline, not a policy]]) does not mean that phrasing like "his or her" cannot or should not be used. As the [[Gender-neutral language]] article states, wording like "he or she" is considered gender-neutral language as well. And as the [[Singular they]] article states, use of singular they is debated. Some style guides discourage it. Furthermore, as MOS:GNL states, there are valid cases where gendered language should be used, such as if the topic is mainly or always described with gendered language by the literature. That stated, from what I've seen of your changes so far, your application of MOS:GNL has been fine. Yes, statistics do show that males commit significantly more murder and sexual assault than females do, but we generally shouldn't be stating "he" or "she" (meaning just one or the other) in place of "person." Not unless we are adhering to how a specific topic is usually defined/described. I do want to state that a case such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rape&diff=prev&oldid=854178116 this one] was undoubtedly a him. The history of rape is clear. [[User:Flyer22 Reborn|Flyer22 Reborn]] ([[User talk:Flyer22 Reborn|talk]]) 17:49, 9 August 2018 (UTC)

Oh, and regarding [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexual_assault&diff=854209116&oldid=854179149 this], make sure not to tamper with quotes. MOS:GNL also states to leave quotes alone. [[User:Flyer22 Reborn|Flyer22 Reborn]] ([[User talk:Flyer22 Reborn|talk]]) 17:59, 9 August 2018 (UTC)

== ArbCom 2018 election voter message ==

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==[[Wikipedia:BLPPROD|Proposed deletion]] of [[François-Xavier Poizat]]==
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The article [[François-Xavier Poizat]] has been [[WP:BLPPROD|proposed for deletion]] because it appears to have no references. Under [[Wikipedia:BLPPROD#Objecting|Wikipedia policy]], this '''[[WP:BLP|biography of a living person]]''' will be deleted after seven days unless it has at least one reference to a [[WP:V#Sources|reliable source]] that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see [[Wikipedia:Referencing for beginners|Referencing for beginners]], or ask at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. Once you have provided at least one [[WP:V#Sources|reliable source]], you may remove the {{tl|prod blp/dated}} tag. '''Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced.''' If you cannot provide such a source within seven days, the article may be deleted, but you can {{#ifexist:François-Xavier Poizat|request that it be undeleted|[[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion|request that it be undeleted]]}} when you are ready to add one. [[User:Snowycats|Snowycats]] ([[User talk:Snowycats|talk]]) 02:38, 28 December 2019 (UTC)
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Note that any non-free images not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described in [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#F5|section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you. --[[User:B-bot|B-bot]] ([[User talk:B-bot|talk]]) 02:32, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
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Note that any non-free images not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described in [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#F5|section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you. --[[User:B-bot|B-bot]] ([[User talk:B-bot|talk]]) 18:34, 26 February 2021 (UTC)
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== Pronouns they etc ==

Hi, thank you for your work on Wikipedia. However, please be careful about automatically replacing pronouns like "he" and "him" with "they" and "their" without checking the context. Often it can introduce confusion when several people are involved. Wikipedia does not deprecate single pronouns nor advocate plural ones and, in any case, understandability is the key. And there are often other ways of avoiding gender completely by recasting the sentence. Cheers. [[User:Bermicourt|Bermicourt]] ([[User talk:Bermicourt|talk]]) 21:40, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

:Hi, thank you too for your work on Wikipedia. I'm sorry you think I haven't been careful about replacing pronouns like "he" and "him" with "they" and "their". I did check the context in all cases, and had to balance carefulness with speed. There are 1000s of articles which assume that men are default humans, and I would make very little progress if I spent as much time "recasting the sentence" as you may be suggesting. With regard to your claim that "Wikipedia does not deprecate single pronouns or advocate plural ones..." it appears you're making the common mistake of assuming that "they" and "their" etc are strictly plural. These words are the closest common thing we have in English to gender-neutral pronouns, and I share your disappointment that it can sometimes be misconstrued that they are used in the plural form. Where I have thought it easy to mitigate this confusion, I have tried to restate the subject of the sentence (e.g. "the person"). I will try to do better, but the line in the sand between speed and accuracy that I deem to be acceptable may be different to yours, and in these circumstances, I can only suggest that you follow my contributions and "recast" any sentences as you deem appropriate. The MOS does support gender-neutral language where it can be used with clarity and precision, as seen here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:GNL and I suppose it is up to all of us to find an acceptable level of clarity and precision. Cheers. [[User:Tom dl|Tom dl]] ([[User talk:Tom dl#top|talk]]) 23:06, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

:p.s. on a more constructive note, please let me know of any particularly egregious places where you think I increased confusion, and I will take a look. I wouldn't want what I consider to be a worthwhile endeavour to be reverted because I were too disagreeable ;-)

User talk:Tom dl

2022-08-03T23:07:12Z

Tom dl: /* Pronouns they etc */

Pig (card game)

2022-08-03T22:48:05Z

Tom dl:

{{other uses|Pig (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Pig
| alt_names =
| image_link = File:7 playing cards.jpg
| image_caption = Players aim to collect four cards of the same rank
| type = Collecting
| players = 3-13 (4-7 best)<ref name=Arnold/>
| ages = 7+<ref name=Arnold/>
| deck= [[French playing cards|French]]
| origin = [[US]]
| play = Clockwise
| related = [[Happy Families]], [[My Ship Sails]], Vive l'Amour
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills = Stealth, memorising
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pig''' is a simple, collecting [[card game]] of 20th century American origin suitable for three to thirteen players that is played with a 52-card [[French-suited pack]]. It has two very similar and well known variants – '''Donkey''' and '''Spoons'''. It is often classed as a children's game. It may be descended from an old game called '''Vive l'Amour'''.<ref name=Arnold>Arnold (2009), p. 89.</ref>

== History ==
Pig is first recorded in 1947 by Frey who describes the name as a "[[bowdlerism]]" of "Vive l'Amour". The latter was an old, four-player game in which the aim was to be first to collect all 13 cards of one suit and Pig was thus a "modern simplification".<ref>Frey (1956), p. 470.</ref>{{efn|Frey does not say where he gets this information, but a mid-19th century source records that when the [[Patriarch of Venice]], [[Giacomo Monico|Jacques Monico]] was playing cards, he called "Vive Marie!" whenever the rules required him to shout "Vive l'Amour!"<ref>''The North British Review (1854), p. 40.</ref>}} Although intended for children, the game was also apparently played by adults with special cards in those parts of the US where standard playing cards are taboo.<ref name=Frey>Frey (1947), p. 470.</ref>

In 1957, a variant, Donkey, is mentioned by Culbertson.<ref name=Culbertson>Culbertson (1957), pp. 359–360.</ref> The rules are identical; the main exception being that, whereas in Pig players touch their noses when they acquire a [[quartet (cards)|quartet]], in Donkey, a number of objects – one fewer than the number of players – is placed in the middle and the first player with a quartet calls "Donkey!" and takes one.<ref name=Culbertson/> The subtle distinction between the two games is missed by some later authors. Gibson (1974) states that the games are "practically identical",<ref>Gibson (1974), p. 102.</ref> while Maguire describes Pig but calls it Donkey. Maguire introduces the rule that 'donkeys' receive the letters of the word D-O-N-K-E-Y and the first to spell the whole word is the overall loser. He also records the game of Spoons for the first time, describing it as a variant in which, however, the player who stays to the end without spelling S-P-O-O-N-S is the overall winner.<ref name = Maguire>Maguire (1990), pp. 51–52.</ref> Arnold equates Pig and Donkey,<ref>Arnold (2011), p. 230.</ref> while Spadaccini and Bicycle Cards faithfully describe the original Pig.<ref name=Spadaccini>Spadaccini (2003), p. 337.</ref><ref>''Bicycle Cards'' (2001), p. 292.</ref> Katz conflates Pig with Spoons and uses the whole pack instead of the selecting and shuffling 4 quartets per player, but adds some interesting variations.<ref name=Katz>Katz (2012).</ref> A good summary of the rules and variations for Pig and Spoons is at [[pagat.com]].<ref>[https://www.pagat.com/passing/pig.html ''Pig, Spoons''] at [[pagat.com]]. Retrieved 27 December 2021.</ref>

== Rules ==
=== Pig ===
The rules have changed little over time. The earliest and most basic rules are as follows:<ref name=Frey/>

Pig is suitable for six to ten-year olds. Three to thirteen may play, but four to seven is best. The aim is to be first to collect a quartet, i.e. four cards of the same [[Rank (cards)|rank]], known as a ''book''. The game requires as many quartets as there are players e.g. if five play, five quartets are used from a [[Standard 52-card deck|52-card pack]] and the rest laid aside. Each player is dealt four cards which they pick up and view.{{efn|The cards must of course be shuffled although the rules are not explicit.}} Then all the players simultaneously discard one card face down to their left and, after doing so, they all pick up the card from the player to their right. As soon as a player collects a ''book'', that player puts a finger to their nose. As soon as they spot this, the other players do likewise. The last player to put a finger to their nose is the Pig and loses the deal.<ref name=Frey/>

According to Culbertson, the game is best for more than three players – "the more the merrier" – and is often played by adults at parties as an [[Icebreaker (facilitation)|ice-breaker]].<ref name=Culbertson/>

'''Variations:'''
* ''Go!'' or ''Start!'': The dealer calls "Go" or "Start" to initiate the passing each time. Once all players have passed their cards to the left, if no-one has a quartet, play continues until any player has a quartet.<ref name=Spadaccini/><ref name=Hamlyn>_ (2014), p. 197.</ref>
* ''P-I-G'': Each player has three lives scored as P-I-G. The first player to be assigned P-I-G is the overall loser and, optionally, has to oink like a pig.<ref name=Spadaccini/> Alternatively, whoever is assigned P-I-G is eliminated from the game so that the last player standing is the overall winner.
* ''Pointing'': Players point to their nose instead of touching it.<ref name=Hamlyn/>
* ''Twin Pack'': For more than 13 players, two packs may be used.<ref name=CGP>[https://www.classicgamesandpuzzles.com/Pig.html ''Pig Card Game''] at classicgamesandpuzzles.com. Retrieved 27 December 2021.</ref>
* ''Two Winners'': The loser drops out after each deal, and the last two left in are joint winners.<ref name=CGP/>

=== Donkey ===
Having probably emerged by 1945,{{efn|Ostrow (1949) contains rules for a game called Donkey and they may have appeared in the 1945 edition of his book.<ref>Ostrow (1949), p. 63.</ref>}} the rules of a variant called Donkey are described in the 1957 ''Culbertson's Hoyle''. They are the same as in the early version of Pig above, except that "a number of chips, matches, or other tokens" are used; always one fewer than the number of active players. These objects are placed in the middle. When a player collects four of a kind, they call "Donkey" and take a chip, etc. The others now also pick up a chip if they can and the player left without a chip is the Donkey and loses the game.<ref name=Culbertson/>

Maguire (1990) adds the requirement for a scorekeeper and introduces the rule that, each time a player becomes the Donkey, that player is assigned a letter from that word. The first player to be assigned all the letters, i.e. D-O-N-K-E-Y, is the loser.<ref name=Maguire/>{{efn|Strictly speaking, Maguire is describing the rules for Pig, because no objects are used in his description.}}

'''Variations:'''
* ''Swap!'': The dealer calls "Swap" each time to initiate the exchanging of cards.<ref name=Hamlyn/>
* ''Prizes'': For a party game, prizes are used as the objects.<ref name=Hamlyn/>

=== Spoons ===
[[File:Spoons Card Game Start.jpg|thumb|Spoons in progress]]
The name Spoons first appears in 1990. It is essentially Donkey using spoons as the objects to be picked up.{{efn|Maguire adds "or any objects that are safe and easy to grasp," which is ordinary Donkey, but he has confusingly already described Pig as Donkey.}} The player left without a spoon in each deal is assigned a letter from the word 'spoons'. The player who gets S-P-O-O-N-S is eliminated from the game, and the game continues. The last player standing is the winner.<ref name=Maguire/>

'''Variations:'''
* ''Stockpile'': A whole 52-card pack is used, and so there is a stockpile from which the dealer draws each time and a discard pile to which the player on his or her right passes a card each time.<ref name=Katz/>
* ''Five Cards'': Players are dealt five cards each, but still only need a four-of-a-kind to pick up a spoon.<ref name=Katz/>
* ''Extreme Spoons/Hidden Spoons'': Instead of the middle of the play area as usual, the spoons are placed in some inconvenient location nearby.<ref>Foster Jr, Walter (2018), p. 107.</ref><ref>BRI (2012).</ref>
* ''Series'': As its name implies, it is a series of games with one player eliminated each time, and the last player standing is the overall winner.<ref name=Katz/>
* ''Two Winners'': Similar to Series, but the last two players left in are joint winners.<ref name=Arneson/>

=== Tongue ===
In the game of '''Tongue''', players quietly stick out their tongue when they have a quartet.<ref name=Arneson>[https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/spoons-card-game-rules-411144 ''How to Play Spoons''] at thesprucecrafts.com. Retrieved 27 December 2021.</ref>

== Tactics ==
Tactics may include:

*''Bluffing'': [[Deception|Bluffing]] is allowed. Spoons may be reached at any time as long as they are not touched. This may distract the others or even cause someone to grab a spoon prematurely which may result in their elimination.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*''Eyes on the spoons'': Players keep an eye on the number of spoons in case one has been taken without anyone noticing.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
* ''Continuing to play''. After sticking out a tongue or collecting a spoon, a player may continue to pass and pick up to confuse other players, but they must keep their quartet intact. This is not possible with Pig as one hand is needed to touch the nose.<ref name=Arneson/>

==See also==
* [[Happy Families]] - quartet-collecting game
* [[My Ship Sails]] - collecting game in which several cards of one suit are needed to win
* [[Musical chairs]] - elimination game involving players, chairs and music

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Literature ==
* _ (1854). ''The North British Review'', Vol. XX. November 1853–February 1854. Edinburgh: Kennedy.
* _ (2014), ''The Card Games Bible'', Hamlyn, London: Octopus. {{ISBN|978-0-600-62994-8}}
* Bathroom Reader's Institute (BRI). 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OClZDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Uncle+John%27s+Book+of+Fun&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5yeeDqLH3AhUUXMAKHe3qBJkQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=Uncle%20John's%20Book%20of%20Fun&f=false ''Uncle John's Book of Fun''.] Portable Press. {{ISBN|978-1-60710-666-1}}
* Arnold, Peter (2009). ''Chambers card games for families''. Chambers Harrap, Edinburgh. {{ISBN|978-0550-10470-0}}
* Culbertson, Ely (1957). ''Culbertson’s Card Games Complete.'' Arco.
* Foster Jnr., Walter (2018). ''101 Games to Play Before You Grow Up''. Lake Forest, CA: Quarto. {{ISBN|978-1-63322-337-0}}
* Frey, Richard L. (1947) [Also [[Albert Morehead]] and [[Geoffrey Mott-Smith]], but they were not permitted by contract to allow their names to be used]. ''The New Complete Hoyle''. David McKay.
* • Frey, Richard L., Morehead, Albert H. and Geoffrey Mott-Smith (1956). ''The New Complete Hoyle.'' NY: Garden City Books.
* Gibson, Walter Brown (1974). ''Hoyle’s Modern Encyclopedia of Card Games''. Dolphin.
* Kansil Joli Quentin (2001). ''Bicycle Official Rules of Card Games'', 90th edn. Cincinnati: USPC.
* Katz, Nikki (2012). ''The Book of Card Games''. Simon & Schuster.
* Maguire, Jack (1990). ''Hopscotch, Hangman , Hot Potato & Ha Ha Ha.'' New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Simon & Schuster. {{ISBN| 0-671-76332-6}}.
* Ostrow, Albert A. (1949) [1945]. ''The Complete Card Player''. 1st edn published in England. London: Bodley Head.
* [[Parlett, David]] (2008). ''The Penguin Book of Card Games'', Penguin, London. {{ISBN|978-0-141-03787-5}}
* Spadaccini, Stephanie (2005). ''The Big Book of Rules''. London, NY, etc: Penguin. {{ISBN|0452286441}}

==External links==
* Arneson, Erik (2019). [https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/spoons-card-game-rules-411144 ''How to Play Spoons''] at www.thesprucecrafts.com.
* [https://www.pagat.com/passing/pig.html Pig, Spoons] - rules at [[pagat.com]]
* [https://www.classicgamesandpuzzles.com/Pig.html Rules for Pig] at Classic Games and Puzzles.com

{{Children's card games}}

[[Category:Party games]]
[[Category:Card games for children]]
[[Category:Card games introduced in 1947]]
[[Category:Card passing games]]
[[Category:American card games]]

Black Peter (card game)

2022-08-03T22:46:29Z

Tom dl:

{{Other uses|Black Peter}}
{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Black Peter
| subtitle = Popular European children's game
| alt_name = ''Schwarzer Peter''
| image_link = File:Schwarzer Peter-Museum im Ritterhaus (3).jpg
| image_caption = Black Peter cards from a 1920 [[J. W. Spear & Sons]] deck
| type = Shedding
| players = 3 or more
| ages = 6+
| deck = Special or standard packs
| num_cards = 31 or 37
| origin = Germany
| related = [[Old maid (card game)|Old Maid]], [[Vieux Garçon]]
| play = Clockwise
| playing_time = 5-10 minutes
| random_chance = Easy
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Black Peter''' is the English name of the European game of '''Schwarzer Peter''' which originated in Germany where, along with ''[[Quartett (card game)|Quartett]]'', it is one of the most common children's [[card game]]s.

== Name ==
The name Black Peter may be derived from the robber, [[Johann Peter Petri]], a contemporary and accomplice of [[Johannes Bückler]], the notorious German highwayman known as [[Schinderhannes]]. Petri also went under the nickname of "Old Black Peter" (''der alte Schwarzpeter'') or just "Black Peter" (''Schwarzer Peter'') and is supposed to have invented the game while in prison after 1811.<ref name=GGSP>{{Cite web |url=http://www.veldenz.de/index.php?page=Kulturweg |title=''Grafen, Gold und Schwarzer Peter'' |access-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222111326/http://www.veldenz.de/index.php?page=Kulturweg |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }} at [[Veldenz|veldenz.de]]</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Ernst|last=Probst|title=Der Schwarze Peter – Ein Räuber im Hunsrück und Odenwald|publisher=GRIN Verlag|isbn=978-3-638-95142-5|year=2010|language=German|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfgZXuF4WBcC&q=Der+Schwarze+Peter+%E2%80%93+Ein+R%C3%A4uber+im+Hunsr%C3%BCck+und+Odenwald|page=17}}</ref> However, the origin of the game may be older.

Italian children play ''Asinello'' ("little donkey"). In Sweden the game is called ''Svarte Petter'', in Finland ''Musta Pekka'', in Denmark ''Sorteper'' and in the Netherlands [[Zwarte Piet]]. However, there it is the same name as [[Nicholas of Myra|Saint Nicholas']] helper, a character similar to [[Knecht Ruprecht]] or [[Krampus]] in German-speaking regions.

It is known in [[Dutch Language|Dutch]] as ''zwartepieten'' ("playing Black Pete") or ''pijkezotjagen'' ("Chasing the jack of spades"), in [[Polish language|Polish]] as ''Piotruś'' ("Peter"), in [[Icelandic Language|Icelandic]] as ''Svarti Pétur'' ("Black Peter"), in [[Czech Language|Czech]] as ''Černý Petr'' ("Black Peter"), in Swedish as ''Svarte Petter'' ("Black Peter"), in Croatia as ''Crni Petar'' ("Black Peter")<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pjesmicezadjecu.com/drustvene-igre-pravila-igre/crni-petar.html | title=CRNI PETAR - DRUŠTVENE IGRE - PRAVILA IGRE - Lukin portal za djecu }}</ref> or ''Krampus'',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pametnica.harfa.hr/materijali.php?i=153 | title=Crni Petar ili Krampus }}</ref> and in Greek as "mu(n)tzuris" (μου(ν)τζούρης, "smudged, smutted").<ref>[https://www.pagat.com/passing/oldmaid.html ''Schwarzer Peter''] at pagat.com. Retrieved 18 Jun 2020.</ref>

== Origin ==
The origin of Black Peter is unclear, although legend has it that it was invented in gaol by the notorious criminal, [[Johann Peter Petri|Black Peter]], in 1811.<ref name=GGSP/> Its rules are recorded as early as 1821 in ''Das Neue Königliche L'Hombre'',{{sfn|_|1821|p=298}} considerably before those of the English game of [[Old maid (card game)|Old Maid]], a "newly invented game"{{sfn|_|1883|p=336}}{{efn|Albeit called by a proprietary name, "Merry Matches", in the source.}} whose earliest rules appeared in 1884,{{sfn|Green|1884|p=326}} and the French game of [[Vieux Garçon]] ("Old Boy"), first recorded in 1853.{{sfn|Lasserre|1853|pp=307/308}} It is probably much older and once a simple [[gambling game]] in which the aim was to determine a loser who had to pay for the next round of drinks (cf. [[drinking game]]).<ref>[[David Parlett]]: ''Oxford Dictionary of Card Games.'' Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 1992/96.</ref> The game employs a pack of 32 [[French playing cards|French cards]], Black Peter being, in the earliest rules, the Jack of Spades, the other black Jack having been removed.{{efn|In the similar French game of Vieux Garçon it is also the Jack of Spades that is the "Old Boy", while the Queen of Hearts is removed in the English equivalent leaving the Queen of Diamonds as "Old Maid".}} The player who is last in and left holding Black Peter is the loser and may originally have had to pay for the next round.

[[File:Zwarte Piet, objectnr KA 21178 (cropped).tif|thumb|1953 Dutch deck depicting Black Peter as a chimney sweep]]
Black Peter has long been a popular children's game and numerous proprietary packs have been produced aimed at the children's market. The earliest known of such bespoke cards appeared around 1840 in a trilingual format. Over the course of the years the images changed, reflecting the culture and social norms of the period.<ref>[http://museen.nuernberg.de/spielearchiv/kalender-details/schaustueck-schwarzer-peter-1497/ ''Schwarzer Peter – Nur ein Kinderspiel?''], Exhibit of the Month, March 2018, Museums of the City of Nuremberg. museen.nuernberg.de. Retrieved 29 May 2021.</ref> In older packs, the Black Peter was typically a [[blackface]] caricature of a black man; other packs use a variety of different images such as chimney sweeps, black crows or black cats.

== Rules ==
[[File:Julius Exner - Sorteperspillerne - KMS828 - Statens Museum for Kunst.jpg|thumb|''Sorteperspillerne'' ("''Black Peter players''") by [[Julius Exner]], 1862, in the [[National Gallery of Denmark|Danish National Art Gallery]].]]
Special Black Peter packs usually consist of 31 or 37 cards: the 'Black Peter' and 15 or 18 pairs of cards.<ref>[http://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/keirat/txt/S/Schwarpe.html ''Game Test for the Game: Black Peter.'']</ref> Instead of proprietary [[playing cards]], a pack of traditional French cards may be used with a [[Joker (playing card)|Joker]] as the Black Peter, or one card removed to make a particular pair incomplete.

Any number of players can participate in the game, but at least two. The cards are shuffled and fully dealt out to the players. If a player finds a pair in their hand, they must discard those cards immediately.

Now the card drawing begins: the youngest child, or the child holding the most cards, or the player to the left of the dealer, draws a card from the player to their left and adds it to their hand. If that player can form a pair with this new card, they must discard that pair. Then it is the turn of the player on the left to play in the same way. In this way, the game continues until all pairs are discarded and one player is left with Black Peter as the only card. This player is Black Peter and receives the agreed penalty, such as a black dot on their forehead, nose or cheek.<ref>[http://www.spielregeln.de/download-zur-spielregel-von-schwarzer-peter.html ''Download Ravensburger Game Rules as PDF.'']</ref>

== Saying ==
The German saying ''"jemandem den Schwarzen Peter zuschieben"'' ("to pass the Black Peter to someone") means to pass the buck, to blame or to dump something inconvenient such as an unwelcome problem or responsibility on another person.<ref>Wolfgang Fleischer: ''Phraseologie der deutschen Gegenwartssprache.'' Bibliographisches Institut, 1982, p. 159. Rudolf Köster: ''Eigennamen Im Deutschen Wortschatz: Ein Lexikon.'' De Gruyter, 2003, p. 137. Dr. Wort: ''Mich laust der Affe: Neues aus der Welt der Redewendungen.'' rororo Verlag, 2012.</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references />

== Literature ==
* _ (1821). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZwFeAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA42&dq=%22Das+Neue+K%C3%B6nigliche+L%27Hombre%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwimhpWC1oDxAhUHLMAKHTfRAUsQ6AEwAXoECAoQAg#v=onepage&q=peter&f=false ''Das Neue Königliche L'Hombre'']. Lüneburg: Herold and Wahlstab.
* _ (1883). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EEw2AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Bazaar,+Exchange+and+Mart%22+1883&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=%22newly%20invented%20game%22&f=false ''Bazaar, Exchange and Mart''], Vol. 29.
* Green, Charles M., ed. (1884). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UTxOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA415&dq=%22The+Friend+of+All%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjctoa88M32AhXGi1wKHVJ2DIQQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Friend of All'']. New York: S.W. Green's Son.
* Lasserre (1853). ''Nouveau Manuel Complet des Jeux de Calcul et de Hasard''. Paris: Roret.
* {{citation|surname1=Ernst Probst|title=Der Schwarze Peter. Ein Räuber im Hunsrück und Odenwald|publisher=Probst|location=Mainz-Kostheim|isbn=978-3-936326-39-0|date=2005|language=German
}}
** ''Der schwarze Peter. Ein Räuber im Hunsrück und Odenwald.'' CD-ROM for PC and Mac, Probst 2005, {{ISBN|978-3-936326-40-6}}.

== External links ==

{{Children's card games}}

[[Category:Dedicated deck card games]]
[[Category:French deck card games]]
[[Category:German deck card games]]
[[Category:German card games]]
[[Category:Card games for children]]
[[Category:Games of chance]]
[[Category:Drinking games]]
[[Category:Multi-player card games]]
[[Category:Card passing games]]
[[Category:Card games introduced in the 1920s]]

Thirty-one (card game)

2022-08-03T22:44:59Z

Tom dl:

{{multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=May 2011}}
{{cleanup|date=May 2011}}
}}
[[File:Winning hand in the game of Thirty-One.png|thumb|upright=1.35|A winning hand of an ace and two court cards, all of the same suit, scoring 11 for the ace and 10 for each court card]]
'''Thirty-one''' or '''Trente et un''' is a [[gambling]] [[card game]] played by two to seven people, where players attempt to assemble a hand which totals 31. Such a goal has formed the whole or part of various games like [[Commerce (card game)|Commerce]], [[Cribbage]], [[Commerce (card game)#Trentuno|Trentuno]], and Wit and Reason since the 15th century.<ref>David Parlett, Oxford Dictionary of Card Games, pg. 307-308 [[Oxford University Press]] (1996) {{ISBN|0-19-869173-4}}</ref>
31 is popular in America and Britain.<ref name=pagat/> Although the game is also known as '''Scat''' it has no connexion whatsoever with Germany's national card game of [[Skat (card game)|Skat]]. It should also not be confused with other games called 31 including [[Schwimmen]] (also known as Schnauz or Hosen 'runter) and the Greek banking game of 31.<ref name=pagat/>

== Names ==
The game is also known as '''Blitz''',<ref name=pagat/> '''Scat''',<ref name=pagat/> '''Cadillac'''<ref name=pagat/> in south Louisiana and Mississippi, '''Cad''' in Pennsylvania, '''Whammy!''' in central Indiana, '''Juble''' in Oklahoma and Kansas, as also as '''Kitty''',<ref name=pagat/> '''High Hat''',<ref name=pagat/> '''Ride the Bus'''<ref name=pagat/> and '''Geronimo'''.<ref name=pagat>[https://www.pagat.com/draw/scat.html ''31 / Scat / Ride the Bus / Cadillac''] at [[pagat.com]]. Retrieved 17 May 2022.</ref>

== History ==
Thirty-One is first mentioned in a French translation of a 1440 sermon by the Italian, [[Bernardino of Siena|Saint Bernadine]], so may be of Italian origin. However, it spread rapidly across Europe to become popular in France, England and Ireland and is a precursor to [[Vingt-Un]].<ref>Parlett (1991), pp. 80–81.</ref>

==Object==
The object is to obtain a hand with a value total as close as possible to 31, from which the name of the game is taken.<ref>Diagram Group [https://books.google.com/books?id=TcG-U30Is-YC&pg=PA341&dq=thirty-one+card+game&lr=&hl=cs#v=onepage&q=thirty-one%20card%20game&f=false ''The Little Giant Encyclopedia of Card Games''] pg. 341 Sterling (1995) {{ISBN|0-8069-1330-4}}</ref> The game is usually best played with at least four players.

==Details of play==
Thirty-one uses a standard deck of 52 [[playing card#French|playing cards]] (in the Dutch version - ''Eenendertigen'' - only 32 cards - 7 and higher - are used). Aces are high, counting 11, court cards count 10, and all other cards count face value. Each player gets a hand of three cards, and three pennies as their "lives". The rest of the deck sits in the middle of the table as stock for the game, and the top card of the stock is turned over to begin the discard.

After the hands in the first round are dealt, play proceeds with each player, starting with the player to the immediate left of the dealer and going clockwise around the table, taking the top card of either the stock or the discard and subsequently discarding a card. All players are trying to collect a hand value of 31 (or the nearest to it) in the same suit. Play continues clockwise around the table until any player knocks or obtains a ''blitz''.

When it is a player's turn, and that player believes their hand is high enough to beat at least one of the opponents, that player may knock on the table in lieu of drawing and discarding. Once a player knocks, all other players, going clockwise from the player who knocked, have one more turn to draw from the stock and discard, or have the option of keeping all three cards in their hands, known as ''standing''. The round ends when the player to the right of the player who knocked has had a final turn. If no one knocks by the time a player exhausts the stock, the round ends in a draw. Because knocking relies on the confidence that the player will not have the lowest score, a skilled player may memorise which suits the other players are discarding. If a player discards a different suit than that which they discarded their previous turn, it can be inferred that the player is "changing suits". Changing suits puts a player at a distinct disadvantage because the resulting lowered score raises the risk that another player may knock.

At the end of the round, all players show their hands and total each one up, only counting cards of the same suit. For instance, if the three cards in a hand are all different suits, the highest value card would stand as that player's score. The player whose hand scored the lowest loses the deal, and loses one life. In the event of a tie between two players for lowest score, both players are declared losers and each loses one life. If there is a tie involving the knocker, the knocker is safe.<ref name="pagat"/>

If, at any time in the round prior to someone knocking, a player acquires a hand value of exactly 31 in the same suit, known as a ''blitz'', their hand is immediately shown. This ends the round and all other players lose a life.

There is one case where it is possible to pick up one's own discard. This happens when there are only two players left in the game and one player knocks. The card that the other player discarded just before the knock is still on top of the pile, so it is now available to take back if desired. For example, if the player had just broken up a suit for tactical reasons, he or she can now restore it.

===Scoring===

When a player loses a life, they pay one of their pennies into the center of the table.<ref name="pagat"/> A player with no pennies left is said to be "on the county", and is out of the game if they lose any further lives.<ref name="pagat"/> The game continues until only one player remains.

==Common variations==

===Banking===
The play is the same as the regular version of Thirty-one described above, but with the following changes. Before each round, each player has to ante one token or coin onto the centre of the table. While dealing, after each player has received one card, the dealer puts one card face down on the table to form a pile of three cards known as the "widow". A player may use a turn to exchange one or more cards in their hand with an equivalent number of cards in the widow, leaving the cards they put in the widow face up.

At the end of the round, the player with the highest-valued hand takes all the tokens or coins on the table. If any player acquires a blitz in their hand, they immediately show it, the round ends, all other players place one token or coin on the table, and the player who blitzed takes all of the tokens or coins on the table.

===Dollar bill===

In this US version, players keep track of their lives by folding down the corners of a five-[[dollar]] [[Banknote|note]]. The five-dollar note is also their [[Glossary of poker terms#staking|stake]] in the game. (This can be substituted with other [[denomination (currency)|denomination]]s or currency.)

A player who has folded all four corners of their bill, continues to play on a "free ride", also sometimes called "on the bike". On losing again, the player drops out of the game. The last player in the game wins all the five dollar bills.

===Three-of-a-kind===

One optional rule is that if a player has three cards of the same value from different suits, the hand is worth 30.5 points.<ref>{{cite web |title=31 (Scat) - Card Game Rules |url=https://www.pagat.com/draw/scat.html |website=www.pagat.com}}</ref>

===West Lansing Cut Throat===
The play is the same as the regular version of Thirty-one described above, but with the following changes:

*Three tokens are purchased for the agreed upon amount of money prior to play beginning, and the last player with any tokens wins the pot.
*There is no "free ride". A player who knocks but does not beat at least one other player, pays two tokens. In this scenario the knocker tying for the lowest score will lose two tokens. All others with the same total as the knocker will not lose a token.
*Three cards of the same rank count as a score of 30½, however all hands ranking as 30½ are equal and considered a tie, E.g. 2,2,2 and A,A,A.

Side wagers between individual players are quite common and often encouraged. Typically the first players knocked out will often choose an active player and place a "side bet" on which player will win or go further in the game.

===Switch===
The goal of the game is the same as in normal Thirty-One. The difference for this version called Switch is that instead of picking from the pile or the discard up-card, players exchange cards from two hands on the table. At the beginning of the game, the dealer is dealt two hands, and one extra hand is dealt and placed in the middle of the table face-down. The dealer looks at both hands and chooses the hand they want to play with and places the other hand face-up next to the face-down hand. Then it is the turn of the player next to the dealer.

During a turn, a player has four options:
* Pick up a certain card in one of the hands on the table and exchange it for one of the cards held in their hand (if they pick up a face-down card, their discard will be face-up).
* Swap one of the hands entirely with their own hand.
* Renew one of the hands on the table. (If they renew a hand on the table, they have the choice to place it face-up or face-down. If they choose face-up, their turn is over; if they choose face-down their turn continues.)
* "Nock". Nocking applies the same as it does in the normal game.

At the end of the game, the winner is decided in the same way as in the normal game of Thirty-One, although if a player has a hand of three cards of the same suit and is greater than 21, they may choose to restart the game making their hand the new face-up hand for the new game and re-dealing all hands for the other players and the face-down hand.

===No-elimination thirty-one===

This is a version which uses a running total instead of money or tokens.

At the end of each hand, whether by a player knocking or revealing a blitz, all players reveal their hands, and card points are tallied for each. If a hand contains three cards of different suits, the highest card is the hand’s score. If the hand contains two or three of one suit, the point values of these cards may are totaled to score the hand - whichever gives player the higher score. For instance, a king of spades (10 points) is a higher value than a 5 and 3 of hearts (8 points).

How to Score:
* Lowest score – 1 point, except Knocker gets 0 points
* Middle score(s) – 2 points, except Knocker gets only 1 point
* Highest score – 3 points, except Knocker gets 4 points
* Blitz (31) – 6 points
* Ties – All ties get highest score possible. For instance, a tally of 30, 27, 27, 27 means 30 is high, and all 27s are middle (no low score for that hand).

===Stop the Bus===
{{main|Stop the Bus (card game)}}
Stop the Bus is a game common in England that uses the hand rankings from [[three card brag]], instead of scoring closest to 31. The hand rankings are: three of a kind (a "prial") as the best hand, followed by a running flush, then a run, then a flush, then a pair followed by a high card. If a hand is otherwise similar then the card is ranked by high card or high pair, then by middle card or [[Kicker (poker)|kicker]], then low card. Suits are irrelevant.

Instead of drawing from a stock, the game starts with three face-up cards on the tables. On their turn, players may swap one or three cards from their hand for the table cards.

==See also==
*[[Biribi]]
*[[Trente et Quarante]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* [[Parlett, David]] (1991). ''A History of Card Games'', OUP, Oxford. {{ISBN|0-19-282905-X}}

==External links==
*[http://www.pagat.com/draw/scat.html Pagat.com], Rules of Card Games: 31 (Scat), at [[Pagat.com]]
*[http://blitz31.googlecode.com/ Blitz31] [[Open-source software|Open-source]] game for [[Windows]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thirty-One (Game)}}
{{Historical card games}}
[[Category:French card games]]
[[Category:Year of introduction missing]]
[[Category:Gambling games]]
[[Category:Draw and discard games]]
[[Category:15th-century card games]]

Zioncheck

2022-08-03T22:38:44Z

Tom dl:

{{Short description|Card game}}
{{For|the American politician|Marion Zioncheck}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2007}}
'''Zioncheck''' is a [[card game]]. It is similar to ''[[shanghai rummy]]'', ''contract rummy'', or phase 10. Hoyle's book of common card games describes several games as being based upon it, and Contract Rummy is believed to have originated from it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zioncheck Rummy Game - Learn Zioncheck Rummy Rules @RummyBaazi|url=https://www.rummybaazi.com/zioncheck-rummy-game|access-date=2021-10-14|website=RummyBaazi|language=en}}</ref>

==Play==
===Basics===
Zioncheck is played with multiple decks of 54 standard playing cards, including the Joker (playing card) Wilds. Aces can be high (above a King) or low (below a 2), and Jokers are wild. The number of decks varies from 2 to 4, and is based on the number of players (see chart). Each game is based on six hands, and the rules for each hand are unique. One person begins as dealer for the first hand, and then the person to the dealer's left becomes dealer for the next hand, and so on. For the first 4 hands each player is dealt 10 cards, on the fifth hand each player is dealt 11 cards and on the last hand each player is dealt 14 cards. The rest of the deck is then placed face down in the middle of the players; this is referred to as the draw pile, or if you're familiar with similar card games, it may be referred to as the ''stock''.

The first player to play is the player to the dealer's left, unlike the other players, the first to play in each round gets to go twice. Play always progresses in this clockwise direction. Each player has a choice at the beginning of their turn. They can either pick up the discarded card from the previous person's discard, or they may draw a new card from the draw pile. Once a player sees the card from the draw pile they forfeit their right to pick up a card from the discard pile. After each player draws a card for their turn, they must discard a card from their hand, forming the discard pile previously mentioned. The reason why the first player gets to go twice is that he/she does not have the option to pick up a discarded card. Any player besides the person who discarded the card, may pick up discarded cards regardless of whose turn it is, following that the player who goes before them (the player in front of them) has the right to pick up the card before they do.

===Going Down===
The object of each hand is to come up with the correct combination of cards to be able to Go Down, or "lay out". The combination for each hand is different (see chart), and they become more difficult with each subsequent hand. The combinations for each hand are either group also called '''sets''' or '''runs''' or a combination of both. A '''''set''''' is a combination of three or more of a specific number of cards of the same rank, and the suit is not important. An example of a set is three cards that are all 8's, and the 8's can all be of different suits. A '''''run''''' is a combination of four cards in the same suit that have consecutive ranks. An example of a run is the 3 of clubs, 4 of clubs, 5 of clubs, and the 6 of clubs. As previously stated, an ace can be high or low, but it cannot be in between, a few examples. Ace of clubs, 2 of clubs, 3 of clubs, and 4 of clubs is a run, and Jack of clubs, Queen of clubs, King of clubs, Ace of clubs is a run, but King of clubs, Ace of clubs, 2 of clubs, 3 of clubs is not a run. Jokers are wild cards and can be any card in the deck. In hands that require two runs, a player may choose to play the same suit for both runs, however connecting runs must have either a gap, and extra card or nine cards. Examples: Ace of clubs, 2 of clubs, 3 of clubs, and 4 of clubs, 6 of clubs, 7 of clubs, 8 of clubs, and 9 of clubs counts as two runs. Ace of clubs, 2 of clubs, 3 of clubs, and 4 of clubs, 4 of clubs, 5 of clubs, 6 of clubs, and 7 of clubs counts as two runs, but in order for Ace of clubs, 2 of clubs, 3 of clubs, 4 of clubs, 5 of clubs, 6 of clubs, 7 of clubs, and 8 of clubs to be a run, the player must also have the 9 of clubs (played as part of the higher run).

A player can go down only when it is their turn. As always, they must start their hand by drawing a card, then when they have the correct sequence of cards, they can go down or "meld." They do so by laying their down cards face up on the table in their correct sequence. They can only lay out their down cards and no additional cards. After going down, a player can then play on the downs of other players. When done, they must then discard. If the player has no more cards in their hand after discarding, they are declared the winner.

When a player is "down", they still take their turn in turn with the other players, and they still must draw a card and discard. A player who is down can ''play his/her cards'' on the downs that have been completed either by themself or by other players. For example, if a player has lain down a group of 8's, and on a subsequent turn they then draw another 8, they can ''play'' this 8 on their group of 8's. They do this by placing the 8 with the set of 8's. If they have a card that they would like to play on a run, they must be sure to keep the order of the run. For example, if there is a run consisting of 4-5-6-7-8 of clubs, the player can play a 3 of clubs or a 9 of clubs. If a run has a wild card in it, any player can replace the wild card with the appropriate card (the wild card is covered by the replacing card). Any player with the appropriate card to replace a joker in any players's down, can replace it at any time and pick the joker up for their own use. If two players are seeking to "take" the joker from a down, the person who lays their replacing card down first gets the joker. For example, if the run had 5-6-Joker-8-9 of clubs and they had a 7 of clubs, they could replace the Joker with the 7 of clubs. If two players had the 7 of clubs, whoever lays their 7 of clubs on the table first receives the joker. Joker cards can only be taken out of runs that are down, however they can be used in groups as well, but a joker can not be taken from a group. A player should only put a joker in a group unless it is absolutely necessary. This game is an old parlour game, and it is considered rude or cruel to play a joker in a group.

===Winning the game===
Play progresses until one of the players "goes out," meaning they are able to discard the last card in their hand. That player is then the winner of that hand, and the hand is then over. The winner for the hand gets zero points, and the other players count their cards to determine their score for the hand. Aces and jokers are 15 points, 10s, Jacks, Queens, and Kings are 10 points and all other cards 2-9 are 5 points. If a player goes out, and another player has yet to go down, that player is "stuck".

After all six hands are played, the winner is the player with the lowest score.

==Sequence of Hands==
{|
!width="50" align="left"|Hand
!align="left"|Sequence
|-
|1
|2 Sets
|-
|2
|1 set and 1 run
|-
|3
|2 runs
|-
|4
|1 run and 2 sets
|-
|5
|2 runs and 1 set (remember there are 11 cards in this hand instead of 10)
|-
|6
|2 runs and 2 sets (remember there are 14 cards in this hand)
|-
|}

==Rule charts==
===Number of decks required===
*2 decks: up to 5 people
*3 decks: 6-8 people
*4 decks: 9+ people
''can increase the number of decks beyond 4 to allow more players''

==References==
[http://www.rummy-games.com/rules/contract-rummy.html Contract Rummy Rules - Rules to Rummy Games]
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.pagat.com/rummy/ctrummy.html#shanghai Rules of Shanghai rummy]

[[Category:Rummy]]

Zioncheck

2022-08-03T22:37:45Z

Tom dl:

{{Short description|Card game}}
{{For|the American politician|Marion Zioncheck}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2007}}
'''Zioncheck''' is a [[card game]]. It is similar to ''[[shanghai rummy]]'', ''contract rummy'', or phase 10. Hoyle's book of common card games describes several games as being based upon it, and Contract Rummy is believed to have originated from it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zioncheck Rummy Game - Learn Zioncheck Rummy Rules @RummyBaazi|url=https://www.rummybaazi.com/zioncheck-rummy-game|access-date=2021-10-14|website=RummyBaazi|language=en}}</ref>

==Play==
===Basics===
Zioncheck is played with multiple decks of 54 standard playing cards, including the Joker (playing card) Wilds. Aces can be high (above a King) or low (below a 2), and Jokers are wild. The number of decks varies from 2 to 4, and is based on the number of players (see chart). Each game is based on six hands, and the rules for each hand are unique. One person begins as dealer for the first hand, and then the person to the dealer's left becomes dealer for the next hand, and so on. For the first 4 hands each player is dealt 10 cards, on the fifth hand each player is dealt 11 cards and on the last hand each player is dealt 14 cards. The rest of the deck is then placed face down in the middle of the players; this is referred to as the draw pile, or if you're familiar with similar card games, it may be referred to as the ''stock''.

The first player to play is the player to the dealer's left, unlike the other players, the first to play in each round gets to go twice. Play always progresses in this clockwise direction. Each player has a choice at the beginning of their turn. They can either pick up the discarded card from the previous person's discard, or they may draw a new card from the draw pile. Once a player sees the card from the draw pile they forfeit their right to pick up a card from the discard pile. After each player draws a card for their turn, they must discard a card from their hand, forming the discard pile previously mentioned. The reason why the first player gets to go twice is that he/she does not have the option to pick up a discarded card. Any player besides the person who discarded the card, may pick up discarded cards regardless of whose turn it is, following that the player who goes before them (the player in front of them) has the right to pick up the card before they do.

===Going Down===
The object of each hand is to come up with the correct combination of cards to be able to Go Down, or "lay out". The combination for each hand is different (see chart), and they become more difficult with each subsequent hand. The combinations for each hand are either group also called '''sets''' or '''runs''' or a combination of both. A '''''set''''' is a combination of three or more of a specific number of cards of the same rank, and the suit is not important. An example of a set is three cards that are all 8's, and the 8's can all be of different suits. A '''''run''''' is a combination of four cards in the same suit that have consecutive ranks. An example of a run is the 3 of clubs, 4 of clubs, 5 of clubs, and the 6 of clubs. As previously stated, an ace can be high or low, but it cannot be in between, a few examples. Ace of clubs, 2 of clubs, 3 of clubs, and 4 of clubs is a run, and Jack of clubs, Queen of clubs, King of clubs, Ace of clubs is a run, but King of clubs, Ace of clubs, 2 of clubs, 3 of clubs is not a run. Jokers are wild cards and can be any card in the deck. In hands that require two runs, a player may choose to play the same suit for both runs, however connecting runs must have either a gap, and extra card or nine cards. Examples: Ace of clubs, 2 of clubs, 3 of clubs, and 4 of clubs, 6 of clubs, 7 of clubs, 8 of clubs, and 9 of clubs counts as two runs. Ace of clubs, 2 of clubs, 3 of clubs, and 4 of clubs, 4 of clubs, 5 of clubs, 6 of clubs, and 7 of clubs counts as two runs, but in order for Ace of clubs, 2 of clubs, 3 of clubs, 4 of clubs, 5 of clubs, 6 of clubs, 7 of clubs, and 8 of clubs to be a run, the player must also have the 9 of clubs (played as part of the higher run).

A player can go down only when it is their turn. As always, they must start their hand by drawing a card, then when they have the correct sequence of cards, they can go down or "meld." They do so by laying their down cards face up on the table in their correct sequence. They can only lay out their down cards and no additional cards. After going down, a player can then play on the downs of other players. When done, they must then discard. If the player has no more cards in their hand after discarding, they are declared the winner.

When a player is "down", they still take their turn in turn with the other players, and they still must draw a card and discard. A player who is down can ''play his/her cards'' on the downs that have been completed either by themself or by other players. For example, if a player has lain down a group of 8's, and on a subsequent turn they then draw another 8, they can ''play'' this 8 on their group of 8's. They do this by placing the 8 with the set of 8's. If they have a card that they would like to play on a run, they must be sure to keep the order of the run. For example, if there is a run consisting of 4-5-6-7-8 of clubs, the player can play a 3 of clubs or a 9 of clubs. If a run has a wild card in it, any player can replace the wild card with the appropriate card (the wild card is covered by the replacing card). Any player with the appropriate card to replace a joker in any players's down, can replace it at any time and pick the joker up for their own use. If two players are seeking to "take" the joker from a down, the person who lays their replacing card down first gets the joker. For example, if the run had 5-6-Joker-8-9 of clubs and he had a 7 of clubs, they could replace the Joker with the 7 of clubs. If two players had the 7 of clubs, whoever lays their 7 of clubs on the table first receives the joker. Joker cards can only be taken out of runs that are down, however they can be used in groups as well, but a joker can not be taken from a group. A player should only put a joker in a group unless it is absolutely necessary. This game is an old parlour game, and it is considered rude or cruel to play a joker in a group.

===Winning the game===
Play progresses until one of the players "goes out," meaning they are able to discard the last card in their hand. That player is then the winner of that hand, and the hand is then over. The winner for the hand gets zero points, and the other players count their cards to determine their score for the hand. Aces and jokers are 15 points, 10s, Jacks, Queens, and Kings are 10 points and all other cards 2-9 are 5 points. If a player goes out, and another player has yet to go down, that player is "stuck".

After all six hands are played, the winner is the player with the lowest score.

==Sequence of Hands==
{|
!width="50" align="left"|Hand
!align="left"|Sequence
|-
|1
|2 Sets
|-
|2
|1 set and 1 run
|-
|3
|2 runs
|-
|4
|1 run and 2 sets
|-
|5
|2 runs and 1 set (remember there are 11 cards in this hand instead of 10)
|-
|6
|2 runs and 2 sets (remember there are 14 cards in this hand)
|-
|}

==Rule charts==
===Number of decks required===
*2 decks: up to 5 people
*3 decks: 6-8 people
*4 decks: 9+ people
''can increase the number of decks beyond 4 to allow more players''

==References==
[http://www.rummy-games.com/rules/contract-rummy.html Contract Rummy Rules - Rules to Rummy Games]
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.pagat.com/rummy/ctrummy.html#shanghai Rules of Shanghai rummy]

[[Category:Rummy]]

Viennese Rummy

2022-08-03T22:33:20Z

Tom dl:

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Viennese Rummy
| subtitle = Wiener Rummy
| image_link = File:70071 Roe FS.jpg
| image_caption = ''A pack of 110 Rummy cards''
| alt_names =
| type = Matching
| players = 2-6
| ages = All
| num_cards = 2 x 52 + 2 Jokers
| deck = [[French-suited playing cards|French]]
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 (A)
| origin =[[Germany]]
| related = [[Rommé]]{{*}}[[Gin Rummy]]
| playing_time = 6-8 minutes/hand
| random_chance = Medium
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Viennese Rummy''' ({{lang-de|Wiener Rummy}}) is a matching [[card game]] of the [[Rummy]] family for 2-6 people played in continental [[Europe]].

== General ==
Unlike [[German Rummy]], [[set (cards)|sets]] and [[Run (cards)|runs]] of cards are not [[melding (cards)|melded]] but collected in the player's hand until they are able either to declare "Rummy" and lay their hand on the table or to "knock" (''klopfen'') and meld all cards except for low-scoring 'deadwood'. Hence it is sometimes called '''Rummy without Melding''' (''Rommé ohne Auslegen''), although that is strictly a variant of [[German Rummy]] where players receive 13, not 10, cards and may knock if they have fewer than 10, not 5, points. There is also no provision for players having one more go at improving their hand in the event of a knock.

== Cards ==
Viennese Rummy is played with two packs of [[French playing cards]] of 52 cards and one joker each, making a total of 106 cards. It is suitable for two to six players. Each player is dealt ten cards, except for the dealer who receives eleven.<ref name=RummyCh/>

== Rules ==
Like [[German Rummy]], there are no standardised rules for Viennese Rummy. In fact a raft of almost identical games go under very different names including 101 Rummy and Elimination Rummy. [[Knock Rummy]] is a generic name for rummy games where players only reveal their hand at the end of the game. A related, two player, game is the popular [[Gin Rummy]].<ref name=ORL>[http://www.online-romme-lernen.de/wiener-romme.html ''Online Romme lernen - Romme Infoseite''] at www.online-romme-lernen.de. Retrieved 1 Jul 2018.</ref>
The following rules are therefore not to be regarded as binding in the sense of [[chess]] rules. Unless otherwise stated, the rules of the game are the same as those for [[German Rummy]].<ref name=ORL/>

=== Card values ===
The card values are as follows:<ref name=RummyCh>[http://www.rummy.ch/pages/de/rummy-spielregeln/knock-rummy-wiener.php ''Knock Rummy (Wiener Rummy)''] at www.rummy.ch. Retrieved 2 Jul 2018.</ref>
* [[Joker (playing card)|Joker]] - 20 points
* [[Ace]] (''Ass'') - 11 points
* [[Court card]]s – K, Q, J – 10 points each
* [[Pip card]]s – 2 to 10 – score their value in pips

== Play ==
Each player is dealt ten cards and the remainder placed face down in the middle of the table as the stock. The dealer turns the top card of the stock face up and places beside it to start the discard pile. In turn and beginning with [[forehand (card player)|forehand]] (left of dealer), players now draw either the upcard or the top card of the stock, reviewing their hand before discarding a card face up to the discard pile.

The aim is to collect combinations of at least 3 cards, either as a [[set (cards)|set]] or as a [[run (cards)|run]]. However, unlike Rommé, players do not meld their cards to the table but keep them in their hands. When a player has ten cards in melds they may go out, layout their melds on the table, and place their eleventh card face down across the discard pile and say "rummy!" (''Rommé!''). A player may also go out by knocking on the table if their unmelded card or cards are worth fewer than 5 points after discarding. In this case, the others have one more chance to improve their hand by drawing and discarding before the game ends.

== Ending ==
[[File:Gin Rummy.jpg|thumb|300px|A Rummy (''Rommé'') declaration]]
A game continues until one player calls "Rummy" (''Rommé''), melds ten cards and discards the eleventh. The other players then lay out their cards and count them up as in [[Gin Rummy]], by summing their deadwood, i.e. those that cannot be placed into sets or runs.<ref name=ORL/>

The game can also be ended by "knocking" (''klopfen''): if a player has fewer than ''five'' card points in deadwood (cards left unmelded in the hand<ref>Parlett, David. ''The Penguin Book of Card Games''. London: Penguin (2008), p. 488. {{ISBN|978-0-141-03787-5}}.</ref>
), they can knock. They then reveal their hand as in a rummy call and announce their deadwood score. In this case, if a player has knocked, the others can try to improve their hand by drawing and discarding a card. They may not lay cards off on other players' melds. Then they declare their deadwood scores as normal.<ref name=ORL/>

== Rubber ==
Viennese Rummy is usually played in 'rubbers'. One rubber consists of several individual games. Before a game begins, each player contributes five chips to the pot (''Pot'' or ''Pulle''). After each game, the knocker or rummy caller wins the so-called ''knock money'', i.e. a chip from all other participants still in play. Furthermore, for each player the negative points (''Schlechtpunkte'') received in this game are noted and added cumulatively.<ref name=ORL/>

Once a player has accumulated 101 or more points, they are eliminated; if all but one player is eliminated, the remaining player wins the pot and the game is over.<ref name=ORL/>

If a player has already accumulated over 81 but not yet 101 negative points, they may 'buy themself back' into the pot by contributing an additional five chips and reducing their bad point score to that of the second worst player still in play. However, a player may only buy back once during the game.<ref name=ORL/>

== See also ==
*[[:de:Rommé]]

== References ==
<references/>

== Literature ==
* Fritz Babsch: ''Internationale und österreichische Kartenspiel-Regeln'', Piatnik, Vienna, 1983
* Johannes Bamberger: ''Die beliebtesten Kartenspiele'', [[Verlag Perlen-Reihe]], Vol. 648, 21st edition, Vienna 19??
* Claus D. Grupp: ''Rommé und Canasta in allen Variationen'', Falken-Verlag Niedernhausen/Ts, 1982
* Rudolf Heinrich [d. i. Rudolf Bretschneider]: ''Rommé - Rummy international Alle Spielarten'', [[Verlag Perlen-Reihe]], Vol. 650, 7th edition, Vienna, 19??
* John Smith-Creighton: ''Das Rummyspiel'', 3rd edition, Vienna, 1927

== External links ==
* [http://www.rummy.ch/pages/de/rummy-spielregeln/knock-rummy-wiener.php ''Knock Rummy (Wiener Rummy)''] at www.rummy.ch.
* [http://123sportwetten.eu/raeuber-romme-und-wiener-rummy/ ''Räuber-Romme und Wiener Rummy Spielverlauf und Taktik – Kartenspiele für Erwachsene''] at 123sportwetten.eu.
* [https://www.deutscherskatverband.de/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/2012-01-07_Richtlinien_Romme_02.pdf ''Internationale Rommé-Ordnung des DSkV''] (International Rommé Rules by German Skat Association). {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.spielanleitung.org/romme.html ''Rommé''] Rules of German Rummy at www.spielanleitung.org. {{in lang|de}}
{{Wiktionary|de:Rommé}}

{{Non trick-taking card games}}
[[Category:French deck card games]]
[[Category:Rummy]]
[[Category:Austrian card games]]
[[Category:Multi-player card games]]

Treppenrommé

2022-08-03T22:30:26Z

Tom dl:

{{short description|Card game}}
{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Treppenrommé| subtitle =
| image_link = [[File:A Game of Rummy.JPG|center|240px]]
| image_caption = A game in progress.
| alt_names =
| type = Matching
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = [[French-suited playing cards|French]]
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 (A)
| origin =[[Germany]]
| related = [[Rummy]]{{*}}[[500 Rum]]
| playing_time = 15 min.
| random_chance = Medium
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Treppenrommé''' is a [[card game]] for two to four players, which is a variant of [[Rummy]] played in [[Germany]] and [[Austria]]. The name means "Staircase Rummy" and comes from the fact that the discard pile must be arranged such that every card is partly covered and partly visible, forming a so-called 'staircase' (''Treppe''). The game appears to be closely related to [[500 Rum]], but there are several differences.

== General ==
In Treppenrommé the aim is to win the game by collecting the most points through [[meld (cards)|melding]] as many high-scoring combinations of cards as possible.{{sfn|''Erweitertes Spielregel-Büchlein''|1988|pp=202-204}}

== Cards ==
The game uses a standard [[French-suited playing cards|French pack]] of 52 cards with the suits of [[Spades (card suit)|Spades]] (''Pik''), [[Clubs (card suit)|Clubs]] (''Kreuz''), [[Hearts (card suit)|Hearts]] (''Herz'') and [[Diamonds (card suit)|Diamonds]] (''Karo''). Within each suit the cards rank as follows: [[Ace]], [[King (playing card)|King]] (''König''), [[Queen (playing card)|Queen]] (''Dame''), [[Jack (playing card)|Jack]] (''Bube''), 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2. In combinations the Ace may be high or low and also may [[turn the corner]] e.g. Q, K, A, 2, 3 etc.{{sfn|''Erweitertes Spielregel-Büchlein''|1988|pp=202-204}}

== Combinations ==
Players may form combinations of cards either in [[set (cards)|sets]] or [[sequence (cards)|sequences]]. A set (''Satz'') consists of 3 or 4 cards of equal rank and different suits, e. g. {{Hearts}}7, {{Suit of Clubs}}7, {{Suit of Diamonds}}7. A sequence (''Folge'') consists of three or more cards of the same suit in unbroken succession, e. g. {{Hearts}}J, {{Hearts}}D, {{Hearts}}K, {{Hearts}}A, {{Hearts}}2, {{Hearts}}3, etc.
The cards 2 to 10 have corresponding values of 2 to 10 points. The Jack, Queen and King each count as 10 points. In a set, the Aces counts as 15 points; in a sequence as the highest card, 10 points; as a middle card (used to 'turn the corner'), 5 points; as the lowest card, 1 point.{{sfn|''Erweitertes Spielregel-Büchlein''|1988|pp=202-204}}

Examples:

6-6-6-6 = 24 points

A-A-A = 45 points

Q-K-A = 30 points

Q-K-A-2 = 27 points

A-2-3 = 6 points

5-6-7-8-9 = 35 points

== Dealing ==
Deal and play are clockwise. The first dealer is chosen by lot. They shuffle the pack and deal 7 cards each. The remaining cards are placed face down as a [[talon (cards)|talon]] in the middle of the table. The top card of the talon is then turned and placed, face up, next to the talon.{{sfn|''Erweitertes Spielregel-Büchlein''|1988|pp=202-204}}

== Playing ==
The dealer, unusually, begins by taking a talon card or the upcard next to the talon, adding it to their hand and discarding an unwanted card, face up, next to the talon. The next player does the same and so on.
Because the upcard always has to be placed so that each card only half covers the previous one, a straight-line fan of cards or 'staircase' is formed, whose cards are always visible.
Whoever's turn it is may either pick up the topmost card of the talon or as many staircase cards as they want. Players may not pick up both from the talon and staircase simultaneously and may not select a card from the middle of the staircase. If the staircase consists of Q-9-2-A-7 and a player needs the 9, for example, he must pick up the cards on top of it, i.e. the 7, A and 2, so that only the Queen is left on the staircase. Players must therefore weigh up whether it is worth picking up several cards in order to obtain just one or two. The game often ends quickly when a player is left with too many cards in their hand. It may be advantageous, however, to pick up a lot of staircase cards, because the number of possible combinations in one's hand increases significantly.{{sfn|''Erweitertes Spielregel-Büchlein''|1988|pp=202-204}}

== Combinations ==
Once it is a player's turn, they may 'meld' a combination, by placing it face up on the table. The value of the combinations placed is noted immediately by the recorder (''Schriftführer''). Furthermore, the same player may put cards from the hand on their own and other combinations, the individual value of which is also written down immediately. For example, a player melds the following combinations: 6-6-6 (18), D-K-A-2-3 (30). They also add to combinations that have already been played: B, 7, 10 (27). The recorder notes for them: 18+30+27=75 points. Then the player places a discard on the staircase, and it is the next player's turn.{{sfn|''Erweitertes Spielregel-Büchlein''|1988|pp=202-204}}

== Settlement ==
When one player has got rid of all their hand cards, the game is over. It does not matter whether they put another card on the staircase or not. They also get the points that the opponents still have in their hands. The Ace always counts as 15, but if a player finishes without having melded or laid off (i.e. they have a Rommé hand), the opponent's hand cards count double for them. But their own cards, which they meld or lay off as they finish, count as normal. The overall winner of a session is the player who achieves an agreed number of points - for example 500 or 1000 - after several games.{{sfn|''Erweitertes Spielregel-Büchlein''|1988|pp=202-204}}

== Differences from 500 Rum ==
The main differences from 500 Rum are as follows:{{sfn|''Erweitertes Spielregel-Büchlein''|1988|pp=202-204}}{{sfn|Parlett|2008|pp=529-531}}
* Only 7 cards are dealt.
* The dealer goes first.
* When several cards are drawn from the discard pile, the bottom one need not be melded. Indeed, none need be melded.
* Aces score 15 in a set. In a sequence they score 10 when high, 1 when low and 5 when turning the corner.
* There are no Jokers.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Literature ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151221030852/http://www.spielkartenladen.de/de/bucher-karten-dvd/bucher-spielkarten/spielregel-buchlein ''Erweitertes Spielregel-Büchlein aus Altenburg''], 1st edition, published by [[Altenburger Spielkartenfabrik]], 74 Skatstadt [[Altenburg]] ([[East Germany|DDR]]), EVP 1,- M, pp. 272–275
*''Erweitertes Spielregel-Büchlein aus Altenburg'', 5th edition, published by Altenburger Spielkartenfabrik, 7400 Skatstadt Altenburg (DDR), EVP 1,- M, pp. 202–204
* {{cite book |last1=Parlett |first1=David |author-link=David Parlett |title=The Penguin book of card games |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=978-0-141-03787-5}}

{{Non trick-taking card games}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Treppenromme}}
[[Category:German card games]]
[[Category:French deck card games]]
[[Category:Rummy]]

Shanghai rum

2022-08-03T22:26:30Z

Tom dl: /* Melding */

{{Short description|Rummy card game}}
{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Shanghai rum
| subtitle =
| image_link = [[Image:3 playing cards.jpg|240px]]
| image_caption = A meld of four cards in the game Shanghai rum
| Family = [[Card game#Matching games|Matching]]
| alt_names = Shanghai rummy, California rummy
| type =
| players = 2-8
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| num_cards = 2-4 54 cards
| deck = [[French deck|French]]
| origin = [[China|Chinese]]
| related = [[Gin Rummy]], [[Contract rummy]]
| playing_time = 2 hours
| random_chance = Medium
| skills = Strategy
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shanghai rum''' is a Rummy [[card game]], based on [[gin rummy]] and a variation of [[Contract rummy]] played by 3 to 8 players.<ref>The Everything Card Games Book, p. 146, Nikki Katz - Adams Media 2004 {{ISBN|1-59337-130-6}}</ref> It is also known as '''California rummy'''.

==Play==
===Basics===
Shanghai Rummy is played with multiple decks of 54 standard playing cards, including the Jokers. Two decks are required for a game of up to four players. Five or six players require three decks. Aces are high (above a King) or low, (below 2). Each game has ten hands, and the rules for each hand are unique. One person begins as dealer for the first hand, and then the person to the dealer's left becomes dealer for the next hand, and so on. Each player is dealt eleven cards for each of the ten rounds. The rest of the deck is then placed face down in the middle of the players; this is referred to as the deck. One card is taken from the top of the deck and placed face up next to it. This card is called the upcard and becomes the beginning of the discard pile.

Each player has a choice at the beginning of their turn. They may either pick up one new card from the top of the deck or take the upcard. (Also, the other players in the game have the ability to get the upcard.) After the player draws their card, either from the deck or the upcard, they must then choose any card in their hand to discard, and they then place this card face up on the discard pile. That card then becomes the new upcard, which the next player in turn can take or other players can buy. To get a card that isn't yours a player must say, “BUY", before the next player draws their card, or else it is already considered "dead". Once a player discards their card, the card underneath that card is now considered a "dead" card because it is no longer in the game. Players may not take these cards.

===Jokers===
Jokers are wild cards and can be played in the place of any card. A player is not allowed to have more jokers than face-cards in either a set or run. An example of this would be if one is trying to get a set one must have three or more cards of the same rank (8/8/8). But if a player has a joker or 2 they could play in place of an 8 (8/8/joker). But a player cannot lay more jokers than face-cards (8/joker/joker). However they may lay the ''same'' number of jokers as face-cards (8/8/joker/joker). The same applies for runs. If a player has laid down and has a joker in a run or set, the joker can be replaced by the appropriate card by any player. If a player who has not laid down yet replaces any joker they must lay down their meld in that turn, but if the player has already laid down their meld they may take the joker and use it how they choose anytime.

===Buying===
A "buy" is when an out-of-turn player takes the upcard, draws 2 extra cards from the stock, and cannot play the cards immediately, but must wait for their turn. If more than one player wants it, the one closest to the dealer's left has precedence. There is a limit to the number of buys allowed. Each player is only allowed 3 buys per hand in the first 8 rounds. During rounds 9 and 10, each player is allowed 4 buys per hand.

===Melding===
The object of each hand is to come up with the correct combination of cards to be able to meld, or "lay out". The combination for each hand is different, and they become more difficult with each subsequent hand. The combinations for each hand are either sets or runs (sequence) or a combination of both. A set is a combination of a specific number of cards of the same rank, and the suit is not important. An example of a "set of 3" is three cards that are all 8's, and the 8's can all be of different suits. A run is a combination of a specific number of cards of the same suit that have consecutive ranks. An example of a "run of 4" is the 4, 5, 6, and 7 of clubs. An example of a combination for a hand is for hand #2, "1 set of 3 and 1 run of 4." This means that a player must have both a set of 3 cards and a run of 4 cards in their hand before they can meld. A set needs a minimum of 3 cards while a run needs a minimum of 4 cards. A player can meld only when it is their turn. As always, they must start their hand by drawing a card, then when they have the correct sequence of cards, they can meld or "go down." They do so by laying their meld cards face up on the table in their correct sequence. After melding, a player can then play on the melds of other players. When done, they must then discard.

===Play for the player who has gone down===
When a player is "down" (meaning they have already melded), they still take their turn in turn with the other players, and they still must draw a card and discard. However, a player who is down cannot buy a card, nor can they stop a player from buying the top card in the discard pile when it is their turn. A player who is down can ''play their cards'' on the melds that have been completed either by themself or by other players. For example, if a player has laid down a set of 8's, and on a subsequent turn they then draw another 8, they can play this 8 on their set of 8's. They do this by placing the 8 with the set of 8's. If they have a card that they would like to play on a run, they must be sure to keep the order of the run. For example, if there is a run of 5 consisting of 4-5-6-7-8 of clubs, the player can play a 3 of clubs or a 9 of clubs.

===Winning the game===
Play progresses until the final hand when one of the players "goes out," meaning they are able to ''play'' the last card in their hand. Although players may discard throughout the game, to win they ''must'' be able to lay down all of their cards without discarding. In order to win, on a player's turn they must be able to draw a card and then go out without a discard. The winner of the hand gets zero points, and the other players count their cards to determine their score for the hand. After all ten hands are played, the winner is the player with the lowest score.

==Sequence of hands==

#Two sets of 3
#One set of 3 and one run of 4
#Two runs of 4
#Three sets of 3
#Two sets of 3 and one run of 4
#One set of 3 and two runs of 4
#Three runs of 4
#One set of 3 and one run of 10
#Three sets of 3 and one run of 5
#Three runs of 5

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.pagat.com/rummy/ctrummy.html#shanghai Rules of Shanghai rummy]

[[Category:Rummy]]
[[Category:French deck card games]]
[[Category:American card games]]

Shanghai rum

2022-08-03T22:25:52Z

Tom dl:

{{Short description|Rummy card game}}
{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Shanghai rum
| subtitle =
| image_link = [[Image:3 playing cards.jpg|240px]]
| image_caption = A meld of four cards in the game Shanghai rum
| Family = [[Card game#Matching games|Matching]]
| alt_names = Shanghai rummy, California rummy
| type =
| players = 2-8
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| num_cards = 2-4 54 cards
| deck = [[French deck|French]]
| origin = [[China|Chinese]]
| related = [[Gin Rummy]], [[Contract rummy]]
| playing_time = 2 hours
| random_chance = Medium
| skills = Strategy
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shanghai rum''' is a Rummy [[card game]], based on [[gin rummy]] and a variation of [[Contract rummy]] played by 3 to 8 players.<ref>The Everything Card Games Book, p. 146, Nikki Katz - Adams Media 2004 {{ISBN|1-59337-130-6}}</ref> It is also known as '''California rummy'''.

==Play==
===Basics===
Shanghai Rummy is played with multiple decks of 54 standard playing cards, including the Jokers. Two decks are required for a game of up to four players. Five or six players require three decks. Aces are high (above a King) or low, (below 2). Each game has ten hands, and the rules for each hand are unique. One person begins as dealer for the first hand, and then the person to the dealer's left becomes dealer for the next hand, and so on. Each player is dealt eleven cards for each of the ten rounds. The rest of the deck is then placed face down in the middle of the players; this is referred to as the deck. One card is taken from the top of the deck and placed face up next to it. This card is called the upcard and becomes the beginning of the discard pile.

Each player has a choice at the beginning of their turn. They may either pick up one new card from the top of the deck or take the upcard. (Also, the other players in the game have the ability to get the upcard.) After the player draws their card, either from the deck or the upcard, they must then choose any card in their hand to discard, and they then place this card face up on the discard pile. That card then becomes the new upcard, which the next player in turn can take or other players can buy. To get a card that isn't yours a player must say, “BUY", before the next player draws their card, or else it is already considered "dead". Once a player discards their card, the card underneath that card is now considered a "dead" card because it is no longer in the game. Players may not take these cards.

===Jokers===
Jokers are wild cards and can be played in the place of any card. A player is not allowed to have more jokers than face-cards in either a set or run. An example of this would be if one is trying to get a set one must have three or more cards of the same rank (8/8/8). But if a player has a joker or 2 they could play in place of an 8 (8/8/joker). But a player cannot lay more jokers than face-cards (8/joker/joker). However they may lay the ''same'' number of jokers as face-cards (8/8/joker/joker). The same applies for runs. If a player has laid down and has a joker in a run or set, the joker can be replaced by the appropriate card by any player. If a player who has not laid down yet replaces any joker they must lay down their meld in that turn, but if the player has already laid down their meld they may take the joker and use it how they choose anytime.

===Buying===
A "buy" is when an out-of-turn player takes the upcard, draws 2 extra cards from the stock, and cannot play the cards immediately, but must wait for their turn. If more than one player wants it, the one closest to the dealer's left has precedence. There is a limit to the number of buys allowed. Each player is only allowed 3 buys per hand in the first 8 rounds. During rounds 9 and 10, each player is allowed 4 buys per hand.

===Melding===
The object of each hand is to come up with the correct combination of cards to be able to meld, or "lay out". The combination for each hand is different, and they become more difficult with each subsequent hand. The combinations for each hand are either sets or runs (sequence) or a combination of both. A set is a combination of a specific number of cards of the same rank, and the suit is not important. An example of a "set of 3" is three cards that are all 8's, and the 8's can all be of different suits. A run is a combination of a specific number of cards of the same suit that have consecutive ranks. An example of a "run of 4" is the 4, 5, 6, and 7 of clubs. An example of a combination for a hand is for hand #2, "1 set of 3 and 1 run of 4." This means that a player must have both a set of 3 cards and a run of 4 cards in his hand before he can meld. A set needs a minimum of 3 cards while a run needs a minimum of 4 cards. A player can meld only when it is their turn. As always, they must start their hand by drawing a card, then when they have the correct sequence of cards, they can meld or "go down." They do so by laying their meld cards face up on the table in their correct sequence. After melding, a player can then play on the melds of other players. When done, they must then discard.

===Play for the player who has gone down===
When a player is "down" (meaning they have already melded), they still take their turn in turn with the other players, and they still must draw a card and discard. However, a player who is down cannot buy a card, nor can they stop a player from buying the top card in the discard pile when it is their turn. A player who is down can ''play their cards'' on the melds that have been completed either by themself or by other players. For example, if a player has laid down a set of 8's, and on a subsequent turn they then draw another 8, they can play this 8 on their set of 8's. They do this by placing the 8 with the set of 8's. If they have a card that they would like to play on a run, they must be sure to keep the order of the run. For example, if there is a run of 5 consisting of 4-5-6-7-8 of clubs, the player can play a 3 of clubs or a 9 of clubs.

===Winning the game===
Play progresses until the final hand when one of the players "goes out," meaning they are able to ''play'' the last card in their hand. Although players may discard throughout the game, to win they ''must'' be able to lay down all of their cards without discarding. In order to win, on a player's turn they must be able to draw a card and then go out without a discard. The winner of the hand gets zero points, and the other players count their cards to determine their score for the hand. After all ten hands are played, the winner is the player with the lowest score.

==Sequence of hands==

#Two sets of 3
#One set of 3 and one run of 4
#Two runs of 4
#Three sets of 3
#Two sets of 3 and one run of 4
#One set of 3 and two runs of 4
#Three runs of 4
#One set of 3 and one run of 10
#Three sets of 3 and one run of 5
#Three runs of 5

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.pagat.com/rummy/ctrummy.html#shanghai Rules of Shanghai rummy]

[[Category:Rummy]]
[[Category:French deck card games]]
[[Category:American card games]]

Rooky

2022-08-03T22:20:07Z

Tom dl:

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
'''Rooky''' is a [[Rummy]]-like card game based on the usage of a [[Rook (card game)|Rook]] deck rather than a standard 52 playing card deck. The rules, while closely resembling a simple game of Rummy, integrates some of Rook's popular elements, such as trick-taking and team-play. The game is usually suggested for 2 - 5 players, though larger groups and teams are encouraged. There are also special rules for dealing with 6 or more players.

The name Rooky is a [[portmanteau]] of ''Rook'' and ''Rummy''.

==Game Basics==
In Rooky, the objective of the game is to be the player (or team) with the highest-scoring melds. This usually involves strict teamwork and capturing (or stealing) opponent melds. A preset score goal is usually established before game play, allowing players to go through several hands before this goal is met and the game ends.

After dealing and bidding has finished, the player with the highest bid executes a turn, drawing a card from the deck (or graveyard, when applicable) and shuffling through possible plays. Like Rummy, the player is not necessarily obligated to play a meld when one is available—she or he may hold onto it for later. After making this decision, a card from the hand is discarded into the graveyard, (see below) and the player's turn ends.

Once a player has discarded their last card, they are considered to be ''out''. Out status means that the player is out of the current hand, and can no longer contribute until the other player(s) have finished. Following the first player going out, all other players must also go out except for the last, who is left with a hand of penalty cards. Going out is not to be confused with 'floating,' however—players who run out of cards due to playing melds are considered to be floating, and will continue to draw until a final discard is made, bringing them into the out status.

Once all other players have gone out, the scores are tallied, with the remaining player suffering a penalty according to the cards left in their hand at the time. (The stand-alone value of the remainder cards are subtracted from the penalized player's total score.) When playing in teams, scores are always tallied in that particular group, and not attributed to the individual players.

===Dealing===
In a standard 2 - 5 person game, 7 cards are dealt (clock- or counter-clockwise) to all players. When playing with more than 5 persons, only 5 cards are dealt. The order of who deals usually depends on who lost the previous hand, though there are no strict rules as to how this order may be determined, and can depend entirely on preference.

===Bidding===
After the deal, each player takes a glance at their hands and makes a rough prediction (or bluff) of how much they'll be able to score. This value can range from 5 - 120, always being a multiple of 5. (Larger bid values may be called in team-play, as higher scores are easier to obtain.) After the initial bids are announced, the players may feel free to change their bids until an agreement is reached and each player has settled on a solid value. Then, the player / team with the highest bid takes the right of going first, with the second-highest (and next lowest, etc.) proceeding in turn order. Once the hand is finished, the winner is awarded a score bonus equal to their bid, while the losers suffer a penalty equal to their own bids.

===Teams===
Although teams cooperate in forming melds, teammates may not look at one another's hand, nor may they make hints at which cards are in their possession.

===Making Plays===
When a meld is played, (of matching or sequential card combinations of two or more) it is placed face-up on the table in front of the player (or team) who made it. The types of available plays are listed below in the [[Rooky#Plays & Sequences|Plays & Sequences]] section. In team-play, groups have the option of merging melds in order to form some of the larger sequences, unlocking otherwise difficult plays.

When making or capturing a play, the sequence doesn't necessarily have to be followed right to left. Players may, for example, meld a 12 and 13 (of the same suit) without having everything that comes beforehand. The previous cards may then be added to the meld as they become available.

===Capturing===
Capturing is the process of stealing melds from opponent players. This is achieved when the player's hand can allow for them to add to an opponent's ''weak play'' with two or more cards. (see below) This is similar to playing from opponent melds in Rummy, though the player is actually rewarded their opponent's meld rather than piggybacking it for a minor score extension. For example:

'''Player 1''' has made the following weak play...
'''Red-1 + Red-2 + Red-3 = 15 points'''

'''Player 2''', having '''Red-4''' and '''Red-5''' in their deck, captures '''Player 1''''s meld, turning it into a '''Red-1''' through '''Red-5''' weak play for 25 points.

Consequently, players may capture back a play while it is still weak, and at an indefinite number of times. However, once a meld has become locked in a strong state, it becomes impossible to capture it, unless the wild Rook card is used to extend the play. (Only when sequentially logical.) For example:

'''Player 1''' turns their weak play of '''Red-4 + Green-4 + Black-4''' into a strong play by adding '''Yellow-4'''. Normally, this meld cannot be captured, as there are no more 4's in the deck. However, since the Rook is wild, it may be substituted as another 4, allowing the meld to be taken.

===The Graveyard===
When a player is ready to discard and end the turn, a card is placed face-down into the graveyard, which is generally just a second drawing deck. This gives players the option of taking their chances with the graveyard, rather than the standard deck only. Players may easily exploit this to their benefit, purposely discarding certain cards for the advantage / disadvantage of opponents and teammates.

==Plays & Sequences==
*'''Weak Play''' ... (variable score)
:This is the most common type of play, consisting of a meld of either a numbered sequence of one suit, or two or more matching numbers of any suit. Usually, every play starts off as weak, and progressively grows into a stronger meld as the hand progresses. During this time, there is a very large window of opportunity for capturing. The score of weak plays are determined solely by the stand-alone value of each card in the meld added together.

*'''Strong Play''' ... 50 points (70 w/ Rook bonus)
:When 4 cards of the same number are played, this is considered a strong play. As mentioned above, a strong play cannot be captured unless the wild Rook is used to substitute a fifth number in the sequence.

*'''Spread (weak)''' ... 55 points (75 w/ Rook bonus)
:This is a simple meld numbered 1 - 5 of one suit.

*'''Straight (weak)''' ... 75 points (95 w/ Rook bonus)
:This meld consists of a suit of cards numbered 1 - 10.

*'''Full Suit (strong)''' ... 110 points
:Full suits consist of 1 entire color suit, numbered 1 through 14. Though difficult to attain, this meld offers a high score bonus.

*'''Master Suit (strong)''' ... 140 points
:A master suit is a full suit with the Rook card tagged on the end of the meld. A master suit is the highest possible meld in the game.

===Card Values===
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
|†1 - 9
|5 points
|-
|10 - 14
|10 points
|-
|The Rook
|20 points
|}

†Optionally, some players may consider all 1's (and sometimes, 2's, 3's and 4's) to be null of value. This tends to make them less common in plays, allowing a larger window for captures.

==See also==
*[[Rook (card game)]]
*[[Rummy]]

[[Category:Rummy]]
[[Category:Dedicated deck card games]]

Robbers' rummy

2022-08-03T22:19:07Z

Tom dl:

{{short description|Card game}}
{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Robbers' Rummy
| subtitle = "A fun, but difficult, variant of Rummy"<ref name=Danyliuk>Danyliuk, Rita. ''1x1 der Kartenspiele.'' 19th edition. Hanover: Humboldt (2017), p. 152. {{ISBN|978-3-86910-367-9}}</ref>
| image_link = [[File:Rommee1.jpg|center|240px]]
| image_caption = A game of [[Rummy]] in progress.
| alt_names =
| type = Matching
| players = 2+
| ages = All
| num_cards = 2 x 52 + 2-6 J
| deck = [[French-suited playing cards|French]]
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 (A)
| origin =
| related =
| playing_time =
| random_chance = Medium
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Robbers' rummy''' is a [[card game]] for two or more players. It is a variant of [[German Rummy]] dating to the early 20th century.<ref name=EPTS>Carlisle, Rodney P (editor). ''Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society, Volume 1'' Thousand Oaks: Sage (2009), p. 615.</ref> Being derived from normal [[rummy]], it emphasises arrangement of cards based on card matching rules (generally simplified, but thereby no less challenging), while abandoning the notions of card discards and scoring entirely.

== Description ==
In Robbers' Rummy, not only are players allowed to lay off to existing [[Meld (cards)|melds]] as in basic [[Rummy]], but they may also completely recombine the cards contained in the melds. In other words, players may 'rob' cards from already-made melds to make new ones. This makes it "much more exciting and engaging than any other [Rummy] variant...".<ref name=rummymania>[http://www.rummymania.com/play-robbers-rummy/ ''How to Play Robbers Rummy?''] at www.rummymania.com. Retrieved 2 Jul 2018.</ref> Danyliuk describes it as "a fun, but difficult, variant of Rummy."<ref name=Danyliuk/>

==Object==
The aim of Robber's Rummy is to be the first player to discard all the cards in hand by forming melds and placing them on table.<ref name=rummymania/>

== Cards ==
Robbers' rummy is played using two standard 52-card [[French-suited playing cards|French pack]]s, and 2 to 6 [[Joker (playing card)|jokers]].<ref name=EPTS/>

==Play==
Initially, each player is dealt 11<ref name=rummymania/> to 13<ref name=ludomax>[https://www.ludomax.de/spielregeln/87-romme-spielregeln.html ''Rommé''] at www.ludomax.de. Retrieved on 2 Jul 2018.</ref> cards from the shuffled pack, whose remainder, called the ''stock'' is placed face-down on the table. The goal of each player is to reduce the number of cards held in hand by placing them on the table, face-up, forming melds. A ''meld'' is:

*Either any sequence by [[rank order|rank]] of three or more cards of the same [[Suit (cards)|suit]] (where the ''King'' may be followed by ''Ace'', and ''2'', and so on),
*Any three or four cards of equal rank, but of distinct suits.<ref name=rummymania/>

Any one ''Joker'' card used within a meld must be identified as one card of appropriate rank and suit.

At each turn, a player may place one or more cards from their own hand on the table, such that melds are formed (or extended). For this purpose, each player may rearrange any or all melds on the table, including, if necessary, by reassigning the identification of ''Joker'' cards; provided all cards on the table form melds eventually, in completion of the placement. All cards which were on the table, before the placement of the own cards from hand, must remain on the table.<ref name = junglerummy/>

An essential point to recognize is that any meld consisting of four cards may be reduced to an equally regular three-card meld by removing or ''robbing'' one card, which in turn may be used to form other melds. The name ''Robbers' rummy'' reflects the characterization, by proponents of normal [[rummy]], of such liberty in playing this game as excessive, or even "offensive."<ref name = junglerummy>[https://www.jungleerummy.com/robbersrummy ''Robbers’ Rummy Online''] at www.jungleerummy.com. Retrieved 2 Jul 2018.</ref>

'''Examples'''
* On the table are ♣5–♣6–♣7–♣8–♣9; a player holds the second ♣7 in their hand. They can now take the ♣5 and the ♣6 from the table and make a new meld with their ♣7.
* On the table lie the ♦5–♦6–♦7 and ♠5–♠6–'''J'''; the player holds ♣5, ♥6 and ♦9 in their hand. They can now combine these cards together with the table cards to form new melds as follows:♦5–♠5–♣5, ♦6–♥6–♠6 and ♦7–'''J'''–♦9.

Any jokers on the table may be re-used to represent a different card without having to be exchanged as in [[German Rummy]], for example.

A player who was unable or disinclined to place at least one card from their own hand on the table accordingly, must draw one card from the stock into the hand. Alternatively, a player who did place one or more own cards on the table may draw one card from the stock, or must otherwise yield to the next player right away. After having drawn one card, the player at turn may still place any one or more cards on the table, and must then yield to the next player without drawing another card.<ref name = junglerummy/>

Danyliuk includes 2 additional rules:<ref name=Danyliuk/>

* The top card of the discard pile may only be used if it is immediately laid off or melded; it must not be added to the hand.
* The player's first meld must score 40 points; cards may be laid off to existing melds in order to reach this total. To do this card values are assigned as follows: A = 1 or 11 depending on position, KQJ = 10 each, pips = 2-9 depending on face value.

== Ending ==
The first player to meld or lay off all held cards is the winner.<ref name=Danyliuk/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[German Rummy]]
*[[Liverpool Rummy]]
*[[Machiavelli (Italian card game)]]

{{Non trick-taking card games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Robbers' Rummy}}
[[Category:Rummy]]

Quiddler

2022-08-03T22:17:49Z

Tom dl:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Quiddler''}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2009}}
{{Infobox Game
|subject_name=''Quiddler''
|image_link=[[Image:Quiddler.jpg|200px]]
|image_caption=
|players=1–8
|ages=8 +
|setup_time= < 1 minute
|playing_time= 20–30 minutes
|random_chance=Medium
|skills=[[Mathematics|Counting]], [[Strategy]], [[Deception|Bluffing]], [[Anagram]]ming, [[Vocabulary]], [[Spelling]]
|footnotes =
}}

'''''Quiddler''''' is a [[card game]] and [[word game]] created by [[Set Enterprises]]. Players compete by spelling [[English language|English]] words from cards in hands of increasing size, each card worth various points. The game combines aspects of ''[[Scrabble]]'' and [[gin rummy]]. The word "Quiddler" is a [[trademark]].

==Play and scoring==
===Game play===
Before play begins, all the cards are shuffled. A game of ''Quiddler'' consists of eight rounds; the first round has a three-card hand, the second round has a four-card hand, and so on until the game ends with a ten-card hand. While there is a single-player variation, the regular game requires at least two players.

In the first round, the dealer deals out three cards to each player. The remaining cards form a draw pile. The top card is turned over to start a discard pile. The player to the dealer's left goes first. The player may choose the top card from either the draw pile (card is face down) or the discard pile (card is face up). The player adds this card to their hand. The player ends their turn by discarding one card from their hand so that the player ends up with the same number of cards as were dealt. A player may not use a dictionary during their turn, but the other players may. Turns are taken in the same manner in a clockwise rotation among the players. The round continues until one player can go out.<ref name="setgame.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.setgame.com/sites/default/files/instructions/QUIDDLER%20INSTRUCTIONS%20-%20ENGLISH.pdf |title=Quiddler® Instructions |publisher=Setgame.com |access-date=2015-05-03}}</ref>

A player can go out if they can use all the cards in their hand to spell one or more allowable words. After a player goes out, every other player then has one more turn. On the last turn, each remaining player uses as many cards as possible to spell one or more allowable words.

After the round is finished, points on the cards used to spell words are counted toward the player's score. If the player had unused cards, the points on those remaining cards are subtracted. Ten-point bonuses are added to the score of the player with the longest word and to the player with the most words (if there are only two players, they should decide between them to limit the bonus to either the longest word or the most words).

The subsequent rounds follow in the same manner, with the hands increasing in size by one card each round. Thus, in the second round each player is dealt four cards, the third round five cards, and so forth. Points are added at the end of each round. The game continues until the end of the eighth round (ten cards in the hand). Depending on the number of players, the discard pile may need to be shuffled to resupply the draw pile.

The player with the most points at the end of the full eight rounds wins.<ref name="setgame.com"/>

===Allowable words===

Players should decide on an English [[dictionary]] to be used during the game. An allowable word must appear as an entry in that dictionary or as one of the listed [[inflection|inflected]] forms of an entry word. Words must also use at least two cards. The makers of ''Quiddler'' have established several restrictions on the words used in a game. No proper [[noun]]s may be used. Capitalized [[adjective]]s, such as ''Iraqi'' and ''Scottish'', may be used. [[Prefix (linguistics)|Prefixes]] and [[suffix]]es by themselves are not allowable words. Words requiring a [[hyphen]] for proper spelling, such as ''ex-wife'' and ''twenty-two'' are also not allowed. The ''Quiddler'' rules disallow [[abbreviation]]s, but do not differentiate between various forms. Players need to decide for themselves (or follow the example of the game dictionary) if they will allow acronym-derived words such as ''laser'' and ''NATO''. The rules contain no restrictions on English words with [[diacritic|accented]] letters, such as née, though the deck contains no such letters. Players must also decide for themselves if they will allow shortened word forms such as ''ad'' (for ''advertisement'') and ''math''.

A player may challenge any other player if they feel that the latter has used a word that is not an allowable word. If the word is an allowable word, the challenging player must subtract from their score the number of points in the word. If it is not, the challenged player must subtract from their score the number of points in the word. The challenged player may not re-arrange their cards to form other words.

==Deck==
The card deck consists of 118 cards with individual letters from the [[English alphabet]] or common two-letter combinations. These include QU, IN, ER, TH, and CL. Each card has a point value reflecting its use in English words. The colorful and stylistic designs on the cards are based on illuminated letters found in Celtic manuscripts written over 1000 years ago. These source inspirations include the [[Book of Kells]] and the [[Book of Durrow]].
Quiddler deck contents with point value of each letter and number of each letter (and combo) in the deck:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deck distribution
|-
! Letter !! Point value !! Quantity
|-
|'''A'''|| 2|| 10
|-
|'''B'''|| 8|| 2
|-
|'''C'''|| 8|| 2
|-
|'''D'''|| 5|| 4
|-
|'''E'''|| 2|| 12
|-
|'''F'''|| 6|| 2
|-
|'''G'''|| 6|| 4
|-
|'''H'''|| 7|| 2
|-
|'''I'''|| 2|| 8
|-
|'''J'''|| 13|| 2
|-
|'''K'''|| 8|| 2
|-
|'''L'''|| 3|| 4
|-
|'''M'''|| 5|| 2
|-
|'''N'''|| 5|| 6
|-
|'''O'''|| 2|| 8
|-
|'''P'''|| 6|| 2
|-
|'''Q'''|| 15|| 2
|-
|'''R'''|| 5|| 6
|-
|'''S'''|| 3|| 4
|-
|'''T'''|| 3|| 6
|-
|'''U'''|| 4|| 6
|-
|'''V'''|| 11|| 2
|-
|'''W'''|| 10|| 2
|-
|'''X'''|| 12|| 2
|-
|'''Y'''|| 4|| 4
|-
|'''Z'''|| 14|| 2
|-
|'''ER'''|| 7|| 2
|-
|'''CL'''|| 10|| 2
|-
|'''IN'''|| 7|| 2
|-
|'''TH'''|| 9|| 2
|-
|'''QU'''|| 9|| 2
|}

==Awards==
Quiddler has won the following Best Game Awards:
*2008 Monthly Top-10 Most Wanted Card Games
*2008 TDmonthly Classic Toy Award
*2008 Creative Child's Seal of Excellence Award
*2007 Creative Child's Seal of Excellence Award
*2005 Creative Child's Preferred Choice Award
*2004 Newsweek - Perfect Present
*2004 ASTRA Hot Toys
*2002 First Choice by The Detroit News
*2001 Educational Clearinghouse A+ Award
*2001 3 Stars by The San Francisco Chronicle
*1999 [[Parents' Choice Award]]
*1999 MENSA Select Award
*1999 Games Magazine 'Games 100' Award
*1999 Dr. Toy's Best Vacation Winner
*1999 Parents’ Council Award
*1998 The Freedom Editions Award
*1998 Best American Game - Tiger Award

==Degrees of competition==
In a similar vein to ''[[Scrabble]]'', groups can play ''Quiddler'' with varying degrees of competition. Players in highly competitive games may consider memorizing lists of two- and three-letter words. It is also a good idea to know whether the game dictionary includes colloquial and contemporary words.

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.setgame.com/quiddler ''Quiddler'' product page] at Set Enterprises
*{{bgg|339|''Quiddler''}}

[[Category:Card games introduced in 1998]]
[[Category:Dedicated deck card games]]
[[Category:Mensa Select winners]]
[[Category:Rummy]]
[[Category:Single-player games]]
[[Category:Word games]]

Pusoy dos

2022-08-03T22:16:33Z

Tom dl: /* Dealing and playing */

{{more citations needed|date= August 2014 }}
'''''{{lang|fil|Pusoy dos}}''''' (or '''Filipino poker''', also known as '''''chikicha''''' or '''''sikitcha'''''), a variation of [[big two]], is a popular type of "shedding" [[card game]] that originates on the islands of the [[Philippines]] in [[Calauag]], [[Quezon|Quezon Province]]. The object of the game is to be the first to discard one's hand by playing them to the table. If one cannot be first to play all cards, then the aim is to have as few cards as possible. Cards can be played separately or in certain combinations using poker hand rankings. Games of Pusoy Dos can be played by three or four people.

==Rules==
{{hatnote|As with many popular card games, there are regional deviations from these rules, the most common of which may be noted below.}}

===Suit order===

From lowest to highest, clubs ({{clubs}}), spades ({{spades}}), hearts ({{hearts}}) and diamonds ({{diamonds}}), with the 2{{diamonds}} being the highest card and the 3{{clubs}} the lowest.

===Card combinations===
There are various types of card combinations that can be used in play.

'''Single card:''' Cards rank from 2 (highest) to 3 (lowest). Between cards of the same rank, the higher suit beats the lower suit. That is, a 5{{diamonds}} beats a 5{{hearts}}.

'''Pair:''' A pair of equally ranked cards. Between pairs of the same rank, the pair with the higher suit wins. That is, a 7{{spades}}-7{{diamonds}} beats a 7{{hearts}}-7{{clubs}}.

'''Three of a kind:''' Three equally ranked cards. This is a variation of game play and may be excluded or included as a valid card combination.

'''Five-card hand:''' Any five-card combination following the poker hand rankings. From highest to lowest, valid poker hands include:
*Royal flush (jack to 2 with the same suit)
*Straight flush (any straight cards with the same suit)
*Four of a kind (4 cards of a kind plus any additional card/a Kicker)
*Full House (any three cards of the same number with any two cards of the same number)
*Flush (any 5 cards with same suit)
*Straight (5 cards in consecutive order)

The playable combinations are similar to poker hands, but there are vital differences. Unlike poker, there are no "two pair" combinations, and although a four of a kind needs a fifth card to be complete, a three of a kind cannot be accompanied by extra cards (except for a full house when played as a five-card hand).

Also, a combination can only be beaten by a better combination with the same number of cards: A single card can be beaten only by a single card, a pair by a pair, a three of a kind by a three of a kind, and a five-card hand by a five-card hand.<ref name=Pusoydos.com>{{cite web|url=http://www.pusoydos.com |accessdate=April 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728075545/http://www.pusoydos.com/ |archivedate=July 28, 2012 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=Source might fall under WP:SPS |date= August 2014}}

===Dealing and playing===
The dealer shuffles the deck and then deals one card at a time either clockwise or counter-clockwise<ref name=pagat>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pagat.com/climbing/bigtwo.html|title = Rules of Card Games: Big Two}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=Source might fall under WP:SPS|date= August 2014}} until each player has 13 cards (52 cards / 4 players = 13 cards per player). In games with three people, either 39 or 51 cards can be dealt (13 or 17 cards per player). In some variations, the deck must be reshuffled if any player is dealt all four twos.

The game begins when the player holding the lowest card, which is the 3{{clubs}} depending upon the suit order being played, plays that card or a valid card combination including that card. The card combination should be placed faced up in the center of the table. Play then proceeds clockwise or counterclockwise. The next person must play a higher combination of the same number of cards or pass (play no cards). Once a player passes, they cannot return until a new round has started. If all players pass, the person who last put down a card combination starts a new round by playing any card or valid card combination.

All players are entitled to know the number of cards each player has in hand at any time, and you must answer truthfully if asked.<ref name=pagat/>

===Winning and scoring===
The first person to get rid of all his/her cards wins, and game play stops at this point. If you cannot be first to play all your cards, then your aim is to have as few cards as possible at the end of the game. In some variations of the game, game play continues until only one person still has cards in hand.

Game scoring can involve penalty points, like Big Two, or positive points.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pagat.com/climbing/bigtwo.html#scoring%20vars|title = Rules of Card Games: Big Two}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=Source might fall under WP:SPS |date= August 2014 }} In versions of the game where game play ends when a person wins, the winner is awarded one point and the losers no points. In versions of the game where game play continues until only one person has cards, the winner is awarded five points, the second-place finisher is awarded three points, and the third-place finisher is awarded one point.

===Variations===
In the South West of England, this is known as Frazz's game, the suits are ranked Diamonds, Clubs, Hearts, Spades and instead of using a points system the losing player becomes the dealer. The four of a kind hand cannot be made into a 5 card hand.

==See also==
*[[Big Two]]
*[[Pai gow]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Shedding-type card games]]
[[Category:Rummy]]
[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Gambling games]]
[[Category:Games of mental skill]]
[[Category:Multiplayer games]]
[[Category:Poker variants]]
[[Category:Climbing games]]